unfoldingWord_en_tn/tn_EXO.tsv

Reference	ID	Tags	SupportReference	Quote	Occurrence	Note
front:intro	b4pp				0	# Introduction to Exodus\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of Exodus\n\n1. Israel in Egypt; preparing to depart from slavery (1–11)\n    * First genealogy (1:1–6)\n    * Israel as slaves in Egypt (1:7–22)\n    * Moses’ history to the time of the Exodus (2:1–4:26)\n    * Israel suffers in Egypt (4:27–6:13)\n    * Second genealogy (6:14–27)\n    * Moses and Aaron go to Pharaoh (6:28–7:25)\n    * The plagues (8:1–11:10)\n2. Instructions for celebrating the Passover (12:1–30)\n3. From Egypt to Mount Sinai (12:31–18:27)\n    * The Passover; preparing to leave Egypt; leaving Egypt (12:31–50, 13:1–22)\n    * Journey from Egypt to Mount Sinai (14:1–18:27)\n4. Mount Sinai and the Law (19–40)\n    * Preparing for the covenant (19:1–25)\n    * The Ten Commandments (20:1–17)\n    * The covenant described (20:18–23:33)\n    * The people agree to the covenant; Moses returns to Mount Sinai (24:1–18)\n    * Design of the Dwelling and its furnishings; what was required of those who serve in it; dwelling functions (25:1–31:18)\n    * The golden calf; Moses prays for the people (32:1–33:22)\n    * The covenant described again (34:1–35)\n    * Making of the ark and its furnishings (35:1–38:31) and priestly garments (39:1–43, 40:1–33)\n    * The cloud (40:34–38)\n\n### What is the book of Exodus about?\n\nExodus continues the story of the previous book, Genesis. The first half of Exodus is about how Yahweh made Abraham’s descendants into a nation. This nation, which would be called “Israel,” was meant to belong to Yahweh and worship him. The second half of Exodus describes how God gave the Israelites his law through Moses. The law of Moses told the Israelites how to obey and worship Yahweh properly.\n\nThe book of Exodus tells how the Israelites were to build the Dwelling. The Dwelling was a tent where Yahweh would be among his people. The Israelites worshiped and sacrificed animals to Yahweh at the Dwelling. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/tabernacle]])\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\n“Exodus” means “exit” or “departure.” Translators may translate this title in a way that can communicate its subject clearly, for example, “About the Israelites Leaving Egypt” or “How the Israelites Left the Land of Egypt.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n### Who wrote the book of Exodus?\n\nThe writers of both the Old and New Testaments present Moses as being very involved with writing the book of Exodus. Since ancient times, both Jews and Christians have thought that Moses wrote Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy.\n\n### Why did Moses write so much about God delivering or rescuing the people of Israel?\n\nMoses wrote much about God rescuing his people from the Egyptians to show that Yahweh is very powerful. Egypt was a very powerful nation in the region at that time, but Yahweh was still able to free the Israelites from the Egyptians. Also, by rescuing the Israelites, Yahweh showed that he had chosen them as his people and that they should worship him.\n\n### How does the book of Exodus show the fulfillment of the promises given to Abraham?\n\nThe book of Exodus shows God beginning to fulfill his promise to Abraham. In Genesis, God promised Abraham that he would have many descendants and that they would become a large nation. When God rescued the Israelites from the Egyptians, he took them to Mount Sinai. There he made a covenant with them, and they became the nation that belonged to Yahweh.\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### What was the Jewish Passover?\n\nThe Jewish Passover was a religious festival. Yahweh commanded the Israelites to celebrate it every year. Passover was a time to remember how God rescued Israel from the Egyptians. The first Passover meal was eaten in the evening just before they left Egypt. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/passover]])\n\n### What was the law of Moses to the people of Israel?\n\nThe law of Moses instructed the people of Israel about what Yahweh required them to do as his people. In the law, God told the people how they should live so that they would honor him. He also instructed them about their need to offer animal sacrifices. God required these sacrifices so that he could forgive their sins and continue living among them. The law also described the duties of the priests and told how to build the Dwelling.\n\n### What did it mean that Israel was to be a “kingdom of priests and a holy nation” ([19:6](../19/06.md) ULT)?\n\nIsrael was a holy nation because Yahweh separated them from all other nations to belong to him. They were to honor and worship him only. This made them different from all the other nations of the world; the other nations worshiped many false gods.\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### Thus says Yahweh\n\nThis phrase is used many times in the Old Testament to introduce Yahweh’s speech. Your team should pick a standard translation. See [4:intro](../04/intro.md) for more.\n\n### Pharaoh’s stubborn heart\n\nBetween chapters 4 and 14, there are 18 cases where Pharaoh’s heart is described as strong (11x), heavy (6x), or hard (1x), and one case where the Egyptians’ hearts are described as strong. These are metaphors for being stubborn, that is, being unwilling to obey Yahweh or even to do what is clearly in his own and Egypt’s best interest. Many cultures have similar metaphors, but not all will use the same body part. Within these cases, six times there is a neutral description that Pharaoh was stubborn, without saying anyone made him so ([7:13](../07/13.md), [7:14](../07/14.md), [7:22](../07/22.md), [8:19](../08/19.md), [9:7](../09/07.md), [9:35](../09/35.md)); three times Pharaoh makes himself stubborn ([8:15](../08/15.md), [8:32](../08/32.md), [9:34](../09/34.md)); and ten times Yahweh makes Pharaoh/the Egyptians stubborn ([4:21](../04/21.md), [7:3](../07/03.md), [9:12](../09/12.md), [10:1](../10/01.md), [10:20](../10/20.md), [10:27](../10/27.md), [11:10](../11/10.md), [14:4](../14/04.md), [14:8](../14/08.md), [14:17](../14/17.md)).\n\n### Why are the details of the construction of the Dwelling in Exodus 25–32 repeated in Exodus 35–40?\n\nIn Exodus 25–32, God describes exactly how the Dwelling was to be built. The details were repeated in Exodus 35–40 in the description of the actual construction. This showed that the people were careful to do exactly as God commanded.\n\n### Are the events in the order that they actually happened?\n\nMost, but not all, of the events in the book of Exodus are told in the order that they actually happened. Translators may need to make it clear when the events are in an unusual order.\n\n### What does it mean that God “lived” among his people?\n\nThe book of Exodus presents God as living in the Dwelling among the nation of Israel. God is everywhere, but he lived among the Israelites in a special way. God dwelled with the Israelites because they belonged to him. He promised to lead them and bless them. In return, the people were to worship him and honor him.
1:intro	cj55				0	# Exodus 1 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter is intended to form a smooth transition from the last chapter of the book of Genesis.\n\n- v. 1–7: Jacob’s family grows\n- v. 8–22: Pharaoh oppresses the Israelites and tries to limit the Israelites’ growth\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Israel’s growth\n\nIsrael grew in number. This was the beginning of God’s fulfilling his promises to Abraham. It also caused the Pharaoh to worry that there would be more Israelites than Egyptians, with the result that the Egyptians would be unable to defend themselves against so many people. Pharaoh tried to kill all of the male babies so they would not become soldiers who fought against him. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])\n\n## Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n- “All of the descendants of Jacob were 70 in number”\nThis number included both Jacob’s children and grandchildren. It may cause confusion, but it is important to remember Jacob only had 12 sons.\n- Starting from verse 7, the terms **Hebrews** and **sons of Israel** both refer to the Israelite nation or people group.\n- God blesses the Hebrew midwives for lying to the wicked Pharaoh. Translators should not attempt to hide this. They showed that they feared God by disobeying a wicked order in order to preserve the lives of God’s people. \n- Pharaoh is a specifically Egyptian word for their kings (and queens).
1:1	h51f		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background		0	Verses 1–7 are background information for the story. Use the natural form in your language for expressing background information.
1:1	fxbx		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go	הַ⁠בָּאִ֖ים & בָּֽאוּ	1	The words translated as **came in** could also be translated as “went in.” Use whichever form is most natural in your language.
1:1	e65z		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל & יַעֲקֹ֔ב	1	**Jacob** and **Israel** are two names for the same man.
1:1	g89k		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	וּ⁠בֵית֖⁠וֹ	1	Here, **house** refers to all of the people who live together, usually a large family with servants. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “and his household”
1:5	uk67		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	וַֽ⁠יְהִ֗י כָּל־נֶ֛פֶשׁ יֹצְאֵ֥י יֶֽרֶךְ־יַעֲקֹ֖ב שִׁבְעִ֣ים נָ֑פֶשׁ	1	Here, **lives** refers to people (specifically, men); **going out of the loins of Jacob** is a reference to these people as being in his seed or semen and produced through his sexual acts–therefore meaning they are his descendants. See also Hebrews 7:9–10. Alternate translation: “And all the male descendants of Jacob numbered 70.”
1:6	sh42		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential	וַ⁠יָּ֤מָת	1	They did not die immediately. Jacob and his sons spent the rest of their lives in Egypt and died there. If necessary, use a transition word that conveys that some time passed.
1:6	g5qg		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship	וְ⁠כָל־אֶחָ֔י⁠ו	1	**All his brothers** includes ten older brothers and one younger brother. If your language has different words for those, you can say, “his ten older brothers and his younger brother”
1:7	c368		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	וּ⁠בְנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל	1	This is the first of many times in this book that **sons of Israel** refers to the Israelite nation or people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “And the people of Israel” or “And the Israelites”
1:7	c7ep		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	פָּר֧וּ וַֽ⁠יִּשְׁרְצ֛וּ וַ⁠יִּרְבּ֥וּ וַ⁠יַּֽעַצְמ֖וּ	1	All of these verbs mean similar things; they are used together to emphasize that the Israelites became very numerous. If your language doesn’t have as many words that mean the same thing, you can use fewer words and express the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “had many children and became strong”
1:7	uo65			פָּר֧וּ & וַ⁠יִּרְבּ֥וּ & וַ⁠תִּמָּלֵ֥א הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ	1	Compare your translation of **fruitful … and multiplied … and the land was filled** here to Genesis 1:28, 9:1, 9:7, and especially Genesis 35:11 where God renamed Jacob to be called Israel.
1:7	nk2l		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	פָּר֧וּ וַֽ⁠יִּשְׁרְצ֛וּ	1	The birth of children to the Israelites is spoken of as if they were plants that were producing fruit and causing new plants to grow around them. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “had many children” or “gave birth to many children”
1:7	x97m		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	בִּ⁠מְאֹ֣ד מְאֹ֑ד	1	If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you can express the idea behind the abstract noun **greatness** in another way. Alternate translation: “and were very great”
1:7	r2f1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	וַ⁠תִּמָּלֵ֥א הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ אֹתָֽ⁠ם	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language Alternate translation: “and they filled the land”
1:7	e110		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	בִּ⁠מְאֹ֣ד מְאֹ֑ד	1	Here the same word is used twice to emphasize how many the Israelite people had become. If your language does not repeat words like this, express the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “with much power”
1:7	piq4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	אֹתָֽ⁠ם	1	Here, **them** refers to the Israelites.
1:8	eu8y		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent	וַ⁠יָּ֥קָם	1	This introduces a new event that happened some time after the events the story has just related. The story does not say how long after those events this new event happened. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new event.
1:8	d20y		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants	מֶֽלֶךְ־חָדָ֖שׁ	1	The story begins with the new king. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new character.
1:8	t6jd		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	וַ⁠יָּ֥קָם מֶֽלֶךְ־חָדָ֖שׁ עַל־מִצְרָ֑יִם	1	Here, **Egypt** refers to the place and the people of Egypt. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “And a new king began to rule over the Egyptians and the country of Egypt”
1:8	dnkw		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	לֹֽא־יָדַ֖ע אֶת־יוֹסֵֽף	1	Here, **Joseph** refers to both the person Joseph and to all of the good things that he did for Egypt. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. See the UST.
1:9	aku3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations	הִנֵּ֗ה	1	**Behold** draws special attention to what is about to be said. Use a way of drawing people’s attention that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Listen”
1:9	x65i		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession	עַמּ֑⁠וֹ	1	The people whom the king rules over and who are also part of his group (probably shared ethnicity, tribe, or clan) rather than the Israelite group are spoken of as if they belonged to the king. This is an instance of the possessive of social relationship.
1:9	t7s1			עַמּ֑⁠וֹ	1	There is some ambiguity as to whom exactly Pharaoh was addressing. It could have been: (1) the people who lived in Egypt, the Egyptians or (2) some group of “his people” like his advisors, generals, nobles, or friends and family. Even if option 1 is meant, it is quite possible that he actually spoke to some smaller group of representatives, as in option 2.
1:9	jik8			מִמֶּֽ⁠נּוּ	1	Use a way that is natural in your language to compare non-specific sizes of groups of people. Alternate translation: “and much greater than us”
1:9	njuf		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks	הִנֵּ֗ה	1	Beginning from **behold** and extending to the end of [1:10](../01/10.md) is a direct quotation of what the king said. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. There may be other quotations in this chapter; they will be marked by the same punctuation, but they will not have their own notes.
1:10	hiq4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	נִֽתְחַכְּמָ֖ה & שֹׂ֣נְאֵ֔י⁠נוּ & בָּ֖⁠נוּ	1	The word **us** is inclusive and refers to the king and his people, the Egyptians. Your language may require you to mark these forms.
1:10	wkvf		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns	ל֑⁠וֹ & יִרְבֶּ֗ה & וְ⁠נוֹסַ֤ף & הוּא֙ & וְ⁠נִלְחַם & וְ⁠עָלָ֥ה	1	Here, **him, he**, and **himself** refer to the Israelite people. The pronouns agree grammatically with the singular “people” in the original. This occurs in many places in Exodus. If this is confusing in your language, you can use the plural, as in the UST.
1:10	il4u		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical	פֶּן־יִרְבֶּ֗ה וְ⁠הָיָ֞ה כִּֽי־תִקְרֶ֤אנָה מִלְחָמָה֙	1	The king suggests a combination of two hypothetical events: 1. There are even more Israelites, 2. There is a battle. These are followed by a series of undesirable consequences: 3. The Israelites join an enemy, 4. The Israelites attack the Egyptians, 5. The Israelites leave Egypt. While the series of consequences is also technically hypothetical, the king’s language indicates that if 1–2 happen, then 3–5 are certain. Use language that makes it clear that the first two events are hypothetical and that the next three are consequences that could be expected if the first two events happen.
1:10	jc1h			וְ⁠עָלָ֥ה מִן־הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ	1	Alternate translation: “and he leaves Egypt”
1:11	y2mi			שָׂרֵ֣י	1	**Overseers** were Egyptians whose job it was to force the Israelites to do hard work.
1:11	o926			מִסִּ֔ים	1	Here the plural means groups. Alternative translation: “work crews”
1:11	l9lj			לְמַ֥עַן עַנֹּת֖⁠וֹ בְּ⁠סִבְלֹתָ֑⁠ם	1	Alternate translation: “to force the Israelites to do hard work for the Egyptians”
1:11	pkz4			עָרֵ֤י מִסְכְּנוֹת֙	1	These were places where the leaders put away food and other important things to keep them safe. Alternative translation: “cities in which to put away things to keep them safe”
1:11	dy34		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession	עָרֵ֤י מִסְכְּנוֹת֙	1	The possessive is objective; storage of goods is what occurs in the cities. Alternate translation: “cities for storing things”
1:12	c1fy		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast	וְ⁠כַ⁠אֲשֶׁר֙ יְעַנּ֣וּ אֹת֔⁠וֹ כֵּ֥ן יִרְבֶּ֖ה וְ⁠כֵ֣ן יִפְרֹ֑ץ	1	This sentence expresses a result that is the opposite of what the king expected. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast.
1:12	pdfk		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	וַ⁠יָּקֻ֕צוּ מִ⁠פְּנֵ֖י	1	If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you can express the idea behind the abstract noun **dread** in another way. Alternate translation: “And they were very afraid of the face of”
1:12	qgzz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	מִ⁠פְּנֵ֖י בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל	1	Here, **face** means the presence of a person. The phrase means that the Egyptians were afraid of the Israelites’ existence in their country. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “of the growing Israelite population”
1:13	j1q6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	וַ⁠יַּעֲבִ֧דוּ מִצְרַ֛יִם אֶת־בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל בְּ⁠פָֽרֶךְ	1	Here, **rigor** is a noun used to modify the verb **enslaved**. **Rigor** could refer either to how hard the work was or how unkindly the Egyptians treated the Israelites. If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you can express the idea behind it in another way. Alternate translation: “And the Egyptians made the sons of Israel work very hard” or “And harshly, the Egyptians made the sons of Israel work”
1:14	mx6v		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	וַ⁠יְמָרְר֨וּ אֶת־חַיֵּי⁠הֶ֜ם	1	The difficult lives of the Israelites are spoken of as if their daily lives were bitter food that was difficult to eat. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And they made their lives very difficult”
1:14	jre2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	בַּ⁠עֲבֹדָ֣ה קָשָׁ֗ה	1	If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you can express the idea behind **slavery** in another way. Alternative translation: “by making them work hard as slaves”
1:14	cuq7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	בְּ⁠חֹ֨מֶר֙	1	Mortar is a mixture of lime with cement, sand, and water, used in building to bond bricks or stones.
1:14	h5dx		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	וּ⁠בִ⁠לְבֵנִ֔ים	1	**Bricks** are blocks made of clay or mud with straw in them. They are hardened in the sun or in another manner before they are used for building.
1:14	gzq7			אֵ֚ת כָּל־עֲבֹ֣דָתָ֔⁠ם אֲשֶׁר־עָבְד֥וּ בָ⁠הֶ֖ם בְּ⁠פָֽרֶךְ׃	1	See how you translated this in [1:13](../01/13.md). Alternate translation: “the Egyptians made them work very hard” or “the Egyptians forced them to work very hard”
1:14	ct02		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יְמָרְר֨וּ & בָ⁠הֶ֖ם	1	Here, **they** and **them** refer to the Egyptians.
1:14	acj5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	חַיֵּי⁠הֶ֜ם & עֲבֹ֣דָתָ֔⁠ם & עָבְד֥וּ	1	Here, **their** and **they** refer to the Israelites.
1:14	tqyl		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	בְּ⁠פָֽרֶךְ	1	See how you translated **rigor** in the previous verse.
1:15	yoaj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent		0	This sentence introduces a new event in the story. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new event.
1:15	hhw1			לַֽ⁠מְיַלְּדֹ֖ת	1	**Midwives** were women who helped a pregnant woman give birth to a baby.
1:15	h8f8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	שִׁפְרָ֔ה & פּוּעָֽה	1	**Shiphrah** and **Puah** are women’s names.
1:15	h59t		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants	שִׁפְרָ֔ה & פּוּעָֽה	1	The midwives are introduced here as new participants in the story. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new character.
1:16	t8f5			וַ⁠יֹּ֗אמֶר	1	In the UST, the phrase and **the king said**, is combined with “spoke” from [1:15](../01/15.md) (ULT) because the verb for “say” is used twice before he speaks. Having two speech verbs may be strange in some languages. If it would be unnatural to say that the king spoke or said words twice, you may leave one off.
1:16	zfcv		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual	בְּ⁠יַלֶּדְ⁠כֶן֙ & וּ⁠רְאִיתֶ֖ן & וַ⁠הֲמִתֶּ֣ן	1	The king is speaking to the two midwives, so the form of **you** is plural. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a dual or plural form here.
1:16	h3mb		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	עַל־הָ⁠אָבְנָ֑יִם	1	Women sat on this short stool as they gave birth. Therefore, it was associated with birth. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “in the birthing process”
1:16	nms7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical	אִם־בֵּ֥ן הוּא֙ וַ⁠הֲמִתֶּ֣ן אֹת֔⁠וֹ וְ⁠אִם־בַּ֥ת הִ֖יא וָ⁠חָֽיָה	1	These two statements are hypothetical conditions (starting at **if**) with instructions for what the midwives should do in each situation (starting at **then**). Use a natural form in your language for hypothetical situations connected to instructions.
1:17	gy7k		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast	וַ⁠תִּירֶ֤אןָ	1	**But** introduces a contrast to what was expected. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast.
1:18	y9g5			לַֽ⁠מְיַלְּדֹ֔ת	1	Women whose work is to help other woman give birth to a baby are called **midwives**. See how you translated this in [Exodus 1:15](../01/15.md).
1:18	y73k		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר לָ⁠הֶ֔ן מַדּ֥וּעַ עֲשִׂיתֶ֖ן הַ⁠דָּבָ֣ר הַ⁠זֶּ֑ה וַ⁠תְּחַיֶּ֖יןָ אֶת־הַ⁠יְלָדִֽים	1	If it would be more natural in your language, you could translate this quotation as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “and he asked them why they were letting the sons live.”
1:18	q1sy			מַדּ֥וּעַ עֲשִׂיתֶ֖ן הַ⁠דָּבָ֣ר הַ⁠זֶּ֑ה וַ⁠תְּחַיֶּ֖יןָ אֶת־הַ⁠יְלָדִֽים	1	Alternate translation: “Why have you not killed the baby boys?”
1:18	o97u		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual	עֲשִׂיתֶ֖ן	1	This **you** is plural. The king is speaking to the two midwives. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a dual or plural form here.
1:19	qbvy		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result	כִּ֣י לֹ֧א כַ⁠נָּשִׁ֛ים הַ⁠מִּצְרִיֹּ֖ת הָֽ⁠עִבְרִיֹּ֑ת כִּֽי־חָי֣וֹת הֵ֔נָּה בְּ⁠טֶ֨רֶם תָּב֧וֹא אֲלֵ⁠הֶ֛ן הַ⁠מְיַלֶּ֖דֶת וְ⁠יָלָֽדוּ	1	The midwives give a reason, **the Hebrew women are not like the Egyptian women**, and then they expand on that reason, **for they are lively** (or energetic), with the result that **before the midwife comes to them, they have given birth.**
1:19	cxu1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	וַ⁠תֹּאמַ֤רְןָ הַֽ⁠מְיַלְּדֹת֙	1	Here, **midwives said** means that a midwife spoke representing the thoughts of the group. It may not make sense in your language to say that multiple people said something, so you may need to translate it in the singular (See: UST).
1:19	wl8h			הַֽ⁠מְיַלְּדֹת֙	1	These were women who helped a woman give birth to a baby. See how you translated this in [Exodus 1:15](../01/15.md).
1:20	eh25			לַֽ⁠מְיַלְּדֹ֑ת	1	These were women who helped a woman give birth to a baby. See how you translated this in [Exodus 1:15](../01/15.md).
1:20	fj18		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background	וַ⁠יִּ֧רֶב הָ⁠עָ֛ם וַ⁠יַּֽעַצְמ֖וּ מְאֹֽד	1	This sentence gives background information about the events at the time. Use the natural form in your language for expressing background information.
1:20	h133		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	וַ⁠יִּ֧רֶב & וַ⁠יַּֽעַצְמ֖וּ מְאֹֽד	1	These words mean similar things and are used together to emphasize their numeric growth. If your language doesn’t have as many words that mean the same thing, you can use fewer words and express the emphasis in another way.
1:20	eo1p		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result	וַ⁠יֵּ֥יטֶב אֱלֹהִ֖ים לַֽ⁠מְיַלְּדֹ֑ת	1	This phrase is more logically connected to the statements in verse 21. It describes the result of the midwives fearing God with a general statement. If it would be more natural in your language, you could rearrange verses 20–21 so that the reason (verses 21) comes before both the general and specific results.
1:21	de53		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result	כִּֽי־יָֽרְא֥וּ הַֽ⁠מְיַלְּדֹ֖ת אֶת־הָ⁠אֱלֹהִ֑ים	1	This is the reason for what God did. If it would be more natural in your language, you could rearrange verses 20–21 so that the reason (verses 21) comes before both the general and specific results.
1:21	pbve		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result	וַ⁠יַּ֥עַשׂ לָ⁠הֶ֖ם בָּתִּֽים	1	This describes the result of the midwives fearing God with a specific statement. If it would be more natural in your language, you could rearrange verses 20–21 so that the reason (verses 21) comes before both the general and specific results.
1:21	jx9c			בָּתִּֽים	1	Alternate translation: “households”
1:22	ld1j		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	כָּל־הַ⁠בֵּ֣ן הַ⁠יִּלּ֗וֹד הַ⁠יְאֹ֨רָ⁠ה֙ תַּשְׁלִיכֻ֔⁠הוּ	1	This order was given in order to drown the male Hebrew children. The full meaning of this may be made explicit. Alternate translation: “You must dispose of each new baby boy in the river so he will drown” or “Drown each baby boy in the river when he is born”
1:22	a6b2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations	וַ⁠יְצַ֣ו פַּרְעֹ֔ה לְ⁠כָל־עַמּ֖⁠וֹ לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר כָּל־הַ⁠בֵּ֣ן הַ⁠יִּלּ֗וֹד הַ⁠יְאֹ֨רָ⁠ה֙ תַּשְׁלִיכֻ֔⁠הוּ וְ⁠כָל־הַ⁠בַּ֖ת תְּחַיּֽוּ⁠ן	1	From **You shall** to the end of the verse is a direct quote of Pharaoh’s speech. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. However, it could be translated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “And Pharaoh commanded all of his people to throw every baby boy into the river, but to let every girl live.”
1:22	stag		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual	תַּשְׁלִיכֻ֔⁠הוּ & תְּחַיּֽוּ⁠ן	1	The uses of the word **you** here refer to all the Egyptians. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here.
2:intro	rwf3				0	# Exodus 2 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n- v. 1–10: Moses’ birth and early life\n- v. 11–15: Moses’ attempted intervention and flight\n- v. 16–22: Moses settles in Midian\n- v. 23–25: God sees the Israelites’ plight\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Covenant\n\nAt the end of the chapter, God begins to relate to the Israelites based on his covenant with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.\n\n## Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### Identification of participants\n\n* Moses is the only participant named in most of this chapter. This is because many of the participants play very minor roles and because this part of the story is focusing on Moses’ life.\n\n### Moses’ heritage\n\nIn the first part of this chapter, Pharaoh’s daughter recognizes Moses as being a Hebrew, but in the last part of this chapter, the Midianites believe him to be an Egyptian.\n\n### Ironic situations\n\n* While Pharaoh tried to diminish the power of the Israelites by killing all of their baby boys, God used Pharaoh’s own daughter to save Moses.\n* Moses believes he is meant to be the rescuer of his people, but they reject him. Ultimately, Moses was correct, but the people rejected him at this point (See: Acts 7).
2:1	wvj9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent	וַ⁠יֵּ֥לֶךְ	1	A new scene begins here. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new event.
2:1	riy7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants	אִ֖ישׁ & בַּת	1	These are new participants. They remain unnamed until [Exodus 6:20](../06/20.md) where they are identified as Amram and Jochebed. For now it is best to leave them unnamed in your language, if possible.
2:1	mp7m		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ⁠יִּקַּ֖ח אֶת־בַּת־לֵוִֽי	1	Here, **took a daughter** is an idiom for marrying. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language.
2:2	s49k			ט֣וֹב	1	Alternative translations: “pleasing” or “fine”
2:2	q4c0		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result	וַ⁠תֵּ֤רֶא & וַֽ⁠תִּצְפְּנֵ֖⁠הוּ	1	Hiding the boy was a result of seeing that he was good. Alternative translation: “Since she saw … she hid him”
2:2	j2es		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	שְׁלֹשָׁ֥ה	1	3
2:3	t2gj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	תֵּ֣בַת גֹּ֔מֶא	1	The **ark** is a basket made from a tall grass (**papyrus reeds**) that grows by the Nile River in Egypt.
2:3	tn3y		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠תַּחְמְרָ֥⁠ה בַ⁠חֵמָ֖ר וּ⁠בַ⁠זָּ֑פֶת	1	You could explicitly state that this was to keep out water. Alternate translation: “and she daubed it with bitumen and with pitch to keep water from getting into it”
2:3	wpb6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	וַ⁠תַּחְמְרָ֥⁠ה	1	This means that she applied a waterproof coating.
2:3	ym3k		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	בַ⁠חֵמָ֖ר	1	This is a sticky black substance made from oil. It can be used to keep out water. Alternate translation: “with tar”
2:3	v825		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	וּ⁠בַ⁠זָּ֑פֶת	1	This is a sticky brown or black substance that can be made from tree sap. It too can be used to keep out water. Alternate translation: “and with tar” or “and with resin”
2:3	y8gq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	בַּ⁠סּ֖וּף	1	These **reeds** were a type of tall grass with wide blades that formed a flat surface when woven together. They grew in flat, wet areas.
2:4	av8b			וַ⁠תֵּתַצַּ֥ב אֲחֹת֖⁠וֹ מֵ⁠רָחֹ֑ק	1	This means she stood far enough away so that she would not be noticed, but close enough to see the ark. Use a word that expresses this sort of distance in your language.
2:4	uf14		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	מֵ⁠רָחֹ֑ק	1	This probably means somewhere in the reeds where she could see the basket, but no one would see her. If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you can express the idea behind the abstract noun **distance** in another way. Alternate translation: “not far away”
2:4	ruvb		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship	אֲחֹת֖⁠וֹ	1	Here, the actions of **his sister** show that she was older. If your language uses a different term for siblings based on their relative ages or the gender of the siblings or both, use one that means “a boy’s older sister.”
2:4	z1cy		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal	לְ⁠דֵעָ֕ה מַה־יֵּעָשֶׂ֖ה לֽ⁠וֹ	1	This is her purpose in being close by. Use a natural way in your language for indicating purpose. Alternative translation: “in order to learn what would happen to him”
2:5	m3i0		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go	וַ⁠תֵּ֤רֶד	1	**Came down** may be literal or figurative, as important places are often considered to be in a higher place. This means she came from her home, probably Pharaoh’s palace. If a perspective is required for Pharaoh’s daughter, you may choose go or come as works best in your language. “Come” is better as the scene is at the river and she comes to the scene location. However, you also need to consider your language’s way of introducing new participants.
2:5	y26h		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants	וַ⁠תֵּ֤רֶד בַּת־פַּרְעֹה֙	1	The **daughter of Pharaoh** is introduced here as a new participant. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new character.
2:5	jjke		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants	וְ⁠נַעֲרֹתֶ֥י⁠הָ	1	These women are introduced here as new participants; however, they are not mentioned again after this verse.
2:5	im0d		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	עַל־יַ֣ד הַ⁠יְאֹ֑ר	1	Here, **hand** is a metaphor for side or, as relating to a river, shore. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could simply translate the meaning.
2:5	bi7s			וְ⁠נַעֲרֹתֶ֥י⁠הָ	1	These were the young women whose job it was to be with her and make sure nothing bad happened to her.
2:5	am7g		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠תִּקָּחֶֽ⁠הָ	1	It is not clear who is meant by **she** here, either Pharaoh’s daughter or the servant. It is likely that Pharaoh’s daughter remains the subject. Alternative translation: “and she took the ark from her slave”
2:6	g9n6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations	וְ⁠הִנֵּה	1	The word **behold** signals the surprising information that follows.
2:6	tyub		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result	וַ⁠תַּחְמֹ֣ל עָלָ֔י⁠ו	1	The text does not state exactly what caused her to have compassion on the baby. If a reason must be provided in your language, it should be connected to either his crying (this is the better option) or that he was a “good” baby ([2:2](../02/02.md)).
2:6	jg0d		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks	מִ⁠יַּלְדֵ֥י הָֽ⁠עִבְרִ֖ים זֶֽה	1	This is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. It seems to have been said loud enough for the baby’s sister to hear. There may be other quotations in this chapter; they will be marked by the same punctuation, but they will not have their own notes.
2:7	x5ja			וְ⁠קָרָ֤אתִי לָ⁠ךְ֙ אִשָּׁ֣ה מֵינֶ֔קֶת מִ֖ן הָ⁠עִבְרִיֹּ֑ת	1	This is a suggestive question. The child’s sister is hopeful that Pharaoh’s daughter does not yet have a plan for the baby beyond saving his life. However, it is still a true question, for without Pharaoh’s daughter’s permission, the child’s sister will not be able to fetch the woman. If your language has a way of forming questions that are also suggestions, use it here.
2:7	d7aj			מֵינֶ֔קֶת & וְ⁠תֵינִ֥ק	1	Here, **nursing** or **to nurse** means to feed with milk from the breast.
2:7	tqq9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal	וְ⁠תֵינִ֥ק לָ֖⁠ךְ אֶת־הַ⁠יָּֽלֶד	1	This is the purpose of the sister’s proposal. Use a natural way in your language for indicating purpose. Alternative translation: “And she could nurse the infant for you”
2:8	ab1m		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go	לֵ֑כִי & וַ⁠תֵּ֨לֶךְ֙	1	The girl left Pharaoh’s daughter to go to the child’s mother. The girl was almost certainly on foot. Use verbs of motion that express this.
2:9	u554		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants	לָ֣⁠הּ	1	The child’s mother is reintroduced as a participant. Use the natural form in your language for reintroducing a character. Alternative translation: “to the baby’s mother”
2:9	mogg			שְׂכָרֵ֑⁠ךְ	1	This refers to payment that Pharaoh’s daughter would give to the mother in exchange for her service of nursing the baby.
2:9	hqsa		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠תִּקַּ֧ח & וַ⁠תְּנִיקֵֽ⁠הוּ	1	The mother’s acceptance of the deal is implied. You could make it explicit, as in the UST.
2:10	zj8h		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential	וַ⁠יִגְדַּ֣ל הַ⁠יֶּ֗לֶד וַ⁠תְּבִאֵ֨⁠הוּ֙	1	**And the child grew older** marks an unspecified amount of time. He would have stayed with his mother at least until he was weaned (no longer feeding on his mother’s milk).
2:10	j7n1			וַֽ⁠יְהִי־לָ֖⁠הּ לְ⁠בֵ֑ן	1	Alternate translation: “and he became the adopted son of Pharaoh’s daughter”
2:10	h7to		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous	וַֽ⁠יְהִי־לָ֖⁠הּ לְ⁠בֵ֑ן וַ⁠תִּקְרָ֤א שְׁמ⁠וֹ֙ מֹשֶׁ֔ה	1	These events were likely simultaneous, because her act of naming him may have been what made him become **as a son to her**. Consider using a conjunction that does not make a great separation between these events.
2:10	nh2m			מֹשֶׁ֔ה וַ⁠תֹּ֕אמֶר כִּ֥י מִן־הַ⁠מַּ֖יִם מְשִׁיתִֽ⁠הוּ	1	Translators may add a footnote that says, “The name Moses sounds like the Hebrew word that means ‘draw out.’”
2:10	ityq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations	וַ⁠תֹּ֕אמֶר כִּ֥י מִן־הַ⁠מַּ֖יִם מְשִׁיתִֽ⁠הוּ	1	**For** begins a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “because she said she drew him out of the water”
2:11	tyol		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential	וַ⁠יְהִ֣י ׀ בַּ⁠יָּמִ֣ים הָ⁠הֵ֗ם וַ⁠יִּגְדַּ֤ל מֹשֶׁה֙ וַ⁠יֵּצֵ֣א	1	A significant amount of time has passed; later texts state that Moses was 40 years old at this point. Alternative translation: “Many years later, once Moses was grown, he went out”
2:11	p7gx		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent	וַ⁠יְהִ֣י ׀ בַּ⁠יָּמִ֣ים הָ⁠הֵ֗	1	This introduces a new event in the story. In your language, use a phrase that indicates a new event occurring after significant time has passed.
2:11	uy39		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go	וַ⁠יֵּצֵ֣א	1	The UST supplies a probable location that he **went out** from; it could also have been simply out from the Egyptian area or out to the work area or cities. Use go or come as appropriate in your language.
2:11	swn3			מַכֶּ֥ה אִישׁ־עִבְרִ֖י	1	Alternate translation: “hitting a Hebrew” or “beating a Hebrew”
2:12	m9bn		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism	וַ⁠יִּ֤פֶן כֹּה֙ וָ⁠כֹ֔ה	1	These two opposite directions have the combined meaning of “everywhere.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “He looked all around”
2:12	rmgn		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠יַּךְ֙	1	The context makes clear that Moses struck the Egyptian hard enough or repeatedly until Moses killed him. Consider using a word that indicates a deadly blow.
2:13	qn45		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go	וַ⁠יֵּצֵא֙	1	See how you translated this in [Exodus 2:11](../02/11.md).
2:13	wqrm		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal	הַ⁠שֵּׁנִ֔י	1	The ordinal number here could mean “the next day” (UST) or simply on some day following the events of the previous verse.
2:13	rgn1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations	וְ⁠הִנֵּ֛ה	1	Here, **behold** shows that Moses was surprised by what he saw. You can use a word in your language that will give this meaning.
2:13	i4d6			לָֽ⁠רָשָׁ֔ע	1	Based on Moses’ question, this means the aggressor or the man wrongfully attacking his neighbor. Alternate translation: “the man who was guilty of starting the fight”
2:14	qb2n		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	מִ֣י שָֽׂמְ⁠ךָ֞ לְ⁠אִ֨ישׁ שַׂ֤ר וְ⁠שֹׁפֵט֙ עָלֵ֔י⁠נוּ	1	The man is not asking a question, he is using this question to rebuke Moses for intervening in the fight. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “You are not our leader and have no right to judge us!”
2:14	k6s5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony	הַ⁠לְ⁠הָרְגֵ֨⁠נִי֙ אַתָּ֣ה אֹמֵ֔ר כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֥ר הָרַ֖גְתָּ אֶת־הַ⁠מִּצְרִ֑י	1	The man used a question here to be sarcastic. Alternate translation: “We know that you killed an Egyptian yesterday. You had better not kill me!”
2:14	l62d		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	הַ⁠לְ⁠הָרְגֵ֨⁠נִי֙ אַתָּ֣ה אֹמֵ֔ר כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֥ר הָרַ֖גְתָּ אֶת־הַ⁠מִּצְרִ֑י	1	Again, the man asks a question that is intended to make a statement. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Do you think you could kill me without anyone finding out? We know what you did to the Egyptian”
2:14	d2ja			הַ⁠לְ⁠הָרְגֵ֨⁠נִי֙ אַתָּ֣ה אֹמֵ֔ר	1	Alternate translation: “Are you planning to kill me” or “Are you threatening to kill me”
2:14	lyqh		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-aside	וַ⁠יֹּאמַ֔ר	1	**Certainly the thing is known** was likely something Moses said to himself, that is, he thought it to himself rather than speaking to the men in front of him. If this would be confusing in your language, you might introduce it as a thought. Alternate translation: “and thought”
2:14	vfw5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּאמַ֔ר אָכֵ֖ן נוֹדַ֥ע הַ⁠דָּבָֽר	1	It may be clearer to present what was likely a thought Moses had as an indirect quotation. Alternative translation (as indirect quotation): “because he thought that everyone knew what he had done”
2:15	yutr			וַ⁠יְבַקֵּ֖שׁ לַ⁠הֲרֹ֣ג אֶת־מֹשֶׁ֑ה	1	Pharaoh most likely delegated this task. Alternative translation: “and he sought to have Moses killed” (note that the passive form will not work in every language)
2:15	l5rc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	מִ⁠פְּנֵ֣י	1	His **face** means his presence. Alternate translation: “from”
2:15	otsl			וַ⁠יֵּ֥שֶׁב & וַ⁠יֵּ֥שֶׁב	1	In Hebrew, these are the same verb. In English, they could be translated as “settle,” which can mean to dwell in a certain place, but it can also mean to lower one’s body into a seated position. This could mean: (1) Moses lived in Midian. He sat by this well one day. This may have been the well for the town he lived in. (2) Moses lived in Midian. His home was by this well. (3) Moses was a wanderer. He was in Midian and sat by this well when the next event occurred.
2:16	shg5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background	וּ⁠לְ⁠כֹהֵ֥ן מִדְיָ֖ן שֶׁ֣בַע בָּנ֑וֹת	1	This sentence is background information. Use the natural form in your language for expressing background information.
2:16	pjzc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent	וּ⁠לְ⁠כֹהֵ֥ן מִדְיָ֖ן שֶׁ֣בַע בָּנ֑וֹת	1	This sentence marks a scene transition. However, the last clause of the previous verse (“and he sat down by a well”) seems to be related to this new scene, so you may want to make your transition before that, as is done in the UST.
2:16	cfe5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants	בָּנ֑וֹת	1	The **daughters** are new participants. Use the natural form in your language for introducing new characters.
2:16	sm8f		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go	וַ⁠תָּבֹ֣אנָה	1	The perspective of the narrative is set at the well. The daughters came from elsewhere to the well. They were probably on foot. Here each language will need to choose the appropriate motion word.
2:16	esdm		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	שֶׁ֣בַע	1	7
2:16	i2jh			וַ⁠תִּדְלֶ֗נָה	1	This means that they brought up water from a well.
2:16	g1e6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	הָ֣⁠רְהָטִ֔ים	1	The **troughs** were long, narrow, open containers for animals to eat or drink out of.
2:17	k5yc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go	וַ⁠יָּבֹ֥אוּ	1	A group of **men came**. They may not have been far away before coming and driving the women away. Use an appropriate form of moving verb.
2:17	zksv		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants	הָ⁠רֹעִ֖ים	1	These are new characters only seen briefly.
2:17	z17m		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast	וַ⁠יָּ֤קָם	1	Use an expression that communicates that what Moses did was unexpected.
2:18	omzv		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go	וַ⁠תָּבֹ֕אנָה	1	The daughters came from the well to their father, probably on foot. You can use either come or go, whichever is more natural.
2:18	t78y		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	רְעוּאֵ֖ל	1	**Reuel**, a name or perhaps a title, is used of the man only here and in Numbers 10:29. He is otherwise called “Jethro.”
2:18	juqu		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants	רְעוּאֵ֖ל	1	The priest of Midian was mentioned in [v. 16](../02/16.md) in a background statement but is a new character starting here. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new character.
2:18	lukb		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֕אמֶר מַדּ֛וּעַ מִהַרְתֶּ֥ן בֹּ֖א הַ⁠יּֽוֹם	1	If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “and he asked how they were able to return so quickly that day”
2:18	hq6y		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go	בֹּ֖א	1	Alternative translation: “in returning”
2:19	w57e			אִ֣ישׁ מִצְרִ֔י	1	Jethro’s daughters assume Moses was Egyptian. When you translate it, you should be clear that this refers to Moses.
2:19	hvb4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	מִ⁠יַּ֣ד	1	Here, **hand** refers to the power, control, or actions of the shepherds. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternative translation: “from the strength of” or “from the harm of”
2:19	a7v2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	דָּלֹ֤ה דָלָה֙	1	This expresses surprise or emphasizes the magnitude of Moses’ act of kindness to the women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language.
2:20	x9yb		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	וְ⁠אַיּ֑⁠וֹ לָ֤⁠מָּה זֶּה֙ עֲזַבְתֶּ֣ן אֶת־הָ⁠אִ֔ישׁ	1	These questions are a mild rebuke to the daughters for not inviting Moses into their home according to the normal hospitality of that culture. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “You should not have left this man at the well!”
2:20	mb8w		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	ל֖⁠וֹ	1	Here, **him** refers to Moses.
2:20	hal8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	לָֽחֶם	1	Here, **bread** is used to refer to food in general. If this would be misunderstood in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or plain language. Alternative translation: “food”
2:21	zvr1			וַ⁠יּ֥וֹאֶל מֹשֶׁ֖ה לָ⁠שֶׁ֣בֶת אֶת־הָ⁠אִ֑ישׁ	1	Alternate translation: “Moses agreed to live with Reuel”
2:21	y3q7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	צִפֹּרָ֥ה	1	**Zipporah** is Reuel’s (Jethro’s) daughter.
2:22	l3xg		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks	גֵּ֣ר הָיִ֔יתִי בְּ⁠אֶ֖רֶץ נָכְרִיָּֽה	1	Only this portion is a quotation. As a possibility for clarity, the UST includes both speech events as one quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation.
2:22	f76m		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	גֵּרְשֹׁ֑ם	1	His name, **Gershom**, sounds somewhat like the Hebrew for “a stranger here.” You may consider using a footnote to explain that.
2:22	q7d8			גֵּ֣ר הָיִ֔יתִי בְּ⁠אֶ֖רֶץ נָכְרִיָּֽה	1	Alternate translation: “stranger in a foreign land”
2:23	fjkt		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent	וַ⁠יְהִי֩ בַ⁠יָּמִ֨ים הָֽ⁠רַבִּ֜ים הָ⁠הֵ֗ם וַ⁠יָּ֨מָת֙ מֶ֣לֶךְ מִצְרַ֔יִם	1	This introduces a new section and series of events. A large amount of time went by. According to Stephen’s sermon in Acts 7:30, Moses was in Midian 40 years. Alternative translation: “This is what happened during the many days Moses was in Midian. The king of Egypt died.”
2:23	ym88		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background		0	Verses 23–25 give a summary of what happened in Egypt and with the Israelites and God while Moses was in exile. These verses give background information to set the scene. Use the natural form in your language for expressing background information.
2:23	csg2			וַ⁠יֵּאָנְח֧וּ	1	They **groaned** because of their sorrow and misery. Alternate translation: “sighed deeply”
2:23	x84a		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	וַ⁠תַּ֧עַל שַׁוְעָתָ֛⁠ם אֶל־הָ⁠אֱלֹהִ֖ים	1	The **plea** of the Israelites are spoken of as if they were a person and were able to travel up to where God is. If this might be confusing for your readers, you could express this meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and God heard their pleading”
2:24	sja4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ⁠יִּזְכֹּ֤ר אֱלֹהִים֙	1	This a common biblical way of saying that God thought about what He had promised. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language. Alternate translation: “and God recalled”
3:intro	n6ze				0	# Exodus 3 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter is one conversation in which Yahweh begins to commission and send Moses to rescue the Israelites.\n\nThis chapter records one of the most important events in the history of the Israelite people: the revelation of the name Yahweh at the burning bush. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]])\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### God’s holiness\n\nGod is so holy that people can not look upon him without dying. This is why Moses covered his eyes. It is also why he took off his shoes. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])\n\n### Yahweh\n\nThe name Yahweh is the personal name of God, which he revealed to Moses. Yahweh is probably related to the phrase “I am” which he tells Moses in verse 14. Some translations use all capitals to set this apart: “I AM.” Great care must be taken in translating the phrase “I am that I am.” (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/yahweh]])\n\n## Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### Participants\n\n“The angel of Yahweh,” “Yahweh,” and “God” all appear to be speaking to Moses and interacting with him from the burning bush. Furthermore, God says that his name is “I AM.” (See note above on Yahweh and I AM.) Yahweh and God are the same, while there is speculation about who the angel of Yahweh is.
3:1	gqvh		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent	וּ⁠מֹשֶׁ֗ה הָיָ֥ה רֹעֶ֛ה	1	This phrase brings the story focus back to Midian and Moses. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new event.
3:1	oqcr		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background		0	Verse 1 provides immediate background context, setting the scene for Moses’ interaction with Yahweh. Use the natural form in your language for expressing background information.
3:1	l7x6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession	כֹּהֵ֣ן מִדְיָ֑ן	1	This is a possessive of social relationship. **Jethro** is a **priest** who serves the Midianites.
3:1	v97t		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go	וַ⁠יָּבֹ֛א אֶל	1	Alternate translation: “and he arrived at”
3:1	p27s		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession	הַ֥ר הָ⁠אֱלֹהִ֖ים	1	This is an associative possessive. This mountain was associated with God in some way. In [Exodus 3:12](../03/12.md) God tells Moses that he and the Israelites will serve him on this mountain. Later in the story, this promise is fulfilled, and it is where God makes his covenant with Israel and gives them the 10 Commandments. So it may have been called **the mountain of God** in retrospect (as Moses probably wrote this book sometime after the Israelites were wandering in the wilderness). However, it is possible that the mountain was already somehow associated with God’s presence or worship before Moses went there with the flock.
3:2	p0nt			וַ֠⁠יֵּרָא מַלְאַ֨ךְ יְהֹוָ֥ה אֵלָ֛י⁠ו בְּ⁠לַבַּת־אֵ֖שׁ מִ⁠תּ֣וֹךְ הַ⁠סְּנֶ֑ה	1	This is a summary of what happened. The next few verses tell the story of how this happened and how Moses discovered what was happening.
3:2	x5ci			יְהֹוָ֥ה	1	This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this.
3:2	d3tf		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast	וְ⁠הִנֵּ֤ה הַ⁠סְּנֶה֙ בֹּעֵ֣ר בָּ⁠אֵ֔שׁ וְ⁠הַ⁠סְּנֶ֖ה אֵינֶ֥⁠נּוּ אֻכָּֽל	1	The word **behold** here shows that Moses saw something that was very different from what he expected. He expected the bush to be burnt up completely by the fire. Consider using an interjection in your language that expresses that what follows is a surprise.
3:2	jmz0		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	אֻכָּֽל	1	Here, **being consumed** means being eaten completely until gone. In the case of fire, this is a metonym for burning completely until gone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “destroyed by the fire”
3:3	fpww		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks	אָסֻֽרָה־נָּ֣א וְ⁠אֶרְאֶ֔ה אֶת־הַ⁠מַּרְאֶ֥ה הַ⁠גָּדֹ֖ל הַ⁠זֶּ֑ה מַדּ֖וּעַ לֹא־יִבְעַ֥ר הַ⁠סְּנֶֽה	1	This is a direct quote. It’s not specified who Moses spoke to; he may have been alone or with a group of shepherds or his family. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. There may be other quotations in this chapter; they will be marked by the same punctuation, but they will not have their own notes unless there is something unique about them.
3:3	jbue		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	אֶת־הַ⁠מַּרְאֶ֥ה הַ⁠גָּדֹ֖ל	1	If your language does not use an abstract noun for something strange that someone sees, you can express the idea behind the abstract noun **sight** in another way. Alternate translation: “unusual thing that I see”
3:4	ue8v			יְהוָ֖ה & אֱלֹהִ֜ים	1	These terms both refer to the same being, since God’s name is Yahweh.
3:5	prv9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result	כִּ֣י הַ⁠מָּק֗וֹם אֲשֶׁ֤ר אַתָּה֙ עוֹמֵ֣ד עָלָ֔י⁠ו אַדְמַת־קֹ֖דֶשׁ הֽוּא	1	This is the reason Moses must stop coming close to the burning bush and take off his sandals. If it would be more natural in your language, you could put the reason before the commands, as in, “The place on which you are standing, it is holy ground, so you must not come close to here. Take your sandals off from on your feet.”
3:6	sxk8			אָנֹכִי֙ אֱלֹהֵ֣י אָבִ֔י⁠ךָ אֱלֹהֵ֧י אַבְרָהָ֛ם אֱלֹהֵ֥י יִצְחָ֖ק וֵ⁠אלֹהֵ֣י יַעֲקֹ֑ב	1	All of these men worshiped the same God. Alternate translation: “the God of your father, of Abraham, of Isaac, and of Jacob”
3:6	fgym		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks	אָנֹכִי֙ אֱלֹהֵ֣י אָבִ֔י⁠ךָ אֱלֹהֵ֧י אַבְרָהָ֛ם אֱלֹהֵ֥י יִצְחָ֖ק וֵ⁠אלֹהֵ֣י יַעֲקֹ֑ב	1	This a direct quotation. The UST continues the quotation from verse 5 rather than including an additional “he said.” This may be more natural in some languages. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate the direct quotation with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation.
3:6	l5sy			אָבִ֔י⁠ךָ	1	This could mean (1) “your father,” if it means “your father,” then it refers to Moses’ own father (2) “your ancestor,” if it means “your ancestor,” then the phrases following it clarify who “your father” refers to: it refers to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. In most cases, it will be best to translate it as “your father,” i.e. Amram, Moses’ father.
3:6	lfbb		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result	וַ⁠יַּסְתֵּ֤ר מֹשֶׁה֙ פָּנָ֔י⁠ו כִּ֣י יָרֵ֔א מֵ⁠הַבִּ֖יט אֶל־הָ⁠אֱלֹהִֽים	1	Reason: **for he was afraid from staring toward God** Result: **And Moses hid his face** If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases, since the second phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. (See also: [Exodus 33:20](../33/20.md))
3:7	nl33		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר יְהוָ֔ה	1	After this phrase, a direct quote begins that continues through the end of [3:10](../03/10.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation.
3:7	xoz0		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	רָאֹ֥ה רָאִ֛יתִי	1	The Hebrew practice of verb repetition for intensification cannot be directly translated into English. Here, “see” is repeated in Hebrew. This expresses the intensity, certainty, or clarity of Yahweh’s having **seen** how his people were suffering. Use a natural form of strengthening a verb from your language.
3:7	tpk0		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession	אֶת־עֳנִ֥י עַמִּ֖⁠י	1	There are two possessives here: (1) “affliction of … people”: This is an event-related possessive where the people are the objects of affliction. They are treated badly as slaves. (2) “my people”: This one is more difficult as it involves both ownership and the possessive of social relationship. God views his people as his possession, and he is also in relationship with them as their God because they are descended from Abraham, though at this time they may not know God as theirs.
3:7	nbft		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	עֳנִ֥י עַמִּ֖⁠י אֲשֶׁ֣ר בְּ⁠מִצְרָ֑יִם	1	If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you can express the idea behind the abstract noun **affliction** in another way. Alternate translation: “how my people who are in Egypt are afflicted” or “how the Egyptians afflict my people”
3:7	p3tx		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	מִ⁠פְּנֵ֣י נֹֽגְשָׂ֔י⁠ו	1	Here, **faces** refers to the whole person or the presence of the person(s) who were oppressing the Israelites. If this image is used in your language, you may translate it. If a similar image is used, you may consider using it. If neither is the case, you may omit the word “face” and translate the meaning.
3:7	xx7r			נֹֽגְשָׂ֔י⁠ו	1	Alternate translation: “his oppressors”
3:7	ofxt			כִּ֥י	1	Here, **surely** is intensifying the expression of Yahweh’s knowledge. Your translation should express Yahweh’s knowing with certainty or strength.
3:7	mfn2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns	נֹֽגְשָׂ֔י⁠ו & מַכְאֹבָֽי⁠ו	1	These pronouns, **him** and **his**, refer to the Israelites as a group in the singular. They agree with “people” as a collective noun in [3:6](../03/06.md). Some languages may have to use plural pronouns. Others may have to match the pronoun’s gender to the grammatical gender of the word for “people” in their language. If necessary, change “him” to “them” or change “his” to “hers” or “its” (depending on grammatical gender of “people.”) Alternate translation: “those who oppress them … their anguish”
3:7	hkcj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession	מַכְאֹבָֽי⁠ו	1	This is an event-related possessive where the people (as a group: **his**) are the subjects of **anguish.** Your translation should express that they are deeply distressed.
3:7	ui28		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	מַכְאֹבָֽי⁠ו	1	It is implied that they are deeply distressed because they are treated badly as slaves. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “his anguish from his slavery”
3:7	zth8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	מַכְאֹבָֽי⁠ו	1	If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you can express the idea behind the abstract noun **anguish** in another way. Alternate translation: “how distressed they are”
3:8	a1yv		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result		0	Verse 8 contains God’s intended result from his acts of seeing and hearing, expressed in both verses 7 and 9. You may need to expressly mark this, for instance by introducing verse 8 with something like “Therefore,” and verse 9 with something like “Again, because.”
3:8	xy36		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go	וָ⁠אֵרֵ֞ד	1	God is expressing that he is descending from heaven to earth to intervene. God is always everywhere, but this phrase means that his special attention will be directed to this situation. Use whatever form of come or go is appropriate in your language for this.
3:8	nahb		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns	לְ⁠הַצִּיל֣⁠וֹ & וּֽ⁠לְ⁠הַעֲלֹת⁠וֹ֮	1	Here, **him** refers in the singular to the Israelites as a group. It is agreeing with “people” as a collective noun in [3:6](../03/06.md). Some languages may have to use plural pronouns. Others may have to match the pronoun’s gender to the grammatical gender of the word for “people” in their language. See what you did in the [previous verse](../03/07.md).
3:8	bi4e		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	מִ⁠יַּ֣ד	1	Someone’s **hand** is a common Biblical metaphor for power and control. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly.
3:8	djbz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession	מִ⁠יַּ֣ד מִצְרַ֗יִם	1	This is a possessive where the Egyptians are the subject of **the hand**, which means power. The Egyptians used their power and control to oppress the Israelites. Use a phrase in your language that expresses the idea of a group of people having power.
3:8	mqyp		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	אֶל־אֶ֤רֶץ טוֹבָה֙ וּ⁠רְחָבָ֔ה אֶל־אֶ֛רֶץ זָבַ֥ת חָלָ֖ב וּ⁠דְבָ֑שׁ	1	There are multiple levels of parallelism here. First, the statements, **to a good and wide land** and **to a land flowing with milk and honey** are in parallel with each other. Within each of those, **good** and **wide** are in parallel with each other, and **milk** and **honey**are in parallel with each other. Each of these levels is meant to reinforce and expand upon one another. These are not examples of synonymous parallelism, and each part of the statement should be translated.
3:8	xs87		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	חָלָ֖ב וּ⁠דְבָ֑שׁ	1	Here, **milk** is a metonym for domestic animals and the food products obtained from them; **honey** is a metonym for the food obtained from growing plants. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. The next note explains further.
3:8	pxy8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	אֶ֛רֶץ זָבַ֥ת חָלָ֖ב וּ⁠דְבָ֑שׁ	1	God spoke of the land being good for animals and plants as if the milk and honey from those animals and plants were flowing through the land. If this metaphor makes sense in your language, you may translate it. If your language has metaphors that mean a land is good for producing healthy livestock and good crops, you may consider using those. If neither is the case, you may translate the meaning. See UST.
3:8	dtz9			זָבַ֥ת	1	Alternate translation: “full of” or “with an abundance of”
3:8	q94i		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	חָלָ֖ב	1	Since milk comes from cows and goats, this represents food produced by livestock. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “food from livestock”
3:8	l1as		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	וּ⁠דְבָ֑שׁ	1	Since honey is produced from flowers, this represents food from crops. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “food from crops”
3:9	a2kf		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism		0	This verse parallels [3:7](../03/07.md). Yahweh is restating that the Israelite’s plight has gotten his attention. This creates emphasis and connection to what Yahweh will do with what Moses will do as Yahweh’s appointed leader. If this repetition would confuse your readers consider a paragraph break at the start of this verse to separate the two parallel statements or use some other strategy of emphasis and connection that is natural in your language.
3:9	tp2v		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations	הִנֵּ֛ה	1	This is a term meant to focus the attention of the listener on what the speaker is about to say. If there is not a good way to translate this term in your language, this term can be omitted from the translation, or you can use an alternate translation like “certainly.”
3:9	uup9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	צַעֲקַ֥ת בְּנֵי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל בָּ֣אָה אֵלָ֑⁠י	1	Here, **the cry** is spoken of as if it were a person who is capable of moving on his own. If this might be confusing for your readers, you could express this meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I have heard the cries of the people of Israel”
3:9	gwou		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	רָאִ֨יתִי֙ אֶת־הַ⁠לַּ֔חַץ אֲשֶׁ֥ר מִצְרַ֖יִם לֹחֲצִ֥ים אֹתָֽ⁠ם	1	If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you can express the idea behind the abstract noun **oppression** in another way. Alternate translation: “I have seen how the Egyptians are oppressing them”
3:10	y4m1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result	וְ⁠עַתָּ֣ה	1	**And now** functions as a discourse marker expressing logical conclusion. “So then,”
3:11	y8cr		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	מִ֣י אָנֹ֔כִי כִּ֥י אֵלֵ֖ךְ אֶל־פַּרְעֹ֑ה וְ⁠כִ֥י אוֹצִ֛יא אֶת־בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל מִ⁠מִּצְרָֽיִם	1	Moses uses this question to tell God that he, Moses, is not the right person for the task. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way.
3:12	xugf		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual	תַּֽעַבְדוּ⁠ן֙	1	If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here.
3:13	lqms		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical	הִנֵּ֨ה אָנֹכִ֣י בָא֮ אֶל־בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵל֒ וְ⁠אָמַרְתִּ֣י לָ⁠הֶ֔ם אֱלֹהֵ֥י אֲבוֹתֵי⁠כֶ֖ם שְׁלָחַ֣⁠נִי אֲלֵי⁠כֶ֑ם וְ⁠אָֽמְרוּ־לִ֣⁠י מַה־שְּׁמ֔⁠וֹ	1	Moses presents God with a hypothetical situation here. The three events (**go ... say to them ... say to me**) are part of one hypothetical event. You should translate this in a way that makes it clear that this is a future, not-yet-real event.
3:13	jq42			הִנֵּ֨ה	1	**Behold** is a term meant to focus the attention of the listener on what the speaker is about to say. In this case, Moses uses it to introduce what he views as a probable future occurrence. Alternative translation: “Now”
3:13	e03n		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go	בָא֮	1	In your language, use **go** or “come” as makes most sense for Moses’ hypothetical action of going from the mountain to where the Israelites are.
3:13	m9uy		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes	אֱלֹהֵ֥י אֲבוֹתֵי⁠כֶ֖ם שְׁלָחַ֣⁠נִי אֲלֵי⁠כֶ֑ם	1	This is a second-level quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation inside a quotation. However, you may also choose to translate it as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “that the God of their fathers has sent me to them”
3:13	ru0a		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	אֱלֹהֵ֥י אֲבוֹתֵי⁠כֶ֖ם	1	Here, **fathers** means “ancestors.”  If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The God of your ancestors” or “The God whom your ancestors worshiped”
3:13	bkei		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical	מָ֥ה אֹמַ֖ר אֲלֵ⁠הֶֽם	1	Moses is asking God what he should do as a result of the hypothetical situation he presented (see earlier note). Use a natural form in your language for introducing a situation that could happen. Alternate translation: “If that happens, what should I say to them”\n
3:14	cli8			אֶֽהְיֶ֖ה אֲשֶׁ֣ר אֶֽהְיֶ֑ה	1	This is God’s response to Moses’ question about God’s name. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “God said to Moses, ‘Tell them that God says his name is “I AM THAT I AM.”’”
3:14	b6vk			אֶֽהְיֶ֖ה אֲשֶׁ֣ר אֶֽהְיֶ֑ה	1	This could mean: (1) this whole sentence is God’s name or (2) God is not telling his name but something about himself. By saying this, God is teaching that he is eternal; he has always lived and always will live.
3:14	s62u			אֶֽהְיֶ֖ה & אֶֽהְיֶ֑ה & אֶֽהְיֶ֖ה	1	Languages that do not have an equivalent to the verb “am” may need to render this as “I LIVE” or “I EXIST.”
3:14	t745			וַ⁠יֹּ֗אמֶר	1	This indicates that God is still speaking. It may make more sense to omit this in some languages.
3:14	vigc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes	אֶֽהְיֶ֖ה שְׁלָחַ֥⁠נִי אֲלֵי⁠כֶֽם	1	This is a second-level quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation inside a quotation. However, you may also choose to translate it as an indirect quotation, as in the UST.
3:15	ubw7			וַ⁠יֹּאמֶר֩ ע֨וֹד אֱלֹהִ֜ים אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֗ה	1	As God is still speaking, it may make more sense to omit this in some languages.
3:15	i6lg		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks	אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֗ה	1	After this phrase, a direct quotation begins that continues until [the end of chapter 3 at verse 22](../03/22.md). This section contains four levels of quotations as God tells Moses to tell the Israelite elders a specific message from God. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation.
3:15	l962		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes	יְהוָ֞ה אֱלֹהֵ֣י אֲבֹתֵי⁠כֶ֗ם אֱלֹהֵ֨י אַבְרָהָ֜ם אֱלֹהֵ֥י יִצְחָ֛ק וֵ⁠אלֹהֵ֥י יַעֲקֹ֖ב שְׁלָחַ֣⁠נִי אֲלֵי⁠כֶ֑ם זֶה־שְּׁמִ֣⁠י לְ⁠עֹלָ֔ם וְ⁠זֶ֥ה זִכְרִ֖⁠י לְ⁠דֹ֥ר דֹּֽר	1	This is a second-level quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening second-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation within a quotation. It may be possible to translate it as an indirect quotation, but you will need to be careful to correctly change the pronoun persons. Alternative translation: “You must tell the Israelites that Yahweh, the God of their fathers, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob, sent you to them. This is his name forever, and this is his memorial from generation to generation.”
3:15	d91k		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	אֱלֹהֵ֣י אֲבֹתֵי⁠כֶ֗ם	1	Here, **fathers** means “ancestors.” Alternate translation: “the God of your ancestors” or “the God whom your ancestors worshiped”
3:15	ixcb		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism	לְ⁠דֹ֥ר דֹּֽר	1	The repetition of **generation** is indicating “to each and every generation” which means “for all people at all times.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language.
3:16-17	ec3v		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks	יְהוָ֞ה	1	This begins a second-level quotation that continues until the end of [3:17](../03/17.md). It contains a third-level quotation that begins at “I have certainly” and also continues to the end of verse 17. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening second-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation within a quotation. The closing marks for both the second and third-level quotations should not occur until the end of verse 17.
3:16	usas		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	אֱלֹהֵ֤י אֲבֹֽתֵי⁠כֶם֙	1	Here, **fathers** means “ancestors.” Alternate translation: “the God of your ancestors” or “the God whom your ancestors worshiped”
3:16	xqy9			אַבְרָהָ֛ם יִצְחָ֥ק וְ⁠יַעֲקֹ֖ב	1	Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob were three of the Israelites’ ancestors. They all worshiped the same God.
3:16	dvsz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks	פָּקֹ֤ד פָּקַ֨דְתִּי֙	1	This begins a third-level quotation that continues until the end of [3:17](../03/17.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening third-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation within a quotation that is within a quotation. The closing marks for both the second-level and third-level quotations should not occur until the end of verse 17.
3:16	efhh		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	פָּקֹ֤ד פָּקַ֨דְתִּי֙	1	The word translated **attended** often means God is coming to take action. Translate this phrase in a way that communicates God’s focused, caring observation.
3:16	p258		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	פָּקֹ֤ד פָּקַ֨דְתִּי֙	1	Here, **attended** is repeated in Hebrew. The Hebrew practice of verb repetition for intensification cannot be directly translated into English. This expresses the intensity, certainty, or clarity of Yahweh’s having **attended to** how his people were suffering. Use a natural form of strengthening a verb from your language.
3:16	fv77		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual	אֶתְ⁠כֶ֔ם	1	The word **you** refers to the people of Israel. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here.
3:16	q4en		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	הֶ⁠עָשׂ֥וּי	1	The focus of this passive is the mistreatment being **done to** the Israelites, not on who is doing it. In fact, **in Egypt** further dissociates the actors from this sentence. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language, as in the UST.
3:16	johw		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	בְּ⁠מִצְרָֽיִם	1	The phrase **in Egypt** is a metonym for the Egyptian oppressors. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternative translation: “by the Egyptians”
3:17	eloj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks		0	If you are using direct quotations, at the end of this verse you should have three closing markers. In English, it looks like ’ ” ’ (without spaces).
3:17	c54k		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes	אַעֲלֶ֣ה אֶתְ⁠כֶם֮ מֵ⁠עֳנִ֣י מִצְרַיִם֒ אֶל־אֶ֤רֶץ הַֽ⁠כְּנַעֲנִי֙ וְ⁠הַ֣⁠חִתִּ֔י וְ⁠הָֽ⁠אֱמֹרִי֙ וְ⁠הַ⁠פְּרִזִּ֔י וְ⁠הַ⁠חִוִּ֖י וְ⁠הַ⁠יְבוּסִ֑י אֶל־אֶ֛רֶץ זָבַ֥ת חָלָ֖ב וּ⁠דְבָֽשׁ	1	This is a fourth-level quotation. It should be marked in some manner that distinguishes it from the outer three levels. Alternatively, it can be translated as an indirect quotation, as in the UST.
3:17	r8mg		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	אַעֲלֶ֣ה	1	Regardless of the geographic realities, to **bring up** does not primarily have a literal meaning. Rather, it means to bring the Israelites into a better situation. God promised to bring them up from their low status as slaves to a place where they would be the masters of a good land. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language.
3:17	x1o0		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	מֵ⁠עֳנִ֣י	1	See how you translated **affliction** in [3:7](../03/07.md). Alternate translation: “from being afflicted”
3:17	wyvt		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	חָלָ֖ב וּ⁠דְבָֽשׁ	1	Here, **milk** is a metonym for domestic animals and the food products obtained from them; **honey** is a metonym for the food obtained from growing plants. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. The next note explains further.
3:17	pwn5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	אֶ֛רֶץ זָבַ֥ת חָלָ֖ב וּ⁠דְבָֽשׁ	1	God spoke of the land being good for animals and plants as if the milk and honey from those animals and plants were flowing through the land. See how you translated this in [Exodus 3:8](../03/08.md). Alternate translation: “a land that is excellent for raising livestock and growing crops” or “a land where milk and honey flow”
3:17	za9l			זָבַ֥ת	1	Alternate translation: “full of” or “with an abundance of”
3:17	rtr5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	חָלָ֖ב	1	Since milk comes from cows and goats, this represents food produced by livestock. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “food from livestock”
3:17	msf8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	וּ⁠דְבָֽשׁ	1	Since honey is produced from flowers, this represents food from crops. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “food from crops”
3:18	cy2z		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וְ⁠שָׁמְע֖וּ לְ⁠קֹלֶ֑⁠ךָ	1	**Listen** often means “hear and do/obey.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language. Alternative translation: “And they will pay attention to your voice”
3:18	j24k		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	לְ⁠קֹלֶ֑⁠ךָ & אַתָּה֩	1	Here, **your** and **you** refers to Moses.
3:18	w742		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	לְ⁠קֹלֶ֑⁠ךָ	1	This phrase means the elders will listen to the message Moses brings from God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “to your message” or “to my message which you tell them”
3:18	r74o		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession	וְ⁠זִקְנֵ֨י יִשְׂרָאֵ֜ל	1	This is a possessive of social relationship. Alternative translation: “elders in charge of the Israelites”
3:18	eep7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns	יִשְׂרָאֵ֜ל	1	**Israel** is a collective noun that refers to all the Israelites. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you can use a different expression. Alternative translation: “the Israelites” or “the Israelite people”
3:18	ot9r		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	מִצְרַ֗יִם	1	Here, **Egypt** refers to the Egyptian nation. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “the Egyptians”
3:18	idp7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual	וַ⁠אֲמַרְתֶּ֤ם	1	If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here.
3:18	i47o		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	עָלֵ֔י⁠נוּ & נֵֽלֲכָה & וְ⁠נִזְבְּחָ֖ה	1	These instances of **us** are exclusive; they include Moses, the elders, and all the Israelites, but exclude the king of Egypt. Your language may require you to mark these forms.
3:18	d85b		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	שְׁלֹ֤שֶׁת	1	Alternate translation: “3”
3:19	qf46		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	וְ⁠לֹ֖א בְּ⁠יָ֥ד חֲזָקָֽה	1	The word **hand** is a metonym for the power of the owner of the hand. There are two further difficulties: (1) Whose hand (power) is being referred to, (2) does the negative mean “not unless” or “not even?” Possible meanings include: (1) “only if he sees that he has no power to do anything else,” where the **hand** belongs to Pharaoh (2) “only if I force him to let you go,” where the **hand** belongs to Yahweh, taking “not unless” for the negative (3) “not even if I force him to let you go,” where the **hand** belongs to Yahweh, taking “not even” for the negative
3:20	nuzx		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result	וְ⁠שָׁלַחְתִּ֤י	1	God says this will be a result of the king of Egypt’s stubbornness. Alternate translation: “Therefore, I will send out”
3:20	yds5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	וְ⁠שָׁלַחְתִּ֤י אֶת־יָדִ⁠י֙	1	Here, **hand** refers to God’s power. Alternate translation: “I will use my strength”
3:20	dzsp		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	מִצְרַ֔יִם	1	**Egypt** refers to both the land and the people group, and then, by extension, to Pharaoh as well.
3:20	c9a3			מִצְרַ֔יִם & בְּ⁠קִרְבּ֑⁠וֹ	1	Here, **him** refers to Egypt as a collective.
3:20	g0i9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	נִפְלְאֹתַ֔⁠י	1	If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you can express the idea behind the abstract noun **wonders** in another way. Alternate translation: “my amazing acts”
3:20	sqmt		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential	וְ⁠אַחֲרֵי־כֵ֖ן	1	Here the sequential nature of these happenings is emphasized. Consider using a stronger sequential connective term than usual here.
3:20	ay53		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	יְשַׁלַּ֥ח	1	Here, **he** refers to the Pharaoh, the king of Egypt.
3:20	awxs		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual	אֶתְ⁠כֶֽם	1	Here, **you** refers to the Israelites. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here.
3:21	btwc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	חֵ֥ן & בְּ⁠עֵינֵ֣י מִצְרָ֑יִם	1	**In the eyes of the Egyptians** is an idiom for the Egyptian’s feelings. **Favor** means those feelings are positive. Taken together, this means that when the Egyptians see the Israelites (Hebrews) leaving Egypt, they will gladly help them (because they want them to leave so badly due to the Egyptians suffering under God’s judgment). If your language has the same or a similar idiom, you can translate or use it. Otherwise, you can translate the meaning.
3:21	hfrr		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession	בְּ⁠עֵינֵ֣י מִצְרָ֑יִם	1	This is a part-whole possessive. Also, if your language uses a specific form of the possessive for things one cannot lose, it would be appropriate to use that form here.
3:21	s45u			הָֽ⁠עָם־הַ⁠זֶּ֖ה	1	Alternate translation: “you”
3:21	uz3c		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual	תֵֽלֵכ֔וּ⁠ן & תֵלְכ֖וּ	1	If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here.
3:21	wymx		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go	תֵֽלֵכ֔וּ⁠ן & תֵלְכ֖וּ	1	Alternate translation: “leave” or “go out” or “come out”
3:21	j9qz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives	לֹ֥א & רֵיקָֽם	1	The double negative, **not … emptily** is used to mean “full.” If this double negative would be misunderstood in your language, you could translate it as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “[go] with many things”
3:21	kt7b		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes	לֹ֥א תֵלְכ֖וּ רֵיקָֽם	1	Here Yahweh uses a figure of speech that expresses a strong positive meaning by using a negative word together with a word that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If this is confusing in your language, you can express the meaning positively. Alternate translation: “you will go with your hands full of good things” or “you will go with many valuable things”
3:22	w2av			וּ⁠מִ⁠גָּרַ֣ת בֵּיתָ֔⁠הּ	1	The word, **sojourning** means living somewhere other than one’s native land, usually temporarily. It is unclear both who the sojourning (visiting) women are and in whose house they are sojourning, leaving several possibilities. Most translations which make a decision about who they are identify both the temporary resident and her host home as Egyptian. This makes sense as the Israelites will be plundering the Egyptians. If it is possible to leave this ambiguous in your translation, that would be best.
3:22	fmfu		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual	וְ⁠שַׂמְתֶּ֗ם עַל־בְּנֵי⁠כֶם֙ וְ⁠עַל־בְּנֹ֣תֵי⁠כֶ֔ם וְ⁠נִצַּלְתֶּ֖ם	1	Each of these is a plural **you.** If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here.
3:22	h38j		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks	מִצְרָֽיִם	1	After this phrase, the direct quote of Yahweh’s word which started in [3:15](../03/15.md) ends. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with a closing first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the end of a quotation.
4:intro	kap5				0	# Exodus 4 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n- v. 1–17: Moses hesitates to obey so Yahweh gives Moses signs to prove his commission\n- v. 18–28: Moses goes back to Egypt\n- v. 29–31: Moses and Aaron meet with the Israelite leaders and tell them what Yahweh said\n\n## Potential Translation Issues\n\n### Quotations\n\n * There is a difficult transition between [4:4](../04/04.md) and [4:5](../04/05.md) because the quotation stops in the middle to inject a bit of narrative. When it resumes in [4:5](../04/05.md), the sentence seems incomplete (even if merged directly with the quotation fragment in [4:4](../04/04.md)). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])* Yahweh’s instructions to Moses are complex, and there are up to four levels of quotations in this chapter. Translators will need to decide if some of these need to become indirect quotations (if that is possible in their language) and take great care to use the proper quotation markings in the proper locations.\n\n### Order of events\n\n* The order of events is not always clear. In [4:14](../04/14.md) Yahweh tells Moses that Aaron is coming to meet him, but Yahweh telling Aaron to go meet Moses in the wilderness is not recorded until [4:27](../04/27.md).\n* The timing of the events in [4:18](../18/.md)\\-[4:27](../04/27.md), especially verses 18–19 and 27 in relation to the rest of the events of the chapter, is unclear.\n\n### Thus says Yahweh\n\nThe first of over 400 occurrences throughout the Old Testament of a standard phrase used to introduce direct, authoritative instruction from Yahweh occurs in [4:22](../04/22.md). It occurs ten times in the book of Exodus; nine of these are between chapters 4–11. It would be good for your team to have a standard way to translate this that makes it clear that the words that come next are directly from God. If your language has a standard way of introducing a new message from your leader that alerts the hearers that these are the words of the leader, that would be a good phrase to consider.\n\n### Yahweh’s attempt to kill someone\n\nThe encounter recorded from [4:24](../04/24.md) to [4:26](../04/26.md) is one of the strangest and most difficult passages in the entire book. Difficulties include:\n\n* To whom do the pronouns refer? Masculine pronouns are used throughout the section, but there are two possible antecedents, Moses (who is not named in the narrative) and Zipporah’s son (who was presumably also Moses’ son, but this is how he is referred to in this text. For why, see below on why Yahweh did this). Most commentators believe the pronouns refer to Moses.\n* Circumcision is described in fairly graphic detail. Different cultures will need to approach this differently. Some may have terms for circumcision, while others may be comfortable translating mostly literally, and others will need to use euphemisms or other strategies to translate. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/circumcise]])\n* The meaning of the phrase **a bridegroom of blood** (ULT) is unknown.\n* Why did Yahweh attack Moses? Many commentators conclude that Moses had neglected to circumcise one of his sons because it displeased Zipporah, and Yahweh was holding Moses responsible before he returned to lead the Israelites (who should have been circumcised). When Zipporah repented by circumcising the son herself and touching the foreskin to Moses’ feet, Yahweh relents. These conclusions should help inform translation but should not be made explicit in the text.\n\n## Study Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Children of God\n\nThis chapter introduces the concept that Israel, the people group, is the chosen people of God and God’s firstborn son. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/elect]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/firstborn]])\n\n### Yahweh hardened Pharaoh’s heart\n\nScholars are divided over how to understand this statement. There is debate over how Pharaoh has an active or passive role in the hardening of his own heart. Translators should simply follow the text. In Exodus 4–14 there are ten statements that Yahweh hardens Pharaoh’s heart, and ten statements that Pharaoh hardens his own heart. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
4:1	j4yg			וַ⁠יַּ֤עַן מֹשֶׁה֙ וַ⁠יֹּ֔אמֶר	1	Here, **answered and said** is a Hebrew expression which does not convey any extra information. Unless your language naturally uses a similar structure, it is better to translate one verb and omit the other. Alternate translation: “Moses answered”
4:1	b3xv		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks	וְ⁠הֵן֙ לֹֽא־יַאֲמִ֣ינוּ לִ֔⁠י וְ⁠לֹ֥א יִשְׁמְע֖וּ בְּ⁠קֹלִ֑⁠י כִּ֣י יֹֽאמְר֔וּ לֹֽא־נִרְאָ֥ה אֵלֶ֖י⁠ךָ יְהוָֽה	1	This is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation.There may be other quotations in this chapter; they will be marked by the same punctuation, but they will not have their own notes unless there is something unique about them.
4:1	pq8x		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	בְּ⁠קֹלִ֑⁠י	1	See [3:18](../03/18.md). Alternate translation: “to what I say”
4:1	neto		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes	לֹֽא־נִרְאָ֥ה אֵלֶ֖י⁠ךָ יְהוָֽה	1	This is a second-level quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation within a quotation. However, you could translate it as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “that Yahweh has not appeared to me”
4:1	fu2x			וְ⁠הֵן֙	1	This is a term meant to focus the attention of the listener on what the speaker is about to say. If there is not a good way to translate this term in your language, this term can be omitted from the translation, or you can use an alternate translation like “Listen to me.”
4:2	qmvk		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	אֵלָ֛י⁠ו & וַ⁠יֹּ֖אמֶר	1	Here, **him** and **he** refer to Moses. Alternate translation: “to Moses … And Moses said”
4:3	zycd		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	מִ⁠פָּנָֽי⁠ו	1	Here, “face” represents the snake itself. Alternative translation: “from the snake”
4:4	g6bk			וֶ⁠אֱחֹ֖ז בִּ⁠זְנָב֑⁠וֹ	1	Alternate translation: “and pick it up by the tail” or “and grasp it by the tail”
4:4	bzmp		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential	שְׁלַח֙ יָֽדְ⁠ךָ֔ וֶ⁠אֱחֹ֖ז בִּ⁠זְנָב֑⁠וֹ	1	This direct quotation is interrupted by Moses obeying Yahweh. This is probably a tightly ordered sequence of events where Yahweh paused and then continued speaking immediately after Moses obeyed. The quote resumes in [4:5](../04/05.md), and there is more discussion there about how to translate the quotation resumption.
4:4	m86n			וַ⁠יְהִ֥י לְ⁠מַטֶּ֖ה	1	Alternate translation: “and it turned into a rod” or “and it changed into a staff”
4:5	l4tn		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks	לְמַ֣עַן יַאֲמִ֔ינוּ כִּֽי־נִרְאָ֥ה אֵלֶ֛י⁠ךָ יְהוָ֖ה אֱלֹהֵ֣י אֲבֹתָ֑⁠ם אֱלֹהֵ֧י אַבְרָהָ֛ם אֱלֹהֵ֥י יִצְחָ֖ק וֵ⁠אלֹהֵ֥י יַעֲקֹֽב	1	This continues the direct quotation from the first part of [4:4](../04/04.md). It may be more natural to reorganize verses four and five to keep the quote together. If you rearrange like this, Moses picking up the snake/staff should come after the full quotation. However, it is better to do something similar to the UST, which restates that Yahweh is speaking and provides some implied directives from Yahweh to make a complete sentence.
4:5	m4fk		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	לְמַ֣עַן יַאֲמִ֔ינוּ כִּֽי־נִרְאָ֥ה אֵלֶ֛י⁠ךָ יְהוָ֖ה אֱלֹהֵ֣י אֲבֹתָ֑⁠ם אֱלֹהֵ֧י אַבְרָהָ֛ם אֱלֹהֵ֥י יִצְחָ֖ק וֵ⁠אלֹהֵ֥י יַעֲקֹֽב	1	This quote is not a complete sentence; the UST provides a clarification. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context.
4:5	zbfr		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	יַאֲמִ֔ינוּ & אֲבֹתָ֑⁠ם	1	Here, **them** and **their** refer either to the Israelites or to the Israelite elders. God had instructed Moses to gather and speak to the elders; if you make this participant explicit, elders is a better option.
4:5	oqi5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	אֵלֶ֛י⁠ךָ	1	Here, **you** refers to Moses.
4:5	jr8m			אֱלֹהֵ֣י אֲבֹתָ֑⁠ם אֱלֹהֵ֧י אַבְרָהָ֛ם אֱלֹהֵ֥י יִצְחָ֖ק וֵ⁠אלֹהֵ֥י יַעֲקֹֽב	1	Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob were three of their ancestors. They all worshiped the same God.
4:6	ep52		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations	וְ⁠הִנֵּ֥ה	1	This word, **behold**, is used to create an exclamation, showing surprise.
4:6	pw7g		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	כַּ⁠שָּֽׁלֶג	1	The word **like** (ULT) or “as” (UST) here is used to compare how Moses’ hand looked. You may not have a word for snow in your language. If so, consider an alternative that describes something very white. You may need to make the whiteness explicit. Alternate translation: “that made it look white like wool” or “that made it look white like the sand on the beach”
4:7	prr9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations	וְ⁠הִנֵּה	1	This word is used to create an exclamation, showing surprise.
4:8	well		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	וְ⁠לֹ֣א יִשְׁמְע֔וּ לְ⁠קֹ֖ל הָ⁠אֹ֣ת הָ⁠רִאשׁ֑וֹן וְ⁠הֶֽאֱמִ֔ינוּ לְ⁠קֹ֖ל הָ⁠אֹ֥ת הָ⁠אַחֲרֽוֹן	1	Here each **sign** is spoken of as if it had a **voice** with which it could speak. If this might be confusing for your readers, you could express this meaning plainly that makes explicit that the signs are meant to be proof that God sent Moses. Alternative translation: “and are not convinced that God has appeared to you by seeing the first sign, then they will be convinced by seeing the second sign.”
4:8	gxlg		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	יַאֲמִ֣ינוּ & יִשְׁמְע֔וּ & וְ⁠הֶֽאֱמִ֔ינוּ	1	Here, **they** refers either to the Israelites or to the Israelite elders. God had instructed Moses to gather and speak to the elders; if you make this participant explicit, elders is the better option, but be sure to do the same as you did in [4:5](../04/05.md).
4:8	lsb3			לֹ֣א יַאֲמִ֣ינוּ & וְ⁠הֶֽאֱמִ֔ינוּ	1	Alternate translation: “they do not acknowledge … then they will acknowledge” or “they do not accept … then they will accept”
4:9	q82r		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	יַאֲמִ֡ינוּ & יִשְׁמְעוּ⁠ן֙	1	Here, **they** refers either to the Israelites or to the Israelite elders. God had instructed Moses to gather and speak to the elders; if you make this participant explicit, elders is the better option, but be sure to do the same as you did in [4:5](../04/05.md).
4:9	jsvb		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	לְ⁠קֹלֶ֔⁠ךָ	1	See [3:18](../03/18.md). Alternate translation: “to what you say”
4:10	t8i9			בִּ֣י	1	This word is used by a speaker to beg a superior to allow him to speak. Alternate translation: “Please”
4:10	w12a			לֹא֩ אִ֨ישׁ דְּבָרִ֜ים אָנֹ֗כִי גַּ֤ם מִ⁠תְּמוֹל֙ גַּ֣ם מִ⁠שִּׁלְשֹׁ֔ם	1	Alternate translation: “I have never been an excellent speaker, not now, not before”
4:10	opes			אִ֨ישׁ דְּבָרִ֜ים	1	This expression means “a man who uses words well,” in other words, an eloquent man who can speak well and convincingly.
4:10	pk0l		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism	גַּ֤ם מִ⁠תְּמוֹל֙ גַּ֣ם מִ⁠שִּׁלְשֹׁ֔ם	1	These phrases simply mean “in the past.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language.
4:10	wsl4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	עַבְדֶּ֑⁠ךָ	1	Moses refers to himself as God’s servant to lower his status before God (and perhaps by doing so to make his argument of inability stronger). If this is confusing in your language, you can make who he means plain. Alternate translation: “me, your servant”
4:10	bv64		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	כְבַד־פֶּ֛ה וּ⁠כְבַ֥ד לָשׁ֖וֹן	1	These phrases mean basically the same thing. Moses uses them to emphasize that he is not a good speaker. If your language does not use repetition in this way, you can combine these phrases. Alternate translation: “not good at public speaking”
4:10	zm3y		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	לָשׁ֖וֹן	1	Here, **tongue** refers to Moses’ ability to speak. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “speech”
4:11	ks2m		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	מִ֣י שָׂ֣ם פֶּה֮ לָֽ⁠אָדָם֒	1	Yahweh uses this question to emphasize that he is the Creator who makes it possible for people to speak. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Is it not I, Yahweh, who created the human mouth and the ability to speak”
4:11	e1y6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	מִֽי־יָשׂ֣וּם אִלֵּ֔ם א֣וֹ חֵרֵ֔שׁ א֥וֹ פִקֵּ֖חַ א֣וֹ עִוֵּ֑ר	1	Yahweh uses this question to emphasize that he is the one who decides if people can speak and hear, and if they can see. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “make people able to speak or hear or to see or to be blind”
4:11	uq7j		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	הֲ⁠לֹ֥א אָנֹכִ֖י יְהוָֽה	1	Yahweh uses this question to emphasize that he alone makes these decisions. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “I, Yahweh, am the one who does this!”
4:12	kkr1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	וְ⁠אָנֹכִי֙ אֶֽהְיֶ֣ה עִם־פִּ֔י⁠ךָ	1	Here, **mouth** refers to Moses’ ability to speak. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “I will give you the ability to speak”
4:13	brer			בִּ֣י	1	This word is used by a speaker to beg a superior to allow him to speak. See what you did in [4:10](../04/10.md). Alternate translation: “Please”
4:13	s8nl			שְֽׁלַֽח־נָ֖א בְּ⁠יַד־תִּשְׁלָֽח	1	In translating this phrase, it is important to make clear that Moses is asking Yahweh to send someone else. Here he is not accepting Yahweh’s commission.
4:13	y4a7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	בְּ⁠יַד	1	This phrase means “by a person.” The figure is of a person taking Yahweh’s message in his hand to the Israelites and Pharaoh. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate the meaning plainly.
4:14	uy2v		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ⁠יִּֽחַר־אַ֨ף יְהוָ֜ה	1	This means that Yahweh is angry. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh became angry”
4:14	ifax		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר֙	1	Here, **he** refers to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “and Yahweh said”
4:14	okko		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	הֲ⁠לֹ֨א אַהֲרֹ֤ן אָחִ֨י⁠ךָ֙ הַ⁠לֵּוִ֔י	1	Yahweh uses this rhetorical question to suggest an alternative to Moses. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternative translation: “I know you have a brother, Aaron the Levite.”
4:14	e0js		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship	אָחִ֨י⁠ךָ֙	1	Aaron is older than Moses. If your language uses a different term for the sibling relationship based on gender and age order, choose the appropriate one.
4:14	y5ed		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	דַבֵּ֥ר יְדַבֵּ֖ר	1	In Hebrew, the word **speak** is repeated. This means he speaks well. English cannot convey this by doubling, so the meaning of the repetition was translated in the ULT in this case. If your language can say something like “speaking speaks” to mean “speaks well,” consider it; otherwise, translate the meaning similarly to the ULT or UST.
4:14	c51y			הִנֵּה	1	Here, **behold** is used to draw attention to surprising information that follows. If your language has a term that functions in that way (“Listen!” or “Look!” or “Pay Attention!”), use it here.
4:14	ettp		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go	יֹצֵ֣א	1	Yahweh says Aaron is coming from Egypt to Midian to find Moses. He is probably on foot. Depending on the language, the required form of go or come may vary.
4:14	tfsa		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result	וְ⁠שָׂמַ֥ח	1	Aaron will be glad because he sees Moses. Consider a conjunction or other form that expresses result, as in the UST or alternative translation: “and because he sees you, he will have joy”
4:14	ew4h		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	בְּ⁠לִבּֽ⁠וֹ	1	Here, **heart** refers to inner thoughts and emotions. If the heart is not a body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s thoughts and emotions, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image.
4:15	u97f		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	הַ⁠דְּבָרִ֖ים	1	Words here are spoken of as if they were something that can be physically placed in a person’s mouth. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the message that he is to repeat”
4:15	q9cf		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	וְ⁠אָנֹכִ֗י אֶֽהְיֶ֤ה עִם־פִּ֨י⁠ךָ֙ וְ⁠עִם־פִּ֔י⁠הוּ	1	The word **mouth** here represents Moses’ and Aaron’s choice of words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “And I will be with you as you speak and with him as he speaks”
4:15	v57x		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual	אֶתְ⁠כֶ֔ם & תַּעֲשֽׂוּ⁠ן	1	These refer to Moses and Aaron. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a dual form if you have one or, if not, use a plural.
4:16	mnsp		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	לְ⁠פֶ֔ה	1	This phrase compares Aaron to a mouth because he will be the one to actually vocalize to the Israelites and Pharaoh what Moses tells him to say. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent comparison or express this meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the one to say what you tell him to say”
4:16	gn5v		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	תִּֽהְיֶה־לּ֥⁠וֹ לֵֽ⁠אלֹהִֽים	1	The word **like** here means Moses would represent the same authority to Aaron as God did to Moses. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent comparison or express this meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you will speak to Aaron with the same authority with which I speak to you”
4:17	hm47		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	הַ⁠מַּטֶּ֥ה הַ⁠זֶּ֖ה	1	Yahweh assumes that Moses will know that by **this staff**, he means the one that Moses said he had in his hand in [4:2](../04/02.md) and with which God told him to do a miracle in [4:3–4](../04/03.md). If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly.
4:18	j2ix		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants	יֶ֣תֶר	1	Jethro is reintroduced as a participant in the narrative here. Use the natural form in your language for reintroducing a character.
4:18	cbop		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go	וַ⁠יֵּ֨לֶךְ	1	Because the setting has shifted back to Jethro’s home, some languages may need to use “come” here.
4:18	b6mf		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship	חֹֽתְנ֗⁠וֹ	1	This refers to the father of Moses’ wife. If your language uses a different term for the husband’s or wife’s father use the one for wife’s father.
4:18	wlit		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר	1	Here, **he** refers to Moses. Alternate translation: “and Moses said”
4:18	g1h1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	ל⁠וֹ֙	1	Here, **him** refers to Jethro. Alternate translation: “to Jethro”
4:18	urt0		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	אַחַ֣⁠י	1	Here the term **brothers** refers more broadly to all of Moses’ people group, those he is related to. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “my relatives”
4:18	gq2g		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וְ⁠אֶרְאֶ֖ה הַ⁠עוֹדָ֣⁠ם חַיִּ֑ים	1	Later in the Bible we are told that Moses was in Midian for 40 years. Moses’ request may have been literal or an idiom that meant he wanted to know how they were doing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language.
4:18	yay3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing	לֵ֥ךְ לְ⁠שָׁלֽוֹם	1	This is a phrase of assent and blessing. It may be necessary for some languages to explicitly add, “Yes,” to the beginning of Jethro’s response.
4:19	wwr8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential	וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר יְהוָ֤ה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה֙	1	The timing and situation for Yahweh speaking to Moses here is not specified. Some conjecture that it was part of the narrative of the encounter with Yahweh from the previous verses but placed after his request to Jethro for an unknown reason. Another speculation is that Moses delayed returning to Egypt (either by his own choice, Yahweh’s instructions, or someone else delaying him) and Yahweh came and told him again (the UST explicitly offers this optional translation).
4:19	clfj			הַֽ⁠מְבַקְשִׁ֖ים אֶת־נַפְשֶֽׁ⁠ךָ	1	This means they were seeking to end his life, that is, to kill him.
4:20	fua6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo	בָּנָ֗י⁠ו	1	Moses’ second son is not introduced until [18:4](../18/.04.md) but had already been born before they left Midian. It is not necessary to make this explicit here, if it would confuse your readers you could add a footnote.
4:20	zi5m		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	וַ⁠יָּ֖שָׁב אַ֣רְצָ⁠ה מִצְרָ֑יִם	1	It is clear from [4:24](../04/24.md) and [25](../04/25.md) that Moses’ family went with him. If this is confusing in your language, you may need to change from **he** to “they” **returned**.
4:20	a1s5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential	וַ⁠יָּ֖שָׁב אַ֣רְצָ⁠ה מִצְרָ֑יִם	1	After the incident on the road in verses [24–26](../04/24.md). Moses’ family is not mentioned again until [18:2](../18/02.md), which says that Moses sent them back, so it may be better to make a translation similar to the UST, which only commits to the family starting on the way to Egypt. This option has the further benefit of allowing for the several events that happen before Moses gets to Egypt. The ULT’s **toward** is another way of giving space in the translation for the next several events.
4:20	f26l		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	מַטֵּ֥ה הָ⁠אֱלֹהִ֖ים	1	The phrase **the staff of God** refers to the staff that God told Moses to take with him in [4:17](../04/17.md). If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly.
4:20	m4uj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	מַטֵּ֥ה הָ⁠אֱלֹהִ֖ים	1	The book describes this staff as **the staff of God** because God appointed it as his instrument so that Moses could do miraculous works through it. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say that explicitly. Make sure your translation does not lead people to think the staff was a magic wand or shaman’s staff that had its own power or power from Moses or that the staff gave Moses the ability to command God. In every instance where miracles happened, first God told Moses to do something with the staff, then Moses obeyed, and then God caused a miracle. Alternate translation: “the staff that God had told him to bring because God intended to work powerfully through it when Moses stretched it out.”
4:21	lva8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks	בְּ⁠לֶכְתְּ⁠ךָ֙	1	This begins a direct quotation that continues to the end of [4:23](../04/23.md). It contains up to fourth-level quotations. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation.
4:21	oajf			רְאֵ֗ה	1	Most translations and interpretations of the verb **see** take it to mean something like “see that you do.”
4:21	paos		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	כָּל־הַ⁠מֹּֽפְתִים֙ אֲשֶׁר־שַׂ֣מְתִּי בְ⁠יָדֶ֔⁠ךָ	1	Here the miracles are spoken of as if they were items Moses could carry. In part, this may be because the three signs already given to Moses involved the use of his hand. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “all the wonders I have authorized you to perform”
4:21	kdsb		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֑ה	1	This time, while **before the face of** still has the standard figurative meaning of “in the presence of,” it is a much more literal use here. Moses is to actually do the miracles in front of Pharaoh so he can see them. Alternative translation: “so Pharaoh can see them”
4:21	ovma		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast	וַ⁠אֲנִי֙ אֲחַזֵּ֣ק	1	Referring to himself in the opening of this sentence serves to emphasize a contrast between what might normally be expected and what will actually happen. Translate this in a way that clearly contrasts the performance of miracles before Pharaoh (which might be expected to lead to him releasing the Israelites) with what Yahweh says Pharaoh will do.
4:21	uvoh		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	וַ⁠אֲנִי֙ אֲחַזֵּ֣ק אֶת־לִבּ֔⁠וֹ	1	This means that God will make him stubborn. His stubborn attitude is spoken of as if his heart would be made stronger. If the heart is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. Alternate translation: “But as for me, I will cause Pharaoh to be stubborn”
4:21	uudz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result	וְ⁠לֹ֥א יְשַׁלַּ֖ח אֶת־הָ⁠עָֽם	1	Make it clear in your translation that this is a result of God hardening Pharaoh’s heart.
4:22	ftde			כֹּ֚ה אָמַ֣ר יְהוָ֔ה	1	This is the first of hundreds of occurrences throughout the Old Testament of a standard phrase, **Thus says Yahweh**, used to introduce direct, authoritative instruction from Yahweh. It would be good for your team to have a standard way to translate this that makes it clear that the words that come next are directly from God. If your language has a standard way of introducing a new message from your rulers that alerts the hearers that these are the words of the rulers, that would be a good phrase to consider.
4:22	teyy		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes	כֹּ֚ה אָמַ֣ר יְהוָ֔ה	1	This begins a second-level quotation that continues until the end of [4:23](../04/23.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening second-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation within a quotation. However, you may want to translate this as an indirect quotation in order to reduce the levels of quotations in this passage. Alternative translation: “that Yahweh says”
4:22	kud7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks	בְּנִ֥⁠י בְכֹרִ֖⁠י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃	1	This is the beginning of a third-level quotation that continues until the end of [4:23](../04/23.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening third-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation within a quotation within a quotation. (If you chose to translate, “Thus says Yahweh,” as an indirect quote, this will be a second- level quotation.)
4:22	gr2d		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	בְּנִ֥⁠י	1	Yahweh expresses his affection for the Israelites by calling them his **son**. Some languages may need to change the metaphor here into a simile. See the UST.
4:22	pt4n		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns	יִשְׂרָאֵֽל	1	The word **Israel** here represents all the people of Israel as a group. It is important to keep the singular reference to Israel as son rather than change it to something like ‘the Israelites are my children,’ because God is making a particular contrast here between his son and Pharaoh’s son. Some languages may not be able to use “Israel” as a collective noun and may need to choose a translation like “the nation of Israel” or “the Israelite nation.”
4:22	nbn7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	יִשְׂרָאֵֽל	1	The Israelite nation is often referred to simply by the name of the patriarch. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “The Israelites are”
4:23	syar		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks	שַׁלַּ֤ח אֶת־בְּנִ⁠י֙ וְ⁠יַֽעַבְדֵ֔⁠נִי	1	This is a fourth-level quotation. It should be marked in some manner that distinguishes it from the outer levels. (If you chose to translate “Thus says Yahweh” as an indirect quote, this will be a third-level quotation.)
4:23	yyuo		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations	וָ⁠אֹמַ֣ר אֵלֶ֗י⁠ךָ שַׁלַּ֤ח אֶת־בְּנִ⁠י֙ וְ⁠יַֽעַבְדֵ֔⁠נִי וַ⁠תְּמָאֵ֖ן	1	The fourth-level quotation here may be a good one to translate as an indirect quotation in order to reduce the levels of quotations in this passage. Alternative translation: “and I told you to let my son go that he may serve me. But you have refused”
4:23	k7mh		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	בְּנִ⁠י֙	1	Yahweh continues to metaphorically speak of Israel as **my son.** See how you translated it in the previous verse. Alternative translation: “the Israelite nation, which is like a son to me”
4:23	u825		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns	וְ⁠יַֽעַבְדֵ֔⁠נִי & לְ⁠שַׁלְּח֑⁠וֹ	1	The pronouns **he** and **him** agree with “son.” What you use may depend on how you translated son in the previous verse.
4:23	ot2b			הִנֵּה֙	1	This is used to draw attention to surprising information that follows. Alternative translation: “Know this”
4:23	re11			בִּנְ⁠ךָ֖	1	Here, **your son** refers to the actual son of Pharaoh.
4:23	ubcw		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks	בִּנְ⁠ךָ֖ בְּכֹרֶֽ⁠ךָ	1	After this phrase, the three levels of direct quotations end, bringing a complete close to all quotations that started in verses [21](../04/21.md) and [22](../04/22.md). If you are using direct quotations, at the end of this verse you should have three closing markers: third level, second level and first level. In English, it looks like **” ’ ”** (without spaces).
4:24	sp6h		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent	וַ⁠יְהִ֥י	1	This introduces a new event. Mark the transition in a natural way in your language.
4:24	p820		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יִּפְגְּשֵׁ֣⁠הוּ & הֲמִיתֽ⁠וֹ	1	Here, it is not clear who **him** refers to. Most commentators believe it refers to Moses, but it could refer to the son, though that is less likely. If it is necessary to choose for your translation, use Moses.
4:24	qeo5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יְבַקֵּ֖שׁ	1	Here, **he** refers to Yahweh.
4:25	m1la		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	צִפֹּרָ֜ה	1	**Zipporah** is the name of Moses’ wife. See how you translated it in [2:21](../02/21.md).
4:25	sftg		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants	צִפֹּרָ֜ה	1	**Zipporah** is introduced here as a new character. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new character.
4:25	a36h		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	צֹ֗ר	1	This was a flake or a sharp piece of a hard gray rock that was used as a knife..
4:25	nkxn		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	עָרְלַ֣ת	1	The**foreskin** is the retractable fold of skin which covers and protects the end of the penis.
4:25	l6sr		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism	לְ⁠רַגְלָ֑י⁠ו	1	It is possible that the word **feet** may have been a more respectful way to refer to the genital area of the body. However, that possibility is not high enough that you should translate it either literally as genitals or with another euphemism meaning genitals in your language. If you have a word that means primarily feet or legs, but could in some cases also euphemistically mean genitals, you may consider it.
4:25	b2t3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	כִּ֧י חֲתַן־דָּמִ֛ים אַתָּ֖ה לִֽ⁠י	1	The meaning of this metaphor is unclear. It was probably a known saying in that culture. Alternate translation: “You are related to me by this blood” or “You are my husband because of blood”
4:26	ceqk		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result	וַ⁠יִּ֖רֶף	1	God **relented** as a result of Zipporah’s action. Consider a conjunction or other form that expresses result, as in the UST.
4:26	o4zt		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יִּ֖רֶף	1	Here, **he** refers to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “Yahweh relented”
4:26	k136		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	מִמֶּ֑⁠נּוּ	1	As in [4:24](../04/24.md), **him** could refer to either Moses or the son, but most commentators think it is still Moses. The UST uses “anyone” to preserve ambiguity. Alternative translation: “from Moses”
4:26	r8hj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations	חֲתַ֥ן דָּמִ֖ים	1	This is a unique quotation because Zipporah probably does not speak again; rather, the quotation refers back to her statement in [4:25](../04/25.md). Use a form from your language for quoting a portion of what someone previously said. If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as an indirect quotation.
4:26	abmg		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks	חֲתַ֥ן דָּמִ֖ים לַ⁠מּוּלֹֽת	1	It is not clear if the quotation includes **because of the circumcision** or if that is a comment explaining the quotation. Translations are divided in where they end the quotation, but most exclude **because of the circumcision**, and it is best to follow that unless a locally respected translation includes it.
4:27	xk6b		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent	וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר	1	You may want to add a word that marks the beginning of a new part of the story, as the UST does.
4:27	qxpc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants	אַהֲרֹ֔ן	1	**Aaron** is introduced as a new participant. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new character.
4:27	wy4n		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession	בְּ⁠הַ֥ר הָ⁠אֱלֹהִ֖ים	1	See how you translated this in [3:1](../03/01.md).
4:27	tfn2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction	וַ⁠יִּשַּׁק	1	This was a traditional way of greeting which showed love. You can make this explicit, as in the UST.
4:28	ad9x			שְׁלָח֑⁠וֹ & צִוָּֽ⁠הוּ	1	These are a bit awkward to translate in English, so the UST adds more information. Other languages may not have the same difficulty.
4:28	b429		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	שְׁלָח֑⁠וֹ & צִוָּֽ⁠הוּ	1	Here, the pronoun **he** refers to Yahweh, and **him** refers to Moses. Alternative translation: “Yahweh sent Moses … Yahweh commanded Moses”
4:29	y8o3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent	וַ⁠יֵּ֥לֶךְ	1	This begins a new event which you may need to mark in your translation with a transitional word like the UST’s “When.”
4:30	j5gr		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יַּ֥עַשׂ	1	Here, **he** could refer to either Aaron or Moses. Alternate translation: “and Aaron did” or “and Moses did”
4:30	bm2x		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	לְ⁠עֵינֵ֥י הָ⁠עָֽם	1	Here, **before the eyes** means he did the signs so they could see them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternative translation: “in their sight”
4:30	x1v3			הָ⁠עָֽם	1	Context suggests that **people** refers to the leaders gathered in [4:29](../04/29.md).
4:31	glp2			הָ⁠עָ֑ם	1	Context suggests that **people** refers to the leaders gathered in [4:29](../04/29.md).
4:31	q1er			פָקַ֨ד & בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל	1	Alternate translation: “saw the Israelites” or “was concerned about the Israelites”
4:31	g83a		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction	וַֽ⁠יִּקְּד֖וּ וַ⁠יִּֽשְׁתַּחֲוּֽוּ	1	This action was an expression of thankful worship. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternative translations: “they bowed their heads in awe” or “they bowed down low in reverence.”
5:intro	kea2				0	# Exodus 5 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n- v. 1–5: Moses gives Pharaoh Yahweh’s message\n- v. 6–21: Pharaoh makes the Israelites work harder\n- v. 22–23: Moses asks Yahweh why things went badly
5:1	q0zv		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent	וְ⁠אַחַ֗ר בָּ֚אוּ מֹשֶׁ֣ה וְ⁠אַהֲרֹ֔ן וַ⁠יֹּאמְר֖וּ אֶל־פַּרְעֹ֑ה	1	The time phrase, **and afterward**, marks a transition in the narrative. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new event. Alternative translation: “After that”
5:1	q9kn		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential	וְ⁠אַחַ֗ר בָּ֚אוּ מֹשֶׁ֣ה וְ⁠אַהֲרֹ֔ן וַ⁠יֹּאמְר֖וּ אֶל־פַּרְעֹ֑ה	1	It is unclear how long Moses and Aaron waited before they went to see Pharaoh.
5:1	cudx		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go	בָּ֚אוּ	1	In this instance, depending on how they have to set scenes, some languages may need to use “came in.”
5:1	tsnv		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants	פַּרְעֹ֑ה	1	Pharaoh is reintroduced as a participant in the narrative for the first time since chapter two. Use the natural form in your language for reintroducing a character.
5:1	jarm		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks	כֹּֽה־אָמַ֤ר יְהוָה֙ אֱלֹהֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל שַׁלַּח֙ אֶת־עַמִּ֔⁠י וְ⁠יָחֹ֥גּוּ לִ֖⁠י בַּ⁠מִּדְבָּֽר	1	This is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. There is a second-level quotation fully contained within this portion which is addressed elsewhere. There may be other quotations in this chapter; they will be marked by the same punctuation, but they will not have their own notes unless there is something unique about them.
5:1	lu3i			כֹּֽה־אָמַ֤ר יְהוָה֙	1	This quotation formula is used to introduce commands from Yahweh. See [4:intro](../04/intro.md) for more information.
5:1	u2vt			וְ⁠יָחֹ֥גּוּ	1	This is a celebration to worship Yahweh. Alternative translation: “so they can worship me with eating and drinking”
5:2	v4c1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר	1	The result here is exactly as God has said; therefore, a contrastive transition word is reasonable but not required, given the immediate human context.
5:2	lqwt			מִ֤י יְהוָה֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר אֶשְׁמַ֣ע בְּ⁠קֹל֔⁠וֹ לְ⁠שַׁלַּ֖ח אֶת־יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל	1	This is not a rhetorical question, though Pharaoh may have spoken with contempt. Pharaoh would have considered himself a god. The Egyptians had several gods, and most people groups were assumed to have their own gods. Therefore, Pharaoh had truly not heard of Yahweh (who has just revealed his name to Moses).
5:2	wpff		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns	יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל & יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל	1	Here the nation is spoken of as an individual. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you can use a different expression. Alternative translation: “the nation of Israel”
5:2	c653		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	בְּ⁠קֹל֔⁠וֹ	1	Here, **his voice** represent the words God spoke. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “to what he says”
5:2	ma6b			וְ⁠גַ֥ם	1	This functions to strengthen Pharaoh’s statement about his decision. Alternative translation: “and most definitely”
5:3	dt39		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמְר֔וּ	1	It may not make sense in all languages for multiple people to speak. Since Aaron was appointed as Moses’ spokesman, consider the alternative translation: “Aaron replied”
5:3	y9ip			אֱלֹהֵ֥י הָ⁠עִבְרִ֖ים	1	This term, **The God of the Hebrews**, is also used for Yahweh, the Israelites’ God.
5:3	kclj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	עָלֵ֑י⁠נוּ נֵ֣לֲכָה & וְ⁠נִזְבְּחָה֙ & יִפְגָּעֵ֔⁠נוּ	1	Here, **us** (or “we” in UST) refers to the Hebrew people (the Israelites). It excludes Pharaoh and his people. Your language may require you to mark these forms.
5:3	gfs5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	בֶ⁠חָֽרֶב	1	Here, **sword** represents war or an attack by enemies. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “cause our enemies to attack us”
5:4	kl1i		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	לָ֚⁠מָּה מֹשֶׁ֣ה וְ⁠אַהֲרֹ֔ן תַּפְרִ֥יעוּ אֶת־הָ⁠עָ֖ם מִ⁠מַּֽעֲשָׂ֑י⁠ו	1	Pharaoh uses this rhetorical question to express his anger toward Moses and Aaron for taking the Israelites away from their work. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Stop distracting the people from doing their work!”
5:4	fiw9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual	לְכ֖וּ לְ⁠סִבְלֹתֵי⁠כֶֽם	1	This **your** could refer to Moses and Aaron, or it could mean “all you Israelite people.” The second meaning is more likely. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a dual or plural form here.
5:5	xm4z		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר פַּרְעֹ֔ה	1	It is unusual for the same speaker to be reintroduced like this. Some translations omit the repetition, but there is another option. This statement may be more connected to the next couple of verses, so it might be appropriate to make a minor break before this verse.
5:5	nqbe		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-aside	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר פַּרְעֹ֔ה הֵן־רַבִּ֥ים עַתָּ֖ה עַ֣ם הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ וְ⁠הִשְׁבַּתֶּ֥ם אֹתָ֖⁠ם מִ⁠סִּבְלֹתָֽ⁠ם	1	This statement by Pharaoh may have been him commenting to himself, or he may have only thought this statement silently; either way, it led to his next actions. If this would be confusing in your language, consider stating it in a way that clarifies that his statement or thoughts here impacted his next actions.
5:5	todi			הֵן	1	**Behold** is a term meant to focus the attention of the listener on what the speaker is about to say.
5:5	c53k		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual	וְ⁠הִשְׁבַּתֶּ֥ם	1	Here, **you** means Moses and Aaron. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a dual form if you have one, or if not, use a plural form here.
5:6	ar9m			וַ⁠יְצַ֥ו פַּרְעֹ֖ה & אֶת־הַ⁠נֹּגְשִׂ֣ים בָּ⁠עָ֔ם וְ⁠אֶת־שֹׁטְרָ֖י⁠ו לֵ⁠אמֹֽר	1	Pharaoh may have sent a messenger or messengers to the taskmasters and officers or spoken to one or a few representatives of them at his court rather than speaking to them directly. Alternative translation: “And … Pharaoh gave an order to the taskmasters among the people and officers. He said,”
5:6	zd4m			הַ⁠נֹּגְשִׂ֣ים	1	**Taskmasters** were Egyptians whose job it was to force the Israelites to do hard work. These are probably the same as the “overseers” of labor gangs from [Exodus 1:11](../01/11.md), but here the term is harsher. Alternative translation: “oppressors”
5:6	gsdx			שֹׁטְרָ֖י⁠ו	1	**Officers** were probably Israelite slaves who were in charge of the other Israelites but who answered to the Egyptian taskmasters.
5:6	dxih			לֵ⁠אמֹֽר	1	Here, **saying** is a way of introducing a direct quotation in Hebrew; most translations can omit it without harm.
5:7	k6io		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual	לֹ֣א תֹאסִפ֞וּ⁠ן	1	This command was given to multiple people; if your language distinguishes between singular and plural forms when giving commands, make sure this is a plural form.
5:7	p9nx		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	כִּ⁠תְמ֣וֹל שִׁלְשֹׁ֑ם	1	This is a Hebrew idiom meaning “in the past.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternative translation: “as you used to do” or “as was done previously”
5:8	izkf		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual	תָּשִׂ֣ימוּ	1	If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here.
5:8	ro25		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	הַ⁠לְּבֵנִ֜ים	1	**Bricks** are blocks made of clay or mud with straw in them. They are hardened in the sun or in another manner before they are used for building. See how you translated in [1:14](../01/14.md).
5:8	dlzx		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	תְּמ֤וֹל שִׁלְשֹׁם֙	1	This is a Hebrew idiom meaning “in the past.” See how you translated this in [5:7](../05/07md) Alternative translation: “before” or “previously”
5:9	xca1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וְ⁠אַל־יִשְׁע֖וּ בְּ⁠דִבְרֵי־שָֽׁקֶר	1	Here words are spoken of as if they could be looked upon. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternative translation: “and not listen to words that are lies”
5:10	ozzn		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent	וַ⁠יֵּ֨צְא֜וּ	1	This begins a new scene, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language.
5:10	x4bi			נֹגְשֵׂ֤י	1	**Taskmasters** were Egyptians whose job was to force the Israelites to do hard work. See how you translated this in [5:6](../05/06.md).
5:10	zvxx			כֹּ֚ה אָמַ֣ר פַּרְעֹ֔ה	1	This is the same quotation introduction as is used when Yahweh gives a direct command. See [4:intro](../04/intro.md) for more information.
5:10	c12s		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּאמְר֥וּ אֶל־הָ⁠עָ֖ם לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר כֹּ֚ה אָמַ֣ר פַּרְעֹ֔ה	1	It might be helpful in some languages to translate **thus says Pharaoh** as an indirect quote so that his conveyed command is not a quote within a quote. Alternate translation: “and told the people that Pharaoh says”
5:10	mkom		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes	אֵינֶ֛⁠נִּי	1	This is the beginning of a second-level quotation that continues until the end of verse 11. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening second-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the start of a quotation within a quotation. However, you could also translate this as an indirect quote. See UST.
5:10	ad73		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast	אֵינֶ֛⁠נִּי נֹתֵ֥ן לָ⁠כֶ֖ם תֶּֽבֶן	1	The structure of this phrase and the one that opens [the next verse](../05/11.md) create a strong contrast between what **I** (Pharaoh) and **you** (you all, the Israelites) will do. Translate this in a way that emphasizes, if possible, the contrast between **I** and **you.** Alternative translation: “It is not I who will give you straw.”
5:10	si2e		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	אֵינֶ֛⁠נִּי נֹתֵ֥ן לָ⁠כֶ֖ם תֶּֽבֶן	1	Pharaoh uses **I** to refer to his ownership and commands. Pharaoh does not physically give the Israelites straw. Rather, he had commanded his servants to take straw that belonged to Pharaoh and give it to the Israelites. Now he told his servants to stop providing straw. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “My servants will no longer give you my straw”
5:10	gb4d		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual	לָ⁠כֶ֖ם	1	**You**is plural and refers to the Israelite people. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here.
5:11	ewg6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast	אַתֶּ֗ם לְכ֨וּ קְח֤וּ לָ⁠כֶם֙ תֶּ֔בֶן מֵ⁠אֲשֶׁ֖ר תִּמְצָ֑אוּ	1	The structure of this phrase serves as the opposing side of the contrast Pharaoh sets up in the last phrase. By explicitly using a pronoun with a command, he is emphasizing who will go get straw. If possible, translate this in a way that emphasizes the contrast between **I** and **you.** See the previous verse. Alternative translation: “Rather, it is you yourselves who must go get straw from wherever you might find it”
5:11	xe4i		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual	אַתֶּ֗ם	1	Here, **you** is plural and refers to the Israelite people. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here.
5:11	w918		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns	אַתֶּ֗ם & לָ⁠כֶם֙	1	The repetition of **you** (as **your**) emphasizes that the Egyptians will no longer help the slaves. See the UST.
5:11	g5vb		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives	כִּ֣י אֵ֥ין נִגְרָ֛ע מֵ⁠עֲבֹדַתְ⁠כֶ֖ם דָּבָֽר	1	If this double negative would be misunderstood in your language, you could translate it as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “for you must continue to make the same number of bricks as before”
5:12	s9dk		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole	בְּ⁠כָל־אֶ֣רֶץ מִצְרָ֑יִם	1	This is a generalization used to show the extra effort Israel made to meet Pharaoh’s demands. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language that means many places. Alternate translation: “to many places throughout Egypt”
5:12	q7y7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	קַ֖שׁ	1	**Stubble** is the part of a plant that is left over after harvest.
5:13	th6x			וְ⁠הַ⁠נֹּגְשִׂ֖ים	1	**Taskmasters** were Egyptians whose job it was to force the Israelites to do hard work. See how you translated this in [Exodus 5:6](../05/06.md).
5:13	ikkf		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants	וְ⁠הַ⁠נֹּגְשִׂ֖ים	1	The change of subject is emphasized here. If your language has a way of specifically focusing on the actor in a narrative, use it here. See the UST for how that is done in English.
5:13	a5ja			דְּבַר־י֣וֹם בְּ⁠יוֹמ֔⁠וֹ	1	**Day by day** means “daily.” Alternative translation: “the daily task”
5:14	h4uo			נֹגְשֵׂ֥י	1	**Taskmasters** are Egyptians whose job it was to force the Israelites to do hard work. See how you translated this in [Exodus 5:6](../05/06.md).
5:14	unbc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	וַ⁠יֻּכּ֗וּ שֹֽׁטְרֵי֙ בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל	1	The text does not specify who beat the officers. It was probably either the taskmasters or someone the taskmasters ordered to beat the officers. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “And the taskmasters beat the officers of the sons of Israel”
5:14	eq22		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	מַדּ֡וּעַ לֹא֩ כִלִּיתֶ֨ם חָקְ⁠כֶ֤ם לִ⁠לְבֹּן֙ כִּ⁠תְמ֣וֹל שִׁלְשֹׁ֔ם גַּם־תְּמ֖וֹל גַּם־הַ⁠יּֽוֹם	1	The taskmasters used this question to show they were angry with the lack of bricks. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “You are not producing enough bricks, either yesterday or today, as you did in the past!”
5:14	oh6o		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual	כִלִּיתֶ֨ם חָקְ⁠כֶ֤ם	1	Here, **you** and **your** are plural. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here.
5:14	emq7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	לֹא֩ כִלִּיתֶ֨ם חָקְ⁠כֶ֤ם	1	Here, **you** and **your** do not simply refer to the officers; they refer to the groups of Israelite workers the officers are in charge of. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “have your teams not finished their required”
5:14	liz8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	כִּ⁠תְמ֣וֹל שִׁלְשֹׁ֔ם	1	This is a Hebrew idiom meaning “in the past.” Here it specifically refers to the time before the Egyptians stopped giving the Israelites straw. See how you translated this in [5:7](../05/07md) Alternative translation: “before” or “previously”
5:14	zklg			גַּם־תְּמ֖וֹל גַּם־הַ⁠יּֽוֹם	1	This time expression refers to more recent days, ones since the Egyptians stopped providing the straw to the Israelites.
5:15	bk9h		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent	וַ⁠יָּבֹ֗אוּ	1	This begins a new scene, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. The officers have gone to where Pharaoh is.
5:15	thlj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go	וַ⁠יָּבֹ֗אוּ	1	You will need to decide if go or come is the better translation in your language.
5:15	m2nz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	לַ⁠עֲבָדֶֽי⁠ךָ	1	Here, the Israelite officers use the term **your servants** to refer to themselves in the third person as a way of showing humility. It is also possible that they mean to include all the Israelites. Either option is valid if your language must state who is meant by “your servants.” Alternate translation: “to us”
5:16	yeql		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	תֶּ֗בֶן אֵ֤ין נִתָּן֙ לַ⁠עֲבָדֶ֔י⁠ךָ	1	The text does not specify who is not giving them straw. From the context, the taskmasters and, by implication, Pharaoh himself are the ones not doing this. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternative translation: “You are not giving your servants any straw.”
5:16	qp5j		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	לַ⁠עֲבָדֶ֔י⁠ךָ & עֲבָדֶ֛י⁠ךָ	1	Here, the Israelite officers use the term **your servants** to refer to themselves in the third person as a way of showing humility. It is also possible that they mean to include all the Israelites. Either option is valid if your language must state who is meant by “your servants.” Alternate translation: “to us”
5:16	hsa6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	אֹמְרִ֥ים	1	Here, **they** refers to the Egyptian taskmasters.
5:16	m0go			וְ⁠הִנֵּ֧ה	1	**And behold** is used to draw attention to surprising information that follows.
5:16	xrly		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	עֲבָדֶ֛י⁠ךָ מֻכִּ֖ים	1	The text does not specify who beat the officers. It was probably either the taskmasters or someone the taskmasters ordered to beat the officers. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language.
5:16	ff2k		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism	וְ⁠חָטָ֥את עַמֶּֽ⁠ךָ	1	The Israelites are indirectly accusing Pharaoh of doing wrong. To translate this, consider polite or indirect ways of making accusations in your culture.
5:16	l7sn			וְ⁠חָטָ֥את	1	Alternate translation: “but it is the wrongdoing of”
5:17	cw5u		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual	אַתֶּ֖ם & אַתֶּ֣ם	1	These uses of **you** are plural. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here.
5:17	zlkc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations	נִרְפִּ֥ים אַתֶּ֖ם נִרְפִּ֑ים	1	Pharaoh repeats himself for emphasis. In your translation, make sure the idea of laziness or idleness is repeated or strengthened in a way that is natural. Alternative translation: “You are extremely lazy”
5:17	a8o2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks	נֵלְכָ֖ה נִזְבְּחָ֥ה לַֽ⁠יהוָֽה	1	Here the king is quoting another person’s speech. This is a second-level quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation within a quotation.
5:18	x9j7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	וְ⁠תֶ֖בֶן לֹא־יִנָּתֵ֣ן לָ⁠כֶ֑ם	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The subject could be “I” (as in Pharaoh) or “we” (as in the Egyptians or Pharaoh and his taskmasters) or “my people.” See UST.
5:18	z6wt		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual	לָ⁠כֶ֑ם & תִּתֵּֽנּוּ	1	Here, **you** means all the Israelites or the officers as representatives of all the Israelites. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here.
5:19	x6pp		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result	וַ⁠יִּרְא֞וּ שֹֽׁטְרֵ֧י בְנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֛ל אֹתָ֖⁠ם בְּ⁠רָ֣ע לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר לֹא־תִגְרְע֥וּ מִ⁠לִּבְנֵי⁠כֶ֖ם דְּבַר־י֥וֹם בְּ⁠יוֹמֽ⁠וֹ	1	If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases, since the second phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. See the UST.
5:19	l9d2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns	אֹתָ֖⁠ם	1	Here the officers are both the subject and object, because they are thinking about their own situation. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this.
5:19	j6f9			וַ⁠יִּרְא֞וּ & אֹתָ֖⁠ם בְּ⁠רָ֣ע לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר	1	Alternate translation: “knew that they were in trouble, because the king said” or “perceived themselves to be in danger, because the king said”
5:20	ve3z		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent	וַֽ⁠יִּפְגְּעוּ֙	1	A new scene begins here, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language.
5:20	s9d2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַֽ⁠יִּפְגְּעוּ֙ & לִ⁠קְרָאתָ֑⁠ם בְּ⁠צֵאתָ֖⁠ם	1	Here, **they** and **them** refer to the officers.
5:21	kv0v			יֵ֧רֶא יְהוָ֛ה עֲלֵי⁠כֶ֖ם וְ⁠יִשְׁפֹּ֑ט	1	The Israelite officers used this form to curse Moses and Aaron.
5:21	vfit		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual	עֲלֵי⁠כֶ֖ם וְ⁠יִשְׁפֹּ֑ט	1	**You** refers to Moses and Aaron. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a dual or plural form here.
5:21	j3zp		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	הִבְאַשְׁתֶּ֣ם אֶת־רֵיחֵ֗⁠נוּ בְּ⁠עֵינֵ֤י פַרְעֹה֙ וּ⁠בְ⁠עֵינֵ֣י עֲבָדָ֔י⁠ו	1	The Egyptians responded to the Israelites the same way they would respond to a foul odor. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you have caused Pharaoh and his servants to hate us”
5:21	d592		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	חֶ֥רֶב בְּ⁠יָדָ֖⁠ם	1	Here, **a sword into their hand** is a metonym for “a reason in their mind.” The Israelites are afraid that the Egyptians will feel that they are doing the right thing if they kill the Israelites, because Moses and Aaron are making demands to the king and because the Egyptians view the Israelites as lazy and dangerous. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “them a reason to think they would be right”
5:22	g4d5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	לָ֥⁠מָּה זֶּ֖ה שְׁלַחְתָּֽ⁠נִי	1	This question shows how disappointed Moses was that the Egyptians were treating the Israelites even more harshly now. He is expressing that he thinks God has caused the opposite of what he promised to happen. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “I thought you sent me to rescue them.”
5:23	v2k2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	בִּ⁠שְׁמֶ֔⁠ךָ	1	Here, **in your name** indicates that Moses delivers Yahweh’s message. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “for you” or “your message for him”
5:23	fzir		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וְ⁠הַצֵּ֥ל לֹא־הִצַּ֖לְתָּ	1	In Hebrew, **rescued** is repeated for emphasis. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language.
6:intro	we5k				0	# Exodus 6 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n- v. 1–13, 28–30: Yahweh repeats his commissioning of Moses after the bad events recorded in chapter 5\n- v. 14–27: Genealogy of Moses and Aaron\n\n## Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### Repetition of events:\n\nMost of the content of this chapter is very similar to the events and dialogue in chapters 3–4. For consistency, translators should consult the decisions they made there while keeping in mind that this narrative is not exactly the same. Also, verses 10–12 and verses 28–30 are very similar to each other. These events are probably a recommissioning of Moses. After his first encounter with Pharaoh went very poorly and the Israelites seem to reject God, Yahweh reminds Moses of his promises and power.\n\n### Referring to God\n\nA name for God (**Yahweh**) and a title for God (**El Shaddai**) are mentioned in this chapter ([6:2](../06/02.md)\\-[6:3](../06/03.md)). The precise meaning of El Shaddai is not known, but most scholars think it means something like “almighty.” Translators who have worked on Genesis may find confusing the statement that Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob did not know Yahweh as the name of God.\n\n### Other possible translation difficulties:\n\nWith little explanation, a large portion of the chapter is devoted to the genealogy of Moses and Aaron. Some of the people in the genealogy lived much longer than is normal for humans today. If translators are not familiar with the lengths of people’s lives in the early days of the world (as recorded in Genesis, especially chapter 5), this may cause confusion.\n\n## Study Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Promised Land\n\nAccording to the covenant Yahweh made with Abraham, Egypt is not the home of the Hebrew people. Their home is the Promised Land in Canaan. The people are to return home to their land. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])\n\n### God and his people\n\nIn verse 7, note the mention of a very important biblical theme of God being “your God” and the special relationship that his people have with him.
6:1	ip5i		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks	עַתָּ֣ה תִרְאֶ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר אֶֽעֱשֶׂ֖ה לְ⁠פַרְעֹ֑ה כִּ֣י בְ⁠יָ֤ד חֲזָקָה֙ יְשַׁלְּחֵ֔⁠ם וּ⁠בְ⁠יָ֣ד חֲזָקָ֔ה יְגָרְשֵׁ֖⁠ם מֵ⁠אַרְצֽ⁠וֹ	1	This is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. There may be other quotations in this chapter; they will be marked by the same punctuation, but they will not have their own notes unless there is something unique about them.
6:1	lu95		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential	עַתָּ֣ה	1	This refers to future events starting very soon. Alternative translation: “Starting soon” or “Very soon”
6:1	ece6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	בְ⁠יָ֤ד חֲזָקָה֙ & וּ⁠בְ⁠יָ֣ד חֲזָקָ֔ה	1	Here, **hand** is a metonym for power. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “by a strong power … and by a strong power”
6:1	utnn		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	בְ⁠יָ֤ד חֲזָקָה֙ & וּ⁠בְ⁠יָ֣ד חֲזָקָ֔ה	1	It is not clear in the text whose **hand** is referred to here. The options include: (1) Both refer to God’s hand (forcing Pharaoh’s actions) (2) Both refer to Pharaoh’s hand (forcing the Israelites out) (3) They don’t refer to the same person’s hand; the first refers to God’s and the second to Pharaoh’s. The UST has followed (1), which is the most common interpretation. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: (1) “by my strong hand … and by my strong hand” (2) “by his strong hand … and by his strong hand” (3) “by my strong hand … and by his strong hand”
6:1	vdno		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	כִּ֣י בְ⁠יָ֤ד חֲזָקָה֙ יְשַׁלְּחֵ֔⁠ם וּ⁠בְ⁠יָ֣ד חֲזָקָ֔ה יְגָרְשֵׁ֖⁠ם מֵ⁠אַרְצֽ⁠וֹ	1	These two phrases mean similar things. God says the same thing twice, in similar ways, for emphasis. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “I will force him to let my people leave the land” However, there is a slight difference in meaning, and you could also choose to bring that out in your translation. The second phrase intensifies the first by portraying Pharaoh as not merely letting the Israelites go, but as forcing them to leave the land. Alternate translation: “I will force him to let them go, in fact, I will force him to force them to leave his land”
6:1	sdon			מֵ⁠אַרְצֽ⁠וֹ	1	Alternate translation: “from Egypt”
6:2	wse5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent	וַ⁠יְדַבֵּ֥ר אֱלֹהִ֖ים אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֑ה וַ⁠יֹּ֥אמֶר אֵלָ֖י⁠ו	1	There is a transition here. Before this verse, Yahweh was answering Moses’ question more directly. At the beginning of this verse, Yahweh is reintroduced as “God” because he begins to make a clarifying statement about himself and his relationship with the Israelites and their ancestors as well as his plans for the Israelites. Much of this section repeats what Yahweh has already told Moses. You may want to consider a section break before this verse.
6:3	l81y		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate	בְּ⁠אֵ֣ל שַׁדָּ֑י	1	**El Shaddai** is a title for God that many scholars think means “almighty.” You will need to decide if you will transliterate the term into your language or translate the meaning. Either approach has broad support. Alternative translation: “as the strongest God of all”
6:3	m27p		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	וּ⁠שְׁמִ֣⁠י יְהוָ֔ה לֹ֥א נוֹדַ֖עְתִּי לָ⁠הֶֽם	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “but they did not know me by my name Yahweh”
6:3	e36z			וּ⁠שְׁמִ֣⁠י יְהוָ֔ה לֹ֥א נוֹדַ֖עְתִּי לָ⁠הֶֽם	1	This statement is very difficult to understand as God’s name, Yahweh, is used throughout Genesis, including by Abraham and others. There are many theories about what it means; the view followed by the UST is that now God is revealing to the Israelites a fuller meaning of his divine name than what Abraham and others knew. Alternate translation: “but my name Yahweh was not understood by them”
6:4	zxvc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations	לָ⁠תֵ֥ת לָ⁠הֶ֖ם אֶת־אֶ֣רֶץ כְּנָ֑עַן	1	This is the content of the covenant promise from God to his people. Some languages may need to make this part a direct quotation. To do so, begin a new sentence. Alternate translation: “I said, ‘I will give you the land of Canaan’”
6:4	gkkc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	אֶ֥רֶץ מְגֻרֵי⁠הֶ֖ם אֲשֶׁר־גָּ֥רוּ בָֽ⁠הּ	1	These two phrases mean similar things. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “the land they lived in as temporary residents” or “the land that was not their home but where they lived as foreigners”
6:5	l3yc			נַאֲקַת֙	1	Here, **groaning** means making sad sounds because of pain and suffering.
6:5	aiey			וָ⁠אֶזְכֹּ֖ר אֶת־בְּרִיתִֽ⁠י	1	**I have remembered my covenant** means God is going to take action. Alternative translation: “I will keep my promise”
6:6	rgh0		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result	לָ⁠כֵ֞ן	1	God is now telling Moses to deliver a message to the Israelites of what God is going to do because of everything that he said in verses 2–5. The reason-result relationship is strongly marked here, so translations should make sure to use a connector that marks verse 6–8 as a result of verses 2–5. Alternate translation: “Because of this”
6:6	yv14			לָ⁠כֵ֞ן אֱמֹ֥ר לִ⁠בְנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֘ל	1	This is a command from Yahweh to Moses. Alternate translation: “So Yahweh told Moses to say to the Israelites”
6:6	we3z		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual	אֶתְ⁠כֶ֗ם & אֶתְ⁠כֶ֖ם & אֶתְ⁠כֶם֙	1	Here every occurrence of **you** refers to the Israelites. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here.
6:6	oqnw		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	מִ⁠תַּ֨חַת֙ סִבְלֹ֣ת מִצְרַ֔יִם	1	This refers to all the hard work the Egyptians made the Israelites do. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from the hard work the Egyptians force you to do”
6:6	xyn4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	בִּ⁠זְר֣וֹעַ נְטוּיָ֔ה	1	Here, **arm** is a figurative way of referring to Yahweh’s power, influence, and capacity for action. **Outstretched** means that he is using that power. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “by my great strength”
6:6	efx1			וּ⁠בִ⁠שְׁפָטִ֖ים	1	Here, the term **judgments** refers to the plagues that God is about to send to harm Egypt and the Egyptians. Each plague is a response to Pharaoh’s stubbornness. Alternate translation: “and by [greatly] harming the Egyptians”
6:7	o3lb		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual	אֶתְ⁠כֶ֥ם & לָ⁠כֶ֖ם & וִֽ⁠ידַעְתֶּ֗ם & אֱלֹ֣הֵי⁠כֶ֔ם & אֶתְ⁠כֶ֔ם	1	Here every occurrence of **you** refers to the Israelites. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here.
6:7	xsdh		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	מִ⁠תַּ֖חַת סִבְל֥וֹת מִצְרָֽיִם	1	This refers to all the hard work the Egyptians forced upon the Israelites. See what you did in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “from the hard work the Egyptians force you to do”
6:8	h9ho		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual	אֶתְ⁠כֶם֙ & לָ⁠כֶ֛ם	1	Here every occurrence of **you** refers to the Israelites. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here.
6:8	g9ru		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction	נָשָׂ֨אתִי֙ אֶת־יָדִ֔⁠י	1	This is an action that signifies making an oath. Raising the hand may not have the same meaning in your culture, so you may need to use a different symbolic oath-taking action in your translation or simply translate the meaning. Alternate translation: “I promised”
6:8	i3vj			מוֹרָשָׁ֖ה	1	This means the Israelites will own the land. Alternate translation: “as your own land”
6:9	aalj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result	וְ⁠לֹ֤א שָֽׁמְעוּ֙ אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֔ה מִ⁠קֹּ֣צֶר ר֔וּחַ וּ⁠מֵ⁠עֲבֹדָ֖ה קָשָֽׁה	1	In some languages it will be necessary to put the reason for the people not listening before the result. Alternate translation: “but because of shortness of spirit and because of hard service, they did not listen to Moses”
6:9	eph2			מִ⁠קֹּ֣צֶר ר֔וּחַ	1	Here, the people’s **spirit** is spoken of as something that could be measured. By calling it “short,” the author is saying they did not have very much motivation or hope. Alternate translation: “because they had no hope”
6:10	tpw4			לֵּ⁠אמֹֽר	1	This is used to mark the beginning of a direct quotation. It can be omitted if it is unnatural.
6:11	fxf2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations	וִֽ⁠ישַׁלַּ֥ח אֶת־בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל מֵ⁠אַרְצֽ⁠וֹ	1	This statement tells Moses what to discuss with Pharaoh. Some languages may need to covey this information as a direct quotation. Be careful to change the third-person pronouns to second-person pronouns if you do this. Alternate translation: “and say, ‘You must let the sons of Israel go from your land’”
6:12	h7o0		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	לִ⁠פְנֵ֥י יְהוָ֖ה	1	Here, **face** represents the presence of a person. There may also be a hint of impudence in Moses’ attitude that is conveyed by the words **before the face of Yahweh**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “in the presence of Yahweh” or “boldly to Yahweh”
6:12	iiui			הֵ֤ן	1	**Behold** is a term meant to focus the attention of the listener on what the speaker is about to say. If there is not a good way to translate this term in your language, this term can be omitted from the translation, or you can use an alternate translation like “as you know.”
6:12	k7hl		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	הֵ֤ן בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ לֹֽא־שָׁמְע֣וּ אֵלַ֔⁠י וְ⁠אֵיךְ֙ יִשְׁמָעֵ֣⁠נִי פַרְעֹ֔ה	1	Moses asked this question in hopes that God would change his mind about using Moses. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Since the Israelites did not listen to me, neither will Pharaoh!”
6:12	lj51		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result	הֵ֤ן בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ לֹֽא־שָׁמְע֣וּ אֵלַ֔⁠י וְ⁠אֵיךְ֙ יִשְׁמָעֵ֣⁠נִי פַרְעֹ֔ה	1	Moses is presenting a reasoned argument: since this, then probably that. Use a natural way of expressing such arguments in your language. Alternate translation: “Since the sons of Israel have not listened to me, why would you think Pharaoh would listen to me?”
6:12	k3br		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	וַ⁠אֲנִ֖י עֲרַ֥ל שְׂפָתָֽיִם	1	This is a metaphor that means that Moses was not a good speaker. It is somewhat crude; your translation of this phrase could convey that Moses spoke impolitely. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And I do not speak well”
6:13	janr			וַ⁠יְצַוֵּ⁠ם֙ אֶל־בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל וְ⁠אֶל־פַּרְעֹ֖ה	1	This phrase is somewhat difficult to translate. Here, **command** could also be translated as “charge” or “commission.” Another difficulty is knowing to whom the command is directed: is it to Moses and Aaron or are they to give the command to Pharaoh and the Israelites; thus **to** could be translated as “for” or “regarding.” Alternate translations: “and he charged them regarding the sons of Israel and regarding Pharaoh” or “and he gave them a command for the sons of Israel and for Pharaoh” or “and he gave them a commission to the sons of Israel and to Pharaoh”
6:14	hh3z		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background		0	Verses 14–27 are background information. Use the natural form in your language for expressing background information.
6:14	h195		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	רָאשֵׁ֣י	1	Here, **heads** refers to the original leaders of the clan. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “the ancestors of”
6:14	wv89		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	רְאוּבֵ֜ן & יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל & חֲנ֤וֹךְ וּ⁠פַלּוּא֙ חֶצְר֣וֹן וְ⁠כַרְמִ֔י & רְאוּבֵֽן	1	These are the names of men.
6:15	c1ni		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	שִׁמְע֗וֹן יְמוּאֵ֨ל וְ⁠יָמִ֤ין וְ⁠אֹ֨הַד֙ וְ⁠יָכִ֣ין וְ⁠צֹ֔חַר וְ⁠שָׁא֖וּל & שִׁמְעֽוֹן	1	These are the names of men.
6:16	k64h		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	לֵוִי֙ & גֵּרְשׁ֕וֹן וּ⁠קְהָ֖ת וּ⁠מְרָרִ֑י & לֵוִ֔י	1	These are the names of men.
6:16	m36f		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	שֶׁ֧בַע וּ⁠שְׁלֹשִׁ֛ים וּ⁠מְאַ֖ת	1	Alternate translation: “one hundred thirty-seven”
6:17	alm8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	גֵרְשׁ֛וֹן לִבְנִ֥י וְ⁠שִׁמְעִ֖י	1	These are the names of men.
6:18	gzm3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	קְהָ֔ת עַמְרָ֣ם וְ⁠יִצְהָ֔ר וְ⁠חֶבְר֖וֹן וְ⁠עֻזִּיאֵ֑ל & קְהָ֔ת	1	These are the names of men.
6:18	qu41		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	שָׁלֹ֧שׁ וּ⁠שְׁלֹשִׁ֛ים וּ⁠מְאַ֖ת	1	Alternate translation: “one hundred thirty-three”
6:19	p5sz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	מְרָרִ֖י מַחְלִ֣י וּ⁠מוּשִׁ֑י	1	These are the names of men.
6:20	ni1l		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	עַמְרָ֜ם & אַהֲרֹ֖ן & מֹשֶׁ֑ה & עַמְרָ֔ם	1	These are the names of men.
6:20	o5gb		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	יוֹכֶ֤בֶד	1	This is the name of a woman.
6:20	mh02		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship	דֹּֽדָת⁠וֹ֙	1	Here the term **his aunt** specifically means his father’s sister. If your language uses a different term that is specific in this way, translators should use it.
6:20	ti6q		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	שֶׁ֧בַע וּ⁠שְׁלֹשִׁ֛ים וּ⁠מְאַ֖ת	1	Alternate translation: “one hundred thirty-seven”
6:21	f3yr		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	יִצְהָ֑ר קֹ֥רַח וָ⁠נֶ֖פֶג וְ⁠זִכְרִֽי׃	1	These are the names of men.
6:22	n7cl		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	עֻזִּיאֵ֑ל מִֽישָׁאֵ֥ל וְ⁠אֶלְצָפָ֖ן וְ⁠סִתְרִֽי	1	These are the names of men.
6:23	n1xh		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	אַהֲרֹ֜ן & עַמִּינָדָ֛ב & נַחְשׁ֖וֹן & נָדָב֙ & אֲבִיה֔וּא & אֶלְעָזָ֖ר & אִֽיתָמָֽר	1	These are the names of men.
6:23	kww9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	אֱלִישֶׁ֧בַע	1	This is the name of a woman.
6:24	rkz9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	קֹ֔רַח אַסִּ֥יר וְ⁠אֶלְקָנָ֖ה וַ⁠אֲבִיאָסָ֑ף	1	These are the names of men.
6:24	i6o7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	הַ⁠קָּרְחִֽי	1	This was the name of the clan of people descended from Korah.
6:25	zvg2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	וְ⁠אֶלְעָזָ֨ר & אַהֲרֹ֜ן & פּֽוּטִיאֵל֙ & פִּֽינְחָ֑ס	1	These are the names of men.
6:25	fck8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	רָאשֵׁ֛י	1	Here, **heads** represents family leaders. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “These were the leaders of the families”
6:26	ft6y		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	עַל־צִבְאֹתָֽ⁠ם	1	The term **hosts** refers to a large group of people often organized into groups for war. Alternate translation: “by their groups” or “by their divisions”
6:27	o7xp		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal	לְ⁠הוֹצִ֥יא	1	This expresses their goal when they spoke to Pharaoh. Use a natural way in your language for indicating purpose. See the UST.
6:28	xssl		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent	וַ⁠יְהִ֗י בְּ⁠י֨וֹם	1	This marks a transition from the record of the genealogy back to the narrative. Consider placing a section break at the start of this verse. Alternate translation: “One day”
6:30	zyqs		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י יְהוָ֑ה	1	Here, **face** represents the presence of a person. There may also be a hint of impudence in Moses’ attitude that is conveyed by saying he spoke before **the face of Yahweh**. See how you translated this in [6:12](../06/12.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “in the presence of Yahweh” or “boldly to Yahweh”
6:30	nf3w		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	הֵ֤ן אֲנִי֙ עֲרַ֣ל שְׂפָתַ֔יִם וְ⁠אֵ֕יךְ יִשְׁמַ֥ע אֵלַ֖⁠י פַּרְעֹֽה	1	Moses asks this question hoping to change God’s mind about sending him. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Behold, I am not a good speaker. Pharaoh will certainly not listen to me!”
6:30	y4g2			הֵ֤ן	1	**Behold** is a term meant to focus the attention of the listener on what the speaker is about to say. If there is not a good way to translate this term in your language, this term can be omitted from the translation, or you can use an alternate translation like “as you know.”
6:30	vzhq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	אֲנִי֙ עֲרַ֣ל שְׂפָתַ֔יִם	1	This is a metaphor that means that Moses thought he was not a good speaker. It is somewhat crude, and your translation of this phrase could convey that Moses spoke impolitely. See how you translated this in [6:12](../06/12.md). Alternate translation: “I always fail to speak well”
7:intro	r9we				0	# Exodus 7 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n- v. 1–9: The end of Yahweh’s re-sending of Moses and Aaron to Pharaoh\n- v. 10–13: Pharaoh’s first refusal, the sign of the snakes\n- v. 14–25: First plague: the Nile turns to blood\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Miracles\n\nWhen Yahweh had Moses perform miracles, Pharaoh’s men were able to copy these miracles. It is unknown how they were able to do this, but since it was not from Yahweh, they were probably done under some evil power. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/miracle]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])\n\n### Pharaoh’s hard heart\n\nPharaoh’s heart is often described as hard, strong, or heavy in this chapter. This means that he was not willing to obey Yahweh’s instructions.\n\n## Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter Include:\n\n- Moses as God to Pharaoh\n- A number of difficult terms: prophet, signs, wonders, miracles, sorcerers, magicians, magic, judgments, canals, reservoirs\n- The use of “heart” to refer to the seat of will and emotion\n- Up to third-level quotations
7:1	r18p		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks	מֹשֶׁ֔ה	1	After this phrase, a direct quote begins that continues to the end of [7:5](../07/05.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. There may be other quotations in this chapter; they will be marked by the same punctuation, but they will not have their own notes unless there is something unique about them.
7:1	gy1t			רְאֵ֛ה	1	This is used to draw attention to surprising information that follows. Alternative translation: “Listen carefully”
7:1	dn1s		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	נְתַתִּ֥י⁠ךָ אֱלֹהִ֖ים לְ⁠פַרְעֹ֑ה	1	This means Moses would represent the same authority to Pharaoh as God did to Moses. See how you translated the very similar phrase in [Exodus 4:16](../04/16.md). Alternate translation: “I will cause Pharaoh to consider you as a god”
7:1	z163		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	וְ⁠אַהֲרֹ֥ן אָחִ֖י⁠ךָ יִהְיֶ֥ה נְבִיאֶֽ⁠ךָ	1	This phrase compares Aaron to a prophet, because Aaron will actually be the one who proclaims to Pharaoh what Moses tells him. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Exodus 4:16](../04/16.md). Alternate translation: “and Aaron your brother will act like your prophet”
7:2	l44v		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship	אָחִ֨י⁠ךָ֙	1	Aaron is older than Moses. If your language uses a different term for the sibling relationship based on gender and age order, choose the appropriate one.
7:2	hdwo		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations	וְ⁠שִׁלַּ֥ח אֶת־בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל מֵ⁠אַרְצֽ⁠וֹ	1	Some languages may need to make this a direct quotation. If so, be sure to mark it as a second-level quotation, subordinate to Yahweh’s main speech. See what you did in [6:25](../06/25.md). Alternative translation: “saying, ‘You must let the sons of Israel go from your land’”
7:2	p9p7			מֵ⁠אַרְצֽ⁠וֹ	1	Alternate translation: “from Egypt”
7:3	adsq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	אַקְשֶׁ֖ה אֶת־לֵ֣ב פַּרְעֹ֑ה	1	This means God will make him stubborn. His stubborn attitude is spoken of as if his **heart** were **hard**. If the **heart** is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. See how you translated this in [Exodus 4:21](../04/21.md), but note the slightly different metaphor there: the heart being strong vs. **hard** here. Alternate translation: “will cause Pharaoh to be stubborn”
7:3	vtt1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	אֶת־אֹתֹתַ֛⁠י וְ⁠אֶת־מוֹפְתַ֖⁠י	1	The words **signs** and **wonders** mean basically the same thing. God uses them to emphasize the greatness of what he will do in Egypt. If your language does not use repetition in this way, you can combine them.
7:4	ar0l		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual	אֲלֵ⁠כֶם֙	1	Here, **you** means Moses and Aaron. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a dual form (if you have one) or plural form (if not) here.
7:4	e2kv		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	יָדִ֖⁠י	1	The words **my hand** represent God’s great power. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “my power”
7:4	b6h8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	בְּ⁠מִצְרָ֑יִם	1	Here, **on Egypt** refers to the land and everything in it, including people, animals, and plants. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language.
7:4	nilu			אֶת־צִבְאֹתַ֜⁠י אֶת־עַמִּ֤⁠י בְנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵל֙	1	These phrases refer to the Israelites in three different ways; they do not refer to three different groups of people. Here, **armies** is the same word translated “hosts” in [Exodus 6:26](../06/26.md). Alternate translation: “the armies of my Israelite people”
7:5	cg3n		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result	וְ⁠יָדְע֤וּ מִצְרַ֨יִם֙ כִּֽי־אֲנִ֣י יְהוָ֔ה	1	This is the result of God rescuing the Israelites. If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases, since the second phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes.
7:5	npd6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	בִּ⁠נְטֹתִ֥⁠י אֶת־יָדִ֖⁠י עַל	1	This phrase represents God’s great power. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “when I show my powerful acts against”
7:5	dguc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal	וְ⁠הוֹצֵאתִ֥י אֶת־בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל מִ⁠תּוֹכָֽ⁠ם	1	The goal of God’s powerful acts was to rescue the Israelites. Use a natural way in your language for indicating purpose. Alternate translation: “so that I bring the sons of Israel out from their midst”
7:6	iii5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	וַ⁠יַּ֥עַשׂ & עָשֽׂוּ	1	This repetition emphasizes the statement. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one.
7:7	liir		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background		0	This verse contains background information. Use the natural form in your language for expressing background information.
7:7	g7i5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	שְׁמֹנִ֣ים & שָׁלֹ֥שׁ וּ⁠שְׁמֹנִ֖ים	1	Alternate translation: “eighty … eighty-three”
7:7	zoou		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	בֶּן־שְׁמֹנִ֣ים שָׁנָ֔ה & בֶּן־שָׁלֹ֥שׁ וּ⁠שְׁמֹנִ֖ים שָׁנָ֑ה	1	The phrase **a son of**, followed by a number and then **years**, is an idiom that refers to their age. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language.
7:8	pwph		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר יְהוָ֔ה	1	This verse marks the beginning of new sections, both major and minor. The major story of the plagues and Exodus itself unfolds from here until after Pharaoh’s army is defeated at the Red Sea. The next minor event is the miracle of the rods becoming snakes. Either by using particular forms that your language uses to mark transitions or by making a section break and heading, this transition should be marked for readers.
7:8	p2kf			לֵ⁠אמֹֽר	1	Here, **saying** marks the beginning of a direct quote and is often omitted in translation when such a construction is unnatural in the target language. See UST.
7:9	jt9z		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations	כִּי֩ יְדַבֵּ֨ר אֲלֵ⁠כֶ֤ם פַּרְעֹה֙ לֵ⁠אמֹ֔ר תְּנ֥וּ לָ⁠כֶ֖ם מוֹפֵ֑ת וְ⁠אָמַרְתָּ֣ אֶֽל־אַהֲרֹ֗ן קַ֧ח אֶֽת־מַטְּ⁠ךָ֛ וְ⁠הַשְׁלֵ֥ךְ לִ⁠פְנֵֽי־פַרְעֹ֖ה יְהִ֥י לְ⁠תַנִּֽין	1	The two quotations in this verse could be stated as indirect quotes. Alternate translation: “When Pharaoh tells you to do a miracle, then you will tell Aaron to take his staff and throw it down before Pharaoh so that it may become a snake”
7:9	r0tp		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks	קַ֧ח אֶֽת־מַטְּ⁠ךָ֛ וְ⁠הַשְׁלֵ֥ךְ לִ⁠פְנֵֽי־פַרְעֹ֖ה יְהִ֥י לְ⁠תַנִּֽין	1	This is a second-level direct quotation. The second level may either end after **Pharaoh** or at the end of the verse. If you did not decide to make it an indirect quotation, it may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation within a quotation.
7:9	p3xh			לֵ⁠אמֹ֔ר	1	Here, **saying** marks the beginning of a direct quote and is often omitted in translation when such a construction is unnatural in the target language. See UST.
7:9	ms5o		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual	אֲלֵ⁠כֶ֤ם & לָ⁠כֶ֖ם	1	These pronouns are plural, referring to Moses and Aaron. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a dual form (if you have one) or plural form (if not) here.
7:9	ogk9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	לִ⁠פְנֵֽי־פַרְעֹ֖ה	1	Although **before the face of** still has the standard figurative meaning of “in the presence of,” it is a much more literal use here. Moses and Aaron are to actually do the miracles in front of Pharaoh so that Pharaoh can see them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternative translation: “so Pharaoh can see it”
7:10	ehm9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	לִ⁠פְנֵ֥י פַרְעֹ֛ה וְ⁠לִ⁠פְנֵ֥י עֲבָדָ֖י⁠ו	1	This time, while **before the face of** still has the standard figurative meaning of “in the presence of,” it is a much more literal use here. Aaron actually does this right in front of Pharaoh and his servants so they could watch what happens. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternative translation: “where Pharaoh and his servants could see it”
7:10	kv93			עֲבָדָ֖י⁠ו	1	Here, **his servants** does not refer common servants but probably refers to important advisors that would be in the king’s court.
7:11	mqde			לַֽ⁠חֲכָמִ֖ים וְ⁠לַֽ⁠מְכַשְּׁפִ֑ים & חַרְטֻמֵּ֥י	1	Here, **magicians** probably describes both **wise men and sorcerers** rather than being a third group. See translationWords articles for each term.
7:12	m4uw			אִ֣ישׁ	1	Alternate translation: “magician”
7:12	u6np			וַ⁠יִּבְלַ֥ע	1	Alternate translation: “ate up” or “devoured”
7:12	m0kw		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast	וַ⁠יִּבְלַ֥ע מַטֵּֽה־אַהֲרֹ֖ן אֶת־מַטֹּתָֽ⁠ם	1	This is a surprising and amusing twist which was not what the magicians expected. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast.
7:12	prnp		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	מַטֵּֽה & מַטֹּתָֽ⁠ם	1	It may be necessary in some languages to translate the word **staff** as “snake,” since it had turned into one. This may be true if it would not make sense in the target language to say (because it is not living) that a staff swallowed or ate something. It may also may not make sense in some languages to speak of the snakes as staffs once they have been transformed.
7:13	g42f		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	וַ⁠יֶּחֱזַק֙ לֵ֣ב פַּרְעֹ֔ה	1	Pharaoh’s stubborn attitude is spoken of as if his **heart** were **strong**. If the **heart** is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. See how you translated this in [Exodus 4:21](../04/21.md), but note that this is a neutral statement (it does not say that anyone caused him to be stubborn, as many others in this part of the narrative do). Alternate translation: “Pharaoh was still defiant”
7:13	wekf			כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֖ר דִּבֶּ֥ר יְהוָֽה	1	Because Yahweh’s prediction precedes this event, some languages may need to place the reference to that prediction before the statement that it was fulfilled. See UST.
7:14	d27r		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	כָּבֵ֖ד לֵ֣ב פַּרְעֹ֑ה	1	Now Yahweh speaks of Pharaoh’s stubborn attitude as if Pharaoh’s **heart** were **heavy**. If the **heart** is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. This is a neutral statement (it does not say that anyone caused him to be stubborn as many others in this part of the narrative do). See how you translated this in [Exodus 7:13](../07/13.md), but note the slightly different metaphor there: the heart being strong vs **heavy** here. Alternate translation: “Pharaoh is defiant”
7:14	qiyx		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent	וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר	1	A new scene begins here, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language.
7:15	ecby			הִנֵּה֙	1	**Behold** is used to draw attention to information that follows.
7:15	c5np			יֹצֵ֣א הַ⁠מַּ֔יְמָ⁠ה	1	There are various theories as to what Pharaoh would go down to the Nile to do, but there is no need to speculate or specify in the translation.
7:16	yqp7			וְ⁠אָמַרְתָּ֣ אֵלָ֗י⁠ו	1	Alternate translation: “Say to Pharaoh”
7:16	uvxe		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession	אֱלֹהֵ֤י הָ⁠עִבְרִים֙	1	Yahweh claimed the Hebrews (Israelites) as his own. They worshiped him. This is a possessive of social relationship.
7:16	d16q		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes	שַׁלַּח֙ אֶת־עַמִּ֔⁠י וְ⁠יַֽעַבְדֻ֖⁠נִי בַּ⁠מִּדְבָּ֑ר וְ⁠הִנֵּ֥ה לֹא־שָׁמַ֖עְתָּ עַד־כֹּֽה	1	This is a third-level quotation. It should be marked in some manner that distinguishes it from the outer levels. Alternatively, you could translate it as an indirect quotation as in the UST. If you do this, take care to adjust the pronoun person (second/third) as appropriate.
7:16	cwox			וְ⁠הִנֵּ֥ה	1	Here, **behold** is used to draw attention to the information that follows. In some languages, it will not be translated.
7:17	j1ev			כֹּ֚ה אָמַ֣ר יְהוָ֔ה	1	This quotation formula is used to introduce commands from Yahweh. See [4:intro](../04/intro.md) for more information.
7:17	mywj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes	בְּ⁠זֹ֣את	1	This begins a third-level quotation that continues until the end of verse 18. It should be marked in some manner that distinguishes it from the outer levels. It is possible that the third-level quotation actually ends before or after **Behold,** in which case, in the rest of the quote **I** refers to Moses, not Yahweh.
7:17	jjm3			הִנֵּ֨ה	1	**Behold** is a term meant to focus the attention of the listener on what the speaker is about to say. Alternate translation: “Look at this”
7:18	bsjn		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result	וּ⁠בָאַ֣שׁ הַ⁠יְאֹ֑ר	1	His warning,**the river will stink**, will happen because the fish die. Alternate translation: “and because of that the river will stink”
7:18	nx0q		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal	לִ⁠שְׁתּ֥וֹת מַ֖יִם	1	This phrase introduces a purpose clause. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternative translation: “in order to find water to drink”
7:18	rgl0		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns	וְ⁠נִלְא֣וּ מִצְרַ֔יִם	1	Here, **themselves** refers back to the subject (**the Egyptians**) to indicated that the Egyptians are the object of the verb as well. Use a natural form in your language to show that the Egyptians are both subject and object. Alternate translation: “And the Egyptians will exhaust the Egyptians”
7:18	grwh		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks	מִן־הַ⁠יְאֹֽר	1	After this phrase, the direct quote of Yahweh’s commands ends. Depending on your decisions about the embedded quotation levels, you may have up to three levels of quotations that need to be closed here. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with closing quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the end of a quotation and quotations within quotations.
7:19	ysi7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism	עַֽל־נַהֲרֹתָ֣⁠ם ׀ עַל־יְאֹרֵי⁠הֶ֣ם וְ⁠עַל־אַגְמֵי⁠הֶ֗ם וְ⁠עַ֛ל כָּל־מִקְוֵ֥ה מֵימֵי⁠הֶ֖ם	1	This list is meant to expand on and reinforce the idea of all of the water in Egypt. You should translate the list in such a way that the locations of the blood are not limited to these specific places, but to imply universality.
7:19	wxp2			בְּ⁠כָל־אֶ֣רֶץ	1	Alternate translation: “in every part of”
7:19	msxp		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession	וּ⁠בָ⁠עֵצִ֖ים וּ⁠בָ⁠אֲבָנִֽים	1	This possessive show composition. Alternate translation: “and in containers made from wood and in containers made from stone”
7:20	zy18		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	בַּ⁠יְאֹ֔ר	1	If it would be helpful to your readers, the name of the river may be made explicit. Alternate translation: “in the Nile River”
7:20	mj8v		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	לְ⁠עֵינֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֔ה וּ⁠לְ⁠עֵינֵ֖י עֲבָדָ֑י⁠ו	1	This means in their sight. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “in the sight of Pharaoh and his servants”
7:22	n7kr		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	חַרְטֻמֵּ֥י	1	See how you translated this term in [7:11](../07/11.md).
7:22	qdc7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	וַ⁠יֶּחֱזַ֤ק לֵב־פַּרְעֹה֙	1	Pharaoh’s stubborn attitude is spoken of as if his **heart** were **strong**. If the **heart** is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. This is a neutral statement (it does not say that anyone caused him to be stubborn as many others in this part of the narrative do). See how you translated this in [Exodus 7:13](../07/13.md). Alternate translation: “Pharaoh was still defiant”
7:22	sbic			כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֖ר דִּבֶּ֥ר יְהוָֽה	1	Because Yahweh’s prediction precedes this event, some languages may need to place the reference to that prediction before the statement that it was fulfilled. See UST and how you translated this in [7:13](../07/13.md), where the same sentence appears.
7:23	atdk		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וְ⁠לֹא־שָׁ֥ת לִבּ֖⁠וֹ גַּם־לָ⁠זֹֽאת	1	This is an idiom meaning Pharaoh did not think about the meaning of the miracle he had just seen. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “And he did not consider what even this meant”
7:24	m6zn		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole	כָל־מִצְרַ֛יִם	1	The word **all** here is a generalization that means “many.” At the least, the upper class would have sent their slaves to dig for them. However, it does indicate that all the Egyptians who wished to drink water had to dig or had to have dug for them. Alternate translation: “many of the Egyptians”
7:25	bn5h		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent	וַ⁠יִּמָּלֵ֖א	1	A new scene begins here. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new event.
7:25	gjyb		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ⁠יִּמָּלֵ֖א שִׁבְעַ֣ת יָמִ֑ים	1	This means seven days later. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language.
7:25	dg56		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	שִׁבְעַ֣ת	1	Alternate translation: “7”
8:intro	ww1y				0	# Exodus 8 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n- v. 1–15: Second plague: frogs\n- v. 16–19: Third plague (first that magicians cannot imitate): gnats\n- v. 20–32: Fourth plague: flies\n\n## Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n- the exact insects in plagues 3–4 are not certain; translation teams will need to decide what insects they can use for each\n- Pharaoh makes his own heart heavy, that is, he determines to be proud and resist Yahweh twice in this chapter\n- the Israelites’ sacrifices are spoken of as an abomination to the Egyptians, but it is not specified how or why that is\n\n### Lifting up the hand and staff:\n\nIn the next few chapters, God will instruct Moses or Aaron or both to raise his hand or staff or both hand and staff. The narrative will then record who will raise his hand or staff or both. The instruction and the action do not always match exactly. God may say raise your hand, and the narrative may say that Moses raised his staff. These are not conflicting reports. Translators should understand that the hand and the staff are always understood together. They are one unit, and they can both be mentioned, or they can be mentioned separately. In each case, Moses or Aaron raises his hand with the staff in it. This fact is merely expressed differently.
8:1	tf7b		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations	בֹּ֖א	1	This begins a direct quote that continues until the end of [8:4](../08/04.md).
8:1	v6ll			כֹּ֚ה אָמַ֣ר יְהוָ֔ה	1	This quotation formula is used to introduce commands from Yahweh. See [4:intro](../04/intro.md) for more information.
8:1	lndc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes	כֹּ֚ה	1	Here, **Thus** begins a second-level quotation that continues until the end of [8:4](../08/04.md). It should be marked in some manner that distinguishes it from the outer level.
8:1	kure		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes	שַׁלַּ֥ח	1	This begins a third-level quotation that continues until the end of [8:4](../08/04.md). It should be marked in some manner that distinguishes it from the outer levels.
8:2	s7y1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	לְ⁠שַׁלֵּ֑חַ	1	What Pharaoh is to **let go** is not specified, but “my people” or “the Israelites” are the understood object. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “to let the Israelites go”
8:2	aei8			הִנֵּ֣ה	1	Here, **behold** is an interjection meant to focus the attention of the listener on what comes next, in this case a dire warning. Alternate translation: “look out”
8:3	vgby		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism	בְּ⁠בֵיתֶ֔⁠ךָ וּ⁠בַ⁠חֲדַ֥ר מִשְׁכָּבְ⁠ךָ֖ וְ⁠עַל־מִטָּתֶ֑⁠ךָ וּ⁠בְ⁠בֵ֤ית עֲבָדֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ וּ⁠בְ⁠עַמֶּ֔⁠ךָ וּ⁠בְ⁠תַנּוּרֶ֖י⁠ךָ וּ⁠בְ⁠מִשְׁאֲרוֹתֶֽי⁠ךָ	1	This long list means “everywhere in Egypt.” It is presented in this way for rhetorical effect, that is, to convince Pharaoh of how bad this plague will be so he will obey. You should translate the list in such a way that the frogs’ location is not limited to these specific places. The list should imply universality.
8:4	okok		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks		0	Up to three levels of quotes end at the end of this verse. Depending on how many levels you chose to mark as direct quotations, you should indicate them ending here with closing second-level (and third-level) quotation mark(s) or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the end of quotations and quotations within a quotation. There may be other quotations in this chapter; they will be marked by the same punctuation, but they will not have their own notes unless there is something unique about them.
8:5	ley6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר יְהוָה֮ אֶל־מֹשֶׁה֒ אֱמֹ֣ר אֶֽל־אַהֲרֹ֗ן	1	It may be helpful to translate this first quotation indirectly to avoid having two levels of quotations in this verse. Alternate translation: “And Yahweh told Moses to say to Aaron”
8:5	dqsb		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks	נְטֵ֤ה אֶת־יָדְ⁠ךָ֙ בְּ⁠מַטֶּ֔⁠ךָ עַל־הַ֨⁠נְּהָרֹ֔ת עַל־הַ⁠יְאֹרִ֖ים וְ⁠עַל־הָ⁠אֲגַמִּ֑ים וְ⁠הַ֥עַל אֶת־הַֽ⁠צְפַרְדְּעִ֖ים עַל־אֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם	1	This is a second-level direct quotation if you chose to make **Say to Aaron** a direct quotation. In that case, it may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with second-level opening and closing quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation inside a quotation.
8:5	ejcx			יָדְ⁠ךָ֙ בְּ⁠מַטֶּ֔⁠ךָ	1	See note in the [introduction to chapter 8](../08/intro.md) regarding the hand and staff.
8:5	z19q		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism	עַל־הַ֨⁠נְּהָרֹ֔ת עַל־הַ⁠יְאֹרִ֖ים וְ⁠עַל־הָ⁠אֲגַמִּ֑ים	1	This list is meant to convey the idea of all the water in Egypt where frogs might live. You should translate the list in such a way that the locations are not limited to these specific places. The list should imply universality. This is made clear in [8:6](../08/06.md).
8:6	wf3a		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠יֵּ֤ט אַהֲרֹן֙	1	It is implied that Moses told Yahweh’s instructions to Aaron. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly.
8:6	nrbq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	יָד֔⁠וֹ	1	It is implied that Aaron was holding his staff as instructed. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. See note in the [introduction to chapter 8](../08/intro.md) regarding the hand and staff. Alternate translation: “his hand holding his staff”
8:6	j1w7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	וַ⁠יֵּ֤ט אַהֲרֹן֙ אֶת־יָד֔⁠וֹ עַ֖ל מֵימֵ֣י	1	Aaron would not have been able to reach his hand over all the water in Egypt. He likely stretched his hand over some nearby portion of the Nile, symbolizing all the water of Egypt. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate the meaning plainly.
8:6	drmg		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠תַּ֨עַל֙	1	[8:3](../08/03.md) has specified from where the frogs will come. Here it is implied, but if it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly.
8:6	rxze		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns	הַ⁠צְּפַרְדֵּ֔עַ	1	There were so many frogs that the text uses the collective singular. If that would be misunderstood in your language, you may simply use the plural, as in the UST.
8:6	j83d		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	וַ⁠תַּ֨עַל֙ הַ⁠צְּפַרְדֵּ֔עַ וַ⁠תְּכַ֖ס אֶת־אֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם	1	This means that there were frogs everywhere in Egypt. The image is like that of a blanket smothering the entire country. (Or more directly, like one giant, nation-sized frog sitting on top of the entire land). If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly.
8:7	n02y		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	הַֽ⁠חֲרְטֻמִּ֖ים בְּ⁠לָטֵי⁠הֶ֑ם	1	See how you translated these in [7:11](../07/11.md).
8:8	mhn3			וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֨א פַרְעֹ֜ה לְ⁠מֹשֶׁ֣ה וּֽ⁠לְ⁠אַהֲרֹ֗ן	1	Alternate translation: “Then Pharaoh sent for Moses and Aaron” or “And the king summoned Moses and Aaron”
8:8	nfe3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֨א פַרְעֹ֜ה לְ⁠מֹשֶׁ֣ה וּֽ⁠לְ⁠אַהֲרֹ֗ן וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר֙	1	It is implied that Moses and Aaron came to Pharaoh between the time when he called them and when he spoke to them. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “And Pharaoh called for Moses and for Aaron, and after they came, he said”
8:8	tx3t		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations	אֶל־יְהוָ֔ה וְ⁠יָסֵר֙ הַֽ⁠צְפַרְדְּעִ֔ים מִמֶּ֖⁠נִּי וּ⁠מֵֽ⁠עַמִּ֑⁠י	1	In some languages you may have to make the content of Pharaoh’s prayer to Yahweh a direct quote. Note that this will make it a second-level quotation and you will need to mark it with second-level quotation markings if your language uses them. Alternate translation: “to Yahweh saying, ‘Please take away the frogs from Pharaoh and from his people.’”
8:8	qku4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo	וַ⁠אֲשַׁלְּחָה֙ אֶת־הָ⁠עָ֔ם וְ⁠יִזְבְּח֖וּ לַ⁠יהוָֽה	1	This promise is conditional on the frogs going away. Use a natural form in your language for hypothetical situations. Alternate translation: “Once the frogs are gone, I will let the people go, and they may sacrifice to Yahweh”
8:9	khfd		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony	הִתְפָּאֵ֣ר עָלַ⁠י֒	1	Moses speaks with false humility here. He is ironically pointing out Pharaoh’s powerlessness before Yahweh. Alternate translation: “You can choose”
8:9	g0lu		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism	לְ⁠ךָ֗ וְ⁠לַ⁠עֲבָדֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ וּֽ⁠לְ⁠עַמְּ⁠ךָ֔ & מִמְּ⁠ךָ֖ וּ⁠מִ⁠בָּתֶּ֑י⁠ךָ	1	These lists mean “for everyone” and “from everywhere” (in Egypt). This makes clear that Moses will ask for a complete end of the plague. You should translate the list in such a way that it does not convey limitation to these specifics but is understood to imply universality.
8:10	ofw3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal	לְמַ֣עַן תֵּדַ֔ע כִּי־אֵ֖ין כַּ⁠יהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֵֽי⁠נוּ	1	This knowledge is the goal of Yahweh’s granting a respite from the frogs. In some languages you may need to place this at the end of [8:11](../08/11.md), after Moses says the frogs will leave. Use a natural way in your language for indicating purpose.
8:10	d1wp		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	אֱלֹהֵֽי⁠נוּ	1	Here, **our** refers to the Israelites’ God, excluding Pharaoh and the Egyptians. Your language may require you to mark these forms.
8:11	zwqo		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism	מִמְּ⁠ךָ֙ וּ⁠מִ⁠בָּ֣תֶּ֔י⁠ךָ וּ⁠מֵ⁠עֲבָדֶ֖י⁠ךָ וּ⁠מֵ⁠עַמֶּ֑⁠ךָ	1	This list means “from everywhere and everyone” (in Egypt). This shows that the end of the plague will be as complete as was its extent. You should translate the list in such a way that it does not convey limitation to these specifics but is understood to imply universality.
8:12	jjv2			שָׂ֥ם	1	Alternate translation: “Yahweh had set”
8:12	nxyi		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent	וַ⁠יֵּצֵ֥א מֹשֶׁ֛ה וְ⁠אַהֲרֹ֖ן	1	A minor scene shift occurs here. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new event.
8:13	rwe1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism	מִן־הַ⁠בָּתִּ֥ים מִן־הַ⁠חֲצֵרֹ֖ת וּ⁠מִן־הַ⁠שָּׂדֹֽת	1	This list means “from everywhere” (in Egypt). This makes clear that there was a complete end of the plague. You should translate the list in such a way that it does not convey limitation to these specifics but is understood to imply universality.
8:14	a03n			חֳמָרִ֣ם חֳמָרִ֑ם	1	Literally, the Hebrew says “piles piles.” Repetition is used in Hebrew to emphasize how many or how big the piles of frogs were.
8:15	lv2n		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	וְ⁠הַכְבֵּד֙ אֶת־לִבּ֔⁠וֹ	1	Pharaoh’s stubborn attitude is spoken of as if he made his own **heart heavy**. If the **heart** is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. See how you translated this in [Exodus 7:14](../07/14.md), but note there that the state of Pharaoh’s heart is reported, whereas here Pharaoh makes his own heart heavy. Alternate translation: “and Pharaoh determined to be defiant”
8:15	b47h			כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֖ר דִּבֶּ֥ר יְהוָֽה	1	Alternate translation: “just as Yahweh had said Pharaoh would do”
8:16	cikq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר יְהוָה֮	1	A new scene begins here. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new event. This is the start of the third plague sequence.
8:16	s5gh		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר יְהוָה֮ אֶל־מֹשֶׁה֒ אֱמֹר֙ אֶֽל־אַהֲרֹ֔ן	1	**Say to Aaron** starts a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. However, it may be helpful to translate one of the parts as an indirect quotation so that you do not have to have two levels of quotations here. See the UST. Alternate translation: “And Yahweh told Moses to tell Aaron”
8:16	joxz			נְטֵ֣ה אֶֽת־מַטְּ⁠ךָ֔ וְ⁠הַ֖ךְ	1	This is one action or motion, but it is described with the two verbs that occur throughout this section of plague judgment.
8:16	kpr5			מַטְּ⁠ךָ֔	1	This refers to Aaron’s staff. See note in the [introduction to chapter 8](../08/intro.md) regarding the hand and staff.
8:16	w5el		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	לְ⁠כִנִּ֖ם	1	We do not know exactly what this word means. It is probably a tiny (as in dust-particle size), biting insect. You should choose a different insect here than the one in the next plague ([8:21](../08/21.md)-8:31).
8:17	l9wj			וַ⁠יֵּט֩ אַהֲרֹ֨ן אֶת־יָד֤⁠וֹ בְ⁠מַטֵּ֨⁠הוּ֙ וַ⁠יַּךְ֙ אֶת־עֲפַ֣ר הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ	1	Again, this is one action or motion, but it is described with the two verbs, **stretched** and **struck**, that occur throughout this section of plague judgment. See how you translated it in the [previous verse](../08/16.md).
8:17	l784			יָד֤⁠וֹ בְ⁠מַטֵּ֨⁠הוּ֙	1	See note in the [introduction to chapter 8](../08/intro.md) regarding the hand and staff.
8:17	nhgt		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	הַ⁠כִּנָּ֔ם & כִנִּ֖ים	1	Again, we do not know what this term refers to for certain, so see how you translated it in [8:16](../08/16.md).
8:17	grs3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations	בָּ⁠אָדָ֖ם	1	Here **man** includes women and children. Alternate translation: “people” or “mankind” or “humans” See the UST.
8:17	grg5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole	כָּל־עֲפַ֥ר הָ⁠אָ֛רֶץ & בְּ⁠כָל־אֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם	1	This extraordinary statement with the repeated **all** is used to emphasize the extent and severity of the plague. If this would be unnatural in your language use a natural way to communicate that.
8:18	wga0		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	הַ⁠חַרְטֻמִּ֧ים בְּ⁠לָטֵי⁠הֶ֛ם	1	See how you translated these in [7:11](../07/11.md).
8:18	ii85		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	הַ⁠כִּנִּ֖ים & הַ⁠כִּנָּ֔ם	1	See how you translated this term in [8:16](../08/16.md).
8:18	mnj5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations	בָּ⁠אָדָ֖ם	1	Here **man** includes women and children. Alternate translation: “people” or “mankind” or “humans” See UST.
8:19	kcs9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	הַֽ⁠חַרְטֻמִּים֙	1	See how you translated this term in [7:11](../07/11.md).
8:19	lk2k		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	אֶצְבַּ֥ע אֱלֹהִ֖ים הִ֑וא	1	The words “finger of God” represent the power of God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “This is the powerful work of God”
8:19	z1w2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	וַ⁠יֶּחֱזַ֤ק לֵב־פַּרְעֹה֙	1	Pharaoh’s stubborn attitude is spoken of as if his **heart** were **strong**. If the **heart** is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. See how you translated this in [Exodus 7:13](../07/13.md). This is a neutral statement (it does not say that anyone caused him to be stubborn as many others in this part of the narrative do). Alternate translation: “Pharaoh was still defiant”
8:19	rp3i		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	אֲלֵ⁠הֶ֔ם	1	Here, **them** may refer to the magicians or to Aaron and Moses. Alternate translation: “to the magicians’ warning”
8:19	gjgg			כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֖ר דִּבֶּ֥ר יְהוָֽה	1	Some languages will need to place this before the thing that Yahweh predicted, as in the UST.
8:20	j5n8			וְ⁠הִתְיַצֵּב֙ לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֔ה	1	Alternate translation: “and present yourself to Pharaoh”
8:20	frfn		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent	וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר יְהוָ֜ה	1	A new scene begins here. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new event. This is the beginning of the fourth plague sequence.
8:20	syv2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֔ה	1	Here, **face** means the presence of a person.
8:20	vnym			הִנֵּ֖ה	1	**Behold** is used to draw attention to important information that is next. In some languages and translation styles, it will make the most sense to omit this, as in the UST. Alternate translation: “Listen carefully”
8:20	uypa		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations	כֹּ֚ה אָמַ֣ר יְהוָ֔ה	1	This phrase opens a direct quote that continues until the end of [8:23](../08/23.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. However, you may also consider making the opening portion an indirect quote so that you do not have a quote inside of a quote for the next verses. Alternate translation: “that Yahweh says”
8:20	eqd2			כֹּ֚ה אָמַ֣ר יְהוָ֔ה	1	This quotation formula is used to introduce commands from Yahweh. See [4:intro](../04/intro.md) for more information.
8:20	a7l7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks	שַׁלַּ֥ח	1	This phrase opens a second-level direct quotation which continues until the end of [8:23](../08/23.md), unless you made **thus says Yahweh** an indirect quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation within a quotation.
8:20	fgl3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal	וְ⁠יַֽעַבְדֻֽ⁠נִי	1	This is the purpose of the people being let go. Use a natural way in your language for indicating purpose. Alternate translation: “so they can serve me”
8:21	hitq			הִנְ⁠נִי֩	1	The expression **behold me!** is used to draw attention to important information that is next. Alternate translation: “Listen carefully”
8:21	hwcl		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns	הֶ⁠עָרֹ֑ב & הֶ֣⁠עָרֹ֔ב	1	Here, **the swarm** is a collective singular noun that refers to a great number of flying, biting insects traveling in a group. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you can use a different expression. Alternate translation: “swarms of flies”
8:21	l5z7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	הֶ⁠עָרֹ֑ב & הֶ֣⁠עָרֹ֔ב	1	Here, **the swarm** probably refers to the common large flies that bother humans and livestock.
8:21	foli		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism	בְּ⁠ךָ֜ וּ⁠בַ⁠עֲבָדֶ֧י⁠ךָ וּֽ⁠בְ⁠עַמְּ⁠ךָ֛ וּ⁠בְ⁠בָתֶּ֖י⁠ךָ & בָּתֵּ֤י מִצְרַ֨יִם֙ & וְ⁠גַ֥ם הָ⁠אֲדָמָ֖ה	1	This long list means “everywhere in Egypt.” It is presented in this way for rhetorical effect, that is, to convince Pharaoh of how bad this plague will be so he will obey. You should translate the list in such a way that the flies’ location is not limited to these specific places but is understood to imply universality.
8:22	mv8w		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal	לְ⁠בִלְתִּ֥י הֱיֽוֹת־שָׁ֖ם עָרֹ֑ב	1	This is the goal of Yahweh treating the land of Goshen differently. Alternate translation: “by keeping the swarm from there”
8:22	apum		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns	עָרֹ֑ב	1	This is a collective singular noun that refers to a great number of swarming, biting insects. See how you translated this in [8:21](../08/21.md). Alternate translation: “swarms of flies”
8:22	qb9h		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	עָרֹ֑ב	1	These are probably the common large flies that bother humans and livestock. See how you translated this in [8:21](../08/21.md)
8:22	refq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal	לְמַ֣עַן תֵּדַ֔ע כִּ֛י אֲנִ֥י יְהוָ֖ה בְּ⁠קֶ֥רֶב הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ	1	This is the goal of treating the Israelites differently. In some languages you may need to put this phrase the beginning of the verse. Use a natural way in your language for indicating purpose.
8:22	a28h			אֲנִ֥י יְהוָ֖ה בְּ⁠קֶ֥רֶב הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ	1	Here, **am** could be connecting **I** and **Yahweh** or it could be connecting **I, Yahweh** and **in the middle of the land**. Alternate translation: “I, Yahweh, am in the middle of the land”
8:23	oxr5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	פְדֻ֔ת	1	This is a noun derived from a verb meaning “to buy back.” Very broadly, it can mean “to save or rescue.” If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **redemption**, you can express the same idea in another way. See the next note regarding textual variants for more information.
8:23	tf4j		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants	פְדֻ֔ת	1	Many translations follow the Septuagint here, which uses the word “division.” A minor change to the Hebrew would also produce the word translated “treat differently” in the [previous verse](../08/22.md). Alternate translation: “a division”
8:23	u4gs			עַמִּ֖⁠י	1	Yahweh’s people, that is, the Israelites. Alternate translation: “the Israelites”
8:23	rg2c			עַמֶּ֑⁠ךָ	1	Pharaoh’s people, that is, the Egyptians. Alternate translation: “the Egyptians”
8:23	tb24		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks	לְ⁠מָחָ֥ר יִהְיֶ֖ה הָ⁠אֹ֥ת הַ⁠זֶּֽה׃	1	After this phrase, the three levels of direct quotations of Yahweh that started in [8:20](../08/20.md) ends. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with closing first-level, second-level, and third-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the end of quotations. You may not have three levels if you made any level an indirect quotation.
8:24	gw3c		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠יַּ֤עַשׂ יְהוָה֙ כֵּ֔ן	1	The UST supplies a brief sentence filling in the gap between Yahweh’s command to Moses and the onset of the plague. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly to make the progression of events clear. Alternate translation: “Moses obeyed the instructions Yahweh gave him, and Pharaoh responded as Yahweh had said he would. And Yahweh did so”
8:24	lk5s		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent	וַ⁠יַּ֤עַשׂ יְהוָה֙ כֵּ֔ן	1	There is a minor scene change here. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new event.
8:24	ut0f		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	עָרֹ֣ב	1	There are probably the common large flies that bother humans and livestock. See how you translated this in [8:21](../08/21.md)
8:24	dg0k		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go	וַ⁠יָּבֹא֙	1	Some languages may need to translate this as “going” rather than “coming.” Alternate translation: “and … went”
8:24	tmcf		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism	בֵּ֥יתָ⁠ה פַרְעֹ֖ה וּ⁠בֵ֣ית עֲבָדָ֑י⁠ו	1	This means “to everyone everywhere” (in Egypt), as made explicit in the next statement. This makes clear that the insects were throughout the land. You should translate this in such a way that it does not convey limitation to these specifics but is understood to imply universality.
8:24	nd6e		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	תִּשָּׁחֵ֥ת הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ מִ⁠פְּנֵ֥י הֶ⁠עָרֹֽב	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The swarms of flies devastated the land”
8:24	ngue		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	מִ⁠פְּנֵ֥י הֶ⁠עָרֹֽב	1	Here, **face** represents the presence of the insects. Alternate translation: “because the insects were everywhere”
8:25	e7l0		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous	וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֣א	1	This happened during the plague.
8:25	gj2w		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual	לֵֽ⁠אלֹהֵי⁠כֶ֖ם	1	Here, **your** is plural. It could refer either to Moses and Aaron or to the Israelites. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a dual form (if you have one) if your team decides it means Moses and Aaron; otherwise use a plural form.
8:26	e9wk			תּוֹעֲבַ֣ת מִצְרַ֔יִם & תּוֹעֲבַ֥ת מִצְרַ֛יִם	1	We do not know what about their sacrificing was an **abomination** to the Egyptians. The same term is used in Genesis 43:32 and 46:34 to describe the Egyptians’ feelings about eating with Hebrews and about the Hebrew profession of shepherding, respectively. Translators should attempt to convey the strong negative feelings that would be provoked in the Egyptians without speculating as to the cause.
8:26	idkt		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	נִזְבַּ֖ח & אֱלֹהֵ֑י⁠נוּ & נִזְבַּ֞ח & יִסְקְלֻֽ⁠נוּ	1	Here, **we**, **our,** and **us** should all be translated as exclusive (if your language makes that distinction). Pharaoh and the Egyptians are not included.
8:26	i7dy		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	וְ⁠לֹ֥א יִסְקְלֻֽ⁠נוּ	1	Moses asks this question to show Pharaoh that the Egyptians would not allow the Israelites to worship Yahweh by making a sacrifice repugnant to them. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “they will certainly stone us!”
8:26	gy7d		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	לְ⁠עֵינֵי⁠הֶ֖ם	1	The express **before their eyes** is a figurative way of saying “where they can see.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “in their sight”
8:27	ju3u		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	נֵלֵ֖ךְ & וְ⁠זָבַ֨חְנוּ֙ & אֱלֹהֵ֔י⁠נוּ & אֵלֵֽי⁠נוּ	1	Here, **we**, **our,** and **us** should all be translated as exclusive (if your language makes that distinction). Pharaoh and his people are not included.
8:28	qxes		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual	אֶתְ⁠כֶם֙ & אֱלֹֽהֵי⁠כֶם֙ & תַרְחִ֖יקוּ	1	If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here.
8:28	mla2			אֶתְ⁠כֶם֙	1	Alternate translation: “the Israelites”
8:28	hnud		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	הַרְחֵ֥ק & תַרְחִ֖יקוּ	1	In Hebrew, **far** is repeated to emphasize (with **not**) that they are absolutely not to go too far. If your language does not use repeating words like this, express the emphasis in another way.
8:29	h94t			הִנֵּ֨ה	1	**Behold** is a term meant to focus the attention of the listener on what the speaker is about to say. If there is not a good way to translate this term in your language, this term can be omitted from the translation. Alternate translation: “Know this”
8:29	jirm		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	הֶ⁠עָרֹ֗ב	1	These are probably the common large flies that bother humans and livestock. See how you translated this in [8:21](../08/21.md)
8:29	yvcl		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	מִ⁠פַּרְעֹ֛ה & פַּרְעֹה֙	1	Moses may be using the third person to refer to Pharaoh to show respect, because the king appears to be relenting. If use of the third person is not a way of showing respect in your culture or is not a valid way of addressing an individual at all, you may need to change the form. Alternate translation: “from you … you”
8:29	la3z		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism	מִ⁠פַּרְעֹ֛ה מֵ⁠עֲבָדָ֥י⁠ו וּ⁠מֵ⁠עַמּ֖⁠וֹ	1	This list means “from everywhere and everyone” (in Egypt). This shows that the end of the plague will be as complete as its extent. You should translate the list in such a way that it does not convey limitation to these specifics but is understood to imply universality.
8:29	bf85		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives	אַל־יֹסֵ֤ף פַּרְעֹה֙ הָתֵ֔ל לְ⁠בִלְתִּי֙ שַׁלַּ֣ח אֶת־הָ⁠עָ֔ם	1	If this double negative would be misunderstood in your language, you could translate it as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “you must begin to deal truthfully with us and let our people go”
8:29	hh4q			רַ֗ק אַל־יֹסֵ֤ף פַּרְעֹה֙ הָתֵ֔ל	1	Alternate translation: “But you must not deceive us” or “But you must not lie to us”
8:30	tull		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent	וַ⁠יֵּצֵ֥א מֹשֶׁ֖ה	1	There is a minor scene shift here. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new event.
8:31	rj50		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	הֶ⁠עָרֹ֔ב	1	These are probably the common large flies that bother humans and livestock. See how you translated this in [8:21](../08/21.md)
8:31	iyhn		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism	מִ⁠פַּרְעֹ֖ה מֵ⁠עֲבָדָ֣י⁠ו וּ⁠מֵ⁠עַמּ֑⁠וֹ	1	This list means “from everyone and everywhere” (in Egypt). This makes clear that there was a complete end of the plague. You should translate the list in such a way that it does not convey limitation to these specifics but is understood to imply universality.
8:31	mb4r		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole	לֹ֥א נִשְׁאַ֖ר אֶחָֽד	1	This extreme statement emphasizes how thoroughly Yahweh removed the insects from the land. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language that emphasizes thoroughness or complete lack of the swarm. Alternate translation: “There was not a single one of these insects left in the whole land”
8:32	sb5l		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	וַ⁠יַּכְבֵּ֤ד פַּרְעֹה֙ אֶת־לִבּ֔⁠וֹ	1	Pharaoh’s stubborn attitude is spoken of as if he made his own **heart heavy**. If the **heart** is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. See how you translated this in [8:15](../08/15.md). Alternate translation: “Pharaoh determined to be defiant”
9:intro	hqw8				0	# Exodus 9 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n- v. 1–7: Fifth plague (first that does not affect Israelites): disease kills livestock\n- v. 8–12: Sixth plague: boils\n- v. 13–35: Seventh plague: hail\n- v. 27–35: Pharaoh seems to repent, but it does not last\n\n## Possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n- animals are affected in both the fifth and seventh plagues, in the fifth, the word is specifically related to domestic animals (livestock) while the word used in the seventh is more general
9:1	se3f		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent	וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר יְהוָה֙	1	A new scene begins here. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new event. This is the beginning of the fifth plague sequence.
9:1	p1oj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks	אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֔ה	1	After this phrase, a direct quote begins that continues to the end of [9:4](../09/04.md) and contains two additional levels of quotes. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. There may be other quotations in this chapter; they will be marked by the same punctuation, but they will not have their own notes unless there is something unique about them.
9:1	fo4o		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes	וְ⁠דִבַּרְתָּ֣ אֵלָ֗י⁠ו כֹּֽה־אָמַ֤ר יְהוָה֙ אֱלֹהֵ֣י הָֽ⁠עִבְרִ֔ים	1	You may want to translate the second-level quotation beginning with **Thus says Yahweh** as an indirect quotation in order to reduce the levels of quotations in this passage. Alternative translation: “and say to him that Yahweh, the God of the Hebrews, says”
9:1	w0lg			כֹּֽה־אָמַ֤ר יְהוָה֙	1	This quotation formula is used to introduce commands from Yahweh. See [4:intro](../04/intro.md) for more information.
9:1	x4bd			עַמִּ֖⁠י	1	Alternate translation: “the Israelites”
9:2	l7ld		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	כִּ֛י אִם־מָאֵ֥ן אַתָּ֖ה לְ⁠שַׁלֵּ֑חַ וְ⁠עוֹדְ⁠ךָ֖ מַחֲזִ֥יק בָּֽ⁠ם	1	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “If you continue refusing to let them go”
9:3	fltr			הִנֵּ֨ה	1	The word **behold** is used to draw attention to surprising information that follows. Alternate translation: “look out”
9:3	ume2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	יַד־יְהוָ֜ה הוֹיָ֗ה בְּ⁠מִקְנְ⁠ךָ֙	1	Here, **hand** represents Yahweh’s power to afflict their animals with disease. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “Then the power of Yahweh will afflict your livestock”
9:3	cjt9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	יַד־יְהוָ֜ה	1	This is part of the reported speech that Yahweh wants Moses to say to Pharaoh. Therefore, you could change the third person **the hand of Yahweh** to first person if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “My hand”
9:3	tn3z		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual	בְּ⁠מִקְנְ⁠ךָ֙	1	While the word **your** here is not plural, the next verse shows that it refers to all the people of Egypt who owned cattle. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, you may want to use a plural form here.
9:3	v8ur		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism	בַּ⁠סּוּסִ֤ים בַּֽ⁠חֲמֹרִים֙ בַּ⁠גְּמַלִּ֔ים בַּ⁠בָּקָ֖ר וּ⁠בַ⁠צֹּ֑אן	1	This long list is meant to reinforce the universal effects of the coming plague. It is presented in this way for rhetorical effect, that is, to convince Pharaoh of how bad this plague will be so he will obey. You should translate the list in such a way that it is not limiting but is understood to imply universality.
9:3	m1fk		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns	בַּ⁠בָּקָ֖ר & וּ⁠בַ⁠צֹּ֑אן	1	These (**cattle** and **flock**) are collective singular nouns which refer to groups of animals. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you can use a different expression. Alternate translation: “on your bulls and cows and on your sheep and goats”
9:3	f5sr		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	כָּבֵ֥ד	1	Here the plague is spoken of as if it weighed a lot. This means it would be very bad. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “severe”
9:4	x12r		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	יְהוָ֔ה	1	This is part of the reported speech that Yahweh wants Moses to say to Pharaoh. Therefore, you could change the third person **Yahweh** to first person if it would be clearer in your language. You should do the same as you did in the [previous verse](../09/04.md). Alternate translation: “I”
9:4	lp3t		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל	1	Here, **Israel** refers to the Israelites. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “the Israelite people”
9:4	u60c		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns	יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל	1	Here, **Israel** is used as a collective singular noun. If your language would not refer to a group of people in this way, you may need to translate it as plural. Alternate translation: “the Israelite people”
9:4	fs25		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	מִקְנֵ֣ה מִצְרָ֑יִם	1	Here, **Egypt** refers to the Egyptians. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “the livestock of the Egyptian people”
9:4	k5rx			דָּבָֽר	1	Alternate translation: “animal”
9:4	xk5d			מִ⁠כָּל־לִ⁠בְנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל	1	Alternate translation: “which belongs to any of the sons of Israel”
9:5	vqz2			וַ⁠יָּ֥שֶׂם יְהוָ֖ה מוֹעֵ֣ד	1	Alternate translation: “And Yahweh made an appointed time”
9:5	w8gk			לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר	1	This marks the beginning of a direct quotation. It can be omitted in translation if your language does not use a similar form. However, in this sentence it is the only verb related to speech, so you may need to translate it similarly to the way the UST does.
9:5	pxb1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	יְהוָ֛ה	1	Yahweh is speaking here. Therefore, you could change the third person **Yahweh** to first person if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “I, Yahweh,”
9:6	gt3n		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠יַּ֨עַשׂ יְהוָ֜ה	1	It is implied that Moses went and spoke to Pharaoh as directed. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “Moses did as Yahweh had commanded. And Yahweh did”
9:6	cx5i		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole	כֹּ֖ל מִקְנֵ֣ה	1	This is exaggerated to emphasize the seriousness of the event. There were still some animals alive that were afflicted by later plagues. However, it may be best to translate this with the word “all.”
9:6	gy7t		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	מִצְרָ֑יִם	1	Here, **Egypt** refers to the Egyptians. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “the Egyptian peoples’”
9:6	i0bl		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes	וּ⁠מִ⁠מִּקְנֵ֥ה בְנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל לֹא־מֵ֥ת אֶחָֽד	1	Here the author uses a figure of speech that expresses a strong positive meaning by using a negative word together with a word that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If this is confusing in your language, you can express the meaning positively. Alternate translation: “But every single one of the Israelites’ livestock lived”
9:7	md84			וְ⁠הִנֵּ֗ה	1	Again, **behold** is used to draw attention to surprising information that follows. Alternate translation: “and listen”
9:7	rtny		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes	לֹא־מֵ֛ת מִ⁠מִּקְנֵ֥ה יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל עַד־אֶחָ֑ד	1	Here the author uses a figure of speech that expresses a strong positive meaning by using a negative word together with a word that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If this is confusing in your language, you can express the meaning positively. Alternate translation: “every single one of the Israelites’ livestock was alive”
9:7	kkuc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל	1	Here, **Israel** refers to the Israelites. Alternate translation: “of the Israelites”
9:7	sfor		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns	יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל	1	Here, **Israel** is a collective singular noun. If your language would not refer to a group of people in this way, you may need to translate it as plural. Alternate translation: “the Israelites”
9:7	j51j		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	וַ⁠יִּכְבַּד֙ לֵ֣ב פַּרְעֹ֔ה	1	Pharaoh’s stubborn attitude is spoken of as if his **heart** were **heavy**. If the **heart** is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. This is a neutral statement (it does not say that anyone caused him to be stubborn as many others in this part of the narrative do). See how you translated this in [Exodus 7:14](../07/14.md). Alternate translation: “But Pharaoh was defiant”
9:8	brm6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר יְהוָה֮	1	A new scene begins here. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new event. This is the start of the sixth plague scene.
9:8	luhg		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual	לָ⁠כֶם֙ & חָפְנֵי⁠כֶ֔ם	1	**You** and **your** refer to both Moses and Aaron. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use dual form (if you have one) or plural forms (if not) here.
9:8	ydar			קְח֤וּ לָ⁠כֶם֙ מְלֹ֣א חָפְנֵי⁠כֶ֔ם	1	Alternate translation: “Each of you fill both your hands with”
9:8	u5wn			פִּ֖יחַ כִּבְשָׁ֑ן	1	Alternate translation: “ash from a furnace” or “ash produced by a furnace”
9:8	gk7f		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns	פִּ֖יחַ	1	Here, **ash** is singular. For some languages you may need to make it plural as in the UST.
9:8	gu1v			הַ⁠שָּׁמַ֖יְמָ⁠ה	1	Alternate translation: “toward the sky”
9:8	p795		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	לְ⁠עֵינֵ֥י פַרְעֹֽה	1	The phrase **before the eyes of Pharaoh** means in his sight. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “in the sight of Pharaoh” or “so Pharaoh sees it”
9:9	d2v3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	לִ⁠שְׁחִ֥ין פֹּרֵ֛חַ אֲבַעְבֻּעֹ֖ת	1	To have **boils** means to have a condition where the skin is red, hot, and painful, the skin breaks open, and puss and blood come out.
9:9	jlh0		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations	הָ⁠אָדָ֜ם	1	Here, **man** includes women and children. Alternate translation: “people” or “mankind” or “humans” See UST.
9:10	wdcn		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns	פִּ֣יחַ	1	Here, **ash** is singular. For some languages you may need to make it plural as in the UST. See how you translated this in the [previous verse](../09/09.md).
9:10	dp3l			פִּ֣יחַ הַ⁠כִּבְשָׁ֗ן	1	Alternate translation: “ash from a furnace” or “ash produced by a furnace” See how you translated this in the [previous verse](../09/09.md).
9:10	ufpn		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	וַ⁠יַּֽעַמְדוּ֙ לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֔ה	1	Here, **before the face of Pharaoh** means in Pharaoh’s presence. Alternate translation: “and stood in Pharaoh’s presence” or “and stood in the presence of Pharaoh” See how you translated a similar statement in the [previous verse](../09/09.md).
9:10	xmbw			הַ⁠שָּׁמָ֑יְמָ⁠ה	1	Alternate translation: “toward the sky” See how you translated this in the [previous verse](../09/09.md).
9:10	jhzb		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	שְׁחִין֙ אֲבַעְבֻּעֹ֔ת פֹּרֵ֕חַ	1	To have **boils** means to have a condition where the skin is red, hot, and painful, the skin breaks open, and puss and blood come out. See how you translated this in the [previous verse](../09/09.md).
9:10	rdo3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations	בָּ⁠אָדָ֖ם	1	Here, **man** includes women and children. See how you translated this in the [previous verse](../09/09.md).
9:11	jrc3			הַֽ⁠חַרְטֻמִּ֗ים & בַּֽ⁠חֲרְטֻמִּ֖ם	1	See how you translated **magicians** in [7:11](../07/11.md).
9:11	dxsx		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	לַ⁠עֲמֹ֛ד לִ⁠פְנֵ֥י מֹשֶׁ֖ה	1	Here, **before the face of** means in Moses’ presence. Alternate translation: “to stand in Moses’ presence”
9:11	k9uu		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	מִ⁠פְּנֵ֣י הַ⁠שְּׁחִ֑ין	1	Here, **the face of** means the presence of or perhaps pain from the boils. Alternate translation: “because of the boils”
9:11	lpmq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	הַ⁠שְּׁחִ֑ין & הַ⁠שְּׁחִ֔ין	1	To have **boils** means to have a condition where the skin is red, hot, and painful, the skin breaks open, and puss and blood come out. See how you translated this in [9:9](../09/09.md). However, this time only **boils** is used, without the description (“bursting blisters”) that is in the previous two verses.
9:12	p5m5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	וַ⁠יְחַזֵּ֤ק יְהוָה֙ אֶת־לֵ֣ב פַּרְעֹ֔ה	1	This phrase means that it was God who made him stubborn. His stubborn attitude is spoken of as if his **heart** were **strong**. If the **heart** is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. See how you translated this in [4:21](../04/21.md). Alternate translation: “But Yahweh caused Pharaoh to be stubborn”
9:13	ifs8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent	וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר יְהוָה֙ אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֔ה	1	A new scene begins here. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new event. This is the beginning of the seventh plague sequence.
9:13	zmrt		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	וְ⁠הִתְיַצֵּ֖ב לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֑ה	1	Here, **before the face of** means in Pharaoh’s presence. Alternate translation: “and stand in Pharaoh’s presence”
9:13	dxww		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations	וְ⁠אָמַרְתָּ֣ אֵלָ֗י⁠ו כֹּֽה־אָמַ֤ר יְהוָה֙ אֱלֹהֵ֣י הָֽ⁠עִבְרִ֔ים	1	After **and say to him**, a second-level quote begins which continues until the end of [9:19](../09/19.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening second-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation within a quotation. However, it may be useful to translate this short quote frame as an indirect quotation, as the UST does.
9:13	hsl6			כֹּֽה־אָמַ֤ר יְהוָה֙	1	This quotation formula is used to introduce commands from Yahweh. See [4:intro](../04/intro.md) for more information.
9:14	z68b		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result	כִּ֣י	1	Here it is implied that Pharaoh will again not let God’s people go. **For** is expressing the result, that is, God’s response to Pharaoh’s disobedience to the command immediately preceding. You may need to insert this as in the UST or choose a contrastive conjunction. Alternate translation: “Otherwise,”
9:14	n6wq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	אֲנִ֨י שֹׁלֵ֜חַ אֶת־כָּל־מַגֵּפֹתַ⁠י֙ אֶֽל־לִבְּ⁠ךָ֔	1	Here, **to your heart** is a synecdoche that means that even Pharaoh will be hurt by the plagues. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I am about to send all my plagues against you personally”
9:15	f056		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo	כִּ֤י עַתָּה֙ שָׁלַ֣חְתִּי אֶת־יָדִ֔⁠י וָ⁠אַ֥ךְ אוֹתְ⁠ךָ֛ וְ⁠אֶֽת־עַמְּ⁠ךָ֖ בַּ⁠דָּ֑בֶר וַ⁠תִּכָּחֵ֖ד מִן־הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ	1	This verse presents two things that God could have done but did not do to the Egyptians. This is to set up the reason he gives in the [next verse](../09/16.md). Be sure that it is clear in your translation that these are hypothetical past events. See the note regarding Yahweh’s stated goals in the next verse. Some languages may need to reverse the order of these verses to put Yahweh’s goals before his non-action. Use the natural form in your language for expressing a hypothetical situation.
9:15	a3l8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	שָׁלַ֣חְתִּי אֶת־יָדִ֔⁠י וָ⁠אַ֥ךְ אוֹתְ⁠ךָ֛	1	Here, **my hand** refers to God’s power. Alternate translation: “I could have used my power to attack you”
9:15	hgfx		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	וָ⁠אַ֥ךְ אוֹתְ⁠ךָ֛ וְ⁠אֶֽת־עַמְּ⁠ךָ֖ בַּ⁠דָּ֑בֶר	1	Here, **a plague** is spoken about as if it were something that could be used to hit someone. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and caused you and your people to suffer from a plague”
9:16	kwks		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal	וְ⁠אוּלָ֗ם בַּ⁠עֲב֥וּר זֹאת֙ הֶעֱמַדְתִּ֔י⁠ךָ בַּ⁠עֲב֖וּר הַרְאֹתְ⁠ךָ֣ אֶת־כֹּחִ֑⁠י וּ⁠לְמַ֛עַן סַפֵּ֥ר שְׁמִ֖⁠י בְּ⁠כָל־הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ׃	1	The statements from **to show** to the end of the verse are Yahweh’s stated goals, and thus, his reasons for not yet destroying Egypt and Pharaoh. You will need to translate, **However, for this reason I appointed you: in order** in a way that connects with the [previous verse](../09/15.md) in an action-goal manner.
9:16	nec7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	וּ⁠לְמַ֛עַן סַפֵּ֥ר שְׁמִ֖⁠י בְּ⁠כָל־הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ	1	Here, **my name** represents Yahweh’s reputation. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “and so that people everywhere will know who I am”
9:17	h3ed		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	עוֹדְ⁠ךָ֖ מִסְתּוֹלֵ֣ל בְּ⁠עַמִּ֑⁠י	1	Pharaoh’s opposition to letting the Israelites go to worship Yahweh is spoken of as if he were raising himself up as a barrier to them. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “You are still blocking my people”
9:17	sdav		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns	מִסְתּוֹלֵ֣ל	1	Here, Pharaoh is both the subject and object of the sentence. Translate this in a way that conveys that (1) Pharaoh is making Pharaoh (himself) proud and (2) this is metaphorically expressed as Pharaoh making Pharaoh (himself) the obstacle in the Israelites’ way to freedom (as discussed in the previous note.)
9:17	r1wv			מִסְתּוֹלֵ֣ל	1	Here, **you** is Pharaoh.
9:17	zfhb			בְּ⁠עַמִּ֑⁠י	1	Here, **my people** are the Israelites.
9:18	fnd2			הִנְ⁠נִ֤י	1	Alternate translation: “Pay attention to the important thing I am about to tell you”
9:18	pmy0			כָּ⁠עֵ֣ת & אֲשֶׁ֨ר לֹא־הָיָ֤ה כָמֹ֨⁠הוּ֙	1	Alternate translation: “at this time. There has never been anything like this”
9:19	fduj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	שְׁלַ֤ח הָעֵז֙ אֶֽת־מִקְנְ⁠ךָ֔ וְ⁠אֵ֛ת כָּל־אֲשֶׁ֥ר לְ⁠ךָ֖ בַּ⁠שָּׂדֶ֑ה	1	The form of address here is singular; Moses is speaking directly to Pharaoh. However, the next two verses make it clear that Pharaoh’s servants heard and understood this warning to be for them as well. In this sense Pharaoh represents the Egyptians. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language.
9:19	eo52			וְ⁠יָרַ֧ד עֲלֵ⁠הֶ֛ם הַ⁠בָּרָ֖ד	1	Alternate translation: “and the balls of ice will drop on”
9:19	x4ja		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations	כָּל־הָ⁠אָדָ֨ם	1	Here, **man** means humans and includes men, women, and children. Alternate translation: “everyone” or “anyone”
9:19	itlv			וְ⁠הַ⁠בְּהֵמָ֜ה	1	Here, **and beast** includes domestic and wild animals.
9:19	f80e		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וָ⁠מֵֽתוּ	1	The people and animals **will die** because they will be fatally injured by the hail. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “and the hail will kill them”
9:19	g90p		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks	וָ⁠מֵֽתוּ	1	Up to three levels of direct quotation (depending on your earlier decision about converting a level to an indirect quotation) end at the end of this verse. You should indicate that ending here with closing first-level, second-level, and third-level (if required) quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the end of quotations within quotations.
9:20	dp8j		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	הַ⁠יָּרֵא֙	1	As in some other occasions, Moses’ conversation with Pharaoh is not recorded. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express the fact that he did as Yahweh instructed explicitly. See the UST.
9:20	p3nz			הַ⁠יָּרֵא֙ אֶת־דְּבַ֣ר יְהוָ֔ה מֵֽ⁠עַבְדֵ֖י פַּרְעֹ֑ה	1	Here, **the word of Yahweh** refers to Yahweh’s warning, more broadly it means they believed that Yahweh would do what he threatened. Alternate translation: “Those of Pharaoh’s servants who feared Yahweh’s warning”
9:21	dvwv		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	וַ⁠אֲשֶׁ֥ר לֹא־שָׂ֛ם לִבּ֖⁠וֹ אֶל	1	Here, **set his heart** means he believed or thought something was true. If the **heart** is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. Alternate translation: “but whoever did not respect”
9:21	bzqy		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	דְּבַ֣ר יְהוָ֑ה	1	Here, **the word of Yahweh** refers to Yahweh’s warning, more broadly it means they did not believe that Yahweh would do what he threatened. Alternate translation: “Yahweh’s warning”
9:22	vtfl		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent	וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר יְהוָ֜ה	1	A minor scene shift occurs here and may need to be marked in a certain way in your language.
9:22	zwvk			יָֽדְ⁠ךָ֙	1	See note in the [introduction to chapter 8](../08/intro.md) regarding the hand and staff.
9:22	h9cr		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations	הָ⁠אָדָ֣ם	1	Here, **man** includes women and children. See the UST.
9:22	r0g4			הַ⁠בְּהֵמָ֗ה	1	Here, **beast** includes domestic and wild animals.
9:23	o8zy			מַטֵּ⁠הוּ֮	1	See note in the [introduction to chapter 8](../08/intro.md) regarding the hand and staff.
9:25	vnpj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism	מֵ⁠אָדָ֖ם וְ⁠עַד־בְּהֵמָ֑ה	1	Here, **from man to beast** is a figure of speech used to emphasize the extent and severity of the hail. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “every living thing”
9:25	ft0o		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations	מֵ⁠אָדָ֖ם	1	Here, **man** includes women and children. Alternate translation: “from people” or “from mankind” or “from humans” See UST.
9:25	apbl			בְּהֵמָ֑ה	1	Here, **beast** includes domestic and wild animals.
9:27	fu9c		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent	וַ⁠יִּשְׁלַ֣ח פַּרְעֹ֗ה	1	A minor scene shift occurs here and may need to be marked in a certain way in your language.
9:27	sh1x			חָטָ֣אתִי	1	Some commentators suggest translating **sinned** more literally, that is “missed the mark,” because Pharaoh is probably not admitting a moral failure, but instead, admitting that he misjudged.
9:27	joxy			הַ⁠צַּדִּ֔יק & הָ⁠רְשָׁעִֽים	1	Many commentators suggest that Pharaoh is using these terms in a narrow, legal sense and only referring to this instance. That is, he is saying something like “I’ve lost this round in court.” See UST.
9:27	wag1			וְ⁠עַמִּ֖⁠י	1	Here, **my people** refers to the Egyptians.
9:28	r0cs		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes	וְ⁠לֹ֥א תֹסִפ֖וּ⁠ן לַ⁠עֲמֹֽד	1	Here Pharaoh uses a figure of speech that expresses a strong positive meaning by using a negative word together with a word that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If this is confusing in your language, you can express the meaning positively. Alternate translation: “really, I will let you go”
9:29	ajz3			וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר אֵלָי⁠ו֙ מֹשֶׁ֔ה	1	Alternate translation: “And Moses said to Pharaoh”
9:29	b787		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction	אֶפְרֹ֥שׂ אֶת־כַּפַּ֖⁠י אֶל־יְהוָ֑ה	1	This symbolic gesture accompanies prayer. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “I will pray to Yahweh”
9:30	tn94		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-contrary	וְ⁠אַתָּ֖ה וַ⁠עֲבָדֶ֑י⁠ךָ	1	This phrase is shifted to the beginning of the sentence to mark focus on Pharaoh and his servants because, despite Yahweh demonstrating his power, they are not yet afraid of him. If your language has a form or discourse feature that draws contrastive focus to participants, use it here.
9:30	srx4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	מִ⁠פְּנֵ֖י יְהוָ֥ה	1	Here, **face** means presence or power. Alternate translation: “of Yahweh”
9:31	pcwg		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background		0	This and the next verse give background information so that the destruction caused by the later plagues can be understood by the reader. Use the natural form in your language for expressing background information.
9:31	p1v8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	וְ⁠הַ⁠פִּשְׁתָּ֥ה & וְ⁠הַ⁠פִּשְׁתָּ֖ה	1	**Flax** is a plant that produces fibers that can be made into linen cloth.
9:31	lzar		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	אָבִ֔יב	1	This means the seeds at the top of the barley stalk were developing but still green.
9:31	xnvj			גִּבְעֹֽל	1	Alternate translation: “was flowering”
9:32	jmq3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	וְ⁠הַ⁠כֻּסֶּ֖מֶת	1	**Spelt** is a kind of wheat.
9:33	fa2j		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction	וַ⁠יִּפְרֹ֥שׂ כַּפָּ֖י⁠ו אֶל־יְהוָ֑ה	1	This symbolic gesture accompanies prayer. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Exodus 9:29](../09/29.md). Alternate translation: “lifted up his hands toward Yahweh and prayed”
9:34	ke5k		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	וַ⁠יַּכְבֵּ֥ד לִבּ֖⁠וֹ	1	Pharaoh’s stubborn attitude is spoken of as if he made his own **heart heavy**. This time his servants do the same. If the **heart** is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. See how you translated this in [8:15](../08/15.md). Alternate translation: “Pharaoh determined to be defiant”
9:34	nz0e			וַ⁠יֹּ֣סֶף לַ⁠חֲטֹ֑א	1	This statement is from the author’s perspective. Therefore, unlike in [9:27](../09/27.md), **sin** should be translated with the word your language uses for “sin.”
9:34	ooed			וַ⁠יַּכְבֵּ֥ד לִבּ֖⁠וֹ ה֥וּא וַ⁠עֲבָדָֽי⁠ו	1	Alternate translation: “and he caused his heart to be heavy. His servants did also” or “and he caused his heart to be heavy. His servants did the same”
9:35	yxt8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	וַֽ⁠יֶּחֱזַק֙ לֵ֣ב פַּרְעֹ֔ה	1	Pharaoh’s stubborn attitude is spoken of as if his **heart** were **strong**. If the **heart** is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. See how you translated this in [Exodus 7:13](../07/13.md). This is a neutral statement (it does not say that anyone caused him to be stubborn as many others in this part of the narrative do). Alternate translation: “Pharaoh was still defiant”
9:35	x0kn		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֛ר דִּבֶּ֥ר יְהוָ֖ה בְּ⁠יַד־מֹשֶֽׁה	1	This is similar to [9:12](../09/12.md). In this case, what Yahweh said is spoken of as if it were something that could be held in someone’s hand. This means that Moses delivered a message from Yahweh that Pharaoh would be stubborn. It is not clear if this message was given to the Israelites or if this refers to Moses’ statement to Pharaoh in [9:30](../09/30.md). If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “just as Yahweh had told Moses to say”
10:intro	s5g1				0	# Exodus 10 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThe text does not specify, but some time seems to have passed between chapters nine and ten (See: 9:31–32 and 10:5).\n- v. 1–20: Eighth plague: locusts\n - v. 16–20: Pharaoh seems to repent, but it does not last\n- v. 21–29: Ninth plague: darkness
10:1	w4pw		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	כִּֽי־אֲנִ֞י הִכְבַּ֤דְתִּי אֶת־לִבּ⁠וֹ֙ וְ⁠אֶת־לֵ֣ב עֲבָדָ֔י⁠ו	1	This means God made Pharaoh and his servants stubborn. Their stubborn attitude is spoken of as if their **hearts** were **heavy.** If the **heart** is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. See how you translated this in [4:21](../04/21.md), but note that the metaphor is slightly different here. Alternate translation: “for I have caused Pharaoh and his servants to be stubborn”
10:2	zg4c			הִתְעַלַּ֨לְתִּי֙ בְּ⁠מִצְרַ֔יִם	1	Alternate translation: “I mocked Egypt”
10:3	pm8p		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks	וַ⁠יֹּאמְר֣וּ אֵלָ֗י⁠ו	1	After this phrase, a direct quote begins that continues until near the end of [10:6](../10/06.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. There may be other quotations in this chapter; they will be marked by the same punctuation, but they will not have their own notes unless there is something unique about them.
10:3	u3mq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּאמְר֣וּ אֵלָ֗י⁠ו כֹּֽה־אָמַ֤ר יְהוָה֙ אֱלֹהֵ֣י הָֽ⁠עִבְרִ֔ים	1	It may be helpful to turn the introductory quotation into an indirect quotation so that you do not have to use quotes within quotes. Alternate translation: “and told him that Yahweh, the God of the Hebrews, said thus”
10:3	vze4			כֹּֽה־אָמַ֤ר יְהוָה֙	1	This quotation formula is used to introduce commands from Yahweh. See [4:intro](../04/intro.md) for more information.
10:3	cicf		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	עַד־מָתַ֣י מֵאַ֔נְתָּ לֵ⁠עָנֹ֖ת מִ⁠פָּנָ֑⁠י	1	Here, **face** represents the presence of Yahweh. Particularly, it means the presence of his judgment (the plagues). Alternate translation: “Until when will you refuse to be humble when I judge you” or “Until when will you refuse to be humble before me”
10:4	ge67			הִנְ⁠נִ֨י	1	Here, **behold me** adds emphasis to what is said next. Alternate translation: “beware”
10:4	uwtp		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns	אַרְבֶּ֖ה	1	Here, **locust** is a singular noun referring to the group as one. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you can use a different expression. Alternate translation: “locusts”
10:5	zu5r		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	וְ⁠כִסָּה֙ אֶת־עֵ֣ין הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ וְ⁠לֹ֥א יוּכַ֖ל לִ⁠רְאֹ֣ת אֶת־הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ	1	These parallel statements have a similar meaning. They are used to emphasize the great number of locusts that are coming. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one.
10:5	rdav			וְ⁠כִסָּה֙ אֶת־עֵ֣ין הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ	1	Alternate translation: “And it will cover the land from sight”
10:5	oj3i		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns	וְ⁠כִסָּה֙ & וְ⁠אָכַ֣ל & וְ⁠אָכַל֙	1	Here the pronoun **it** agrees in number with the collective singular “locust” in the previous verse. Insects are often referred to without gender in English, but you will need to use whatever number, gender, or noun class is required in your language to agree with the word for “locust” that you used in the [previous verse](../10/04.md). See the UST.
10:6	ir5l		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole	מִ⁠יּ֗וֹם הֱיוֹתָ⁠ם֙ עַל־הָ֣⁠אֲדָמָ֔ה עַ֖ד הַ⁠יּ֣וֹם הַ⁠זֶּ֑ה	1	Here, **on the earth** could either mean “on the planet” or “on the land” (Egypt). Either way, the entire phrase is meant to emphasize an extremely long time, with the intended meaning being “never.”
10:6	ma0o		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠יִּ֥פֶן	1	[10:3](../10/03.md) says that Aaron came in to see the king with Moses. It is implied that he left with him as well. You may make this explicit if it would help your readers.
10:7	xn8j		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	עַד־מָתַי֙ יִהְיֶ֨ה זֶ֥ה לָ֨⁠נוּ֙ לְ⁠מוֹקֵ֔שׁ	1	Pharaoh’s servants ask this question to show Pharaoh that he is stubbornly causing the destruction of Egypt. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “We must not let this man continue to cause trouble for us!”
10:7	jqbh		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations	הָ֣⁠אֲנָשִׁ֔ים	1	Here, **men** may be literal or it may refer to the Israelites, including the women and children. In [10:10](../10/10.md) the king rejects the idea of letting the women and children go, and in [10:11](../10/11.md) he specifically says that the men can go.
10:7	xdm5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	הֲ⁠טֶ֣רֶם תֵּדַ֔ע כִּ֥י אָבְדָ֖ה מִצְרָֽיִם	1	Pharaoh’s servants ask this question to bring Pharaoh to recognize what he refuses to see. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “You should realize that Egypt is destroyed!”
10:7	c6pr		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	כִּ֥י אָבְדָ֖ה מִצְרָֽיִם	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that these plagues have destroyed Egypt” or “that their God has destroyed Egypt”
10:8	bu1x		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	וַ⁠יּוּשַׁ֞ב אֶת־מֹשֶׁ֤ה וְ⁠אֶֽת־אַהֲרֹן֙ אֶל־פַּרְעֹ֔ה	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “And a servant brought Moses and Aaron back to Pharaoh”
10:8	fzsv			מִ֥י וָ⁠מִ֖י	1	Alternate translation: “Who all”
10:9	fnnl		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	נֵלֵ֑ךְ & נֵלֵ֔ךְ	1	**We** means the Israelites and does not include Pharaoh or the Egyptians. Use an exclusive form here if your language has this distinction.
10:10	hjc9			יְהִ֨י כֵ֤ן יְהוָה֙ עִמָּ⁠כֶ֔ם כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֛ר אֲשַׁלַּ֥ח אֶתְ⁠כֶ֖ם וְ⁠אֶֽת־טַפְּ⁠כֶ֑ם	1	**May Yahweh be with you** is usually a blessing but is almost certainly not a blessing here. It likely means something like “It will take Yahweh’s power to make me let you and your children go,” or “May Yahweh be as favorable to you as I am to the idea of letting your children go.” Pharaoh is saying that it will take Yahweh to make him do what Moses wants, but he does not think that will happen. Alternate translation: “It will be clear that Yahweh is with you if I let you and your children go”
10:10	w8x4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	רְא֕וּ כִּ֥י רָעָ֖ה נֶ֥גֶד פְּנֵי⁠כֶֽם	1	The phrase **for evil is before your faces** could either be a warning from Pharaoh that Moses’ actions will lead to evil for the Israelites, or it could mean that Pharaoh thinks the Israelites plan something that he considers evil. **Faces** is a metonym for the whole person. Alternate translations: “I see that you plan evil” or “Be careful! Your actions will have bad consequences”
10:11	pkm4			הַ⁠גְּבָרִים֙	1	This interjection clarifies who may go. Alternate translation: “the leaders”
10:11	vdjk		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	מֵ⁠אֵ֖ת פְּנֵ֥י פַרְעֹֽה	1	Here, **face** represents the presence of Pharaoh. Alternate translation: “from his presence”
10:12	kchn		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent	וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר יְהוָ֜ה	1	There is a minor scene change here, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language.
10:12	gjfx			יָדְ⁠ךָ֜	1	See note in the [introduction to chapter 8](../08/intro.md) regarding the hand and staff.
10:12	qikq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns	בָּֽ⁠אַרְבֶּ֔ה	1	**Locust** is a collective singular noun referring to the group as one. See how you translated this in [10:4](../10/04.md). Alternate translation: “locusts”
10:12	gzwa		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns	וְ⁠יַ֖עַל & וְ⁠יֹאכַל֙	1	Here, the pronoun **it** agrees in number with the collective singular “locust.” See how you translated this in [10:5](../10/05.md)
10:13	xqsz			מַטֵּ⁠הוּ֮	1	See note in the [introduction to chapter 8](../08/intro.md) regarding the hand and staff.
10:13	vee8			ר֥וּחַ קָדִים֙	1	The wind blew from east to west.
10:13	syz2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns	הָ⁠אַרְבֶּֽה	1	See how you translated this in [10:4](../10/04.md). Alternate translation: “locusts”
10:14	kuuu		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns	הָֽ⁠אַרְבֶּ֗ה & אַרְבֶּה֙	1	See how you translated this in [10:4](../10/04.md). Alternate translation: “locusts”
10:15	b3h5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns	וַ⁠יְכַ֞ס & וַ⁠יֹּ֜אכַל	1	Here the pronoun **it** agrees in number with the collective singular “locust.” See how you translated this in [10:5](../10/05.md)
10:15	xszc			וַ⁠יְכַ֞ס אֶת־עֵ֣ין כָּל־הָ⁠אָרֶץ֮	1	See how you translated this in [10:5](../10/05.md).
10:15	ill1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	וַ⁠יֹּ֜אכַל אֶת־כָּל־עֵ֣שֶׂב הָ⁠אָ֗רֶץ וְ⁠אֵת֙ כָּל־פְּרִ֣י הָ⁠עֵ֔ץ אֲשֶׁ֥ר הוֹתִ֖יר הַ⁠בָּרָ֑ד וְ⁠לֹא־נוֹתַ֨ר כָּל־יֶ֧רֶק בָּ⁠עֵ֛ץ וּ⁠בְ⁠עֵ֥שֶׂב הַ⁠שָּׂדֶ֖ה בְּ⁠כָל־אֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם	1	These parallel statements reinforce one another. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one.
10:16	ty9f		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual	אֱלֹֽהֵי⁠כֶ֖ם וְ⁠לָ⁠כֶֽם	1	Here, **you** and **your** are plural. These could refer either to Moses and Aaron or to all the Israelites. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here.
10:17	tsve			שָׂ֣א	1	Alternate translation: “take away”
10:17	ttog			אַ֣ךְ הַ⁠פַּ֔עַם & רַ֖ק	1	Pharaoh could either be desperate and using **just this once … only** to attempt to make his request as small as possible to increase the chances of it being granted, or he could be still too proud to admit guilt beyond this single incident (which is probably his bold statement about Yahweh being with the Israelites in [10:10](../10/10.md)). The former seems more likely given that he terms this plague “this death.” If your culture has a way of making a request seem as small as possible, you may want to use it to translate Pharaoh’s request.
10:17	kd6d		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual	אֱלֹהֵי⁠כֶ֑ם	1	Here, **your** is plural. This could refer either to Moses and Aaron or to all the Israelites. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here.
10:17	doeg		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	הַ⁠מָּ֥וֶת הַ⁠זֶּֽה	1	The word **death** here refers to the destruction by the locusts of all plants in Egypt, which would eventually lead to the deaths of people, because there would be no crops. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. See the UST.
10:17	nn2b		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	הַ⁠מָּ֥וֶת הַ⁠זֶּֽה	1	The word **death** here refers to the destruction by the locusts of all plants in Egypt, which would eventually lead to the deaths of people because there would be no crops. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “this destruction that will lead to our deaths”
10:18	p9hz			וַ⁠יֵּצֵ֖א	1	Moses and Aaron were summoned to the king in [10:16](../10/16.md), so some translations will need to say that they both left.
10:19	xhsv			רֽוּחַ־יָם֙ חָזָ֣ק מְאֹ֔ד	1	Alternate translation: “a very strong west wind” or “a very strong wind from the west”
10:19	mdp5			וַ⁠יִּשָּׂא֙ אֶת־הָ֣⁠אַרְבֶּ֔ה	1	Alternate translation: “and it moved the locust upward”
10:19	zhcu		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns	הָ֣⁠אַרְבֶּ֔ה & אַרְבֶּ֣ה	1	See how you translated this in [10:4](../10/04.md). Alternate translation: “the locusts … of the locusts”
10:19	q8aj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns	וַ⁠יִּתְקָעֵ֖⁠הוּ	1	Here, the first **it** refers to the wind; the second **it** agrees in number with the collective singular “locust.” See how you translated this in [10:5](../10/05.md)
10:20	dw1d		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	וַ⁠יְחַזֵּ֥ק יְהוָ֖ה אֶת־לֵ֣ב פַּרְעֹ֑ה	1	This means God made him stubborn. His stubborn attitude is spoken of as if his **heart** were **strong**. If the **heart** is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. See how you translated this in [4:21](../04/21.md). Alternate translation: “But Yahweh caused Pharaoh to be stubborn”
10:21	x6xk		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent	וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר יְהוָ֜ה	1	A new scene begins here, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. This is the start of the third plague sequence.
10:21	utyz			יָֽדְ⁠ךָ֙	1	See note in the [introduction to chapter 8](../08/intro.md) regarding the hand and staff.
10:21	m38s		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	מִצְרָ֑יִם וְ⁠יָמֵ֖שׁ חֹֽשֶׁךְ	1	This is a somewhat puzzling construction which describes the darkness. Most English translations take it as a passive, which restated actively means, “people will feel the darkness,” meaning metaphorically what is expressed in different ways in the UST and the alternate translation here. Another option is to view the Hebrew verb form as causative and translate as such: “and the darkness will cause people to feel,” meaning people will have to feel where they are going because they will not be able to see. A final option would be a personification of darkness such that the darkness gropes around, filling in every place in the land. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Egypt, an extremely oppressive darkness”
10:22	z4ge			יָד֖⁠וֹ	1	See note in the [introduction to chapter 8](../08/intro.md) regarding the hand and staff.
10:22	vbzj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	שְׁלֹ֥שֶׁת	1	Alternate translation: “for 3”
10:23	jmd8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	לֹֽא־רָא֞וּ אִ֣ישׁ אֶת־אָחִ֗י⁠ו	1	This phrase means that people could not see the people who lived closest to them, whether or not that person was literally their **brother**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “No one could see the people who lived with them”
10:23	o572		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations	אִ֣ישׁ & אִ֥ישׁ	1	Here, **man** refers to any human in general. Alternate translation: “person”
10:23	qstu		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	שְׁלֹ֣שֶׁת	1	Alternate translation: “for 3”
10:24	vp7b		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual	לְכוּ֙ עִבְד֣וּ & צֹאנְ⁠כֶ֥ם וּ⁠בְקַרְ⁠כֶ֖ם & טַפְּ⁠כֶ֖ם & עִמָּ⁠כֶֽם	1	Every instance of **you** and **your**, as well as the imperative verb forms in this verse, are plural. They refer to the Israelites. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here.
10:25	rsr4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	גַּם־אַתָּ֛ה תִּתֵּ֥ן בְּ⁠יָדֵ֖⁠נוּ זְבָחִ֣ים וְ⁠עֹל֑וֹת	1	The construction here is difficult. Based on context, Moses is probably not saying that Pharaoh needs to provide his own animals to the Israelites. He is asking Pharaoh to let the Israelites take their own animals with them. **Give in our hands** means to take with them, by whatever means, which may include holding a rope in the hand to lead the animals or any other means of herding the animals. See the UST.
10:25	cj78		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	זְבָחִ֣ים וְ⁠עֹל֑וֹת	1	Here, **sacrifices and burnt offerings** refers to the animals of their flocks and herds that they must take. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “animals for sacrifices and burnt offerings”
10:25	bjy0			וְ⁠עָשִׂ֖ינוּ לַ⁠יהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֵֽי⁠נוּ	1	Here, **do** means “do the sacrifices and burnt offerings.” Alternate translation: “and we will make those sacrifices and burnt offerings to Yahweh our God”
10:25	ixo7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	בְּ⁠יָדֵ֖⁠נוּ & וְ⁠עָשִׂ֖ינוּ & אֱלֹהֵֽי⁠נוּ	1	Here, **we** and **us** refers to the Israelites (same group as the speaker’s) while excluding Pharaoh and the Egyptians (listeners’ group). If your language distinguishes between forms of we and us based on who is included, be sure to use the one appropriate to the described group.
10:26	k0pi		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	מִקְנֵ֜⁠נוּ & עִמָּ֗⁠נוּ & נִקַּ֔ח & אֱלֹהֵ֑י⁠נוּ וַ⁠אֲנַ֣חְנוּ & נֵדַ֗ע & נַּעֲבֹד֙ & בֹּאֵ֖⁠נוּ	1	Here, **we, our,** and **us** each refers to the Israelites (same group as the speaker’s) while excluding Pharaoh and the Egyptians (listeners’ group). If your language distinguishes between forms of we, our, and us based on who is included, be sure to use the one appropriate to the described group.
10:26	ys4v		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	לֹ֤א תִשָּׁאֵר֙ פַּרְסָ֔ה	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “We cannot leave behind a single animal”
10:26	v9uc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	פַּרְסָ֔ה	1	Here the word **hoof** refers to the entire animal. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a single animal”
10:26	uiom			שָֽׁמָּ⁠ה	1	The destination is unspecified. Previous context suggests it would be at the mountain of God (See: [3:1](../03/01.md), especially [3:12](../03/12.md), and [4:27](../04/27.md)), which would take three days of travel to reach (See: [3:18](../03/18.md) and [5:3](../05/03.md)).
10:27	n588		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	וַ⁠יְחַזֵּ֥ק יְהוָ֖ה אֶת־לֵ֣ב פַּרְעֹ֑ה	1	This means God made him stubborn. His stubborn attitude is spoken of as if his **heart** were **strong**. If the **heart** is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. See how you translated this in [4:21](../04/21.md). Alternate translation: “But Yahweh caused Pharaoh to be stubborn”
10:27	mv8t			וְ⁠לֹ֥א אָבָ֖ה לְ⁠שַׁלְּחָֽ⁠ם	1	Alternate translation: “and Pharaoh would not consent to let them go”
10:28	di6g		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns	הִשָּׁ֣מֶר לְ⁠ךָ֗	1	Here, the listener, Moses, is both the subject and object of the sentence. He is the person told to look (subject) and he himself is what he is told to look at (object). Different languages have different methods of marking this. Alternate translation: “You watch yourself”
10:28	eza9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	הִשָּׁ֣מֶר לְ⁠ךָ֗	1	This is an idiom. Pharaoh is not telling Moses literally to keep looking at himself. Alternate translation: “Be careful”
10:28	lcz2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	תָּמֽוּת	1	Pharaoh means he will have Moses killed. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly.
10:28	te45		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	פָּנַ֔⁠י & פָנַ֖⁠י	1	Here, **face** refers to the whole person. See the UST.
10:29	h1jf		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	כֵּ֣ן דִּבַּ֑רְתָּ	1	With these words, Moses emphasizes that Pharaoh has spoken the truth. Alternate translation: “What you have said is true”
10:29	rg18		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	פָּנֶֽי⁠ךָ	1	Here, **face** refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “you”
11:intro	pu3u				0	# Exodus 11 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\r\n\nChapter 11 is a transition point in the book. The previous nine plagues (in their three sequences of three) have come to an end and the last plague, the death of the firstborn, is about to occur, along with the Passover and the Exodus itself. It is difficult to know if the events in chapter 11 all are recorded in the order in which they happened. For translation, you should follow the order of the text if it will not confuse your readers.\n\nIt may be helpful to think that after the end of chapter 10, Yahweh spoke to Moses immediately, before he actually left Pharaoh’s presence (v. [1](../11/01.md)-[2](../11/02.md)). [11:3](../11/03.md) is a comment suggesting that the Egyptians will be willing to do as the Israelites are told to ask them to do in [v. 2](../11/02.md). In verses [4](../11/04.md)-[7](../11/07.md) Moses gives Pharaoh and his officials a message from Yahweh that Yahweh is giving to Moses right at that moment. At the end of [v. 8](../11/08.md) Moses leaves Pharaoh’s presence (completing the interaction from the [end of ch. 10](../10/28.md)). [11:9](../11/09.md) may either be Yahweh telling Moses what is going to happen, or it could be part of the summary that occurs in [v. 10](../11/10.md). Verse 10 summarizes what has happened in chs. 5–10 (especially the plagues in chs. 7–10) in preparation for the great last plague.
11:1	hrom		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks	אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֗ה	1	After this phrase, a direct quote begins that continues until the end of [11:2](../11/02.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. There may be other quotations in this chapter; they will be marked by the same punctuation, but they will not have their own notes unless there is something unique about them.
11:1	eqeb		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential	כְּ⁠שַׁ֨לְּח֔⁠וֹ & יְגָרֵ֥שׁ	1	These verbs (**lets go** and **drive away**) are meant to immediately follow one another. When you translate, make sure they are almost simultaneous in time; the letting go happens and then immediately the driving away happens.
11:1	iocd			כָּלָ֕ה גָּרֵ֛שׁ יְגָרֵ֥שׁ	1	The wording here is very forceful. Use strong words, forms, or phrasing when you are translating.
11:1	i87h		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual	אֶתְ⁠כֶ֖ם & אֶתְ⁠כֶ֖ם	1	Each occurrence of the word **you** in this verse is plural and refers to Moses and the rest of the Israelites. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here.
11:2	t14c			נָ֖א	1	Here, **now** conveys urgency, indicating that Moses should speak soon, without delaying for other things. If you have a way of giving a command that shows that it is important for someone to do it quickly, it would be better to translate in that way than in a way that means “now” in a time sense (versus earlier or later).
11:2	nlsk			בְּ⁠אָזְנֵ֣י הָ⁠עָ֑ם	1	Alternate translation: “so the people hear you” or “when all the people are listening”
11:2	jl6w			כְּלֵי־כֶ֖סֶף וּ⁠כְלֵ֥י זָהָֽב	1	These could be any sort of thing made from silver or gold (for instance: utensils, cups, pitchers, plates, candleholders), not just jewelry.
11:2	ddej			וְ⁠יִשְׁאֲל֞וּ אִ֣ישׁ׀ מֵ⁠אֵ֣ת רֵעֵ֗⁠הוּ וְ⁠אִשָּׁה֙ מֵ⁠אֵ֣ת רְעוּתָ֔⁠הּ כְּלֵי־כֶ֖סֶף וּ⁠כְלֵ֥י זָהָֽב	1	[Exodus 3:22](../03/22.md) contains similar instructions; see how you translated there.
11:3	x83s		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-aside	וַ⁠יִּתֵּ֧ן יְהוָ֛ה אֶת־חֵ֥ן הָ⁠עָ֖ם בְּ⁠עֵינֵ֣י מִצְרָ֑יִם גַּ֣ם׀ הָ⁠אִ֣ישׁ מֹשֶׁ֗ה גָּד֤וֹל מְאֹד֙ בְּ⁠אֶ֣רֶץ מִצְרַ֔יִם בְּ⁠עֵינֵ֥י עַבְדֵֽי־פַרְעֹ֖ה וּ⁠בְ⁠עֵינֵ֥י הָ⁠עָֽם	1	In this verse the author interjects a comment about the situation. Some translations choose to put the verse in parenthesis to indicate this. You may mark it in a way that is natural to your language.
11:3	hng9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	חֵ֥ן הָ⁠עָ֖ם בְּ⁠עֵינֵ֣י מִצְרָ֑יִם	1	Here, **in the eyes of the Egyptians** is an idiom for the Egyptian’s feelings or opinion. **Favor** means those feelings are positive. Taken together, this means that when the Egyptians see the Israelites leaving Egypt, they will gladly help them. (Because the Egyptians have suffered under God’s judgment, the Egyptians want so badly to see them leave). If your language has the same or a similar idiom, you can translate or use it. Otherwise, you can translate the meaning. See how you translated this in [3:21](../03/21.md).
11:3	orq6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	בְּ⁠עֵינֵ֥י עַבְדֵֽי־פַרְעֹ֖ה וּ⁠בְ⁠עֵינֵ֥י הָ⁠עָֽם	1	Here, **in the eyes of the servants of Pharaoh and in the eyes of the people** is an idiom for their feelings or opinions. If your language has the same or a similar idiom, you can translate or use it. Otherwise, you can translate the meaning. See how you translated a similar idiom in [3:21](../03/21.md).
11:3	s5zy			וַ⁠יִּתֵּ֧ן יְהוָ֛ה אֶת־חֵ֥ן הָ⁠עָ֖ם בְּ⁠עֵינֵ֣י מִצְרָ֑יִם	1	[Exodus 3:21](../03/21.md) contains a related phrase; see how you translated it there.
11:4	kpb5			כֹּ֖ה אָמַ֣ר יְהוָ֑ה	1	This quotation formula is used to introduce commands from Yahweh. See [4:intro](../04/intro.md) for more information.
11:5	hv8k			בְּכוֹר֮ & מִ⁠בְּכ֤וֹר & בְּכ֣וֹר & בְּכ֥וֹר	1	The “firstborn” always refers to the oldest male offspring.
11:5	k42h		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism	מִ⁠בְּכ֤וֹר פַּרְעֹה֙ הַ⁠יֹּשֵׁ֣ב עַל־כִּסְא֔⁠וֹ עַ֚ד בְּכ֣וֹר הַ⁠שִּׁפְחָ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֖ר אַחַ֣ר הָ⁠רֵחָ֑יִם וְ⁠כֹ֖ל בְּכ֥וֹר בְּהֵמָֽה	1	This is a merism. First, two extremes are mentioned: the highest of society (**Pharaoh, who sits on his throne**) and the lowest (**the slave girl who is behind the mill**). Then the animals (**beasts**) are added making it a three-item list of parts of society and even the economy to show the totality of the coming judgment. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language.
11:5	hr1x			אֲשֶׁ֖ר אַחַ֣ר הָ⁠רֵחָ֑יִם	1	Alternate translation: “who is grinding at the handmill” or “who is behind the handmill grinding grain”
11:6	hui7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism	אֲשֶׁ֤ר כָּמֹ֨⁠הוּ֙ לֹ֣א נִהְיָ֔תָה וְ⁠כָמֹ֖⁠הוּ לֹ֥א תֹסִֽף	1	This phrase uses the extremes of past and future to emphasize the concept of “never.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “such as has never been and never will be”
11:7	b60a		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	לֹ֤א יֶֽחֱרַץ & לְשֹׁנ֔⁠וֹ	1	This means to make an unfriendly noise. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “will not growl”
11:7	t61i		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual	תֵּֽדְע֔וּ⁠ן	1	Here, **you** is plural. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here.
11:7	fl78			אֲשֶׁר֙ יַפְלֶ֣ה יְהוָ֔ה בֵּ֥ין מִצְרַ֖יִם וּ⁠בֵ֥ין יִשְׂרָאֵֽל	1	See how you translated a similar phrase in [Exodus 9:4](../09/04.md).
11:8	hoft		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction	וְ⁠הִשְׁתַּֽחֲוּוּ־לִ֣⁠י	1	This does not mean to bow for worshiping. **They will bow to** Moses to beg him to leave. They will do this to show how desperate they will be for Moses and the Israelites to go. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly.
11:8	l678		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וְ⁠הִשְׁתַּֽחֲוּוּ־לִ֣⁠י	1	**They will bow to** Moses to beg him to leave. They will do this to show how desperate they will be for Moses and the Israelites to go. If this action would not mean the same thing in your culture, you may need to make the reason they are bowing explicit. Alternate translation: “and they will bow down to me to beg”
11:8	njx8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	וְ⁠כָל־הָ⁠עָ֣ם אֲשֶׁר־בְּ⁠רַגְלֶ֔י⁠ךָ	1	Here, the people are pictured as below Moses, which means they are his followers. The reference to **feet** also can mean they go the same place he goes, again, meaning “follower.” If your language uses a similar image to mean follower, you can translate the image; if not, you may use another image from your culture or translate the meaning. Alternate translation: “and all the people who are following you”
11:8	ria5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וְ⁠אַחֲרֵי־כֵ֖ן אֵצֵ֑א	1	This means that Moses and the Israelites will leave Egypt. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “After that I will leave here” or “After that I will go out from Egypt”
11:8	milu		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	בָּ⁠חֳרִי־אָֽף	1	This is an idiom meaning that Moses is angry. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “enraged”
11:10	h5g7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-endofstory	וּ⁠מֹשֶׁ֣ה וְ⁠אַהֲרֹ֗ן עָשׂ֛וּ אֶת־כָּל־הַ⁠מֹּפְתִ֥ים הָ⁠אֵ֖לֶּה לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֑ה וַ⁠יְחַזֵּ֤ק יְהוָה֙ אֶת־לֵ֣ב פַּרְעֹ֔ה וְ⁠לֹֽא־שִׁלַּ֥ח אֶת־בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל מֵ⁠אַרְצֽ⁠וֹ	1	This verse is summarizing and wrapping up the story of the plagues. If your language has a way of summarizing information at the end of a story, try to translate this verse (and possibly verse 9—see the introductory notes to this chapter) in this way.
11:10	um4u		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	וַ⁠יְחַזֵּ֤ק יְהוָה֙ אֶת־לֵ֣ב פַּרְעֹ֔ה	1	This means God made him stubborn. His stubborn attitude is spoken of as if his **heart** were **strong**. If the **heart** is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. See how you translated this in [4:21](../04/21.md). Alternate translation: “But Yahweh caused Pharaoh to be stubborn”
12:intro	fd2f				0	# Exodus 12 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThe events of this chapter are known as the Passover. They are remembered in the celebration of Passover. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/passover]])\n1. Instruction v. 1–28\n    * v. 1–20: Yahweh gives instructions\n      * v. 1–11: how to eat this Passover\n      * v. 12–13: description of the plague\n      * v. 14–20: directions for future celebration of Passover\n    * v. 21–28: Moses repeats Yahweh’s instructions to Israelites\n2. Narrative v. 29–42: Passover and Exodus\n3. Instruction v. 43–49: which foreigners may eat Passover\n4. Summary Narrative v. 50–51\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Unleavened bread\n\nThe concept of unleavened bread is introduced in this chapter. Its significance stems from its connection to the events in this chapter. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/unleavenedbread]])\n\n### Ethnic segregation\n\nThe Hebrew people were to be separate from the rest of the world. Because of this, they separated themselves from other people groups. At this time, these foreigners were looked upon as unholy. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])\n\n## Potential Translation Issues:\n\n### Passover\n\n### Pronoun usage\n\nIn the long quotation (verses 3–20) that Yahweh tells Moses and Aaron to convey to the Israelites, he speaks of them in the third person (“they must”) in [12:3–4](../12/03.md) and [12:7–8](../12/07.md) and to them in the second person (“you must”) for all the rest of the instruction. Some languages may need to keep the pronoun person consistent throughout the quotation.\n\n### You plural\n\nIn this chapter, almost every occurrence of “you” or “your” is plural. Each one refers to all the Israelites. Those that are not will be marked. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form throughout unless otherwise noted. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
12:2	z785		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks	הַ⁠חֹ֧דֶשׁ הַ⁠זֶּ֛ה לָ⁠כֶ֖ם רֹ֣אשׁ חֳדָשִׁ֑ים	1	The start of this verse is the beginning of a direct quote which continues until the end of [12:20](../12/20.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. There may be other quotations in this chapter; they will be marked by the same punctuation, but they will not have their own notes unless there is something unique about them.
12:2	gtgb		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	הַ⁠חֹ֧דֶשׁ הַ⁠זֶּ֛ה לָ⁠כֶ֖ם רֹ֣אשׁ חֳדָשִׁ֑ים רִאשׁ֥וֹן הוּא֙ לָ⁠כֶ֔ם לְ⁠חָדְשֵׁ֖י הַ⁠שָּׁנָֽה	1	These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that the month in which the events of this chapter take place will be the beginning of their calendar year.
12:2	uy4w		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths	רִאשׁ֥וֹן הוּא֙ לָ⁠כֶ֔ם לְ⁠חָדְשֵׁ֖י הַ⁠שָּׁנָֽה	1	The first month of the Hebrew calendar includes the last part of March and the first part of April on Western calendars. It marks when Yahweh rescued the Israelites from the Egyptians. You could convert the Hebrew day and month into an approximate date on the calendar that your culture uses. However, the Jews used a lunar calendar, so if you use a solar calendar, the date will be different every year and the translation will not be entirely accurate. So you may just want to give the number of the day and the name of the month on the Hebrew calendar, and say approximately what time of year that is on your calendar in a footnote.
12:3	lv6s		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual	דַּבְּר֗וּ	1	The command here is to both Moses and Aaron. If your language uses a different form if two are people addressed, use a dual form here.
12:3	jjw0			וְ⁠יִקְח֣וּ לָ⁠הֶ֗ם אִ֛ישׁ שֶׂ֥ה לְ⁠בֵית־אָבֹ֖ת שֶׂ֥ה לַ⁠בָּֽיִת	1	This seems to be indicating that if multiple families live in one house, the man who is the leader of the family group that lives there should take one lamb for that whole household. Alternate translation: “the father of each household must take a lamb for his household, one per household”
12:3	d1f5			שֶׂ֥ה לַ⁠בָּֽיִת	1	Alternate translation: “one lamb per house”
12:3	qzct			שֶׂ֥ה & שֶׂ֥ה	1	The word **lamb** literally means “of the flock,” and it could also be translated as a sheep or a goat. Here, the ULT uses **lamb** (a young sheep), because [12:5](../12/05.md) specifies that it must be one year old. “Kid” (a young goat) would be equally valid as verse 5 also says that it could be either a sheep or a goat. You may translate it as either sheep or goat, whichever would be most familiar.
12:4	xzn3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וְ⁠אִם־יִמְעַ֣ט הַ⁠בַּיִת֮ מִ⁠הְיֹ֣ת מִ⁠שֶּׂה֒	1	This means that there are not enough people in the family to eat an entire lamb. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “If there are not enough people in the household to eat an entire lamb”
12:4	o258			וּ⁠שְׁכֵנ֛⁠וֹ הַ⁠קָּרֹ֥ב אֶל־בֵּית֖⁠וֹ בְּ⁠מִכְסַ֣ת נְפָשֹׁ֑ת	1	The phrase **by the number of people** helps to clarify which sort of **neighbor near to his house** the Israelite should choose. They should count their own household and another household and try to have a group that is the right number to eat an entire lamb. Alternate translation: “and his neighbor who lives near him and whose family is the right size to share a lamb with”
12:4	fu2g		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations	אִ֚ישׁ	1	Here **man** refers to each person, whether man, woman, or child. Alternate translation: “each family member”
12:6	lz76			בֵּ֥ין הָ⁠עַרְבָּֽיִם	1	This refers to the time of evening after the sun has set but while there is still some light.
12:7	cjt7			עַל־שְׁתֵּ֥י הַ⁠מְּזוּזֹ֖ת וְ⁠עַל־הַ⁠מַּשְׁק֑וֹף עַ֚ל הַ⁠בָּ֣תִּ֔ים	1	Alternate translation: “on the sides and top of the way into the house” or “on the top and sides of the frame around the door into the house”
12:8	uxn6			מְרֹרִ֖ים	1	These are edible but strong-tasting leaves, seeds, and other parts of plants.
12:9	ny3a			אַל־תֹּאכְל֤וּ מִמֶּ֨⁠נּוּ֙ נָ֔א	1	Alternate translation: “Do not eat the lamb or goat uncooked”
12:11	ks7d			חֲגֻרִ֔ים	1	Here, **belts** are strips of leather or fabric for tying around the waist.
12:11	nzw2			וַ⁠אֲכַלְתֶּ֤ם אֹת⁠וֹ֙ בְּ⁠חִפָּז֔וֹן	1	Alternate translation: “And you must eat it quickly”
12:11	r789		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	פֶּ֥סַח ה֖וּא לַ⁠יהוָֽה	1	**It** refers to eating the animal on the tenth day of the month. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “This observance is Yahweh’s Passover”
12:12	sa5n		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	וּ⁠בְ⁠כָל־אֱלֹהֵ֥י מִצְרַ֛יִם אֶֽעֱשֶׂ֥ה שְׁפָטִ֖ים	1	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **judgment**, you can express the same idea in another way.
12:13	tywz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	לְ⁠מַשְׁחִ֔ית	1	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **destruction**, you can express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “to destroy you”
12:13	bnoe		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	וְ⁠לֹֽא־יִֽהְיֶ֨ה בָ⁠כֶ֥ם נֶ֨גֶף֙	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and I will not put the plague on you”
12:13	ox3l		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	בְּ⁠אֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם	1	Yahweh is going to strike the people and animals who live in **the land of Egypt**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “on everything living in the land of Egypt”
12:14	fa9q			וְ⁠הָיָה֩ הַ⁠יּ֨וֹם הַ⁠זֶּ֤ה	1	Verses 14-[20](../12/20.md) are instructions for the Israelites’ future celebration of the Passover. If your language makes a distinction between near and far future events or between near and general commands, you may need to make clear that these verses primarily have a later application.
12:14	usns		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths	הַ⁠יּ֨וֹם הַ⁠זֶּ֤ה	1	Here, **this day** means the tenth day of the first month of every year. On this day every year, they must celebrate the Passover.
12:15	xsb9			אַ֚ךְ	1	Alternate translation: “Surely” or “Indeed”
12:15	i9n3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	וְ⁠נִכְרְתָ֞ה הַ⁠נֶּ֤פֶשׁ הַ⁠הִוא֙ מִ⁠יִּשְׂרָאֵ֔ל	1	The metaphor **cut off** could mean: (1) the person must leave. Alternate translation: “he must be sent away” (2) the person is no longer an Israelite. Alternate translation: “he will no longer be considered to be one of the people of Israel” (3) the person must die. Alternate translation: “he must be killed”
12:15	enw3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	וְ⁠נִכְרְתָ֞ה הַ⁠נֶּ֤פֶשׁ הַ⁠הִוא֙ מִ⁠יִּשְׂרָאֵ֔ל	1	As noted in the previous note, the metaphor **cut off** has at least three possible meanings. By whom that person will be cut off is not specified; it could be the Israelites or Yahweh. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The following alternate translations express those: (1) “the people of Israel must send him away” or (2) “I will no longer consider him to be one of the people of Israel” or (3) “the people of Israel must kill him”
12:15	eqzu		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns	מִ⁠יִּשְׂרָאֵ֔ל	1	**Israel** is a collective noun referring to the nation or people group. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you can use a different expression. Alternate translation: “from the Israelites”
12:16	bzj6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	וּ⁠בַ⁠יּ֤וֹם הָ⁠רִאשׁוֹן֙ מִקְרָא־קֹ֔דֶשׁ וּ⁠בַ⁠יּוֹם֙ הַ⁠שְּׁבִיעִ֔י מִקְרָא־קֹ֖דֶשׁ יִהְיֶ֣ה לָ⁠כֶ֑ם	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “And on the first day and on the seventh day, you shall have an assembly of holiness”
12:16	cb1r		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	מִקְרָא־קֹ֔דֶשׁ & מִקְרָא־קֹ֖דֶשׁ	1	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **holiness**, you can express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “a holy assembly … a holy assembly”
12:16	o3oh		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal	וּ⁠בַ⁠יּ֤וֹם הָ⁠רִאשׁוֹן֙ & וּ⁠בַ⁠יּוֹם֙ הַ⁠שְּׁבִיעִ֔י	1	If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “And on day one of the month … and on day seven of the month”
12:16	l7pj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	כָּל־מְלָאכָה֙ לֹא־יֵעָשֶׂ֣ה בָ⁠הֶ֔ם	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You will do no work on these days”
12:16	qr65		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ה֥וּא לְ⁠בַדּ֖⁠וֹ יֵעָשֶׂ֥ה לָ⁠כֶֽם	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “which must be the only work that you do”
12:17	r3qj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	צִבְאוֹתֵי⁠כֶ֖ם	1	The term **hosts** refers to a large group of people, often organized into groups for war. See how you translated this in [Exodus 6:26](../06/26.md). Alternate translation: “your groups” or “your divisions”
12:18	v7g9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal	בָּ⁠רִאשֹׁ֡ן בְּ⁠אַרְבָּעָה֩ עָשָׂ֨ר י֤וֹם לַ⁠חֹ֨דֶשׁ֙ & עַ֠ד י֣וֹם הָ⁠אֶחָ֧ד וְ⁠עֶשְׂרִ֛ים לַ⁠חֹ֖דֶשׁ	1	If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “In month one, on day fourteen … until day twenty-one of the month”
12:18	l57q		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal	בָּ⁠רִאשֹׁ֡ן בְּ⁠אַרְבָּעָה֩ עָשָׂ֨ר י֤וֹם לַ⁠חֹ֨דֶשׁ֙ & עַ֠ד י֣וֹם הָ⁠אֶחָ֧ד וְ⁠עֶשְׂרִ֛ים לַ⁠חֹ֖דֶשׁ	1	If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here.
12:18	m475		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths	בָּ⁠רִאשֹׁ֡ן בְּ⁠אַרְבָּעָה֩ עָשָׂ֨ר י֤וֹם לַ⁠חֹ֨דֶשׁ֙	1	This is the first month of the Hebrew calendar. The fourteenth day is near the beginning of April on Western calendars. You could convert the Hebrew day and month into an approximate date on the calendar that your culture uses. However, the Jews used a lunar calendar, so if you use a solar calendar, the date will be different every year and the translation will not be entirely accurate. So you may just want to give the number of the day and the name of the month on the Hebrew calendar, and say approximately what time of year that is on your calendar in a footnote.
12:18	uss3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths	י֣וֹם הָ⁠אֶחָ֧ד וְ⁠עֶשְׂרִ֛ים לַ⁠חֹ֖דֶשׁ	1	This is near the middle of April on Western calendars. You could convert the Hebrew day and month into an approximate date on the calendar that your culture uses. However, the Jews used a lunar calendar, so if you use a solar calendar, the date will be different every year and the translation will not be entirely accurate. So you may just want to give the number of the day and the name of the month on the Hebrew calendar, and say approximately what time of year that is on your calendar in a footnote.
12:19	aej1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	שְׂאֹ֕ר לֹ֥א יִמָּצֵ֖א בְּ⁠בָתֵּי⁠כֶ֑ם	1	This means there should not be any yeast in their houses. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Note that the UST more accurately conveys the meaning here, as the alternate translation in this note could be understood to mean that you must simply hide the yeast very well. Alternate translation: “Yahweh must not find any yeast in your houses”
12:19	vy72		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	וְ⁠נִכְרְתָ֞ה הַ⁠נֶּ֤פֶשׁ הַ⁠הִוא֙ מֵ⁠עֲדַ֣ת יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל	1	See how you translated **cut off** in [Exodus 12:15](../12/15.md).
12:19	cwvs		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	וְ⁠נִכְרְתָ֞ה הַ⁠נֶּ֤פֶשׁ הַ⁠הִוא֙ מֵ⁠עֲדַ֣ת יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל	1	See how you translated **cut off** in [Exodus 12:15](../12/15.md).
12:21	y9qt		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent	summoned	0	A new scene begins at this verse, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language.
12:22	qwv1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	אֲגֻדַּ֣ת אֵז֗וֹב	1	**Hyssop** is a woody plant with small leaves that can be used for sprinkling liquids by dipping the leaves in the liquid and then shaking them or brushing them over the target. If this plant is unknown, you can use a descriptor phrase. Alternate translation: “part of a plant with small branches and many leaves”
12:22	c1cf			אֶל־הַ⁠מַּשְׁקוֹף֙ וְ⁠אֶל־שְׁתֵּ֣י הַ⁠מְּזוּזֹ֔ת	1	Alternate translation: “on the sides and top of the way into the house.” See how you translated a similar phrase in [Exodus 12:7](../12/07.md).
12:22	vdlj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations	לֹ֥א & אִ֥ישׁ	1	Here, **man** includes women and children. Alternate translation: “no person”
12:23	uu61		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	וּ⁠פָסַ֤ח יְהוָה֙ עַל־הַ⁠פֶּ֔תַח	1	Here the word **door** implies the entire house. This means that God will spare the Israelites in houses with blood on the door frames. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and Yahweh will pass over the house”
12:23	onpu			עַל־הַ⁠מַּשְׁק֔וֹף וְ⁠עַ֖ל שְׁתֵּ֣י הַ⁠מְּזוּזֹ֑ת	1	Alternate translation: “on the sides and top of the way into the house” See how you translated a similar phrase in [Exodus 12:7](../12/07.md).
12:24	v7z5			הַ⁠דָּבָ֣ר הַ⁠זֶּ֑ה	1	These words refer to the Passover or Festival of Unleavened Bread. Observing the Passover was an act of worshiping Yahweh.
12:24	bzm0		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd	לְ⁠ךָ֥ וּ⁠לְ⁠בָנֶ֖י⁠ךָ	1	Here, **you** and **your** are singular but they refer to the whole nation. If the singular form would not be natural in your language for someone who was speaking to a group of people, you could use the plural forms of “you” in your translation.
12:24	ch73		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations	וּ⁠לְ⁠בָנֶ֖י⁠ךָ	1	Here, **sons** includes everyone.
12:25	l8ls			הָ⁠עֲבֹדָ֥ה הַ⁠זֹּֽאת	1	Here, **this service** refers to the Passover or Festival of Unleavened Bread. Observing the Passover was an act of worshiping Yahweh.
12:26	hbh4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations	בְּנֵי⁠כֶ֑ם	1	Here, **your sons** refers to all children, as in the UST.
12:26	odj0		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes	אֲלֵי⁠כֶ֖ם & מָ֛ה הָ⁠עֲבֹדָ֥ה הַ⁠זֹּ֖את לָ⁠כֶֽם	1	After **you**, a second-level quotation begins. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation within a quotation. However, you may want to translate this as an indirect quotation in order to reduce the layers of quotations in this passage. Alternative translation: “to you what this ritual means to you,”
12:27	t779		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וְ⁠אֶת־בָּתֵּ֣י⁠נוּ הִצִּ֑יל	1	This means that Yahweh spared the Israelites’ firstborn sons. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “He did not kill the firstborn sons in our houses”
12:28	r5cj			כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֨ר צִוָּ֧ה יְהוָ֛ה אֶת־מֹשֶׁ֥ה וְ⁠אַהֲרֹ֖ן כֵּ֥ן עָשֽׂוּ	1	Alternate translation: “everything that Yahweh told Moses and Aaron to do”
12:29	rvg9				0	The next few verses are the climax of this part of Exodus. A number of literary features mark it out. First, it is specially introduced with **and so it happened,** which is used to mark major breaks in the narrative. Second, it uses repetition: **firstborn** is repeated four times in verse 29 so that the reader cannot possibly miss what is happening. **Night** is repeated in verse 29, 30, and 31. **Got up/get up** is repeated in verse 30 and 31. In verses 31 and 32 “also” occurs five times (it is translated as “both” once in the ULT). Third, the places of both **Pharaoh** and **the captive** are elaborated on to slow the pace and create a vivid mental image for the reader. In verse 30 there is the listing of sorts of people who got up; note the use of the double negative for emphasis. Your translation should attempt to use the same or similar literary features of your own language that slow down the pace, create vivid imagery, and emphasize that this is a climax point.
12:29	zm1l		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism	מִ⁠בְּכֹ֤ר פַּרְעֹה֙ הַ⁠יֹּשֵׁ֣ב עַל־כִּסְא֔⁠וֹ עַ֚ד בְּכ֣וֹר הַ⁠שְּׁבִ֔י אֲשֶׁ֖ר בְּ⁠בֵ֣ית הַ⁠בּ֑וֹר וְ⁠כֹ֖ל בְּכ֥וֹר בְּהֵמָֽה	1	This phrase indicates that there was no person or household excluded from Yahweh’s judgment. It both speaks of extreme parts of society and then makes this into a list by including the animals. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “the firstborn of Pharaoh who sits on the throne and the firstborn of the captive who was in the house of the pit and the firstborn of everyone in between was struck; even all the firstborn of the beasts were struck”
12:29	uj6u			בְּכוֹר֮ & מִ⁠בְּכֹ֤ר & בְּכ֣וֹר & בְּכ֥וֹר	1	In these usages, **firstborn** always refers to the oldest male offspring. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Exodus 11:5](../11/05.md).
12:29	g9z1			עַ֚ד בְּכ֣וֹר הַ⁠שְּׁבִ֔י אֲשֶׁ֖ר בְּ⁠בֵ֣ית הַ⁠בּ֑וֹר	1	Alternate translation: “to the firstborn of people in the house of the pit” This refers to prisoners in general and not to a specific person in prison.
12:30	gt4w		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives	כִּֽי־אֵ֣ין בַּ֔יִת אֲשֶׁ֥ר אֵֽין־שָׁ֖ם מֵֽת׃	1	If this double negative would be misunderstood in your language, you could translate it as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “because someone was dead in every house”
12:31	j8k5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual	אַתֶּ֖ם & כְּ⁠דַבֶּרְ⁠כֶֽם	1	Here, Pharaoh speaking is to both Moses and Aaron. If your language uses a different form if two are people addressed, use a dual form here.
12:33	j5u4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	כֻּלָּ֥⁠נוּ מֵתִֽים	1	The Egyptians were afraid that they would die if the Israelites did not leave Egypt. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “We will all die if you do not leave”
12:34	diw8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	מִשְׁאֲרֹתָ֛⁠ם צְרֻרֹ֥ת בְּ⁠שִׂמְלֹתָ֖⁠ם עַל־שִׁכְמָֽ⁠ם	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “They tied up their bread-making bowls in their clothes and placed them on their shoulders”
12:36	nvmo		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	אֶת־חֵ֥ן הָ⁠עָ֛ם בְּ⁠עֵינֵ֥י מִצְרַ֖יִם	1	Here, **in the eyes of the Egyptians** is an idiom for the Egyptian’s feelings or opinion. **Favor** means that those feelings are positive. Taken together, this means that when the Egyptians saw the Israelites leaving Egypt, they gladly helped them (because they wanted them to leave so badly due to the Egyptians suffering under God’s judgment). If your language has the same or a similar idiom, you can translate or use it. Otherwise, you can translate the meaning. See how you translated this in [3:21](../03/21.md).
12:37	n1ha		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	מֵ⁠רַעְמְסֵ֖ס	1	**Rameses** was a major Egyptian city where grain was stored. See how you translated this in [Exodus 1:11](../01/11.md).
12:37	u81l		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	כְּ⁠שֵׁשׁ־מֵא֨וֹת אֶ֧לֶף	1	Alternate translation: “about six hundred thousand”
12:39	pva6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	כִּֽי־גֹרְשׁ֣וּ מִ⁠מִּצְרַ֗יִם	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “because the Egyptians had driven them out of Egypt”
12:40	qsi5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	שְׁלֹשִׁ֣ים & וְ⁠אַרְבַּ֥ע מֵא֖וֹת	1	Alternate translation: “four hundred thirty”
12:41	d8yh		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	שְׁלֹשִׁ֣ים & וְ⁠אַרְבַּ֥ע מֵא֖וֹת	1	Alternate translation: “four hundred thirty”
12:41	xlf4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	צִבְא֥וֹת	1	The term **hosts** refers to a large group of people, often organized into groups for war. See how you translated this in [Exodus 6:26](../06/26.md). Alternate translation: “your groups” or “your divisions”
12:42	w6mj			לַֽ⁠יהוָ֔ה שִׁמֻּרִ֛ים לְ⁠כָל־בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל לְ⁠דֹרֹתָֽ⁠ם	1	Alternate translation: “for all the sons of Israel throughout their generations to observe for Yahweh”
12:44	n9wn			וְ⁠כָל־עֶ֥בֶד אִ֖ישׁ	1	Alternate translation: “But any slave of an Israelite”
12:44	qabi		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical	וּ⁠מַלְתָּ֣ה אֹת֔⁠וֹ אָ֖ז	1	This is a hypothetical situation. You will need to use whatever form your language uses to mark something as potentially true.
12:44	jqs8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular	וּ⁠מַלְתָּ֣ה	1	Here **you** is singular. It refers to a specific man and his slave. It might make more sense to use the third person here. Alternate translation: “if he circumcised”
12:46	j242		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	בְּ⁠בַ֤יִת אֶחָד֙ יֵאָכֵ֔ל	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You must eat it in one house”
12:46	iovj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd	לֹא־תוֹצִ֧יא	1	Here, **you** is singular, however it is used to address a crowd. If the singular form would not be natural in your language for someone who was speaking to a group of people, you could use the plural forms of “you” in your translation.
12:48	j7ob		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical	וְ⁠כִֽי־יָג֨וּר אִתְּ⁠ךָ֜ גֵּ֗ר וְ⁠עָ֣שָׂה פֶסַח֮ לַ⁠יהוָה֒	1	This is a two-part hypothetical situation. It describes the circumstance and desire of the sojourner; the next portion says what he must do. You will need to use whatever form your language uses to mark something as potentially true.
12:48	va2p		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd	אִתְּ⁠ךָ֜	1	Here, **you** is singular, however it is used to address a crowd. If the singular form would not be natural in your language for someone who was speaking to a group of people, you could use the plural forms of “you” in your translation.
12:48	h7k9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	הִמּ֧וֹל ל֣⁠וֹ כָל־זָכָ֗ר	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “someone must circumcise all males in his household”
12:48	n3fz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal	הִמּ֧וֹל ל֣⁠וֹ כָל־זָכָ֗ר וְ⁠אָז֙ יִקְרַ֣ב לַ⁠עֲשֹׂת֔⁠וֹ	1	The sojourner will be circumcised in order to **draw near to keep** the Passover. Some languages may need to place the purpose clause first. Alternate translation: “in order draw near to keep it all his males must be circumcised”
12:48	hi4z		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	כְּ⁠אֶזְרַ֣ח הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ	1	Here, **land** refers to Canaan—which is the land that the Israelites will soon live in. The expression **a native of the land** means a person who is a native Israelite. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “those who are Israelites by birth”
12:48	f9ti		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives	וְ⁠כָל־עָרֵ֖ל לֹֽא־יֹ֥אכַל בּֽ⁠וֹ	1	If this double negative would be misunderstood in your language, you could translate it as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “And only a circumcised person may eat it”
12:51	e3z3			וַ⁠יְהִ֕י בְּ⁠עֶ֖צֶם הַ⁠יּ֣וֹם הַ⁠זֶּ֑ה	1	This phrase is used here to mark an important event in the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here.
12:51	tyj3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	צִבְאֹתָֽ⁠ם	1	The term **hosts** refers to a large group of people often organized into groups for war. See how you translated this in [Exodus 6:26](../06/26.md). Alternate translation: “your groups” or “your divisions”
13:intro	g9qi				0	# Exodus 13 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\n1. Instruction\n    - v. 1–2: First mention of setting apart the firstborn\n    - v. 3–10: Reiteration of the Passover instructions from [12:14–20](../12/14.md) and [24–27](../12/24.md), with a focus on telling to Yahweh’s deeds to the future generations of Israelites\n    - v. 11–13: More details on setting apart the firstborn\n    - v. 14–16: Reiteration of purpose: telling to future generations\n2. Narrative\n    - v. 17–22: Some details of the exodus\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n* There are several concepts that will be important to understand and translate with care (some have already been encountered in Exodus). They are: set apart, sign, symbol, redemption, and sacrifice.\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n* There are a number of names of people groups and places in this chapter. However, many have been translated in earlier passages.\n* Transporting the bones of Joseph may be an unknown concept in some places.\n* It may take some time to decide on a good translation for the pillars of fire and cloud that lead the Israelites.
13:2	de3u		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks	קַדֶּשׁ־לִ֨⁠י כָל־בְּכ֜וֹר פֶּ֤טֶר כָּל־רֶ֨חֶם֙ בִּ⁠בְנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל בָּ⁠אָדָ֖ם וּ⁠בַ⁠בְּהֵמָ֑ה לִ֖⁠י הֽוּא	1	This entire verse is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. There may be other quotations in this chapter; they will be marked by the same punctuation, but they will not have their own notes unless there is something unique about them.
13:3	en1s		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	מִ⁠בֵּ֣ית עֲבָדִ֔ים	1	Moses speaks of Egypt as if it were a house where people keep slaves. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the place where you were slaves”
13:3	yjy5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	בְּ⁠חֹ֣זֶק יָ֔ד	1	Here, **hand** refers to power. See how you translated “strong hand” in [Exodus 6:1](../06/01.md).
13:3	c6ee		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	וְ⁠לֹ֥א יֵאָכֵ֖ל חָמֵֽץ	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language, as in the UST.
13:4	y1f3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths	הָ⁠אָבִֽיב	1	This is the name of the first month of the Hebrew calendar. Aviv is during the last part of March and the first part of April on Western calendars. You could convert the Hebrew day and month into an approximate date on the calendar that your culture uses. However, the Jews used a lunar calendar, so if you use a solar calendar, the date will be different every year and the translation will not be entirely accurate. So you may just want to give the number of the day and the name of the month on the Hebrew calendar, and say approximately what time of year that is on your calendar in a footnote.
13:5	x89s			וְ⁠הָיָ֣ה כִֽי־יְבִֽיאֲ⁠ךָ֣ יְהוָ֡ה אֶל־אֶ֣רֶץ & וְ⁠עָבַדְתָּ֛ אֶת־הָ⁠עֲבֹדָ֥ה הַ⁠זֹּ֖את בַּ⁠חֹ֥דֶשׁ הַ⁠זֶּֽה	1	When the Israelites live in Canaan, they must celebrate the Passover on this day each year. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Exodus 12:25](../12/25.md).
13:5	u37l		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	לַ⁠אֲבֹתֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙	1	Here, **fathers** means “ancestors.” Alternate translation: “to your ancestors”
13:5	ueej			אֶ֛רֶץ זָבַ֥ת חָלָ֖ב וּ⁠דְבָ֑שׁ	1	The same description occurs in [Exodus 3:8](../03/08.md). See how you translated it there and in the several notes for it.
13:6	vwy9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	שִׁבְעַ֥ת	1	Alternate translation: “7”
13:6	mde6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal	וּ⁠בַ⁠יּוֹם֙ הַ⁠שְּׁבִיעִ֔י	1	If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “and on day 7”
13:7	n41m		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	מַצּוֹת֙ יֵֽאָכֵ֔ל	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You must eat unleavened bread”
13:7	zm8p		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	שִׁבְעַ֣ת	1	Alternate translation: “7”
13:7	le33		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	וְ⁠לֹֽא־יֵרָאֶ֨ה לְ⁠ךָ֜ חָמֵ֗ץ	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you may not have any bread with yeast among you”
13:7	c9kr		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	וְ⁠לֹֽא־יֵרָאֶ֥ה לְ⁠ךָ֛ שְׂאֹ֖ר	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You may not have any yeast”
13:7	dmv1			בְּ⁠כָל־גְּבֻלֶֽ⁠ךָ	1	Alternate translation: “inside any of the borders of your land”
13:8	qum9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes	בַּ⁠יּ֥וֹם הַ⁠ה֖וּא לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר בַּ⁠עֲב֣וּר זֶ֗ה עָשָׂ֤ה יְהוָה֙ לִ֔⁠י בְּ⁠צֵאתִ֖⁠י מִ⁠מִּצְרָֽיִם	1	The quotation can be stated as an indirect quote. Alternate translation: “on that day that this is because of what Yahweh did for you when you came out of Egypt”
13:9	p21h		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	וְ⁠הָיָה֩ לְ⁠ךָ֨ לְ⁠א֜וֹת עַל־יָדְ⁠ךָ֗ וּ⁠לְ⁠זִכָּרוֹן֙ בֵּ֣ין עֵינֶ֔י⁠ךָ	1	This phrase compares the Festival of Unleavened bread to two different types of physical reminders that help people not forget something important.
13:9	s7zg		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	לְ⁠ךָ֨ לְ⁠א֜וֹת עַל־יָדְ⁠ךָ֗	1	Moses speaks of celebrating the festival as if it were an object one could tie around their hands to remind them of what Yahweh had done. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “like something you tie around your hand as a reminder”
13:9	mru4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	וּ⁠לְ⁠זִכָּרוֹן֙ בֵּ֣ין עֵינֶ֔י⁠ךָ	1	Moses speaks of celebrating the festival as if it were an object one could tie on their foreheads to remind them of what Yahweh had done. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and like something you tie around your head as a reminder”
13:9	b6ny		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	לְמַ֗עַן תִּהְיֶ֛ה תּוֹרַ֥ת יְהוָ֖ה בְּ⁠פִ֑י⁠ךָ	1	Here, **in your mouth** refers to the words that they speak. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “so you may always be speaking of the law of Yahweh”
13:9	w5rm		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	בְּ⁠יָ֣ד חֲזָקָ֔ה	1	Here, **hand** refers to power. See how you translated “strong hand” in [Exodus 6:1](../06/01.md).
13:10	rxel		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism	מִ⁠יָּמִ֖ים יָמִֽימָ⁠ה	1	Alternate translation: “for all time”
13:11	e886		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	וְ⁠לַֽ⁠אֲבֹתֶ֑י⁠ךָ	1	Here, **fathers** means “ancestors.” Alternate translation: “to your ancestors”
13:11	iqh5			וּ⁠נְתָנָ֖⁠הּ לָֽ⁠ךְ	1	Alternate translation: “when he gives the land of the Canaanites to you”
13:12	mqgs			וְ⁠הַעֲבַרְתָּ֥	1	This is a deliberate word-play with [Exodus 12:12](../12/12.md) and [Exodus 12:23](../12/23.md) because these memorial sacrifices are to be reminders of what happened at the first Passover. It would be good to make a similar word-play in your translation, if possible, but following the meaning as in the UST is fine.
13:13	lwv5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	בְ⁠שֶׂ֔ה & וַ⁠עֲרַפְתּ֑⁠וֹ	1	If it would be helpful to your readers, you could make explicit that either the **lamb** or **donkey** must be killed, as in the UST.
13:13	ew26			לֹ֥א תִפְדֶּ֖ה	1	Alternate translation: “you do not ransom the donkey”
13:14	s8cm		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes	כִּֽי־יִשְׁאָלְ⁠ךָ֥ בִנְ⁠ךָ֛ מָחָ֖ר לֵ⁠אמֹ֣ר מַה־זֹּ֑את וְ⁠אָמַרְתָּ֣ אֵלָ֔י⁠ו	1	The first quotation can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “when your son asks you later what this means, then you are to tell him”
13:14	qr7q		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	בְּ⁠חֹ֣זֶק יָ֗ד	1	Here, **hand** represents God’s actions or works. See how you translated this in [Exodus 6:1](../06/01.md). Alternate translation: “With his powerful works”
13:14	rcz7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	מִ⁠בֵּ֥ית עֲבָדִֽים	1	Moses speaks of Egypt as if it were a house where people keep slaves. See how you translated this in [Exodus 13:3](../13/03.md). Alternate translation: “from the place where you were slaves”
13:15	fgvg		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	כִּֽי־הִקְשָׁ֣ה פַרְעֹה֮ לְ⁠שַׁלְּחֵ⁠נוּ֒	1	If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. This means he was stubborn. His stubborn attitude is spoken of as if he were **hard.** Alternate translation: “that when Pharaoh resisted letting us go”
13:15	atxz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism	מִ⁠בְּכֹ֥ר אָדָ֖ם וְ⁠עַד־בְּכ֣וֹר בְּהֵמָ֑ה	1	This is a figure of speech used to emphasize the extent of the plague, nothing was exempt. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “whether he was a person or an animal”
13:16	bse4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	וְ⁠הָיָ֤ה לְ⁠אוֹת֙ עַל־יָ֣דְ⁠כָ֔ה וּ⁠לְ⁠טוֹטָפֹ֖ת בֵּ֣ין עֵינֶ֑י⁠ךָ	1	This expresses two ways to remember the importance of the Passover event. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Exodus 13:9](../13/09.md).
13:16	xfag		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	בְּ⁠חֹ֣זֶק יָ֔ד	1	Here, **hand** represents God’s actions or works. See how you translated this in [Exodus 6:1](../06/01.md). Alternate translation: “with his powerful works”
13:17	uxjh		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background		0	Verses 17–19 provide background information about the Israelites process of leaving Egypt. Use the natural form in your language for expressing background information.
13:17	cv8n		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent	וַ⁠יְהִ֗י	1	This marks the transition from instruction to narrative. You should mark the resumption of the narrative in a natural way in your language.
13:17	pum6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast	וְ⁠לֹא־נָחָ֣⁠ם אֱלֹהִ֗ים דֶּ֚רֶךְ אֶ֣רֶץ פְּלִשְׁתִּ֔ים כִּ֥י קָר֖וֹב ה֑וּא	1	The route on which God took the Israelites was not the expected route. In some languages you may need to put the portion that describes the expectation first. Alternate translation: “although it was nearby, God did not lead them by way of the land of the Philistines.”
13:17	upop		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo	פֶּֽן־יִנָּחֵ֥ם הָ⁠עָ֛ם בִּ⁠רְאֹתָ֥⁠ם מִלְחָמָ֖ה וְ⁠שָׁ֥בוּ מִצְרָֽיְמָ⁠ה	1	In some languages you may need to put the reason before the hypothetical result. Alternate translation: “When they see war, they may repent and return to Egypt”
13:18	c4tw			וַ⁠חֲמֻשִׁ֛ים	1	The meaning of this term (**by fives**) is uncertain. Many English translations opt for something like “prepared for battle,” because this seems to be the meaning in Numbers 32:17 and the related verses in Joshua 1:14 and 4:12. Because of what the previous verse said about war, it may mean that they went out in formation—like an army would march—but perhaps not armed. Alternate translation: “And … in formation like an army”
13:19	cxyk			וַ⁠יִּקַּ֥ח מֹשֶׁ֛ה אֶת־עַצְמ֥וֹת יוֹסֵ֖ף עִמּ֑⁠וֹ	1	See Joshua 24:32 regarding the burial of Joseph’s bones.
13:19	dnlp			פָּקֹ֨ד יִפְקֹ֤ד אֱלֹהִים֙ אֶתְ⁠כֶ֔ם וְ⁠הַעֲלִיתֶ֧ם אֶת־עַצְמֹתַ֛⁠י מִ⁠זֶּ֖ה אִתְּ⁠כֶֽם	1	This is an almost exact quote of what Joseph said in Genesis 50:25; reference your translation there when translating this.
13:20	qob9			מִ⁠סֻּכֹּ֑ת וַ⁠יַּחֲנ֣וּ בְ⁠אֵתָ֔ם	1	Alternate translation: “from a place named Succoth, and they camped at a place named Etham”
13:20	xq5d		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	בְ⁠אֵתָ֔ם	1	**Etham** was possibly located south of the route heading toward the Philistines, at the border of the wilderness.
13:21	yi2p		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	וַֽ⁠יהוָ֡ה הֹלֵךְ֩ לִ⁠פְנֵי⁠הֶ֨ם	1	Here, **before their faces** means “in front of the people.” Alternate translation: “And Yahweh led them by going in front of them”
13:21	jnv8			בְּ⁠עַמּ֤וּד עָנָן֙ & בְּ⁠עַמּ֥וּד אֵ֖שׁ	1	The possessive here indicates characteristic. The **cloud** and **fire** looked like a **pillar**. Alternate translation: “in a cloud that looked like a pillar … in a fire that looked like a pillar” or “in a pillar-shaped cloud … in a pillar-shaped fire”
13:21	nr02			לְ⁠הָאִ֣יר לָ⁠הֶ֑ם	1	Alternate translation: “to be light for them”
13:21	i7yl		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result	אֵ֖שׁ לְ⁠הָאִ֣יר לָ⁠הֶ֑ם לָ⁠לֶ֖כֶת יוֹמָ֥ם וָ⁠לָֽיְלָה	1	They could travel either by day or night because God provided light at night. You could reorder the cause and effect if that is more natural in your language. Alternate translation: “fire. They could go by day or by night because he was light to them.”
13:22	iiuj			עַמּ֤וּד הֶֽ⁠עָנָן֙ יוֹמָ֔ם וְ⁠עַמּ֥וּד הָ⁠אֵ֖שׁ לָ֑יְלָה	1	See how you translated this in [13:21](../13/21.md).
13:22	qxks		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	לִ⁠פְנֵ֖י הָ⁠עָֽם	1	Here, **from the face of the people** means “from in front of the people” where they could see it. Alternate translation: “from where they could see it”
14:intro	jq4u				0	# Exodus 14 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis whole chapter is the record of an important event in the history of Israel known as the “parting of the sea of reeds (Red Sea).”\nThroughout this chapter and chapter 15, the word “sea” is used. Exodus 13:18 and 15:22 show that this is the sea of reeds (Red Sea). Since the text does not explicitly say that though, the ULT will only say “sea.” In your translation, it may help people to be more specific than the text if just using “sea” is confusing.\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Pharaoh’s chariots\n\nThese chariots were a fighting force. Pharaoh took an army to kill the Hebrew people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in this Chapter\n\n### Rhetorical Questions\n\nThe Israelites asked a few rhetorical questions of Moses. These questions were not really directed at Moses, but at Yahweh. This showed their lack of faith in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])
14:2	b5qq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks	דַּבֵּר֮	1	This verse begins a direct quote which continues into [13:4](../13/04.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. There may be other quotations in this chapter; they will be marked by the same punctuation, but they will not have their own notes unless there is something unique about them.
14:2	mb4e		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	פִּ֣י הַחִירֹ֔ת & מִגְדֹּ֖ל & בַּ֣עַל צְפֹ֔ן	1	These are locations on Egypt’s eastern border.
14:2	ue2o		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations	בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵל֒ וְ⁠יָשֻׁ֗בוּ וְ⁠יַחֲנוּ֙ לִ⁠פְנֵי֙ פִּ֣י הַחִירֹ֔ת בֵּ֥ין מִגְדֹּ֖ל וּ⁠בֵ֣ין הַ⁠יָּ֑ם לִ⁠פְנֵי֙ בַּ֣עַל צְפֹ֔ן	1	The portion after **that** could be translated as a direct quotation. That would make a second-level direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “the sons of Israel, ‘Turn and camp before the face of Pi Hahiroth, between Migdol and the sea, before the face of Baal Zephon.’”
14:2	c9r8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual	תַחֲנ֖וּ	1	Here, **you** is plural and refers to Moses and the Israelites. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here.
14:3	c81b		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations	וְ⁠אָמַ֤ר פַּרְעֹה֙ לִ⁠בְנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל נְבֻכִ֥ים הֵ֖ם בָּ⁠אָ֑רֶץ סָגַ֥ר עֲלֵי⁠הֶ֖ם הַ⁠מִּדְבָּֽר	1	If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “Pharaoh will say that the Israelites are confused in the land, and the wilderness has closed in on them”
14:3	tz6j		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	סָגַ֥ר עֲלֵי⁠הֶ֖ם הַ⁠מִּדְבָּֽר	1	Pharaoh speaks of **the wilderness** as a person who has trapped the Israelites. If this might be confusing for your readers, you could express this meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “It is as if the wilderness is closing in on them.”
14:4	dv62		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	וְ⁠חִזַּקְתִּ֣י אֶת־לֵב־פַּרְעֹה֮	1	This means God will make him stubborn. His stubborn attitude is spoken of as if his **heart** were **strong.** If the **heart** is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. See how you translated this in [4:21](../04/21.md). Alternate translation: “But I will cause Pharaoh to be stubborn”
14:4	tw2m			וְ⁠רָדַ֣ף אַחֲרֵי⁠הֶם֒	1	Alternate translation: “and Pharaoh will pursue the Israelites”
14:4	d5x1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	וְ⁠אִכָּבְדָ֤ה	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “And people will glorify me”
14:4	a7m2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	וְ⁠אִכָּבְדָ֤ה בְּ⁠פַרְעֹה֙ וּ⁠בְ⁠כָל־חֵיל֔⁠וֹ	1	Yahweh is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “And I will be glorified because of what I do to Pharaoh and to all his army”
14:4	dms1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠יַּֽעֲשׂוּ־כֵֽן	1	If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express what **they did** explicitly. Alternate translation: “So the Israelites turned and camped as Yahweh had instructed them”
14:5	t4cn		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	וַ⁠יֻּגַּד֙ לְ⁠מֶ֣לֶךְ מִצְרַ֔יִם	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Then someone told the king of Egypt”
14:5	it5s			בָרַ֖ח	1	Alternate translation: “had run away”
14:5	k67b		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	וַ֠⁠יֵּהָפֵךְ לְבַ֨ב פַּרְעֹ֤ה וַ⁠עֲבָדָי⁠ו֙ אֶל־הָ⁠עָ֔ם	1	Here, **heart** refers to their attitudes toward the Israelites. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “and Pharaoh and his servants changed their attitude about the people”
14:5	go8u		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	וַ֠⁠יֵּהָפֵךְ לְבַ֨ב פַּרְעֹ֤ה וַ⁠עֲבָדָי⁠ו֙ אֶל־הָ⁠עָ֔ם	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and Pharaoh and his servants turned their hearts to the people”
14:5	wljw			אֶל־הָ⁠עָ֔ם	1	Alternate translation: “against the Israelites”
14:5	v236		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	מַה־זֹּ֣את עָשִׂ֔ינוּ כִּֽי־שִׁלַּ֥חְנוּ אֶת־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל מֵ⁠עָבְדֵֽ⁠נוּ	1	They asked this question to show they thought they had done a foolish thing. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “We should not have let the Israelites go free from working for us!”
14:5	dnj3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns	יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל	1	This is a collective singular noun. If your language would not refer to a group of people in this way, you may need to translate it as plural. Alternate translation: “the Israelites”
14:7	ry11		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	שֵׁשׁ־מֵא֥וֹת	1	Alternate translation: “six hundred”
14:7	g2d9			וְ⁠שָׁלִשִׁ֖ם	1	The precise meaning of this term is not known. Alternate translations: “and officers” or “and shield-bearers” or “and three men”
14:8	a1r1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	וַ⁠יְחַזֵּ֣ק יְהֹוָ֗ה אֶת־לֵ֤ב פַּרְעֹה֙	1	This means God made him stubborn. His stubborn attitude is spoken of as if his **heart** were “strong.” If the **heart** is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. See how you translated this in [4:21](../04/21.md). Alternate translation: “And Yahweh caused Pharaoh to be stubborn”
14:8	doa5			בְּ⁠יָ֥ד רָמָֽה	1	Alternate translation: “boldly” or “defiantly”
14:9	x9x0			כָּל־סוּס֙ רֶ֣כֶב פַּרְעֹ֔ה וּ⁠פָרָשָׁ֖י⁠ו וְ⁠חֵיל֑⁠וֹ	1	It is unclear exactly what the groupings are here. **Horses of the chariots** (probably meaning “horse-drawn chariots”) and **horsemen** could be two groups or two references to the same group. **Army** could mean another group, perhaps on foot (See: [15:19](../15/19.md)), or it could be a summary grouping. Furthermore, most translations render **horses of the chariots** as “horses and chariots,” suggesting four total groups (possibly because of [v. 23](../14/23.md)). Alternate translation: “all the horse-drawn chariots of Pharaoh and his horsemen and his foot soldiers”
14:9	q0jo		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	אוֹתָ⁠ם֙	1	Here, **them** refers to the Israelites. Alternate translation: “the Israelites”
14:9	sb7x		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	פִּי֙ הַֽחִירֹ֔ת & בַּ֥עַל צְפֹֽן	1	These are places on Egypt’s eastern border. See how you translated them in [Exodus 14:2](../14/02.md).
14:10	s1xa		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	וּ⁠פַרְעֹ֖ה הִקְרִ֑יב	1	Here, **Pharaoh** represents the entire Egyptian army. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Then Pharaoh and his army approached”
14:10	vyp9			וַ⁠יִּשְׂאוּ֩ בְנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֨ל אֶת־עֵינֵי⁠הֶ֜ם	1	Alternate translation: “and the sons of Israel looked up” or “and the sons of Israel looked back”
14:10	qcy1			וְ⁠הִנֵּ֥ה	1	Here, **behold** is used to draw attention to alarming information that follows. Use a word, phrase, or structure in your language that indicates that the next information is very alarming.
14:11	vzw5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	הַֽ⁠מִ⁠בְּלִ֤י אֵין־קְבָרִים֙ בְּ⁠מִצְרַ֔יִם לְקַחְתָּ֖⁠נוּ לָ⁠מ֣וּת בַּ⁠מִּדְבָּ֑ר	1	The Israelites ask this question to express their frustration and fear of dying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “There were plenty of graveyards in Egypt for us to be buried in. You did not have to take us into the wilderness to die!”
14:11	x4n2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	מַה־זֹּאת֙ עָשִׂ֣יתָ לָּ֔⁠נוּ לְ⁠הוֹצִיאָ֖⁠נוּ מִ⁠מִּצְרָֽיִם	1	The Israelites ask this question to rebuke Moses for bringing them to the desert to die. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “You should not have endangered us like this by bringing us out of Egypt!”
14:12	itb2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	הֲ⁠לֹא־זֶ֣ה הַ⁠דָּבָ֗ר אֲשֶׁר֩ דִּבַּ֨רְנוּ אֵלֶ֤י⁠ךָ בְ⁠מִצְרַ֨יִם֙	1	The Israelites ask this question to emphasize that this is what they had told Moses. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “This is exactly what we told you while we were in Egypt”
14:12	ix25		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations	בְ⁠מִצְרַ֨יִם֙ לֵ⁠אמֹ֔ר חֲדַ֥ל מִמֶּ֖⁠נּוּ וְ⁠נַֽעַבְדָ֣ה אֶת־מִצְרָ֑יִם	1	If it would be more natural in your language, you could express the portion following **saying** as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “in Egypt? We told you to leave us alone so we could serve the Egyptians.”
14:13	phy1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	וּ⁠רְאוּ֙ אֶת־יְשׁוּעַ֣ת יְהוָ֔ה אֲשֶׁר־יַעֲשֶׂ֥ה לָ⁠כֶ֖ם הַ⁠יּ֑וֹם	1	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **salvation**, you can express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “and see what Yahweh will do for you today, he will save you”
14:13	rrd4			לֹ֥א תֹסִ֛יפוּ לִ⁠רְאֹתָ֥⁠ם ע֖וֹד עַד־עוֹלָֽם	1	This statement is very extended for emphasis on its certainty. Alternate translation: “you will not see them again forever”
14:14	vcdc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns	יְהוָ֖ה יִלָּחֵ֣ם	1	The form **Yahweh himself** emphasizes what Yahweh will do in contrast to what the Israelites will do. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this emphasis. Alternate translation: “As for Yahweh, he will fight”
14:14	hx1f			תַּחֲרִישֽׁוּ⁠ן	1	Here, **silent** could mean “still.” The Israelites’ lack of action is in contrast to Yahweh’s fighting. It is not a total lack of motion or sound. Alternate translation: “you will not fight”
14:15	a727		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	מַה־תִּצְעַ֖ק אֵלָ֑⁠י	1	Moses apparently had been praying to God for help, so God uses this question to compel Moses to act. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Do not call out to me any longer, Moses.”
14:16	stla			הָרֵ֣ם אֶֽת־מַטְּ⁠ךָ֗ וּ⁠נְטֵ֧ה אֶת־יָדְ⁠ךָ֛	1	See note in the [introduction to chapter 8](../08/intro.md) regarding **hand** and **staff**.
14:16	t3e4			וּ⁠בְקָעֵ֑⁠הוּ	1	Alternate translation: “and divide the sea into two parts”
14:17	z5ub			וַ⁠אֲנִ֗י הִנְ⁠נִ֤י	1	Here, **behold me** is an expression meant to focus the attention of the listener on what the speaker is about to say. In this case, Yahweh is drawing attention to his next actions. Alternate translation: “Look at what I will do”
14:17	qd3l		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	מְחַזֵּק֙ אֶת־לֵ֣ב מִצְרַ֔יִם	1	This means that God will make them stubborn. Their stubborn attitude is spoken of as if their **hearts** were “strong.” If the **heart** is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. See how you translated this in [4:21](../04/21.md). Alternate translation: “I will cause the Egyptians to be stubborn”
14:17	asz9			וְ⁠יָבֹ֖אוּ אַחֲרֵי⁠הֶ֑ם	1	Alternate translation: “so that the Egyptians will go into the sea after the Israelites”
14:17	hjyh		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	וְ⁠אִכָּבְדָ֤ה בְּ⁠פַרְעֹה֙ וּ⁠בְ⁠כָל־חֵיל֔⁠וֹ בְּ⁠רִכְבּ֖⁠וֹ וּ⁠בְ⁠פָרָשָֽׁי⁠ו	1	Yahweh is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. See how you translated a similar phrase in [14:4](../14/04.md) Alternate translation: “And I will be glorified because of what I do to Pharaoh, all his army, his chariots, and his horsemen”
14:17	asfq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	וְ⁠אִכָּבְדָ֤ה	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “And people will glorify me”
14:18	ytnm		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	בְּ⁠הִכָּבְדִ֣⁠י	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “when I cause people to glorify me”
14:18	cji1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	בְּ⁠הִכָּבְדִ֣⁠י בְּ⁠פַרְעֹ֔ה בְּ⁠רִכְבּ֖⁠וֹ וּ⁠בְ⁠פָרָשָֽׁי⁠ו	1	Yahweh is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. See how you translated a similar phrase in [14:4](../14/04.md) Alternate translation: “when I get glory because of what I do to Pharaoh, his chariots, and his horsemen” or “when I show my glory by what I do to Pharaoh, his chariots, and his horsemen”
14:19	hsih		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	לִ⁠פְנֵי֙ מַחֲנֵ֣ה & מִ⁠פְּנֵי⁠הֶ֔ם	1	Here, **face** means “front.” Alternate translation: “in front of the camp of … from in front of them”
14:19	m1do			עַמּ֤וּד הֶֽ⁠עָנָן֙	1	See how you translated this in [13:21](../13/21.md).
14:19	ysv9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns	יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל	1	This is a collective singular noun. If your language would not refer to a group of people in this way, you may need to translate it as plural. Alternate translation: “the Israelites”
14:20	jyz2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns	יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל	1	This is a collective singular noun. If your language would not refer to a group of people in this way, you may need to translate it as plural. Alternate translation: “the Israelites”
14:20	c4u5			וַ⁠יְהִ֤י הֶֽ⁠עָנָן֙ וְ⁠הַ⁠חֹ֔שֶׁךְ וַ⁠יָּ֖אֶר אֶת־הַ⁠לָּ֑יְלָה	1	Alternate translation: “And the cloud became dark on one side and light on the other side all night”
14:21	qbzp			וַ⁠יֵּ֨ט מֹשֶׁ֣ה אֶת־יָד⁠וֹ֮ עַל־הַ⁠יָּם֒	1	See note in the [introduction to chapter 8](../08/intro.md) regarding the hand and staff.
14:21	dfx5			בְּ⁠ר֨וּחַ קָדִ֤ים	1	An **east wind** originates in the east and blows towards the west.
14:21	f9zh		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	וַ⁠יִּבָּקְע֖וּ הַ⁠מָּֽיִם	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “And Yahweh divided the waters”
14:24	iz9t		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	בְּ⁠אַשְׁמֹ֣רֶת הַ⁠בֹּ֔קֶר	1	This is the last third of the night. It is approximately the three hours before sunrise. Alternate translation: “very early in the morning” or “in the time before the sun rises”
14:24	kjg9			בְּ⁠עַמּ֥וּד אֵ֖שׁ וְ⁠עָנָ֑ן	1	See how you translated this in [13:21](../13/21.md).
14:24	zyp4			מַחֲנֵ֣ה מִצְרַ֔יִם & מַחֲנֵ֥ה מִצְרָֽיִם	1	Alternate translation: “the army of the Egyptians … the army of the Egyptians”
14:25	qzkw		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	מִ⁠פְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל	1	Here, **the face of Israel** means the presence of Israel. See the UST.
14:26	p5ds		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר יְהוָה֙ אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֔ה נְטֵ֥ה אֶת־יָדְ⁠ךָ֖ עַל־הַ⁠יָּ֑ם וְ⁠יָשֻׁ֤בוּ הַ⁠מַּ֨יִם֙ עַל־מִצְרַ֔יִם עַל־רִכְבּ֖⁠וֹ וְ⁠עַל־פָּרָשָֽׁי⁠ו׃	1	If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “Yahweh told Moses to reach out with his hand over the sea so that the waters would come back onto the Egyptians, their chariots, and their horsemen.”
14:26	pw8g			נְטֵ֥ה אֶת־יָדְ⁠ךָ֖ עַל־הַ⁠יָּ֑ם	1	See note in the [introduction to chapter 8](../08/intro.md) regarding the hand and staff.
14:26	d46y		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	עַל־רִכְבּ֖⁠וֹ וְ⁠עַל־פָּרָשָֽׁי⁠ו	1	Here, **his** refers to Pharaoh, king of Egypt. Alternate translation: “on Pharaoh’s chariots and on Pharaoh’s horsemen”
14:27	wn3q			וַ⁠יֵּט֩ מֹשֶׁ֨ה אֶת־יָד֜⁠וֹ עַל־הַ⁠יָּ֗ם	1	See note in the [introduction to chapter 8](../08/intro.md) regarding the hand and staff.
14:27	cosa		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	לִ⁠פְנ֥וֹת בֹּ֨קֶר֙	1	Here, **before the face of** means “before the occurrence of.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “before it was morning”
14:27	h64r		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	וַ⁠יְנַעֵ֧ר יְהוָ֛ה אֶת־מִצְרַ֖יִם בְּ⁠ת֥וֹךְ הַ⁠יָּֽם	1	Here, Yahweh is pictured as acting toward the Egyptians as if they were dirt or dust on his clothing that he shakes to be rid of them. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and Yahweh threw the Egyptians back into the middle of the sea”
14:28	o9qo		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes	לֹֽא־נִשְׁאַ֥ר בָּ⁠הֶ֖ם עַד־אֶחָֽד	1	This negative statement is meant to strongly convey the idea that all the Egyptians were gone. If this is confusing in your language, you can express the meaning positively. Alternate translation: “Every one of them was gone”
14:30	zvbe		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns	יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל	1	This is a collective singular noun. If your language would not refer to a group of people in this way, you may need to translate it as plural. Alternate translation: “the Israelites”
14:30	e2lf		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	מִ⁠יַּ֣ד מִצְרָ֑יִם	1	Here, **hand** refers to power. Alternate translation: “from the Egyptians’ power”
14:30	p5zw			עַל־שְׂפַ֥ת הַ⁠יָּֽם	1	Alternate translation: “on the land along the edge of the sea”
14:31	o1oc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns	יִשְׂרָאֵ֜ל	1	This is a collective singular noun. If your language would not refer to a group of people in this way, you may need to translate it as plural. Alternate translation: “the Israelites”
14:31	np6s		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	אֶת־הַ⁠יָּ֣ד הַ⁠גְּדֹלָ֗ה	1	Here, **hand** refers to power. Alternate translation: “the great power”
15:intro	ni4b				0	# Exodus 15 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nVerses 1b-18 and 21b of chapter 15 are poetry. They are a song of praise to Yahweh because he defeated and destroyed the Egyptian army ([Exodus 14:26–28](../14/26.md)). Translating poetry should be done by someone who is a skilled poet in the target language. Because the forms of poetry are so different in different languages, a translation that is good poetry in the target language may seem very different from the original poem. The structure may look quite different. The poet will be well served by looking at the entire poem from multiple perspectives. He will need to know the meaning of the poem, the themes and discourse structure of the poem, and the feelings that the poem is supposed to create in the reader at each point (UST, tNotes). He will need to understand how that was accomplished by the original form and structure (ULT). Then he will need to compose the translated poem using forms and structures that have the same or similar meaning, themes, discourse elements, and feelings in his own language. Unlike in many other places, most notes in this chapter will not advise towards expressing meaning in plain ways or combining parallel phrases as that advice would be too simplistic for handling poetry.\n\n### Structure\n\nThis song follows a basic AB structure which is given to us in verse 1b-c and 21b-c:\n\n* A - praise to Yahweh - he is magnificent (expressed in various words)\n* B - because he defeats our enemies\n\nThe song can be divided into three major sections, each of which is patterned as: AB(a)b. Each section starts with an AB portion which is characterized by fewer verbal forms (especially the A portion). The section then elaborates on each. Note that there are other possible analyses of the structure of the poem.\n\nHere is an outline of the structure according to this model:\n\n* Section 1 (See: alternate breakdown below):\n* 1b: A “Let me sing to Yahweh, for he has triumphantly triumphed;”\n* 1c: B “the horse and the one riding it he threw into the sea.”\n* 2–3: a\n* 4–5: b\n* Section 2:\n* 6a: A\n* 6b: B\n* 7a: a “And in the abundance of your majesty”\n* 7a-10: b “you overthrow those who rise up against you … ”\n* Section 3:\n* 11: A\n* 12: B\n* 13a: a (possibly) “In your covenant loyalty”\n* 13a-17: b\n* 18: finale\n\nAlternate breakdown of section 1: it is possible to view 1b-c as the introduction and divide verse 2 such that:\n\n* 2a: A “Yah is my strength and my song”\n* 2b: B “and he has become my salvation”\n* 2c-3: a\n* 4–5: b\n\n### Themes:\n\nThere are several images and themes that are throughout the song as well as some that are throughout an individual section.\n\n* “High” versus “low”: Yahweh is high, while his enemies are low.\n* The following words are all related to the idea of being high or rising up: **triumph** ([v1](../15/01.md)), **exalt** ([v2](../15/02.md)), **majestic** ([v6](../15/06.md), [v11](../15/11.md)), **majesty** ([v7](../15/07.md)), and **the mountain of** \\[Yahweh’s\\] **possession** ([v17](../15/17.md)). In the last case, Yahweh’s people are brought to a high place with him.\n* In contrast, his enemies are low. Note in [15:7](../15/07.md), Yahweh overthrows those who **rise up against** \\[him\\]. Ideas of being low are as follows: **sank** ([v4](../15/04.md), [v10](../15/19.md)), **deeps** ([v5](../15/05.md)), **descended into the depths** ([v5](../15/05.md)), **melted away** ([v15](../15/15.md)), and **fall on them** ([v16](../15/16.md)).\n* The strength of Yahweh in [15:2](../15/02.md), [15:6](../15/06.md), and [15:13](../15/13.md).\n* The effectiveness of Yahweh’s hand versus the enemy’s hand. Yahweh’s hand (and arm) is effective in [15:6](../15/06.md), [15:12](../15/12.md), [15:16](../15/16.md), and [15:17](../15/17.md) but the enemy’s hand is ineffective despite his boasting in [15:9](../15/09.md).\n* There is parallel imagery near the end of each section. The enemy is compared three times by simile to a heavy, inert object. In [15:5](../15/05.md) and [15:16](../15/16.md) that is a **stone**, in [15:10](../15/10.md) that is **lead**.\n* More parallel imagery occurs at the end of sections one ([v5](../15/05.md)) and two ([v10](../15/10.md)): that of the enemy sinking in the water and being covered by it.\n* In sections two and three the water ([v8](../15/08.md)) and the other peoples ([v16](../15/16.md)) are made still by Yahweh.\n* Section two begins and ends with **majestic** ([v6](../15/06.md), [v10](../15/10.md)) and that word is picked up in the beginning of section three ([v11](../15/11.md)).\n* In section two ([v9](../15/09.md)), the enemies seek to **dispossess** (or disinherit) the Israelites; in section three ([v16](../15/16.md)), the Israelites come to live in the land of Yahweh’s **possession** (or inheritance).\n* In [15:11](../15/11.md), three themes for the third section are introduced. These are each expanded on in that section.\n* **Holiness** occurs again in [15:13](../15/13.md) and [15:16](../15/16.md)\n* **Fear** is vividly described in [15:14–16](../15/14.md) (shake, terror, panic, trembling, melted away, dread)\n* Yahweh **does miracles** to protect and build a home for his people\n* [15:14–16a](../15/14.md) are a chiasm, a complex parallel structure where concepts are repeated in reverse order:\n* A: 14a: peoples (nations) *become* afraid\n* B: 14b: *inhabitants* of Philistia are afraid\n* C: 15a: *rulers* of Edom are afraid\n* C’: 15b: *rulers* of Moab are afraid\n* B’: 15c: *inhabitants* of Canaan are afraid\n* A’: 16a: people *become* afraid\n* In section three, there is another parallel structure:\n* [v13](../15/13.md): you led this people => [v16](../15/16.md): your people pass by\n* v13: this people you redeemed => v16: this people you acquired (or purchased or ransomed)\n* v13: you led them to the home => [v17](../15/17.md): you will bring them … \\[to\\] the place … you made\n* v13: of your holiness => v17: the Holy Place\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### The Israelite’s discontent\n\nIn [15:24](../15/24.md) the word **murmur** is introduced for the first time. This is a very strong term for “grumble” or “complain” that is used to describe the Israelites’ attitude throughout their time in the wilderness. It occurs several times in Exodus and Numbers.\n\n### Yahweh’s laws\n\nIn verses [24–26](../15/24.md), there is an introductory revelation of the requirement that Israel keep the covenant by obeying the law of Moses. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]])
15:1	kw29		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	גָאֹ֣ה גָּאָ֔ה	1	If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state explicitly over whom Yahweh triumphed. Alternate translation: “he has achieved a glorious victory over the army of Egypt”
15:1	bpyj			גָאֹ֣ה גָּאָ֔ה	1	Alternate translation: “he is highly exalted” or “he is extremely high” or “he is exaltedly exalted”
15:1	f6ue		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ס֥וּס וְ⁠רֹכְב֖⁠וֹ רָמָ֥ה בַ⁠יָּֽם	1	Moses sang about God causing the sea to cover and drown the horse and rider as if God had thrown them **into the sea**. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he has made the horse and rider drown in the sea”
15:1	cr5u		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun	ס֥וּס וְ⁠רֹכְב֖⁠וֹ	1	This refers to many or all of the Egyptian horses and riders that were chasing the Israelites. Alternate translation: “the horses and their riders”
15:1	ex3p			וְ⁠רֹכְב֖⁠וֹ	1	Here, **rider** could either refer to a person who sits on a horse or who travels in a chariot that a horse is pulling.
15:2	pb23		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	עָזִּ֤⁠י & יָ֔הּ	1	Moses is expressing the help that he gets from Yahweh by equating Yahweh with **strength**. Use a form or metaphor from your language that would express Yahweh’s strengthening help. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Yah is the one who gives me strength” or “Yah is the strong one who protects me”
15:2	vk6l		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	וְ⁠זִמְרָת֙ יָ֔הּ	1	Moses calls Yahweh his **song** because Yahweh is the one he sings about or because Yahweh causes him to sing. Use a form or metaphor from your language that would express Yahweh being a song of joy. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Yah is … the one I sing about” or “Yah … makes me sing joyfully”
15:2	kbv7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	וַֽ⁠יְהִי־לִ֖⁠י לִֽ⁠ישׁוּעָ֑ה	1	Moses calls Yahweh his salvation because Yahweh saved him. Use a form or metaphor from your language that would express Yahweh’s saving power. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and he has saved me” or “and he is the one who saves me”
15:2	rgtu		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	זֶ֤ה אֵלִ⁠י֙ וְ⁠אַנְוֵ֔⁠הוּ אֱלֹהֵ֥י אָבִ֖⁠י וַ⁠אֲרֹמְמֶֽ⁠נְהוּ	1	These lines are expressing very similar ideas for emphasis. If that is a normal way to make an emphatic (poetic) statement or if it would be understood in your language, you could translate in a similar way. If, however, repetition like this would create a different meaning, find a structure in your language that would fit.
15:3	p1d5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	יְהוָ֖ה אִ֣ישׁ מִלְחָמָ֑ה	1	Moses calls Yahweh a **man of war** because he powerfully fought against the Egyptians and won. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is like a warrior”
15:4	pc8d		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	מַרְכְּבֹ֥ת פַּרְעֹ֛ה וְ⁠חֵיל֖⁠וֹ יָרָ֣ה בַ⁠יָּ֑ם וּ⁠מִבְחַ֥ר שָֽׁלִשָׁ֖י⁠ו טֻבְּע֥וּ בְ⁠יַם־סֽוּף	1	These lines are synonymous parallels where the second strengthens what is said in the first. Alternate translation: “He threw all of Pharaoh’s army into the sea, including the chariots; even his chosen officers sank in the sea of reeds”
15:4	p8w6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	מַרְכְּבֹ֥ת פַּרְעֹ֛ה וְ⁠חֵיל֖⁠וֹ יָרָ֣ה בַ⁠יָּ֑ם	1	Moses sings about Yahweh causing the sea to cover Pharaoh’s chariots and army as if Yahweh had thrown them **into the sea.** If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “He has made Pharaoh’s chariot riders and army drown in the sea”
15:5	yefe		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	תְּהֹמֹ֖ת יְכַסְיֻ֑⁠מוּ יָרְד֥וּ בִ⁠מְצוֹלֹ֖ת כְּמוֹ־אָֽבֶן׃	1	These lines are synonymous parallels where the second clarifies what is said in the first. Alternate translation: “The deeps covered them because they had descended into the depths like a stone”
15:5	nqe4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	יָרְד֥וּ בִ⁠מְצוֹלֹ֖ת כְּמוֹ־אָֽבֶן	1	This comparison is that just ***like a stone*** does not float but sinks to the bottom of the sea, the enemy soldiers sank to the bottom of the sea. Alternate translation: “they went down into the deep water like a stone sinking to the bottom of the sea”
15:6	jx52		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	יְמִֽינְ⁠ךָ֣ יְהוָ֔ה נֶאְדָּרִ֖י בַּ⁠כֹּ֑חַ יְמִֽינְ⁠ךָ֥ יְהוָ֖ה תִּרְעַ֥ץ אוֹיֵֽב׃	1	These lines are synonymous parallels where the second takes the abstract idea in the first and makes it concrete (though still with poetic imagery). Alternate translation: “Yahweh, you show how majestic in power your right hand is by shattering the enemy”
15:6	x1fz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	יְמִֽינְ⁠ךָ֣ יְהוָ֔ה נֶאְדָּרִ֖י בַּ⁠כֹּ֑חַ יְמִֽינְ⁠ךָ֥ יְהוָ֖ה תִּרְעַ֥ץ אוֹיֵֽב	1	Moses speaks of Yahweh as if Yahweh had hands. The **right hand** refers to Yahweh’s power or the things Yahweh does powerfully. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, your power is glorious; Yahweh, your power has shattered the enemy” or “Yahweh, what you do is gloriously powerful; Yahweh, by your power you have shattered the enemy”
15:6	rmd4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	תִּרְעַ֥ץ אוֹיֵֽב	1	Moses speaks of the enemy as if it were fragile and could be **shattered** like glass or pottery. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “completely destroys the enemy”
15:7	i2x4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	תַּהֲרֹ֣ס קָמֶ֑י⁠ךָ תְּשַׁלַּח֙ חֲרֹ֣נְ⁠ךָ֔ יֹאכְלֵ֖⁠מוֹ כַּ⁠קַּֽשׁ	1	These lines are synonymous parallels where the second takes the abstract idea in the first portion (**you overthrow those who rise up against you**) and makes it concrete (though still with poetic imagery). Alternate translation: “you overthrow those who rise up against you by sending out your heat to devour them like stubble”
15:7	kmv4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	וּ⁠בְ⁠רֹ֥ב גְּאוֹנְ⁠ךָ֖	1	If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **abundance** and **majesty**, you can express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “You are abundantly majestic and” or “Because you are abundantly majestic,”
15:7	nd3t		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	קָמֶ֑י⁠ךָ	1	Rebelling against Yahweh is spoken of as **rising up against** him. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “those who rebel against you” or “your enemies”
15:7	kst4			חֲרֹ֣נְ⁠ךָ֔	1	Alternate translation: “your wrath” or “your fury”
15:7	glq7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	תְּשַׁלַּח֙ חֲרֹ֣נְ⁠ךָ֔	1	Moses speaks of Yahweh’s wrath (literally **heat**) as if it were a servant that Yahweh sent out to do something. Alternate translation: “You show your wrath” or “You act according to your wrath”
15:7	a5x7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	יֹאכְלֵ֖⁠מוֹ כַּ⁠קַּֽשׁ׃	1	Moses speaks of God’s wrath as if it were fire that could completely burn up things. His enemies were completely destroyed like **stubble** in a fire. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “it completely destroys your enemies like a fire that burns up straw”
15:7	guap		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	יֹאכְלֵ֖⁠מוֹ כַּ⁠קַּֽשׁ	1	Here the enemies (or **those who rise up against** Yahweh) are pictured as if they were a highly flammable piece of dried grass. Alternate translation: “it devours the enemy as if they were stubble”
15:8	ic8v		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	וּ⁠בְ⁠ר֤וּחַ אַפֶּ֨י⁠ךָ֙	1	Moses speaks of God as if God had a nose, and he speaks of the wind as if God blew the wind from his nose. Alternate translation: “You blew on the sea and”
15:8	qg9g		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	וּ⁠בְ⁠ר֤וּחַ אַפֶּ֨י⁠ךָ֙ נֶ֣עֶרְמוּ מַ֔יִם נִצְּב֥וּ כְמוֹ־נֵ֖ד נֹזְלִ֑ים	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The blast from your nostrils piled the waters up and made the flowing waters stand upright in a heap”
15:8	tguh		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	נֶ֣עֶרְמוּ מַ֔יִם נִצְּב֥וּ כְמוֹ־נֵ֖ד נֹזְלִ֑ים קָֽפְא֥וּ תְהֹמֹ֖ת בְּ⁠לֶב־יָֽם	1	These lines are synonymous parallels where each line means basically the same thing, but each gives the reader a different poetic image.
15:8	uevt		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	בְּ⁠לֶב־יָֽם	1	The center or deepest part of the sea is spoken of as if the sea had a **heart**. Alternate translation: “in the center of the sea”
15:9	d8nk		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	תִּמְלָאֵ֣⁠מוֹ נַפְשִׁ֔⁠י	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I will satisfy my desire on them”
15:9	lu0e			תּוֹרִישֵׁ֖⁠מוֹ יָדִֽ⁠י	1	The meaning of this phrase is unclear. The word translated **dispossess** could also mean “possess” or “inherit.” What seems clear is that the Egyptians plan to use their power to prevent the Israelites from possessing good things. Whether this is a reference back to **plunder** earlier in the verse or to recapturing them as slaves or to taking over the Israelites’ place in the land of Goshen or to keeping them from reaching the promised land (of Yahweh’s possession, see [15:17](../15/17.md) regarding where Yahweh will bring his people) or something else is not so clear. It could also refer to taking away their life and breath. **Dispossess** was chosen rather than another term because the verb is in a causative form here. Alternate translation: “my hand will possess them” or “my hand will inherit them” or “my hand will kill them”
15:9	sm77		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	תּוֹרִישֵׁ֖⁠מוֹ יָדִֽ⁠י	1	Here **hand** is used of the Egyptians’ power (that is, their military strength). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “I will dispossess them”
15:10	yrj5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	נָשַׁ֥פְתָּ בְ⁠רוּחֲ⁠ךָ֖	1	Moses spoke about God making the **wind** blow as if God **blew** the wind through his nose or mouth. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “But you made the wind blow”
15:10	f7d3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	צָֽלֲלוּ֙ כַּֽ⁠עוֹפֶ֔רֶת בְּ⁠מַ֖יִם אַדִּירִֽים	1	**Lead** is a heavy metal that is commonly used to make things sink in water. It is used here to show how quickly God’s enemies were destroyed. Alternate translation: “sank as fast as a heavy piece of metal in the deep turbulent waters”
15:11	wq2s		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	מִֽי־כָמֹ֤⁠כָה בָּֽ⁠אֵלִם֙ יְהוָ֔ה	1	Moses uses this question to show how great God is. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “O Yahweh, no one is like you among the gods!” or “Yahweh, none of the gods is like you!”
15:11	pp57		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	מִ֥י כָּמֹ֖⁠כָה נֶאְדָּ֣ר בַּ⁠קֹּ֑דֶשׁ נוֹרָ֥א תְהִלֹּ֖ת עֹ֥שֵׂה פֶֽלֶא	1	Moses uses this question to show how great God is. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “No one is like you. No one is majestic in holiness as you are, no one is honored in praises as you are, and no one does miracles as you do!”
15:11	uhfj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	נֶאְדָּ֣ר בַּ⁠קֹּ֑דֶשׁ	1	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **holiness**, you can express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “majestic and holy”
15:12	cid8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	יְמִ֣ינְ⁠ךָ֔	1	The phrase **right hand** represents the strong power of God. Alternate translation: “with your strong power”
15:12	bkg2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	נָטִ֨יתָ֙ יְמִ֣ינְ⁠ךָ֔	1	Moses speaks about God causing something to happen as if God **reached out** with his** hand**. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “With your strong power you made it happen”
15:12	g7bv		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	תִּבְלָעֵ֖⁠מוֹ אָֽרֶץ	1	Moses personifies the earth as if it could swallow or devour with its mouth. Alternate translation: “the earth devours them”
15:13	cvea		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	נָחִ֥יתָ בְ⁠חַסְדְּ⁠ךָ֖ עַם־ז֣וּ גָּאָ֑לְתָּ נֵהַ֥לְתָּ בְ⁠עָזְּ⁠ךָ֖	1	These lines are structural parallels where the lines are saying similar things, but the parallelism is more in the construction of the lines. **In your** is repeated and the concepts of **led** and **guided** are very similar to one another.
15:13	znbr		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	קָדְשֶֽׁ⁠ךָ	1	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **holiness**, you can express the same idea in another way. See the UST.
15:14	qlpy		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	tremble	0	Verses 14–16a form a complex parallel structure where things are repeated in reverse. (See the [introduction to chapter 15](../15/intro.md))
15:14	zi1m		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	יִרְגָּז֑וּ⁠ן	1	This means to shake with fear. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly.
15:14	uqf7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	חִ֣יל אָחַ֔ז יֹשְׁבֵ֖י פְּלָֽשֶׁת	1	Moses speaks of **anguish** as if it were a person that could forcefully grab hold of someone and make them extremely afraid. Alternate translation: “the inhabitants of Philistia will be afraid”
15:15	qyix		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	אֵילֵ֣י מוֹאָ֔ב יֹֽאחֲזֵ֖⁠מוֹ רָ֑עַד	1	Moses speaks of **trembling** as if it were a person that could forcefully grab hold of someone and make them extremely afraid. Alternate translation: “the leaders of Moab will be afraid”
15:15	ya48		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	נָמֹ֕גוּ	1	Moses uses the phrase, **melted away,** to speak of people becoming weak because of their fear. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “became weak from fear”
15:16	nk67		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	תִּפֹּ֨ל עֲלֵי⁠הֶ֤ם אֵימָ֨תָ⁠ה֙ וָ⁠פַ֔חַד	1	**Terror and dread** form a doublet meaning “extremely fearful.” If your language does not use repetition in this way, you can combine these phrases. Alternate translation: “They will become extremely fearful”
15:16	kbt5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	תִּפֹּ֨ל עֲלֵי⁠הֶ֤ם אֵימָ֨תָ⁠ה֙ וָ⁠פַ֔חַד	1	**Terror and dread** are pictured as physical objects that could **fall on** people. The image might be of them crushing people or being a heavy weight that people struggle under (however, the image is not specified). It means that the people will feel the emotions of terror and dread very strongly. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “They will be overwhelmed with feelings of terror and dread”
15:16	t2yp		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	בִּ⁠גְדֹ֥ל זְרוֹעֲ⁠ךָ֖	1	Yahweh’s **arm** represents his great strength. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “Because of your great strength”
15:16	umm7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	יִדְּמ֣וּ כָּ⁠אָ֑בֶן	1	This could mean: (1) “they will be silent like stone” or (2) “they will be motionless as stone”
15:17	n5i5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	תְּבִאֵ֗⁠מוֹ וְ⁠תִטָּעֵ֨⁠מוֹ֙	1	If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express where God would bring them explicitly. Alternate translation: “You will take your people to Canaan and plant them there”
15:17	u26j		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go	תְּבִאֵ֗⁠מוֹ	1	Since Moses was not already in Canaan, some languages would use “take” rather than **bring.** Alternate translation: “You will take them”
15:17	t6wg		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	וְ⁠תִטָּעֵ֨⁠מוֹ֙ בְּ⁠הַ֣ר	1	Moses speaks about God giving his people the land to live in as if they were a plant that God was planting. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and you will settle them on the mountain of” or “and you will let them live on the mountain of”
15:17	p7kb			בְּ⁠הַ֣ר נַחֲלָֽתְ⁠ךָ֔	1	This refers to Mount Zion in the land of Canaan.
15:17	ie26		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	בְּ⁠הַ֣ר נַחֲלָֽתְ⁠ךָ֔	1	Moses speaks about God promising to give his people **the mountain** forever as if he were giving it to them as an inheritance. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “on the mountain that you have given them as an inheritance”
15:17	ytz3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	כּוֹנְנ֥וּ יָדֶֽי⁠ךָ׃	1	The phrase **your hands** refers to God’s power. Alternate translation: “that you have built by your power”
15:18	ue6p			יְהוָ֥ה׀ יִמְלֹ֖ךְ לְ⁠עֹלָ֥ם וָ⁠עֶֽד	1	Alternate translation: “Yahweh reigns forever and ever”
15:20	gam2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	הַ⁠תֹּ֖ף & בְּ⁠תֻפִּ֖ים	1	A **tambourine** is a hand-held musical instrument like a small drum that also has pieces of metal around the side that make a metallic rattling sound when shaken. Alternate translation: “timbrel”
15:20	hut1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole	וַ⁠תֵּצֶ֤אןָ כָֽל־הַ⁠נָּשִׁים֙ אַחֲרֶ֔י⁠הָ בְּ⁠תֻפִּ֖ים וּ⁠בִ⁠מְחֹלֹֽת	1	Here, **all** may be a generalization; it may not have been every woman. It could be better to translate as a restrictive clause as in the UST. Alternate translation: “and every woman who went out after her had a tambourine and danced”
15:21	f6m3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	גָאֹ֣ה גָּאָ֔ה	1	If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state explicitly over whom Yahweh triumphed. See how you translated this in [Exodus 15:1](../15/01.md). Alternate translation: “he has achieved a glorious victory over the army of Egypt”
15:21	hvu1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ס֥וּס וְ⁠רֹכְב֖⁠וֹ רָמָ֥ה בַ⁠יָּֽם	1	Miriam sang about God causing the **sea** to cover and drown the **horse and the one riding it** as if God had thrown them **into the sea**. See how you translated this in [Exodus 15:1](../15/01.md). If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he has made the horse and rider drown in the sea”
15:22	iw9n		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns	יִשְׂרָאֵל֙	1	The word **Israel** represents the people of Israel. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you can use a different expression. Alternate translation: “Moses led the Israelite people”
15:22	c7pe		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	מִדְבַּר־שׁ֑וּר	1	We do not know the exact location of this place.
15:23	a9pv		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	מָרָ֔תָ⁠ה	1	We do not know the exact location of **Marah**.
15:24	n64m			וַ⁠יִּלֹּ֧נוּ הָ⁠עָ֛ם עַל־מֹשֶׁ֥ה	1	Murmur is a very strong term for “grumble” or “complain” that is used to describe the Israelites’ attitude throughout their time in the wilderness. It occurs several times in Exodus and Numbers. Alternate translation: “And the people complained against Moses” or “And the people grumbled at Moses”
15:26	l2hx		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	לְ⁠ק֣וֹל׀ יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֶ֗י⁠ךָ	1	Yahweh is speaking about his own voice. Alternate translation: “to my voice”
15:26	oh8c		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	לְ⁠ק֣וֹל׀ יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֶ֗י⁠ךָ	1	Yahweh’s voice represents what he says. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “to what I say”
15:26	sq5x		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וְ⁠הַ⁠יָּשָׁ֤ר בְּ⁠עֵינָי⁠ו֙ תַּעֲשֶׂ֔ה	1	The **eyes** represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent idiom from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and do what Yahweh considers to be right”
15:26	bgcf		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וְ⁠הַֽאֲזַנְתָּ֙ לְ⁠מִצְוֺתָ֔י⁠ו	1	The **ear** represents listening, and listening represents obeying. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent idiom from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and you carefully obey his commands”
15:26	m4cn		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	כָּֽל־הַ⁠מַּֽחֲלָ֞ה אֲשֶׁר־שַׂ֤מְתִּי בְ⁠מִצְרַ֨יִם֙ לֹא־אָשִׂ֣ים עָלֶ֔י⁠ךָ	1	God speaks of causing people to have diseases as putting diseases on them. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent idiom from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I will not cause any of you to have the diseases that I cause the Egyptians to have”
15:27	did8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	אֵילִ֔מָ⁠ה	1	**Elim** is an oasis in the desert, a place with water and shade trees.
15:27	p64y		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	וְ⁠שִׁבְעִ֣ים	1	Alternate translation: “and seventy”
16:intro	nkd7				0	# Exodus 16 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis entire chapter is the story of the Israelites complaining about food and Yahweh providing food. Verses 22–30 introduce the Sabbath.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Complaints\n\nAfter complaining about the water, the Israelites complained that they had less food than in Egypt. This is intended to show their ungratefulness and their sinful view of Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])\n\n### Prohibition against storing food\n\nThe people were not allowed to store the food, called manna, that Yahweh provided to them. This is because they were to trust in Yahweh to provide for their needs every day. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])\n\n### Sabbath\n\nThis is the first recorded celebration of the Sabbath rest. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sabbath]])\n\n## Possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Bread as food\n\nYahweh speaks of the food that he will send as if it were bread. The manna he gave them was perhaps not literally bread. The Israelites would eat this food every day, just as they had eaten bread every day before this. Alternate translations: “food” or “food like bread” (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/bread]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n### Chronology\n\n[16:34–36](../exo/16/34.md) are written from a much later perspective. Translators will need to find a way to show that this portion gives background information from a much later point (at least 40 years).\n\n### Box of the Covenant\n\nRelated to the chronology issue, although the covenant has not yet been made, it is referenced in [Exodus 16:34](../exo/16/34.md). This is probably an editorial comment made after these events. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])\n\n### Wilderness of Sin\n\nSin is the name of a part of the Sinai Wilderness. It is the description of a place, and it has nothing to do with sinning. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
16:1	gw67		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	סִ֔ין	1	The word **Sin** here is the Hebrew name of the wilderness. It is not the English word “sin.”
16:1	h44x		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths	בַּ⁠חֲמִשָּׁ֨ה עָשָׂ֥ר יוֹם֙ לַ⁠חֹ֣דֶשׁ הַ⁠שֵּׁנִ֔י	1	This time coincides with the end of April and the beginning of May on Western calendars. You could convert the Hebrew day and month into an approximate date on the calendar that your culture uses. However, the Jews used a lunar calendar, so if you use a solar calendar, the date will be different every year and the translation will not be entirely accurate. So you may just want to give the number of the day and the name of the month on the Hebrew calendar, and say approximately what time of year that is on your calendar in a footnote.
16:1	u2aq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal	בַּ⁠חֲמִשָּׁ֨ה עָשָׂ֥ר יוֹם֙ לַ⁠חֹ֣דֶשׁ הַ⁠שֵּׁנִ֔י	1	If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “on day 15 of month 2”
16:2	h938		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole	וַיִּלּ֜וֹנוּ כָּל־עֲדַ֧ת בְּנֵי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֛ל	1	Here, **all** is a generalization. Alternate translation: “And many of the community of the sons of Israel murmured”
16:2	nx6f			וַיִּלּ֜וֹנוּ	1	Alternate translation: “And … spoke angrily”
16:3	nwy6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo	מִֽי־יִתֵּ֨ן מוּתֵ֤⁠נוּ	1	This is a way of saying that they wished that they had died. It is a hypothetical past statement. Translate it in a way that makes it clear that this did not actually happen. Alternate translation: “We wish that we had died”
16:3	g1n1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	בְ⁠יַד־יְהוָה֙	1	The phrase **the hand of Yahweh** represents Yahweh’s action. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “by Yahweh’s action”
16:4	kls5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	מַמְטִ֥יר לָ⁠כֶ֛ם לֶ֖חֶם מִן־הַ⁠שָּׁמָ֑יִם	1	God speaks of food coming **down from heaven** as if it were rain. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “make bread come down from heaven like rain” or “make bread fall to you from the sky”
16:4	yew5			בְּ⁠תוֹרָתִ֖⁠י	1	Alternate translation: “in my instruction”
16:5	p1f6			וְ⁠הָיָה֙ בַּ⁠יּ֣וֹם הַ⁠שִּׁשִּׁ֔י וְ⁠הֵכִ֖ינוּ	1	Alternate translation: “It will happen on the sixth day that they will prepare” or “On the sixth day they will prepare”
16:5	cl74		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal	בַּ⁠יּ֣וֹם הַ⁠שִּׁשִּׁ֔י	1	If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “on day 6”
16:5	t5il			מִשְׁנֶ֔ה	1	two times
16:7	zb21		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	וְ⁠נַ֣חְנוּ מָ֔ה כִּ֥י תלונו עָלֵֽי⁠נוּ	1	Moses and Aaron used this question to show the people that it was foolish to complain against them. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “We are not powerful enough for you to complain against us.” or “It is foolish to complain against us, because we cannot do what you want.”
16:8	pn4e		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	וְ⁠נַ֣חְנוּ מָ֔ה	1	Moses used this question to show the people that he and Aaron did not have the power to give them what they wanted. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Aaron and I cannot give you what you want.”
16:8	vdr8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וְ⁠נַ֣חְנוּ מָ֔ה לֹא־עָלֵ֥י⁠נוּ תְלֻנֹּתֵי⁠כֶ֖ם כִּ֥י עַל־יְהוָֽה	1	The people were complaining against Moses and Aaron, who were Yahweh’s servants. So by complaining against them, the people were really complaining against Yahweh. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “Your complaints are not really against us; they are against Yahweh, because we are his servants”
16:9	pqgo		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes	וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר מֹשֶׁה֙ אֶֽל־אַהֲרֹ֔ן אֱמֹ֗ר אֶֽל־כָּל־עֲדַת֙ בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל קִרְב֖וּ	1	There are two layers of quotations here. You may want to translate one or the other as an indirect quotation in order to reduce the layers of quotations in this passage. Alternative translation: “And Moses told Aaron to tell all of the congregation of the sons of Israel, ‘Approach’” or “And Moses told Aaron, ‘Tell all of the congregation of the sons of Israel to approach’”
16:10	q4ax			וַ⁠יְהִ֗י	1	This phrase is used here to mark an important event in the story. The important event here is the people seeing Yahweh’s glory. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here.
16:10	b6rp			וְ⁠הִנֵּה֙	1	The word **behold** here shows that the people saw something extraordinary.
16:13	aas8			וַ⁠יְהִ֣י	1	This phrase is used here to mark an important part of the events. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here.
16:13	eu1x		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	הַ⁠שְּׂלָ֔ו	1	The word **quail** means a type of small, plump game bird.
16:14	k5lb		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	כַּ⁠כְּפֹ֖ר	1	**Frost** is frozen dew that forms on the ground. It is very fine.
16:14	jern		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	כַּ⁠כְּפֹ֖ר	1	The original readers knew what frost is like, so this phrase would help them understand what the flakes were like. Alternate translation: “flakes that looked like frost” or “flakes that were fine like frost”
16:16	gotf			אִ֖ישׁ לְ⁠פִ֣י אָכְל֑⁠וֹ	1	Alternate translation: “according to how much each will eat”
16:16	fqp9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume	עֹ֣מֶר	1	2 liters
16:16	mnwy			עֹ֣מֶר לַ⁠גֻּלְגֹּ֗לֶת מִסְפַּר֙ נַפְשֹׁ֣תֵי⁠כֶ֔ם אִ֛ישׁ לַ⁠אֲשֶׁ֥ר בְּ⁠אָהֳל֖⁠וֹ תִּקָּֽחוּ	1	Alternate translation: “take an omer per person according to how many people are in the gatherer’s tent”
16:19	v499		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun	אִ֕ישׁ אַל	1	**A man** refers to people in general, not to one particular man. If this would be misunderstood in your language, use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “No one”
16:20	itjo			וַ⁠יָּ֥רֻם תּוֹלָעִ֖ים	1	Alternate translation: “and it decayed with worms”
16:21	jd5t			אִ֖ישׁ כְּ⁠פִ֣י אָכְל֑⁠וֹ	1	Alternate translation: “everyone according to how much they would eat” or “everyone according to how many people they had to feed”
16:22	nrx8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent	וַ⁠יְהִ֣י	1	This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. Verses 16:22–30 tell about what the people did concerning the manna on the sixth and seventh days of the week. If your language has a way for marking this as a new part of the story, you could consider using it here.
16:22	xk6x		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal	בַּ⁠יּ֣וֹם הַ⁠שִּׁשִּׁ֗י	1	If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “on day 6”
16:22	zj1u			מִשְׁנֶ֔ה	1	Alternate translation: “two times as much”
16:22	f4j9			לֶ֨חֶם֙	1	This refers to the **bread** that appeared as thin flakes on the ground each morning.
16:23	wc4a			שַׁבָּת֧וֹן שַׁבַּת־קֹ֛דֶשׁ לַֽ⁠יהוָ֖ה	1	Alternate translation: “is a day to stop working completely and dedicate to Yahweh”
16:23	cqjd		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	שַׁבַּת־קֹ֛דֶשׁ	1	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **holiness**, you can express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “a holy Sabbath”
16:24	y4d9			וְ⁠לֹ֣א הִבְאִ֔ישׁ	1	Alternate translation: “And it did not smell rotten”
16:25	pr1p			כִּֽי־שַׁבָּ֥ת הַ⁠יּ֖וֹם לַ⁠יהוָ֑ה	1	Alternate translation: “today is a Sabbath, a day to honor Yahweh by not working”
16:26	jv77		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal	וּ⁠בַ⁠יּ֧וֹם הַ⁠שְּׁבִיעִ֛י	1	If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “but on day seven”
16:27	qf14			וְ⁠לֹ֖א מָצָֽאוּ	1	Alternate translation: “but they did not find any manna”
16:28	e1vx		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	עַד־אָ֨נָה֙ מֵֽאַנְתֶּ֔ם לִ⁠שְׁמֹ֥ר מִצְוֺתַ֖⁠י וְ⁠תוֹרֹתָֽ⁠י	1	God used this question to scold the people because they did not obey his laws. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “You people still do not keep my commandments and laws!”
16:28	q41d		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd	מֵֽאַנְתֶּ֔ם	1	Yahweh speaks to Moses, but the word **you** refers to the people of Israel in general. If the singular form would not be natural in your language for someone who was speaking to a group of people, you could use the plural forms of “you” in your translation.
16:28	vnq7			לִ⁠שְׁמֹ֥ר מִצְוֺתַ֖⁠י וְ⁠תוֹרֹתָֽ⁠י	1	Alternate translation: “to obey my commandments and my laws”
16:29	p22l		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	כִּֽי־יְהוָה֮ נָתַ֣ן לָ⁠כֶ֣ם הַ⁠שַּׁבָּת֒	1	Yahweh speaks about teaching people to rest on the Sabbath as if the **Sabbath** were a gift. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I, Yahweh, have taught you to rest on the Sabbath”
16:29	dt58		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal	בַּ⁠יּ֥וֹם הַ⁠שִּׁשִּׁ֖י & בַּ⁠יּ֥וֹם הַ⁠שְּׁבִיעִֽי	1	If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “on day 6 … on day 7”
16:29	y8wf			לֶ֣חֶם	1	This refers to the bread that appeared as thin flakes on the ground each morning.
16:29	x6gh			יוֹמָ֑יִם	1	Alternate translation: “for 2 days”
16:31	r1a5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	כְּ⁠זֶ֤רַע גַּד֙ לָבָ֔ן	1	**Coriander** is an herb also known as cilantro. People eat both the leaves and seeds. People dry the seeds, grind them into a powder, and put it in food to add flavor. Alternate translation: “like a small white seed”
16:31	vrl4			כְּ⁠צַפִּיחִ֥ת	1	**Wafers** are very thin biscuits or crackers.
16:33	ggba		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י יְהוָ֔ה	1	Here, **face** represents the presence of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “in the presence of Yahweh”
16:34	x9vr		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background	wafers	0	Verses 34–36 provide a later commentary on the chapter. If your language has a way of marking background information you may want to use it starting from verse 34 or verse 35. You may want to leave verse 34 more connected to verse 33 even though it references the **Covenant**, which has not been given yet.
16:34	jzcz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	לִ⁠פְנֵ֥י הָ⁠עֵדֻ֖ת	1	Here, **face** represents being near the **Covenant.** Alternate translation: “near the Covenant”
16:36	g8ns		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume	וְ⁠הָ⁠עֹ֕מֶר עֲשִׂרִ֥ית הָ⁠אֵיפָ֖ה הֽוּא	1	An **omer** and an **ephah** are both units of dry measurement. An ephah is approximately equal to a bushel, and an omer is one-tenth of an ephah. The original readers would have known how much an ephah was. This sentence would help them know how much an omer was.
16:36	a9uh		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction	וְ⁠הָ⁠עֹ֕מֶר עֲשִׂרִ֥ית הָ⁠אֵיפָ֖ה הֽוּא	1	For languages that do not use fractions, this can be reworded. Alternate translation: “Now ten omers equal one ephah”
17:intro	f12q				0	# Exodus 17 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n- v. 1–7: the Israelites complain and Yahweh gives them water\n- v. 8–16: Israel defeats Amalek in battle\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in this Chapter\n\n### Rhetorical questions\n\nMoses uses several rhetorical questions in this chapter. The purpose of these questions is to convince people of their sin. Likewise, the people’s rhetorical question shows their ignorance. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])\n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### Wilderness of Sin\n\nSin is the name of a part of the Sinai Wilderness. It is not the description of a place, and it has nothing to do with the act of sinning. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n### Naming\n\nAs in the last couple of chapters, places and things are named for what happens in that location. In this chapter is Massah (which means “test”), Meribah (“arguing”), and an altar named “Yahweh is my Banner,” because Yahweh will be at war with the Amalekites forever.
17:1	jzz5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent	וַ֠⁠יִּסְעוּ כָּל־עֲדַ֨ת בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֧ל	1	A new scene begins here, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language.
17:1	h1li		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	סִ֛ין	1	The word **Sin** here is the Hebrew name of the wilderness. It is not the English word “sin.” See how you translated this in [Exodus 16:1](../16/01.md).
17:1	e7jv		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	עַל־פִּ֣י יְהוָ֑ה	1	Here, **mouth** refers to Yahweh’s commands (that is, what he says to do). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “at the command of Yahweh”
17:1	j1fm		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	בִּ⁠רְפִידִ֔ים	1	**Rephidim** means “the resting place,” a place to rest on long journeys through the wilderness.
17:2	hr9b		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	מַה־תְּרִיבוּ⁠ן֙ עִמָּדִ֔⁠י מַה־תְּנַסּ֖וּ⁠ן אֶת־יְהוָֽה	1	Moses uses these questions to scold the people. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Why are you speaking against me? And why are you trying to test whether Yahweh is able to give you what you need?”
17:3	cz24		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	לָ֤⁠מָּה זֶּה֙ הֶעֱלִיתָ֣⁠נוּ מִ⁠מִּצְרַ֔יִם לְ⁠הָמִ֥ית אֹתִ֛⁠י וְ⁠אֶת־בָּנַ֥⁠י וְ⁠אֶת־מִקְנַ֖⁠י בַּ⁠צָּמָֽא	1	The people use this question to accuse Moses of wanting to kill them. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Why did you bring us up out of Egypt? Did you bring us here to cause us and our children and animals to die because we have no water to drink?”
17:6	nspc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	לְ⁠פָנֶ֨י⁠ךָ	1	Here, **before your face** means “in front of you.”
17:7	x5an		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	מַסָּ֖ה	1	**Massah** is a place in the desert whose name means “testing” in Hebrew.
17:7	hw7y		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	וּ⁠מְרִיבָ֑ה	1	**Meribah** is a place in the desert whose name means “complaining” in Hebrew.
17:7	m55e			אִם־אָֽיִן	1	In some languages it may be unnatural to explicitly have the negative option included in this question or to have it at the end. It may be omitted or relocated in the question if that is the case.
17:8	nyt1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent	וַ⁠יָּבֹ֖א עֲמָלֵ֑ק	1	A new scene begins here which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language.
17:8	pu7i		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	עֲמָלֵ֑ק & יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל	1	**Amalek** and **Israel** both refer to the nations (people groups) descended from that individual by simply using the name of the ancestor. If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “the Amalekites … the Israelites”
17:8	hi3u		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns	עֲמָלֵ֑ק & יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל	1	**Amalek** and **Israel** are both collective nouns that refer to the nations (people groups) descended from that individual. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you can use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the Amalekites … the Israelites”
17:8	srdq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants	עֲמָלֵ֑ק	1	**Amalek** or the Amalekites are a completely new participant in the story. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new character.
17:8	rv14		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	בִּ⁠רְפִידִֽם	1	**Rephidim** was the name of a place in the desert.
17:9	dscc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants	יְהוֹשֻׁ֨עַ֙	1	**Joshua** is a completely new participant in the story. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new character. Later he becomes a major character, but not really in the book of Exodus.
17:10	ca3g		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	וַ⁠יַּ֣עַשׂ יְהוֹשֻׁ֗עַ כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֤ר אָֽמַר־ל⁠וֹ֙ מֹשֶׁ֔ה לְ⁠הִלָּחֵ֖ם בַּ⁠עֲמָלֵ֑ק	1	**Joshua** represents himself and the Israelites that he led into battle. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And, as Moses instructed, Joshua and the men he chose fought against the Amalekites”
17:10	wy51		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	וְ⁠ח֔וּר	1	**Hur** was the name of a man.
17:10	itcx		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants	וְ⁠ח֔וּר	1	**Hur** is a new participant in the story, which you may need to point out in your translation. However, he is a very minor character. He only appears in this passage and once much later in the book, so you may not need to highlight him at all.
17:11	x5ex		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	וְ⁠גָבַ֣ר יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל & וְ⁠גָבַ֥ר עֲמָלֵֽק	1	The words **Israel** and **Amalek** represent the fighters from those groups. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the Israelite fighters were winning … the Amalekite fighters would begin to win”
17:12	hxt8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וִ⁠ידֵ֤י מֹשֶׁה֙ כְּבֵדִ֔ים	1	The author writes of Moses’ arms becoming tired as if his **hands became heavy**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “And Moses’ arms became tired”
17:12	js2p			מִ⁠זֶּ֤ה אֶחָד֙ וּ⁠מִ⁠זֶּ֣ה אֶחָ֔ד	1	Alternate translation: “one on one side, and one on the other”
17:13	plp3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	לְ⁠פִי־חָֽרֶב	1	The **sword** represents battle. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “in combat”
17:14	c5rl		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	מָחֹ֤ה אֶמְחֶה֙ אֶת־זֵ֣כֶר עֲמָלֵ֔ק	1	God speaks of destroying Amalek as if he were removing people’s memory of Amalek. When a group of people is completely destroyed, there is nothing to remind people about them. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I will completely destroy Amalek”
17:14	jm77		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	עֲמָלֵ֔ק	1	The Amalekites are referred to by naming their ancestor. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “Amalekites”
17:14	n42j		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole	מִ⁠תַּ֖חַת הַ⁠שָּׁמָֽיִם	1	This phrase makes an intentionally broad image and represents all people everywhere. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “from all people everywhere”
17:15	fneg			נִסִּֽ⁠י	1	A **banner** is something lifted up high, perhaps like a flag, that people can see from a distance and follow. Alternate translation: “is my military standard” or “is my guidon”
17:16	lr14			כִּֽי־יָד֙ עַל־כֵּ֣ס יָ֔הּ	1	The Hebrew here is very difficult, and there are a variety of opinions regarding the meaning. Questions include: (1) Whose hand is referred to? Amalek’s, Yahweh’s, or Moses’? (2) What is the hand on (or against)? Yahweh’s throne or banner? (3) What is the meaning of the Hebrew preposition meaning on, against, or above? What does that signify? Rebellion, or taking an oath, or holding onto a symbol of power? If there is another translation in your region, it may be best to simply follow the interpretation it gives. Alternate translation: “Because a hand was on the throne of Yah” or “Because a hand was on the banner of Yah”
17:16	sw1q			מִלְחָמָ֥ה לַ⁠יהוָ֖ה בַּֽ⁠עֲמָלֵ֑ק	1	This phrase has no verbs in Hebrew. You may need to translate the noun **war** as a verb. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will make war with Amalek” or “Yahweh will war against Amalek”
18:intro	t8g2				0	# Exodus 18 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n- v. 1–12: Jethro visits Moses and hears all that Yahweh has done\n- v. 13–27: Jethro observes Moses and advises him to set up a subsidiarity leadership structure; Moses does so\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Leadership lessons\n\nJethro taught Moses an important leadership lesson in this chapter. Many scholars look at this chapter for important leadership lessons. Moses delegated some of his responsibilities to other godly men so that he would not become worn out by all the demands made of him. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]])\n\n## Possible Translation Difficulties\n\n### Order of events\n\nThe timing of the events in [18:2](../18/02.md) is not clear and, whatever their timing, may be difficult to translate. The question: Is Jethro’s **taking** Zipporah related to the past event of Moses sending her back to him at some otherwise unmentioned point in time, or is Jethro’s **taking** related to his coming to meet Moses in [18:5](../18/05.md).\n\n### Verse 11\n\n[18:11](../18/11.md) is difficult in the original and requires interpretation.\n\n### God and Yahweh\n\nIn this chapter, God, who is named Yahweh in much of the rest of the book, is mostly referred to as God instead of by his name as is usual. Translations should not suggest that they are not different beings.\n\n### Kinship: Father-in-law\n\nJethro is the father of Moses’ wife. Some languages may make a distinction between that and a woman’s father-in-law. If that is the case, note it in verses: 1–2, 5–8, 12, 14–15, 17, 24, and 27. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship]])\n\n### Participant reference\n\nJethro is often referred to simply as the father-in-law of Moses in this chapter. He is also named explicitly (referred to by name) an unusually high number of times (it would be more usual to have more pronouns referring to him). Frequent use of his name is likely to emphasize his familial ties and authority (or honored status). Some languages may need to alter the way he is referred to for naturalness or to convey the same sense of familial ties and authority (or honored status).
18:1	nl86		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship	חֹתֵ֣ן מֹשֶׁ֔ה	1	The label, **father-in-law of Moses** refers to the father of the wife of Moses. If your language uses a different term for a man’s father-in-law than for a woman’s father-in-law, choose the appropriate one here. Note the use of this term also in verses: 2, 5–8, 12, 14–15, 17, 24, and 27. Alternate translation: “the father of the wife of Moses”
18:2	zw6h			וַ⁠יִּקַּ֗ח יִתְרוֹ֙ חֹתֵ֣ן מֹשֶׁ֔ה אֶת־צִפֹּרָ֖ה אֵ֣שֶׁת מֹשֶׁ֑ה	1	This could mean: (1) Jethro took Zipporah to Moses, or (2) Jethro had earlier welcomed back Zipporah.
18:2	chy6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	אַחַ֖ר שִׁלּוּחֶֽי⁠הָ	1	This is something Moses had done earlier. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “after Moses had sent her home to her father”
18:3	khs1			וְ⁠אֵ֖ת שְׁנֵ֣י בָנֶ֑י⁠הָ	1	This is the ending of the sentence that begins with the words **Jethro … took Zipporah** in [18:2](../18/02.md). This could mean: (1) Jethro took Zipporah and her two sons to Moses, or (2) Jethro had earlier welcomed back Zipporah and her two sons.
18:3	k4mb		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	גֵּֽרְשֹׁ֔ם	1	**Gershom** is a son of Moses and Zipporah; his name means “foreigner.” See [2:22](../02/22.md).
18:4	xi35		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	אֱלִיעֶ֑זֶר	1	**Eliezer** is a son of Moses and Zipporah; his name means “God is the one who helps me.”
18:4	z2km		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	מֵ⁠חֶ֥רֶב פַּרְעֹֽה	1	The phrase **from the sword of Pharaoh** represents being killed by Pharaoh or Pharaoh’s army. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “from being killed by Pharaoh” or “from being killed by Pharaoh’s army”
18:5	zzab			וּ⁠בָנָ֥י⁠ו	1	Alternate translation: “with his sons”
18:7	s5p2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction	וַ⁠יִּשְׁתַּ֨חוּ֙ וַ⁠יִּשַּׁק־ל֔⁠וֹ	1	These were symbolic acts that were the normal way that people showed great respect and devotion in that culture. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly.
18:8	rkq2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	עַ֖ל אוֹדֹ֣ת יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל	1	The word **Israel** represents the Israelite people. Alternate translation: “in order to help the Israelite people”
18:8	a1ra		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	כָּל־הַ⁠תְּלָאָה֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר מְצָאָ֣תַ⁠ם	1	Moses writes of **hardships** happening to them as if hardships had discovered where they were. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “all the hardships that had happened to them” or “how they had many hard experiences”
18:9	wp1p		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	מִ⁠יַּ֥ד מִצְרָֽיִם	1	The hand represents the power of someone to do something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “from the power of the Egyptians” or “from what the Egyptians were doing to them”
18:10	nrv7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	מִ⁠יַּ֥ד מִצְרַ֖יִם וּ⁠מִ⁠יַּ֣ד פַּרְעֹ֑ה & מִ⁠תַּ֖חַת יַד־מִצְרָֽיִם	1	The hand represents the power of someone to do something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “from the power of the Egyptians and from the power of Pharaoh … from the power of the Egyptians” or “from what the Egyptians and Pharaoh were doing to you … from what the Egyptians were doing to you”
18:11	kmk7			כִּ֣י בַ⁠דָּבָ֔ר	1	Here, **because of the matter** probably refers back to Yahweh’s rescue of Israel. Alternate translation: “because of what he did”
18:11	ljj6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	אֲשֶׁ֥ר זָד֖וּ עֲלֵי⁠הֶֽם	1	The most natural referent for **they** is **the gods**, who, perhaps through their agents (Pharaoh and the Egyptians), fought against Yahweh and oppressed the Israelites (**them**). This would connect back to [Exodus 12:12](../12/12.md) where Yahweh declares that he is bringing judgment on the gods of Egypt. You may need to make some part of this explicit. Alternate translation: “in which they proudly fought Yahweh by oppressing Israel”
18:12	voi9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	לִ⁠פְנֵ֥י הָ⁠אֱלֹהִֽים	1	Here, **face** represents the presence of God. In this case it likely means that this was a worship event. Alternate translation: “in the presence of God”
18:13	ni2b		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent	וַ⁠יְהִי֙ מִֽ⁠מָּחֳרָ֔ת	1	A new scene begins here, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language.
18:13	ano2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction	וַ⁠יֵּ֥שֶׁב מֹשֶׁ֖ה לִ⁠שְׁפֹּ֣ט	1	Sitting was symbolic of having a position of authority. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “Moses sat down as a judge”
18:13	wzea			מִן־הַ⁠בֹּ֖קֶר עַד־הָ⁠עָֽרֶב	1	Alternate translation: “all day”
18:14	bax5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	מָֽה־הַ⁠דָּבָ֤ר הַ⁠זֶּה֙ אֲשֶׁ֨ר אַתָּ֤ה עֹשֶׂה֙ לָ⁠עָ֔ם	1	Jethro uses this question to show Moses that what he was doing was not good. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “You should not be doing all of this for the people!”
18:14	b5wj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	מַדּ֗וּעַ אַתָּ֤ה יוֹשֵׁב֙ לְ⁠בַדֶּ֔⁠ךָ וְ⁠כָל־הָ⁠עָ֛ם נִצָּ֥ב עָלֶ֖י⁠ךָ מִן־בֹּ֥קֶר עַד־עָֽרֶב	1	Jethro used this question to show Moses that he was doing too much. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Why are you doing all this for the people? Why are you doing this by yourself, and why are all the people standing around you from morning until evening, asking you to make decisions for them?”
18:14	cfd1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	אַתָּ֤ה יוֹשֵׁב֙ לְ⁠בַדֶּ֔⁠ךָ	1	The word **sit** here is a metonym for “judge.” Judges would sit while they listened to people’s complaints. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “do you judge alone” or “are you the only one who judges the people”
18:14	tiqs		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	נִצָּ֥ב עָלֶ֖י⁠ךָ	1	The people came to be near Moses so that they could get a chance for him to hear their petitions. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “petition you”
18:18	jtd2			נָבֹ֣ל תִּבֹּ֔ל	1	Alternate translation: “You will surely make yourself very tired”
18:18	h91b		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	כָבֵ֤ד מִמְּ⁠ךָ֙	1	Jethro speaks of the hard work that Moses is doing as if it were a physical burden that Moses was carrying. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is too hard for you”
18:19	pug7			אִיעָ֣צְ⁠ךָ֔	1	Alternate translation: “I will guide you” or “I will instruct you”
18:19	v8i9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	וִ⁠יהִ֥י אֱלֹהִ֖ים עִמָּ֑⁠ךְ	1	Jethro speaks of God helping Moses as if God would be with Moses. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “God will help you” or “God will give you wisdom”
18:19	w4r8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	וְ⁠הֵבֵאתָ֥ אַתָּ֛ה אֶת־הַ⁠דְּבָרִ֖ים אֶל־הָ⁠אֱלֹהִֽים	1	Jethro speaks of Moses telling God about their disputes as if they were something that Moses was bringing to God. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and you tell God about their disputes” or and “you tell God what they are arguing about”
18:20	w3vf		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	וְ⁠הוֹדַעְתָּ֣ לָ⁠הֶ֗ם אֶת־הַ⁠דֶּ֨רֶךְ֙ יֵ֣לְכוּ בָ֔⁠הּ	1	Jethro speaks of living or behaving like walking. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “You must show them how to live” or “You must show them how to behave”
18:21	p5ap			וְ⁠אַתָּ֣ה תֶחֱזֶ֣ה	1	Alternate translation: “As for you, search out” or “You must also search out”
18:21	n936		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	וְ⁠שַׂמְתָּ֣ עֲלֵ⁠הֶ֗ם	1	Jethro speaks of giving them authority over people as putting them over people. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “You should select leaders for the people”
18:21	xprc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וְ⁠שַׂמְתָּ֣ עֲלֵ⁠הֶ֗ם	1	Here, **them** refers to the Israelites. Moses is advised to place good men in charge of groups of Israelites. Alternate translation: “And you must appoint these men over the Israelites”
18:21	d2hv		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	שָׂרֵ֤י אֲלָפִים֙ שָׂרֵ֣י מֵא֔וֹת שָׂרֵ֥י חֲמִשִּׁ֖ים וְ⁠שָׂרֵ֥י עֲשָׂרֹֽת	1	This could mean: (1) these numbers represent the exact amount of people in each group. Alternate translation: “leaders in charge of groups of 1,000 people, groups of 100 people, groups of 50 people, and groups of 10 people” or (2) these numbers are not exact, but represent groups of people of various sizes. Alternate translation: “leaders in charge of very small groups, small groups, large groups, and very large groups”
18:22	y5n2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	כָּל־הַ⁠דָּבָ֤ר הַ⁠גָּדֹל֙ יָבִ֣יאוּ אֵלֶ֔י⁠ךָ	1	By **every great situation they will bring to you**, Jethro is recommending that the new leaders should pass the most difficult cases to Moses for him to judge them. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the difficult cases they will tell you about” or “when there are difficult cases, they will tell you about them so you could judge them”
18:22	u42p		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	וְ⁠הָקֵל֙ מֵֽ⁠עָלֶ֔י⁠ךָ וְ⁠נָשְׂא֖וּ אִתָּֽ⁠ךְ	1	Jethro speaks of the hard work that they would do as if it were something that they would carry beside Moses and make lighter for Moses by helping him. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and lessen your work by having them do the hard work with you” or “and make your work easier by having them help you do the hard work”
18:23	wyq4			וְ⁠יָֽכָלְתָּ֖ עֲמֹ֑ד	1	Alternate translation: “then you will not wear yourself out”
18:23	bt5p			כָּל־הָ⁠עָ֣ם הַ⁠זֶּ֔ה עַל־מְקֹמ֖⁠וֹ יָבֹ֥א בְ⁠שָׁלֽוֹם	1	Here, getting **to their place** could mean each person’s home tent or it could mean the whole group gets to the promised land. If you cannot leave it ambiguous, it would be best to indicate something like “harmony in the camp.” Alternate translation: “all these people will live in harmony”
18:25	n2ws		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	רָאשִׁ֖ים עַל־הָ⁠עָ֑ם	1	Moses writes of the leaders of people as if they were the **head** of a body. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “leaders over the people”
18:25	tb18		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	אַנְשֵׁי־חַ֨יִל֙	1	If it would be helpful to your readers, what sort of ability they had can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “men who were able to lead” or “men who were able to judge”
18:25	iqn8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	שָׂרֵ֤י אֲלָפִים֙ שָׂרֵ֣י מֵא֔וֹת שָׂרֵ֥י חֲמִשִּׁ֖ים וְ⁠שָׂרֵ֥י עֲשָׂרֹֽת	1	This could mean: (1) these numbers represent the exact amount of people in each group. Alternate translation: “leaders in charge of groups of 1,000 people, groups of 100 people, groups of 50 people, and groups of 10 people” or (2) these numbers are not exact, but represent groups of people of various sizes. Alternate translation: “leaders in charge of very small groups, small groups, large groups, and very large groups” See how you translated this in [Exodus 18:21](../18/21.md).
18:26	abx4			וְ⁠שָׁפְט֥וּ אֶת־הָ⁠עָ֖ם בְּ⁠כָל־עֵ֑ת	1	Alternate translation: “They judged the people most of the time” or “They judged the people in all regular circumstances”
18:26	z7j4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	אֶת־הַ⁠דָּבָ֤ר הַ⁠קָּשֶׁה֙ יְבִיא֣וּ⁠ן אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֔ה	1	The author writes of telling Moses about the difficult cases as bringing him the difficult cases. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “They told Moses about the difficult cases” or “When there were difficult cases, they told Moses about them so that he would judge them”
18:26	ve8h			הַ⁠דָּבָ֥ר הַ⁠קָּטֹ֖ן	1	Alternate translation: “easy case”
19:intro	ck7e				0	# Exodus 19 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter consist of a series of Moses going up Mount Sinai, talking to Yahweh, coming down, and talking to the people. He is being the intermediary, carrying messages between Yahweh and the people.\n- v. 1–2: Arrival at Sinai\n- v. 3–8: First cycle of Moses going up and down for instruction and response\n- v. 9–15: Second cycle, people get ready to hear God\n- v. 16–19: God speaks to the people from the mountain\n- v. 20–25: Third cycle\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### “A kingdom of priests”\n\nThe function of the priests was to intercede for the people. The Levites were the only priests in Israel; this is a metaphor indicating that the nation was to intercede for the world as a whole. They were also to be holy, or set apart, from the rest of the world. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])\n\n### Revealing the law\n\nThe events of this chapter are concerned with preparing the people to receive the law of Moses. The people go through all of this to prepare themselves for the law, which shows the great importance of this event for Israel. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])\n\n### Boundaries between Yahweh and the people\n\nMoses is told to make the people holy in preparation for meeting Yahweh, then boundaries are set up to keep the people separate from Yahweh, and then the priests are told to make themselves holy. The theme of a holy separation is beginning to be developed that will become much of the law code.
19:1	r5tj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal	בַּ⁠חֹ֨דֶשׁ֙ הַ⁠שְּׁלִישִׁ֔י & בַּ⁠יּ֣וֹם הַ⁠זֶּ֔ה	1	This means they arrived at the wilderness on the first day of the month just as they left Egypt on the first day of the month. The first day of the third month on the Hebrew calendar is near the middle of May on Western calendars. If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “In the month 3 … on the day 1 of the month”
19:2	nk51		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	מֵ⁠רְפִידִ֗ים	1	**Rephidim** is an area on the edge of the wilderness of Sinai where the people of Israel had been camping. See how you translated this name in [Exodus 17:1](../17/01.md).
19:3	kgev		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	תֹאמַר֙ לְ⁠בֵ֣ית יַעֲקֹ֔ב וְ⁠תַגֵּ֖יד לִ⁠בְנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל	1	These two phrases have exactly the same meaning. This may be for poetic effect, as Yahweh’s statement here through [19:6](../19/06.md) is somewhat artfully crafted. You may need to use a strategy other than parallelism to achieve a similar poetic effect in your language.
19:4	z9i6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual	אַתֶּ֣ם רְאִיתֶ֔ם	1	The word **you** here refers to the Israelites. Yahweh is telling Moses what to tell the Israelites. If your language has a plural form of you, you would need it here.
19:4	b7ph		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	וָ⁠אֶשָּׂ֤א אֶתְ⁠כֶם֙ עַל־כַּנְפֵ֣י נְשָׁרִ֔ים	1	God speaks of caring for his people while they traveled as if he were an eagle and carried them on his **wings**. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “how I helped you travel like an eagle that carries her babies on her wings”
19:5	c767		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	בְּ⁠קֹלִ֔⁠י	1	God’s voice represents what he says. Alternate translation: “to what I say” or “to my words”
19:5	fh8e			וּ⁠שְׁמַרְתֶּ֖ם אֶת־בְּרִיתִ֑⁠י	1	Alternate translation: “and do what my covenant requires you to do”
19:5	ifv6			סְגֻלָּה֙	1	Alternate translation: “treasure”
19:6	gm9s		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	לִ֛⁠י מַמְלֶ֥כֶת כֹּהֲנִ֖ים	1	God speaks of his people as if they were **priests**. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “my kingdom of people who are like priests” or “my kingdom of people who do what priests do”
19:7	c5tq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	וַ⁠יָּ֣שֶׂם לִ⁠פְנֵי⁠הֶ֗ם אֵ֚ת כָּל־הַ⁠דְּבָרִ֣ים הָ⁠אֵ֔לֶּה	1	Moses setting the words before them means that he was telling people things. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And he told them all these words”
19:7	xjbb		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	לִ⁠פְנֵי⁠הֶ֗ם	1	Here, **face** means the person. Alternate translation: “before them”
19:7	zqk1			כָּל־הַ⁠דְּבָרִ֣ים הָ⁠אֵ֔לֶּה אֲשֶׁ֥ר צִוָּ֖⁠הוּ יְהוָֽה	1	Alternate translation: “all that Yahweh had commanded him”
19:8	ljf5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠יָּ֧שֶׁב מֹשֶׁ֛ה אֶת־דִּבְרֵ֥י הָ⁠עָ֖ם	1	If it would be helpful to your readers, where Moses went can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “Moses went back up the mountain to report the words of the people”
19:8	rwx6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	אֶת־דִּבְרֵ֥י הָ⁠עָ֖ם	1	Here, **words** refers to what the people said. Alternate translation: “what the people said”
19:9	ih2h		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	אֶת־דִּבְרֵ֥י הָ⁠עָ֖ם	1	Here, **words** refers to what the people said. Alternate translation: “what the people said”
19:10	ie7y			וְ⁠קִדַּשְׁתָּ֥⁠ם	1	This may mean instruct the people, or it may mean Moses will have a role as well. Alternate translation: “and tell them to dedicate themselves to me” or “and help them to purify themselves for me”
19:11	tdg9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	לְ⁠עֵינֵ֥י	1	Here, **before the eyes** means “so they can see.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. See the UST.
19:12	d48p			וְ⁠הִגְבַּלְתָּ֤	1	The **boundary** was either a mark or some kind of barrier.
19:12	hhv5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes	לֵ⁠אמֹ֔ר הִשָּׁמְר֥וּ לָ⁠כֶ֛ם	1	A second-level direct quotation begins with **watch**. It is not clear where this command that Moses is to give the Israelites ends. Most English translations end it in [19:13](../19/13.md) before the last sentence. For that reason, it may be most helpful to translate the instruction as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “telling them to watch themselves”
19:12	xct0			הִשָּׁמְר֥וּ לָ⁠כֶ֛ם עֲל֥וֹת בָּ⁠הָ֖ר וּ⁠נְגֹ֣עַ בְּ⁠קָצֵ֑⁠הוּ	1	Here, the negative command is implied from the **watch yourselves** command. Alternate translation: “Watch yourselves against climbing on the mountain or touching on its edge”
19:12	kis1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	כָּל־הַ⁠נֹּגֵ֥עַ בָּ⁠הָ֖ר מ֥וֹת	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You must surely put to death any person who touches the mountain” or “You must surely kill anyone who touches the mountain”
19:13	l9ak		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	לֹא־תִגַּ֨ע בּ֜⁠וֹ יָ֗ד	1	Here, **hand** is a metonym for any part of a person. Alternate translation: “No person shall touch that one”
19:13	k35k		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	סָק֤וֹל יִסָּקֵל֙ אוֹ־יָרֹ֣ה יִיָּרֶ֔ה	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you must certainly stone or shoot him”
19:13	vw19			יָרֹ֣ה יִיָּרֶ֔ה	1	This refers to being killed by someone who shoots arrows from a bow.
19:13	ezpm		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go	יַעֲל֥וּ	1	If you translate this with come or go, consider which would be the correct perspective for your language and the text context. Yahweh is speaking, so “come up” is valid; however, the people will be the ones moving, so “go up” is valid as well.
19:15	bw2p		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism	אַֽל־תִּגְּשׁ֖וּ אֶל־אִשָּֽׁה	1	This is a polite way of talking about sexual relations. If this would be misunderstood in your language, use a different polite way of referring to this or you could state this plainly. Alternate translation: “do not sleep with your wives”
19:15	z0aq			אִשָּֽׁה	1	This word means both “woman” and “wife.” Context dictates the correct translation. Since wife would make it a narrower command, **woman** was chosen here.
19:18	m1b5			יָרַ֥ד & יְהוָ֖ה	1	Alternate translation: “Yahweh came down”
19:18	a8p7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	כְּ⁠עֶ֣שֶׁן הַ⁠כִּבְשָׁ֔ן	1	This shows that it was a very large amount of smoke. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent comparison or express this meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “like the smoke from a very large fire”
19:19	m8ae			הוֹלֵ֖ךְ וְ⁠חָזֵ֣ק מְאֹ֑ד	1	Alternate translation: “continued to become louder and louder”
19:19	f5e6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	בְ⁠קֽוֹל	1	The word **voice** here refers to a sound that God made. This could mean: (1) “by speaking loudly like thunder” or (2) “by speaking” or (3) “by causing thunder to sound”
19:20	zx5p		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go	וַ⁠יֵּ֧רֶד & וַ⁠יַּ֥עַל	1	You may need to consider your language’s rules for perspective regarding going or coming up or down in this verse.
19:21	d2qm		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	פֶּן־יֶהֶרְס֤וּ	1	God spoke about walking past the boundary as if they might break down a barrier and walk through it. See how you translated “set bounds” in [Exodus 19:12](../19/12.md). If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “not to go beyond the boundary” or “not to go through the barrier”
19:21	oht2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism	וְ⁠נָפַ֥ל	1	Here, **fall** refers to dying. This is a polite way of referring to something unpleasant. If this would be misunderstood in your language, use a different polite way of referring to this or you could state this plainly.
19:22	pq8j		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	יִפְרֹ֥ץ בָּ⁠הֶ֖ם יְהוָֽה	1	Yahweh’s anger and judgment are pictured as something that will **burst** through a boundary. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Yahweh kills them in anger”
19:23	gagp		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes	בָּ֨⁠נוּ֙ לֵ⁠אמֹ֔ר הַגְבֵּ֥ל אֶת־הָ⁠הָ֖ר וְ⁠קִדַּשְׁתּֽ⁠וֹ	1	This quoted command could be translated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “us to set boundaries on the mountain to keep it separate”
19:24	w8lx			לֶךְ־רֵ֔ד	1	Alternate translation: “Go down”
19:24	bk6p		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	אַל־יֶֽהֶרְס֛וּ	1	God spoke about walking past the boundary as if they might **break** down a barrier and walk through it. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Exodus 19:21](../19/21.md). If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “must not go beyond the boundary” or “must not go through the barrier”
19:24	p1yq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	יִפְרָץ־בָּֽ⁠ם	1	Yahweh’s anger and judgment are pictured as something that will **burst** forth from him. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Exodus 19:22](../19/22.md). If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he kill them in anger”
20:intro	x7vt				0	# Exodus 20 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n- v. 1–17: Yahweh gives the Ten Commandments\n- v. 18–21: the people react\n- v. 22–26: Yahweh gives a little more explanation about idols and altars\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Covenant\n\nYahweh’s covenant faithfulness is now based on the covenant he made with Abraham as well as the covenant he is making with Moses. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenantfaith]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])\n\n### Form of you\n\nThe singular form of you is used in the commandments; however, the commandments applied to the whole Israelite community. There is both a singular and a corporate aspect to them. You may need to choose between singular and plural if your language makes that distinction. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]])
20:2	qg71		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	מִ⁠בֵּ֥ית עֲבָדִֽים	1	Yahweh speaks of **Egypt** as if it were a **house** where people keep slaves. See how you translated this in [Exodus 13:3](../13/03.md). If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from the place where you were slaves”
20:3	r9h3			לֹֽ֣א יִהְיֶֽה־לְ⁠ךָ֛ אֱלֹהִ֥ים אֲחֵרִ֖ים עַל־פָּנָֽ⁠יַ	1	Alternate translation: “You must not worship any other gods besides me”
20:4	s7n3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism	וְ⁠כָל־תְּמוּנָ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֤ר בַּ⁠שָּׁמַ֨יִם֙ מִ⁠מַּ֔עַל וַ⁠אֲשֶׁ֥ר בָּ⁠אָ֖רֶץ מִ⁠תָּ֑חַת וַ⁠אֲשֶׁ֥ר בַּ⁠מַּ֖יִם מִ⁠תַּ֥חַת לָ⁠אָֽרֶץ	1	This list means all created things wherever they are. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “nor anything that looks like anything created, whether that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth”
20:4	rkn1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	וְ⁠כָל־תְּמוּנָ֔ה	1	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **likeness**, you can express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “nor anything looking like something”
20:5	ka3i		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	לָ⁠הֶ֖ם	1	Here, **them** refers to carved figures or idols.
20:5	hx93		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	בָּנִ֛ים עַל־שִׁלֵּשִׁ֥ים וְ⁠עַל־רִבֵּעִ֖ים	1	Alternate translation: “Generation” is implied by **sons**, therefore **third and fourth** refers to the grandchildren and great-grandchildren. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “the sons down to the third and fourth generations” or “and even on the grandchildren and great-grandchildren”
20:5	s2ia		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal	עַל־שִׁלֵּשִׁ֥ים וְ⁠עַל־רִבֵּעִ֖ים	1	If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “to generations 3 and 4”
20:6	u9nc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	וְ⁠עֹ֥שֶׂה חֶ֖סֶד לַ⁠אֲלָפִ֑ים לְ⁠אֹהֲבַ֖⁠י	1	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faithfulness**, you can express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “I am faithful to the covenant with thousands of those who love me”
20:6	oyh7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	לַ⁠אֲלָפִ֑ים	1	Alternate translation: “Generation” is implied by the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply necessary words from the context. Alternate translation: “to the thousandth generation” or “for a thousand generations”
20:6	yw38		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	לַ⁠אֲלָפִ֑ים לְ⁠אֹהֲבַ֖⁠י	1	Here, **thousands** may mean: (1) “forever,” that is, “to all descendants forever” (2) a number too many to count. Alternate translation: “for every generation” or “forever to innumerable people who love me”
20:7	o96b			תִשָּׂ֛א & יִשָּׂ֥א	1	To **lift up**, take, or use the name of Yahweh (with emptiness, i.e. improperly) covers many sorts of speaking or invoking his name or making a claim to him or attempting to manipulate him or misrepresenting him. A broad word should be used in translation of this term.
20:7	t3k2			לֹ֥א תִשָּׂ֛א אֶת־שֵֽׁם־יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֶ֖י⁠ךָ	1	Alternate translation: “You must not use the name of Yahweh your God”
20:7	gcz2			לַ⁠שָּׁ֑וְא & לַ⁠שָּֽׁוְא	1	Alternate translation: “carelessly” or “without proper respect”
20:7	sl6g		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives	לֹ֤א יְנַקֶּה֙	1	If this double negative would be misunderstood in your language, you could translate it as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “I will certainly consider guilty”
20:8	kwn7			לְ⁠קַדְּשֽׁ⁠וֹ	1	Alternate translation: “to make it holy to me” or “to consecrate it to me”
20:9	sad1			מְלַאכְתֶּֽ⁠ךָ	1	Alternate translation: “your occupation” or “your livelihood”
20:10	t1ky		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	בִּ⁠שְׁעָרֶֽי⁠ךָ	1	Cities often had walls around them to keep out enemies, and gates for people to go in and out. Anyone who was inside the gates was part of the community. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “within your community” or “inside your city”
20:11	vw1f		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal	בַּ⁠יּ֣וֹם הַ⁠שְּׁבִיעִ֑י	1	If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “on day seven”
20:14	wyv9			לֹ֖א תִּנְאָֽף	1	Alternate translation: “You must not have sex with anyone other than your spouse”
20:16	zix8			לֹֽא־תַעֲנֶ֥ה בְ⁠רֵעֲ⁠ךָ֖ עֵ֥ד שָֽׁקֶר	1	Alternate translation: “You must not speak a false report against your neighbor”
20:17	vt9t			לֹ֥א תַחְמֹ֖ד	1	Alternate translation: “You must not strongly want to have” or “You must not want to take”
20:18	nm52			הָ⁠הָ֖ר עָשֵׁ֑ן	1	Alternate translation: “the smoky mountain”
20:18	lmt5			וַ⁠יָּנֻ֔עוּ	1	Alternate translation: “and they shook with fear”
20:18	h53m			וַ⁠יַּֽעַמְד֖וּ מֵֽ⁠רָחֹֽק	1	Alternate translation: “and stood far away”
20:20	slb8			וּ⁠בַ⁠עֲב֗וּר תִּהְיֶ֧ה יִרְאָת֛⁠וֹ עַל־פְּנֵי⁠כֶ֖ם לְ⁠בִלְתִּ֥י תֶחֱטָֽאוּ	1	Alternate translation: “so that you will honor him and not sin”
20:20	hocw		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	תִּהְיֶ֧ה יִרְאָת֛⁠וֹ עַל־פְּנֵי⁠כֶ֖ם	1	Here, **fear** is spoken of as something that could be **above their faces**. This means that they would be continually thinking about honoring God. It is similar to the image in [Exodus 13:16](../13/16.md). If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you will live always reverencing him”
20:21	lts1			וּ⁠מֹשֶׁה֙ נִגַּ֣שׁ	1	Alternate translation: “and Moses moved closer,”
20:23	qm44			אֱלֹ֤הֵי כֶ֨סֶף֙ וֵ⁠אלֹהֵ֣י זָהָ֔ב	1	Alternate translation: “gods made out of silver or gold” or “idols made out of silver or gold”
20:24	pf1i			מִזְבַּ֣ח אֲדָמָה֮	1	The phrase **an altar of earth** means an altar made of materials from the ground, such as stone, soil, or clay.
20:24	ge89		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	אַזְכִּ֣יר אֶת־שְׁמִ֔⁠י	1	Here, **name** is a metonym for God’s being. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “I cause myself to be remembered”
20:24	zmc4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	אַזְכִּ֣יר אֶת־שְׁמִ֔⁠י	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I choose for you to remember me”
20:26	qm1b		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וְ⁠לֹֽא־תַעֲלֶ֥ה בְ⁠מַעֲלֹ֖ת עַֽל־מִזְבְּחִ֑⁠י	1	If you need to connect this statement more explicitly to the previous statements regarding building the alter, you could add a phrase about building steps. Alternate translation: “Do not build steps up to the altar and go up to it on those steps”
20:26	e28y		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	אֲשֶׁ֛ר לֹֽא־תִגָּלֶ֥ה עֶרְוָתְ⁠ךָ֖ עָלָֽי⁠ו	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “so that you do not expose your nakedness over it”
20:26	h2qd			עֶרְוָתְ⁠ךָ֖	1	Alternate translation: “your private parts”
21:intro	dnd3				0	# Exodus 21 General Notes\n\nThis chapter begins to give the Israelite civil case law, that is, the explanation of how to apply the principles condensed in the ten commandments.\n\n## Structure:\n\n- 1: Introduction\n- 2–6: Laws regarding male slaves\n- 7–11: Laws regarding female slaves\n- 12–17: Capital crimes\n- 18–36: Liability laws\n    * 18–27: Regarding human violence\n    * 28–36: Regarding damage done by or to animals\n\n## Translation Issues in this Chapter\n\n### Hypothetical situations\n\nThroughout the case law, a hypothetical situation is introduced with “when” or “if.” It is followed by a description of the situation; then there is the penalty or action to be taken in those situations. A hypothetical person may be introduced with “anyone” or “whoever.” Most verses for the next several chapters will have these hypothetical situations. See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]] Translators familiar with Hebrew may want to notice that, generally, major divisions are introduced by כִּי (ki) and minor divisions within a topic are introduced by אִם (’im).\n\n### Passive construction\n\nMany portions of these situations are written in the passive voice. Some languages may have to change all or some of these to active voice. See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]].\n\n### Daughters sold as servants\n\nThe section from [21:7–11](../21/07.md) may be somewhat confusing because a daughter that is sold as a servant is seamlessly connected to her becoming someone’s wife. It seems the two things could be closely related.\n\n### Ransom payment\n\nIn [21:30](../21/30.md) a man whose bull killed someone may evade the death penalty by paying a ransom price, but the conditions for that happening are not clear.
21:1	xxf4			you must set before them	0	Yahweh continues speaking to Moses. There is no quote break between chapters.
21:1	hhf7			תָּשִׂ֖ים	1	Alternate translation: “you must give” or “you must tell”
21:1	ddql		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	לִ⁠פְנֵי⁠הֶֽם	1	Here, **faces** represents the presence of the nation. Alternate translation: “before them”
21:2	di5z				0	# General Information:\n\nHere Yahweh begins telling Moses his laws for the people of Israel.
21:2	wj0e		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical	כִּ֤י תִקְנֶה֙ עֶ֣בֶד עִבְרִ֔י	1	This is the first of many hypothetical situations, introduced by “when” or **if,** which you will encounter over the next several chapters. See the [introduction to chapter 21](../21/intro.md). You will need to translate these consistently in a manner that expresses that these situations have not happened.
21:3	ln3r		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	אִם־בְּ⁠גַפּ֥⁠וֹ יָבֹ֖א בְּ⁠גַפּ֣⁠וֹ יֵצֵ֑א	1	What **by himself** means can be stated clearly. Some languages require that the additional condition, that he marries while a slave, be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “If he became a slave while he had no wife, and if he marries while he is a slave, the master need only free the man”
21:3	pfn3			בְּ⁠גַפּ֥⁠וֹ & בְּ⁠גַפּ֣⁠וֹ	1	Alternate translation: “alone” or “without a wife”
21:3	e467			אִם־בַּ֤עַל אִשָּׁה֙ ה֔וּא	1	Alternate translation: “if he was married when he became a slave” or “if he came as a married man”
21:5	yj8x			אָמֹ֤ר יֹאמַר֙	1	Alternate translation: “makes a statement, saying”
21:5	jqh4			לֹ֥א אֵצֵ֖א חָפְשִֽׁי	1	Alternate translation: “I do not want my master to set me free”
21:6	vnjk		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	הָ֣⁠אֱלֹהִ֔ים	1	The word for **God** at its most literal means “great ones.” Here it may have this basic meaning and refer to human judges or other leaders in Israel. It may also be a metonym and refer to the judges because they represent God to the people and have his authority. Texts other than the standard Hebrew text support this reading. See [Exodus 22:8–9](../22/08.md) for another example of this. Alternate translation: “the judges”
21:6	z8x1			וְ⁠רָצַ֨ע & אֶת־אָזְנ⁠וֹ֙	1	Alternate translation: “and … will put a hole in his ear”
21:6	xpd3			בַּ⁠מַּרְצֵ֔עַ	1	An **awl** is a pointed tool used to make a hole
21:6	k6ev			לְ⁠עֹלָֽם	1	Alternate translation: “until the end of his life” or “until he dies”
21:8	lpqh			has designated	0	This verse is the first of three possible situations between a master and his female slave.
21:8	p8se			יְעָדָ֖⁠הּ	1	Alternate translation: “has chosen her”
21:8	t2zf		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	וְ⁠הֶפְדָּ֑⁠הּ	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “then he must allow her father to buy her back”
21:8	h7f7			בְּ⁠בִגְד⁠וֹ־בָֽ⁠הּ	1	Alternate translation: “since he has deceived her”
21:9	h9ni			he has treated her deceitfully	0	This verse is the second of three possible situations between a master and his female slave.
21:9	w99z			לִ⁠בְנ֖⁠וֹ יִֽיעָדֶ֑⁠נָּה	1	Alternate translation: “he decides that she is the one who will be his son’s wife”
21:9	suz0			כְּ⁠מִשְׁפַּ֥ט הַ⁠בָּנ֖וֹת יַעֲשֶׂה־לָּֽ⁠הּ	1	Alternate translation: “he must do to her according to the manner in which daughters are customarily treated”
21:10	i0xh			designates her as a wife for his son	0	This verse and the next are the third of three possible situations between a master and his female slave.
21:10	rxk4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives	שְׁאֵרָ֛⁠הּ כְּסוּתָ֥⁠הּ וְ⁠עֹנָתָ֖⁠הּ לֹ֥א יִגְרָֽע	1	If this double negative would be misunderstood in your language, you could translate it as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “he must give the first wife the same food, clothing, and marital rights she had before”
21:10	np9b		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism	וְ⁠עֹנָתָ֖⁠הּ	1	This term only occurs here in the Bible. It probably means things that a husband must do for his wife. Most commentators believe it specifically means having sexual relations with her, possibly so that she can bear children. Alternate translation: “or her right to intimacy” or “or her childbearing rights”
21:12	gks4			מַכֵּ֥ה אִ֛ישׁ	1	Alternate translation: “Whoever attacks a man”
21:12	su6b		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	מ֥וֹת יוּמָֽת	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you must certainly execute that person” or “you must certainly kill that person”
21:13	h4ka			וַ⁠אֲשֶׁר֙ לֹ֣א צָדָ֔ה	1	Alternate translation: “But if he did not plan to do it” or “But if he did not do it on purpose”
21:13	gme9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וְ⁠שַׂמְתִּ֤י לְ⁠ךָ֙ מָק֔וֹם אֲשֶׁ֥ר יָנ֖וּס שָֽׁמָּ⁠ה	1	If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express the purpose for choosing a place explicitly. Alternate translation: “I will choose a place to which he can run away to be safe”
21:14	st5h			בְ⁠עָרְמָ֑ה	1	Alternate translation: “after thinking carefully about it”
21:14	abx6			תִּקָּחֶ֖⁠נּוּ	1	The word “him” refers to the one who killed his neighbor.
21:14	mvpx			לָ⁠מֽוּת	1	Alternate translation: “to execute him”
21:15	y3hd		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	וּ⁠מַכֵּ֥ה אָבִ֛י⁠ו וְ⁠אִמּ֖⁠וֹ מ֥וֹת יוּמָֽת	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “If anyone hits his father or mother, you must surely put him to death” or “You must surely kill anyone who hits his father or mother”
21:15	qh2j			מ֥וֹת	1	Alternate translation: “certainly”
21:16	iu81		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	מ֥וֹת יוּמָֽת	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you must kill that kidnapper”
21:17	h8qf		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	וּ⁠מְקַלֵּ֥ל אָבִ֛י⁠ו וְ⁠אִמּ֖⁠וֹ מ֥וֹת יוּמָֽת	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You must surely kill anyone who curses his father or his mother”
21:17	kvbc			וּ⁠מְקַלֵּ֥ל	1	The word translated **acts contemptuously** means the opposite of “honor” (as in the commandment to honor one’s parents). Alternate translation: “Whoever acts dishonorably toward”
21:19	c7rv			יָק֞וּם	1	Alternate translation: “he gets better”
21:19	tv0z			וְ⁠נִקָּ֣ה	1	Alternate translation: “then … is innocent”
21:19	xg6c		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	שִׁבְתּ֛⁠וֹ	1	This refers to a situation when someone cannot work to earn money. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “for the time he could not work”
21:19	ws14			וְ⁠רַפֹּ֥א יְרַפֵּֽא	1	Alternate translation: “and for his medical costs” or “and for his costs for healing”
21:20	te41			תַּ֣חַת יָד֑⁠וֹ	1	Alternate translation: “because of the injury” or “because the master hit him”
21:20	h4eg		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	נָקֹ֖ם יִנָּקֵֽם	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you must certainly punish that man”
21:21	r65u		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	כִּ֥י כַסְפּ֖⁠וֹ הֽוּא	1	A common view is that the loss of the valuable property, the slave, is itself a punishment. It may be that the master loses the slave for a time and also has to pay for his healing, or it may be that the slave dies after a few days. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that the servant was valuable to his master explicitly. Alternate translation: “because he has already lost his servant who was valuable to him” or “because he has already lost his servant’s work for a time and had to pay for his healing”
21:22	a6av			וְ⁠יָצְא֣וּ יְלָדֶ֔י⁠הָ וְ⁠לֹ֥א יִהְיֶ֖ה אָס֑וֹן	1	It is not clear in the passage what happens to the child. The text is simply as in the ULT. Some have taken it to mean that the child dies because of premature birth, and the **serious injury** only relates to the woman. In this case, a fine is imposed for the loss of the child. However, the text could also mean that the child is born safely. A fine is still imposed because of the great danger to the two lives. Then the next few verses give consequences for any injury either to mother or child.
21:22	w4p3			אָס֑וֹן	1	Alternate translation: “hurt”
21:22	cn4h		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	עָנ֣וֹשׁ יֵעָנֵ֗שׁ	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you must certainly fine the guilty man” or “the guilty man must pay a fine”
21:22	v5ye			בִּ⁠פְלִלִֽים	1	Alternate translation: “what the judges decide”
21:23	ya82		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וְ⁠נָתַתָּ֥ה נֶ֖פֶשׁ תַּ֥חַת נָֽפֶשׁ	1	This means that if someone is hurt, the person who caused the hurt must be hurt in the same way. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “you must take the killer’s life for the murdered person’s life”
21:24	c5bq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	עַ֚יִן תַּ֣חַת עַ֔יִן	1	This means that if someone is hurt, the person who caused the hurt must be hurt in the same way. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “the striker’s eye for the injured person’s eye” (and repeated in like manner for each example throughout this and the next verse)
21:26	i8cg			אִ֜ישׁ	1	Here, **man** refers to the owner of a slave.
21:26	bmc1			תַּ֥חַת	1	Alternate translation: “as payment for”
21:28	sp6w			יִגַּ֨ח שׁ֥וֹר	1	Alternate translation: “an ox injures with its horns”
21:28	qk3u		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	סָק֨וֹל יִסָּקֵ֜ל הַ⁠שּׁ֗וֹר	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you must surely stone the ox to death”
21:28	q2gv		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	וְ⁠לֹ֤א יֵאָכֵל֙ אֶת־בְּשָׂר֔⁠וֹ	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and you must not eat its flesh”
21:29	zgll		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	וְ⁠הוּעַ֤ד בִּ⁠בְעָלָי⁠ו֙ וְ⁠לֹ֣א יִשְׁמְרֶ֔⁠נּוּ	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state **its owner was warned** in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and someone warned its owner but he did not keep it in”
21:29	x2y0		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וְ⁠הוּעַ֤ד בִּ⁠בְעָלָי⁠ו֙ וְ⁠לֹ֣א יִשְׁמְרֶ֔⁠נּוּ	1	If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express the content of the warning explicitly. Alternate translation: “and its owner was warned that it gores but he did not keep it in”
21:29	nzn1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	וְ⁠גַם־בְּעָלָ֖י⁠ו יוּמָֽת	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and you must also kill its owner”
21:30	t5rs		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	אִם־כֹּ֖פֶר יוּשַׁ֣ת עָלָ֑י⁠ו וְ⁠נָתַן֙ פִּדְיֹ֣ן נַפְשׁ֔⁠וֹ כְּ⁠כֹ֥ל אֲשֶׁר־יוּשַׁ֖ת עָלָֽי⁠ו	1	The text does not specify who will impose a ransom on the ox’s owner. Since other texts indicate that justice is retributive and performed by the dead person’s family, that is one option. Another option is that the judges will impose it. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express one of these explicitly.
21:30	py37		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	אִם־כֹּ֖פֶר יוּשַׁ֣ת עָלָ֑י⁠ו & יוּשַׁ֖ת עָלָֽי⁠ו	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. However, you must make a decision regarding who is imposing the ransom or use an unspecified pronoun, if that is possible in your language (this second option would not make sense in English). Alternate translation: “If the judges impose a ransom on him … they impose on him”
21:31	kg25			יִגָּ֖ח & יִגָּ֑ח	1	Alternate translation: “it injures with its horns … it injures with its horns”
21:31	to8k		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	לּֽ⁠וֹ	1	Here, **him** probably refers to the ox’s owner. Alternate translation: “to the owner”
21:32	qzv3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney	כֶּ֣סֶף׀ שְׁלֹשִׁ֣ים שְׁקָלִ֗ים	1	In ancient times, a silver shekel weighed about 11 grams or about a third of an ounce. You could try to express the equivalent in terms of modern money values, but if you did, that could cause your Bible translation to become outdated and inaccurate, since those values can change over time. Instead, you could say something general like “30 silver coins” or give the equivalent weight or use the biblical term in the text and explain the weight in a footnote. Alternate translation: “330 grams of silver”
21:32	qy0g		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	אִם־עֶ֛בֶד יִגַּ֥ח הַ⁠שּׁ֖וֹר	1	Because they are to kill the ox, the slave must have died. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “If an ox kills a male servant”
21:32	wm9a		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	וְ⁠הַ⁠שּׁ֖וֹר יִסָּקֵֽל	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you must kill the ox by stoning it”
21:33	fd4p			יִפְתַּ֨ח & בּ֗וֹר	1	Alternate translation: “uncovers a hole in the ground” or “takes a cover off a hole in the ground”
21:34	b48a		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	כֶּ֖סֶף יָשִׁ֣יב לִ⁠בְעָלָ֑י⁠ו	1	The owner must be paid for the loss of his animal. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “he must pay the owner for the dead animal”
21:34	ip1n			יְשַׁלֵּ֔ם	1	Alternate translation: “must make restitution”
21:34	j8qz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וְ⁠הַ⁠מֵּ֖ת יִֽהְיֶה־לּֽ⁠וֹ	1	The one who paid for the loss of the animal will become the owner of the dead animal and can do what he wants with it. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “and the dead animal will belong to the owner of the pit”
21:35	z9ug			וְ⁠חָצ֣וּ אֶת־כַּסְפּ֔⁠וֹ	1	Alternate translation: “and divide the money” or “and divide the money they receive”
21:36	fkx2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	א֣וֹ נוֹדַ֗ע	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language.
21:36	v64b			נַגָּ֥ח הוּא֙ מִ⁠תְּמ֣וֹל שִׁלְשֹׁ֔ם	1	Alternate translation: “the ox had gored other animals before”
21:36	ix8h		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וְ⁠לֹ֥א יִשְׁמְרֶ֖⁠נּוּ בְּעָלָ֑י⁠ו	1	This means that the owner did not keep his ox safely where it could not wander to hurt other animals. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “and its owner did not keep it inside a fence” or “and its owner did not tie it securely”
21:36	dcv2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	שַׁלֵּ֨ם יְשַׁלֵּ֥ם שׁוֹר֙ תַּ֣חַת הַ⁠שּׁ֔וֹר	1	The owner of the ox that killed must give an ox to the man who lost his ox. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “the owner of the ox that killed must surely give a living ox to the owner of the ox that died”
22:intro	f9vb				0	# Exodus 22 General Notes\n\n## Structure\n\nThis chapter continues the list of case laws for Israel. We will not attempt to provide an outline since almost every verse is about a different case.\n\n## Translation Issues in this Chapter\n\n### Hypothetical situations\n\nThroughout the case law a hypothetical situation is introduced with “when” or “if.” Then there is a description of the situation, and then there is the penalty or action to be taken in those situations. A hypothetical person may be introduced with “anyone” or “whoever.” Most verses for the next several chapters will contain these hypothetical situations. See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]] Translators familiar with Hebrew may want to notice that, generally, major divisions are introduced by כִּי (ki) and minor divisions within a topic are introduced by אִם (’im).\n\n### Passive construction\n\nMany portions of these situations are written in the passive voice. Some languages may have to change all or some of these to active voice. See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]].
22:1	syx5				0	# General Information:\n\nYahweh continues telling Moses his laws for the people of Israel.
22:1	onm0		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical	כִּ֤י יִגְנֹֽב־אִישׁ֙ שׁ֣וֹר אוֹ־שֶׂ֔ה וּ⁠טְבָח֖⁠וֹ א֣וֹ מְכָר֑⁠וֹ	1	This is the first of many hypothetical situations in this chapter, introduced by “when” or **if,** which you will encounter over the next several chapters. See the [introduction](../22/intro.md). You will need to translate these consistently in a manner that expresses that these situations have not actually happened.
22:1	bc03		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	חֲמִשָּׁ֣ה & וְ⁠אַרְבַּע	1	Alternate translation: “5 … and 4”
22:2	mt43		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	אִם־בַּ⁠מַּחְתֶּ֛רֶת יִמָּצֵ֥א הַ⁠גַּנָּ֖ב	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “If anyone finds a thief while he is breaking in”
22:2	e98x			בַּ⁠מַּחְתֶּ֛רֶת	1	Alternate translation: “while using force to enter a house”
22:2	gt5f		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	וְ⁠הֻכָּ֣ה וָ⁠מֵ֑ת	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “if anyone strikes the thief so that he dies”
22:2	fq57			אֵ֥ין ל֖⁠וֹ דָּמִֽים	1	Alternate translation: “no one will be guilty of murdering him”
22:3	vym5			אִם־זָרְחָ֥ה הַ⁠שֶּׁ֛מֶשׁ עָלָ֖י⁠ו	1	Alternate translation: “But if it is light before he breaks in” or “But if he breaks in and it is after sunrise”
22:3	c5yl		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	וְ⁠נִמְכַּ֖ר בִּ⁠גְנֵבָתֽ⁠וֹ	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you must sell him as a slave in order to pay for what he stole”
22:4	k926		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	אִֽם־הִמָּצֵא֩ תִמָּצֵ֨א בְ⁠יָד֜⁠וֹ הַ⁠גְּנֵבָ֗ה & חַיִּ֑ים	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “If they find that he still has the live animal that he stole”
22:4	g5kg			שְׁנַ֖יִם יְשַׁלֵּֽם	1	The meaning of **compensate double** is not entirely clear. Most interpretations follow the UST, that is, two animals total must be given, the stolen one and one more. Some interpret double to mean the thief must pay two animals for every animal that he took, so three total. It would be best to leave double as ambiguous as possible. Alternate translation: “he must compensate twice what he stole”
22:5	j24t			יַבְעֶר & וּ⁠בִעֵ֖ר	1	Alternate translation: “causes to eat plants … and it eats plants”
22:5	nlxc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns	בְּעִיר֔וֹ	1	**Livestock** is a collective singular noun that could refer to cows, goats, sheep, or basically any domesticated animals. In some languages you will need to translate it as a plural.
22:5	jrb3			יְשַׁלֵּֽם	1	Alternate translation: “he must pay back the owner of that field”
22:6	x6aj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	כִּֽי־תֵצֵ֨א אֵ֜שׁ וּ⁠מָצְאָ֤ה קֹצִים֙ וְ⁠נֶאֱכַ֣ל	1	Here, **breaks out** and **consumes** can be stated in active form or in another way that is natural in your language if your language does not use the passive form in this way. Alternate translation: “If someone starts a fire, and it spreads in thorns, and it consumes”
22:6	i4ma			וּ⁠מָצְאָ֤ה קֹצִים֙	1	Alternate translation: “and moves along the ground through dry plants”
22:6	u1pa		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	גָּדִ֔ישׁ	1	This is grain that has been cut and tied in bundles. Alternate translation: “bundled grain” or “harvested grain”
22:6	r2cf		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	הַ⁠קָּמָ֖ה	1	This is grain that has not been cut, but it is ready to be harvested. Alternate translation: “the grain still growing in the field”
22:7	jw3v			לִ⁠שְׁמֹ֔ר	1	Alternate translation: “to watch over it” or “to keep it safe”
22:7	na9h		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	וְ⁠גֻנַּ֖ב	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “if someone steals it”
22:7	x2sh		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	אִם־יִמָּצֵ֥א הַ⁠גַּנָּ֖ב	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “if you find the thief”
22:8	lwg5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	אִם־לֹ֤א יִמָּצֵא֙ הַ⁠גַּנָּ֔ב וְ⁠נִקְרַ֥ב בַּֽעַל־הַ⁠בַּ֖יִת אֶל־הָֽ⁠אֱלֹהִ֑ים	1	You may need to translate these in an active voice if your language does not use passive in this way. Alternate translation: “If no one finds the thief, bring the owner of the house to God”
22:8	c812		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	הָֽ⁠אֱלֹהִ֑ים	1	The word for **God** at its most literal means “great ones.” Here and in the [next verse](../22/09.md) it may have this basic meaning and refer to human judges or other leaders in Israel. It may also be a metonym and refer to the judges because they represent God to the people and have his authority. See [Exodus 21:6](../21/06.md) for another example of this. Alternate translation: “the judges”
22:8	f774		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	שָׁלַ֛ח יָד֖⁠וֹ בִּ⁠מְלֶ֥אכֶת רֵעֵֽ⁠הוּ	1	This is an idiom for stealing. If you have a way of saying this in your language, you can use it here. Alternate translation: “he has stolen his neighbor’s property”
22:9	p7ab			דְּבַר & דְּבַר	1	Alternate translation: “dispute of … the dispute of”
22:9	fgz1			כִּי־ה֣וּא זֶ֔ה	1	Alternate translation: “This is mine” or “This is my missing property”
22:9	m31k		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	הָֽ⁠אֱלֹהִ֔ים & אֱלֹהִ֔ים	1	The word used here for **God**, at its most literal, means “great ones.” Here and in the [previous verse](../22/08.md) it may have this basic meaning and refer to human judges or other leaders in Israel. It may also be a metonym and refer to the judges because they represent God to the people and have his authority. See [Exodus 21:6](../21/06.md) for another example of this. Alternate translation: “the judges”
22:10	h7ms		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	נִשְׁבַּ֥ר אוֹ־נִשְׁבָּ֖ה	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language, as modeled in the UST.
22:10	hzow			נִשְׁבָּ֖ה	1	Here, **carried away** means that it is not a thief but a wild animal that takes the ox or sheep away (to eat it). See [22:12](../22/12.md) for cases where the animal is stolen while in another’s care.
22:11	gl7t		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	שְׁבֻעַ֣ת יְהוָ֗ה תִּהְיֶה֙ בֵּ֣ין שְׁנֵי⁠הֶ֔ם & וְ⁠לָקַ֥ח בְּעָלָ֖י⁠ו	1	Only the man who is accused of stealing the animal must swear the oath. The owner of the lost animal must accept the oath that has been sworn. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the man who was caring for the animal must swear an oath before Yahweh … and the owner must accept that oath”
22:12	yw3w		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	וְ⁠אִם־גָּנֹ֥ב יִגָּנֵ֖ב מֵ⁠עִמּ֑⁠וֹ	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “But if someone stole the animal from him”
22:13	b313		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	אִם־טָרֹ֥ף יִטָּרֵ֖ף	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “But if a wild beast tore the animal in pieces”
22:14	h8yw			שַׁלֵּ֥ם יְשַׁלֵּֽם	1	Alternate translation: “must certainly repay with another animal” or “must certainly pay the owner for the animal”
22:14	wu3u		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	וְ⁠נִשְׁבַּ֣ר אוֹ־מֵ֑ת	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language, as modeled in the UST.
22:15	g3zw		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	אִם־שָׂכִ֣יר	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “if someone rented the animal”
22:15	r792		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	בָּ֖א בִּ⁠שְׂכָרֽ⁠וֹ	1	The one who borrowed the animal will not have to pay the owner anything more than the hiring or rental fee. This fee will pay for the loss of the animal. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “the money that someone paid to rent the animal will cover the loss of the animal”
22:15	f9w9			בִּ⁠שְׂכָרֽ⁠וֹ	1	Alternate translation: “for its rental fee” or “for the money paid to rent the animal”
22:16	a8s8			וְ⁠כִֽי־יְפַתֶּ֣ה אִ֗ישׁ בְּתוּלָ֛ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר לֹא־אֹרָ֖שָׂה	1	Alternate translation: “If a man persuades a virgin who is not engaged that she wants to lie with him”
22:16	th2m			לֹא־אֹרָ֖שָׂה	1	Alternate translation: “not promised to be married”
22:16	g24h		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism	וְ⁠שָׁכַ֣ב	1	Lying with someone refers to having sex. This is a polite way of referring to something unpleasant. If this would be misunderstood in your language, use a different polite way of referring to this or you could state this plainly. Alternate translation: “if he has sex with her”
22:16	x33y			מָהֹ֛ר יִמְהָרֶ֥⁠נָּה	1	The **bride price** was money paid to the family to compensate for the loss of their daughter.
22:17	y2xz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	ל֑⁠וֹ & יִשְׁקֹ֔ל	1	Here, **him** and **he** refer back to the man who seduced the virgin.
22:19	y3qy		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism	כָּל־שֹׁכֵ֥ב עִם־בְּהֵמָ֖ה	1	This refers to sexual relations. This is a polite way of referring to something unpleasant. If this would be misunderstood in your language, use a different polite way of referring to this or you could state this plainly. Alternate translation: “Whoever has sexual relations with an animal”
22:19	b807		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	כָּל־שֹׁכֵ֥ב עִם־בְּהֵמָ֖ה מ֥וֹת יוּמָֽת	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state **be put to death** in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You must surely execute whoever lies with an animal”
22:20	n4nh		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	יָֽחֳרָ֑ם	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation (placed at the beginning of the sentence): “You must completely destroy”
22:21	kr35			לֹא־תוֹנֶ֖ה	1	Alternate translation: “You must not mistreat” or “You must not cheat”
22:21	eoa5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	כִּֽי־גֵרִ֥ים הֱיִיתֶ֖ם בְּ⁠אֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם	1	The Israelites are called to remember their previous condition, that they lived as foreign guests in Egypt. They came first to avoid the famine in Jacob and Joseph’s time and were dependent on Egyptian hospitality. Later they were wronged and oppressed, and they are not to do that to those who sojourn with them. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “for you were wronged and oppressed as sojourners in the land of Egypt” or “for you also depended on hospitality while you lived as sojourners in Egypt”
22:22	djh3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives	כָּל־אַלְמָנָ֥ה וְ⁠יָת֖וֹם לֹ֥א תְעַנּֽוּ⁠ן׃	1	If this double negative would be misunderstood in your language, you could translate it as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “You must treat all widows and fatherless children fairly”
22:22	v3i8			אַלְמָנָ֥ה	1	Alternate translation: “woman whose husband has died”
22:22	l2ih			וְ⁠יָת֖וֹם	1	Alternate translation: “or child with no parents”
22:24	zszz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וְ⁠חָרָ֣ה אַפִּ֔⁠י	1	This is an idiom meaning that Yahweh will be angry. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “and I will became very angry”
22:24	sx9h		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	בֶּ⁠חָ֑רֶב	1	To be killed **with the sword** is a metonym that means a person will die violently, perhaps while fighting in a war. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “violently”
22:25	v5je			כְּ⁠נֹשֶׁ֑ה	1	Alternate translation: “like one who lends money”
22:25	g3ry			לֹֽא־תְשִׂימ֥וּ⁠ן עָלָ֖י⁠ו נֶֽשֶׁךְ	1	Alternate translation: “you must not charge him extra money for borrowing” or “you must not charge him extra money for the loan”
22:27	wi2m			כְסוּתוֹ֙ לְ⁠בַדָּ֔⁠הּ	1	Alternate translation: “is his only coat” or “is his only garment to keep him warm”
22:27	x7zb		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	בַּ⁠מֶּ֣ה יִשְׁכָּ֔ב	1	This question adds emphasis. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “He will have nothing to wear while he sleeps!”
22:28	eel2			אֱלֹהִ֖ים לֹ֣א תְקַלֵּ֑ל	1	Alternate translation: “Do not insult God” or “Do not speak evil about God”
22:28	tdj6			וְ⁠נָשִׂ֥יא בְ⁠עַמְּ⁠ךָ֖ לֹ֥א תָאֹֽר	1	Alternate translation: “and do not ask God to do bad things to your ruler”
22:29	p8nk		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives	לֹ֣א תְאַחֵ֑ר	1	If this double negative would be misunderstood in your language, you could translate it as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “You must bring all of your offerings”
22:30	j345		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	שִׁבְעַ֤ת	1	Alternate translation: “7”
22:30	m4wq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal	בַּ⁠יּ֥וֹם הַ⁠שְּׁמִינִ֖י	1	If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “on day 8”
22:31	jjhn		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	וְ⁠אַנְשֵׁי־קֹ֖דֶשׁ תִּהְי֣וּ⁠ן לִ֑⁠י	1	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **holiness**, you can express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “And you shall be holy men to men”
23:intro	hk5t				0	# Exodus 23 General Notes\n\n## Structure\n\nThis chapter continues the list of case laws for Israel. It also touches on the patterns of life regarding the Sabbaths ([23:10–12](../23/10.md)) and Festivals ([23:14–19](../23/14.md)). At [23:20](../23/20.md) Yahweh begins telling them about their future as they go to and live in the promised land.\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Celebrations of feasts and festivals\n\nThe people of Israel were required to celebrate certain feasts and festivals. These were part of the law of Moses, and some are described in this chapter. Their purpose was to worship Yahweh and to remember the great things Yahweh has done for them.
23:1	we1y				0	# General Information:\n\nYahweh continues telling Moses his laws for the people of Israel.
23:1	eeoc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	לֹ֥א תִשָּׂ֖א שֵׁ֣מַע שָׁ֑וְא	1	If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **report** and **emptiness**, you can express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “You must not report emptily” or “You must not report falsely”
23:1	l4xr			שֵׁ֣מַע שָׁ֑וְא	1	Alternate translation: “a false testimony”
23:1	fu5k		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	אַל־תָּ֤שֶׁת יָֽדְ⁠ךָ֙ עִם־רָשָׁ֔ע	1	Here, to **put your hand with the wicked** means to support the lies that he is telling in order to harm someone else. The image is of putting out your hand to help him, to make him stronger than he would be on his own. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “You must not assist the wicked”
23:1	y1a3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	עֵ֥ד חָמָֽס	1	Here, **violence** can also mean “wrong.” Either way, it means to harm another person by committing injustice (violence to justice) by lying. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “a false witness”
23:2	nqz9			וְ⁠לֹא־תַעֲנֶ֣ה	1	Alternate translation: “and you also must not speak”
23:2	z6ej		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	לֹֽא־תִהְיֶ֥ה אַחֲרֵֽי־רַבִּ֖ים לְ⁠רָעֹ֑ת	1	This is a metaphor that describes one’s agreeing with a group of people as if he actually walked behind that group. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “You must not do the evil that the crowd wants” or “You must not agree with the majority for evil”
23:2	nuag		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	לִ⁠נְטֹ֛ת & לְ⁠הַטֹּֽת	1	The phrase “from justice” is omitted twice but should be understood in both cases. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “to turn aside from justice … that turns aside from justice”
23:2	tnv2			לִ⁠נְטֹ֛ת & לְ⁠הַטֹּֽת	1	Here, **to turn aside** means to do illegal or immoral actions that result in an unjust ruling. Alternate translation: “to pervert justice … that perverts justice”
23:6	z2al			לֹ֥א תַטֶּ֛ה מִשְׁפַּ֥ט אֶבְיֹנְ⁠ךָ֖ בְּ⁠רִיבֽ⁠וֹ	1	Alternate translation: “Do not decide to treat a poor man unjustly in legal matters”
23:6	vh76			בְּ⁠רִיבֽ⁠וֹ	1	Here, **in his lawsuit** refers to any matter that a court decides.
23:7	ljdw		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	מִ⁠דְּבַר־שֶׁ֖קֶר תִּרְחָ֑ק	1	Here distance is used to tell the Israelites to have no part in deception. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Do not speak deceptively” or “Do not join a false matter”
23:7	c6xl		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	וְ⁠נָקִ֤י וְ⁠צַדִּיק֙	1	These two terms mean very similar things, both of which contrast with **the wicked** later in the verse. If your language does not use repetition in this way, you can combine these phrases. Alternate translation: “and … the person who has not done anything wrong or the person who always does what is right” or “and … the person who does right and not wrong”
23:7	mf4w			לֹא־אַצְדִּ֖יק רָשָֽׁע	1	Alternate translation: “I will not find the wicked not guilty” or “I will not say that a wicked person is innocent”
23:8	gh3v		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	כִּ֤י הַ⁠שֹּׁ֨חַד֙ יְעַוֵּ֣ר פִּקְחִ֔ים וִֽ⁠יסַלֵּ֖ף דִּבְרֵ֥י צַדִּיקִֽים	1	Here, a “bribe” is described as if it could take action itself that negatively affects justice. If this might be confusing for your readers, you could express this meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “for if you do, an evil person can give money to blind the clear-sighted and to pervert the words of the righteous”
23:8	ai37		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	כִּ֤י הַ⁠שֹּׁ֨חַד֙ יְעַוֵּ֣ר פִּקְחִ֔ים וִֽ⁠יסַלֵּ֖ף דִּבְרֵ֥י צַדִּיקִֽים	1	To **blind the clear-sighted** is a metaphor that means causing those who know what is right to act like they do not. And **perverts the words of the righteous** could mean causes those who would speak the truth (in court) to lie or causes the judge to give an evil judgment or causes those listening to **the words of the righteous** to choose to act as if they had heard something different. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “for a bribe causes those who understand the right thing to do not to do it and causes good men to speak lies”
23:9	mzu9			אֶת־נֶ֣פֶשׁ הַ⁠גֵּ֔ר	1	Alternate translation: “the feelings of the foreigner”
23:10	rt7h			תְּבוּאָתָֽ⁠הּ	1	Alternate translation: “the food its plants produce”
23:10	gjya		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	וְ⁠שֵׁ֥שׁ	1	Alternate translation: “And 6”
23:11	waxp		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal	וְ⁠הַ⁠שְּׁבִיעִ֞ת	1	If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “But year 7”
23:11	b5q6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	תִּשְׁמְטֶ֣⁠נָּה וּ⁠נְטַשְׁתָּ֗⁠הּ	1	This means to leave the land fallow, that is, in its natural state, unplowed, unplanted, not used to grow food.
23:11	s4wv		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וְ⁠אָֽכְלוּ֙ אֶבְיֹנֵ֣י עַמֶּ֔⁠ךָ	1	The poor can eat any food that grows on its own in a field that is not cultivated. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “so the poor among your people may harvest and eat any food that grows on its own in that field”
23:12	ij92			שֽׁוֹרְ⁠ךָ֙ וַ⁠חֲמֹרֶ֔⁠ךָ	1	Alternate translation: “your work animals”
23:12	tajk		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	שֵׁ֤שֶׁת	1	Alternate translation: “6”
23:12	u07q		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal	וּ⁠בַ⁠יּ֥וֹם הַ⁠שְּׁבִיעִ֖י	1	If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “and on day 7”
23:12	gpu1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	וְ⁠יִנָּפֵ֥שׁ בֶּן־אֲמָתְ⁠ךָ֖ וְ⁠הַ⁠גֵּֽר	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and the son of your female slave and the sojourner may refresh themselves”
23:13	ldn8			תִּשָּׁמֵ֑רוּ	1	Alternate translation: “Do” or “Obey”
23:13	va2j		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	וְ⁠שֵׁ֨ם אֱלֹהִ֤ים אֲחֵרִים֙ לֹ֣א תַזְכִּ֔ירוּ לֹ֥א יִשָּׁמַ֖ע עַל־פִּֽי⁠ךָ	1	These two instructions mean almost the same thing. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “Be sure never to speak the names of other gods”
23:13	x5tf		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	וְ⁠שֵׁ֨ם אֱלֹהִ֤ים אֲחֵרִים֙ לֹ֣א תַזְכִּ֔ירוּ לֹ֥א יִשָּׁמַ֖ע עַל־פִּֽי⁠ךָ	1	These parallel phrases probably mean praying to other gods. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “Do not pray to other gods, never let me hear you do that”
23:13	apnw		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	לֹ֥א יִשָּׁמַ֖ע עַל־פִּֽי⁠ךָ	1	To be **on your mouth** means to speak. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “nor speak them”
23:13	s86p		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	לֹ֥א יִשָּׁמַ֖ע עַל־פִּֽי⁠ךָ	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Also see previous note. Alternate translation: “nor speak them so someone could hear them”
23:14	ezgh		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	שָׁלֹ֣שׁ	1	Alternate translation: “3”
23:15	bu7n		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths	הָֽ⁠אָבִ֔יב	1	**Aviv** is the name of the first month of the Hebrew calendar. Aviv is during the last part of March and the first part of April on Western calendars. See how you translated this in [Exodus 13:4](../13/04.md). You could convert the Hebrew day and month into an approximate date on the calendar that your culture uses. However, the Jews used a lunar calendar, so if you use a solar calendar, the date will be different every year and the translation will not be entirely accurate. So you may just want to give the number of the day and the name of the month on the Hebrew calendar, and say approximately what time of year that is on your calendar in a footnote.
23:15	i88n		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	שִׁבְעַ֣ת	1	Alternate translation: “7”
23:15	tx1v		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives	וְ⁠לֹא־יֵרָא֥וּ פָנַ֖⁠י רֵיקָֽם	1	Understatement is used here to emphasize that the Israelites must bring a suitable offering to Yahweh. If this double negative would be misunderstood in your language, you could translate it as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “Every single time you worship me you must bring an offering”
23:16	ybsb			וְ⁠חַ֤ג הַ⁠קָּצִיר֙	1	Elsewhere this is called the “Festival of Weeks.” See [Exodus 34:22](../34/22.md) and Deuteronomy 16:9 and following.
23:16	pnx4			וְ⁠חַ֤ג הָֽ⁠אָסִף֙	1	This festival celebrated the final harvesting of all the crops for the year. This festival was also known as the Festival of Shelters or the Festival of Booths. The idea came from the practice of the farmers living in temporary booths, or huts, out in the fields to guard the crop as it ripened. See Deuteronomy 16:13. Alternate translation: “And the Festival of the Ingathering”
23:16	wgxm		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	בְּ⁠צֵ֣את הַ⁠שָּׁנָ֔ה	1	The phrase **in the exiting of the year** means at the end of the year. The year is pictured as something that is leaving. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “as the year goes out”
23:17	t5xj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	יֵרָאֶה֙ & אֶל־פְּנֵ֖י הָ⁠אָדֹ֥ן׀ יְהוָֽה׃	1	Here, to **appear to the face of the Lord Yahweh** means to gather to worship. **To the face** is a metonym for Yahweh’s presence, referring to worship. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “must come to worship the Lord Yahweh”
23:20	bssx		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	לְ⁠פָנֶ֔י⁠ךָ	1	This means “in front of you.” Alternate translation: “in front of you”
23:21	mpfy		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	הִשָּׁ֧מֶר מִ⁠פָּנָ֛י⁠ו	1	This means to respect him; **from his face** refers to his person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “Show respect to him”
23:21	pm7x		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	הִשָּׁ֧מֶר מִ⁠פָּנָ֛י⁠ו	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Pay attention to him”
23:21	p5y3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result	אַל־תַּמֵּ֣ר בּ֑⁠וֹ כִּ֣י לֹ֤א יִשָּׂא֙ לְ⁠פִשְׁעֲ⁠כֶ֔ם כִּ֥י שְׁמִ֖⁠י בְּ⁠קִרְבּֽ⁠וֹ׃	1	There are two reasons given for the instruction **do not cause bitterness in him**. They are connected in such a way that you could say: “Because my name is within him, he will not forgive your transgressions; therefore, do not cause bitterness in him.” The relation of the **name** and **forgiveness** is not explicit. Alternate translation: “If you provoke him, he will not pardon your sins, for my name is within him”
23:21	p4jv		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	שְׁמִ֖⁠י בְּ⁠קִרְבּֽ⁠וֹ	1	Here, **name** refers to God’s authority. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “he has my authority”
23:21	gt76		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	וּ⁠שְׁמַ֥ע בְּ⁠קֹל֖⁠וֹ	1	Here, **voice** represents what the angel says. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “and obey what he says”
23:22	z1gn		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	אִם־שָׁמֹ֤עַ תִּשְׁמַע֙ בְּ⁠קֹל֔⁠וֹ	1	Here, **voice** represents what the angel says. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “if you carefully obey what he says”
23:22	y9bm		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	וְ⁠אָֽיַבְתִּי֙ אֶת־אֹ֣יְבֶ֔י⁠ךָ וְ⁠צַרְתִּ֖י אֶת־צֹרְרֶֽי⁠ךָ	1	These two phrases mean the same thing and are used for emphasis. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one.
23:23	x2nh		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	לְ⁠פָנֶי⁠ךָ֒	1	This phrase, **before your face**, means “in front of you.” Alternate translation: “in front of you”
23:24	a1d5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וְ⁠לֹ֥א תַעֲשֶׂ֖ה כְּ⁠מַֽעֲשֵׂי⁠הֶ֑ם	1	The Israelites must not live as the people who worship other gods. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “and you must not live as the people live who worship those gods”
23:25	t3ir		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism	וּ⁠בֵרַ֥ךְ אֶֽת־לַחְמְ⁠ךָ֖ וְ⁠אֶת־מֵימֶ֑י⁠ךָ	1	Here, **your bread and your water** is a merism that means food and drink. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “and he will bless your food and drink” or “and he will bless you by giving you food and drink”
23:25	ydl4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	וּ⁠בֵרַ֥ךְ & וַ⁠הֲסִרֹתִ֥י	1	Yahweh switched between the first and third pronoun to refer to himself. Here, both **he** and **I** refer to Yahweh.
23:26	q4gz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives	לֹ֥א תִהְיֶ֛ה מְשַׁכֵּלָ֥ה וַ⁠עֲקָרָ֖ה	1	If this double negative would be misunderstood in your language, you could translate it as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “Every woman will be able to become pregnant and give birth to healthy babies”
23:26	i1r9			מְשַׁכֵּלָ֥ה	1	to have a pregnancy end early and unexpectedly, resulting in the death of the baby
23:26	geqg		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	אֶת־מִסְפַּ֥ר יָמֶ֖י⁠ךָ אֲמַלֵּֽא	1	This is an idiom that means to live a long time. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “I will give you a long life”
23:27	yps8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	לְ⁠פָנֶ֔י⁠ךָ	1	This means “ahead of you.” Alternate translation: “before you”
23:27	q901		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וְ⁠נָתַתִּ֧י אֶת־כָּל־אֹיְבֶ֛י⁠ךָ אֵלֶ֖י⁠ךָ עֹֽרֶף	1	This is an idiom meaning that the enemies will turn and run away (showing the Israelites the backs of their necks). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “and I will make all of your enemies flee”
23:28	t0r1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	לְ⁠פָנֶ֑י⁠ךָ & מִ⁠לְּ⁠פָנֶֽי⁠ךָ	1	This means “ahead of you.” Alternate translation: “before you … from before you”
23:28	cg7i		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	הַ⁠צִּרְעָ֖ה	1	The **hornet** is a flying insect that can sting people and cause pain.
23:28	oocw		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns	הַ⁠צִּרְעָ֖ה & וְ⁠גֵרְשָׁ֗ה	1	Here, **hornet** is used in the singular but refers to a large group of the flying, stinging insects. **It** agrees in number with **hornet**. It may be necessary to translate as a plural. Alternate translation: “hornets … and they will drive out”
23:29	wfdi		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	מִ⁠פָּנֶ֖י⁠ךָ	1	This means “ahead of you.” Alternate translation: “from before you”
23:29	i9aq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	פֶּן־תִּהְיֶ֤ה הָ⁠אָ֨רֶץ֙ שְׁמָמָ֔ה	1	If it would be helpful to your readers, you could make the rest of the idea explicit. Alternate translation: “lest the land become desolate because no one would be living in the land”
23:30	mne7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	מִ⁠פָּנֶ֑י⁠ךָ	1	This means “ahead of you.” Alternate translation: “from before you”
23:31	my2e		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	מִ⁠פָּנֶֽי⁠ךָ	1	This means “ahead of you.” Alternate translation: “from before you”
23:33	d1fp		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	כִּֽי־יִהְיֶ֥ה לְ⁠ךָ֖ לְ⁠מוֹקֵֽשׁ	1	This means worshiping other gods will lead the people of Israel to certain destruction, as if they were an animal caught in a hunter’s trap. It could also be saying that leaving the other people around will make it so that the Israelites see the other people’s worship and are lured (like in a trap) into worshiping the other gods, which is a sin against Yahweh. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Worshiping them will surely destroy you”
24:intro	b83l				0	# Exodus 24 General Notes\n\n## Structure\n\n- v. 1–2: Yahweh summons Moses\n- v. 3–8: Moses reads the covenant and the people accept it; this is ritually marked by sacrifice and sprinkling of blood\n- v. 9–11: Moses and Israelite elders go up the mountain, see God and eat\n- v. 12–15: Yahweh summons Moses further up the mountain without the other elders, and he goes\n- v. 16–18: Description of Yahweh’s glory, and Moses is at the top of the mountain\n\n## Potential Translation Issues\n\n- there are a number of similes used to describe people’s encounter with God\n- “covenant” appears in a variety of ways\n- the mountain, the mountain of God, and Mount Sinai are all the same location\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Moses’ covenant\n\nThe people of Israel promise to obey the covenant Yahweh made with Moses. Their continued blessings were contingent upon their obedience to this covenant. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])\n\n### God’s holiness\n\nBecause Yahweh is perfectly holy, he can only be approached in a certain way. Because of this, only Moses was allowed near Yahweh. This is also why Yahweh is described as a “devouring fire.” (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])
24:1	hji6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent	Nadab … Abihu	0	A new scene begins here, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language.
24:1	c97i		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	נָדָ֣ב וַ⁠אֲבִיה֔וּא	1	**Nadab and Abihu** are men’s names. See how you translated these names in [Exodus 6:23](../06/23.md).
24:1	zukb		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	אֶל־יְהוָ֗ה	1	Yahweh refers to himself in the third person. If this is confusing in your language, you may use the first person. Alternate translation: “to me”
24:1	nm3t		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	וְ⁠שִׁבְעִ֖ים	1	Alternate translation: “and 70”
24:1	ymip		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וְ⁠הִשְׁתַּחֲוִיתֶ֖ם	1	Here, after **bow down,** “to me” is implied. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “and you shall bow down to me”
24:2	p06o		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וְ⁠הֵ֖ם	1	Here, **they** refers to all the other people mentioned in [24:1](../24/01.md). Alternate translation: “and Aaron, Nadab, Abihu, and the elders”
24:2	dqnp		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	אֶל־יְהוָ֔ה	1	Yahweh refers to himself in the third person. If this is confusing in your language, you may use the first person. Alternate translation: “to me”
24:3	sbc3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent	with one voice	0	Verses 3–8 tell of a different scene than the rest of the chapter, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. It seems that there were some preparations needed before Moses and the elders could go up to meet Yahweh.
24:3	nuqr			with one voice	0	See [Exodus 19:8](../19/08.md) for how you translated a very similar event.
24:3	cg32		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	ק֤וֹל אֶחָד֙	1	Here, **with one voice** is an idiom that means the people were in complete agreement. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “together” or “in agreement”
24:4	h7gg			תַּ֣חַת הָ⁠הָ֑ר	1	Alternate translation: “at the base of the mountain”
24:4	uipf		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	וּ⁠שְׁתֵּ֤ים עֶשְׂרֵה֙ & לִ⁠שְׁנֵ֥ים עָשָׂ֖ר	1	Alternate translation: “and 12 … according to the 12”
24:7	c9tm		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	סֵ֣פֶר הַ⁠בְּרִ֔ית	1	Here, **book** does not mean something in our modern format. It was likely a piece of papyrus (an early form of paper made from reeds) or animal skin that rolled up. Alternate translation: “the Covenant he had written down”
24:8	h9ff		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	הַ⁠דָּ֔ם	1	This refers to **the blood** that Moses had put into the bowls. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly.
24:8	juxf		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	עַ֥ל כָּל־הַ⁠דְּבָרִ֖ים הָ⁠אֵֽלֶּה׃	1	**These words** refers to what Moses just read aloud to them, that is, Yahweh’s commands. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “which I just read aloud to you and you agreed to”
24:9	izl5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent	Nadab … Abihu	0	A new scene begins with this verse, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. Here the narrative is connected to [24:2](../24/02.md).
24:9	uz7y		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	נָדָב֙ וַ⁠אֲבִיה֔וּא	1	**Nadab and Abihu** are men’s names. See how you translated these names in [Exodus 6:23](../06/23.md).
24:9	nuq7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠יַּ֥עַל	1	The men **went up** the mountain. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly.
24:10	ic4s		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	וְ⁠תַ֣חַת רַגְלָ֗י⁠ו	1	**And under his feet** speaks of God as if he had human feet. If this might be confusing for your readers, you could express this meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And below where God was”
24:10	q8sn			לִבְנַ֣ת	1	a hard surface for walking or riding
24:10	pm87		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	הַ⁠סַּפִּ֔יר	1	A **sapphire** is a gemstone that is blue in color. If there is a blue gemstone that your people are familiar with, you may use it here, as the exact gemstone is not certain. You may also describe it. Alternate translation: “a blue gemstone”
24:10	zd6u		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	וּ⁠כְ⁠עֶ֥צֶם הַ⁠שָּׁמַ֖יִם לָ⁠טֹֽהַר	1	The point of this comparison is the blueness of the tile. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent comparison or express this meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and it was blue like the sky”
24:11	jds6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	וְ⁠אֶל־אֲצִילֵי֙ בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל לֹ֥א שָׁלַ֖ח יָד֑⁠וֹ	1	Here, **his hand** refers to his judgement. This means that God did not harm the leaders. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “God did not harm the Israelite leaders”
24:11	b398		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast	וְ⁠אֶל־אֲצִילֵי֙ בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל לֹ֥א שָׁלַ֖ח יָד֑⁠וֹ	1	What would be expected is that they would die if they saw God. The Israelite elders ability to see God and live is unexpected. Be sure your translation conveys that. Alternate translation: “However, he did not send out his hand to the leaders of the sons of Israel”
24:12	dx4f		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	לְ⁠הוֹרֹתָֽ⁠ם	1	This means so that Moses and the other Israelite leaders could teach the laws and commandments to the Israelite people. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly.
24:13	flw7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants	וִ⁠יהוֹשֻׁ֖עַ	1	**Joshua** is introduced here again. Use the natural form in your language for reintroducing a character.
24:13	gv5e			וִ⁠יהוֹשֻׁ֖עַ מְשָׁרְת֑⁠וֹ	1	The word translated **servant** here is usually associated with a higher position, like a government minister. Avoid using a word that implies a lower-class serving role. Alternate translation: “and Joshua his assistant”
24:14	mhvj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential	וְ⁠אֶל־הַ⁠זְּקֵנִ֤ים אָמַר֙	1	The structure of the Hebrew indicates but does not require that this speech by Moses happened before [24:13](../24/13.md) (hence **had said**). The ULT takes this view, however, for languages where it is hard to express events out of order, the UST reflects the other grammatical possibility and says in [24:13](../24/13.md) that Moses started up the mountain and in [24:15](../24/15.md) that he went the rest of the way up the mountain. Following this, you can view this verse as if Moses paused and gave these final instructions as he was leaving the elders behind, thus keeping a sequential structure. Either approach is permissible by the text, but the approach of the ULT is preferred, if possible.
24:14	qiy4			לָ֣⁠נוּ	1	Alternate translation: “Joshua and me”
24:14	uc7r		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	וְ⁠חוּר֙	1	**Hur** is a man’s name. See how you translated this name in [Exodus 17:10](../17/10.md).
24:14	jyh8			וְ⁠הִנֵּ֨ה	1	**Behold** is used to draw attention to important information that Moses is about to tell them. It is frequently omitted. If your language uses a statement to draw attention to important information, you should consider using it here. Alternate translation: “Remember”
24:14	dqhj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	מִי־בַ֥עַל דְּבָרִ֖ים	1	This is an idiom that means that someone has a legal dispute or complaint. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “Whoever has a legal claim” or “Anyone with a law case”
24:16	j2s5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	כְּבוֹד־יְהוָה֙	1	This was the brilliant light of Yahweh’s presence. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “the brilliant light showing Yahweh’s presence”
24:16	sb1o		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	שֵׁ֣שֶׁת	1	Alternate translation: “6”
24:16	uwdd		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal	בַּ⁠יּ֥וֹם הַ⁠שְּׁבִיעִ֖י	1	If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “on day number 7”
24:17	e4n6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	כְּ⁠אֵ֥שׁ אֹכֶ֖לֶת	1	This means the glory of Yahweh was very large and seemed to burn brightly, like a fire. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent comparison or express this meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “like a big fire burning”
24:17	k5lj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	לְ⁠עֵינֵ֖י בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל	1	Their **eyes** represent seeing, and seeing represents their thoughts or judgment about what they saw. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent idiom from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated a similar expression in [15:26](../15/26.md). Alternate translation: “to the Israelites”
24:18	h1wy		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	אַרְבָּעִ֣ים י֔וֹם וְ⁠אַרְבָּעִ֖ים לָֽיְלָה	1	Alternate translation: “forty days and forty nights”
25:intro	t23a				0	# Exodus 25 General Notes\n\n## Structure:\n\n* v. 1–7: Instructions for gifts the Israelites may give to help build the place where they will worship God\n* v. 8–9: Introductory building instructions\n* v. 10–22: Instructions for building the Box of the Testimony\n* v. 23–30: Instructions for building the table\n* v. 31–39: Instructions for building the lampstand\n* v. 40: Summary instruction\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n* The tent of meeting and Box of the Testimony are introduced in this chapter.\n* Translators will need to take special care in translating the concept of atonement.\n\n## Potential Translation Issues in this Chapter:\n\n* There are many unfamiliar items in this chapter. Fortunately they are mostly all physical items. Translators will have to try to understand what each item is and translate it into the closest equivalent in their culture. It may be helpful for translators to try to find images depicting some of the items the Israelites were to make.\n* There are some biblical weights and measurements that translators may not have encountered before.\n* From [25:11](../25/11.md) until the end of chapter 30, almost every instruction regarding the construction of the tent of meeting and all the associated items are given with a singular form of “you,” as if Moses himself would make them. However, it is clear and made explicit in [chapter 31](../31/01.md) that certain skilled craftsmen will receive these instructions from Moses and make these items. In some languages you may need to change from second to third person throughout, following the pattern in [25:10](../25/10.md). There are a few exceptions which will have their own note. See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]].
25:2	ygtd		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks	דַּבֵּר֙	1	The beginning of this verse marks the start of a very long direct quote which continues until the end of [Exo 30:10](../30/10.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation.
25:2	tktu		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations	דַּבֵּר֙ אֶל־בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל וְ⁠יִקְחוּ־לִ֖⁠י תְּרוּמָ֑ה	1	In some languages you may have to make **and they shall take a contribution for me** a direct quote. Note that this will make it a second-level quotation and you will need to mark it with second-level quotation marking if your language uses them. Alternate translation: “Say to the sons of Israel, ‘You shall take a contribution for me.’”
25:2	r5yr		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	אֲשֶׁ֣ר יִדְּבֶ֣⁠נּוּ לִבּ֔⁠וֹ	1	This is an idiom that indicates a person’s desire to give an offering. Many languages will have a similar idiom, though the body part may vary. Alternate translation: “who wants to give one”
25:2	k78q		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual	תִּקְח֖וּ	1	The word **you** is plural and refers to Moses and the leaders.
25:4	c1qn		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וּ⁠תְכֵ֧לֶת וְ⁠אַרְגָּמָ֛ן וְ⁠תוֹלַ֥עַת שָׁנִ֖י	1	This could mean: (1) “material that is dyed blue, purple, and scarlet,” probably wool yarn, or (2) “blue, purple and scarlet dye” to dye the linen. The original audience would have known what was meant. This material seems to have been used for embroidery later, so “yarn” or “thread” may be the best understanding.
25:4	c958		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	וְ⁠תוֹלַ֥עַת שָׁנִ֖י	1	A bright red color for dying cloth was extracted from these worms. Alternate translation: “and bright red”
25:5	ayup		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	מְאָדָּמִ֛ים	1	When animal skins are tanned (processed into usable leather), they become reddish in color. It is not clear whether these hides are dyed red or simply reddened in the tanning process. Alternate translation: “tanned”
25:5	va28		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	תְּחָשִׁ֖ים	1	The meaning of this word is not known. It may refer to some water mammal that has skin that can be made into a high-quality leather. [Sea cows on Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirenia)
25:5	d4fa		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	שִׁטִּֽים	1	A small tree with spreading foliage and durable wood. [See on Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shittah_tree)
25:6	i6gp		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	בְּשָׂמִים֙	1	Here, **spices** are things made from parts of plants that people dry and then grind into a powder to put in oil or food, giving it a particular smell or flavor.
25:7	mg4f		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	אַבְנֵי־שֹׁ֕הַם	1	An **onyx** is a valuable stone that has layers of white and black, red, or brown. If this stone is unknown to your people, consider translating it by using a word for a familiar stone with a similar pattern, if possible.
25:7	c3hk			וְ⁠אַבְנֵ֖י	1	Alternate translation: “and valuable gems for” or “and treasured gems for”
25:9	m1np		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular	אוֹתְ⁠ךָ֔	1	Here, **you** is singular and refers to Moses.
25:9	w4sc			כֵּלָ֑י⁠ו	1	Here, **utensils** is a general term that you could translate by a broad term that could encompass all of the things used in the Dwelling, as described in this and the several following chapters. Alternate translation: “its implements”
25:9	c9qe		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual	תַּעֲשֽׂוּ	1	Here, **you** is plural and refers to Moses and the people of Israel. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here.
25:9	tc2k		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	תַּעֲשֽׂוּ	1	Since Moses does not construct these items himself, you may consider shifting the instructions to the third person if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “they shall make it”
25:10	o8dl		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	שִׁטִּ֑ים	1	These trees, **acacias**, are small trees with spreading foliage and durable wood. See how you translated this in [25:5](../25/05.md). [See on Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shittah_tree)
25:10	cs23		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance	אַמָּתַ֨יִם וָ⁠חֵ֜צִי & וְ⁠אַמָּ֤ה וָ⁠חֵ֨צִי֙ & וְ⁠אַמָּ֥ה וָ⁠חֵ֖צִי	1	If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express this in terms of modern measurements, either in the text or a footnote. A **cubit** is approximately 46cm. For your reference, a more precise conversion to metric is: 115cm … 69cm … 69cm
25:10	saf8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction	וָ⁠חֵ֜צִי & וָ⁠חֵ֨צִי֙ & וָ⁠חֵ֖צִי	1	A **half** means one part out of two equal parts.
25:12	wbq8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	וְ⁠יָצַ֣קְתָּ לּ֗⁠וֹ אַרְבַּע֙ טַבְּעֹ֣ת זָהָ֔ב	1	Casting rings was a process in which gold was melted, poured into a mold that was in the shape of a ring, and then allowed to cool and harden. If this sort of metal-working process is unknown to your people, you may simply describe it, or use a word meaning “make,” as the UST does. The UST approach is preferred, as the creation process is not in focus here, and it would be cumbersome to include the description in the text. You could use a word meaning “make,” and include the description in a footnote if you are including those and your team feels it is important to understand. Alternate translation: “You shall make four rings of gold by melting the gold and pouring it into molds”
25:13	i5mc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	שִׁטִּ֑ים	1	A small tree with spreading foliage and durable wood. See how you translated this in [25:5](../25/05.md). [See on Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shittah_tree)
25:15	k67p		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	בְּ⁠טַבְּעֹת֙ הָ⁠אָרֹ֔ן יִהְי֖וּ הַ⁠בַּדִּ֑ים לֹ֥א יָסֻ֖רוּ מִמֶּֽ⁠נּוּ	1	These two phrases mean similar things. Yahweh is saying the same thing in two different ways to emphasize how important this command is. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “The poles belong in the rings of the box; no one is ever to remove them”
25:15	aea1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	בְּ⁠טַבְּעֹת֙ הָ⁠אָרֹ֔ן יִהְי֖וּ הַ⁠בַּדִּ֑ים לֹ֥א יָסֻ֖רוּ מִמֶּֽ⁠נּוּ	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language, as seen in the UST.
25:17	ast8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance	אַמָּתַ֤יִם וָ⁠חֵ֨צִי֙ & וְ⁠אַמָּ֥ה וָ⁠חֵ֖צִי	1	If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express this in terms of modern measurements, either in the text or a footnote. A **cubit** is approximately 46cm. For your reference, a more precise conversion to the metric system is: 115 centimeters … 69 centimeters … 69 centimeters
25:17	c8o7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction	וָ⁠חֵ֨צִי֙ & וָ⁠חֵ֖צִי	1	A **half** means one part out of two equal parts.
25:19	b4l9			מִן־הַ⁠כַּפֹּ֛רֶת תַּעֲשׂ֥וּ אֶת־הַ⁠כְּרֻבִ֖ים עַל־שְׁנֵ֥י קְצוֹתָֽי⁠ו	1	This seems to indicate that the cherubim should be formed out of the same piece of gold as the rest of the lid. It may, however, mean that at the end they should be one piece, so the gold should be heated to melting and the lid and cherubim joined together. Alternate translation: “You shall join the cherubim to the atonement lid on its two ends”
25:22	zu9u		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular	לְ⁠ךָ֮ & אִתְּ⁠ךָ֜ & אוֹתְ⁠ךָ֖	1	Here, **you** is singular and refers to Moses. If you have been using a plural you for Yahweh’s commands which have been to give to others, make sure you use the singular form of “you” here.
25:23	t312		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance	שִׁטִּ֑ים אַמָּתַ֤יִם אָרְכּ⁠וֹ֙ וְ⁠אַמָּ֣ה רָחְבּ֔⁠וֹ וְ⁠אַמָּ֥ה וָ⁠חֵ֖צִי קֹמָתֽ⁠וֹ	1	If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express this in terms of modern measurements, either in the text or a footnote. A **cubit** is approximately 46 centimeters. For your reference, a more precise conversion to metric is: 115 centimeters … 46 centimeters … 69 centimeters
25:23	a2o9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction	וָ⁠חֵ֖צִי	1	A **half** means one part out of two equal parts.
25:24	f20e			two cubits … one cubit … a cubit and a half	0	This verse is almost identical to [25:11](../25/11.md).
25:25	awi7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance	טֹ֖פַח	1	You can convert this length to a measurement system familiar to your people if that is the style of translation that you are using. A **handbreadth** is a measurement of approximately eight centimeters.
25:25	bit8			לּ֥⁠וֹ	1	Alternate translation: “for the table”
25:27	jdh4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	לְ⁠בָתִּ֣ים	1	Here, **to house the poles** means that the rings will hold the poles. Since the rings are where the poles belong for use when carrying the table, the rings are in their **house.** If your language has a similar idiom meaning “place of belonging,” you may use it, or you may translate the idea. Alternate translation: “to be a place for”
25:28	l4fk		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	וְ⁠נִשָּׂא־בָ֖⁠ם אֶת־הַ⁠שֻּׁלְחָֽן	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “And you shall carry the table with them”
25:29	nrmp		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	קְּעָרֹתָ֜י⁠ו וְ⁠כַפֹּתָ֗י⁠ו וּ⁠קְשׂוֹתָי⁠ו֙ וּ⁠מְנַקִּיֹּתָ֔י⁠ו	1	We do not know precisely what these dishes were. It is likely that the **plates** were mostly flat dishes for holding the bread that would be on the table. The **pans** may have been shallow bowls or deep plates for holding incense, or they may have been something more like a ladle or spoon. The **pitchers** probably held wine to be poured into the **bowls** for the drink offerings. You will need to translate using the closest word for each such item in your culture.
25:29	v78d		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	אֲשֶׁ֥ר יֻסַּ֖ךְ בָּ⁠הֵ֑ן	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “from which the priests will pour out”
25:30	uth7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	לֶ֥חֶם פָּנִ֖ים	1	Here, **faces** represents the presence of Yahweh. This bread represented the presence of God. Alternate translation: “the bread of the Presence”
25:30	kh7c		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	לְ⁠פָנַ֥⁠י	1	Here, **face** represents the presence of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “in front of me”
25:31	kc3q			מִקְשָׁ֞ה	1	Alternate translation: “of beaten gold” See how you translated this in [Exodus 25:18](../25/18.md).
25:31	g25l		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	תֵּעָשֶׂ֤ה	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you shall make”
25:33	i7bh		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	מְֽשֻׁקָּדִ֞ים	1	**Almond blossoms** are white or pink flowers with five petals. (An almond is a kind of nut.) You may want to include a short description as a footnote or in the text (if that is your translation style) the first time this object is encountered. Alternate translation: “shaped like the five-petaled almond flower”
25:35	lk10			וְ⁠כַפְתֹּ֡ר תַּחַת֩ שְׁנֵ֨י הַ⁠קָּנִ֜ים מִמֶּ֗⁠נָּה וְ⁠כַפְתֹּר֙ תַּ֣חַת שְׁנֵ֤י הַ⁠קָּנִים֙ מִמֶּ֔⁠נָּה וְ⁠כַפְתֹּ֕ר תַּחַת־שְׁנֵ֥י הַ⁠קָּנִ֖ים מִמֶּ֑⁠נָּה לְ⁠שֵׁ֨שֶׁת֙ הַ⁠קָּנִ֔ים הַ⁠יֹּצְאִ֖ים מִן־הַ⁠מְּנֹרָֽה	1	Alternate translation: “There must be a leafy base under the first pair of branches—made as one piece with it, and a leafy base under the second pair of branches—also made as one piece with it. In the same way there must be a leafy base under the third pair of branches, made as one piece with it. It must be the same for all six branches extending out from the lampstand.”
25:36	r7yz			מִקְשָׁ֥ה	1	Alternate translation: “of beaten gold” See how you translated this in [Exodus 25:18](../25/18.md).
25:37	dfn6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	וְ⁠הֵאִ֖יר עַל־עֵ֥בֶר פָּנֶֽי⁠הָ	1	Here, **face** represents the location of the lampstand. Alternate translation: “so they shine light near it”
25:39	ff5p		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight	כִּכָּ֛ר	1	If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express this in terms of modern measurements, either in the text or a footnote. A talent weighs about 33 kilograms.
25:40	y081		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וּ⁠רְאֵ֖ה וַ⁠עֲשֵׂ֑ה	1	All the items described in this chapter are included in what Moses is told to **see and make**. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “See and make everything I have described”
25:40	gyte		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	וּ⁠רְאֵ֖ה וַ⁠עֲשֵׂ֑ה	1	Here, **see** relates to observing or overseeing. Essentially, Yahweh is telling Moses to be careful as he observes the pattern on the mountain and as he sees the craftsmen of Israel working on these items, so that they are made correctly. Alternate translation: “Observe carefully and work exactly”
25:40	l7je		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	אַתָּ֥ה מָרְאֶ֖ה	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I am showing you”
26:intro	emw7				0	# Exodus 26 General Notes\n\n- The sacred tent has four layers (from inside to out): linen, goats’ hair, tanned rams’ skins, and fine leather.\n- There are multiple different curtains described using three different Hebrew words: one sort of curtains to make the walls of the tent ([26:1–13](../26/01.md)), another to separate the Holy Place and Most Holy Place (also known as Holy of Holies) ([26:31–34](../26/31.md)), and another for the entrance of the sacred tent ([26:36–37](../26/36.md)). If there are words in your language that would make a distinction between these sorts of hanging cloths, it would be appropriate to make a distinction in your translation.\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter is a continuation of the material in the previous chapter.\n- v. 1–30: Instructions for constructing the exterior of the sacred tent\n    * v. 1–6: Inner covering\n    * v. 7–14: Outer covering layers\n    * v. 15–30: Wooden framework\n- v. 31–35: Instructions for arranging the interior of the sacred tent\n- v. 36–37: Instructions for hanging the entrance curtain\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### The tent of meeting\n\nThis chapter gives specific instructions regarding the building of a tent where Moses would meet Yahweh and the box would be stored. This would eventually become the Dwelling. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/tabernacle]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])
26:1	ks8r		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular	תַּעֲשֶׂ֖ה	1	Yahweh is speaking to Moses, so the word **you** is singular. Yahweh probably expected Moses to tell someone else to do the actual work, but Moses would be the one responsible for seeing that the work was done correctly. Alternate translation: “, tell a craftsman to make”
26:1	vre7			וּ⁠תְכֵ֤לֶת וְ⁠אַרְגָּמָן֙ וְ⁠תֹלַ֣עַת שָׁנִ֔י	1	This could mean: (1) “material that is dyed blue, purple, and scarlet,” probably wool yarn, or (2) “blue, purple and scarlet dye” to dye the linen. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Exodus 25:4](../25/04.md).
26:1	xvs7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	וְ⁠תֹלַ֣עַת שָׁנִ֔י	1	A bright red color for dying cloth was extracted from these worms. Alternate translation: “and bright red”
26:1	ni5d		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	שֵׁ֣שׁ מָשְׁזָ֗ר	1	This was cloth made from fine linen threads that someone twisted together to make a stronger thread.
26:1	n2vm			חֹשֵׁ֖ב	1	a person who is skilled in making beautiful objects by hand
26:2	dkr6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance	שְׁמֹנֶ֤ה וְ⁠עֶשְׂרִים֙ בָּֽ⁠אַמָּ֔ה & אַרְבַּ֣ע בָּ⁠אַמָּ֔ה	1	If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express this in terms of modern measurements, either in the text or a footnote. A **cubit** is approximately 46 centimeters. For your reference, a more precise conversion to metric is: 12.9 meters … 184 centimeters.
26:3	ba6w		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	חֲמֵ֣שׁ הַ⁠יְרִיעֹ֗ת תִּֽהְיֶ֨יןָ֙ חֹֽבְרֹ֔ת אִשָּׁ֖ה אֶל־אֲחֹתָ֑⁠הּ וְ⁠חָמֵ֤שׁ יְרִיעֹת֙ חֹֽבְרֹ֔ת אִשָּׁ֖ה אֶל־אֲחֹתָֽ⁠הּ	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Join five of the curtains each to another, and join five of the curtains each to another.”
26:4	ghz8			תְּכֵ֗לֶת	1	Alternate translation: “blue yarn” or “blue cloth”
26:4	wdum		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal	הָ⁠אֶחָ֔ת & הַ⁠שֵּׁנִֽית	1	If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here.
26:4	d0sl			בַּ⁠חֹבָ֑רֶת	1	Alternate translation: “in one set of five curtains”
26:4	gjt1			בַּ⁠מַּחְבֶּ֖רֶת הַ⁠שֵּׁנִֽית	1	Alternate translation: “in the other set of five curtains”
26:5	nkr7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	אִשָּׁ֖ה אֶל־אֲחֹתָֽ⁠הּ	1	This is an idiom meaning “to each other.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “one to the other”
26:6	sns4			וְ⁠עָשִׂ֕יתָ חֲמִשִּׁ֖ים קַרְסֵ֣י זָהָ֑ב וְ⁠חִבַּרְתָּ֨ אֶת־הַ⁠יְרִיעֹ֜ת אִשָּׁ֤ה אֶל־אֲחֹתָ⁠הּ֙	1	The clasps fit into the loops (verses 4 and 5) to hold the curtains together.
26:6	k12s		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	אִשָּׁ֤ה אֶל־אֲחֹתָ⁠הּ֙	1	This is the same idiom as in the previous verse, meaning together. Alternate translation: “to each other”
26:6	b242			אֶחָֽד	1	Alternate translation: “as though it were one piece”
26:7	jeaz			לְ⁠אֹ֖הֶל	1	This refers to an outer tent over the sacred tent. Alternate translation: “for an outer tent”
26:7	t7t3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	עַשְׁתֵּי־עֶשְׂרֵ֥ה	1	Alternate translation: “eleven”
26:8	p423		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	שְׁלֹשִׁים֙ & אַרְבַּ֣ע & לְ⁠עַשְׁתֵּ֥י עֶשְׂרֵ֖ה	1	Alternate translation: “thirty … four … eleven”
26:8	v7i1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance	שְׁלֹשִׁים֙ בָּֽ⁠אַמָּ֔ה & אַרְבַּ֣ע בָּ⁠אַמָּ֔ה	1	If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express this in terms of modern measurements, either in the text or a footnote. A **cubit** is approximately 46cm. For your reference, a more precise conversion to metric is: 13.8 meter … 184 centimeters
26:9	kb9x		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	אֶל־מ֖וּל פְּנֵ֥י הָ⁠אֹֽהֶל	1	Here, **face** is probably referring to the entrance of the tent. The opening for the protective tent and the sacred tent would have been coordinated so they were in the same place. Alternate translation: “in front of the entrance of the tent”
26:9	q3og			הָ⁠אֹֽהֶל	1	As in [26:7](../26/07.md), **the tent** refers to the outer tent over the sacred tent. Alternate translation: “the outer tent”
26:10	etf7			loops	0	See how you translated a very similar text in [Exodus 26:4](../26/04.md).
26:11	cq36		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	הַ⁠קְּרָסִים֙	1	The **clasps** fit into the loops to hold the curtains together. See how you translated this in [Exodus 26:6](../26/06.md).
26:12	hftk		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction	חֲצִ֤י	1	A **half** means one part out of two equal parts.
26:13	k4ci		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance	וְ⁠הָ⁠אַמָּ֨ה & וְ⁠הָ⁠אַמָּ֤ה	1	If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express this in terms of modern measurements, either in the text or a footnote. A **cubit** is approximately 46 centimeters. For your reference, a more precise conversion to metric is: 46 centimeters
26:14	kii8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	תְּחָשִׁ֖ים	1	The meaning of this word, **sea cows**, is not known. It may refer to a water mammal that has skin that can be made into a high-quality leather. [Sea cows on Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirenia) See how you translated a similar phrase in [Exodus 25:5](../25/05.md).
26:14	yz3v		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	מְאָדָּמִ֑ים	1	When animal skins are tanned (processed into usable leather), they become reddish. It is not clear if these hides are dyed red or simply reddened in the tanning process. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Exodus 25:5](../25/05.md). Alternate translation: “tanned”
26:15	y85l		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	הַ⁠קְּרָשִׁ֖ים	1	Here, **frames** refers to open wooden structures made to hold the curtains.
26:15	tw2h		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	שִׁטִּ֖ים	1	The **acacias** are relatively small trees with spreading foliage and durable wood. See how you translated this in [25:5](../25/05.md). [See on Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shittah_tree)
26:16	k4b7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	עֶ֥שֶׂר & וְ⁠אַמָּה֙ וַ⁠חֲצִ֣י הָֽ⁠אַמָּ֔ה	1	Alternate translation: “10 … 1.5 cubits”
26:16	z2rv		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance	עֶ֥שֶׂר אַמּ֖וֹת & וְ⁠אַמָּה֙ וַ⁠חֲצִ֣י הָֽ⁠אַמָּ֔ה	1	If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express this in terms of modern measurements, either in the text or a footnote. A **cubit** is approximately 46 centimeters. For your reference, a more precise conversion to metric is: 4.6 meters … 69 centimeters.
26:16	p3av		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction	וַ⁠חֲצִ֣י	1	A **half** means one part out of two equal parts.
26:17	zwfj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	יָד֗וֹת	1	Here, the term **tenons** means a part of the wood sticking out from the rest of the frame so that it can be put into a hole in another object.
26:17	xf6s		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	אִשָּׁ֖ה אֶל־אֲחֹתָ֑⁠הּ	1	This is an idiom meaning “to each other.” See how you translated this in [26:5](../26/05.md). Alternate translation: “one to the other”
26:19	c9id			אַדְנֵי־כֶ֔סֶף	1	The **bases of silver** were silver blocks that had a slot in them to keep the board in place and off the ground.
26:19	o357		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	שְׁנֵ֨י אֲדָנִ֜ים תַּֽחַת־הַ⁠קֶּ֤רֶשׁ הָ⁠אֶחָד֙ לִ⁠שְׁתֵּ֣י יְדֹתָ֔י⁠ו וּ⁠שְׁנֵ֧י אֲדָנִ֛ים תַּֽחַת־הַ⁠קֶּ֥רֶשׁ הָ⁠אֶחָ֖ד לִ⁠שְׁתֵּ֥י יְדֹתָֽי⁠ו	1	The effect of this is to start a list, and the hearer will assume it should be completed. Try to translate this in the way that a speaker of your language would give instructions that are meant to be carried out on a whole group of objects. This same phrasing occurs again in [26:21](../26/21.md) and [26:25](../26/25.md). Alternate translation: “two bases under the first frame for its two tenons, and then two bases under the next frame for its two tenons, and so on for all the frames”
26:21	rlcf		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	שְׁנֵ֣י אֲדָנִ֗ים תַּ֚חַת הַ⁠קֶּ֣רֶשׁ הָֽ⁠אֶחָ֔ד וּ⁠שְׁנֵ֣י אֲדָנִ֔ים תַּ֖חַת הַ⁠קֶּ֥רֶשׁ הָ⁠אֶחָֽד	1	The effect of this is to start a list, and the hearer will assume it should be completed. Try to translate this in the way that a speaker of your language would give instructions that are meant to be carried out on a whole group of objects. See how you translated this in [Exodus 26:19](../26/19.md). Alternate translation: “two bases under the first frame, and then two bases under the next frame, and so on for all the frames”
26:25	cbpl		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	שְׁנֵ֣י אֲדָנִ֗ים תַּ֚חַת הַ⁠קֶּ֣רֶשׁ הָ⁠אֶחָ֔ד וּ⁠שְׁנֵ֣י אֲדָנִ֔ים תַּ֖חַת הַ⁠קֶּ֥רֶשׁ הָ⁠אֶחָֽד	1	The effect of this is to start a list, and the hearer will assume it should be completed. Try to translate this in the way that a speaker of your language would give instructions that are meant to be carried out on a whole group of objects. See how you translated this in [Exodus 26:19](../26/19.md). Alternate translation: “two bases under the first frame, and then two bases under the next frame, and so on for all the frames”
26:25	p2wu		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	וְ⁠אַדְנֵי⁠הֶ֣ם & אֲדָנִ֑ים & אֲדָנִ֗ים & אֲדָנִ֔ים	1	The **bases** were silver blocks that had a slot in them to keep the frame in place. See how you translated this in [Exodus 26:19](../26/19.md).
26:26	fc8p		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	בְרִיחִ֖ם	1	The **crossbars** are horizontal support beams that give stability to the structure.
26:29	ji1j			בָּתִּ֖ים לַ⁠בְּרִיחִ֑ם	1	Alternate translation: “which will hold the crossbars” or “because they will hold the crossbars”
26:29	nq3m			לַ⁠בְּרִיחִ֑ם	1	The **crossbars** are horizontal support beams that give stability to the structure. See how you translated this in [Exodus 26:26](../26/26.md).
26:30	csf9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	הָרְאֵ֖יתָ בָּ⁠הָֽר	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. See UST.
26:31	yqi6				0	See how you translated very similar text in [Exodus 26:1](../26/01.md).
26:33	p2yq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	הַ⁠קְּרָסִים֒	1	The **clasps** fit into the loops to hold the curtains together. See how you translated these in [Exodus 26:6](../26/06.md).
26:33	x28l		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession	קֹ֥דֶשׁ הַ⁠קֳּדָשִֽׁים	1	Here, **Holy of Holies** means extremely or uniquely holy. If this form would not express that this place would become uniquely holy in your language you may need to find another way to express this idea. Alternate translation: “the Most Holy Place” or “the Extraordinarily Holy Place”
26:34	u3tu		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession	בְּ⁠קֹ֖דֶשׁ הַ⁠קֳּדָשִֽׁים	1	Here, **Holy of Holies** means extremely holy, as in, the holiest of the holy places. If this form would not express that this place would become uniquely holy in your language you may need to find another way to express this idea. See how you translated it in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “in the Most Holy Place” or “in the Extraordinarily Holy Place”
26:35	lv9e			הַ⁠שֻּׁלְחָן֙ & הַ⁠מְּנֹרָה֙	1	This is the **table** Yahweh told Moses how to make in [25:23–30](../25/23.md) and the **lampstand** he told him how to make in [25:31–39](../25/31.md).
26:36	tiz7			The table must be on the north side	0	See how you translated very similar text in [Exodus 26:1](../26/01.md).
26:36	rr16			תְּכֵ֧לֶת וְ⁠אַרְגָּמָ֛ן וְ⁠תוֹלַ֥עַת שָׁנִ֖י	1	This could mean: (1) “yarn that is dyed blue, purple, and scarlet,” probably wool yarn, or (2) “blue, purple, and scarlet dye” to dye the linen. See how you translated this in [Exodus 25:4](../25/04.md).
26:36	f6td		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	וְ⁠שֵׁ֣שׁ מָשְׁזָ֑ר	1	This was cloth made from fine linen threads that someone twisted together to make a stronger thread.
26:36	r2fy		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	רֹקֵֽם	1	Alternate translation: “a person who sews decorative designs into cloth” or “a person who embroiders”
26:37	av60			an embroiderer	0	See how you translated very similar instructions in [26:32](../26/32.md).
27:intro	x4f7				0	# Exodus 27 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter is a continuation of the material in the previous chapter.\n- v. 1–8: Instructions for constructing the altar\n- v. 9–19: Instructions for constructing the outer curtain walls forming the courtyard around the sacred tent\n- v. 20–21: Instructions for the lampstand\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### The tent of meeting\n\nThis chapter gives specific instructions regarding building the courtyard area around the Dwelling containing the altar where priests made sacrifices to Yahweh.\n\n## Potential Translation Issues\n\n- The verb **make** at the beginning of [27:9](../27/09.md) is the only verb from verses 9–18. Some languages may be able to translate a clause chain this long without additional verbs. Others (including English), will need to supply at least a minimum number of verbs (ULT) or quite a few verbs (UST) for naturalness.\n- There continue to be a number of possibly unknown terms, still all tangible objects.
27:1	s8qy		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance	חָמֵשׁ֩ אַמּ֨וֹת & וְ⁠חָמֵ֧שׁ אַמּ֣וֹת & וְ⁠שָׁלֹ֥שׁ אַמּ֖וֹת	1	If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express this in terms of modern measurements, either in the text or a footnote. A cubit is approximately 46 centimeters. For your reference, a more precise conversion to metric is: 2.3 meters … 2.3 meters … 138 centimeters
27:4	hsq3			מִכְבָּ֔ר	1	The **grate** is a frame of crossed metal bars for holding wood when burning.
27:4	vlau			וְ⁠עָשִׂ֣יתָ עַל־הָ⁠רֶ֗שֶׁת אַרְבַּע֙ טַבְּעֹ֣ת נְחֹ֔שֶׁת עַ֖ל אַרְבַּ֥ע קְצוֹתָֽי⁠ו	1	You may want to refer back to several other passages regarding making rings for carrying poles when translating this verse. See [Exo 25:12](../25/12.md), [Exo 25:26](../25/26.md), and [Exo 25:27](../25/27.md).
27:5	c5em		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וְ⁠נָתַתָּ֣ה אֹתָ֗⁠הּ תַּ֛חַת כַּרְכֹּ֥ב הַ⁠מִּזְבֵּ֖חַ מִ⁠לְּ⁠מָ֑טָּה וְ⁠הָיְתָ֣ה הָ⁠רֶ֔שֶׁת עַ֖ד חֲצִ֥י הַ⁠מִּזְבֵּֽחַ	1	The grate was placed inside the altar. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly.
27:7	b3yx		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	וְ⁠הוּבָ֥א אֶת־בַּדָּ֖י⁠ו	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “And you shall put its poles”
27:8	ecmh		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	הֶרְאָ֥ה	1	Here, **he** refers to Yahweh in the third person. If it would be unnatural in your language for someone to refer to himself in this way, you may need to change it. Alternate translation: “I showed” or “Yahweh showed”
27:8	frcs		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	יַעֲשֽׂוּ	1	Here, **they** refers to whoever will make all these items. It is an indication that even though Yahweh has been speaking to Moses in the singular throughout, these instructions are meant to be conveyed to Israelite craftsmen. See [25:intro](../25/intro.md) for more.
27:9	v748		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	שֵׁ֣שׁ מָשְׁזָ֗ר	1	This was cloth made from fine linen threads that someone twisted together to make a stronger thread. See how you translated this in [Exodus 25:4](../25/04.md).
27:9	ce9a		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance	מֵאָ֤ה בָֽ⁠אַמָּה֙	1	You can convert this length to a measurement system familiar to your people if that is the style of translation that you are using. A cubit is approximately 46 centimeters. For your reference, a more precise conversion to metric is: 46 meters
27:10	qq8f			וְ⁠עַמֻּדָ֣י⁠ו עֶשְׂרִ֔ים וְ⁠אַדְנֵי⁠הֶ֥ם עֶשְׂרִ֖ים נְחֹ֑שֶׁת	1	Here, **bronze** may refer to both the **pillars** and the **bases**, or just to the **bases.** The pillars inside the tent were of wood overlaid with gold; these may be wood overlaid with bronze.
27:11	gjg5			there must be hangings one hundred cubits long	0	See how you translated many similar words in [Exodus 27:9–10](../27/09.md).
27:11	ynao		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	מֵ֣אָה	1	Here, “cubits” is omitted because it is understood as a repetition of the instructions in verse 9. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “100 cubits”
27:11	xev2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance	מֵ֣אָה	1	You can convert this length to a measurement system familiar to your people if that is the style of translation that you are using. A cubit is approximately 46 centimeters. For your reference, a more precise conversion to metric is: 46 meters
27:12	p4u4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance	חֲמִשִּׁ֣ים אַמָּ֑ה	1	You can convert this length to a measurement system familiar to your people if that is the style of translation that you are using. A cubit is approximately 46 centimeters. For your reference, a more precise conversion to metric is: 23 meters
27:13	w2sg		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance	חֲמִשִּׁ֥ים אַמָּֽה	1	You can convert this length to a measurement system familiar to your people if that is the style of translation that you are using. A cubit is approximately 46 centimeters. For your reference, a more precise conversion to metric is: 23 meters
27:14	u8nm		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance	וַ⁠חֲמֵ֨שׁ עֶשְׂרֵ֥ה	1	You can convert this length to a measurement system familiar to your people if that is the style of translation that you are using. A cubit is approximately 46 centimeters. For your reference, a more precise conversion to metric is: 6.9 meters
27:14	z8n2			עַמֻּדֵי⁠הֶ֣ם	1	The **pillars** were strong pieces of wood set upright and used as supports. See how you translated these in [Exodus 27:10](../27/10.md).
27:14	gz7s			וְ⁠אַדְנֵי⁠הֶ֖ם	1	The **bases** were metal blocks that had a slot in them to keep the board in place. See how you translated this in [Exodus 26:19](../26/19.md).
27:15	s2cc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance	חְמֵ֥שׁ עֶשְׂרֵ֖ה	1	You can convert this length to a measurement system familiar to your people if that is the style of translation that you are using. A cubit is approximately 46 centimeters. For your reference, a more precise conversion to metric is: 6.9 meters.
27:15	hlzp			עַמֻּדֵי⁠הֶ֣ם	1	These **posts** were strong pieces of wood set upright and used as supports. See how you translated these in [Exodus 27:10](../27/10.md).
27:15	o49h			וְ⁠אַדְנֵי⁠הֶ֖ם	1	The **bases** were metal blocks that had a slot in them to keep the board in place. See how you translated this in [Exodus 26:19](../26/19.md).
27:16	kn9u			blue, purple, and scarlet material and fine twined linen	0	See how you translated a nearly identical passage in [26:36](../26/36.md).
27:16	g5wi		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance	עֶשְׂרִ֣ים אַמָּ֗ה	1	You can convert this length to a measurement system familiar to your people if that is the style of translation that you are using. A cubit is approximately 46 centimeters. For your reference, a more precise conversion to metric is: 9.2m
27:17	wtng		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	מְחֻשָּׁקִ֣ים	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Among other options not so relevant here, Wiktionary suggests that a **fillet** could be a “thin strip of any material, in various technical uses,” “thin featureless molding used as separation between broader decorative moldings,” or a rounded corner. Alternate translation: “you shall fillet”
27:18	wt7n		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance	מֵאָ֨ה בָֽ⁠אַמָּ֜ה & חֲמִשִּׁ֣ים בַּ⁠חֲמִשִּׁ֗ים & חָמֵ֥שׁ אַמּ֖וֹת	1	If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express this in terms of modern measurements, either in the text or a footnote. A cubit is approximately 46 centimeters. For your reference, a more precise conversion to metric is: 46 meters … 23 meters … 2.3 meters.
27:18	mu6b		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	חֲמִשִּׁ֣ים בַּ⁠חֲמִשִּׁ֗ים	1	Here, “cubits” is omitted because it is understood as a repetition of the instructions in verse 9. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “50 cubits”
27:19	bs7c		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	יְתֵדֹתָ֛י⁠ו & יִתְדֹ֥ת	1	The **tent pegs** are strong, sharp pieces of metal driven into the ground and used to secure the corners of a tent to the ground or to secure ropes in order to create tension to stabilize something standing upright.
27:21	p7ru		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	הָ⁠עֵדֻ֗ת	1	The **testimony** refers to the chest that contains the sacred slabs of stone on which Yahweh had written his commandments. If it would be more clear to your readers you may include a reference to the chest. Alternate translation: “is the Box of the Testimony”
27:21	nlwz			יַעֲרֹךְ֩ אֹת֨⁠וֹ	1	Here, **it** refers to the lamp mentioned in the previous verse and **arrange** means to set it up for burning, and light it. Alternate translation: “shall set up the lampstand and light it”
27:21	j41s		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י יְהוָ֑ה	1	Here, **face** represents the presence of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “in front of me”
27:21	vr7m			חֻקַּ֤ת עוֹלָם֙ לְ⁠דֹ֣רֹתָ֔⁠ם מֵ⁠אֵ֖ת בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל	1	See how you translated a similar statement in [12:14](../12/14.md)
28:intro	r3yx				0	# Exodus 28 General Notes\n\n## Structure\n\n- v. 1: Introduction - Aaron and sons will become priests\n- v. 2–5: General introduction of sacred clothing\n- v. 6–14: Instructions for the ephod\n    * v. 9–14: Instructions regarding stones on ephod\n- v. 15–28: Instructions for the breastpiece\n    * v. 17–21: Instructions regarding stones on breastpiece\n    * v. 22–28: Instructions for mounting the breastpiece on the ephod\n- v. 29–30: Aaron should wear things over his heart\n- v 31–35: Instructions for making the robe with bells and pomegranates\n- v. 36–38: Instructions regarding the turban\n- v. 39–41: Closing general instructions regarding clothing\n- v. 42–43: Instructions on making and wearing undergarments\n- v. 43b: Closing statement\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Holy garments\n\nBecause Yahweh is holy, only the priests could approach him, and when they did they had to be wearing specially made clothing. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])\n\n## Potential Translation Issues\n\n- Verses 17–20 list 12 kinds of stone. Scholars are not sure which kinds of stones the Hebrew words refer to. Some translations list different stones. The UST gives the probable color of the gemstones. Translators may use names of familiar gem stones.
28:1	e1xb		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular	וְ⁠אַתָּ֡ה	1	Here, **you** refers to Moses; in this case, it is used to highlight that he is the person who must do the next thing.
28:1	w9ls		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship	אַהֲרֹ֨ן אָחִ֜י⁠ךָ	1	Aaron is older than Moses. If your language uses a different term for the sibling relationship based on gender and age order, choose the appropriate one.
28:1	ofgr		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	נָדָ֧ב וַ⁠אֲבִיה֛וּא אֶלְעָזָ֥ר וְ⁠אִיתָמָ֖ר	1	These are men’s names.
28:2	zxy0		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	בִגְדֵי־קֹ֖דֶשׁ	1	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **holiness**, you can express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “holy clothes”
28:3	n17y		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular	וְ⁠אַתָּ֗ה	1	Here, **you** refers to Moses; in this case, it is used to highlight that he is the person who must do the next thing.
28:3	c9pv		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	אֶל־כָּל־חַכְמֵי־לֵ֔ב אֲשֶׁ֥ר מִלֵּאתִ֖י⁠ו ר֣וּחַ חָכְמָ֑ה	1	There is a little bit of parallelism here. Yahweh is clarifying who causes someone to be **wise of heart**. You could translate this in a more causative way if that would make more sense. Alternate translation: “to anyone whom I have filled with the spirit of wisdom, making them wise of heart”
28:3	wt7m		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	אֶל־כָּל־חַכְמֵי־לֵ֔ב אֲשֶׁ֥ר מִלֵּאתִ֖י⁠ו ר֣וּחַ חָכְמָ֑ה	1	Here, **heart** and **spirit** are both referring to things innately possessed by a person that is, traits of a person. **Wisdom** refers to skill or talent with crafting in this case. Together **wise of heart** and **filled with the spirit of wisdom** both essentially mean “a talented craftsman.” If it would be more clear to your readers, you may consider making some of this more explicit. Alternate translation: “to every talented craftsman, those whom I have made skilled in their work”
28:4	tr5e			וּ⁠כְתֹ֥נֶת תַּשְׁבֵּ֖ץ	1	We do not know what word translated **of woven work** means, as it only occurs here and in [28:39](../28/39.md) as a verb. Alternate translation: “and a checkered tunic” or “an embroidered garment”
28:4	dz5h		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	מִצְנֶ֣פֶת	1	This is a head covering made from cloth wrapped around the head several times. You may translate it using a word commonly used for a similar item in your culture.
28:4	k184		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	וְ⁠אַבְנֵ֑ט	1	The **sash** is a piece of cloth that people wear around their waist or across their chest. You may translate it with a word commonly used for a similar item in your culture.
28:4	jqtg		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	בִגְדֵי־קֹ֜דֶשׁ	1	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **holiness**, you can express the same idea in another way. See how you translated this in [28:2](../28/02.md).
28:5	rxke		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	וְ⁠אֶת־הַ⁠תְּכֵ֖לֶת וְ⁠אֶת־הָֽ⁠אַרְגָּמָ֑ן וְ⁠אֶת־תּוֹלַ֥עַת הַ⁠שָּׁנִ֖י	1	This could mean: (1) “material that is dyed blue, purple, and scarlet,” probably wool yarn, or (2) “blue, purple and scarlet dye” to dye the linen. The original audience would have known what was meant. This material seems to have been used for embroidery later, so “yarn” or “thread” may be the best understanding. See how you translated this in [25:4](../25/04.md)
28:5	pfq5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	תּוֹלַ֥עַת הַ⁠שָּׁנִ֖י	1	A bright red color for dying cloth was extracted from these worms. Alternate translation: “and bright red”
28:6	u3rx		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	וְ⁠שֵׁ֥שׁ מָשְׁזָ֖ר	1	This was cloth made from fine linen threads that someone twisted together to make a stronger thread. See how you translated this in [Exodus 26:36](../26/36.md). Alternate translation: “fine twined linen”
28:6	k3bj			חֹשֵֽׁב	1	The description **skillful craftsman** refers to a person who can make beautiful objects by hand.
28:7	dpph			שְׁתֵּ֧י כְתֵפֹ֣ת חֹֽבְרֹ֗ת יִֽהְיֶה־לּ֛⁠וֹ אֶל־שְׁנֵ֥י קְצוֹתָ֖י⁠ו וְ⁠חֻבָּֽר	1	This likely meant creating some sort of fastening up by the shoulders to attach the front of the ephod to its back. Alternate translation: “They shall make it so that the front and back attach to each other at the shoulders”
28:7	wt20		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	וְ⁠חֻבָּֽר	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “join it together that way”
28:8	u5av			אֲשֶׁ֣ר עָלָ֔י⁠ו כְּ⁠מַעֲשֵׂ֖⁠הוּ מִמֶּ֣⁠נּוּ	1	This is saying that the sash should be attached to the ephod, perhaps cut from the same material used to make the rest of the ephod.
28:9	c4ia		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	אַבְנֵי־שֹׁ֑הַם	1	These **stones of onyx** are valuable stones that have layers of white and black, red, or brown. See how you translated this in [Exodus 25:7](../25/07.md).
28:9	s2yd		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	שְׁתֵּ֖י	1	Alternate translation: “2”
28:10	h5mr		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	שִׁשָּׁה֙ & הַ⁠שִּׁשָּׁ֧ה	1	Alternate translation: “6 of … the 6”
28:10	zlte			כְּ⁠תוֹלְדֹתָֽ⁠ם	1	Alternate translation: “according to their birth order”
28:11	dv8k			פִּתּוּחֵ֣י חֹתָ֗ם	1	Alternate translation: “in the same way a person engraves on a seal”
28:11	x1xc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	חָרַשׁ֮ אֶבֶן֒	1	A **craftsman of stone** is a person who cuts designs into stones. Alternate translation: “a detailed stone cutter”
28:11	cm3f		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	חֹתָ֗ם	1	This is an engraved stone often set into a ring and used to stamp a design into a wax seal to authenticate an official document.
28:11	gh2r		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	מִשְׁבְּצ֥וֹת	1	These are pieces of metal that hold the stones onto the ephod.
28:12	ypfd			זִכָּרֹ֖ן & לְ⁠זִכָּרֹֽן	1	The text does not specify if Yahweh or Aaron or someone else is the one being reminded by the stones. It also does not specify exactly what the reminder is of. Try to maintain this ambiguity if possible in your translation.
28:12	shn5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	לִ⁠פְנֵ֧י	1	Here, **face** represents the presence of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “in the presence of”
28:13	pi4x		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	מִשְׁבְּצֹ֖ת	1	The **ornamental settings** are pieces of precious metal that surround the sides of hold each stone to hold it onto the ephod. See how you translated this in [Exodus 28:11](../28/11.md).
28:14	e746			וּ⁠שְׁתֵּ֤י שַׁרְשְׁרֹת֙ זָהָ֣ב טָה֔וֹר מִגְבָּלֹ֛ת תַּעֲשֶׂ֥ה אֹתָ֖⁠ם מַעֲשֵׂ֣ה עֲבֹ֑ת	1	Alternate translation: “and you shall make two chains of pure gold that are braided like cords”
28:15	sf8e			מַעֲשֵׂ֣ה חֹשֵׁ֔ב כְּ⁠מַעֲשֵׂ֥ה אֵפֹ֖ד תַּעֲשֶׂ֑⁠נּוּ	1	Alternate translation: “a skillful workman will make it like the ephod”
28:16	cny4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance	זֶ֥רֶת & וְ⁠זֶ֥רֶת	1	You can convert this length to a measurement system familiar to your people if that is the style of translation that you are using. A span is approximately 23 centimeters.
28:16	onj6			רָב֥וּעַ יִֽהְיֶ֖ה כָּפ֑וּל	1	Alternate translation: “Fold it in half so it will be square”
28:17-21	spd4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown		0	Twelve kinds of stones are listed in the next four verses. Scholars are not sure which kinds of stones the Hebrew words refer to. Some translations list different stones.
28:17	n1ys		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	אֹ֤דֶם פִּטְדָה֙ וּ⁠בָרֶ֔קֶת	1	These are precious stones.
28:18	qq9g		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal	וְ⁠הַ⁠טּ֖וּר הַ⁠שֵּׁנִ֑י	1	If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “And row 2:”
28:18	ga1v		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	נֹ֥פֶךְ סַפִּ֖יר וְ⁠יָהֲלֹֽם	1	These are precious stones.
28:18	a5rr		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	סַפִּ֖יר	1	This is a gemstone that is blue in color. See how you translated this in [Exodus 24:10](../24/10.md).
28:19	uw42		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal	וְ⁠הַ⁠טּ֖וּר הַ⁠שְּׁלִישִׁ֑י	1	If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “And row 3:”
28:19	z17r		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	לֶ֥שֶׁם שְׁב֖וֹ וְ⁠אַחְלָֽמָה	1	These are precious stones
28:20	ekaf		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal	וְ⁠הַ⁠טּוּר֙ הָ⁠רְבִיעִ֔י	1	If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “And row 4:”
28:20	ul2e		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	תַּרְשִׁ֥ישׁ וְ⁠שֹׁ֖הַם וְ⁠יָשְׁפֵ֑ה	1	These are precious stones.
28:20	rgf6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	וְ⁠שֹׁ֖הַם	1	An **onyx** is a valuable stone that has layers of white and black, red, or brown. See how you translated these in [Exodus 25:7](../25/07.md).
28:20	pw5h		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	מְשֻׁבָּצִ֥ים זָהָ֛ב יִהְי֖וּ	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You shall set them in gold”
28:21	z8mw		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	פִּתּוּחֵ֤י חוֹתָם֙	1	This is an engraved stone often set into a ring and used to stamp a design into a wax seal to authenticate an official document. Here the stone is mounted on a ring. See how you translated “signet” in [Exodus 28:11](../28/11.md).
28:22	m7yl		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	שַֽׁרְשֹׁ֥ת גַּבְלֻ֖ת מַעֲשֵׂ֣ה עֲבֹ֑ת זָהָ֖ב טָהֽוֹר	1	See how you translated similar phrases in [Exodus 28:14](../28/14.md). Alternate translation (should replace **twisted chains**): “chains that are made of pure gold and are braided like cords”
28:25	d8y3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	אֶל־מ֥וּל פָּנָֽי⁠ו	1	Here, **face** simply refers to the object (the ephod). Alternate translation: “on its front side”
28:25	a4lc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	עַל־שְׁתֵּ֣י הַֽ⁠מִּשְׁבְּצ֑וֹת	1	These are two settings that enclose the stones. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly.
28:27	f2nn		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	פָּנָ֔י⁠ו	1	Here, **face** simply refers to the object (the ephod). Alternate translation: “on its front side”
28:27	vw1w		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	לְ⁠חֵ֖שֶׁב	1	The **waistband** was a cloth belt made from narrow linen threads that someone twisted together to make a stronger thread. See how you translated this in [Exodus 28:8](../28/08.md).
28:28	se56		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	וְ⁠לֹֽא־יִזַּ֣ח הַ⁠חֹ֔שֶׁן מֵ⁠עַ֖ל	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “so that the breastpiece shall stay attached to”
28:28	wf9v		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives	וְ⁠לֹֽא־יִזַּ֣ח הַ⁠חֹ֔שֶׁן מֵ⁠עַ֖ל	1	If this double negative would be misunderstood in your language, you could translate it as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “so that the breastpiece shall stay attached to”
28:29	z1mz			שְׁמ֨וֹת בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֜ל	1	This refers to the names of the tribes engraved on the twelve stones the breastplate as described in [Exodus 28:17–21](./17.md).
28:29	cc97			עַל־לִבּ֖⁠וֹ	1	Alternate translation: “over Aaron’s heart” or “on his chest”
28:30	dgn9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate	הָ⁠אוּרִים֙ וְ⁠אֶת־הַ⁠תֻּמִּ֔ים	1	It is not clear what **the Urim and the Thummim** are. They were objects, possibly stones, that the priest used to somehow determine the will of God. Because of this, it is basically impossible to translate. In your translation, you can spell it the way it sounds in your language.
28:30	f537		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	וְ⁠נָשָׂ֣א אַ֠הֲרֹן אֶת־מִשְׁפַּ֨ט בְּנֵי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֧ל עַל־לִבּ֛⁠וֹ לִ⁠פְנֵ֥י יְהוָ֖ה תָּמִֽיד	1	This phrase appears to refer to the Urim and Thummim and explain their purpose. Alternate translation: “And Aaron shall bear the decisions for the sons of Israel over his heart before Yahweh continually”
28:30	fep5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י יְהוָ֑ה & לִ⁠פְנֵ֥י יְהוָ֖ה	1	Here, **face** represents the presence of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “before Yahweh … before Yahweh”
28:32	x42n			מַעֲשֵׂ֣ה אֹרֵ֗ג	1	Alternate translation: “made by a weaver”
28:32	rw96		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	אֹרֵ֗ג	1	Alternate translation: “a person who weaves” or “a person who creates cloth using thread, yarns and wool”
28:32	t60l		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	תַחְרָ֛א	1	We do not know what this term means, but the implication seems to be that the collar should be made strong.
28:32	ubhg		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	לֹ֥א יִקָּרֵֽעַ	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language, as modeled in the UST.
28:33	qm1f		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	תְּכֵ֤לֶת וְ⁠אַרְגָּמָן֙ וְ⁠תוֹלַ֣עַת שָׁנִ֔י	1	This could mean: (1) “material that is dyed blue, purple, and scarlet,” probably wool yarn, or (2) “blue, purple and scarlet dye” to dye the linen. The original audience would have known what was meant. This material seems to have been used for embroidery later, so “yarn” or “thread” may be the best understanding. See how you translated this in [25:4](../25/04.md)
28:34	kl55			פַּעֲמֹ֤ן זָהָב֙ וְ⁠רִמּ֔וֹן פַּֽעֲמֹ֥ן זָהָ֖ב וְ⁠רִמּ֑וֹן	1	This phrase is repeated to show the pattern of the design on the robe. Alternate translation: “alternate pomegranates and golden bells”
28:35	pf61		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	וְ⁠נִשְׁמַ֣ע ק֠וֹל⁠וֹ	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “so that the bells make a sound”
28:35	fmqu		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	לִ⁠פְנֵ֧י יְהוָ֛ה	1	Here, **face** represents the presence of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “before Yahweh”
28:35	ky8s		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	יְהוָ֛ה	1	Here, Yahweh refers to himself in the third person. If this is confusing in your language, you may use the first person. Alternate translation: “me”
28:35	qtf9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וְ⁠לֹ֥א יָמֽוּת	1	The probable implication is that he would die because he did not obey Yahweh. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “As a result, he will not die because of disobeying my instructions”
28:36	mzej		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	צִּ֖יץ	1	We do not know exactly what this was. It was probably a thin piece of gold smaller than the palm of someone’s hand.
28:36	nd2q		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	וּ⁠פִתַּחְתָּ֤ עָלָי⁠ו֙ פִּתּוּחֵ֣י חֹתָ֔ם	1	See how you translated similar words in [Exodus 28:11](../28/11.md) Alternate translation: “write on it in the same way a person engraves on a seal.”
28:37	qka6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	הַ⁠מִּצְנָ֑פֶת & הַ⁠מִּצְנֶ֖פֶת	1	This was a head covering made from cloth wrapped around the head several times. See how you translated this in [Exodus 28:4](../28/04.md).
28:37	lxq8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	אֶל־מ֥וּל פְּנֵֽי־הַ⁠מִּצְנֶ֖פֶת	1	Here, **face** means the front. Alternate translation: “to the front of the turban”
28:38	frqm		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	וְ⁠נָשָׂ֨א אַהֲרֹ֜ן אֶת־עֲוֺ֣ן הַ⁠קֳּדָשִׁ֗ים	1	Here, **iniquity** is pictured as something that can be carried or worn like the turban. It also seems to picture handing off the iniquity from the people to Aaron. Also here, **iniquity** actually seems to refer to the punishment for anything that might be wrong regarding the things the Israelites offer Yahweh. You may need to use a different word than **bear** to convey the transfer of responsibility for wrongs from the people to Aaron. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and Aaron shall be responsible for any wrong related to the holy things”
28:38	chuz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	לִ⁠פְנֵ֥י יְהוָֽה	1	Here, **face** represents the presence of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “before Yahweh”
28:38	jbt4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	יְהוָֽה	1	Here, Yahweh refers to himself in the third person. If this is confusing in your language, you may use the first person. Alternate translation: “me”
28:39	t5vj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	מִצְנֶ֣פֶת	1	This was a head covering made from cloth wrapped around the head several times. See how you translated this in [Exodus 28:4](../28/04.md).
28:39	yi1l		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	וְ⁠אַבְנֵ֥ט	1	A **sash** is a decorative piece of cloth that a person wears around his waist or across his chest. See how you translated this in [Exodus 28:4](../28/04.md).
28:39	i62z		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	רֹקֵֽם	1	An embroiderer is a person who sews decorative designs onto cloth. See how you translated this in [Exodus 26:36](../26/36.md).
28:40	pfs2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	אַבְנֵטִ֑ים	1	The **sashes** are decorative pieces of cloth that people wear around the waist or across the chest. See how you translated this in [Exodus 28:4](../28/04.md).
28:40	v2tj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	וּ⁠מִגְבָּעוֹת֙	1	A headband is a decorative, narrow strip of cloth that is worn around the head above the eyes. This seems to be similar to, but perhaps smaller than the turban worn by the high priest.
28:41	xa75		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship	אַהֲרֹ֣ן אָחִ֔י⁠ךָ	1	Aaron is older than Moses. If your language uses a different term for the sibling relationship based on gender and age order, choose the appropriate one.
28:41	agey		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וּ⁠מִלֵּאתָ֧ אֶת־יָדָ֛⁠ם	1	This seems to be an idiom for giving authority to someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “and you shall ordain them”
28:42	vz62		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	מִכְנְסֵי	1	These are articles of clothing worn under the outer clothes, next to the skin.
28:42	m1bi		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism	בְּשַׂ֣ר עֶרְוָ֑ה	1	This refers to the male genitalia. This is a polite way of referring to something unpleasant. If this would be misunderstood in your language, use a different polite way of referring to this or you could state this plainly. Alternate translation: “their private parts”
29:intro	xmd9				0	# Exodus 29 General Notes\n\nLarge translation teams working on multiple books at the same time should note that this chapter is very similar to Leviticus 8.\n\n## Structure\n\nAs you translate, you may perceive a different structure in this chapter than what is below. Feel free to organize in a way that is clear in your language. This chapter is really one united whole; the outline below is one possible way of subdividing it.\nThe Consecration of the Priests\n- v. 1–3 Preparing items\n- v. 4–9 Preparing Aaron and his sons\n- v. 10–14 Sacrificing the bull to purify the altar\n- v. 15–34 Sacrificing the rams\n    * v. 15–18 The first ram wholly burned\n    * v. 19–28 The second ram used for consecrating and divided for eating\n    * v. 29–30 Priestly succession\n    * v. 31–34 More instructions regarding eating the second ram\n- v. 35–37 Instructions to do all this for seven days\n- v. 38–41 Instructions for perpetual offerings\n- v. 42–46 Yahweh’s affirmation\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Consecrating priests\n\nThis chapter records the process of consecrating priests. The priests were to be set apart from the rest of Israel because Yahweh is holy. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/consecrate]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])\n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### Forms of you\n\nFor this chapter, it seems that the singular “you” that Yahweh has been using to give Moses general instructions for the last several chapters now actually refers to Moses himself. If you have been translating the instructions using a plural form of you or by shifting the instructions to the third person, you should switch back to a singular form referring directly to Moses for this chapter.\n\n### “I will live among the Israelites”\n\nAs God, Yahweh is everywhere and cannot be limited to a single space. This phrase indicates that he permanently remains within Israel in a special way while they have the ark.
29:1	d6gk		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent	וְ⁠זֶ֨ה	1	A new scene begins here. There is a change in topic from instructions for making garments for priests to consecrating priests. This may need to be marked in a certain way in your language.
29:1	z78h		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	תַּעֲשֶׂ֥ה	1	Here, **you** refers to Moses.
29:1	ld5s		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	לָ⁠הֶ֛ם	1	Here, **they** refers to Aaron and his sons. Alternate translation: “to Aaron and his sons”
29:1	dq2c		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	לִ֑⁠י	1	Here, **me** refers to Yahweh.
29:1	jhj3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	בֶּן־בָּקָ֛ר	1	This is an idiom meaning young. If you do not have a similar idiom you may translate the meaning. Alternate translation: “a young one”
29:2	ptm7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	בְּלוּלֹ֣ת בַּ⁠שֶּׁ֔מֶן & מְשֻׁחִ֣ים בַּ⁠שָּׁ֑מֶן	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. You may need to shorten the sentences and make the alternate translation content separate sentences or mark it off with special punctuation. Alternate translation: “(mix them with oil) … (rub them with oil)”
29:2	wkyb			וּ⁠רְקִיקֵ֥י מַצּ֖וֹת מְשֻׁחִ֣ים בַּ⁠שָּׁ֑מֶן	1	These may have been rubbed with oil before or after baking.
29:2	r449		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	וְ⁠חַלֹּ֤ת & וּ⁠רְקִיקֵ֥י	1	These are different kinds of food made from flour. While all the breads were somewhat flat because they were unleavened, the **cakes** were a bread enriched with oil, and the **wafers** were especially thin.
29:3	gm58		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	אוֹתָ⁠ם֙	1	Alternate translation: “the bread, cakes, and wafers”
29:3	cd6m			וְ⁠הִקְרַבְתָּ֥ אֹתָ֖⁠ם בַּ⁠סָּ֑ל וְ⁠אֶ֨ת־הַ⁠פָּ֔ר וְ⁠אֵ֖ת שְׁנֵ֥י הָ⁠אֵילִֽם	1	Here, **in the basket** is almost parenthetical. You may need to restructure the sentence or use punctuation to make it clear that **the bull and the two rams** are connected to **bring**, and not to **in the basket.** Alternate translation: “and you shall bring them near (in the basket) along with the bull and the two rams”
29:4	a6rz			אֹ֣הֶל מוֹעֵ֑ד	1	The **tent of meeting** is another name for the Dwelling. See how you translated this in [Exodus 27:21](../27/21.md).
29:5	pr4i		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	בְּ⁠חֵ֖שֶׁב	1	This was a cloth belt made from narrow linen threads that someone twisted together to make a stronger thread. See how you translated this in [Exodus 28:8](../28/08.md).
29:6	ap2x		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	הַ⁠מִּצְנֶ֖פֶת & הַ⁠מִּצְנָֽפֶת	1	This was a head covering made from cloth wrapped around the head several times. See how you translated this in [Exodus 28:4](../28/04.md).
29:6	y59s		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	נֵ֥זֶר הַ⁠קֹּ֖דֶשׁ	1	This **crown** is described in [Exodus 28:36](../28/36.md) as being engraved with the words “Holy to Yahweh” and made of pure gold. There it is referred to by a different Hebrew word, which is translated as “rosette.”
29:6	n4bt		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	אֶת־נֵ֥זֶר הַ⁠קֹּ֖דֶשׁ	1	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **holiness**, you can express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “the holy crown”
29:7	rwuj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	שֶׁ֣מֶן הַ⁠מִּשְׁחָ֔ה	1	See how you translated **oil of anointing** in [25:6](../25/06.md).
29:8	v46k		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	בָּנָ֖י⁠ו	1	Alternate translation: “Aaron’s sons”
29:9	j3a8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	אַבְנֵ֜ט	1	A **sash** is a decorative piece of cloth that people wear around their waist or across their chest. See how you translated this word in [Exodus 28:4](../28/04.md).
29:9	bh2d		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	מִגְבָּעֹ֔ת	1	A headband is a narrow, decorative strip of cloth that is worn around the head above the eyes. See how you translated this in [Exodus 28:40](../28/40.md).
29:9	r1x4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	כְּהֻנָּ֖ה	1	Here, **the priesthood** means the official office of priest. Alternate translation: “the duty of being priests”
29:9	ze9l		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וְ⁠הָיְתָ֥ה לָ⁠הֶ֛ם כְּהֻנָּ֖ה	1	The duty of being priests will also belong to the descendants of Aaron’s sons. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “And the priesthood will belong to them and their descendants”
29:9	p7m9			לְ⁠חֻקַּ֣ת עוֹלָ֑ם	1	Alternate translation: “a law that will not end.” See how you translated this in [Exodus 28:43](../28/43.md).
29:9	zbzk		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וּ⁠מִלֵּאתָ֥ יַֽד־אַהֲרֹ֖ן וְ⁠יַד־בָּנָֽי⁠ו	1	The phrase, **fill the hand**, seems to be an idiom for giving authority to someone. See how you translated this in [Exodus 28:41](../28/41.md). Alternate translation: “And you shall ordain Aaron and his sons”
29:9	jhwb			וּ⁠מִלֵּאתָ֥ יַֽד־אַהֲרֹ֖ן וְ⁠יַד־בָּנָֽי⁠ו	1	The phrase, **fill the hand** may be (1) a summary and reminder statement of the whole ordination process, (2) referring to the previous description, meaning that the priests have been ordained, or (3) referring to the following description, meaning that the priests are about to be ordained. It would probably be best to translate this in the way a mid-text summary reminder phrase would be spoken in your language, avoiding any indication that it refers only to the previous or following text.
29:10	wjko			tent of meeting	0	The purpose of the sacrifice explained here through verse 14 is to purify or cleanse the altar. This is made more clear in [29:36–37](../29/36.md).
29:10	sgur		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	לִ⁠פְנֵ֖י אֹ֣הֶל מוֹעֵ֑ד	1	Here, **face** refers to the front of the tent. See the UST.
29:10	rf0w		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous	וְ⁠סָמַ֨ךְ אַהֲרֹ֧ן וּ⁠בָנָ֛י⁠ו אֶת־יְדֵי⁠הֶ֖ם עַל־רֹ֥אשׁ הַ⁠פָּֽר	1	The slaughter of the bull in the next verse occurs while the priests continue to have their hands on the bull’s head. Take care to arrange the phrases and to use words or forms that indicate that the two events happened at the same time.
29:12	c2ud		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	קַרְנֹ֥ת	1	These were projections that looked like ox horns attached to the four corners of the altar. See how you translated this in [Exodus 27:2](../27/02.md).
29:12	xdl5			כָּל־הַ⁠דָּ֣ם	1	Alternate translation: “the remaining blood”
29:13	x2c5			וְ⁠הִקְטַרְתָּ֖	1	Alternate translation: “and burn them to make smoke”
29:13	nsg6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	הַ⁠כָּבֵ֔ד & הַ⁠כְּלָיֹ֔ת	1	The **liver** and **kidneys** are organs in the body.
29:14	eza8			וְ⁠אֶת־בְּשַׂ֤ר הַ⁠פָּר֙ וְ⁠אֶת־עֹר֣⁠וֹ וְ⁠אֶת־פִּרְשׁ֔⁠וֹ תִּשְׂרֹ֣ף	1	Alternate translation: “But as for the remaining parts of the bull, including the flesh and dung, you shall burn it”
29:14	o262			מִ⁠ח֖וּץ לַֽ⁠מַּחֲנֶ֑ה	1	Alternate translation: “outside the borders of where the Israelites are camped”
29:15	pd0t		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous	וְ⁠סָ֨מְכ֜וּ אַהֲרֹ֧ן וּ⁠בָנָ֛י⁠ו אֶת־יְדֵי⁠הֶ֖ם עַל־רֹ֥אשׁ הָ⁠אָֽיִל	1	The slaughter of the ram in the next verse occurs while they continue to have their hands on the ram’s head. Take care to arrange the phrases and to use words or forms that indicate that the two events happened at the same time.
29:17	w2nb		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	קִרְבּ⁠וֹ֙	1	Alternate translation: “the organs” See how you translated this in [Exodus 29:13](../29/13.md).
29:18	qc2i			וְ⁠הִקְטַרְתָּ֤ אֶת־כָּל־הָ⁠אַ֨יִל֙	1	Alternate translation: “and burn all of the ram to make smoke”
29:18	pwjk		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	עֹלָ֥ה ה֖וּא לַֽ⁠יהוָ֑ה רֵ֣יחַ נִיח֔וֹחַ אִשֶּׁ֥ה לַ⁠יהוָ֖ה הֽוּא	1	These phrases are in parallel, with the second expanding and clarifying the first. In some languages, you may need to use a different structure to expand and clarify the **burnt offering**. Alternate translation: “It is a pleasant smelling burnt offering made by fire to Yahweh”
29:19	zzsi			הַ⁠שֵּׁנִ֑י	1	Except for **the second,** this verse is identical to [29:15](../29/15.md).
29:20	j6b1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וְ⁠שָׁחַטְתָּ֣ אֶת־הָ⁠אַ֗יִל	1	They killed the ram by cutting its throat. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “and kill the ram by cutting its throat”
29:21	bxs6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וְ⁠לָקַחְתָּ֞ מִן־הַ⁠דָּ֨ם אֲשֶׁ֥ר עַֽל־הַ⁠מִּזְבֵּחַ֮ וּ⁠מִ⁠שֶּׁ֣מֶן הַ⁠מִּשְׁחָה֒ וְ⁠הִזֵּיתָ֤	1	Moses would mix the blood and oil. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “And you shall take some of the blood that is on the altar and mix it with some of the oil of anointing and sprinkle it”
29:22	i3dc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	הַ⁠קֶּ֗רֶב & הַ⁠כָּבֵד֙ & הַ⁠כְּלָיֹ֗ת	1	The **entrails, liver**, and **kidneys** refer to organs inside the body. See how you translated this in [Exodus 29:13](../29/13.md).
29:23	mcko			וְ⁠כִכַּ֨ר לֶ֜חֶם אַחַ֗ת וַֽ⁠חַלַּ֨ת לֶ֥חֶם שֶׁ֛מֶן אַחַ֖ת וְ⁠רָקִ֣יק אֶחָ֑ד מִ⁠סַּל֙ הַ⁠מַּצּ֔וֹת אֲשֶׁ֖ר לִ⁠פְנֵ֥י יְהוָֽה	1	All of these items were in the basket mentioned in [29:2](../29/02.md), not just the wafer. Be sure this is clear in your translation. Alternate translation: “and from the basket of bread without yeast that is before the face of Yahweh: one round loaf of bread, and one cake of bread of oil, and one wafer”
29:23	td8w			וְ⁠כִכַּ֨ר לֶ֜חֶם אַחַ֗ת וַֽ⁠חַלַּ֨ת לֶ֥חֶם שֶׁ֛מֶן אַחַ֖ת וְ⁠רָקִ֣יק אֶחָ֑ד מִ⁠סַּל֙ הַ⁠מַּצּ֔וֹת	1	For 29:23, see how you translated similar words in [Exodus 29:2](../29/02.md).
29:23	i7vx		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	אֲשֶׁ֖ר לִ⁠פְנֵ֥י יְהוָֽה	1	This means in the presence of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “that you have placed before Yahweh”
29:24	b9bj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	הַ⁠כֹּ֔ל	1	Here, **all these** refers to the parts of the sacrifice mentioned in the previous verses.
29:24	q6k5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	וְ⁠הֵנַפְתָּ֥	1	While the text reads, **you shall raise**, logically, it is Aaron and his sons who will raise the offerings at this point. If this is confusing in your language, you may use the third person. Alternate translation: “and they shall raise”
29:24	xhhf		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction	וְ⁠הֵנַפְתָּ֥ אֹתָ֛⁠ם תְּנוּפָ֖ה לִ⁠פְנֵ֥י יְהוָֽה	1	The act of raising the meat and bread symbolized dedicating it to Yahweh. The priests would be acting out the process of handing the offering to him. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “and they shall show that they are giving them to me by holding them up to me”
29:24	ypit		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	לִ⁠פְנֵ֥י יְהוָֽה	1	This means in the presence of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “before Yahweh”
29:25	e6bj			וְ⁠הִקְטַרְתָּ֥ הַ⁠מִּזְבֵּ֖חָ⁠ה עַל־הָ⁠עֹלָ֑ה לְ⁠רֵ֤יחַ נִיח֨וֹחַ֙ לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י יְהוָ֔ה אִשֶּׁ֥ה ה֖וּא לַ⁠יהוָֽה	1	See how you translated similar phrases in [29:18](../29/18.md).
29:26	bf71			מֵ⁠אֵ֤יל הַ⁠מִּלֻּאִים֙	1	See how you translated this in [29:22](../29/22.md). Alternate translation: “from the ram that you dedicated”
29:26	c21f		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction	וְ⁠הֵנַפְתָּ֥ אֹת֛⁠וֹ תְּנוּפָ֖ה	1	The act of raising the meat symbolized dedicating it to Yahweh. The priests would be acting out handing the offering to him. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. See how you translated this in [29:24](../29/24.md). Alternate translation: “and show that you are giving it to me by holding it up to me”
29:27	dzkx		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction	הַ⁠תְּנוּפָ֗ה וְ⁠אֵת֙ שׁ֣וֹק הַ⁠תְּרוּמָ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר הוּנַ֖ף וַ⁠אֲשֶׁ֣ר הוּרָ֑ם	1	The act of raising the meat symbolized dedicating it to Yahweh. The priests would be acting out handing the offering to him. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. See how you translated this in [29:24](../29/24.md).
29:28	uc2d			וְ⁠הָיָה֩ לְ⁠אַהֲרֹ֨ן וּ⁠לְ⁠בָנָ֜י⁠ו לְ⁠חָק־עוֹלָ֗ם מֵ⁠אֵת֙ בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל כִּ֥י תְרוּמָ֖ה ה֑וּא	1	Alternate translation: “This offering is what Aaron and his sons will always receive from the people”
29:28	q3ms			מֵ⁠אֵת֙ בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל כִּ֥י תְרוּמָ֖ה ה֑וּא וּ⁠תְרוּמָ֞ה יִהְיֶ֨ה מֵ⁠אֵ֤ת בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ מִ⁠זִּבְחֵ֣י שַׁלְמֵי⁠הֶ֔ם תְּרוּמָתָ֖⁠ם לַ⁠יהוָֽה	1	The amount of repetition in this verse may make it difficult to translate smoothly. You may consider combining some phrases if that would work better in your language. Alternate translation: “for the Israelites must offer this portion from what they bring to Yahweh as peace offerings to him”
29:29	qta8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	וּ⁠בִגְדֵ֤י הַ⁠קֹּ֨דֶשׁ֙	1	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **holiness**, you can express the same idea in another way. See how you translated this in [28:2](../28/02.md).
29:29	a59z		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וּ⁠לְ⁠מַלֵּא־בָ֖⁠ם אֶת־יָדָֽ⁠ם	1	**Fill their hand** seems to be an idiom for giving authority to someone. See how you translated this in [Exodus 28:41](../28/41.md). Alternate translation: “to ordain them in the clothing”
29:31	l3xk			אֵ֥יל הַ⁠מִּלֻּאִ֖ים	1	The **ram of consecration** refers to the second ram, the one described in [20:19](../29/19.md) and following.
29:31	u9kl		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	בְּ⁠מָקֹ֥ם קָדֹֽשׁ	1	This is not the same as the Holy Place outside of the Most Holy Place. This probably refers to a place within the courtyard. However, its exact location is not otherwise specified. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “at the entrance to the tent of meeting”
29:33	mcdc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	לְ⁠מַלֵּ֥א אֶת־יָדָ֖⁠ם	1	This seems to be an idiom for giving authority to someone. See how you translated this in [Exodus 28:41](../28/41.md). Alternate translation: “to ordain them”
29:34	rhp7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	לֹ֥א יֵאָכֵ֖ל	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “No one may eat it”
29:35	yo59			כָּ֔כָה	1	Here, **thus** means “like this” and, as the next verses make clear, refers to the sacrificial ceremony outlined in this chapter which they must repeat seven times.
29:35	wrfs		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	שִׁבְעַ֥ת	1	Alternate translation: “7”
29:35	c2si		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	תְּמַלֵּ֥א יָדָֽ⁠ם	1	This seems to be an idiom for giving authority to someone. See how you translated this in [Exodus 28:41](../28/41.md). Alternate translation: “you shall ordain them”
29:36-37	r5tx				0	This verse and the next explain the purpose of the sacrifice detailed in [29:10–14](../29/10.md).
29:36	s81n		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal	וּ⁠פַ֨ר חַטָּ֜את תַּעֲשֶׂ֤ה לַ⁠יּוֹם֙ עַל־הַ⁠כִּפֻּרִ֔ים וְ⁠חִטֵּאתָ֙ עַל־הַ⁠מִּזְבֵּ֔חַ בְּ⁠כַפֶּרְ⁠ךָ֖ עָלָ֑י⁠ו	1	The phrase **and you shall purify the altar by making atonement for it** describes the purpose of offering the bull. You may want to use a stronger connector. In languages that need to put purpose first, you may need to re-order the clauses. Alternate translation: “And you shall offer a bull of purification for atonement daily, thus you shall purify the altar, by making atonement for it.” or “You shall purify the altar by making atonement for it: you shall offer a bull of purification daily for its atonement.”
29:37	pq5d		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession	קֹ֣דֶשׁ קָֽדָשִׁ֔ים	1	Here, **holiest holy** means extremely or uniquely holy. If this form would not express that this item would become uniquely holy in your language you may need to find another way to express this idea. Alternate translation: “a most holy thing” or “extraordinarily holy”
29:37	qk5h			יִקְדָּֽשׁ	1	Alternate translation: “will also become set apart”
29:38	e4r9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	בְּנֵֽי־שָׁנָ֛ה	1	The phrase **sons of a year** is an idiom meaning one year old. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language.
29:39	qxst		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	בֵּ֥ין הָ⁠עַרְבָּֽיִם	1	The exact meaning of this phrase is debated. Since the priests ate many of the sacrifices, it may have been offered around the time of the evening meal.
29:40	x6i4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction	וְ⁠עִשָּׂרֹ֨ן & רֶ֣בַע & רְבִעִ֥ית	1	A **tenth** means one part out of ten equal parts. A **fourth** means one part out of four equal parts.
29:40	nd8q		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וְ⁠עִשָּׂרֹ֨ן סֹ֜לֶת	1	Many commentators suggest that this means one tenth of an “ephah” even though “ephah” is not written. If your translation style retains the original measurement words, you may need to insert the word you are using for “ephah” here.
29:40	oxsl		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume	וְ⁠עִשָּׂרֹ֨ן סֹ֜לֶת & רֶ֣בַע הַ⁠הִ֔ין & רְבִעִ֥ית הַ⁠הִ֖ין	1	The values given in the UST are approximations as the exact size of an ephah and a hin is not precisely known. An ephah (the implied measurement) may have been around 22 liters, so this is about 2.2 liters of flour. A hin may have been around 3.7 liters, so this is about one liter of both oil and wine.
29:41	ibch		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	בֵּ֣ין הָ⁠עַרְבָּ֑יִם	1	The exact meaning of the phrase **between the evenings** is debated. Since the priests ate many of the sacrifices, it may have been offered around the time of the evening meal. See how you translated it in [29:39](../29/39.md).
29:42	j8cg			לְ⁠דֹרֹ֣תֵי⁠כֶ֔ם	1	Alternate translation: “through all the generations of your descendants.” See how you translated this in [Exodus 12:14](../12/14.md).
29:42	h5r7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י יְהוָ֑ה	1	This means in the presence of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “before Yahweh”
29:43	ic8i		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	וְ⁠נִקְדַּ֖שׁ בִּ⁠כְבֹדִֽ⁠י	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “My awesome presence will dedicate the tent to me”
30:intro	z3yc				0	# Exodus 30 General Notes\n\nThis chapter is mostly a return to instructions for building worship equipment for the sacred tent.\nThe forms of “you” are mostly singular. However, they again refer to the workmen that Moses will instruct, so you should return to whatever form you have been following in chapters 25–28.\n\n## Structure:\n\n- v. 1–10: Incense altar\n    * v. 1–6: Instructions for making the incense altar\n    * v. 7–10: Use of the incense altar\n- v. 11–16: Ransom money for taking a census\n- v. 17–21: Instructions for a washbasin\n- v. 22–30: Anointing oil\n    * v. 22–25: Instructions for making the oil\n    * v. 26–33: Instructions for using the oil\nv- 34–38: Making and using sacred incense\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Atonement\n\nThrough the offering of blood and money, things and people were kept in God’s favor. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/atonement]])\n\n### Holiness\n\nSome items in this chapter became so holy that they could make other things holy. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])\n\n### Unknown terms\n\nThere are a number of ingredient terms that are unknown even to scholars.
30:1	v8vb		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual	וְ⁠עָשִׂ֥יתָ	1	Here, **you** refers to Moses and the people of Israel. If your language makes a distinction, use a plural form here.
30:2	w56e		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	קַרְנֹתָֽי⁠ו	1	See how you translated **horns** in [Exodus 27:2](../27/02.md)
30:2	a39m		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance	אַמָּ֨ה & וְ⁠אַמָּ֤ה & וְ⁠אַמָּתַ֖יִם	1	If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express this in terms of modern measurements, either in the text or a footnote. A **cubit** is approximately 46cm. For your reference, a more precise conversion to metric is: 46cm … 46cm … 94cm
30:3	d3uu				0	This verse is very similar to [Exodus 25:11](../25/11.md), so see how you translated there.
30:4	qyg4			to be attached to it	0	When translating this verse, you may want to refer back to several other passages regarding making rings for carrying poles. See [Exo 25:12](../25/12.md), [Exo 25:26](../25/26.md), [Exo 25:27](../25/27.md), & [Exo 27:4](../27/04.md).
30:4	bvxi		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	לְ⁠בָתִּ֣ים	1	Here, the word **housings** means that the rings will hold the poles. Since they are where the poles belong for use, they are their house. If you have a similar idiom meaning “place of belonging,” you may use it or you may translate the idea. Alternate translation: “a place”
30:6	ulvn		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י & לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י	1	Here, **before the face of** means in front of.
30:6	e87s		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular	לְ⁠ךָ֖	1	Here, **you** refers to Moses.
30:7	o1zo			בַּ⁠בֹּ֣קֶר בַּ⁠בֹּ֗קֶר	1	Alternate translation: “Each morning” or “Daily, in the morning”
30:7	l2rl			בְּ⁠הֵיטִיב֛⁠וֹ אֶת־הַ⁠נֵּרֹ֖ת	1	The lamps had burned overnight and weren’t needed during the day, so he would put them out and do whatever maintenance was required for them to be ready to burn again in the evening. Alternate translation: “trims the lamps”
30:8	nrgk			וּ⁠בְ⁠הַעֲלֹ֨ת אַהֲרֹ֧ן אֶת־הַ⁠נֵּרֹ֛ת	1	This may indicate that in the morning Aaron had taken the lamps down, and he would light them and then put them up on the holders in the evening.
30:8	sq7x		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	בֵּ֥ין הָ⁠עֲרְבַּ֖יִם	1	The exact meaning of this phrase is debated. See how you translated it in [29:39](../29/39.md).
30:8	qm7i			לְ⁠דֹרֹתֵי⁠כֶֽם	1	Alternate translation: “through all the generations of your descendants.” See how you translated this in [Exodus 12:14](../12/14.md).
30:9	ckf9			לֹא־תַעֲל֥וּ עָלָ֛י⁠ו קְטֹ֥רֶת זָרָ֖ה וְ⁠עֹלָ֣ה וּ⁠מִנְחָ֑ה	1	Later, in [30:34](../30/34.md) and following, God describes how to make the one sort of incense that he wants burnt on this altar. Alternate translation: “You shall only offer up the kind of incense I tell you. You shall not make burnt or grain offerings on it.”
30:10	dgny		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal	קֹֽדֶשׁ־קָֽדָשִׁ֥ים ה֖וּא לַ⁠יהוָֽה	1	This last clause defines the purpose of the ritual described in this verse. See [Exo 29:37](../29/37.md). Use a natural way in your language for indicating purpose. Alternate translation: “This is to make it holy of holies to Yahweh.”
30:10	k6xk			קַרְנֹתָ֔י⁠ו	1	These were projections that looked like ox horns and were attached to the four corners of the altar. See how you translated this in [Exodus 27:2](../27/02.md).
30:10	san2			לְ⁠דֹרֹ֣תֵי⁠כֶ֔ם	1	Alternate translation: “through all the generations of your descendants.” See how you translated this in [Exodus 12:14](../12/14.md).
30:10	jxn0		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession	קֹֽדֶשׁ־קָֽדָשִׁ֥ים	1	Here, **holiest holy** means extremely or uniquely holy. If this form would not express that this item would become uniquely holy in your language you may need to find another way to express this idea. See how you translated this in [Exodus 29:37](../29/37.md). Alternate translation: “a most holy thing” or “extraordinarily holy”
30:10	uxb4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks	לַ⁠יהוָֽה	1	After **Yahweh**, the direct quote that began in [Exo 25:2](../25/02.md) ends. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with a closing first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the end of a quotation.
30:12	dprx		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	תִשָּׂ֞א אֶת־רֹ֥אשׁ	1	In this context, **lift up the head** means to take a census. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “take a census”
30:12	s73c		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you	תִשָּׂ֞א	1	This could mean: (1) **you** refers to Moses and the leaders of Israel in future generations when they take a census or (2) **you** refers to just Moses.
30:12	k5p1			אִ֣ישׁ	1	The leaders only counted the Israelite men.
30:13	y1kn		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	כָּל־הָ⁠עֹבֵר֙ עַל־הַ⁠פְּקֻדִ֔ים	1	This is an idiom that suggests that the men were counted by walking past someone who was counting people as they walked by. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “Everyone counted”
30:13	i4wk		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight	הַ⁠שֶּׁ֖קֶל & בְּ⁠שֶׁ֣קֶל & גֵּרָה֙ הַ⁠שֶּׁ֔קֶל & הַ⁠שֶּׁ֔קֶל	1	The **shekel** and the **gerah** are units of weight. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express this in terms of modern measurements, either in the text or a footnote.
30:13	a2py		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney	הַ⁠שֶּׁ֖קֶל & בְּ⁠שֶׁ֣קֶל & הַ⁠שֶּׁ֔קֶל & הַ⁠שֶּׁ֔קֶל	1	The **shekel** was used as both a weight and a unit of money.
30:13	w3hx		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction	מַחֲצִ֥ית & מַחֲצִ֣ית	1	A **half** means one part out of two equal parts.
30:13	nfp6			בְּ⁠שֶׁ֣קֶל הַ⁠קֹּ֑דֶשׁ עֶשְׂרִ֤ים גֵּרָה֙ הַ⁠שֶּׁ֔קֶל	1	There were evidently shekels of more than one weight at the time. This specified which one was to be used.
30:14	uqt6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	כֹּ֗ל הָ⁠עֹבֵר֙ עַל־הַ⁠פְּקֻדִ֔ים	1	This is an idiom that suggests that the men were counted by walking past someone who was counting people as they walked by. It is the same phrase as in the [previous verse](../30/13.md). Alternate translation: “Everyone counted”
30:14	vhim		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	מִ⁠בֶּ֛ן עֶשְׂרִ֥ים שָׁנָ֖ה	1	This is an idiom that refers to age. See the UST and how you translated the same idiom in [Exo 7:7](../07/07.md).
30:14	k4h9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	מִ⁠בֶּ֛ן עֶשְׂרִ֥ים שָׁנָ֖ה וָ⁠מָ֑עְלָ⁠ה	1	Larger numbers are spoken of as being up or above smaller numbers. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from twenty years old and more” or “who is twenty years old or older”
30:15	e8xa		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney	מִֽ⁠מַּחֲצִ֖ית הַ⁠שָּׁ֑קֶל	1	See how you translated this in [Exodus 3:13](../03/13.md).
30:15	ew8p		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	נַפְשֹׁתֵי⁠כֶֽם	1	The plural form of you is used here. In many cases, since Yahweh is speaking to Moses about the people that will be counted, it may make more sense to change to the third person. However, Moses would be counted as well and would have to pay the ransom, so a form of you that could include Moses and all the other Israelite men would also be an appropriate translation.
30:16	z6tn			וְ⁠הָיָה֩ לִ⁠בְנֵ֨י יִשְׂרָאֵ֤ל לְ⁠זִכָּרוֹן֙ לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י יְהוָ֔ה לְ⁠כַפֵּ֖ר עַל־נַפְשֹׁתֵי⁠כֶֽם	1	This sentence is very unclear. It is not clear who is being reminded of what. This could mean: (1) that it will remind Yahweh that the Israelites have given money for their lives, and therefore he should welcome them. (2) that it will remind the Israelites that they have given Yahweh money for their lives. Therefore, Yahweh will welcome them.
30:16	mwix		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י יְהוָ֔ה	1	Here, **face** represents the presence of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “before Yahweh”
30:18	v88y		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	כִּיּ֥וֹר נְחֹ֛שֶׁת	1	Alternate translation: “a bronze bowl” or “a bronze tub”
30:18	bh82			וְ⁠כַנּ֥⁠וֹ	1	The **base** is what the basin would be put upon.
30:18	iq8n			לְ⁠רָחְצָ֑ה	1	This phrase, **for washing**, explains the purpose for which the priests were to use the bronze basin.
30:19	ivb1			מִמֶּ֑⁠נּוּ	1	Alternate translation: “in the water in the basin”
30:20	dyku		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וְ⁠לֹ֣א יָמֻ֑תוּ	1	The priests might die if they do not wash because God would kill them for being defiled in his presence. If your readers would not understand this you may want to include it in a footnote or in the text.
30:20	it0h		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal	וְ⁠לֹ֣א יָמֻ֑תוּ	1	Not dying is the goal of the priests’ washing. If the goal of some action needs to be placed elsewhere in the structure of your language move it to the usual location.
30:21	hp35			וְ⁠הָיְתָ֨ה לָ⁠הֶ֧ם חָק־עוֹלָ֛ם ל֥⁠וֹ וּ⁠לְ⁠זַרְע֖⁠וֹ לְ⁠דֹרֹתָֽ⁠ם	1	See how you translated a similar phrase in [Exodus 12:17](../12/17.md).
30:23	m9g7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	בְּשָׂמִ֣ים	1	These are parts of dried plants (other than the leaves) which people grind into a powder and put in oil or food to give it a nice smell or flavor. See how you translated this in [Exodus 25:6](../25/06.md).
30:23	zq43		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	חֲמֵ֣שׁ מֵא֔וֹת & חֲמִשִּׁ֣ים וּ⁠מָאתָ֑יִם & חֲמִשִּׁ֥ים וּ⁠מָאתָֽיִם	1	[The next verse](../30/24.md) mentions that these are shekel weight measurements. You may want to include some indication of that here. Alternate translation: “500 shekels … 250 shekels … 250 shekels”
30:23	xga2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	וְ⁠קִנְּמָן	1	We know that **cinnamon** is a sweet spice taken from the inside of the bark of a tree that grows in south-east Asia. [See Wikipeda](https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamon)
30:23	t2me		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	וּ⁠קְנֵה	1	This plant is unknown to scholars. Alternate translation: “and reed of”
30:24	p9jh		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	וְ⁠קִדָּ֕ה	1	It is known that **cassia** is a sweet spice taken from the bark of a tree that grows in east Asia. It is slightly different than the spice cinnamon in the previous verse. [See Wikipeda](https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamomum_cassia)
30:24	n38f		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight	בְּ⁠שֶׁ֣קֶל הַ⁠קֹּ֑דֶשׁ	1	There were evidently shekels of more than one weight at the time. This specified which one was to be used. See how you translated this in [Exodus 30:13](../30/13.md). If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express this in terms of modern measurements, either in the text or a footnote.
30:24	dv89		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume	הִֽין	1	If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express the quantity in modern measurements. Alternatively, to help your readers recognize that the biblical writings come from long ago when people used different measurements, you could express the amount using the ancient measurement, the **hin**, and explain the equivalent in modern measurements in a footnote.
30:25	k3s5			מַעֲשֵׂ֣ה רֹקֵ֑חַ	1	This could mean: (1) Moses was to have an ointment mixer do the work. (2) Moses was to do the work himself the way an ointment mixer would do it.
30:25	yv9l		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	רֹקֵ֑חַ	1	This is a person who is skilled in mixing spices and oils.
30:25	ioem		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	שֶׁ֥מֶן מִשְׁחַת־קֹ֖דֶשׁ	1	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **holiness**, you can express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “a holy oil of anointment”
30:26	u241		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you	וּ⁠מָשַׁחְתָּ֥	1	Here, **you** may refer to Moses.
30:29	np7g			אֹתָ֔⁠ם	1	Here, **them** refers to the items listed in [Exodus 30:26–28](../30/26.md).
30:29	m062		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession	קֹ֣דֶשׁ קָֽדָשִׁ֑ים	1	Here, **holiest holy** means extremely or uniquely holy. If this form would not express that this item would become uniquely holy in your language you may need to find another way to express this idea. See how you translated this in [Exodus 29:37](../29/37.md). Alternate translation: “a most holy thing” or “extraordinarily holy”
30:31	k4s7			לְ⁠דֹרֹתֵי⁠כֶֽם	1	Alternate translation: “all the generations of your descendants.” See how you translated this in [Exodus 12:14](../12/14.md).
30:31	e2ti		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	שֶׁ֠מֶן מִשְׁחַת־קֹ֨דֶשׁ	1	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **holiness**, you can express the same idea in another way. See how you translated this in [30:25](../30/25.md).
30:32	rlk4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	עַל־בְּשַׂ֤ר אָדָם֙ לֹ֣א יִיסָ֔ךְ	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You shall not pour it on the body of a man”
30:32	v3br			וּ⁠בְ⁠מַ֨תְכֻּנְתּ֔⁠וֹ	1	Alternate translation: “and … with the same ingredients” or “and … with the same items” or “and … according to this recipe”
30:32	it0x		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result	קֹ֣דֶשׁ ה֔וּא קֹ֖דֶשׁ יִהְיֶ֥ה לָ⁠כֶֽם	1	The second half of this statement (**it shall be holy to you**) explains to the people the result of this oil being holy, which is, they must respect it as a holy thing. It may make more sense in some languages to move this whole statement to the beginning of the verse, because the rule about pouring on someone’s body is an application of the result. Alternate translation (placed at the beginning of the verse): “Because it is sacred, you must treat it like it is sacred, therefore”
30:33	pa53		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	וְ⁠נִכְרַ֖ת מֵ⁠עַמָּֽי⁠ו	1	See how you translated **cut off** in [Exodus 12:15](../12/15.md).
30:33	yhgi		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	וְ⁠נִכְרַ֖ת מֵ⁠עַמָּֽי⁠ו	1	See how you translated **cut off** in [12:15](../12/15.md).
30:34	uo57		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	נָטָ֤ף׀ וּ⁠שְׁחֵ֨לֶת֙ וְ⁠חֶלְבְּנָ֔ה	1	Here is a brief description of these materials, though we really do not know exactly what they are: **stacte** is a resin from certain gum plants, **onycha** is from certain shellfish or mollusks, and **galbanum** is another kind of gum resin.
30:35	y8yj			וְ⁠עָשִׂ֤יתָ אֹתָ⁠הּ֙ קְטֹ֔רֶת רֹ֖קַח מַעֲשֵׂ֣ה רוֹקֵ֑חַ	1	This could mean: (1) Moses was to have a perfumer do the work or (2) Moses was to do the work himself the way a perfumer would do it. See how you translated these words in [Exodus 30:25](../30/25.md).
30:36	nz2a		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you	וְ⁠שָֽׁחַקְתָּ֣ & וְ⁠נָתַתָּ֨ה	1	Here, **you** probably refers to Moses.
30:36	oj2r		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	לִ⁠פְנֵ֤י	1	Alternate translation: “in front of”
30:36	mxww		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	הָ⁠עֵדֻת֙	1	Here, **testimony** probably refers to the sacred chest that contained the tablets of the law. See UST.
30:36	i71b		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession	קֹ֥דֶשׁ קָֽדָשִׁ֖ים	1	Here, **holiest holy** means extremely or uniquely holy. If this form would not express that this item would become uniquely holy in your language you may need to find another way to express this idea. See how you translated this in [Exodus 29:37](../29/37.md). Alternate translation: “a most holy thing” or “extraordinarily holy”
30:36	t8y9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual	לָ⁠כֶֽם	1	Here, **you** is plural and refers to Moses and all the people. If your language makes a distinction, use a plural form here.
30:37	dq6c		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual	תַעֲשׂ֖וּ	1	The word **you** here refers to the people of Israel. If your language makes a distinction, use a plural form here.
30:37	yv1y			בְּ⁠מַ֨תְכֻּנְתָּ֔⁠הּ	1	Alternate translation: “with the same ingredients” or “with the same items.” See how you translated this in [Exodus 30:32](../30/32.md).
30:37	wh25			קֹ֛דֶשׁ תִּהְיֶ֥ה לְ⁠ךָ֖ לַ⁠יהוָֽה	1	Alternate translation: “You must consider it to be most holy”
30:38	xn6v			לְ⁠הָרִ֣יחַ בָּ֑⁠הּ	1	This could mean: (1) to enjoy the scent for oneself (2) to wear as a perfume.
30:38	sa1m		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	וְ⁠נִכְרַ֖ת מֵ⁠עַמָּֽי⁠ו	1	See how you translated **cut off** in [Exodus 12:15](../12/15.md).
30:38	o6v0		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	וְ⁠נִכְרַ֖ת מֵ⁠עַמָּֽי⁠ו	1	See how you translated **cut off** in [12:15](../12/15.md).
31:intro	wfk7				0	# Exodus 31 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n- v. 1–11: Selection of the skilled craftsmen\n- v. 12–17: Sabbath instruction\n- v. 18: the end of Exodus’ recording of the law of Moses (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Sabbath\n\nAs described in this chapter, the Sabbath is more than just a day of worship or celebration. Its significance extends beyond a way to help people rest. It is a major part of the identity of the Hebrew people. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sabbath]])
31:2	m8ju		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	קָרָ֣אתִֽי בְ⁠שֵׁ֑ם	1	Yahweh speaks of choosing specific people as calling them by name. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “I have chosen”
31:2	hf5r		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	בְּצַלְאֵ֛ל & אוּרִ֥י & ח֖וּר	1	These are names of men.
31:3	f7sk		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	וָ⁠אֲמַלֵּ֥א אֹת֖⁠וֹ ר֣וּחַ אֱלֹהִ֑ים	1	Yahweh speaks of giving Bezalel his spirit as if Bezalel were a container and God’s spirit were a liquid. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I have given my spirit to Bezalel”
31:3	hley		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	בְּ⁠חָכְמָ֛ה	1	If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you can express the idea behind the abstract noun **skill** in another way. Alternate translation: “so he can work skillfully”
31:3	my4f		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	וּ⁠בִ⁠תְבוּנָ֥ה	1	If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you can express the idea behind the abstract noun **understanding** in another way. Alternate translation: “and so he can understand his work”
31:3	emp5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	וּ⁠בְ⁠דַ֖עַת	1	If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you can express the idea behind the abstract noun **knowledge** in another way. Alternate translation: “and so he knows his work well”
31:3	r6i5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	וּ⁠בְ⁠כָל־מְלָאכָֽה	1	If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you can express the idea behind the abstract noun **craftsmanship** in another way. Alternate translation: “and for making all kinds of crafts” or “and so that he can make all kinds of things”
31:6	jh61		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	אָהֳלִיאָ֞ב & אֲחִֽיסָמָךְ֙	1	These are names of men.
31:6	wcq7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וּ⁠בְ⁠לֵ֥ב כָּל־חֲכַם־לֵ֖ב נָתַ֣תִּי חָכְמָ֑ה	1	God speaks of making people able to make things as if he were putting the ability into their hearts. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “I have given skill to all who are wise” or “I have made all who are wise able to make things well”
31:11	iusb		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	יַעֲשֽׂוּ	1	**They** refers to Bezalel and Oholiab as well as the unnamed other “skilled of heart” (talented craftsmen) referred to in [31:2](../31/02.md) and [31:6](../31/06.md).
31:13	bveg		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks	לֵ⁠אמֹ֔ר	1	A second-level direct quotation starts after **saying**. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation within a quotation. There are multiple possible endings for this quotation, which will be addressed in later verses.
31:13	i1lw		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	אַ֥ךְ אֶת־שַׁבְּתֹתַ֖⁠י תִּשְׁמֹ֑רוּ	1	Yahweh uses the phrase **keep my Sabbaths** as a metaphor for obeying his instructions about the Sabbath, as if it was a precious thing they should guard. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “You must certainly obey Yahweh’s instructions about the Sabbath”
31:13	gw13			לְ⁠דֹרֹ֣תֵי⁠כֶ֔ם	1	Alternate translation: “through all the generations of your descendants.” See how you translated this in [Exodus 12:14](../12/14.md).
31:14	dsya		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks	לָ⁠כֶ֑ם	1	One possible ending place for the second-level quotation that began in the previous verse is after **to you**. The rest of Yahweh’s instructions to Moses in this section do not use the second person to address Israel directly, so you may close the second-level quotation here.
31:14	plq5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	מ֣וֹת יוּמָ֔ת	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you must surely kill” or “you must surely execute”
31:14	fz1g		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	וְ⁠נִכְרְתָ֛ה	1	See how you translated **cut off** in [12:15](../12/15.md).
31:15	v4dv		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	שֵׁ֣שֶׁת	1	Alternate translation: “6”
31:15	fvga		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal	וּ⁠בַ⁠יּ֣וֹם הַ⁠שְּׁבִיעִ֗י	1	If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “but day 7”
31:15	lrat			שַׁבַּ֧ת שַׁבָּת֛וֹן	1	Alternate translation: “a Sabbath of complete rest”
31:15	fxuo		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	מ֥וֹת יוּמָֽת	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you must surely kill” or “you must surely execute”
31:16	t9hw		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	וְ⁠שָׁמְר֥וּ בְנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל אֶת־הַ⁠שַּׁבָּ֑ת	1	Yahweh uses the phrase **keep my Sabbaths** as a metaphor for obeying his instructions about the Sabbath, as if it was a precious thing they should guard. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “And the sons of Israel must obey Yahweh’s instructions about the Sabbath”
31:16	n7q2			לְ⁠דֹרֹתָ֖⁠ם	1	See how you translated “throughout their people’s generations” in [Exodus 12:42](../12/42.md). Alternate translation: “; they and all the generations of their descendants must observe it.”
31:16	yef8			בְּרִ֥ית עוֹלָֽם	1	Alternate translation: “A covenant that will always exist” or “A lasting covenant”
31:17	oc30		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	וַ⁠יִּנָּפַֽשׁ	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and he refreshed himself”
31:18	xc6h		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	כְּתֻבִ֖ים בְּ⁠אֶצְבַּ֥ע אֱלֹהִֽים	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “which Yahweh wrote on with his own hand”
32:intro	vv2w				0	# Exodus 32 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThe events in verses 1–6 of this chapter occured while Moses spoke with God and therefore happened sometime during the events recorded between Exodus 24:15 and Exodus 31. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous]])\n\n- v. 1–6: The people ask Aaron to make them a god and he makes the golden calf\n- v. 7–29 - Yahweh and Moses’ reaction\n   * v. 11–14 - Moses intercedes for the people\n- v. 30–34 - Moses intercedes for the people\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 32:18.\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Idolatry\n\nThe making of the golden calf was considered a form of idolatry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
32:1	oan6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent	the people saw	0	This chapter begins with a major scene shift, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language.
32:1	cfk8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	וַ⁠יַּ֣רְא הָ⁠עָ֔ם	1	Here, the word **saw** is used to indicate understanding or realization of a situation. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And the people realized”
32:1	lnau		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns	וַ⁠יִּקָּהֵ֨ל הָ⁠עָ֜ם	1	This means the people both decided to gather and were the ones gathering. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this.
32:1	k2i1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	ק֣וּם	1	**Arise** strengthens the force of the command following it. The people were demanding that Aaron make an idol for them. It did not necessarily mean that he should literally stand up. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language.
32:1	mrb5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	יֵֽלְכוּ֙ לְ⁠פָנֵ֔י⁠נוּ	1	Here, **before our faces** means ahead of. The Israelites want idols to lead them. Alternate translation: “shall lead us” or “shall be our leader”
32:1	wulk			כִּי־זֶ֣ה׀ מֹשֶׁ֣ה	1	People showed disrespect by putting the word **this** before his name, as if Moses were someone they did not know and could not trust. They were creating social distance between him and themselves. When translating, use a form in your language that communicates the same sense of disassociation between people.
32:2	p86s		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וְ⁠הָבִ֖יאוּ	1	Here, **them** refers to the golden rings.
32:3	ckg2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole	כָּל־הָ⁠עָ֔ם	1	This refers to all the people who rejected Moses as their leader and Yahweh as their God. Later parts of the text reveal that there were people still faithful to Moses and Yahweh and that the Israelites had a great deal more gold. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language that means many or most. Alternate translation: “many people”
32:4	uf9e		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	וַ⁠יָּ֤צַר אֹת⁠וֹ֙ בַּ⁠חֶ֔רֶט וַֽ⁠יַּעֲשֵׂ֖⁠הוּ עֵ֣גֶל מַסֵּכָ֑ה	1	Most likely this means that Aaron melted the gold and poured it into a mold that had the shape of a calf. When the gold cooled and became hard, he removed the mold, and the hardened gold had the shape of a calf.
32:4	cc7s		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמְר֔וּ	1	The identity of the speakers, referred to as **they**, remains unknown. Alternate translation: “And someone said”
32:4	ence		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	אֵ֤לֶּה אֱלֹהֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ & הֶעֱל֖וּ⁠ךָ	1	Because the speaker of this sentence is unknown and mentioned in the plural, it is possible that it is the people speaking. In that case, it would be possible for a translation to use the first person rather than second person here. Alternate translation: “These are our gods … brought us up”
32:4	n17v			אֵ֤לֶּה אֱלֹהֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙	1	In the text, there only appears to be one “god” (the golden calf idol) presented to Israel. If it would be clearer to your audience, you may consider translating **these … gods** as singular. Alternate translation: “this is your god”
32:5	ztx4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וַ⁠יַּ֣רְא אַהֲרֹ֔ן	1	If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express what he saw explicitly. “Aaron saw what the people did”
32:5	odaq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	לְ⁠פָנָ֑י⁠ו	1	Here, **before its face** means in front of. Alternate translation: “in front of it”
32:5	p2df		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	לְ⁠פָנָ֑י⁠ו	1	Here, **it** is the golden bull-calf. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “in front of the bull-calf idol”
32:6	as6u		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism	לְ⁠צַחֵֽק	1	This word may imply drunken and sexual sin (for a sexual implication see [Genesis 26:8](../GEN/26/08)). However, the only actions mentioned in the text are singing ([v. 18](../32/18.md)) and dancing ([v. 19](../32/19.md)), so translators should avoid using a term that is overly suggestive. Alternate translation: “to revel”
32:7	iajs		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent	to carouse in wild celebration	0	Here there is a scene shift back to the top of the mountain with Moses and Yahweh, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language.
32:7	tcek		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns	שִׁחֵ֣ת	1	Here, **themselves** is used to indicate that the Israelites actions made the Israelites corrupt. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this. Alternate translation: “have acted corruptly”
32:8	eua5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	סָ֣רוּ מַהֵ֗ר מִן־הַ⁠דֶּ֨רֶךְ֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר צִוִּיתִ֔⁠ם	1	Here God speaks of the people disobeying what he commanded them as if he had told them to walk on a certain road, and they left that road. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “They have quickly stopped doing what I commanded them to do” or “They have quickly stopped obeying what I commanded them to do”
32:8	tg9e		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks	אֵ֤לֶּה אֱלֹהֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל אֲשֶׁ֥ר הֶֽעֱל֖וּ⁠ךָ מֵ⁠אֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם	1	This is a second-level direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation within a quotation.
32:8	w7v8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes	אֵ֤לֶּה אֱלֹהֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל אֲשֶׁ֥ר הֶֽעֱל֖וּ⁠ךָ מֵ⁠אֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם	1	You may want to translate this as an indirect quotation in order to reduce the layers of quotations in this passage. Alternative translation: “that these are your gods, Israel, that brought you up from the land of Egypt”
32:8	sjj1			אֵ֤לֶּה אֱלֹהֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙	1	In the text, there only appears to be one “god” (the golden calf idol) presented to Israel. If it would be clearer to your audience, you may consider translating **these … gods** as singular. See how you translated this in [32:4](../32/04.md). Alternate translation: “This is your god”
32:8	f62v		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	אֱלֹהֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ & הֶֽעֱל֖וּ⁠ךָ	1	Because the speaker of this sentence is unknown and mentioned in the plural, it is possible that it is the people speaking. In that case, it would be possible for a translation to use the first person rather than second person here. See how you translated this in [32:4](../32/04.md). Alternate translation: “our gods … brought us up”
32:9	ffe2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	עַם־קְשֵׁה־עֹ֖רֶף	1	Yahweh speaks of the people being rebellious as if they had hard necks. The image comes from an animal that does not want to go the way his master is trying to direct him (not going in the way God commanded). If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is a rebellious people”
32:9	my87		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns	הַ⁠זֶּ֔ה & הֽוּא	1	The word **people** is a collective noun, so the pronouns referring to the people are singular. You may use plural pronouns if that is the normal usage in your language. Alternate translation: “these … they”
32:10	fmk3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result	וְ⁠עַתָּה֙	1	**So now** is used here to mark that Yahweh’s next statements are a result of what he has said in the previous verses. Alternate translation: “Therefore”
32:10	sd9w		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וְ⁠יִֽחַר־אַפִּ֥⁠י בָ⁠הֶ֖ם	1	This is an idiom meaning that Yahweh is angry. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “And let me be angry with them”
32:10	vc2u		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	אוֹתְ⁠ךָ֖	1	Here, **you** refers to Moses.
32:11	h62e		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	לָ⁠מָ֤ה יְהוָה֙ יֶחֱרֶ֤ה אַפְּ⁠ךָ֙ בְּ⁠עַמֶּ֔⁠ךָ אֲשֶׁ֤ר הוֹצֵ֨אתָ֙ מֵ⁠אֶ֣רֶץ מִצְרַ֔יִם בְּ⁠כֹ֥חַ גָּד֖וֹל וּ⁠בְ⁠יָ֥ד חֲזָקָֽה	1	Moses used this question to try to persuade Yahweh not to be so angry with his people. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, do not let your nose burn against your people whom you have brought out from the land of Egypt with great power and with a strong hand.”
32:11	nuwf		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	יֶחֱרֶ֤ה אַפְּ⁠ךָ֙ בְּ⁠עַמֶּ֔⁠ךָ	1	This is an idiom meaning that Yahweh is angry with his people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “are you angry with your people”
32:11	t2cv		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	בְּ⁠כֹ֥חַ גָּד֖וֹל וּ⁠בְ⁠יָ֥ד חֲזָקָֽה	1	These two phrases share similar meanings and are combined for emphasis. If doubling in this way would not convey emphasis in your language, you will need to find a way to translate it that does give emphasis. Alternate translation: “using your very strong power”
32:11	ph43		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	וּ⁠בְ⁠יָ֥ד חֲזָקָֽה	1	Here, **hand** represents God’s actions or works. See how you translated this in [Exodus 6:1](../06/01.md). Alternate translation: “and with powerful works”
32:12	r8ij		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	לָ⁠מָּה֩ יֹאמְר֨וּ מִצְרַ֜יִם לֵ⁠אמֹ֗ר בְּ⁠רָעָ֤ה הֽוֹצִיאָ⁠ם֙ לַ⁠הֲרֹ֤ג אֹתָ⁠ם֙ בֶּֽ⁠הָרִ֔ים וּ֨⁠לְ⁠כַלֹּתָ֔⁠ם מֵ⁠עַ֖ל פְּנֵ֣י הָֽ⁠אֲדָמָ֑ה	1	Moses used this question to try to persuade God not to destroy his people. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: If you destroy your people, the Egyptians might say, ‘He brought them out with evil intent, to kill them in the mountains and to destroy them from on the face of the ground.’
32:12	yvez		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes	יֹאמְר֨וּ מִצְרַ֜יִם לֵ⁠אמֹ֗ר בְּ⁠רָעָ֤ה הֽוֹצִיאָ⁠ם֙ לַ⁠הֲרֹ֤ג אֹתָ⁠ם֙ בֶּֽ⁠הָרִ֔ים וּ֨⁠לְ⁠כַלֹּתָ֔⁠ם מֵ⁠עַ֖ל פְּנֵ֣י הָֽ⁠אֲדָמָ֑ה	1	After **saying,** this is a second-level quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation within a quotation. However, you may want to translate this as an indirect quotation in order to reduce the layers of quotations in this passage. Alternative translation: “the Egyptians say that you brought them out with evil intent, to kill them in the mountains and to destroy them from on the face of the ground”
32:12	kzh7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	מֵ⁠עַ֖ל פְּנֵ֣י הָֽ⁠אֲדָמָ֑ה	1	Here, **face** means “surface.” Alternate translation: “from the surface of the land” or “from the earth”
32:12	fns1			שׁ֚וּב מֵ⁠חֲר֣וֹן אַפֶּ֔⁠ךָ	1	Alternate translation: “Stop your burning anger” or “Stop being so angry”
32:12	iz5q		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	שׁ֚וּב מֵ⁠חֲר֣וֹן אַפֶּ֔⁠ךָ וְ⁠הִנָּחֵ֥ם עַל־הָ⁠רָעָ֖ה לְ⁠עַמֶּֽ⁠ךָ	1	Here, Yahweh’s anger (burning nose) and plan to punish the people are spoken of as things that he could turn away from and repent of (repentance also means to turn from). This imagery may not translate into your language, and you may need to use a different expression. Alternate translation: “Calm down, and please do not stay determined to do evil to your people”
32:12	p1df		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	מֵ⁠חֲר֣וֹן אַפֶּ֔⁠ךָ	1	This is an idiom that means anger. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “from your terrible anger”
32:13	t9sa			זְכֹ֡ר	1	Alternate translation: “Think about”
32:13	p8jq			נִשְׁבַּ֣עְתָּ	1	Alternate translation: “you made an oath”
32:13	q1g1			וְ⁠כָל־הָ⁠אָ֨רֶץ הַ⁠זֹּ֜את אֲשֶׁ֣ר אָמַ֗רְתִּי אֶתֵּן֙ לְ⁠זַרְעֲ⁠כֶ֔ם	1	That is, the land of Canaan.
32:15	cx7z		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	לֻחֹ֗ת כְּתֻבִים֙ מִ⁠שְּׁנֵ֣י עֶבְרֵי⁠הֶ֔ם מִ⁠זֶּ֥ה וּ⁠מִ⁠זֶּ֖ה הֵ֥ם כְּתֻבִֽים	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh had written on both the sides of the tablets, on this side and on that side he had written.”
32:16	w3ua		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	וְ⁠הַ֨⁠לֻּחֹ֔ת מַעֲשֵׂ֥ה אֱלֹהִ֖ים הֵ֑מָּה וְ⁠הַ⁠מִּכְתָּ֗ב מִכְתַּ֤ב אֱלֹהִים֙ ה֔וּא	1	These two sentences have an unusual structure that places emphasis on **tablets** and **writing**. If your language would emphasize these topics in a different way than moving them to the beginning of the sentence, follow your language’s natural usage for emphasis. Alternate translation: “And the tablets themselves were the work of God. And the writing itself was the writing of God”
32:17	cua3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants	יְהוֹשֻׁ֛עַ	1	Joshua was last mentioned in [Exodus 24:13](../24/13.md). The text does not say if he was on top of the mountain with Moses or if he waited for him part way up. Consider if your language will need to re-introduce Joshua in any way here.
32:18	r0gm		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry	אֵ֥ין קוֹל֙ עֲנ֣וֹת גְּבוּרָ֔ה וְ⁠אֵ֥ין ק֖וֹל עֲנ֣וֹת חֲלוּשָׁ֑ה ק֣וֹל עַנּ֔וֹת אָנֹכִ֖י שֹׁמֵֽעַ	1	These lines are widely considered to be poetic. It is not clear why a poetic form is used here. In some languages it may not be appropriate to convey this response in poetic form, in which case another form may be used.
32:18	m4k0		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	אֵ֥ין קוֹל֙ עֲנ֣וֹת גְּבוּרָ֔ה וְ⁠אֵ֥ין ק֖וֹל עֲנ֣וֹת חֲלוּשָׁ֑ה ק֣וֹל עַנּ֔וֹת אָנֹכִ֖י שֹׁמֵֽעַ	1	The poetic form here is parallelism in the repetition of **sound of singing**. If it would be unclear to say that Moses heard **the sound of singing** in the third line after saying he didn’t hear the sound of singing twice before, something more like the more contrastive UST may be followed.
32:18	fdg8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	ק֣וֹל עַנּ֔וֹת אָנֹכִ֖י שֹׁמֵֽעַ	1	If it is unclear to say that Moses hears **the sound of singing** after twice saying he didn’t hear that, you may want to make the type of singing explicit. Consider referring to your translation of the last word of [32:6](../32/06.md) (to play in the ULT). Alternate translation: “the sound of playful singing I hear”
32:19	hr2j		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וַ⁠יִּֽחַר־אַ֣ף מֹשֶׁ֗ה	1	This is an idiom for being angry. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “and Moses was very angry”
32:19	d8zo			תַּ֥חַת	1	Alternate translation: “at the bottom of”
32:21	np73		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	כִּֽי־הֵבֵ֥אתָ עָלָ֖י⁠ו חֲטָאָ֥ה גְדֹלָֽה	1	Moses spoke of causing people to **sin** as if sin were an object and Aaron put it **on them**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “that you have caused them to sin greatly”
32:22	z2ch		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	אַל־יִ֥חַר אַ֖ף	1	This is an idiom for anger. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “Do not be angry”
32:22	vdy2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	כִּ֥י בְ⁠רָ֖ע הֽוּא	1	This is probably an idiom that could mean (1) that the people are prone to evil or (2) that the people were in trouble (that is, they felt troubled because of not having contact with God). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “that they are set on evil”
32:22	h6dm		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	הֽוּא	1	Here, **it** is used because **people** is grammatically singular in Hebrew. Alternate translation: “they are”
32:23	w91d		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes	עֲשֵׂה־לָ֣⁠נוּ אֱלֹהִ֔ים אֲשֶׁ֥ר יֵלְכ֖וּ לְ⁠פָנֵ֑י⁠נוּ כִּי־זֶ֣ה׀ מֹשֶׁ֣ה הָ⁠אִ֗ישׁ אֲשֶׁ֤ר הֶֽעֱלָ֨⁠נוּ֙ מֵ⁠אֶ֣רֶץ מִצְרַ֔יִם לֹ֥א יָדַ֖עְנוּ מֶה־הָ֥יָה לֽ⁠וֹ׃	1	This is a second-level quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation within a quotation.
32:23	zn68			זֶ֣ה׀ מֹשֶׁ֣ה הָ⁠אִ֗ישׁ	1	People showed disrespect by putting the word **this** before his name, as if Moses were someone they did not know and could not trust. They were creating social distance between him and themselves. When translating, use a form in your language that communicates the same sense of disassociation between people. See how you translated this in [32:1](../32/01.md).
32:24	yq7s		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes	וָ⁠אֹמַ֤ר לָ⁠הֶם֙ לְ⁠מִ֣י זָהָ֔ב הִתְפָּרָ֖קוּ	1	**Whoever has gold, take it off yourself** is a second-level quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation within a quotation. However, this can be stated as an indirect quote. Alternate translation: “So I told them that whoever had any gold should take it off”
32:24	yy82		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns	הִתְפָּרָ֖קוּ	1	Aaron instructs people to take their own gold off. Alternate translation: “you take off your own”
32:24	wvin		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result	וָ⁠אַשְׁלִכֵ֣⁠הוּ בָ⁠אֵ֔שׁ וַ⁠יֵּצֵ֖א הָ⁠עֵ֥גֶל הַ⁠זֶּֽה	1	Aaron claims an unusual sequence of events here. The translation should surprise an audience unfamiliar with the story. He states that the result of simply throwing gold in the fire is the apperance (by its own power or volition it seems) of the calf. This is a lie.
32:25	ck1f			פָרֻ֖עַ	1	Alternate translation: “were behaving wildly” or “were not controlling themselves”
32:25	csg0		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns	כִּ֥י פָרֻ֖עַ ה֑וּא כִּֽי־פְרָעֹ֣⁠ה אַהֲרֹ֔ן	1	Here, the pronoun **it** agrees with the grammatical number of **people** (singular). If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you can use a different expression. Alternate translation: “that they were let loose, for Aaron had let them loose”
32:26	jis7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֕אמֶר מִ֥י לַ⁠יהוָ֖ה אֵלָ֑⁠י	1	If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “and said that whoever was for Yahweh should come to him”
32:26	ryb5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	מִ֥י לַ⁠יהוָ֖ה	1	Moses speaks of being loyal to Yahweh as being **for Yahweh**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “Whoever serves Yahweh”
32:27	xsl3			עִבְר֨וּ וָ⁠שׁ֜וּבוּ מִ⁠שַּׁ֤עַר לָ⁠שַׁ֨עַר֙ בַּֽ⁠מַּחֲנֶ֔ה	1	Alternate translation: “Go from one side of the camp to the other, starting at one entrance to the camp and going to the entrance on the other side of the camp”
32:28	at4i		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	כִּ⁠שְׁלֹ֥שֶׁת אַלְפֵ֖י	1	Alternate translation: “about three thousand”
32:29	to5d		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	מִלְא֨וּ יֶדְ⁠כֶ֤ם	1	This seems to be an idiom for giving authority to someone. See how you translated this in [Exodus 28:41](../28/41.md). However, this usage is different from that text, as here it is not specified what authority they are given or what they are consecrated for other than **for Yahweh**. Alternate translation: “Consecrate yourselves”
32:29	rkp6			מִלְא֨וּ יֶדְ⁠כֶ֤ם הַ⁠יּוֹם֙ לַֽ⁠יהוָ֔ה	1	Here it is unclear if **fill** should be rightly understood as in the past or as a new command. You may want to follow the decision of another translation your people are familiar with. Alternate translation: “You have filled your hand for Yahweh today”
32:29	c6fg		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	כִּ֛י אִ֥ישׁ בִּ⁠בְנ֖⁠וֹ וּ⁠בְ⁠אָחִ֑י⁠ו	1	If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express the fact that they did this in obedience to God explicitly. Alternate translation: “For you have obeyed Yahweh, because each man was against his son and against his brother”
32:29	l54l			וְ⁠לָ⁠תֵ֧ת עֲלֵי⁠כֶ֛ם הַ⁠יּ֖וֹם בְּרָכָֽה	1	This phrase is difficult to interpret. Several options depend on exactly how the conjunction, preposition, and verb combination are interpreted. The first difficulty is related to the difficulty with the previous verb: have they already been blessed or are they going to be blessed? (Alternate translation: “to have put a blessing on yourselves today”) The second difficulty is: should the clause connections be understood to say that the blessing is because of their actions, or more strongly, that a desire for blessing motivated them to take action? (Alternate translation: “and therefore a blessing is put on you today” or “so that a blessing may be put over you today”) The third difficulty is: while ultimately all blessing is from Yahweh, which is the subject here, Yahweh or the Levites? (Alternate translation: “and so Yahweh is putting a blessing on you today”) As with the previous clause, you may want to follow the decision of another translation your people are familiar with. Alternate translation: “, by that you brought blessing on yourselves”
32:30	kvj4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	חֲטָאתֶ֖ם חֲטָאָ֣ה גְדֹלָ֑ה	1	Here, **sin** used as a verb and then repeated as a noun for emphasis. Along with **great**, it suggests that the people sinned very, very badly. If the repetition of words in this way would not create emphasis, use another form in your language that would. Alternate translation: “You have sinned extremally badly”
32:30	r5fn		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	חֲטָאתֶ֖ם חֲטָאָ֣ה גְדֹלָ֑ה & חַטַּאתְ⁠כֶֽם	1	If your language does not use an abstract noun for **sin**, you can express the idea behind it in another way. See the UST.
32:31	ccpg		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	חָטָ֞א הָ⁠עָ֤ם הַ⁠זֶּה֙ חֲטָאָ֣ה	1	Here, **sin** is used as a verb and then repeated as a noun for emphasis. Along with **great**, it suggests that the people sinned very, very badly. If the repetition of words in this way would not create emphasis, use another form in your language that would. Alternate translation: “this people has sinned extremely badly”
32:31	y049		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	חֲטָאָ֣ה	1	If your language does not use an abstract noun for **sin**, you can express the idea behind it in another way. See the UST.
32:31	yeta			אֱלֹהֵ֥י	1	Alternate translation: “a god”
32:32	brpu		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	וְ⁠עַתָּ֖ה אִם־תִּשָּׂ֣א חַטָּאתָ֑⁠ם	1	Moses leaves out his conclusion, perhaps as a way of making this conditional phrase into a request, or perhaps to avoid suggesting to God what would be good for him to do. However, if leaving out a conclusion would be misunderstood in your language you may need to rephrase it or add the implied conclusion. Alternate translation: “But now, if you forgive their sin, good!”
32:32	c72y		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	מְחֵ֣⁠נִי	1	Here, **me** refers to the name of Moses. Alternate translation: “erase my name from”
32:32	ahb3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	אֲשֶׁ֥ר כָּתָֽבְתָּ	1	If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express what God had written in the book explicitly. Alternate translation: “in which you have written the names of your people”
32:33	igb4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	אֶמְחֶ֖⁠נּוּ מִ⁠סִּפְרִֽ⁠י	1	Here, **him** represents that person’s name. Alternate translation: “I will erase that person’s name from my book”
32:33	qwk9			מִ⁠סִּפְרִֽ⁠י	1	This refers to the book of Yahweh that Moses spoke of in [Exodus 32:32](../32/32.md).
32:34	xn8p		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result	וּ⁠בְ⁠י֣וֹם פָּקְדִ֔⁠י וּ⁠פָקַדְתִּ֥י עֲלֵי⁠הֶ֖ם חַטָּאתָֽ⁠ם	1	Yahweh makes it clear that he will punish the people because they sinned by making and worshiping the idol. If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases, since the second phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. Alternate translation: “However, because they sinned, one day I will come to punish them.”
32:35	wv1v		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	עָשׂ֣וּ אֶת־הָ⁠עֵ֔גֶל אֲשֶׁ֥ר עָשָׂ֖ה אַהֲרֹֽן	1	The people are being spoken of as having made the calf themselves (along with Aaron) because they demanded it and gave their gold for it. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “they were guilty along with Aaron of making the calf”
32:35	h3kl		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result	וַ⁠יִּגֹּ֥ף יְהוָ֖ה אֶת־הָ⁠עָ֑ם עַ֚ל אֲשֶׁ֣ר עָשׂ֣וּ אֶת־הָ⁠עֵ֔גֶל אֲשֶׁ֥ר עָשָׂ֖ה אַהֲרֹֽן	1	If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases, since the second phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. Alternate translation: “And because they had made the calf (that Aaron made), Yahweh plagued the people”
33:intro	g5k3				0	# Exodus 33 General Notes\n\nThis chapter is largely about Moses continuing to negotiate for a closer relationship between Yahweh and himself and Yahweh and the people. There are a number of important theological issues addressed, especially Yahweh’s holiness and character. Several key terms appear.\n\n## Structure:\n\n- v. 1–6: Moses negotiating with Yahweh to go with Israel\n- v. 7–11: the temporary tent of meeting\n- v. 12–23: Moses negotiating with Yahweh to see his glory\n\n## Potential Translation Issues\n\nYahweh’s statement to Moses in verse 5 seems to have happened before the people’s reaction in verse 4, so in some languages you may need to reverse them.\n\nVerses 7–11 seem to be background, general information about a somewhat unspecified time period. Be sure this is clear in how you structure these verses. See the beginning of verse 7 in the UST. While the term in verses 7–11 is often used interchangeably with the Dwelling that will be built in chapters 35–39, it is a temporary and different tent. One distinguishing feature is that it is well outside the camp, while the Dwelling will be in the center of the camp.\n\nThe word **tent** in verses 7–11 refers either to this temporary “tent of meeting” that Moses set up or to the tents that the Israelites lived in. Pay attention throughout these verses to which tent is referred to.
33:1	p8xp		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes	לֵ⁠אמֹ֔ר לְ⁠זַרְעֲ⁠ךָ֖ אֶתְּנֶֽ⁠נָּה	1	The words which follow **saying** are a second-level quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation within a quotation. However, you may want to translate this as an indirect quotation in order to reduce the layers of quotations in this passage. See UST.
33:2	tlen			וְ⁠שָׁלַחְתִּ֥י לְ⁠פָנֶ֖י⁠ךָ מַלְאָ֑ךְ וְ⁠גֵֽרַשְׁתִּ֗י אֶת־הַֽ⁠כְּנַעֲנִי֙ הָֽ⁠אֱמֹרִ֔י וְ⁠הַֽ⁠חִתִּי֙ וְ⁠הַ⁠פְּרִזִּ֔י הַ⁠חִוִּ֖י וְ⁠הַ⁠יְבוּסִֽי	1	See how you translated these in [Exodus 23:20](../23/20.md) and [23:23](../23/23.md).
33:3	yyt4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	חָלָ֖ב וּ⁠דְבָ֑שׁ	1	Here, **milk** is a metonym for domestic animals and the food products obtained from them; **honey** is a metonym for the food obtained from growing plants. See how you translated this in [Exodus 3:8](../03/08.md).
33:3	y347		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	זָבַ֥ת חָלָ֖ב וּ⁠דְבָ֑שׁ	1	God spoke of the land being good for animals and plants as if the milk and honey from those animals and plants were flowing through the land. See how you translated this in [Exodus 3:8](../03/08.md).
33:3	ah5t		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	קְשֵׁה־עֹ֨רֶף֙	1	Yahweh speaks of the people being rebellious as if they had **hard necks**. See how you translated this in [Exodus 32:9](../32/09.md).
33:4	jemj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations	וְ⁠לֹא־שָׁ֛תוּ אִ֥ישׁ עֶדְי֖⁠וֹ עָלָֽי⁠ו	1	Here, **his** and **him** refer to both men and women. Alternate translation: “and the men and women did not put on their ornaments”
33:4	cf7g		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	עֶדְי֖⁠וֹ	1	This may have referred to beautiful clothing as well as chains and rings made from gold or silver that had could have had jewels in them. Alternate translation: “his adornments”
33:4	qwuu		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-versebridge	jewelry	0	Yahweh’s statement to Moses in verse 5 seems to have happened before the people’s reaction in verse 4, so in some languages you may need to reverse them.
33:5	rn40		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-events	וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר יְהוָ֜ה	1	The word **had** places Yahweh’s statement back in time. It can be understood from context as Yahweh’s statement to Moses in verse 5 seems to have happened before the people’s reaction in verse 4. If you are reversing the order of the verses for your language, you should adjust the verbal sequencing in your translation.
33:5	ndhx		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations	אֱמֹ֤ר אֶל־בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵל֙	1	You may want to make the introductory portion of this quotation,**Say to the sons of Israel**, indirect to keep from having a quote inside a quote. See the UST.
33:5	rzr5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	קְשֵׁה־עֹ֔רֶף	1	Yahweh speaks of the people being rebellious as if they had **hard necks**. See how you translated this in [Exodus 32:9](../32/09.md).
33:5	hakp		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical	רֶ֧גַע אֶחָ֛ד אֶֽעֱלֶ֥ה בְ⁠קִרְבְּ⁠ךָ֖ וְ⁠כִלִּיתִ֑י⁠ךָ וְ⁠עַתָּ֗ה	1	Because the surrounding narrative clearly shows that this is not what Yahweh did or will do, this is a hypothetical situation. Some languages may need to reorder the clauses. Alternate translation: “Since I would destroy if I went up among you for one moment, then”
33:5	l6ax		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal	וְ⁠עַתָּ֗ה הוֹרֵ֤ד עֶדְיְ⁠ךָ֙ מֵֽ⁠עָלֶ֔י⁠ךָ וְ⁠אֵדְעָ֖ה מָ֥ה אֶֽעֱשֶׂה־לָּֽ⁠ךְ	1	The goal of the Israelites removing their ornaments is so that Yahweh can consider his reaction. Some languages may need to reorder this structure. Alternate translation: “So that I will know what I will do to you, take your ornaments down from on you”
33:5	gb16		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וְ⁠עַתָּ֗ה הוֹרֵ֤ד עֶדְיְ⁠ךָ֙ מֵֽ⁠עָלֶ֔י⁠ךָ	1	This was a way for the Israelites to show that they were sorry for sinning. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly.
33:6	tomy		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns	וַ⁠יִּֽתְנַצְּל֧וּ	1	Here, **themselves** refers to the Israelites; they are both the ones doing the action and the ones to whom the action is done. A special form of verb or pronoun may be required to translate this in your language.
33:6	i0c5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	מֵ⁠הַ֥ר חוֹרֵֽב׃	1	Here, **from** means “from that point of time and continuing into the future.” Try to find a form in your language that means “from then on” for your translation.
33:7	wsfe		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background	a stubborn people	0	Verses 7–11 seem to be background, general information about a somewhat unspecified time period. Be sure this is clear in how you structure these verses. See the beginning of verse 7 in the UST.
33:7	fb65			הָ⁠אֹ֜הֶל	1	The word **tent** in verses 7–11 refers either to this temporary “tent of meeting” that Moses set up, or to the tents that the Israelites lived in. Pay attention throughout these verses to which tent is being referenced. Here it refers to the “tent of meeting.”
33:8	h2us			אָהֳל֑⁠וֹ	1	This refers to the people’s tents.
33:9	yt4f			עַמּ֣וּד הֶֽ⁠עָנָ֔ן	1	See how you translated this in [13:21](../13/21.md).
33:9	vam7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	יֵרֵד֙	1	If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express where the **pillar of cloud would come down** from explicitly. Alternate translation: “would come down from the sky”
33:9	ghf8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	וְ⁠דִבֶּ֖ר	1	Grammatically, the most likely referent for this pronoun is the **pillar of cloud**. By metonymy and based on [33:11](../33/11.md), this probably refers to Yahweh.
33:10	nyoe		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	וְ⁠רָאָ֤ה כָל־הָ⁠עָם֙ אֶת־עַמּ֣וּד הֶֽ⁠עָנָ֔ן עֹמֵ֖ד פֶּ֣תַח הָ⁠אֹ֑הֶל וְ⁠קָ֤ם כָּל־הָ⁠עָם֙ וְ⁠הִֽשְׁתַּחֲוּ֔וּ אִ֖ישׁ פֶּ֥תַח אָהֳלֽ⁠וֹ	1	This verse uses contrastive parallelism. The presence of Yahweh is represented in the cloud that stands at the entrance of the tent, while the people prostrate themselves at the entrance to their tents. It would be good to try to retain the contrasting image in your translation if possible.
33:10	zvaf			עַמּ֣וּד הֶֽ⁠עָנָ֔ן	1	See how you translated this in [13:21](../13/21.md).
33:10	dm01			אָהֳלֽ⁠וֹ	1	This refers to the people’s tents.
33:11	zrb8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	פָּנִ֣ים אֶל־פָּנִ֔ים	1	Speaking directly to each other rather than through dreams and visions is spoken of as if Moses and God saw each other’s faces while they spoke. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Yahweh would speak directly to Moses”
33:11	lqe0		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֛ר יְדַבֵּ֥ר אִ֖ישׁ אֶל־רֵעֵ֑⁠הוּ	1	The metaphor of speaking **face to face** is explained by the simile here. How you translated **face to face** in your language may determine how you should translate this explanation.
33:11	rcsu		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants	וּ⁠מְשָׁ֨רְת֜⁠וֹ יְהוֹשֻׁ֤עַ בִּן־נוּן֙ נַ֔עַר	1	**Joshua** has been introduced before but not mentioned since [Exodus 32:17](../32/17.md). Consider if your language will need to re-introduce Joshua in any way here.
33:12	ohra		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent	See	0	A new scene begins here, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language.
33:12	hlsl		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations	הַ֚עַל אֶת־הָ⁠עָ֣ם הַ⁠זֶּ֔ה & דַעְתִּ֣י⁠ךָֽ בְ⁠שֵׁ֔ם וְ⁠גַם־מָצָ֥אתָ חֵ֖ן בְּ⁠עֵינָֽ⁠י	1	You may want to make these two second-level quotations indirect to reduce the levels of quotation. See the UST.
33:12	unz8			רְ֠אֵה	1	This is an interjection to get someone’s attention. Alternate translation: “Look!” or “Listen!” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you”
33:12	w7fs		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	יְדַעְתִּ֣י⁠ךָֽ בְ⁠שֵׁ֔ם	1	To **know** someone **by name** is to know them well. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “I know you well”
33:12	uhjs		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	וְ⁠גַם־מָצָ֥אתָ חֵ֖ן בְּ⁠עֵינָֽ⁠י	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and my eyes find you favorable”
33:12	a7jr		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וְ⁠גַם־מָצָ֥אתָ חֵ֖ן בְּ⁠עֵינָֽ⁠י	1	Here, **found favor in my eyes** is an idiom that means “I am pleased with you” so it means that God is pleased with Moses. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “and you please me”
33:12	y281		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	וְ⁠גַם־מָצָ֥אתָ חֵ֖ן בְּ⁠עֵינָֽ⁠י	1	Here, **in my eyes** is a metaphor representing God’s evaluation. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and you have also found favor in my evaluation”
33:12	es6z		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	וְ⁠גַם־מָצָ֥אתָ חֵ֖ן בְּ⁠עֵינָֽ⁠י	1	Here, **favor** is an abstract noun that you could express in another way if necessary in your language. Alternate translation: “and you have also been found approved in my eyes”
33:13	e6vv			מָצָ֨אתִי חֵ֜ן בְּ⁠עֵינֶ֗י⁠ךָ & אֶמְצָא־חֵ֖ן בְּ⁠עֵינֶ֑י⁠ךָ	1	Here, **found favor in your eyes** is an idiom that means that God is pleased with Moses. You may also need to make the phrase active in form and change the abstract noun **favor** into another form. Finally, **in your eyes** is a metaphor representing his evaluation. See how you dealt with the multiple issues in the phrase **you have found favor in my eyes** in [Exodus 33:12](../33/12.md).
33:13	zi7j		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	הוֹדִעֵ֤⁠נִי נָא֙ אֶת־דְּרָכֶ֔⁠ךָ	1	Here, **ways** is a metaphor either: (1) for Yahweh’s plans or (2) for the holy life he requires. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: (1) “please cause me to know what you are going to do in the future” (2) “please cause me to know how people can do what pleases you”
33:13	gtv4			אֶמְצָא־חֵ֖ן בְּ⁠עֵינֶ֑י⁠ךָ	1	This instance of the phrase **find favor in your eyes** means in the future. Consider how to translate it in your language to convey an on-going situation. Alternate translation: “I can always find favor in your eyes”
33:13	o1ew			וּ⁠רְאֵ֕ה כִּ֥י עַמְּ⁠ךָ֖ הַ⁠גּ֥וֹי הַ⁠זֶּֽה׃	1	Moses is requesting that Yahweh would again **see**, perceive, consider, or recognize the Israelites as his special people. In this way, Moses would know that Yahweh had truly forgiven them.
33:14	gh8q		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	פָּנַ֥⁠י יֵלֵ֖כוּ	1	Yahweh’s **face** represents his presence, which represents himself. Alternate translation: “I will go”
33:14	esdd		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	פָּנַ֥⁠י יֵלֵ֖כוּ וַ⁠הֲנִחֹ֥תִי לָֽ⁠ךְ	1	The preposition connected to **you** here has a very flexible meaning and seems to be connected to both **will go** and **will cause rest**. If this would be unclear, consider repeating it in both clauses. Alternate translation: “My face will go with you and I will cause rest for you”
33:14	hl15		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular	לָֽ⁠ךְ	1	The word **you** here refers to Moses. It is singular.
33:15	a2hc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical	אִם־אֵ֤ין פָּנֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ הֹלְכִ֔ים	1	**If your face is not going** is a hypothetical situation in which Moses makes a request that they not go anywhere without Yahweh. In some languages you may need to place the request first. Alternate translation: “Do not take us up from here if your face is not going”
33:15	m5cq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	אִם־אֵ֤ין פָּנֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ הֹלְכִ֔ים	1	Yahweh’s **face** represents his presence, which represents himself. Alternate translation: “If you are not going”
33:16	cgl8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	וּ⁠בַ⁠מֶּ֣ה׀ יִוָּדַ֣ע אֵפ֗וֹא כִּֽי־מָצָ֨אתִי חֵ֤ן בְּ⁠עֵינֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ אֲנִ֣י וְ⁠עַמֶּ֔⁠ךָ הֲ⁠ל֖וֹא בְּ⁠לֶכְתְּ⁠ךָ֣ עִמָּ֑⁠נוּ וְ⁠נִפְלֵ֨ינוּ֙ אֲנִ֣י וְ⁠עַמְּ⁠ךָ֔ מִ⁠כָּ֨ל־הָ⁠עָ֔ם אֲשֶׁ֖ר עַל־פְּנֵ֥י הָ⁠אֲדָמָֽה	1	This verse contains two or three rhetorical questions, and the length of the second is debated. The first rhetorical question, “**And in what then will it be known that I have found favor in your eyes, I and your people?**” is used for emphasis and means, “There is only one way people will know that I and your people please you.” The second, “**Is it not in your going with us?**” is used to answer the first question and means “That way is your going with us.” It is possible that the rest of the verse is (1) a statement further clarifying how Yahweh’s favor is demonstrated (ULT, UST), (2) an extension of the second rhetorical question (“Is it not in your going with us so that I and your people shall be distinct from all of the people that are on the face of the earth?”), or (3) a separate rhetorical question making the same point (“And shall I and your people be distinct from all of the people that are on the face of the earth?”) Moses used these questions in order to emphasize that if Yahweh does not go with them, no one will know that Yahweh is pleased with Moses and the people. Use whatever forms would be natural in your language to present an argument like this. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way.
33:16	d36k		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	וּ⁠בַ⁠מֶּ֣ה	1	This refers back to Moses’ hypothetical situation in the previous verse, that is, Yahweh not going with them. Use whatever connecting forms are necessary to make that clear.
33:16	tu8e		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	וּ⁠בַ⁠מֶּ֣ה׀ יִוָּדַ֣ע אֵפ֗וֹא	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “And in what then will people know”
33:16	u82a		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	מָצָ֨אתִי חֵ֤ן בְּ⁠עֵינֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙	1	Here, **found favor** is an idiom that means that God is pleased with Moses. You may also need to make the phrase active in form and change the abstract noun **favor** into another form. Finally, **eyes** are a metonym for sight, and sight is a metaphor representing his evaluation. See how you dealt with the multiple issues in the phrase **you have found favor in my eyes** in [Exodus 33:12](../33/12.md).
33:17	chua		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result	גַּ֣ם אֶת־הַ⁠דָּבָ֥ר הַ⁠זֶּ֛ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר דִּבַּ֖רְתָּ אֶֽעֱשֶׂ֑ה כִּֽי־מָצָ֤אתָ חֵן֙ בְּ⁠עֵינַ֔⁠י וָ⁠אֵדָעֲ⁠ךָ֖ בְּ⁠שֵֽׁם	1	Here, **for** signals a reason clause. If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases, since the second phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. Alternate translation: “Because you have found favor in my eyes, and I know you by name, I will also do this thing that you have spoken”
33:17	ln7y		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	מָצָ֤אתָ חֵן֙ בְּ⁠עֵינַ֔⁠י	1	Here, **you have found favor in my eyes** is an idiom that means that God is pleased with Moses. You may also need to make the phrase active in form and change the abstract noun **favor** into another form. Finally, **eyes** are a metonym for sight, and sight is a metaphor representing his evaluation. See how you dealt with the multiple issues in the phrase **you have found favor in my eyes** in [Exodus 33:12](../33/12.md).
33:17	aln2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular	מָצָ֤אתָ	1	Here, **you** is singular and refers to Moses.
33:17	u2nv		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וָ⁠אֵדָעֲ⁠ךָ֖ בְּ⁠שֵֽׁם	1	To know someone by name is to know them well. See how you translated this in [Exodus 33:12](../33/12.md). Alternate translation: “and I know you well”
33:18	w73v		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	כְּבֹדֶֽ⁠ךָ	1	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **glory**, you can express the same idea in another way. See the UST.
33:19	sx1a		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	אֲנִ֨י אַעֲבִ֤יר כָּל־טוּבִ⁠י֙ עַל־פָּנֶ֔י⁠ךָ	1	Yahweh speaks of his **goodness** like it was an object that he could move over Moses. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. See the UST.
33:19	e3o3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	טוּבִ⁠י֙	1	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **goodness**, you can express the same idea in another way. See the UST.
33:19	gzr5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	עַל־פָּנֶ֔י⁠ךָ & לְ⁠פָנֶ֑י⁠ךָ	1	Here, **face** means “you.” Alternate translation: “above you … before you”
33:19	d4z9			וְ⁠קָרָ֧אתִֽי בְ⁠שֵׁ֛ם יְהוָ֖ה	1	The meaning of the phrase is unclear. It may mean that Yahweh will disclose something about his character to Moses. Alternate translation: “and I will proclaim my name, ‘Yahweh,’”
33:19	vqq6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	וְ⁠חַנֹּתִי֙ אֶת־אֲשֶׁ֣ר אָחֹ֔ן וְ⁠רִחַמְתִּ֖י אֶת־אֲשֶׁ֥ר אֲרַחֵֽם	1	These statements use parallelism internally and between each other. They stress Yahweh’s divine prerogative to do whatever he wants. The structure also parallels Yahweh’s I AM statements in [Exodus 3:14](../03/14.md). If this form of parallelism would be misunderstood in your language, consider another form that emphasizes that Yahweh is graciously kind to exactly those and only those to whom he chooses to show kindness, and he does so without outside influence.
33:20	c20q		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֕אמֶר	1	In some languages it may be better to omit **And he said** at the start of this verse to avoid stopping and restarting the quotation. Yahweh is speaking from 33:19–34:3.
33:20	fyc0			כִּ֛י לֹֽא־יִרְאַ֥⁠נִי הָ⁠אָדָ֖ם וָ⁠חָֽי	1	Alternate translation: “because no person can live after he has seen me”
33:21	loep		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר יְהוָ֔ה	1	In some languages it may be better to omit **And Yahweh said** at the start of this verse to avoid stopping and restarting the quotation. Yahweh is speaking from 33:19–34:3.
33:21	s4iy			הִנֵּ֥ה	1	Alternate translation: “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you.”
33:22	qhe6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	בַּ⁠עֲבֹ֣ר כְּבֹדִ֔⁠י	1	Yahweh speaks of his **glory** as if it were an object that he could move over Moses. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “while I pass over gloriously”
33:22	o5as		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	כְּבֹדִ֔⁠י	1	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **glory**, you can express the same idea in another way. See the UST.
33:22	ivf5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	וְ⁠שַׂכֹּתִ֥י כַפִּ֛⁠י עָלֶ֖י⁠ךָ	1	Here Yahweh speaks as if he, like a person, had hands that could cover things. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a simile to retain the image, as this figure is important to retain and extends into the next verse. Alternate translation: “I will cover you as with a hand”
33:23	fmu8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	וַ⁠הֲסִרֹתִי֙ אֶת־כַּפִּ֔⁠י וְ⁠רָאִ֖יתָ אֶת־אֲחֹרָ֑⁠י וּ⁠פָנַ֖⁠י לֹ֥א יֵרָאֽוּ	1	The strong personification image of Yahweh continues throughout this verse and should be retained, if possible. You may have to use similes if this would be misunderstood in your culture. Alternate translation: “Then it will be as if I stop covering you with a hand, and you will see a small part of my glory, like a person’s back, but not my full glory, like a person’s face.”
33:23	jq7t		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast	וּ⁠פָנַ֖⁠י	1	Here, **but my face** is moved to the front of the clause to emphasize contrast with **my back**. If your language has a certain way of contrasting elements, be sure to make a strong contrast between Yahweh’s face and back.
33:23	gw1n		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	וּ⁠פָנַ֖⁠י לֹ֥א יֵרָאֽוּ	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “but you will not see my face”
34:intro	smp6				0	# Exodus 34 General Notes\n\n## Outline\n\n* v. 1–4 Yahweh orders Moses to return to the mountain\n* v. 5–9 Yahweh reveals himself to Moses and Moses reacts\n* v. 10–28 Covenant renewal\n* v. 29–34 Moses reports to Israel\n\n## Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n* In verse 1, Yahweh says he will write on stone tablets, yet later (v. 27–28) he commands Moses to write and the text says Moses writes.\n* Yahweh reveals something significant about himself or his character to Moses. There are a number of difficult terms and concepts.\n* The biblical metaphor of true worship as sexual fidelity appears in v. 14–16.\n* Several verses are repeated either exactly or closely from earlier chapters.\n* In v. 12–26 Yahweh appears to give a different 10 commandments from those in Exodus 20 (but also largely repeated from other earlier parts of Exodus), raising the question of what was actually written on the stone tablets in v. 28.\n* The concept of Moses’s shining face may be difficult in some cultures.\n\n### “He will bring the punishment for the fathers’ sin on their children”\n\nThis phrase does not mean that a child is necessarily punished for the sins of their parents. Many scholars believe that this passage indicates that a parent’s sins will have consequences that will affect their children and grandchildren. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
34:1	ppyw		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר יְהוָה֙ אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֔ה	1	Yahweh continues to speak to Moses, but there is a change of topic here, so you may want to retain the speech introduction. However, if it would be misunderstood, you could simply continue the quotation from the previous verse. Alternate translation: “Yahweh continued”
34:1	zf77		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	אֲשֶׁ֥ר שִׁבַּֽרְתָּ	1	This clause reminds the reader of what tablets are being mentioned by reminding you of what had happened to the previous tablets. If it would be more helpful in your language to attach it to the first mention of the tablets in this verse, you could rearrange it like the UST.
34:1	s1kv			לֻחֹ֥ת אֲבָנִ֖ים	1	Alternate translation: “flat slabs of stone” See how you translated this in [Exodus 31:18](../31/18.md)
34:3	ck6d		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	וְ⁠גַם־אִ֥ישׁ אַל־יֵרָ֖א בְּ⁠כָל־הָ⁠הָ֑ר	1	Being seen doing something represents doing that. Alternate translation: “and do not let anyone else be anywhere on the mountain”
34:3	x3rx			גַּם־הַ⁠צֹּ֤אן וְ⁠הַ⁠בָּקָר֙ אַל־יִרְע֔וּ אֶל־מ֖וּל הָ⁠הָ֥ר הַ⁠הֽוּא	1	Alternate translation: “Even flocks or herds are not allowed to come near the mountain to eat.”
34:5	sp7f		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יִּתְיַצֵּ֥ב עִמּ֖⁠וֹ שָׁ֑ם וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֥א	1	The pronouns are not clear here, but the referents are probably as in the following alternate translation: “and Yahweh stood with Moses there, and Yahweh proclaimed”
34:5	r9ey		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֥א בְ⁠שֵׁ֖ם יְהוָֽה	1	This could mean: (1) “he spoke the name ‘Yahweh’” (2) “he proclaimed who Yahweh is.” For the second meaning, **name** would represent who God is.
34:6	fz1q		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	יְהוָ֣ה׀ יְהוָ֔ה אֵ֥ל רַח֖וּם וְ⁠חַנּ֑וּן	1	God is speaking about himself. If this is confusing in your language, you may use the first person. Alternate translation: “I, Yahweh, am God, and I am merciful and gracious”
34:6	t0kd		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	רַח֖וּם וְ⁠חַנּ֑וּן	1	This is emphasizing that Yahweh cares for people and acts kindly toward them. If doubling would not strengthen the statement here in your language, consider another form that would.
34:6	f7iq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	אֶ֥רֶךְ אַפַּ֖יִם	1	The phrase **long of nostril** is an idiom that means Yahweh does not get angry easily or quickly. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “slow to anger”
34:6	j7we		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	וְ⁠רַב־חֶ֥סֶד וֶ⁠אֱמֶֽת	1	If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **covenant faithfulness** and **trustworthiness**, you can express the same idea in another way. (For **covenant faithfulness**, see [Exodus 20:6](../20/06.md)). Alternate translation: “always being faithful to my covenant and always being trustworthy”
34:6	d1qj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	חֶ֥סֶד וֶ⁠אֱמֶֽת	1	This is emphasizing that Yahweh always does what he promises toward the people he loves. If doubling would not strengthen the statement here in your language, consider another form that would.
34:7	lt2j		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	נֹצֵ֥ר חֶ֨סֶד֙ לָ⁠אֲלָפִ֔ים	1	See how you translated **covenant faithfulness**in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “faithfully loving thousands of generations” or “faithful to his covenant with thousands of generations”
34:7	x90l		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole	לָ⁠אֲלָפִ֔ים	1	This large number is used to mean “forever” or “to all descendants forever.” It is deliberately contrasted with **third** and **fourth** later in the verse to emphasize how much longer God’s covenant faithfulness is than his anger. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language that conveys a very long time. Alternate translation: “for every generation”
34:7	dxkb		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	לָ⁠אֲלָפִ֔ים	1	The word **thousands** is a metonym for a number too many to count. Alternate translation: “to innumerable people”
34:7	hllt		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litany	עָוֺ֛ן וָ⁠פֶ֖שַׁע וְ⁠חַטָּאָ֑ה	1	This list is meant to convey the idea of every kind of wrong. If a list like this would be misunderstood in your language you may need to use other terms or forms to make this point. Alternate translation: “every kind of sin”
34:7	e2qc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	עָוֺ֛ן וָ⁠פֶ֖שַׁע וְ⁠חַטָּאָ֑ה & עֲוֺ֣ן	1	If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **iniquity, transgression, and sin**, you can express the same ideas in another way., as modeled in the UST.
34:7	x397		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	וְ⁠נַקֵּה֙ לֹ֣א יְנַקֶּ֔ה	1	Yahweh is speaking about himself. If this is confusing in your language, you may use the first person. Alternate translation: “But I will certainly not acquit”
34:7	ts1b		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	וְ⁠נַקֵּה֙ לֹ֣א יְנַקֶּ֔ה	1	Whom Yahweh will not acquit is not stated. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translations: “But he will certainly not clear the guilty” or “But he will certainly not say that the guilty are innocent” or “But he will certainly not free guilty people”
34:7	lyrg		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	עֲוֺ֣ן	1	Here, **iniquity** refers to the consequences or the punishment for iniquity. Alternate translation: “the punishment for the iniquity of”
34:7	px85		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	פֹּקֵ֣ד׀ עֲוֺ֣ן אָב֗וֹת עַל־בָּנִים֙ וְ⁠עַל־בְּנֵ֣י בָנִ֔ים	1	The **iniquity of the fathers** is spoken of as if it were something capable of **visiting** people. This means that Yahweh makes the consequences of people’s sins affect their descendants. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “punishing the sons and the sons of the sons for the iniquity of the fathers”
34:7	c3tb		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	עַל־בָּנִים֙ וְ⁠עַל־בְּנֵ֣י בָנִ֔ים	1	The references to **sons** and **sons of the sons** represents descendants. Alternate translation: “on their descendants”
34:7	d462		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	עַל־שִׁלֵּשִׁ֖ים וְ⁠עַל־רִבֵּעִֽים	1	Here, “generation” is implied after **third** and **fourth**. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly.
34:7	pacu		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	עַל־שִׁלֵּשִׁ֖ים וְ⁠עַל־רִבֵּעִֽים	1	Here, **third** and **fourth** means “several.” If this would not be understood and your language has a way of referring to an unspecified (but approximately 3–4) number, you may have to use it here. Alternate translation: “on a few generations”
34:8	c1qt		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns	וַ⁠יִּשְׁתָּֽחוּ	1	Here, **himself** means that Moses did this action to his own body. Some languages may use a special form to indicate this.
34:8	mf8o		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	וַ⁠יִּקֹּ֥ד אַ֖רְצָ⁠ה וַ⁠יִּשְׁתָּֽחוּ	1	These two verbs have very similar meanings and are often used together to express people’s physical and spiritual posture in worship. If such repetition would be misunderstood in your language, you may need to express the physical action and spiritual action explicitly. Alternate translation: “and bowed to the ground in worship”
34:9	mh3a		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	מָצָ֨אתִי חֵ֤ן בְּ⁠עֵינֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙	1	Here, **found favor** is an idiom that means that God is pleased with Moses. You may also need to make the phrase active in form and change the abstract noun **favor** into another form. Finally, **eyes** are a metonym for sight, and sight is a metaphor representing his evaluation. See how you dealt with the multiple issues in the phrase **I have found favor in your eyes** in [Exodus 33:12](../33/12.md).
34:9	vhu5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	עַם־קְשֵׁה־עֹ֨רֶף֙ ה֔וּא	1	Moses speaks of the people being rebellious as if they had **hard necks**. See how you translated this in [Exodus 32:9](../32/09.md).
34:9	hw66		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	לַ⁠עֲוֺנֵ֥⁠נוּ וּ⁠לְ⁠חַטָּאתֵ֖⁠נוּ	1	The words **iniquity** and **sin** mean basically the same thing and are combined for emphasis. If your language does not use repetition in this way, you can combine these phrases. Alternate translation: “all our sins”
34:10	zwsm			your people	0	Starting in this verse, the covenant is largely repeated and consists of two parts: (1) what Yahweh will do, which is detailed in verses 10–11 (and briefly restated in verse 24) and (2) what is required of the Israelites, which is detailed in verses 12–26. For further context, see [Exodus 19:5 and following](../19/05.md), and [23:20–24:8](../23/20.md). Verses 12–26 are another list of ten commandments.
34:10	ps7o		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	כֹּרֵ֣ת בְּרִית֒	1	To **cut a covenant** means to make a covenant. The terminology refers to ancient rituals around making covenants, which is illustrated in Genesis 15. See the imagery and how you translated there. Alternate translation: “am about to make a covenant”
34:10	zdq6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession	עַמְּ⁠ךָ֙	1	Here, the **people** are referred to as belonging to Moses. This refers to his being their leader. Alternate translation: “the people you lead”
34:10	itdx			כָל־הָ֠⁠עָם אֲשֶׁר־אַתָּ֨ה בְ⁠קִרְבּ֜⁠וֹ	1	This phrase is ambiguous and could refer to: (1) the nations that surrounded Israel or (2) the Israelites (who surrounded Moses). Attempt to maintain the ambiguity if you can; otherwise you may choose one, perhaps following another locally known translation’s choice.
34:10	bj1a			כִּֽי־נוֹרָ֣א ה֔וּא אֲשֶׁ֥ר אֲנִ֖י עֹשֶׂ֥ה עִמָּֽ⁠ךְ	1	This means that what Yahweh is doing causes people to be afraid. In this case, people will fear Yahweh when they see what he does. Alternate translation: “for what I am doing with you will cause fear”
34:10	s7uz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual	עִמָּֽ⁠ךְ	1	Here, **you** refers to Moses and the people of Israel. If your language makes a distinction, use a plural form here.
34:11	xtkf		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	גֹרֵ֣שׁ מִ⁠פָּנֶ֗י⁠ךָ	1	Here, **from before your faces** means “ahead of you” or “on your behalf.” Yahweh is emphasizing who is doing the driving out.
34:11	kfix		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	אֶת־הָ⁠אֱמֹרִי֙ וְ⁠הַֽ⁠כְּנַעֲנִ֔י וְ⁠הַ⁠חִתִּי֙ וְ⁠הַ⁠פְּרִזִּ֔י וְ⁠הַ⁠חִוִּ֖י וְ⁠הַ⁠יְבוּסִֽי	1	See how you translated these in [Exodus 33:2](../33/02.md).
34:12-16	fmc9				0	Verses 12–16 are the first of these ten commandments. The original language is structured such that every clause in these verses is subordinate to the initial, **Guard yourself**. That sort of structure may not be possible in your language (as it is not in English).
34:12	mnpv		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns	לְ⁠ךָ֗	1	Here, **yourself** means that each Israelite should guard against committing these sins.
34:12	n1il		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo	פֶּן־תִּכְרֹ֤ת בְּרִית֙ לְ⁠יוֹשֵׁ֣ב הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ אֲשֶׁ֥ר אַתָּ֖ה בָּ֣א עָלֶ֑י⁠הָ פֶּן־יִהְיֶ֥ה לְ⁠מוֹקֵ֖שׁ בְּ⁠קִרְבֶּֽ⁠ךָ	1	This sentence contains two hypotheticals as a warning. Each is introduced by **lest**. Use a marker in your language that introduces a hypothetical situation, but also see the next note. Alternate translation: “If you were to cut a covenant with the inhabitant of the land where you are about to go into, probably he would become as a trap in your midst.”
34:12	t1hz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical	פֶּן־תִּכְרֹ֤ת בְּרִית֙ לְ⁠יוֹשֵׁ֣ב הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ אֲשֶׁ֥ר אַתָּ֖ה בָּ֣א עָלֶ֑י⁠הָ פֶּן־יִהְיֶ֥ה לְ⁠מוֹקֵ֖שׁ בְּ⁠קִרְבֶּֽ⁠ךָ	1	The second of these hypothetical statements is logically dependent on and follows after the first as a result. As you mark these hypotheticals, use a form that communicates that the second is a result of the first. Alternate translation: “because if you cut a covenant with the inhabitant of the land where you are about to go into, then he will become as a trap in your midst”
34:12	b459		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	תִּכְרֹ֤ת בְּרִית֙	1	See how you translated this in [34:10](../34/10.md).
34:12	tnka		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns	לְ⁠יוֹשֵׁ֣ב & יִהְיֶ֥ה	1	The word **inhabitant** is a singular noun that refers to any individual inhabitant or group of inhabitants from the peoples mentioned in the previous verse. The pronoun **he** is agreeing with that singular noun. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you can use a different expression. Alternate translation: “with the inhabitants of … they become”
34:12	lxz8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	פֶּן־יִהְיֶ֥ה לְ⁠מוֹקֵ֖שׁ בְּ⁠קִרְבֶּֽ⁠ךָ	1	People who tempt others to sin are spoken of as if they were a **trap.** If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent comparison or express this meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “lest those remaining people tempt you to sin”
34:13	wkbx		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast	כִּ֤י	1	This word marks a strong contrast with the previous verse. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a strong contrast. Alternate translation, followed by a new sentence: “Do the opposite!”
34:13	tfd1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	אֶת־מִזְבְּחֹתָ⁠ם֙ תִּתֹּצ֔וּ⁠ן וְ⁠אֶת־מַצֵּבֹתָ֖⁠ם תְּשַׁבֵּר֑וּ⁠ן וְ⁠אֶת־אֲשֵׁרָ֖י⁠ו תִּכְרֹתֽוּ⁠ן	1	This unusual word order reflects the original in bringing each item the Israelites must destroy into focus. You should use whatever form in your language would emphasize or focus on each item that they must destroy. Alternate translation, as separate sentences: “as for their altars, break them down! As for their stone pillars, smash them to pieces! As for their trees where they worship the goddess Asherah, cut them all down!”
34:13	gbp0		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns	תִּכְרֹתֽוּ⁠ן	1	For some reason only this pronoun is singular, referring back the singular “inhabitant” in the previous verse. Translate it based on your decision in the previous verse.
34:14	fzjz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction	לֹ֥א תִֽשְׁתַּחֲוֶ֖ה	1	To **bow to another god** means to worship it. This imagery is throughout scripture and should be retained in translation. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “you shall not bow to worship”
34:14	vmx2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	כִּ֤י יְהוָה֙ קַנָּ֣א שְׁמ֔⁠וֹ אֵ֥ל קַנָּ֖א הֽוּא׃	1	The repeated word **jealous** means that God is concerned to keep his honor. If his people worship other gods, he loses honor, because when his people do not honor him, other people also will not honor him. This is pictured in a metaphor of a jealous spouse who is concerned that his spouse be faithful to him. This is an important Biblical metaphor that should be kept in translation if at all possible. The UST makes this image explicit as a simile, which can be done occasionally but would probably be too long for repeated use in a translation. Alternate translation: “Yahweh jealously guards his reputation. He is a God jealous of his honor.”
34:14	s5sd		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	כִּ֤י יְהוָה֙ קַנָּ֣א שְׁמ֔⁠וֹ	1	Here, the word **name** represents God’s character. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is always jealous”
34:15	r70f		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns	לְ⁠יוֹשֵׁ֣ב & וְ⁠קָרָ֣א & מִ⁠זִּבְחֽ⁠וֹ	1	The word **inhabitant** is a singular noun that refers to any individual inhabitant or group of inhabitants from the peoples mentioned in the previous verse. The pronouns **he** and **his** are agreeing with that singular noun. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you can use a different expression. See how you translated this in [34:12](../34/12.md). Alternate translation: “with the inhabitants of … and they invite … from their sacrifice” or “with the inhabitants of … and one of them invites … from his sacrifice”
34:15	udz0		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo	פֶּן־תִּכְרֹ֥ת בְּרִ֖ית לְ⁠יוֹשֵׁ֣ב הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ וְ⁠זָנ֣וּ׀ אַחֲרֵ֣י אֱלֹֽהֵי⁠הֶ֗ם וְ⁠זָבְחוּ֙ לֵ⁠אלֹ֣הֵי⁠הֶ֔ם וְ⁠קָרָ֣א לְ⁠ךָ֔	1	# Connecting Statement:\n\nMost of this verse is a sort of chain of logically consecutive hypothetical events that Yahweh is warning the Israelites against. Your language may have a specific way this sort of argument must be structured or phrased. One way to see this would be to repeat **lest** before every verb in verse 15–16. Alternate translation: “If you cut a covenant the inhabitant of the land, and if they then prostitute after their gods and sacrifice to their gods, and if he then invites you”
34:15	f1e3			פֶּן־תִּכְרֹ֥ת בְּרִ֖ית לְ⁠יוֹשֵׁ֣ב הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ	1	# Connecting Statement:\n\nThis phrase is exactly the same as the second clause of [34:12](../34/12.md). It serves as a reminder of the command Yahweh is giving as he begins to expand on the “trap” he mentioned in verse 12. Your language may need to mark this repetition in a particular way. Alternate translation: “Remember: keep yourself lest you cut a covenant with the inhabitant of the land”
34:15	n4nt		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	תִּכְרֹ֥ת בְּרִ֖ית	1	# Connecting Statement:\n\nSee how you translated this in [34:12](../34/12.md). Alternate translation: “you make a covenant”
34:15	gtd8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	וְ⁠זָנ֣וּ׀ אַחֲרֵ֣י אֱלֹֽהֵי⁠הֶ֗ם	1	In this metaphor, Yahweh speaks of people worshiping other gods as if they were prostitutes going to other men. This metaphor is most often used regarding the unfaithfulness of the Israelites. The metaphor is not quite as clear with the other nations because while Yahweh is the only true God, he is not in special covenant with the other nations as their god. However, since the worship is still impurely following false gods, the metaphor is used here. This is an important Biblical metaphor that should be kept in translation if at all possible. Alternate translation: “and they worship their gods” or “because they worship their gods like prostitutes who go to other men”
34:15	d1m0		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	וְ⁠זָנ֣וּ׀ אַחֲרֵ֣י אֱלֹֽהֵי⁠הֶ֗ם	1	This phrase may also be seen as a metonymy because sexual sin was a regular part of worshiping false gods. Alternate translation: “and they worship by fornicating with their gods’ cult prostitutes”
34:15	vijl		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	וְ⁠קָרָ֣א לְ⁠ךָ֔	1	Here, what the inhabitant will invite the Israelite to is not stated, but can be inferred from context. At the most basic level it is an invitation to eat food the Israelites were forbidden to eat. It is unclear how much more participation in worshiping false gods is implied. If your language requires that you specify what the Israelite is being invited into you may have to add some information. Alternate translation: “and he will invite you to eat from his sacrifice” or “and he will invite you to a feast to honor his gods”
34:15	ygd9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result	וְ⁠אָכַלְתָּ֖ מִ⁠זִּבְחֽ⁠וֹ	1	The first part of the sin Yahweh is warning against in this and the next verse is to **eat from his sacrifice**. This clause is the result of disobedience regarding the **covenant** and the logical conclusion of the series of hypothetical events Yahweh presents before this. Alternate translation: “as a result, you will eat from his sacrifice” or “then you will eat from his sacrifice”
34:15	hhbc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	וְ⁠אָכַלְתָּ֖ מִ⁠זִּבְחֽ⁠וֹ	1	Here, **and you eat from his sacrifice** may represent any and all parts of the worship of the other nations’ false gods. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and you feast to honor his gods”
34:15	bj2i		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וְ⁠אָכַלְתָּ֖ מִ⁠זִּבְחֽ⁠וֹ	1	If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express the consequence of eating food that is sacrificed to another god explicitly. Alternate translation: “and you will eat some of his sacrifice and become guilty of worshiping his gods” or “and you will prostitute yourself to his god by eating some of his sacrifice”
34:16	jaic		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical	you will eat some of his sacrifice	0	The string of hypothetical actions, each with its logical result continues throughout this verse. Continue translating the transitions between clauses as you decided in the previous verses.
34:16	d4ma		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	וְ⁠זָנ֣וּ בְנֹתָ֗י⁠ו אַחֲרֵי֙ אֱלֹ֣הֵי⁠הֶ֔ן	1	In this metaphor, Yahweh speaks of people worshiping other gods as if they were prostitutes going to other men. This metaphor is most often used regarding the unfaithfulness of the Israelites. The metaphor is not quite as clear with the other nations because while Yahweh is the only true God, he is not in special covenant with the other nations as their god. However, since the worship is still impurely following false gods, the metaphor is used here. This is an important Biblical metaphor that should be kept in translation if at all possible. See how you translated it in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “and his daughters worship their gods” or “and his daughters worship their gods like prostitutes who go to other men”
34:16	k0lr		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	וְ⁠הִזְנוּ֙ אֶת־בָּנֶ֔י⁠ךָ אַחֲרֵ֖י אֱלֹהֵי⁠הֶֽן	1	In this metaphor, Yahweh speaks of people worshiping other gods as if they were prostitutes going to other men. The metaphor is clear here since it is referring to Israelite men who should be Yahweh worshipers. This is an important Biblical metaphor that should be kept in translation if at all possible. Alternate translation: “and cause your sons to worship their gods” or “and cause your sons to worship their gods like prostitutes who go to other men”
34:16	p98a		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result	וְ⁠הִזְנוּ֙ אֶת־בָּנֶ֔י⁠ךָ אַחֲרֵ֖י אֱלֹהֵי⁠הֶֽן	1	This is the climatic consequence of living in peace the nations God is driving out before them: complete apostacy from Yahweh and loss of the next generation to wickedness. Specifically it is the result of intermarriage with the pagans, which God has explicitly forbidden for this very reason. If your language marks the final consequence of a string of actions in a particular way it may be appropriate to use it here. Alternate translation: “and in the end, they will cause even your sons to prostitute after their gods”
34:17	lgab			you will eat some of his sacrifice	0	The prohibition here is focused on making gods. In your translation make sure that the focus is not on the method, but the god-making.
34:17	rux0			מַסֵּכָ֖ה	1	See how you translated **molten metal** in [Exodus 32:4](../32/04.md).
34:18	s1rr				0	This verse is almost identical to most of [Exodus 23:15](../23/15.md).
34:18	u5be		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	שִׁבְעַ֨ת	1	Alternate translation: “7”
34:18	i5ck		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths	הָ⁠אָבִ֑יב & הָֽ⁠אָבִ֔יב	1	This is the name of the first month of the Hebrew calendar. **Aviv** is during the last part of March and the first part of April on Western calendars. See how you translated **Aviv** in [Exodus 13:4](../13/04.md). You could convert the Hebrew day and month into an approximate date on the calendar that your culture uses. However, the Jews used a lunar calendar, so if you use a solar calendar, the date will be different every year and the translation will not be entirely accurate. So you may just want to give the number of the day and the name of the month on the Hebrew calendar, and say approximately what time of year that is on your calendar in a footnote.
34:19	ly7d				0	This verse is similar to [Exodus 13:12](../13/12.md).
34:20	sbrs			buy back	0	This verse is very similar to [Exodus 13:13](../13/13.md).
34:20	j4tv		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	בְ⁠שֶׂ֔ה & וַ⁠עֲרַפְתּ֑⁠וֹ	1	If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express explicitly that either the **lamb** or **donkey** must be killed, as in the UST.
34:20	c5ow			לֹ֥א תִפְדֶּ֖ה	1	Alternate translation: “you do not ransom the donkey”
34:20	yz8x			כֹּ֣ל בְּכ֤וֹר בָּנֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ תִּפְדֶּ֔ה	1	Firstborn sons and firstborn donkeys belonged to Yahweh, but Yahweh did not want them sacrificed to Him. Instead, the Israelites were to sacrifice a lamb in their place. This allowed the Israelites to buy the donkeys and sons back from Yahweh.
34:20	u2p5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives	וְ⁠לֹֽא־יֵרָא֥וּ פָנַ֖⁠י רֵיקָֽם	1	Here understatement is used to emphasize that the Israelites must bring a suitable offering to Yahweh. This portion of the verse is identical to the end of [Exodus 23:15](../23/15.md). If this double negative would be misunderstood in your language, you could translate it as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “come to me without a proper offering” or “always bring an offering to me”
34:21	w9ed				0	This command is similar to that in [Exodus 20:9](../20/09.md).
34:21	n2ka		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal	וּ⁠בַ⁠יּ֥וֹם הַ⁠שְּׁבִיעִ֖י	1	If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “but on day seven”
34:21	swm8			בֶּ⁠חָרִ֥ישׁ וּ⁠בַ⁠קָּצִ֖יר	1	Alternate translation: “Even when you are preparing the soil or gathering the crops”
34:22	lhxb			Festival of Ingathering	0	This verse is similar to [Exodus 23:16](../23/16.md), however the first festival is named **Festival of Weeks** here and “Festival of the Harvest” in 23:16.
34:22	d13l			וְ⁠חַג֙ הָֽ⁠אָסִ֔יף	1	This festival celebrated the final harvesting of all the crops for the year. This festival was also known as the Festival of Shelters or the Festival of Booths. The idea came from the practice of the farmers living in temporary booths, or huts, out in the fields to guard the crop as it ripened. See Deuteronomy 16:13. See how you translated this in [Exodus 23:16](../23/16.md). Alternate translation: “and the Festival of the Ingathering”
34:22	xqy4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	תְּקוּפַ֖ת הַ⁠שָּׁנָֽה	1	Like “the exiting of the year” in [Exodus 23:16](../23/16.md), this refers to the end of the year. Here, the year is pictured as something that can turn. Which, thinking of the planet, is highly astronomically accurate.
34:23	zh58				0	Except for **God of Israel** and dropping “to,” this verse is identical to [Exodus 23:17](../23/17.md).
34:23	iagy		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	יֵרָאֶה֙ & אֶת־פְּנֵ֛י הָֽ⁠אָדֹ֥ן	1	Here to **appear before the face of the Lord Yahweh** means to gather to worship. **Before the face** is a metonym for Yahweh’s presence, referring to worship. Alternate translation: “must come to worship the Lord”
34:25	zx2v				0	See the very similar [Exodus 23:18](../23/18.md).
34:25	e8v2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	דַּם־זִבְחִ֑⁠י	1	If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express the fact that the blood is from an animal explicitly. Alternate translation: “the blood of an animal that you sacrifice to me”
34:26	bv0a			the blood of my sacrifice	0	This verse is identical to [Exodus 23:19](../23/19.md).
34:27	x6j9			כִּ֞י עַל־פִּ֣י׀ הַ⁠דְּבָרִ֣ים הָ⁠אֵ֗לֶּה	1	Alternate translation: “for in accordance with these words” or “for according to these words”
34:27	ybz6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	כָּרַ֧תִּי אִתְּ⁠ךָ֛ בְּרִ֖ית	1	See how you translated this in [34:12](../34/12.md).
34:28	j9t4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	עֲשֶׂ֖רֶת	1	Alternate translation: “10”
34:28	wt1c			אַרְבָּעִ֥ים יוֹם֙ וְ⁠אַרְבָּעִ֣ים לַ֔יְלָה	1	Alternate translation: “for 40 days, including the nights”
34:28	yun2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יִּכְתֹּ֣ב	1	Here, **he** probably refers to Moses, based on Yahweh’s command in the previous verse. However, [Exodus 34:1](../34/01.md) opens the possibility that Yahweh wrote. It is best to leave it ambiguous, but if you must specify, saying Moses is better. Alternate translation: “Moses wrote”
34:29	t1s0		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent	וַ⁠יְהִ֗י	1	This marks a change of scene which you should mark in a natural way in your language.
34:29	x70x		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	וַ⁠יְהִ֗י בְּ⁠רֶ֤דֶת מֹשֶׁה֙ מֵ⁠הַ֣ר סִינַ֔י וּ⁠שְׁנֵ֨י לֻחֹ֤ת הָֽ⁠עֵדֻת֙ בְּ⁠יַד־מֹשֶׁ֔ה בְּ⁠רִדְתּ֖⁠וֹ מִן־הָ⁠הָ֑ר	1	The statement about Moses’ descent from the mountain is repeated almost verbatim, but does not refer to two events. If this would be misunderstood you may need to state it only once in translation as in the UST. Alternate translation: “Then Moses came down from Mount Sinai. As he was coming down from the mountain, he was carrying the two tablets of the testimony in his hands.”
34:29	yagj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	וּ⁠מֹשֶׁ֣ה לֹֽא־יָדַ֗ע כִּ֥י קָרַ֛ן ע֥וֹר פָּנָ֖י⁠ו בְּ⁠דַבְּר֥⁠וֹ אִתּֽ⁠וֹ	1	In some languages it will make more sense to state that Moses’ **face shone** before saying that he **did not know that** as in the UST.
34:29	d9zk			קָרַ֛ן	1	Alternate translation: “became radiant”
34:30	yn9s		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result	וַ⁠יִּֽירְא֖וּ	1	They were afraid because of his bright face. Alternate translation: “because of that, they were afraid”
34:32	kt23			וַ⁠יְצַוֵּ֕⁠ם אֵת֩ כָּל־אֲשֶׁ֨ר דִּבֶּ֧ר יְהוָ֛ה אִתּ֖⁠וֹ	1	This means that Moses commanded the Israelites to obey everything Yahweh had commanded Moses to command the Israelites to do.
34:34	fzm1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background	he would remove	0	This and the next verse give a general statement about Moses’s practice for an unstated amount of time (it was probably from this point until his death as he continued to talk to Yahweh). You should mark this with a form in your language that is used for on-going action like **would** or the UST’s “Whenever.”
34:34	m1sv		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	יְצֻוֶּֽה	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh had commanded him”
35:intro	lew9				0	# Exodus 35 General Notes\n\n## Structure\n\n- v. 1–3: reiteration of Sabbath command\n- v. 4–9: list of materials for donation (See: [Exodus 25:1–7](../25/01.md))\n- v. 10–19: things they need to make for the Dwelling complex\n- v. 20–29: the people bring all the things listed\n- v. 30–36:1: appointing of lead craftsmen to build these things\n\n## Translation Issues in this Chapter\n\n- In the last chapter some repetition of Yahweh’s instructions began, mostly around the covenant commands. Starting in this chapter and even more so in chapter 36, the commands regarding the construction of the Dwelling complex are repeated, often word for word, from chapters 25–31. In many verses the only difference will be a change of verb form from instruction to completion. As much as possible, these parallels will be pointed out for the translators with links to the previous verses. Translators should refer back to the previously translated verses for consistency and because notes in this section may not cover everything that was covered in the initial instruction section.\n- Many items, materials, and processes for building the Dwelling may be unknown, but should have already been addressed in chapters 25–31.
35:2	hfaq				0	This verse is very similar to [Exodus 31:15](../31/15.md).
35:2	g6oe		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	שֵׁ֣שֶׁת	1	Alternate translation: “6”
35:2	c559		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal	וּ⁠בַ⁠יּ֣וֹם הַ⁠שְּׁבִיעִ֗י	1	If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “but on day 7”
35:2	ax6u		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	שֵׁ֣שֶׁת יָמִים֮ תֵּעָשֶׂ֣ה מְלָאכָה֒	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Six days you shall work”
35:2	zij9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	כָּל־הָ⁠עֹשֶׂ֥ה ב֛⁠וֹ מְלָאכָ֖ה יוּמָֽת	1	If your language would not use passive here, you could state this in an active form. Alternate translation: “You must execute anyone who works on that day”
35:4-9	jdb8				0	In verses 4–9, Moses tells the Israelites to collect the things Yahweh commanded him to collect in [Exodus 25:2–7](../25/02.md). You should check your translation for consistency between these passages.
35:5-19	ugn4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר מֹשֶׁ֔ה אֶל־כָּל־עֲדַ֥ת בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר זֶ֣ה הַ⁠דָּבָ֔ר אֲשֶׁר־צִוָּ֥ה יְהוָ֖ה לֵ⁠אמֹֽר	1	Verses 5–19 are a second-level direct quotation. If it would be better to reduce the quotation level in your language, you may want to make this introductory comment (everything after the first **saying**) an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “And Moses told all of the congregation of the sons of Israel the things that Yahweh commanded, saying,”
35:5	h5c8				0	This verse is similar to [Exodus 25:2–3](../25/02.md).
35:5	n2c8			קְח֨וּ מֵֽ⁠אִתְּ⁠כֶ֤ם תְּרוּמָה֙ לַֽ⁠יהוָ֔ה	1	Alternate translation: “Take up a collection for Yahweh from what you have”
35:5	qq0a		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	כֹּ֚ל	1	Here, “from” is omitted but suggested by the sentence grammar. Also, **every** means “every person.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “from every person”
35:5	pqa2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	כֹּ֚ל נְדִ֣יב לִבּ֔⁠וֹ	1	This is an idiom that indicates a person’s desire to give an offering. Many languages will have a similar idiom, though the body part often varies. Alternate translation: “from everyone who wants to give one”
35:5	gx87				0	After this verse, a list begins. You may need to mark the end of this verse with punctuation or another way that your language marks the start of a list.
35:6	r12v				0	This verse is identical to [Exodus 25:4](../25/04.md).
35:6	g615		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	וּ⁠תְכֵ֧לֶת וְ⁠אַרְגָּמָ֛ן וְ⁠תוֹלַ֥עַת שָׁנִ֖י	1	This could mean: (1) “material that is dyed blue, purple, and scarlet,” probably wool yarn, or (2) “blue, purple and scarlet dye” to dye the linen. The original audience would have known what was meant. This material seems to have been used for embroidery later, so “yarn” or “thread” may be the best understanding.
35:6	cad9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	וְ⁠תוֹלַ֥עַת שָׁנִ֖י	1	A bright red color for dying cloth was extracted from these worms. Alternate translation: “and bright red”
35:7	nmv4				0	This verse is identical to [Exodus 25:5](../25/05.md).
35:7	l5bq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	מְאָדָּמִ֛ים	1	When animal skins are tanned (processed into usable leather), they become reddish. It is not clear if these hides are dyed red or simply reddened in the tanning process. Alternate translation: “tanned”
35:7	wmsl		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	תְּחָשִׁ֖ים	1	The meaning of this word is not known; it may refer to some water mammal that has skin that can be made into a high-quality leather. [Sea cows on Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirenia)
35:7	tzrk		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	שִׂטִּֽים	1	A small tree with spreading foliage and durable wood. [See on Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shittah_tree)
35:8	ikm4				0	Except for several uses of the word **and**, this verse is identical to [Exodus 25:6](../25/06.md).
35:8	y11w		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	וּ⁠בְשָׂמִים֙	1	Here, **spices** are made from parts of plants that people dry and then grind into a powder to put in oil or food, giving it a particular smell or flavor.
35:9	f1dd				0	Except for an initial **and**, this verse is identical to [Exodus 25:7](../25/07.md).
35:9	hcs9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	וְ⁠אַ֨בְנֵי־שֹׁ֔הַם	1	An **onyx stone** is a valuable stone that has layers of white and black, red, or brown. If this stone is unknown to your people, consider translating it by using a word for a familiar stone with a similar pattern, if possible.
35:9	kk7z			וְ⁠אַבְנֵ֖י	1	Alternate translation: “and valuable gems for” or “and treasured gems for”
35:10	dc4b		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	וְ⁠כָל־חֲכַם־לֵ֖ב	1	Here, **heart** and **spirit** are both referring to things innately possessed by a person, that is, traits of a person. The phrase essentially means “a talented craftsman.” If this is unclear to your readers you may consider making it more explicit. See how you translated this in [Exodus 28:3](../28/03.md). Alternate translation: “And every man with a skill”
35:10	lkp4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	צִוָּ֖ה	1	Here, some the words that a sentence would need to be complete in some languages are left out. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context, as modeled in the UST.
35:10	ugjb			Every skilled man	0	After this verse, a list begins. You may need to mark the end of this verse with punctuation or another way that your language marks the start of a list.
35:11	s0ip			מִכְסֵ֑⁠הוּ	1	See how you translated this in [Exodus 26:14](../26/14.md).
35:11	j5t7			קְרָסָי⁠ו֙	1	The **clasps** fit into the loops to hold the curtains together. See how you translated these in [Exodus 26:6](../26/06.md).
35:11	u022			קְרָשָׁ֔י⁠ו	1	See how you translated this in [Exodus 26:15](../26/15.md).
35:11	pvft			בְּרִיחָ֖יו	1	See how you translated this in [Exodus 26:26](../26/26.md).
35:11	f1gk			עַמֻּדָ֖י⁠ו	1	See how you translated this in [26:32](../26/32.md).
35:11	syn4			אֲדָנָֽי⁠ו	1	These are heavy objects that rest on the ground and keep the object attached to them from moving. See how you translated this in [Exodus 26:19](../26/19.md).
35:12	rj7s			atonement lid	0	See how you translated these terms in [25:10–17](../25/10.md) and [26:36](../26/36.md).
35:13	l641		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	לֶ֥חֶם הַ⁠פָּנִֽים	1	Here, **face** represents the presence of Yahweh. This bread represented the presence of God. Alternate translation: “the bread of the Presence” See how you translated this in [Exodus 25:30](../25/30.md).
35:14	obmd			bread of the presence	0	See [25:31–37](../25/31.md) for these items.
35:15	ht7x			מִזְבַּ֤ח הַ⁠קְּטֹ֨רֶת֙ & שֶׁ֣מֶן הַ⁠מִּשְׁחָ֔ה & קְטֹ֣רֶת הַ⁠סַּמִּ֑ים	1	For the **altar**, see [30:1](../30/01.md). For the **oil**, see [30:25](../30/25.md). For the **incense**, see [30:7](../30/07.md).
35:16	h116			bronze grate	0	For the **grate**, see [Exodus 27:4](../27/04.md). Most of the rest of the verse is almost identical to [30:28](../30/28.md).
35:17	h8zl			קַלְעֵ֣י & מָסַ֖ךְ	1	These were large curtains made of cloth. See how you translated this in [Exodus 26:36](../26/36.md).
35:17	x54f			עַמֻּדָ֖י⁠ו	1	These were strong pieces of wood set upright and used as supports. See how you translated these in [Exodus 27:10](../27/10.md).
35:17	xtm8			אֲדָנֶ֑י⁠הָ	1	These were blocks that had a slot in them to keep the board in place. See how you translated this in [Exodus 26:19](../26/19.md).
35:18	n44r			יִתְדֹ֧ת & יִתְדֹ֥ת	1	These were sharp pieces of wood or metal used to secure the corners of a tent to the ground. See how you translated this in [Exodus 27:19](../27/19.md).
35:19	x1pc			finely-woven garments	0	Except for **for serving in the Holy Place** and two “ands,” this verse is identical to [31:10](../31/10.md).
35:20	w6rg		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	מִ⁠לִּ⁠פְנֵ֥י מֹשֶֽׁה	1	Alternate translation: “from Moses”
35:21	p2ls		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	וַ⁠יָּבֹ֕אוּ כָּל־אִ֖ישׁ אֲשֶׁר־נְשָׂא֣⁠וֹ לִבּ֑⁠וֹ וְ⁠כֹ֡ל אֲשֶׁר֩ נָדְבָ֨ה רוּח֜⁠וֹ אֹת֗⁠וֹ הֵ֠בִיאוּ	1	These two phrases parallel each other and mean the same thing. It would be good to keep this poetic repetition in your translation unless it would be misunderstood. If repetition here would not highlight the joyful giving spirit of the Israelites in your language, you may need to combine the phrases. Alternate translation: “Everyone who was motivated, body and soul, came and gave”
35:21	r34y		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	וַ⁠יָּבֹ֕אוּ כָּל־אִ֖ישׁ אֲשֶׁר־נְשָׂא֣⁠וֹ לִבּ֑⁠וֹ וְ⁠כֹ֡ל אֲשֶׁר֩ נָדְבָ֨ה רוּח֜⁠וֹ אֹת֗⁠וֹ הֵ֠בִיאוּ	1	Here, **heart** and **spirit** both refer to a person’s will, their desire to do something. Many languages will have similar expressions, perhaps using different body and spirit words or concepts which you can use. If your language would not express a person’s will in this way, you could translate the meaning. Alternate translation: “And every man whose will lifted him came, and all who felt impelled brought”
35:21	ckmu		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	אֲשֶׁר־נְשָׂא֣⁠וֹ לִבּ֑⁠וֹ	1	Here, **heart lifted** is a metaphor for being willing or excited. Many languages will have similar expressions, perhaps using a different body part or a different action. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “who was excited”
35:21	u7kq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations	כָּל־אִ֖ישׁ אֲשֶׁר־נְשָׂא֣⁠וֹ לִבּ֑⁠וֹ וְ⁠כֹ֡ל אֲשֶׁר֩ נָדְבָ֨ה רוּח֜⁠וֹ אֹת֗⁠וֹ	1	Here, **man, whose,** and **him** all refer to men and women in a general way. This is made explicit in the next verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you may use terms that include men and women.
35:21	kew0		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	וּ⁠לְ⁠בִגְדֵ֖י הַ⁠קֹּֽדֶשׁ	1	If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you can express the idea behind the abstract noun **holiness** in another way. See how you translated this in [28:2](../28/02.md). Alternate translation: “and for the holy clothing”
35:22	mwx8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	כֹּ֣ל׀ נְדִ֣יב לֵ֗ב	1	Here, **heart** refers to a person’s will, their desire to do something. It is spoken of as causing a person to bring these gifts to Yahweh. This is a shortening and combining of the figure used in the [previous verse](../35/21.md): **heart** and **impelled** are brought together. See how you translated these ideas in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “anyone whose will impelled him”
35:22	yzsw			ל׀ נְדִ֣יב	1	Alternate translation: “who were impelled of”
35:22	wwp2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litany	חָ֣ח וָ⁠נֶ֜זֶם וְ⁠טַבַּ֤עַת וְ⁠כוּמָז֙ כָּל־כְּלִ֣י זָהָ֔ב	1	These are different kinds of jewelry. The exact identity of each object is not known. The phrase **all of the things of gold** could either modify the whole list, meaning “all these items were made of gold,” or could mean “many other gold things.” If taken as a summary statement, in some languages it may be clearer to move it to the front of the list. Alternate translation: “all kinds of gold jewelry including necklaces, nose rings, signet rings, and gold ornaments”
35:22	frci		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations	וְ⁠כָל־אִ֕ישׁ	1	Although the term **men** is used, the word here is used in a generic sense that includes both men and women. Alternate translation: “And every person”
35:23	s3ky			Everyone who had … brought them	0	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 25:4–5](../25/04.md).
35:23	dweo		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	וְ⁠כָל־אִ֞ישׁ אֲשֶׁר־נִמְצָ֣א אִתּ֗⁠וֹ	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Also, the meaning of this phrase is simple possession. Alternate translation: “And every man who owned” or “And every man having”
35:23	hg0d		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations	וְ⁠כָל־אִ֞ישׁ	1	Here **man** includes both men and women. Alternate translation: “And every person”
35:23	t3ti		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole	וְ⁠כָל־אִ֞ישׁ	1	The phrase **every man** is used here without the restriction, “who was willing,” from previous verses. The exaggeration is used to emphasize what a large portion of the Israelites gave willingly. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language that expresses a large number or a majority. Alternate translation: “And very many people”
35:24	qpep		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	וְ⁠כֹ֡ל אֲשֶׁר֩ נִמְצָ֨א אִתּ֜⁠וֹ	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Also, the meaning of this phrase is simple possession. Alternate translation: “and everyone who owned” or “and everyone having”
35:24	zk6i			כָּל־מֵרִ֗ים	1	Here, **all** is limited by **presenters**, meaning only everyone who brought contributions. Avoid implying that every single Israelite did this (though very many did). Alternate translation: “All who decided to offer”
35:24	loob		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole	וְ⁠כֹ֡ל	1	The phrase **all** is used here without the restriction, “who were willing,” from previous verses. The exaggeration is used to emphasize what a large portion of the Israelites gave willingly. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language that expresses a large number or a majority. Alternate translation: “and very many people”
35:24	bab9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	לְ⁠כָל־מְלֶ֥אכֶת הָ⁠עֲבֹדָ֖ה	1	Here, **service** refers to worshiping Yahweh, and the phrase **work of the service** refers to building the Dwelling as a place for worshiping Yahweh. Alternate translation: “for any of the building of a place for worship”
35:25	ae9d		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	חַכְמַת־לֵ֖ב	1	Here, **heart** is referring to something innately possessed by a person, that is, a trait of a person. The phrase essentially means “a talented craftswoman.” If this is unclear to your readers you may consider making it more explicit. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Exodus 28:3](../28/03.md). Alternate translation: “who possessed the skill”
35:25	ebm5			אֶֽת־הַ⁠תְּכֵ֨לֶת֙ וְ⁠אֶת־הָֽ⁠אַרְגָּמָ֔ן אֶת־תּוֹלַ֥עַת הַ⁠שָּׁנִ֖י	1	This could mean: (1) “material that is dyed blue, purple, and scarlet,” probably wool yarn, or (2) “blue, purple and scarlet dye” to dye the linen. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Exodus 25:4](../25/04.md).
35:26	k1gy		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	אֲשֶׁ֨ר נָשָׂ֥א לִבָּ֛⁠ן אֹתָ֖⁠נָה	1	Here, **heart** refers to a persons’ will, their desire to do something. It is spoken of as causing a person to use her skills for Yahweh. This is the same as the first phrase in [35:21](../35/21.md). Alternate translation: “whose wills impelled them”
35:27	f13n			The leaders brought … breastpiece	0	Beginning with **onyx**, this verse is almost identical to [Exodus 25:7](../25/07.md).
35:28	h3a1			they brought spices … fragrant incense	0	[Exodus 25:6](../25/06.md) has almost identical words, arranged slightly differently.
35:29	hqle		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure	whose heart was willing	0	The order of clauses in the ULT is reversed from the original because of required English sentence structure. In the original, **The sons of Israel brought a freewill offering to Yahweh** is at the end of the verse. Other languages may be able to retain the original order.
35:29	li5z		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	אֲשֶׁ֨ר נָדַ֣ב לִבָּ⁠ם֮ אֹתָ⁠ם֒	1	Here, **heart** refers to a persons’ will, their desire to do something. It is spoken of as causing a person to bring these gifts to Yahweh. See how you translated this in [25:2](../25/02.md) and [35:22](../35/22.md). Alternate translation: “whose will impelled them”
35:29	w582		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	אֲשֶׁ֨ר צִוָּ֧ה יְהוָ֛ה לַ⁠עֲשׂ֖וֹת בְּ⁠יַד־מֹשֶׁ֑ה	1	Here, **by the hand of Moses** refers to Moses as a messenger for Yahweh’s commands, not to Moses being the one who would build all these things. If this imagery of carrying a message would be misunderstood in your language, you may use another figure or translate the meaning. Alternate translation: “which Yahweh had told Moses to tell them to do”
35:30	z1e2			Bezalel son of Uri son of Hur, from the tribe of Judah	0	What Moses says in this verse is a quote from [Exodus 31:2](../31/02.md)
35:30	kx4o		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	בְּצַלְאֵ֛ל & אוּרִ֥י & ח֖וּר	1	These are men’s names. See [31:2](../31/02.md).
35:31	zd74			filled Bezalel … craftsmanship	0	This verse is a quote from [Exodus 31:3](../31/03.md)
35:31	gse9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	וַ⁠יְמַלֵּ֥א אֹת֖⁠וֹ ר֣וּחַ אֱלֹהִ֑ים	1	Yahweh speaks of giving Bezalel his spirit as if Bezalel were a container and God’s spirit were a liquid. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And he has given his spirit to Bezalel”
35:31	jsd7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	בְּ⁠חָכְמָ֛ה	1	If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you can express the idea behind the abstract noun **skill** in another way. Alternate translation: “so he can work skillfully”
35:31	hnju		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	בִּ⁠תְבוּנָ֥ה	1	If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you can express the idea behind the abstract noun **understanding** in another way. Alternate translation: “and so he can understand his work”
35:31	qx5o		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	וּ⁠בְ⁠דַ֖עַת	1	If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you can express the idea behind the abstract noun **knowledge** in another way. Alternate translation: “and so he knows his work well”
35:31	cf63		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	וּ⁠בְ⁠כָל־מְלָאכָֽה	1	If your language does not use an abstract noun for **craftsmanship**, you can express the idea behind the abstract noun in another way. Alternate translation: “and for making all kinds of crafts” or “and so that he can make all kinds of things”
35:32	r7e3			to make artistic designs … bronze	0	This verse is identical to [Exodus 31:4](../31/04.md), except for the first **and**.
35:33	fj6f			also to cut and set stones … craftsmanship	0	This verse is identical to [Exodus 31:5](../31/05.md) except for the final **of invention**.
35:34	xd67		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	וּ⁠לְ⁠הוֹרֹ֖ת נָתַ֣ן בְּ⁠לִבּ֑⁠וֹ	1	Here, **put in his heart** is an idiom referring to ability and desire. These are spoken of as if they are something that could be placed in a heart. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “And he gave to them the ability and desire to teach”
35:34	ab2z		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	וְ⁠אָֽהֳלִיאָ֥ב & אֲחִיסָמָ֖ךְ	1	These are names of men. See how you translated these names in [Exodus 31:6](../31/06.md).
35:35	ehu7			filled them with skill	0	This verse summarizes and pulls together many previously mentioned things. See [28:3](../28/03.md) (**skill of heart**), [25:4](../25/04.md) (for materials), [26:36](../26/36.md) (**embroiderer**), [28:32](../28/32.md) (**weaver**), [26:31](../26/31.md) (**skillful workman**), [31:3](../31/03.md) (**craftsman**), [28:6](../28/06.md) (**designer of designs**).
35:35	rcv9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	מִלֵּ֨א אֹתָ֜⁠ם חָכְמַת־לֵ֗ב	1	Here, **skill** to create beautiful objects is spoken of as if it were something that could fill up a person. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “He has made them very skillful”
35:35	jvtd		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	חָכְמַת־לֵ֗ב	1	Here, **of heart** refers to possessing something, in this case ability or skill. Some languages will use a different body part for this image. Alternate translation: “with ability”
36:intro	nz4n				0	# Exodus 36 General Notes\n\n## Structure\n\n\r\n\r\n* v. 1: finish Moses’ instruction\r\n* v. 2–7: craftsmen collect materials from Moses, inform him the people should stop bringing things because they have too much already -v. 8–38: construction of the Dwelling, verse-by-verse quotations marked below\r\n    * v. 8–18: quote [Exodus 26:1–11](../26/01.md)\r\n    * v. 19–34: quote [Exodus 26:14–29](../26/14.md)\r\n    * v. 35–36: quote [26:31–32](../26/31.md)\r\n    * v. 37–38: quote [26:36–37](../26/36.md)\n\n## Translation issues\n\n* The first verse of this chapter goes with the last chapter.\n* Most of this chapter exactly quotes chapter 26 with a shift from instruction to past narrative form on the verbs and a few other minor changes; some are Hebrew word order that will be invisible here. Be sure to consult your previous work for consistency.\n* Throughout verses 8–38 the word **he**is used. This is a generic noun referring to any of the team of skilled craftsmen. You could also change it to “they” if that would be understood better in your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
36:1	ubk2				0	This verse is the end of a quotation from Moses that begin in [35:30](../35/30.md). It should be connected as visually as possible to the previous verses, as the chapter break here is poorly placed.
36:1	ds99		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	בְצַלְאֵ֨ל וְ⁠אָהֳלִיאָ֜ב	1	**Bezalel and Oholiab** are the names of men. See how you translated this in [Exodus 31:2](../31/02.md) and [31:6](../31/06.md) as well as in the end of [chapter 35](../35/30.md).
36:1	y1h1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations	אִ֣ישׁ	1	We know from [35:25](../35/25.md) that women were included in the skilled workers, so **man** means every person. Alternate translation: “person”
36:1	tr3p		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	חֲכַם־לֵ֗ב	1	Here, **of heart** refers to innately possessing something, in this case ability or skill. Some languages will use a different body part for this image. Alternate translation: “with innate ability”
36:1	ah6j		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	חָכְמָ֤ה	1	If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you can express the idea behind the abstract noun **skill** in another way. See [35:31](../35/31.md). Alternate translation: “the ability to work skillfully”
36:1	d6os		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	וּ⁠תְבוּנָה֙	1	If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you can express the idea behind the abstract noun **understanding** in another way. See [35:31](../35/31.md). Alternate translation: “and so he can understand his work”
36:1	mdi4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	מְלֶ֖אכֶת עֲבֹדַ֣ת הַ⁠קֹּ֑דֶשׁ	1	Here, **service** refers to worshiping Yahweh, and the phrase **work of the service** refers to building the Dwelling (**Holy Place**) where the Israelites would worship Yahweh. See [35:24](../35/24.md). Alternate translation: “the building of the Holy Place for worship”
36:2	tda7			אֶל־בְּצַלְאֵ֘ל וְ⁠אֶל־אָֽהֳלִיאָב֒ וְ⁠אֶל֙ כָּל־אִ֣ישׁ חֲכַם־לֵ֔ב אֲשֶׁ֨ר נָתַ֧ן יְהוָ֛ה חָכְמָ֖ה בְּ⁠לִבּ֑⁠וֹ	1	See how you translated this in the [previous verse](../36/01.md).
36:2	vvtz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	חָכְמָ֖ה	1	See how you translated **skill** in the [previous verse](../36/01.md).
36:2	yuq8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	כֹּ֚ל אֲשֶׁ֣ר נְשָׂא֣⁠וֹ לִבּ֔⁠וֹ	1	See how you translated this in [35:21](../35/21.md).
36:3	est0			וַ⁠יִּקְח֞וּ	1	Alternate translation: “and the craftsmen took”
36:3	xkix		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	מִ⁠לִּ⁠פְנֵ֣י	1	Here, **before the face** means with Moses. Moses had received and kept the building materials. Alternate translation: “from the custody of”
36:3	mtkr		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	בַּ⁠בֹּ֥קֶר בַּ⁠בֹּֽקֶר	1	This is an idiom meaning every morning or every day. Use a similar expression or translate the meaning. Alternate translation: “morning by morning”
36:4	b772		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj	הַ֣⁠חֲכָמִ֔ים	1	Here the adjective **skilled** is used as a noun in order to describe the group of craftsmen. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this with a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “the skilled workers”
36:4	pz6u		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	אִֽישׁ־אִ֥ישׁ	1	Here, **every single man** translates an idiom that cannot be rendered literally and sensibly in English. The original is “a man a man.” If your language would use repetition to emphasize that each and every man came to see Moses, you could follow the original; otherwise use a phrase or structure that emphasizes that they all came. Alternate translation: “every man without exception”
36:4	gjrz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations	אִֽישׁ־אִ֥ישׁ	1	As previously, noted, there were some women who contributed (particularly in the cloth crafts) so this use of **man** may include women. Alternate translation: “every single worker”
36:5	tni7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations	וַ⁠יֹּאמְרוּ֙ אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֣ה לֵּ⁠אמֹ֔ר מַרְבִּ֥ים הָ⁠עָ֖ם לְ⁠הָבִ֑יא מִ⁠דֵּ֤י הָֽ⁠עֲבֹדָה֙ לַ⁠מְּלָאכָ֔ה אֲשֶׁר־צִוָּ֥ה יְהוָ֖ה לַ⁠עֲשֹׂ֥ת אֹתָֽ⁠הּ	1	If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “The craftsmen told Moses that the people were bringing much more than enough for doing the work that Yahweh has commanded them to do”
36:6	es1y		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations	אִ֣ישׁ וְ⁠אִשָּׁ֗ה אַל־יַעֲשׂוּ־ע֛וֹד מְלָאכָ֖ה לִ⁠תְרוּמַ֣ת הַ⁠קֹּ֑דֶשׁ	1	If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “that no one should bring any more contributions for the work of the Holy Place”
36:6	k3g1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	וַ⁠יַּעֲבִ֨ירוּ ק֥וֹל	1	Here, **sound** refers to the message. This means they spread Moses’ message orally. Alternate translation: “everyone to share this message”
36:6	ak26		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun	אִ֣ישׁ וְ⁠אִשָּׁ֗ה אַל־יַעֲשׂוּ	1	Here, **man and woman** is intended to mean everyone, or in this case because of the negation, no one. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “No one shall make”
36:6	k1qm			מְלָאכָ֖ה	1	Here, **work** means the sorts of crafted items listed in the previous chapter.
36:6	utcw		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	מֵ⁠הָבִֽיא	1	In some languages you may need to provide an object for this sentence. Alternate translation: “from bringing contributions”
36:7	ipiu			וְ⁠הַ⁠מְּלָאכָ֗ה	1	Here, **work** means the sorts of crafted items listed in the previous chapter.
36:8	kw33				0	Except for tense and the addition of **every skilled of heart among the doers of the work,** this verse is identical to [Exodus 26:1](../26/01.md).
36:8	l7ub		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	כָל־חֲכַם־לֵ֜ב	1	See how you translated this in [35:21](../35/21.md).
36:8	zz0w		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun	עָשָׂ֥ה	1	Throughout verses 8–38 the word **he** used. This is a generic noun referring to any of the team of skilled craftsmen. If this would be misunderstood in your language, use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “they made” or “a craftsman made”
36:9-18	p2mr				0	These verses are almost identical to [Exodus 26:2–10](../26/02.md). Tense is implied.
36:18	mq1j				0	This verse is similar to [Exodus 26:11](../26/11.md). The difference is the absence of the middle clause from 26:11.
36:19-20	p3ke				0	These verses are almost identical to [Exodus 26:14–15](../26/14.md).
36:21	prx5				0	This verse is identical to [Exodus 26:16](../26/16.md).
36:22-25	l8yx				0	These verses are almost identical to [Exodus 26:17–20](../26/17.md).
36:26	gbm9				0	This verse is identical to [Exodus 26:21](../26/21.md).
36:27-28	a7js				0	These verses are almost identical to [Exodus 26:22–23](../26/22.md).
36:29-30	u396				0	These verses are very similar to [Exodus 26:24–25](../26/24.md).
36:30	r252		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	שְׁנֵ֤י אֲדָנִים֙ שְׁנֵ֣י אֲדָנִ֔ים תַּ֖חַת הַ⁠קֶּ֥רֶשׁ הָ⁠אֶחָֽד	1	The list formula from [26:25](../26/25.md) is strangely shortened here but has the same meaning. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly.
36:31-32	cf2p				0	These verses are almost identical to [Exodus 26:26–27](../26/26.md).
36:33	h94y				0	This verse is very similar to [Exodus 26:28](../26/28.md).
36:34	i17v				0	This verse is almost identical to [Exodus 26:29](../26/29.md).
36:35	pfc5				0	This verse is almost identical to [Exodus 26:31](../26/31.md).
36:36	hg2q				0	Aside from some verbal differences, this verse is very similar to [Exodus 26:32](../26/32.md).
36:37	r5ya				0	This verse is almost identical to [Exodus 26:36](../26/36.md).
36:38	pr67				0	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 26:37](../26/37.md).
37:intro	mt99				0	# Exodus 37 General Notes\n\n## Structure\r\n\r\n- v. 1–9 Making the ark, see [Exodus 25:10–20](../25/10.md)\r\n- v. 10–16 Making the table, see [Exodus 25:23–29](../25/23.md)\r\n- v. 17–24 Making the lampstand, see [Exodus 25:31–39](../25/31.md)\r\n- v. 25–28 Making the altar for incense, see [Exodus 30:1–5](../30/01.md)\r\n- v. 29 Making the oil and incense, see [Exodus 30:22–38](../30/22.md)\n\n## Potential translation issues\n\n- This chapter continues the record of the construction of the Dwelling and the items for it in almost exact repetition of Yahweh’s instructions.\nBe sure to consult your previous work for consistency.\n- Throughout the chapter the word **he** is used. This is a generic noun referring to any of the team of skilled craftsmen. You could also change it to “they” if that would be understood better in your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
37:1	byr3				0	This verse is almost identical to [Exodus 25:10](../25/10.md).
37:2	kb3s				0	This verse is very similar to [Exodus 25:11](../25/11.md).
37:3-5	pb6v				0	These verses are almost identical to [Exodus 25:12–14](../25/12.md).
37:6-9	liw8				0	These verses are almost identical to [Exodus 25:17–20](../25/17.md).
37:10-14	ktf8				0	This verse is almost identical to [Exodus 25:23–27](../25/23.md).
37:15-16	zkr8				0	These verses are very similar to [Exodus 25:28–29](../25/28.md).
37:17	edx6				0	This verse is almost identical to [Exodus 25:31](../25/31.md).
37:18-20	kuh2				0	These verses are identical to [Exodus 25:32–34](../25/32.md).
37:21-22	x1u5				0	These verses are almost identical to [Exodus 25:35–36](../25/35.md).
37:23	b2jq				0	This verse is almost identical with [Exodus 25:37–38](../25/37.md), excluding the purpose clause in v. 37 (“and it will hold up its lamps, and it will make light on the side of its face”).
37:24	uz5h				0	This verse is almost identical to [Exodus 25:39](../25/39.md).
37:25	el8w				0	This verse is very similar to [Exodus 30:1–2](../30/01.md).
37:26	ep66				0	This verse is almost identical to [Exodus 30:3](../30/03.md).
37:27	zez2				0	This verse is very similar to [Exodus 30:4](../30/04.md).
37:28	hw37				0	This verse is almost identical to [Exodus 30:5](../30/05.md).
37:29	c992				0	For the **oil**, see [Exodus 30:25](../30/25.md), and for the **incense** see [25:6](../25/06.md) and [30:35](../30/35.md).
38:intro	hp86				0	# Exodus 38 General Notes\n\n- This chapter continues the record of the construction of the Dwelling and the items for it in almost exact repetition of Yahweh’s instructions.\nBe sure to consult your previous work for consistency. Verses 1–20 of this chapter follow [Exodus 27:1–19](../27/01.md) almost verse for verse.\n- Throughout the chapter the word **he** is used. This is a generic noun referring to any of the team of skilled craftsmen. You could also change it to “they” if that would be understood better in your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
38:1	r81c			General Information	0	This verse is very similar to [Exodus 27:1](../27/01.md).
38:2	g71x			General Information	0	This verse is almost identical to [Exodus 27:2](../27/02.md).
38:3	v73t			General Information	0	This verse is very similar to [Exodus 27:3](../27/03.md).
38:4	rx7v				0	This verse is very similar to [Exodus 27:4](../27/04.md) and [Exodus 27:5](../27/05.md). One part of 27:4 is rearranged into 38:5.
38:5	kp6w				0	This verse is very similar to the second half of [Exodus 27:4](../27/04.md).
38:6	l258				0	This verse is very similar to [Exodus 27:6](../27/06.md).
38:7	ys63				0	This verse is very similar to [Exodus 27:7](../27/07.md) and the first part of [27:8](../27/08.md).
38:8	e6gd			וַ⁠יַּ֗עַשׂ אֵ֚ת הַ⁠כִּיּ֣וֹר נְחֹ֔שֶׁת וְ⁠אֵ֖ת כַּנּ֣⁠וֹ נְחֹ֑שֶׁת	1	This portion is almost identical to [Exodus 30:18](../30/18.md).
38:8	mdx9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	בְּ⁠מַרְאֹת֙	1	The **bronze** came from the **mirrors.** If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “from the bronze mirrors”
38:9	clk6				0	This verse is similar to [Exodus 27:9](../27/09.md).
38:10	nz6q			General Information	0	This verse is almost identical to [Exodus 27:10](../27/10.md).
38:11	mp6n			General Information	0	This verse is very similar to [Exodus 27:11](../27/11.md).
38:11	xl4c		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	מֵאָ֣ה בָֽ⁠אַמָּ֔ה	1	Here, “the curtains of the courtyard” and “long” are both omitted. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “the curtains of the courtyard were 100 cubits long”
38:12	g5iz			General Information	0	This verse is very similar to [Exodus 27:12](../27/12.md).
38:13	iju3			General Information	0	This verse is almost identical to [Exodus 27:13](../27/13.md).
38:14	n1xj			General Information	0	This verse is almost identical to [Exodus 27:14](../27/14.md).
38:15	dlq7			General Information	0	This verse is very similar to [Exodus 27:15](../27/15.md).
38:17	s5g5			General Information	0	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 27:17](../27/17.md).
38:18	hmi5			General Information	0	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 27:16 and 18](../27/16.md).
38:18	yf6z		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance	וְ⁠עֶשְׂרִ֤ים & חָמֵ֣שׁ	1	If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express this in terms of modern measurements, either in the text or a footnote. A cubit is approximately 46cm. For your reference, a more precise conversion to metric is: 9.2m … 2.3m
38:18	trz5			וְ⁠קוֹמָ֤ה בְ⁠רֹ֨חַב֙ חָמֵ֣שׁ אַמּ֔וֹת	1	This probably refers to the general dimensions (20 cubits long by 5 cubits wide) but clarifies that the **width** would become the **height** of the curtain when the craftsmen or Levites set up the Dwelling. Alternate translation: “and the width, which corresponded to the height when hung, was five cubits”
38:19	fjw4			General Information	0	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 27:17](../27/17.md).
38:20	ye5c			General Information	0	This verse is very similar to the second half of [Exodus 27:19](../27/19.md).
38:21	k2ex		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	אֲשֶׁ֥ר פֻּקַּ֖ד	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “which the Levites recorded”
38:21	qivw		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	עַל־פִּ֣י מֹשֶׁ֑ה	1	This is an idiom referring to Moses telling them to make these records. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “following Moses’ instructions”
38:21	op5h		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	בְּ⁠יַד֙ אִֽיתָמָ֔ר בֶּֽן־אַהֲרֹ֖ן הַ⁠כֹּהֵֽן	1	Here, **by the hand of** could mean: (1) Ithamar was in charge of the group that recorded these records (2) Ithamar was the scribe who actually wrote these records. Alternate translation: “under the direction of Ithamar son of Aaron the priest” or “written down by Ithamar son of Aaron the priest”
38:21	ex1t		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	אִֽיתָמָ֔ר	1	**Ithamar** is the name of a man. See how you translated this name in [Exodus 6:23](../06/23.md).
38:22	d86g		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	וּ⁠בְצַלְאֵ֛ל בֶּן־אוּרִ֥י בֶן־ח֖וּר	1	**Bezalel**, **Uri,** and **Hur** are the names of men. See how you translated these in [Exodus 31:2](../31/02.md).
38:22	i4ha		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	מֹשֶֽׁה	1	This sentence leaves out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words. Alternate translation: “Moses to do”
38:23	f93b		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	אָהֳלִיאָ֞ב בֶּן־אֲחִיסָמָ֛ךְ	1	**Oholiab** and **Ahisamak**are names of men. See how you translated these in [Exodus 31:6](../31/06.md).
38:23	wvw4			חָרָ֣שׁ וְ⁠חֹשֵׁ֑ב וְ⁠רֹקֵ֗ם בַּ⁠תְּכֵ֨לֶת֙ וּ⁠בָֽ⁠אַרְגָּמָ֔ן וּ⁠בְ⁠תוֹלַ֥עַת הַ⁠שָּׁנִ֖י וּ⁠בַ⁠שֵּֽׁשׁ	1	This is very similar to part of [Exodus 35:35](../35/35.md).
38:24	tl4k		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	כָּל־הַ⁠זָּהָ֗ב הֶֽ⁠עָשׂוּי֙	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “All the gold that the craftsmen used”
38:24	y7hy		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight	תֵּ֤שַׁע וְ⁠עֶשְׂרִים֙ כִּכָּ֔ר וּ⁠שְׁבַ֨ע מֵא֧וֹת וּ⁠שְׁלֹשִׁ֛ים שֶׁ֖קֶל בְּ⁠שֶׁ֥קֶל הַ⁠קֹּֽדֶשׁ	1	A talent is about 34 kilograms, and a shekel is about 11 grams. There were evidently shekels of more than one weight at the time; **by the shekel of the sanctuary** specified which one was to be used. See how you translated this in [Exodus 30:13](../30/13.md). If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express this in terms of modern measurements, either in the text or a footnote.
38:25	ni5b		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight	מְאַ֣ת כִּכָּ֑ר וְ⁠אֶלֶף֩ וּ⁠שְׁבַ֨ע מֵא֜וֹת וַ⁠חֲמִשָּׁ֧ה וְ⁠שִׁבְעִ֛ים שֶׁ֖קֶל בְּ⁠שֶׁ֥קֶל הַ⁠קֹּֽדֶשׁ	1	A talent is about 34 kilograms, and a shekel is about 11 grams. There were evidently shekels of more than one weight at the time, **by the shekel of the sanctuary** specified which one was to be used. See [the previous verse](../38/24.md). If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express this in terms of modern measurements, either in the text or a footnote.
38:26	rp46			one hundred talents	0	See how you translated many of the same things in [Exodus 30:13–14](../30/13.md).
38:26	t2gi		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight	בֶּ֚קַע לַ⁠גֻּלְגֹּ֔לֶת מַחֲצִ֥ית הַ⁠שֶּׁ֖קֶל בְּ⁠שֶׁ֣קֶל הַ⁠קֹּ֑דֶשׁ	1	A beka is 1/2 a shekel. A shekel is 11 grams. There were evidently shekels of more than one weight at the time; **by the shekel of the sanctuary** specified which one was to be used. See [38:24](../38/24.md). If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express this in terms of modern measurements, either in the text or a footnote. Alternate translation: “five and a half grams” or “5 1/2 grams”
38:26	fyy5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction	מַחֲצִ֥ית הַ⁠שֶּׁ֖קֶל	1	A **half** means one part out of two equal parts.
38:26	nvf8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	לְ⁠כֹ֨ל הָ⁠עֹבֵ֜ר עַל־הַ⁠פְּקֻדִ֗ים מִ⁠בֶּ֨ן עֶשְׂרִ֤ים שָׁנָה֙ וָ⁠מַ֔עְלָ⁠ה לְ⁠שֵׁשׁ־מֵא֥וֹת אֶ֨לֶף֙ וּ⁠שְׁלֹ֣שֶׁת אֲלָפִ֔ים וַ⁠חֲמֵ֥שׁ מֵא֖וֹת וַ⁠חֲמִשִּֽׁים	1	Here the account leaves out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. The idea that this silver was “received” **from** these “men” is left out. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “received from every passer over to the counted ones from a son of 20 years and older—received from 603,550 men”
38:26	ll8b		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	מִ⁠בֶּ֨ן עֶשְׂרִ֤ים שָׁנָה֙	1	This is an idiom meaning 20 years old. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “from those 20 years old”
38:27	p7r5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight	מְאַת֙ כִּכַּ֣ר	1	A talent is about 34 kilograms. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express this in terms of modern measurements, either in the text or a footnote.
38:28	nxf5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	הָ⁠אֶ֜לֶף וּ⁠שְׁבַ֤ע הַ⁠מֵּאוֹת֙ וַ⁠חֲמִשָּׁ֣ה וְ⁠שִׁבְעִ֔ים	1	Here the words **shekels of silver** have been omitted because they are understood from [38:25](../38/25.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “the 1,775 shekels of silver”
38:28	rcda			Bezalel	0	See how you translated some of these in [Exodus 27:17](../27/17.md).
38:29	p3mr		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight	שִׁבְעִ֣ים כִּכָּ֑ר וְ⁠אַלְפַּ֥יִם וְ⁠אַרְבַּע־מֵא֖וֹת שָֽׁקֶל	1	A talent is about 34 kilograms, and a shekel is about 11 grams. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express this in terms of modern measurements, either in the text or a footnote.
38:30	rck7			מִכְבַּ֥ר	1	A **grate** is a frame of crossed bars for holding wood when burning. See how you translated this in [Exodus 27:4](../27/04.md).
38:31	bvr9			יִתְדֹ֧ת & יִתְדֹ֥ת	1	These are sharp bronze stakes that were used to secure the corners of a tent to the ground. See how you translated this in [Exodus 27:19](../27/19.md).
39:intro	mll6				0	# Exodus 39 General Notes\n\n- This chapter continues the record of the construction in almost exact repetition of Yahweh’s instructions. The special, holy clothing mentioned in previous chapters is produced to the correct specifications in this chapter. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])\nBe sure to consult your previous work to maintain consistency. Verses 1–31 of this chapter follow [Exodus 28:1–37](../28/01.md) with some differences. Verses 33–41 follow [35:10–19](../35/10.md).\n- Throughout the chapter the people making the items are referred to interchangeably as **he** or **they**. Both are generic nouns referring to any of the team of skilled craftsmen. You could change all instances to “they” or “he” if that would be understood better in your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
39:1	h8kg			as Yahweh had commanded Moses	0	See how you translated similar instructions in [Exodus 28:4–5](../28/04.md).
39:1	e1xh		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	בִּגְדֵ֤י הַ⁠קֹּ֨דֶשׁ֙	1	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **holiness**, you can express the same idea in another way. See how you translated this in [28:2](../28/02.md). Alternate translation: “the holy clothes”
39:2	b9mg				0	This verse is almost identical to [Exodus 28:6](../28/06.md).
39:4	pq62				0	This verse is very similar to [28:7](../28/07.md).
39:5	g75w				0	This verse is almost identical to [Exodus 28:8](../28/08.md).
39:6	k7vw				0	See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 28:9](../28/09.md) and especially [Exodus 28:11](../28/11.md). Here, as there, the **sons of Israel** literally means the twelve sons, Rueben through Benjamin, not the Israelite nation.
39:7	ize6				0	This verse is almost identical to the first half of [Exodus 28:12](../28/12.md).
39:8	mlf6				0	This verse is almost identical to [Exodus 28:15](../28/15.md); a few words are omitted here.
39:9	lkt1				0	This verse is almost identical to [Exodus 28:16](../28/16.md); a few words are added or repeated here.
39:10	m54c			They set in it	0	This verse is almost identical to [Exodus 28:17](../28/17.md).
39:11	qx96			an emerald, a sapphire, and a diamond	0	This verse is identical to [Exodus 28:18](../28/18.md).
39:12	kk8t			a jacinth, an agate, and an amethyst	0	This verse is identical to [Exodus 28:19](../28/19.md).
39:13	l9wa			a beryl, an onyx, and a jasper	0	This verse is almost identical to [Exodus 28:20](../28/20.md).
39:14	z5va				0	This verse is almost identical to [Exodus 28:21](../28/21.md).
39:15	byz8				0	This verse is almost identical to [Exodus 28:22](../28/22.md).
39:16	b8m6				0	This verse is very similar to [Exodus 28:23–24](../28/23.md).
39:17	w2s4				0	This verse is almost identical to [Exodus 28:24](../28/24.md).
39:18	bw76				0	This verse is identical to [Exodus 28:25](../28/25.md) except for verb tense.
39:19	nd41				0	This verse is identical to [Exodus 28:26](../28/26.md) except for verb tense.
39:20	w8wz				0	This verse is identical to [Exodus 28:27](../28/27.md) except for verb tense.
39:21	zu91				0	This verse is almost identical to [Exodus 28:28](../28/28.md) except for the note about Yahweh’s command.
39:22	vdw1				0	This verse is almost identical to most of [Exodus 28:31–32](../28/31.md).
39:23	cyc1				0	This verse is very similar to [Exodus 28:32](../28/32.md).
39:24	eak6				0	This verse is similar to part of [Exodus 28:33](../28/33.md).
39:25	sx9b				0	This verse is similar to parts of [Exodus 28:33](../28/33.md).
39:26	gtg5				0	The first part of this verse is almost identical to the first part of [Exodus 28:34](../28/34.md).
39:27	pz63				0	Verses 27–29 reflect [Exodus 28:39](../28/39.md), [40](../28/40.md), and [42](../28/42.md) but in a different order.
39:28	um4e			turban	0	Verses 27–29 reflect [Exodus 28:39](../28/39.md), [40](../28/40.md), and [42](../28/42.md) but in a different order.
39:29	hn5g			sash	0	Verses 27–29 reflect [Exodus 28:39](../28/39.md), [40](../28/40.md), and [42](../28/42.md) but in a different order.
39:30	kq33				0	This verse is almost identical [Exodus 28:36](../28/36.md). See [29:6](../29/06.md) for the **crown of holiness**.
39:31	fml2				0	This verse is very similar to [Exodus 28:37](../28/37.md).
39:32	jh64		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-endofstory		0	This verse marks the end of the narrative of the construction of the Dwelling. More precisely, it seems to mark the beginning of an ending section. Use the natural form in your language for expressing the conclusion of a story.
39:32	z1z7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	מִשְׁכַּ֖ן אֹ֣הֶל מוֹעֵ֑ד	1	The **tabernacle** and **tent of meeting** are the same thing. The two interchangeable terms are brought together here in a poetic doubling to bring this part of the narrative to a close. If your readers would find this confusing you may need to simplify to one or expand in explanation like in the UST. Alternate translation: “holy meeting tent”
39:32	et19		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	וַֽ⁠יַּעֲשׂוּ֙ בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל כְּ֠⁠כֹל אֲשֶׁ֨ר צִוָּ֧ה יְהוָ֛ה אֶת־מֹשֶׁ֖ה כֵּ֥ן עָשֽׂוּ	1	Here, **thus they did** parallels the whole rest of the sentence. Like the doubling of the terms for **tabernacle** this brings the narrative of building to an emphatic conclusion. If this sort of parallelism would convey a meaning other than this emphatic conclusion in your language you may need to use another natural way to close the narrative with emphasis on the Israelites complete obedience. Alternate translation: “And the sons of Israel faithfully did exactly according to all that Yahweh had commanded Moses”
39:33	ri54		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent	So the work on the Dwelling, the tent of meeting, was finished. The people of Israel did everything	0	This verse starts a short narrative of the Israelites bringing and presenting the items for the Dwelling to Moses for inspection. It is a summary of the construction and extended conclusion to the last few chapters. Your team may need to decide how to group verse 32, as it both closes the construction narrative and introduces this next section, which ends with a very similar summary statement in [39:42–43](../39/42.md).
39:33	y9ym			clasps	0	This verse, especially the list of items, is very similar to [35:11](../35/11.md).
39:34	z6r6			וְ⁠אֶת־מִכְסֵ֞ה עוֹרֹ֤ת הָֽ⁠אֵילִם֙ הַ⁠מְאָדָּמִ֔ים וְ⁠אֶת־מִכְסֵ֖ה עֹרֹ֣ת הַ⁠תְּחָשִׁ֑ים	1	See how you translated similar phrases to this in [Exodus 26:14](../26/14.md).
39:34	l0fi			פָּרֹ֥כֶת הַ⁠מָּסָֽךְ	1	See how you translated similar phrases to this in [35:12](../35/12.md).
39:35	i7d9			atonement lid	0	See how you translated similar phrases to this in [35:12](../35/12.md).
39:36	knn8			bread of the presence	0	This verse is almost identical to [35:13](../35/13.md).
39:37-38	nzph			bread of the presence	0	These verses are very similar to [35:14–15](../35/14.md).
39:39	e755			grate	0	This verse is almost identical with [35:16](../35/16.md).
39:40	i8lm				0	This verse is almost identical with [35:17](../35/17.md) and parts of [35:18](../35/18.md).
39:40	ajt4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	הַ⁠מִּשְׁכָּ֖ן לְ⁠אֹ֥הֶל מוֹעֵֽד	1	These refer to the same place. See how you translated the doubling in [39:32](../39/32.md). Alternate translation: “the Dwelling, that is the tent of meeting”
39:41	z3ip			the Dwelling, the tent of meeting	0	This verse is identical to [35:19](../35/19.md).
39:42	ct6k			Thus the people	0	This verse is almost identical to the second half of [39:32](../39/32.md).
39:43	t26m			וְ⁠הִנֵּה֙	1	Here, the word **behold** draws attention to the information that follows. Use a word or marking in your language that draws attention to the next information.
39:43	z79s		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-endofstory	As Yahweh had commanded, in that way they did it	0	This (and really verse 42) is the end of the conclusion of the construction of materials portion of the story. The ending began in [39:32](../39/32.md). If your language has specific features that should be part of the end of a section like this, consider using them here.
40:intro	fa6e				0	# Exodus 40 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n- In this chapter, **just as Yahweh commanded Moses** is repeated seven times, as in the previous chapter, to show that Moses was obedient to every detail of Yahweh’s command.\n- This chapter is repetitive both internally and with other parts of the book. Verses 17–33 parallel verses 2–8 in an expanded way.\n\n## Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n- The **Dwelling** and **tent of meeting** are the same thing, but both appear next to each other many times in this chapter. The two interchangeable terms are brought together throughout this chapter in a poetic doubling to bring book to a close. If your readers would find this confusing, you may need to simplify to one or expand in explanation like in the UST.\n- This chapter says that Moses did all these things. Just like with Bezalel in earlier chapters, it would have been impossible for him to do all this personally. The people helped him set up the Dwelling. In many translations this will more clear if you make this explicit.\n- “the glory of Yahweh filled the Dwelling”: This phrase indicates that Yahweh began to dwell within the Dwelling, among Israel, in a special way. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/tabernacle]])
40:1	ea7j		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent		0	There is a transition to a new event at the beginning of this chapter. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new event.
40:2	bgv1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal	בְּ⁠יוֹם־הַ⁠חֹ֥דֶשׁ הָ⁠רִאשׁ֖וֹן בְּ⁠אֶחָ֣ד לַ⁠חֹ֑דֶשׁ	1	If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “On day one of the month, in month one”
40:2	gzk3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	מִשְׁכַּ֖ן אֹ֥הֶל מוֹעֵֽד	1	These refer to the same place. See how you translated the doubling in [39:32](../39/32.md). Alternate translation: “the Dwelling, that is the tent of meeting”
40:2	clkf		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	לַ⁠חֹ֑דֶשׁ	1	Here, the new or next year is omitted because it can be inferred from context. However, if that would be misunderstood by your readers (perhaps they would think it just meant “next month” or something), you could add a phrase to make it clear that it is the first month of the year. This refers to exactly one year after God rescued his people from Egypt. See [Exodus 12:2](../12/02.md). Alternate translation: “month of the year”
40:3	l7fp			וְ⁠סַכֹּתָ֥ עַל	1	Alternate translation: “and you shall conceal”
40:5	b3ct		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	לִ⁠פְנֵ֖י	1	Alternate translation: “in front of”
40:6	o5sz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	לִ⁠פְנֵ֕י	1	Alternate translation: “in front of”
40:6	nqha		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	מִשְׁכַּ֥ן אֹֽהֶל־מוֹעֵֽד	1	These refer to the same place. See how you translated the doubling in [39:32](../39/32.md). Alternate translation: “the Dwelling, that is the tent of meeting”
40:10	yiq8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession	קֹ֥דֶשׁ קָֽדָשִֽׁים	1	Here, **holiest holy** means extremely or uniquely holy. If this form would not express that this item would become uniquely holy in your language you may need to find another way to express this idea. See how you translated this in [Exodus 29:37](../29/37.md). Alternate translation: “a most holy thing” or “extraordinarily holy”
40:12	gqld				0	Verses 12–15 are similar to [Exodus 29:4–9](../29/04.md).
40:16	xl61		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent		0	This statement starts a new section in which Moses does all the things **just as Yahweh had commanded**; this poetic obedience statement was seen so often in the previous chapter. You may wish to mark this transition and poetic statement in a particular way in your language that is similar to how you did in the last chapter. See [39:32](../39/32.md).
40:17	r6pc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	הוּקַ֖ם הַ⁠מִּשְׁכָּֽן	1	The use of the passive here indicates that the important thing is the completion of the task of setting up the tent on the specific date Yahweh had commanded. If your language would show that focus in a different way, use a natural form to do that. Alternate translation: “that they set up the Dwelling”
40:17	gzu5			בַּ⁠חֹ֧דֶשׁ הָ⁠רִאשׁ֛וֹן בַּ⁠שָּׁנָ֥ה הַ⁠שֵּׁנִ֖ית בְּ⁠אֶחָ֣ד לַ⁠חֹ֑דֶשׁ	1	This refers to exactly one year after God rescued his people from Egypt. See [Exodus 12:2](../12/02.md).
40:17	wnh8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal	בַּ⁠חֹ֧דֶשׁ הָ⁠רִאשׁ֛וֹן בַּ⁠שָּׁנָ֥ה הַ⁠שֵּׁנִ֖ית בְּ⁠אֶחָ֣ד	1	If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “in month one, year two, on day one of”
40:18	kk4n		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	וַ⁠יָּ֨קֶם מֹשֶׁ֜ה אֶת־הַ⁠מִּשְׁכָּ֗ן וַ⁠יִּתֵּן֙ אֶת־אֲדָנָ֔י⁠ו	1	Moses was the leader. It would have been impossible for him to do all this personally; the people helped him set up the Dwelling. All references to Moses from here to all the Dwelling assembly listing through [40:33](../40/33.md) can be understood this way. Alternate translation: “And Moses directed the people to raise up the Dwelling, and they placed its bases”
40:20	chx4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יִּקַּ֞ח & וַ⁠יָּ֥שֶׂם	1	In this verse and the next, there may be an exception to the word **he** meaning someone who was helping Moses, because these items were especially sacred. If you have been using a form that indicates that people are helping Moses construct the Dwelling, you may consider switching to “Moses” here.
40:21	yhbs		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	וַ⁠יָּבֵ֣א & וַ⁠יָּ֗שֶׂם	1	In this verse and the previous verse, there may be an exception to the word **he** meaning someone who was helping Moses, because these items were especially sacred. If you have been using a form that indicates that people are helping Moses construct the Dwelling, you may consider switching to “Moses” here.
40:23	b3pp		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י	1	Alternate translation: “in the presence of”
40:25	t2o2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י	1	Alternate translation: “in the presence of”
40:26	i5gg		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	לִ⁠פְנֵ֖י	1	Alternate translation: “in front of”
40:27	iwuo			in front of the curtain	0	See [30:7](../30/07.md).
40:35	ysd8			וְ⁠לֹא־יָכֹ֣ל מֹשֶׁ֗ה לָ⁠בוֹא֙ אֶל־אֹ֣הֶל מוֹעֵ֔ד כִּֽי־שָׁכַ֥ן עָלָ֖י⁠ו הֶ⁠עָנָ֑ן וּ⁠כְב֣וֹד יְהוָ֔ה מָלֵ֖א אֶת־הַ⁠מִּשְׁכָּֽן	1	If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases since the second phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. Alternate translation: “Because the cloud had settled on it and the glory of Yahweh had filled the Dwelling, Moses was not able to go into the tent of meeting.”
40:36	ak35		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	וּ⁠בְ⁠הֵעָל֤וֹת הֶֽ⁠עָנָן֙	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Whenever Yahweh’s cloud moved”
40:37	s8y2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	וְ⁠אִם־לֹ֥א יֵעָלֶ֖ה הֶ⁠עָנָ֑ן וְ⁠לֹ֣א יִסְע֔וּ עַד־י֖וֹם הֵעָלֹתֽ⁠וֹ	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “but if Yahweh did not take up the cloud, then they would not set out until the day he took it up.”
40:38	i8hu		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	לְ⁠עֵינֵ֥י כָל־בֵּֽית־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל	1	Here, **before the eyes of** refers to being able to see. All the Israelites could see the cloud and fire. Alternate translation: “and all the house of Israel could see it”
40:38	bhi5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	בֵּֽית־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל	1	Here, **house** represents a people group, the Israelites, who were descended from Jacob, who was also named Israel. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a metaphor from your language or translate the meaning. This is a common biblical metaphor, so you may want to check other places this occurs. The **house of Israel** is equivalent to “sons of Israel” or “Israelites.”