Reference	ID	Tags	SupportReference	Quote	Occurrence	Note
front:intro	ur4j				0	# Introduction to 2 Corinthians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of the Book of 2 Corinthians\n\n1. Paul thanks God for the Corinthian Christians (1:1-11)\n1. Paul explains his conduct and his ministry (1:12-7:16)\n1. Paul speaks about contributing money for the Jerusalem church (8:1-9:15)\n1. Paul defends his authority as an apostle (10:1-13:10)\n1. Paul gives final greetings and encouragement (13:11-14)\n\n### Who wrote the Book of 2 Corinthians?\n\nPaul was the author. He was from the city of Tarsus. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee. He persecuted Christians. After he became a Christian, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus.\n\nPaul started the church in Corinth. He was staying in the city of Ephesus when he wrote this letter.\n\n### What is the Book of 2 Corinthians about?\n\nIn 2 Corinthians, Paul continued to write about the conflicts among the Christians in the city of Corinth. It is clear in this letter that the Corinthians had obeyed his previous instructions to them. In 2 Corinthians, Paul encouraged them to live in a way that would please God.\n\nPaul also wrote to assure them that Jesus Christ sent him as an apostle to preach the Gospel. Paul wanted them to understand this, because a group of Jewish Christians opposed what he was doing. They claimed Paul was not sent by God and he was teaching a false message. This group of Jewish Christians wanted Gentile Christians to obey the law of Moses.\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nTranslators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, “Second Corinthians.” Or they may choose a clearer title, such as “Paul’s Second Letter to the Church in Corinth.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### What was the city of Corinth like?\n\nCorinth was a major city located in ancient Greece. Because it was near the Mediterranean Sea, many travelers and traders came to buy and sell goods there. This resulted in the city having people from many different cultures. The city was famous for having people who lived in immoral ways. The people worshipped Aphrodite, the Greek goddess of love. As part of the ceremonies honoring Aphrodite, her worshipers had sexual intercourse with temple prostitutes.\n\n### What did Paul mean by “false apostles” (11:13)?\n\nThese were Jewish Christians. They taught that Gentile Christians had to obey the law of Moses in order to follow Christ. Christian leaders had met in Jerusalem and decided on the matter (See: Acts 15). However, it is clear that there were still some groups that disagreed with what the leaders in Jerusalem decided.\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### Singular and plural “you”\n\nIn this book, the word “I” refers to Paul. Also, the word “you” is almost always plural and refers to the believers in Corinth. There are two exceptions to this: 6:2 and 12:9. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])\n\n### How are the ideas of “holy” and “sanctify” represented in 2 Corinthians in the ULT?\n\nThe scriptures use such words to indicate any one of various ideas. For this reason, it is often difficult for translators to represent them well in their versions. In translating into English, the ULT uses the following principles:\n* Sometimes the meaning in a passage implies moral holiness. Especially important for understanding the gospel is the fact that God considers Christians to be sinless because they are united to Jesus Christ. Another related fact is that God is perfect and faultless. A third fact is that Christians are to conduct themselves in a blameless, faultless manner in life. In these cases, the ULT uses “holy,” “holy God,” “holy ones,” or “holy people.”\n* The meaning in most passages in 2 Corinthians is a simple reference to Christians without implying any particular role filled by them. In these cases, the ULT uses “believer” or “believers.” (See: 1:1; 8:4; 9:1, 12; 13:13)\n* Sometimes the meaning in the passage implies the idea of someone or something set apart for God alone. In these cases, the ULT uses “set apart,” “dedicated to,” “reserved for,” or “sanctified.”\n\nThe UST will often be helpful as translators think about how to represent these ideas in their own versions.\n\n### What did Paul mean by expressions like “in Christ” and “in the Lord”?\n\nThis kind of expression occurs in 1:19, 20; 2:12, 17; 3:14; 5:17, 19, 21; 10:17; 12:2, 19; and 13:4. Paul meant to express the idea of a very close union with Christ and the believers. At the same time, he often intended other meanings as well. See, for example, “A door was opened for me in the Lord,” (2:12) where Paul specifically meant that a door was opened for Paul by the Lord.\n\nPlease see the introduction to the Book of Romans for more details about this kind of expression.\n\n### What does it mean to be a “new creation” in Christ (5:17)?\n\nPaul’s message was that God makes Christians part of a “new world” when a person believes in Christ. God gives a new world of holiness, peace, and joy. In this new world, believers have a new nature that has been given them by the Holy Spirit. Translators should try to express this idea.\n\n### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of 2 Corinthians?\n* “and in your love for us” (8:7). Many versions, including the ULT and UST, read this way. However, many other versions read, “and in our love for you.” There is strong evidence that each reading is original. Translators should probably follow the reading preferred by other versions in their region.\n\n(See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])
1:intro	tsh3				0	# 2 Corinthians 1 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThe first paragraph reflects a common way to begin a letter in the ancient Near East.\n\n## Special Concepts\n\n### Paul’s integrity\n\nPeople were criticizing Paul and saying he was not sincere. He refutes them by explaining his motives for what he was doing.\n\n### Comfort\n\nComfort is a major theme of this chapter. The Holy Spirit comforts Christians. The Corinthians probably were afflicted and needed to be comforted.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Rhetorical question\n\nPaul uses two rhetorical questions to defend himself against a charge of not being sincere. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### We\n\nPaul uses the pronoun “we”. This likely represents at least Timothy and himself. It may also include other people.\n\n### Guarantee\n\nPaul says the Holy Spirit is the guarantee, which means pledge or down-payment, of a Christian’s eternal life. Christians are securely saved. But they will not experience all of God’s given promises until after they die. The Holy Spirit is a personal guarantee that this will happen. This idea comes from a business term. A person gives some valuable item to another person as a “guarantee” that they will repay money. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])
1:1	epd2			General Information:	0	# General Information:\n\nAfter Paul’s greeting to the church in Corinth, he writes about suffering and comfort through Jesus Christ. Timothy is with him as well. The word “you” throughout this letter refers to the people of the church in Corinth and to the rest of the Christians in that area. Possibly Timothy writes on parchment paper the words that Paul says.
1:1	mel3			Παῦλος & τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ τοῦ Θεοῦ τῇ οὔσῃ ἐν Κορίνθῳ	1	Your language may have a particular way of introducing the author of a letter and its intended audience. Alternate translation: “I, Paul … wrote this letter to you, the church of God that is in Corinth”
1:1	f59u			Τιμόθεος ὁ ἀδελφὸς	1	The word **our** indicates that both Paul and the Corinthians knew **Timothy** and considered him to be their spiritual **brother**.
1:1	mhg5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	Ἀχαΐᾳ	1	**Achaia** is the name of a Roman province in the southern part of modern-day Greece. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
1:2	f6k1			χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη	1	This is a common greeting that Paul uses in his letters.
1:3	px2q		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	εὐλογητὸς ὁ Θεὸς καὶ Πατὴρ τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “May we always praise the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1:3	k7dl			ὁ Θεὸς καὶ Πατὴρ	1	Alternate translation: “God, who is the Father”
1:3	pg4a		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	ὁ Πατὴρ τῶν οἰκτιρμῶν καὶ Θεὸς πάσης παρακλήσεως	1	These two phrases express the same idea in two different ways. Both phrases refer to God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
1:3	blv4			ὁ Πατὴρ τῶν οἰκτιρμῶν καὶ Θεὸς πάσης παρακλήσεως	1	This could mean: (1) the words **mercies** and **all comfort** describe the character of **Father** and **God**. (2) the words **Father** and **God** refer to one who is the source of **mercies** and **all comfort**.
1:4	n2lc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	παρακαλῶν ἡμᾶς ἐπὶ πάσῃ τῇ θλίψει ἡμῶν	1	Here, **us** and **our** include the Corinthians. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
1:5	nn5a		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ὅτι καθὼς περισσεύει τὰ παθήματα τοῦ Χριστοῦ εἰς ἡμᾶς	1	Paul speaks of the **sufferings of Christ** as if they were objects that could increase in number. Alternate translation: “For just as Christ suffered greatly for our sake” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1:5	i254			τὰ παθήματα τοῦ Χριστοῦ	1	This could refer to: (1) the **sufferings** that Paul and Timothy experience because they preach the message about Christ. (2) the **sufferings** that Christ experienced on their behalf.
1:5	tg9w		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	περισσεύει & ἡ παράκλησις ἡμῶν	2	Paul speaks of **comfort** as if it were an object that could increase in size. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1:6	y9bi		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	εἴτε δὲ θλιβόμεθα	1	Here the word **we** refers to Paul and Timothy, but not to the Corinthians. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
1:6	ylw2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	εἴτε δὲ θλιβόμεθα	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “But if people afflict us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1:6	wyj4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	εἴτε παρακαλούμεθα	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “if God comforts us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1:6	cfq7			τῆς ὑμῶν παρακλήσεως, τῆς ἐνεργουμένης	1	Alternate translation: “you experience effective comfort”
1:8	jqn8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives	οὐ & θέλομεν ὑμᾶς ἀγνοεῖν	1	If your readers would misunderstand the double-negative **not … uninformed**, you could express it in positive form. Alternate translation: “we want you to know” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
1:8	pr8a		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ὅτι καθ’ ὑπερβολὴν ὑπὲρ δύναμιν ἐβαρήθημεν	1	Paul and Timothy refer to their emotions of despair being like a heavy weight they have to carry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1:8	gu5b		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ὑπερβολὴν & ἐβαρήθημεν	1	The word **burdened** refers to the feeling of despair. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “We were in complete despair” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1:9	lks3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	αὐτοὶ ἐν ἑαυτοῖς τὸ ἀπόκριμα τοῦ θανάτου ἐσχήκαμεν	1	Paul and Timothy are comparing their feeling of despair to that of someone condemned to die. Alternate translation: “we were in despair like someone who is condemned to die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1:9	i7up		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	ἀλλ’ ἐπὶ τῷ Θεῷ	1	The words “be putting our trust” are left out of this phrase. Alternate translation: “but instead, be putting our trust in God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
1:9	bu2y		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	τῷ ἐγείροντι τοὺς νεκρούς	1	Here to raise is an idiom for causing someone who has died to become alive again. Alternate translation: “who causes the dead to live again” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1:10	x4kh		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	θανάτου	1	Paul compares his feeling of despair as a result of the troubles that they experienced to a **deadly peril** or terrible danger. Alternate translation: “despair” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1:10	mwn9			καὶ ἔτι ῥύσεται	1	Alternate translation: “he also will continue to rescue us”
1:11	q17d			συνυπουργούντων καὶ ὑμῶν ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν τῇ δεήσει	1	Alternate translation: “God will rescue us from danger as you, the people of the church of Corinth, also help us by praying with us”
1:11	k1fl		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	τὸ εἰς ἡμᾶς χάρισμα	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the gracious favor which God has given to us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1:12	kqv3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	ἡμῶν & ἡμῶν & ἀνεστράφημεν	1	# General Information:\n\nIn these verses Paul uses the words **our**, **we**, and **ourselves** to refer to himself and Timothy and possibly others who served with them. These words do not include the people he was writing to. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
1:12	r9p8			ἡ γὰρ καύχησις ἡμῶν αὕτη ἐστίν	1	The word **boasting** here is used in the positive sense of feeling great satisfaction and joy in something.
1:12	c7mu		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	τὸ μαρτύριον τῆς συνειδήσεως ἡμῶν	1	Paul speaks of not being guilty as if his **conscience** were a person that could testify. Alternate translation: “we know by our conscience” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
1:12	c1bd		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	οὐκ ἐν σοφίᾳ σαρκικῇ, ἀλλ’ ἐν χάριτι Θεοῦ	1	Here, **fleshly** represents human. Alternate translation: “We have not relied on human wisdom but on the grace of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1:13	h21j		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives	οὐ γὰρ ἄλλα γράφομεν ὑμῖν, ἀλλ’ ἢ ἃ ἀναγινώσκετε ἢ καὶ ἐπιγινώσκετε	1	If your readers would misunderstand the double-negative **no … but**, you could express it in positive form. Alternate translation: “you could read and understand everything we write to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
1:14	ma5m			καύχημα ὑμῶν	1	The word **boasting** here is used in the positive sense of feeling great satisfaction and joy in something.
1:15	k1u9			Connecting Statement:	0	# Connecting Statement:\n\nPaul explains his sincere expectation with pure motives to come see the believers in Corinth after his first letter.
1:15	n5ex			ταύτῃ τῇ πεποιθήσει	1	The word **this** refers to Paul’s previous comments about the Corinthians.
1:15	y432			δευτέραν χάριν σχῆτε	1	Alternate translation: “you might benefit from me visiting you twice”
1:16	mp6u			ὑφ’ ὑμῶν προπεμφθῆναι εἰς τὴν Ἰουδαίαν	1	Alternate translation: “to assist me to continue on to Judea”
1:17	zms7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	μήτι ἄρα τῇ ἐλαφρίᾳ ἐχρησάμην?	1	Paul uses this question to emphasize he was sure about his decision to visit the Corinthians. The expected answer to the question is “no”. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “I was not hesitating.” or “I was confident in my decision.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1:17	chy9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	ἢ ἃ βουλεύομαι, κατὰ σάρκα βουλεύομαι, ἵνα ᾖ παρ’ ἐμοὶ τὸ ναὶ, ναὶ, καὶ τὸ οὒ, οὔ?	1	Paul uses this question to emphasize that his plans to visit the Corinthians were sincere. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “I do not plan things according to human standards, so that I would say “Yes, yes” and “No, no” at the same time.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1:17	fq3t		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	ἢ ἃ βουλεύομαι, κατὰ σάρκα βουλεύομαι, ἵνα ᾖ παρ’ ἐμοὶ τὸ ναὶ, ναὶ, καὶ τὸ οὒ, οὔ?	1	This means that Paul did not say both that he would visit and that he would not visit at the same time. Alternate translation: “I do not plan things according to fleshly planning, so that I say ‘Yes, I will certainly visit’ and ‘No, I will definitely not visit’ at the same time!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1:17	y41z		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	ἵνα ᾖ παρ’ ἐμοὶ τὸ ναὶ, ναὶ, καὶ τὸ οὒ, οὔ?	1	The words **yes** and **no** are repeated for emphasis. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
1:19	z4he		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	ὁ τοῦ Θεοῦ γὰρ Υἱὸς, Ἰησοῦς Χριστός & οὐκ ἐγένετο ναὶ καὶ οὒ, ἀλλὰ ναὶ ἐν αὐτῷ γέγονεν.	1	**Jesus** says “**Yes**” concerning the promises of God, which means that he guarantees that they are true. Alternate translation: “For the Son of God, Jesus Christ … does not say ‘Yes’ and ‘No’ concerning God’s promises. Instead, he always says ‘Yes.’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1:19	hd2t		rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples	ὁ τοῦ Θεοῦ & Υἱὸς	1	**Son of God** is an important title for Jesus that describes his relationship to God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
1:20	h2xc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	ὅσαι & ἐπαγγελίαι Θεοῦ, ἐν αὐτῷ τὸ ναί	1	This means that Jesus guarantees all of the **promises of God**. Alternate translation: “all the promises of God are guaranteed in Jesus Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1:20	h4uv			ἐν αὐτῷ τὸ ναί & δι’ αὐτοῦ	1	Both occurrences of the word **him** refer to Jesus Christ.
1:21	d3s3			ὁ δὲ βεβαιῶν ἡμᾶς σὺν ὑμῖν εἰς Χριστὸν καὶ χρίσας ἡμᾶς Θεός	1	This could mean: (1) Paul is saying that **God** confirms the relationship of him and his team with each other because they are **in Christ**. (2) Paul is saying that **God** confirms the relationship of him and his team, and the Corinthians, with **Christ**.
1:21	tjc6			χρίσας ἡμᾶς	1	This could mean: (1) he sent us to preach the gospel. (2) he chose us to be his people.
1:22	z43l		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ὁ καὶ σφραγισάμενος ἡμᾶς	1	Paul speaks of God showing that we belong to him as if God had put a mark on us as a sign that we belong to him. Alternate translation: “he has put his mark of ownership on us” or “he has shown that we belong to him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1:22	xe98		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	δοὺς τὸν ἀρραβῶνα τοῦ Πνεύματος ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ἡμῶν	1	Here the word **hearts** refers to the innermost part of a person. Alternate translation: “gave us the Spirit to live within each of us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1:22	jcv7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	τὸν ἀρραβῶνα τοῦ Πνεύματος	1	The **Spirit** is spoken of as if he was a partial downpayment toward eternal life. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1:23	j8lc			ἐγὼ δὲ μάρτυρα τὸν Θεὸν ἐπικαλοῦμαι ἐπὶ τὴν ἐμὴν ψυχήν	1	Here, to be **a witness** refers to a person telling what they have seen or heard in order to settle an argument. Alternate translation: “I ask God to show what I say is true”
1:23	j15t			ὅτι φειδόμενος ὑμῶν	1	Alternate translation: “so that I might not cause you more suffering”
1:24	cyu4			συνεργοί ἐσμεν τῆς χαρᾶς ὑμῶν	1	Alternate translation: “we are working with you so that you may have joy”
1:24	cih8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	τῇ & πίστει ἑστήκατε	1	Here, **stand firm** can refer to something that does not change. Alternate translation: “remain firm in your faith” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
2:intro	hy3h				0	# 2 Corinthians 2 General Notes\n\n## Special Concepts\n\n### Harsh writing\n\nIn this chapter, Paul refers to a letter he previously wrote to the Corinthians. That letter had a harsh and corrective tone. Paul probably wrote it after the letter known as First Corinthians and before this letter. He implies that the church had to rebuke an erring member. Paul is now encouraging them to be gracious to that person. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Aroma\n\nA sweet aroma is a pleasing smell. Scripture often describes things that are pleasing to God as having a pleasing aroma.
2:1	wh9c			Connecting Statement:	0	# Connecting Statement:\n\nBecause of his great love for them, Paul makes it clear that his rebuke in his first letter to them (the rebuke of their acceptance of the sin of immorality) caused him pain as well as pain to the church people in Corinth and the immoral man.
2:1	ij73			ἐν λύπῃ	1	Alternate translation: “in circumstances that would cause you pain”
2:2	nb6x		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	εἰ γὰρ ἐγὼ λυπῶ ὑμᾶς, καὶ τίς ὁ εὐφραίνων με, εἰ μὴ ὁ λυπούμενος ἐξ ἐμοῦ?	1	Paul uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that neither he nor they would benefit if his coming to them would cause them pain. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “If I caused you pain, the only ones who could cheer me up would be the very ones whom I had hurt.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2:2	x2vr		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ὁ λυπούμενος ἐξ ἐμοῦ	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the very one whom I had hurt” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2:3	kxu2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	ἔγραψα τοῦτο αὐτὸ	1	Paul is referring to another letter that he had written to the Corinthian Christians, but which no longer exists. Alternate translation: “I wrote as I did in my previous letter” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2:3	v87i		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	μὴ & λύπην σχῶ ἀφ’ ὧν ἔδει με χαίρειν	1	Paul is speaking about the behavior of certain Corinthian believers who caused him emotional pain. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “those who should have made me rejoice might not hurt me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2:3	i5r6			ἡ ἐμὴ χαρὰ πάντων ὑμῶν ἐστιν	1	Alternate translation: “what gives me joy is what gives you joy, too”
2:4	uch7			ἐκ γὰρ πολλῆς θλίψεως	1	Here the word **affliction** refers to emotional pain.
2:4	vs7m		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	συνοχῆς καρδίας	1	Here the word **heart** refers to the location of the emotions. Alternate translation: “with extreme sorrow” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2:4	d5vf			διὰ πολλῶν δακρύων	1	Alternate translation: “with much crying”
2:6	iy4r		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἱκανὸν τῷ τοιούτῳ ἡ ἐπιτιμία αὕτη, ἡ ὑπὸ τῶν πλειόνων	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The punishment that the majority gave that person is sufficient” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2:6	wr3k		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	ἱκανὸν τῷ τοιούτῳ ἡ ἐπιτιμία αὕτη, ἡ ὑπὸ τῶν πλειόνων	1	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word ** punishment**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “The way that the majority has punished that person is enough” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2:6	a7c4			ἱκανὸν	1	Alternate translation: “is sufficient”
2:7	vpx1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	μή πως τῇ περισσοτέρᾳ λύπῃ, καταποθῇ ὁ τοιοῦτος	1	This means to have a strong emotional response of too much sorrow. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “We do not want too much sorrow to overwhelm him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2:8	r916			Connecting Statement:	0	# Connecting Statement:\n\nPaul encourages the church in Corinth to show love and to forgive the person they have punished. He writes that he, also, has forgiven him.
2:8	yi2z			κυρῶσαι εἰς αὐτὸν ἀγάπην	1	This means that they are to confirm their **love** for this man in the presence of all of the believers.
2:9	xw5t		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	εἰς πάντα ὑπήκοοί ἐστε	1	This could mean: (1) the Corinthians **are obedient** to God **in everything**. (2) the Corinthians **are obedient** **in everything** that Paul has taught them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2:10	cbm6			δι’ ὑμᾶς	1	This could mean: (1) they are forgiven out of Paul’s love for them. (2) they are forgiven for their benefit.
2:11	m46t		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives	οὐ γὰρ αὐτοῦ τὰ νοήματα ἀγνοοῦμεν	1	If your readers would misunderstand the double-negative **not ignorant**, you could express it in positive form. Alternate translation: “For we know his plans well” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
2:12	l6vd			Connecting Statement:	0	# Connecting Statement:\n\nPaul encourages the believers in Corinth by telling them of the opportunities he has had to preach the gospel in Troas and Macedonia.
2:12	a1ti		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	εἰς τὸ εὐαγγέλιον τοῦ Χριστοῦ, καὶ θύρας μοι ἀνεῳγμένης ἐν Κυρίῳ	1	Paul speaks of his opportunity to preach the **gospel** as if it were a **door** through which he was allowed to walk. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2:12	n9cr		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	εἰς τὸ εὐαγγέλιον τοῦ Χριστοῦ, καὶ θύρας μοι ἀνεῳγμένης ἐν Κυρίῳ	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The Lord indeed opened a door to me to preach the gospel of Christ” or “The Lord gave me the opportunity to preach the gospel of Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2:13	rjy9			οὐκ ἔσχηκα ἄνεσιν τῷ πνεύματί μου	1	Alternate translation: “My mind was troubled” or “I was worried”
2:13	xd5h			Τίτον τὸν ἀδελφόν μου	1	Paul speaks of **Titus** as his spiritual **brother**.
2:13	wq6j			ἀλλὰ ἀποταξάμενος αὐτοῖς	1	Alternate translation: “So I left the people of Troas”
2:14	gpd2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	τῷ & Θεῷ & τῷ πάντοτε θριαμβεύοντι ἡμᾶς ἐν τῷ Χριστῷ	1	Paul speaks of God as if he were a victorious general leading a victory parade and of himself and his coworkers as those who take part in that parade. This could mean: (1) God, who in Christ always causes us to share in his triumph. (2) God, who in Christ always leads us in triumph as those over whom he as gained victory. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2:14	l1nr		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	τὴν ὀσμὴν τῆς γνώσεως αὐτοῦ, φανεροῦντι δι’ ἡμῶν ἐν παντὶ τόπῳ	1	Paul speaks of the **knowledge** of Christ as if it were incense that has a pleasing smell. Alternate translation: “He causes the knowledge of Christ to spread to everyone who hears us, just as the sweet smell of burning incense spreads to everyone near it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2:14	eq21			φανεροῦντι & ἐν παντὶ τόπῳ	1	Alternate translation: “he spreads … everywhere we go”
2:15	x6nn		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Χριστοῦ εὐωδία ἐσμὲν τῷ Θεῷ	1	Paul speaks of his ministry as if it were the pleasing smell of a burnt offering that someone offers to **God**. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2:15	b1k1			Χριστοῦ εὐωδία ἐσμὲν τῷ Θεῷ	1	This could refer to: (1) the sweet aroma which is the knowledge of **Christ**. (2) the sweet aroma that **Christ** offers.
2:15	itc8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	τοῖς σῳζομένοις	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “those whom God is saving” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2:16	dwk6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ὀσμὴ	1	This refers back to [2 Corinthians 2:14](../02/14.md), where Paul speaks of the knowledge of Christ as if it were incense that has a pleasing smell. Alternate translation: “the knowledge of Christ is an aroma” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2:16	ud2u		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	ὀσμὴ ἐκ θανάτου εἰς θάνατον	1	This could mean: (1) the word **death** is repeated for emphasis and the phrase means “an aroma that causes death.” (2) this refers to an **aroma** of **death** that causes people to die. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
2:16	v2n3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	οἷς	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “to the ones whom God is saving” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2:16	cdr3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	ὀσμὴ ἐκ ζωῆς εἰς ζωήν	1	This could mean: (1) the word **life** is repeated for emphasis and the phrase means “an aroma that gives life.” (2) this refers to an **aroma** of life that gives people **life**. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
2:16	be6x		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	πρὸς ταῦτα τίς ἱκανός?	1	Paul uses this question to emphasize that no one is worthy to do the ministry that God has called them to do. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one is worthy of these things!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2:17	a5sa		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	καπηλεύοντες τὸν λόγον τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	Here, **word** is a metonym for “message.” Alternate translation: “who sell God’s message to make money” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2:17	x86y			εἰλικρινείας	1	Alternate translation: “pure motives”
2:17	u2zb			κατέναντι Θεοῦ ἐν Χριστῷ λαλοῦμεν	1	Alternate translation: “we speak as people who are joined to Christ” or “we speak with the authority of Christ”
2:17	q4dc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	κατέναντι Θεοῦ	1	Paul and his coworkers preach the gospel with the awareness that **God** is watching them. Alternate translation: “we speak in the presence of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
3:intro	f7rh				0	# 2 Corinthians 3 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nPaul continues his defense. Paul views the Corinthian Christians as the proof of his work.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Law of Moses\n\nPaul alludes to God giving the Ten Commandments on stone tablets. This represents the law of Moses. The law was good because it came from God. But God punished the Israelites because they disobeyed it. This chapter may be difficult for translators to understand if the Old Testament has not yet been translated. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Metaphors\n\nPaul uses many metaphors used in this chapter to explain complex spiritual truths. It is unclear whether this makes Paul’s teachings easier or more difficult to understand. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### “This is a covenant not of the letter but of the Spirit.”\n\nPaul contrasts the old and new covenants. The new covenant is not a system of rules and regulations. Here, **Spirit** probably refers to the Holy Spirit. It may also refer to the new covenant being “spiritual” in nature. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]])
3:1	um8x		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	ἀρχόμεθα πάλιν ἑαυτοὺς συνιστάνειν?	1	Paul uses this question to emphasize that they are not bragging about themselves. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “We are not beginning to praise ourselves again!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
3:1	y8yc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	ἢ μὴ χρῄζομεν, ὥς τινες, συστατικῶν ἐπιστολῶν πρὸς ὑμᾶς ἢ ἐξ ὑμῶν?	1	Paul used this question to express that the Corinthians already know about Paul and Timothy’s good reputation. The question prompts a negative answer. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “We certainly do not need letters of recommendation to you or from you, like some people do!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
3:1	ad1u			συστατικῶν ἐπιστολῶν	1	This refers to **letters** that people write to introduce and give their approval of someone else.
3:2	ty59		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἡ ἐπιστολὴ ἡμῶν ὑμεῖς ἐστε	1	Paul speaks of the Corinthians as if they are a **letter** of recommendation. That they have become believers serves to validate Paul’s ministry to others. Alternate translation: “You yourselves are like our letter of recommendation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3:2	v2e7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ἐνγεγραμμένη ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ἡμῶν	1	Here the word **hearts** refers to their thoughts and emotions. This could mean: (1) Paul and his coworkers are sure about the Corinthians being their letter of recommendation. (2) Paul and his coworkers care very deeply for the Corinthians. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3:2	bu1u		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἐνγεγραμμένη ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ἡμῶν	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form with “Christ” as the implied subject, or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “which Christ has written on our hearts” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3:2	dr5k		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	γινωσκομένη καὶ ἀναγινωσκομένη ὑπὸ πάντων ἀνθρώπων	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that all people can know and read” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3:3	s717		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	ἐστὲ ἐπιστολὴ Χριστοῦ	1	Paul clarifies that Christ is the one who has written the **letter**. Alternate translation: “you are a letter that Christ has written” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:3	wrk4			διακονηθεῖσα ὑφ’ ἡμῶν	1	Alternate translation: “brought by us”
3:3	q96q			ἐνγεγραμμένη οὐ μέλανι, ἀλλὰ Πνεύματι Θεοῦ ζῶντος, οὐκ ἐν πλαξὶν λιθίναις, ἀλλ’ ἐν πλαξὶν καρδίαις σαρκίναις	1	Paul clarifies that the Corinthians are like a spiritual letter, not like a letter that humans write with physical objects.
3:3	vyuh		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	ἐνγεγραμμένη οὐ μέλανι, ἀλλὰ Πνεύματι Θεοῦ ζῶντος	1	The verb “written” is implied in the second phrase. Alternate translation: “not written with ink, but written with the Spirit of the living God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
3:3	qt5g		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἐνγεγραμμένη οὐ μέλανι, ἀλλὰ Πνεύματι Θεοῦ ζῶντος	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “not a letter that people wrote with ink but a letter that the Spirit of the living God wrote” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3:3	t5ah		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	οὐκ ἐν πλαξὶν λιθίναις, ἀλλ’ ἐν πλαξὶν καρδίαις σαρκίναις	1	The verb “written” is implied from earlier in the sentence. Alternate translation: “not a letter that was written on stone tablets, but a letter that was written on tablets of human hearts” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
3:3	ih89		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	οὐκ ἐν πλαξὶν λιθίναις, ἀλλ’ ἐν πλαξὶν καρδίαις σαρκίναις	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “not a letter that people engraved on stone tablets but a letter that the Spirit of the living God wrote on tablets of human hearts” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3:3	u959		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	πλαξὶν καρδίαις σαρκίναις	1	Paul speaks of their **hearts** as if they are flat pieces of stone or clay upon which people engraved letters. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3:4	z7qx			πεποίθησιν δὲ τοιαύτην ἔχομεν	1	This refers to what Paul has just said. His **confidence** comes from knowing that the Corinthians are the validation of his ministry before God.
3:5	qye9			ἀφ’ ἑαυτῶν ἱκανοί	1	Alternate translation: “qualified in ourselves” or “sufficient in ourselves”
3:5	e5e7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	λογίσασθαί τι ὡς ἐξ ἑαυτῶν	1	Here the word **anything** refers to anything pertaining to Paul’s apostolic ministry. Alternate translation: “to claim that anything we have done in ministry comes from our own efforts” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:5	wi1t			ἡ ἱκανότης ἡμῶν ἐκ τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	Alternate translation: “God gives us our sufficiency”
3:6	dp6i		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	καινῆς διαθήκης, οὐ γράμματος	1	Here the word **letter** means letters of the alphabet and refers to words that people write down. Alternate translation: “a covenant not based on commands that men have written” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
3:6	gbsc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	οὐ γράμματος	1	The phrase **the letter** alludes to the Old Testament law. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:6	tc4u		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	ἀλλὰ Πνεύματος	1	The Holy **Spirit** is the one who establishes God’s covenant with people. Alternate translation: “but a covenant based on what the Spirit does” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
3:6	q4at		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	τὸ & γράμμα ἀποκτέννει	1	Paul speaks of the Old Testament law as a person who **kills**. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
3:6	one5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	τὸ & γράμμα ἀποκτέννει	1	Following that law leads to spiritual death. Alternate translation: “the written law leads to death” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:7	lyf7			Connecting Statement:	0	# Connecting Statement:\n\nPaul contrasts the fading glory of the old covenant with the superiority and freedom of the new covenant. He contrasts the veil of Moses with the clarity of present revelation. The time of Moses was a less clear picture of what is now revealed.
3:7	ut6r		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony	εἰ δὲ ἡ διακονία τοῦ θανάτου & ἐγενήθη ἐν δόξῃ, ὥστε	1	Paul emphasizes that although the law leads to **death**, it was still very glorious. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
3:7	du65		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	ἡ διακονία τοῦ θανάτου	1	Here, **the ministry of death** refers to the Old Testament law that God gave through Moses. Alternate translation: “the ministry that causes death because it is based on the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:7	j1hp		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἐν γράμμασιν ἐντετυπωμένη λίθοις	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that God carved into stone with letters” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3:7	r5p5			ἐν δόξῃ, ὥστε	1	Alternate translation: “in so much glory that”
3:8	xxn6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	πῶς οὐχὶ μᾶλλον ἡ διακονία τοῦ Πνεύματος ἔσται ἐν δόξῃ?	1	Paul uses this question to emphasize that the **ministry of the Spirit** does must be more glorious than “the ministry of death” because it leads to life. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “So the service that the Spirit does must be even more glorious!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
3:8	wq1v		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	ἡ διακονία τοῦ Πνεύματος	1	Here, **the ministry of the Spirit** refers to the new covenant, of which Paul is a minister. Alternate translation: “the ministry that gives life because it is based on the Spirit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:9	k779		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	τῇ διακονίᾳ τῆς κατακρίσεως	1	Here, **the ministry of condemnation** refers to the Old Testament law. Alternate translation: “the ministry that condemns people because it is based on the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:9	if33		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations	πολλῷ μᾶλλον περισσεύει ἡ διακονία τῆς δικαιοσύνης δόξῃ	1	Here the phrase **much more** marks this phrase as an exclamation, not as a question. Alternate translation: “then the service of righteousness must abound in so much more glory” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
3:9	e5zz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	πολλῷ μᾶλλον περισσεύει ἡ διακονία τῆς δικαιοσύνης δόξῃ.	1	Paul speaks of **the ministry of righteousness** as if it were an object that could produce or multiply another object. He means that this ministry is far more glorious than the law, which also had **glory**. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3:9	ufq6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	ἡ διακονία τῆς δικαιοσύνης	1	Here, **the ministry of righteousness** refers to the new covenant, of which Paul is a minister. Alternate translation: “the ministry that makes people righteous because it is based on the Spirit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:10	n4pe			καὶ γὰρ οὐ δεδόξασται, τὸ δεδοξασμένον & εἵνεκεν τῆς ὑπερβαλλούσης δόξης	1	The Old Testament law no longer appears **glorious** when compared with the new covenant, which is much more glorious.
3:10	t2dq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	τὸ δεδοξασμένον	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the law which God once made glorious” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3:10	d7k5			ἐν τούτῳ τῷ μέρει	1	Alternate translation: “in this way”
3:11	zwb2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	τὸ καταργούμενον	1	This refers to “the ministry of condemnation,” which Paul speaks of as if it were an object capable of disappearing. Alternate translation: “that which was becoming useless” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3:12	tnc1			ἔχοντες οὖν τοιαύτην ἐλπίδα	1	The word **Therefore** refers to what Paul has just said. His **hope** comes from knowing that the new covenant has an eternal glory.
3:12	u5qa			τοιαύτην ἐλπίδα	1	Alternate translation: “such confidence”
3:13	p5u2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	τὸ τέλος τοῦ καταργουμένου	1	The refers to the glory that shined on Moses’ face. Alternate translation: “the glory on Moses’ face as it faded away completely” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:14	zvf5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἀλλὰ ἐπωρώθη τὰ νοήματα αὐτῶν	1	Paul speaks of the **minds** of the Israelite people as objects that could be closed or made hard. This expression means that they were unable to understand what they saw. Alternate translation: “But the Israelites could not understand what they saw” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3:14	zm7j			ἄχρι γὰρ τῆς σήμερον ἡμέρας	1	Here, **the present day** refers to the time at which Paul was writing to the Corinthians.
3:14	w68p		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	τὸ αὐτὸ κάλυμμα ἐπὶ τῇ ἀναγνώσει τῆς παλαιᾶς διαθήκης μένει	1	Just as the Israelites could not see the glory on Moses’ face because he covered his face with a **veil**, there is a spiritual veil that prevents people from understanding when they read the **old covenant**. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3:14	gg2d			ἐπὶ τῇ ἀναγνώσει τῆς παλαιᾶς διαθήκης	1	Alternate translation: “when they hear someone read the old covenant”
3:14	gl8l		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	μὴ ἀνακαλυπτόμενον, ὅτι ἐν Χριστῷ καταργεῖται	1	Here, **it** refers to “the same veil.” If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “no one removes the veil, because only in Christ does God remove it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3:15	rjh5			ἀλλ’ ἕως σήμερον	1	Here the word **today** refers to the time at which Paul was writing to the Corinthians.
3:15	t3dl		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ἡνίκα ἂν ἀναγινώσκηται Μωϋσῆς	1	Here the word **Moses** refers to the Old Testament law that Moses wrote down. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3:15	ip29		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἡνίκα ἂν ἀναγινώσκηται Μωϋσῆς	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “whenever someone reads the Mosaic law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3:15	gwp9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	κάλυμμα ἐπὶ τὴν καρδίαν αὐτῶν κεῖται	1	Here the word **heart** represents what people think. Alternate translation: “a veil prevents them from understanding” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3:15	bb5u		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	κάλυμμα ἐπὶ τὴν καρδίαν αὐτῶν κεῖται	1	Here the people being unable to understand the old covenant is spoken of as if they have **a veil** that covers **their heart** the way a physical veil would cover their eyes. Alternate translation: “they are unable to understand what they are hearing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3:16	k2dr		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἡνίκα & ἐὰν ἐπιστρέψῃ πρὸς Κύριον	1	Here, **turn to** is a metaphor that means to become loyal to someone. Alternate translation: “when a person starts to worship the Lord” or “when a person starts to trust in the Lord” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3:16	w1y2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	περιαιρεῖται τὸ κάλυμμα	1	God gives them the ability to understand. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God lifts the veil away” or “God gives them the ability to understand” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3:18	r6rx		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	ἡμεῖς δὲ πάντες	1	Here the word **we** refers to all believers, including Paul and the Corinthians. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
3:18	l3xw		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἀνακεκαλυμμένῳ προσώπῳ, τὴν δόξαν Κυρίου κατοπτριζόμενοι	1	Unlike the Israelites who could not see God’s glory reflected on Moses’ face because he had covered it with a veil, there is nothing to prevent believers from seeing and understanding God’s **glory**. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3:18	rc9x		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	τὴν αὐτὴν εἰκόνα μεταμορφούμεθα	1	The Spirit is changing believers to be glorious like Jesus. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The Lord is transforming us into his same glorious likeness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3:18	bx5b			ἀπὸ δόξης εἰς δόξαν	1	This means that the Spirit is constantly increasing the **glory** of believers. Alternate translation: “from one amount of glory to another amount of glory”
3:18	mw3v			καθάπερ ἀπὸ Κυρίου	1	Alternate translation: “just as this comes from the Lord”
4:intro	rx1c				0	# 2 Corinthians 4 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter begins with the word “therefore.” This connects it to what the previous chapter teaches. How these chapters are divided may be confusing to the reader.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Ministry\n\nPaul ministers to people by telling them about Christ. He does not try to trick people into believing. If they do not understand the gospel, it is because the problem is ultimately spiritual. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Light and darkness\n\nThe Bible often speaks of unrighteous people, people who do not do what pleases God, as if they were walking around in darkness. It speaks of light as if it were what enables those sinful people to become righteous, to understand what they are doing wrong and begin to obey God. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])\n\n### Life and death\n\nPaul does not refer here to physical life and death. Life represents the new life a Christian has in Jesus. Death represents the old way of living before believing in Jesus. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/life]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/death]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Hope\n\nPaul uses a repeated pattern in a purposeful way. He makes a statement. Then he denies a seemingly opposite or contradictory statement or gives an exception. Together these give the reader hope in difficult circumstances. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/hope]])
4:1	lyi4			Connecting Statement:	0	# Connecting Statement:\n\nPaul writes that he is honest in his ministry by preaching Christ, not praising himself. He shows the death and the life of Jesus in how he lives so that life can work in the Corinthian believers.
4:1	ix7n		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	ἠλεήθημεν, οὐκ ἐνκακοῦμεν	1	Both occurrences of the word **we** refers to Paul and his coworker, but not to the Corinthians. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
4:1	h1ud		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	καθὼς ἠλεήθημεν	1	This phrase explains how Paul and his coworkers have “this ministry.” It is a gift that God has given to them through his **mercy**. Alternate translation: “because God has shown us mercy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:2	yp4g			ἀπειπάμεθα τὰ κρυπτὰ τῆς αἰσχύνης	1	This means that Paul and his coworkers refused to do secret and **shameful** things. It does not mean that they had done these things in the past.
4:2	z4c2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys	τὰ κρυπτὰ τῆς αἰσχύνης	1	The word **hidden** describes the things that people do secretly. Things that are **shameful** should cause people who do them to feel ashamed. Alternate translation: “the things that people do secretly because they cause shame” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])
4:2	ey75			περιπατοῦντες ἐν πανουργίᾳ	1	Alternate translation: “living by deception”
4:2	gp3g		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	μηδὲ δολοῦντες τὸν λόγον τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	Here, **word of God** is a metonym for the message from God. Alternate translation: “we do not mishandle God’s message” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
4:2	lzn0		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives	μηδὲ δολοῦντες τὸν λόγον τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	If your readers would misunderstand the double-negative **nor distorting**, you could express it in positive form. Alternate translation: “we use the word of God correctly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
4:2	aj24			συνιστάνοντες ἑαυτοὺς πρὸς πᾶσαν συνείδησιν ἀνθρώπων	1	This means that they provide enough evidence for each person who hears them to decide whether they are right or wrong.
4:2	f6n1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἐνώπιον τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	Here, **before God** refers to God’s presence. God’s understanding and approval of Paul’s truthfulness is referred to as God being able to see them. Alternate translation: “with God as witness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4:3	mti5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	εἰ δὲ καὶ ἔστιν κεκαλυμμένον τὸ εὐαγγέλιον ἡμῶν, ἐν τοῖς ἀπολλυμένοις ἐστὶν κεκαλυμμένον	1	This refers back to what Paul said starting in [2 Corinthians 3:14](../03/14.md). There Paul explained that there is a spiritual **veil** that prevents people from understanding when they read the old covenant. In the same way, people are not able to understand the **gospel**. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4:3	hz2f		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	εἰ & ἔστιν κεκαλυμμένον τὸ εὐαγγέλιον ἡμῶν & ἐστὶν κεκαλυμμένον	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “if a veil covers our gospel, that veil covers it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
4:3	e5yu			τὸ εὐαγγέλιον ἡμῶν	1	Alternate translation: “the gospel that we preach”
4:4	r6pz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ὁ θεὸς τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου ἐτύφλωσεν τὰ νοήματα τῶν ἀπίστων	1	Paul speaks of the **minds** of unbelievers as if they had eyes, and their inability to understand as their minds being unable to see. Alternate translation: “the god of this world has prevented unbelievers from understanding” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4:4	tx9h			ὁ θεὸς τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου	1	This phrase refers to Satan. Alternate translation: “the god who rules this world”
4:4	z4yp		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	μὴ αὐγάσαι τὸν φωτισμὸν τοῦ εὐαγγελίου τῆς δόξης τοῦ Χριστοῦ	1	As the Israelites could not see God’s **glory** that shined on Moses’ face because he covered it with a veil ([2 Corinthians 3:13](../03/13.md)), unbelievers are not able to see Christ’s glory that shines in **the gospel**. This means that they are unable to understand “the gospel of the glory of Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4:4	j1vz			τὸν φωτισμὸν τοῦ εὐαγγελίου	1	Alternate translation: “the light that comes from the gospel”
4:4	rdj3			τοῦ εὐαγγελίου τῆς δόξης τοῦ Χριστοῦ	1	Alternate translation: “the gospel about the Christ’s glory”
4:5	ddw1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	ἀλλὰ Ἰησοῦν Χριστὸν Κύριον, ἑαυτοὺς δὲ δούλους ὑμῶν	1	You can supply the missing verb for these phrases. Alternate translation: “but we proclaim Christ Jesus as Lord, and we proclaim ourselves as your servants” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
4:5	t8du			διὰ Ἰησοῦν	1	Alternate translation: “because of Jesus”
4:6	rw5z			ἐκ σκότους φῶς λάμψει	1	With this sentence, Paul refers to God creating **light**, as described in the book of Genesis.
4:6	d5x7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ὃς ἔλαμψεν & πρὸς φωτισμὸν τῆς γνώσεως τῆς δόξης τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	Here, the illumination from the light represents the ability to understand. Just as God created light, he also creates understanding for believers. Alternate translation: “the one who caused light to shine … to enable us to understand the glory of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4:6	bj1j		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ἡμῶν	1	Here the word **hearts** refers to the mind and thoughts. Alternate translation: “in our minds” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
4:6	mpg9			πρὸς φωτισμὸν τῆς γνώσεως τῆς δόξης τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	Alternate translation: “to show us the knowledge of the glory of God”
4:6	p736		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	τῆς δόξης τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐν προσώπῳ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ	1	Just as God’s **glory** shone upon Moses’ face ([2 Corinthians 3:7](../03/07.md)), it also shines upon **the face of Jesus**. This means that when Paul preaches the gospel, people are able to see and understand the message about God’s glory. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4:7	xe5i		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	ἔχομεν δὲ	1	Here the word **we** refers to Paul and his coworkers, but not to the Corinthians. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
4:7	xx2c		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἔχομεν & τὸν θησαυρὸν τοῦτον ἐν ὀστρακίνοις σκεύεσιν	1	Paul speaks of the gospel as if it were a** treasure** and their bodies as if they were breakable **jars** made out of **clay**. This emphasizes that they are of little value compared to the worth of the gospel that they preach. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4:8	ga9z		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἐν παντὶ θλιβόμενοι	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “People afflict us in every way” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
4:9	bz8m		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	διωκόμενοι, ἀλλ’ οὐκ ἐνκαταλειπόμενοι	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people persecute us but God does not forsake us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
4:9	uvq1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	καταβαλλόμενοι, ἀλλ’ οὐκ ἀπολλύμενοι	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people strike us down but do not destroy us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
4:10	zt4b		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	πάντοτε τὴν νέκρωσιν τοῦ Ἰησοῦ ἐν τῷ σώματι περιφέροντες	1	Paul speaks of his sufferings as if they are an experience of **the death of Jesus**. Alternate translation: “we are often in danger of dying, as Jesus died” or “we always suffer in such a way that we experience the death of Jesus” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4:10	l6f6			καὶ ἡ ζωὴ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ ἐν τῷ σώματι ἡμῶν φανερωθῇ	1	This could mean: (1) our bodies will live again, because **Jesus** is alive. (2) the spiritual **life** that **Jesus** gives also may be shown in our bodies.
4:10	w3jc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	καὶ ἡ ζωὴ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ ἐν τῷ σώματι ἡμῶν φανερωθῇ	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “other people may also see the life of Jesus in our bodies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
4:11	ht74		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἀεὶ γὰρ ἡμεῖς, οἱ ζῶντες, εἰς θάνατον παραδιδόμεθα διὰ Ἰησοῦν	1	Here, **being handed over to death** represents being in danger of dying because of being loyal to Jesus. Alternate translation: “for those of us who are alive, God is always leading us to face death because we are joined to Jesus” or “for people are always causing us who are alive to be in danger of dying because we are joined to Jesus” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4:11	d1wm			ἵνα καὶ ἡ ζωὴ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ φανερωθῇ ἐν τῇ θνητῇ σαρκὶ ἡμῶν	1	God wants Jesus’ **life** to **be shown** in us. This could mean: (1) our bodies will live again, because Jesus is alive. (2) the spiritual life that Jesus gives also may be shown in our bodies. See how you translated this phrase in [2 Corinthians 4:10](../04/10.md).
4:11	ww5r		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἵνα καὶ ἡ ζωὴ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ φανερωθῇ ἐν τῇ θνητῇ σαρκὶ ἡμῶν	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. See how you translated this phrase in [2 Corinthians 4:10](../04/10.md). Alternate translation: “so other people may see the life of Jesus in our body” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
4:12	q3il		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	ὁ θάνατος ἐν ἡμῖν ἐνεργεῖται, ἡ δὲ ζωὴ ἐν ὑμῖν	1	Paul speaks of **death** and **life** as if they are persons who can **work**. This means that they are always in danger of physical death so that the Corinthians can have spiritual life. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
4:13	ret6			τὸ αὐτὸ πνεῦμα τῆς πίστεως	1	Here the word **spirit** refers a person’s attitude and temperament. Alternate translation: “the same attitude of faith”
4:13	gzf4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	κατὰ τὸ γεγραμμένον	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “as the one who wrote these words” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
4:13	il5h			ἐπίστευσα, διὸ ἐλάλησα	1	This is a quote from the Psalms.
4:14	t2i8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	ὁ ἐγείρας τὸν Ἰησοῦν, καὶ & ἐγερεῖ	1	Here to raise up is an idiom for causing someone who has died to become alive again. Alternate translation: “the one who caused the Lord Jesus to live again will also raise” or “God, who raised the Lord Jesus, will also raise” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
4:15	v7sj			τὰ γὰρ πάντα δι’ ὑμᾶς	1	Here, **all these things** refers to all of the sufferings that Paul has described in previous verses.
4:15	l1mu		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἡ χάρις πλεονάσασα διὰ τῶν πλειόνων	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “as God spreads his grace to many more people, it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
4:15	u8pp		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	τὴν εὐχαριστίαν περισσεύσῃ	1	Paul speaks of **thanksgiving** as if it were an object that could become larger by itself. Alternate translation: “more and more people may give thanks” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4:16	u6e5			Connecting Statement:	0	# Connecting Statement:\n\nPaul writes that the Corinthian difficulties are minor and do not last long when compared to the unseen eternal things.
4:16	cb92		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives	διὸ οὐκ ἐνκακοῦμεν	1	If your readers would misunderstand the double-negative **not … discouraged**, you could express it in positive form. Alternate translation: “So we remain confident” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
4:16	hhv6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	ὁ ἔξω ἡμῶν ἄνθρωπος διαφθείρεται	1	This refers to their physical bodies decaying and dying. Alternate translation: “our physical bodies are getting weak and dying” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:16	s9b2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	ὁ ἔσω ἡμῶν ἀνακαινοῦται ἡμέρᾳ καὶ ἡμέρᾳ	1	This refers to their inward, spiritual lives getting stronger. Alternate translation: “our spiritual beings are being strengthened day by day” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:16	zct5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ὁ ἔσω ἡμῶν ἀνακαινοῦται ἡμέρᾳ καὶ ἡμέρᾳ	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God is renewing our inward being more each day” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
4:17	pd63		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	τὸ γὰρ παραυτίκα ἐλαφρὸν τῆς θλίψεως ἡμῶν & αἰώνιον βάρος δόξης, κατεργάζεται ἡμῖν	1	Paul speaks of his sufferings and the **glory** that God will give him as if they were objects that can be weighed. The glory far outweighs the suffering. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4:17	na9y		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	καθ’ ὑπερβολὴν εἰς ὑπερβολὴν	1	The glory that Paul will experience is so heavy that no one can measure it. Alternate translation: “that cannot be measured” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4:17	d9re		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	καθ’ ὑπερβολὴν εἰς ὑπερβολὴν	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that no one can measure” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
4:18	t2fp		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	τὰ βλεπόμενα, ἀλλὰ τὰ μὴ βλεπόμενα	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “things that we can see, but not the things that we cannot see” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
4:18	f97x		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	ἀλλὰ τὰ μὴ βλεπόμενα	1	You can supply the verb for this phrase. Alternate translation: “but we are watching for things that are unseen” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
5:intro	s14p				0	# 2 Corinthians 5 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### New bodies in heaven\n\nPaul knows that when he dies he will receive a much better body. Because of this, he is not afraid of being killed for preaching the gospel. So he tells others that they too can be reconciled to God. Christ will take away their sin and give them his righteousness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/goodnews]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/reconcile]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])\n\n### New creation\n\nThe old and new creation probably refers to how Paul illustrates the old and new self. These concepts are also the same as the old and new man. The term “old” probably does not refer to the sinful nature with which a person is born. It refers to the old way of living or the Christian formerly being bound to sin. The “new creation” is the new nature or new life that God gives a person after they come to believe in Christ. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Home\n\nThe Christian’s home is no longer in the world. A Christian’s real home is in heaven. By using this metaphor, Paul emphasizes that the Christian’s circumstances in this world are temporary. It gives hope to those who are suffering. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/hope]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### “The message of reconciliation”\n\nThis refers to the gospel. Paul calls for people who are hostile to God to repent and be reconciled to him. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/reconcile]])
5:1	p7b7			Connecting Statement:	0	# Connecting Statement:\n\nPaul contrasts believers’ earthly bodies to the heavenly ones God will give.
5:1	z4vs		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἐὰν ἡ ἐπίγειος ἡμῶν οἰκία τοῦ σκήνους καταλυθῇ, οἰκοδομὴν ἐκ Θεοῦ ἔχομεν	1	Here a temporary **earthly dwelling** is a metaphor for a person’s physical body. Here a permanent “building from God” is a metaphor for the new body that God will give believers after they die. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
5:1	zy2k		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἐὰν ἡ ἐπίγειος ἡμῶν οἰκία τοῦ σκήνους καταλυθῇ	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “if people destroy the earthly dwelling that we live in” or “if people kill our bodies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
5:1	bqi5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	οἰκίαν ἀχειροποίητον αἰώνιον ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς	1	Here, **house** means the same thing as “building from God.” Here, **hands** is a synecdoche that represents the human as a whole. Alternate translation: “It is a house in heaven, not made by humans” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
5:1	bbvr		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	οἰκίαν ἀχειροποίητον αἰώνιον ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “It is a house in heaven that humans did not make” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
5:2	tc2j			ἐν τούτῳ στενάζομεν	1	Here, **this** means the same thing as “the earthly dwelling that we live in.” The word **groan** is a sound that a person makes when they eagerly desire to have something that is good.
5:2	ss6g		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	τὸ οἰκητήριον ἡμῶν τὸ ἐξ οὐρανοῦ ἐπενδύσασθαι ἐπιποθοῦντες	1	The words **our dwelling that is from heaven** means the same thing as “a building from God.” Paul speaks of the new body that believers receive after they die as if it were both a building and a piece of clothing that a person can put on. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
5:3	i4es			ἐνδυσάμενοι	1	Alternate translation: “by putting on our heavenly dwelling”
5:3	ap7v		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	οὐ γυμνοὶ εὑρεθησόμεθα	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “we will not be naked” or “God will not find us naked” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
5:4	bz6k		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	οἱ ὄντες ἐν τῷ σκήνει	1	Paul speaks of the physical body as if it were a **tent**. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
5:4	e34b			ἐν τῷ σκήνει, στενάζομεν	1	The word **tent** refers to “the earthly dwelling that we live in.” The word **groan** is a sound that a person makes when they eagerly desire to have something that is good. See how you translated this in [2 Corinthians 5:2](../05/02.md).
5:4	cjt4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	βαρούμενοι	1	Paul refers to the difficulties that the physical body experiences as if they were heavy objects that are difficult to carry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
5:4	f8rb		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	οὐ θέλομεν ἐκδύσασθαι & ἐπενδύσασθαι	1	Paul speaks of the body as if it were clothing for our spirit. Here, **to be unclothed** refers to the death of the physical body; “to be clothed” refers to having the resurrection body that God will give. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
5:4	n78p			ἐκδύσασθαι	1	Alternate translation: “to be without clothes” or “to be naked”
5:4	de2b		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἵνα καταποθῇ τὸ θνητὸν ὑπὸ τῆς ζωῆς	1	Paul speaks of **life** as if it were an animal that eats **the mortal**. The physical body that will die will be replaced by a resurrection body that will live forever. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
5:4	e5zi		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἵνα καταποθῇ τὸ θνητὸν ὑπὸ τῆς ζωῆς	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “so that life may swallow up what is mortal” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
5:5	g7yj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ὁ δοὺς ἡμῖν τὸν ἀρραβῶνα τοῦ Πνεύματος	1	The **Spirit** is spoken of as if he were a partial **down payment** toward eternal life. See how you translated a similar phrase in [2 Corinthians 1:22](../01/22.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
5:6	clh5			Connecting Statement:	0	# Connecting Statement:\n\nBecause believers will have a new body and have the Holy Spirit as a pledge, Paul reminds them to live by faith that they may please the Lord. He continues by reminding them to persuade others because: (1) believers will appear at the judgment seat of Christ. (2) Christ who died for believers in love.
5:6	xv3m		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἐνδημοῦντες ἐν τῷ σώματι	1	Paul speaks of the physical **body** as if it were a place where a person dwells. Alternate translation: “while we are living in this earthly body” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
5:6	ebl4			ἐκδημοῦμεν ἀπὸ τοῦ Κυρίου	1	Alternate translation: “we are not at home with the Lord” or “we are not in heaven with the Lord”
5:7	rfn4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	διὰ πίστεως & περιπατοῦμεν, οὐ διὰ εἴδους	1	Here, **walk** is a metaphor for “live” or “behave.” Alternate translation: “we live according to faith, not according to what we see” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
5:8	a6au			εὐδοκοῦμεν, μᾶλλον ἐκδημῆσαι ἐκ τοῦ σώματος	1	Here the word **body** refers to the physical body.
5:8	i3m3			ἐνδημῆσαι πρὸς τὸν Κύριον	1	Alternate translation: “at home with the Lord in heaven”
5:9	ml5j		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	εἴτε ἐνδημοῦντες εἴτε ἐκδημοῦντες	1	The phrases “with the Lord” and “from the Lord” may be supplied from the previous verses. Alternate translation: “whether we are at home with the Lord or away from the Lord” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
5:9	j1sl			εὐάρεστοι αὐτῷ εἶναι	1	Alternate translation: “to please the Lord”
5:10	kdf2			ἔμπροσθεν τοῦ βήματος τοῦ Χριστοῦ	1	Alternate translation: “before Christ to be judged”
5:10	c499			κομίσηται ἕκαστος	1	Alternate translation: “each person may receive what he deserves for”
5:10	v8sl		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	τὰ διὰ τοῦ σώματος	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the things he has done in the physical body” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
5:10	lsh8			εἴτε ἀγαθὸν εἴτε κακὸν	1	Alternate translation: “whether those things were good or bad”
5:11	dzh5			εἰδότες & τὸν φόβον τοῦ Κυρίου	1	Alternate translation: “knowing what it means to fear the Lord”
5:11	qm34		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	ἀνθρώπους πείθομεν	1	This could mean: (1) **we persuade** people of the truth of the gospel. (2) **we persuade** people that we are legitimate apostles. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
5:11	v11v		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	Θεῷ & πεφανερώμεθα	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God clearly sees what kind of people we are” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
5:11	y5l1			καὶ ἐν ταῖς συνειδήσεσιν ὑμῶν πεφανερῶσθαι	1	Alternate translation: “that you are also convinced of it”
5:12	mza1			ἵνα ἔχητε	1	Alternate translation: “so you may have something to say to”
5:12	it2r		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	τοὺς ἐν προσώπῳ καυχωμένους, καὶ μὴ ἐν καρδίᾳ	1	Here the word **face** refers to outward expressions of things like ability and status. The word **heart** refers to the inward character of a person. Alternate translation: “those who praise their own actions, but do not care about what they really are in their inner being” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
5:13	cy57		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	εἴτε & ἐξέστημεν & εἴτε σωφρονοῦμεν	1	Paul is speaking about the way others think of him and his coworkers. Alternate translation: “if people think we are crazy … if people think we are sane” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
5:14	azi9			ἡ γὰρ ἀγάπη τοῦ Χριστοῦ	1	This could refer to: (1) our **love** for **Christ**. (2) Christ’s **love** for us.
5:14	nd9g			ὑπὲρ πάντων ἀπέθανεν	1	Alternate translation: “died for all people”
5:15	h831			τῷ ὑπὲρ αὐτῶν ἀποθανόντι καὶ ἐγερθέντι	1	Alternate translation: “for him who for their sake died and whom God caused to live again” or “for Christ, who died for their sake and whom God raised”
5:15	ri6f			τῷ ὑπὲρ αὐτῶν ἀποθανόντι καὶ ἐγερθέντι	1	Here, **for the one** could refer: (1) only to **who died**. (2) to both **who died** and **was raised**.
5:16	f2ww			Connecting Statement:	0	# Connecting Statement:\n\nBecause of Christ’s love and death, we are not to judge by human standards. We are appointed to teach others how to be united with and have peace with God through Christ’s death and receive God’s righteousness through Christ.
5:16	ic21			ὥστε	1	Here, **Therefore** refers to what Paul has just said about living for Christ instead of living for self.
5:17	tl3h		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	καινὴ κτίσις	1	Paul speaks of the person who believes in Christ as if God had created **a new** person. Alternate translation: “he is a new person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
5:17	ue8f			τὰ ἀρχαῖα παρῆλθεν	1	Here, **The old things** refers to the things that characterized a person before they trusted in Christ.
5:17	vpe3			ἰδοὺ	1	The word **behold** here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows.
5:18	jyf7			τὰ & πάντα	1	Here, **all these things** refers to what Paul has just said in the previous verse about new things replacing old things.
5:18	lj2h		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	τὴν διακονίαν τῆς καταλλαγῆς	1	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **reconciliation**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “the ministry of reconciling people to him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
5:19	w1d1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ἦν ἐν Χριστῷ κόσμον καταλλάσσων ἑαυτῷ	1	Here, **the world** refers to the people in the world. Alternate translation: “in Christ, God was reconciling mankind to himself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
5:19	b62q			θέμενος ἐν ἡμῖν τὸν λόγον τῆς καταλλαγῆς	1	God has given Paul the responsibility to spread the message that God is reconciling people to himself.
5:19	ix97			τὸν λόγον τῆς καταλλαγῆς	1	Alternate translation: “the message about reconciliation”
5:20	wg8f		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ὑπὲρ Χριστοῦ οὖν πρεσβεύομεν	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God has appointed us as Christ’s representatives” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
5:20	q9u9			ὑπὲρ Χριστοῦ & πρεσβεύομεν	1	Alternate translation: “we are those who speak for Christ”
5:20	a6fx		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	καταλλάγητε τῷ Θεῷ	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Let God reconcile you to himself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
5:21	jp2a			τὸν μὴ γνόντα ἁμαρτίαν, ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν ἁμαρτίαν ἐποίησεν	1	Alternate translation: “God made Christ become the sacrifice for our sin”
5:21	hz6z		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	ἡμῶν & ἡμεῖς	1	Here the words **us** and **we** are inclusive and refer to all believers. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
5:21	ebz2			τὸν μὴ γνόντα ἁμαρτίαν	1	Alternate translation: “Christ, the one who never sinned”
5:21	kmt9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	ἵνα ἡμεῖς γενώμεθα δικαιοσύνη Θεοῦ ἐν αὐτῷ	1	The phrase **the righteousness of God** refers to the righteousness that God requires and which comes from God. Alternate translation: “so that we might have God’s righteousness in us through Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
6:intro	f5qu				0	# 2 Corinthians 6 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verses 2 and 16-18, which are words from the Old Testament.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Servants\n\nPaul refers to Christians as servants of God. God calls Christians to serve him in all circumstances. Paul describes some of the difficult circumstances in which he and his companions served God.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Contrasts\n\nPaul uses four pairs of contrasts: righteousness versus lawlessness, light versus darkness, Christ versus Satan, and the temple of God versus idols. These contrasts show a difference between Christians and non-Christians. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/light]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/darkness]])\n\n### Light and darkness\n\nThe Bible often speaks of unrighteous people, people who do not do what pleases God, as if they were walking around in darkness. It speaks of light as if it were what enables those sinful people to become righteous, to understand what they are doing wrong and begin to obey God. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])\n\n### Rhetorical questions\n\nPaul uses a series of rhetorical questions to teach his readers. All of these questions make essentially the same point: Christians should not intimately fellowship with those who live in sin. Paul repeats these questions for emphasis. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### We\n\nPaul likely uses the pronoun “we” to represent at least Timothy and himself. It may also include other people.
6:1	kf1d			Connecting Statement:	0	# Connecting Statement:\n\nPaul summarizes how working together for God is supposed to be.
6:1	tbr6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	συνεργοῦντες	1	Paul is implying that he and Timothy are **working** with God. Alternate translation: “working together with God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
6:1	s8db		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives	καὶ, παρακαλοῦμεν μὴ εἰς κενὸν τὴν χάριν τοῦ Θεοῦ δέξασθαι ὑμᾶς	1	Paul pleads with the Corinthians to allow the **grace of God** to be effective in their lives. If your readers would misunderstand the double-negative **not … in vain**, you could express it in positive form. Alternate translation: “we beg you to make use of the grace that you have received from God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
6:2	u9kc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	λέγει γάρ	1	This introduces a quotation from the prophet Isaiah. Alternate translation: “for God says in scripture” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
6:2	sa94			ἰδοὺ	1	The word **Behold** here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows.
6:3	v3wc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	μηδεμίαν ἐν μηδενὶ διδόντες προσκοπήν	1	Paul speaks of anything that would prevent a person from trusting in Christ as if it were a physical object over which that person trips and falls. Alternate translation: “we do not want to do anything that will prevent people from believing our message” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
6:3	he3c		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	μὴ μωμηθῇ ἡ διακονία	1	The word **discredited** refers to people speaking badly about Paul’s ministry, and working against the message he proclaims. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “no oner will be able to speak badly about our ministry” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
6:4	xd9l		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	συνιστάντες	1	# General Information:\n\nWhen Paul uses **we** here, he is referring to himself and Timothy. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
6:4	p9up			ἐν παντὶ συνιστάντες ἑαυτοὺς ὡς Θεοῦ διάκονοι	1	Alternate translation: “we prove that we are God’s servants by all that we do”
6:4	xyf9			Θεοῦ διάκονοι: ἐν ὑπομονῇ πολλῇ, ἐν θλίψεσιν, ἐν ἀνάγκαις, ἐν στενοχωρίαις	1	Paul mentions these difficult situations in which they proved that they are **God’s servants**.
6:6	w84c			ἐν ἁγνότητι & ἐν ἀγάπῃ ἀνυποκρίτῳ	1	Paul lists several moral virtues that they maintained in difficult situations that proved that they are God’s servants.
6:7	b6am			ἐν λόγῳ ἀληθείας, ἐν δυνάμει Θεοῦ	1	Their dedication to preach the gospel **in the power of God** proves that they are God’s servants.
6:7	dui6			ἐν λόγῳ ἀληθείας	1	Alternate translation: “by speaking God’s message about truth” or “by speaking God’s true message”
6:7	p5l5			ἐν δυνάμει Θεοῦ	1	Alternate translation: “by showing God’s power to people”
6:7	ven8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	διὰ τῶν ὅπλων τῆς δικαιοσύνης τῶν δεξιῶν καὶ ἀριστερῶν	1	Paul speaks of their **righteousness** as if it is **weapons** that they use to fight spiritual battles. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
6:7	ef5b			τῶν ὅπλων τῆς δικαιοσύνης	1	Alternate translation: “righteousness as our armor” or “righteousness as our weapons”
6:7	ijr2			τῶν δεξιῶν καὶ ἀριστερῶν	1	This could mean: (1) there is a weapon in one hand and a shield in the other. (2) they are completely equipped for battle, able to fend off attacks from any direction.
6:8	zi7d		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism	General Information:	0	# General Information:\n\nPaul lists several extremes of how people think about him and his ministry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
6:8	e4pf		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ὡς πλάνοι	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people accuse us of being deceitful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
6:9	fcb5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ὡς ἀγνοούμενοι καὶ ἐπιγινωσκόμενοι	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “as if people did not know us and yet people still know us well” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
6:9	r1d9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ὡς παιδευόμενοι καὶ μὴ θανατούμενοι	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “we work as if people are punishing us for our actions but not as if they have condemned us to death” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
6:11	v74j			τὸ στόμα ἡμῶν ἀνέῳγεν πρὸς ὑμᾶς	1	Alternate translation: “We have spoken honestly to you”
6:11	mv85		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἡ καρδία ἡμῶν πεπλάτυνται	1	Paul speaks of his great affection for the Corinthians as having a **heart** that is open. Alternate translation: “we love you very much” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
6:11	r815		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ἡ καρδία ἡμῶν πεπλάτυνται	1	Here, **heart** is a metonym for a person’s emotions. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
6:12	m2kq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	οὐ στενοχωρεῖσθε ἐν ἡμῖν, στενοχωρεῖσθε δὲ ἐν τοῖς σπλάγχνοις ὑμῶν	1	Paul speaks of the Corinthians lack of love for him as if their **inner parts** were squeezed into a tight space. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
6:12	u4fz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	οὐ στενοχωρεῖσθε ἐν ἡμῖν	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “We have not restrained you” or “We have not given you any reason to stop loving us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
6:12	xv9t		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	στενοχωρεῖσθε δὲ ἐν τοῖς σπλάγχνοις ὑμῶν	1	Here, **inner parts** is a metonym for a person’s emotions. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
6:12	ecn4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	στενοχωρεῖσθε δὲ ἐν τοῖς σπλάγχνοις ὑμῶν	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “but your own hearts are restraining you” or “but you have stopped loving us for your own reasons” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
6:13	c6vp		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	πλατύνθητε καὶ ὑμεῖς	1	Paul urges the Corinthians to love him as he has loved them. Alternate translation: “love us back” or “love us much as we have loved you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
6:14	v7kk		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives	μὴ γίνεσθε ἑτεροζυγοῦντες ἀπίστοις	1	If your readers would misunderstand the double-negative **not … unbelievers**, you could express it in positive form. Alternate translation: “Only be tied together with believers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
6:14	qd33		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	μὴ γίνεσθε ἑτεροζυγοῦντες	1	Paul speaks of working **together** toward a common purpose as if it were two animals tied together to pull a plow or cart. Alternate translation: “Do not team up” or “Do not have a close relationship” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
6:14	v7pw		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	τίς γὰρ μετοχὴ δικαιοσύνῃ καὶ ἀνομίᾳ	1	This is a rhetorical question that anticipates a negative answer. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “For righteousness can have no association with lawlessness.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
6:14	xr52		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	ἢ τίς κοινωνία φωτὶ πρὸς σκότος?	1	Paul asks this question to emphasize that **light** and **darkness** cannot coexist since light dispels darkness. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “And light can have no fellowship with darkness!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
6:14	h9ks		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἢ τίς κοινωνία φωτὶ πρὸς σκότος?	1	The words **light** and **darkness** refer to the moral and spiritual qualities of believers and unbelievers. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
6:15	r1vq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	τίς δὲ συμφώνησις Χριστοῦ πρὸς Βελιάρ	1	This is a rhetorical question that anticipates a negative answer. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “There is no agreement between Christ and Beliar!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
6:15	rm3r		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	Βελιάρ	1	**Beliar** is another name for the devil. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
6:15	z9iv		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	ἢ τίς μερὶς πιστῷ μετὰ ἀπίστου?	1	This is a rhetorical question that anticipates a negative answer. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “And a believer shares nothing in common with an unbeliever!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
6:16	y99x		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	τίς δὲ συνκατάθεσις ναῷ Θεοῦ μετὰ εἰδώλων?	1	This is a rhetorical question that anticipates a negative answer. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “And there is no agreement between the temple of God and idols!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
6:16	s3l8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	ἡμεῖς γὰρ ναὸς Θεοῦ ἐσμεν ζῶντος	1	Here, **we** refers not only to Paul and his associates, but includes all Christians. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
6:16	aqql		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἡμεῖς γὰρ ναὸς Θεοῦ ἐσμεν ζῶντος	1	Paul speaks of Christians as forming a **temple** for **God** to dwell in. Alternate translation: “we are like the temple where the living God dwells” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
6:16	u5g3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	ἐνοικήσω ἐν αὐτοῖς, καὶ ἐνπεριπατήσω	1	This is an Old Testament quotation that speaks of God being with the people in two different ways that mean the same thing. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
6:16	g0nl		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἐνοικήσω ἐν αὐτοῖς, καὶ ἐνπεριπατήσω	1	The words **dwell among** speak of living where others live, while the words **walk among** speak of being with them as they go about their lives. Alternate translation: “I will be with them and help them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
6:17	fe1z			General Information:	0	# General Information:\n\nPaul quotes portions from the Old Testament prophets, Isaiah and Ezekiel.
6:17	z5ld		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἀφορίσθητε	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “set yourselves apart” or “allow me to set you apart” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
6:17	c8jq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives	ἀκαθάρτου μὴ ἅπτεσθε	1	If your readers would misunderstand the double-negative **no unclean**, you could express it in positive form. Alternate translation: “touch only things that are clean” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
7:intro	hg36				0	# 2 Corinthians 7 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nIn verses 2-4, Paul finishes his defense. He then writes about Titus’ return and the comfort it brought.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Clean and unclean\n\nChristians are “clean” in the sense that God has cleansed them from sin. They do not need to be concerned with being clean according to the law of Moses. Ungodly living can still make a Christian unclean. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])\n\n### Sadness and sorrow\n\nThe words “sad” and “sorrow” in this chapter indicate that the Corinthians were upset to the point of repenting. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### We\n\nPaul likely uses the pronoun “we” to represent at least Timothy and himself. It may also include other people.\n\n### Original situation\n\nThis chapter discusses in detail a previous situation. We can figure out some aspects of this situation from the information in this chapter. But it is best not to include this type of implicit information in a translation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
7:1	h5xv			ἀγαπητοί	1	Alternate translation: “you whom I love” or “dear friends”
7:1	fv49			καθαρίσωμεν ἑαυτοὺς	1	Here Paul is saying to stay away from any form of sin that would affect one’s relationship with God.
7:1	c2xf			ἐπιτελοῦντες ἁγιωσύνην	1	Alternate translation: “striving to be holy”
7:1	pt41			ἐν φόβῳ Θεοῦ	1	Alternate translation: “out of deep respect for God”
7:2	v4nu			Connecting Statement:	0	# Connecting Statement:\n\nHaving already warned the people of Corinth about other leaders who were striving to get these Corinthian believers to follow them, Paul reminds the people of the way he feels about them.
7:2	x3lg		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	χωρήσατε ἡμᾶς	1	This refers back to what Paul said starting in [2 Corinthians 6:11](../06/11.md) about them opening their hearts to him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
7:2	c2yz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	χωρήσατε ἡμᾶς	1	Paul speaks of the Corinthians loving him as if they were opening their hearts to him. Alternate translation: “Make room for us in your hearts” or “Love us and accept us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
7:3	bhb7			πρὸς κατάκρισιν οὐ λέγω	1	Here, Paul refers back to what he has just said about not having wronged anyone. Alternate translation: “I do not say this to accuse you of having done wrong.”
7:3	fay3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ἡμῶν ἐστε	1	Paul speaks of his and his associates’ great love for the Corinthians as if they held them in their hearts. Alternate translation: “you are very dear to us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
7:3	xzg3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	εἰς τὸ συναποθανεῖν καὶ συνζῆν	1	This means that Paul and his associates will continue to love the Corinthians no matter what happens. Alternate translation: “whether we live or whether we die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
7:4	mh12		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	πεπλήρωμαι τῇ παρακλήσει	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You fill me with comfort” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
7:4	mx9b		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ὑπερπερισσεύομαι τῇ χαρᾷ	1	Paul speaks of **joy** as if it is a liquid that fills him until he overflows. Alternate translation: “I am extremely joyful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
7:4	mr75			ἐπὶ πάσῃ τῇ θλίψει ἡμῶν	1	Alternate translation: “despite all our hardships”
7:5	f3c5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	ἐλθόντων ἡμῶν εἰς Μακεδονίαν	1	Here the word **we** refers to Paul and Timothy but not to the Corinthians or Titus. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
7:5	c8ju		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	οὐδεμίαν ἔσχηκεν ἄνεσιν ἡ σὰρξ ἡμῶν	1	Here, **our flesh** refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “we had no rest” or “we were very tired” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
7:5	h3cv		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἐν παντὶ θλιβόμενοι	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “we experienced every kind of trouble” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
7:5	i4wr		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	ἔξωθεν μάχαι, ἔσωθεν φόβοι	1	Here, **without** could mean: (1) “outside of our bodies.” (2) “outside of the church.” The word **within** refers to their inward emotions. Alternate translation: “by conflicts with other people and by fears within ourselves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
7:7	w7td		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	ἐν τῇ παρακλήσει ᾗ παρεκλήθη ἐφ’ ὑμῖν	1	Paul received **comfort** from knowing that the Corinthians had **comforted** Titus. Alternate translation: “by learning about the comfort that Titus had received from you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
7:8	b2xj			ἡ ἐπιστολὴ ἐκείνη	1	# General Information:\n\nThis refers to Paul’s previous **letter** to these Corinthian believers where he rebuked them for their acceptance of a believer’s sexual immorality with his father’s wife.
7:8	vk7m			βλέπω ὅτι ἡ ἐπιστολὴ ἐκείνη	1	Alternate translation: “when I learned that my letter”
7:9	kn5q		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	οὐχ ὅτι ἐλυπήθητε	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “not because what I said in my letter distressed you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
7:9	l6d2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	ἐν μηδενὶ ζημιωθῆτε ἐξ ἡμῶν	1	This means that although the letter caused them sorrow, they eventually benefited from the letter because it led them to repentance. Alternate translation: “so that we did not harm you in any way” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
7:10	dtm3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	ἡ γὰρ κατὰ Θεὸν λύπη, μετάνοιαν εἰς σωτηρίαν & ἐργάζεται	1	The word **repentance** may be repeated to clarify its relationship to what precedes it and what follows it. Alternate translation: “For godly sorrow produces repentance, and repentance leads to salvation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
7:10	lc4m			ἀμεταμέλητον	1	This could mean: (1) Paul has no **regret** that he caused them sorrow because that sorrow led to their repentance and salvation. (2) the Corinthians will not **regret** experiencing sorrow because it led to their repentance and salvation.
7:10	lc1s		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	ἡ δὲ τοῦ κόσμου λύπη, θάνατον κατεργάζεται	1	This kind of **sorrow** leads to **death** instead of salvation because it does not produce repentance. Alternate translation: “Worldly sorrow, however, leads to spiritual death” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
7:11	gpp2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations	ἀλλὰ ἀπολογίαν	1	Here the word **what** makes this statement an exclamation. Alternate translation: “your determination to prove you were innocent was very great!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
7:11	h6jc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἀλλὰ ἐκδίκησιν	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that someone should carry out justice” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
7:12	i6sn		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	τοῦ φανερωθῆναι τὴν σπουδὴν ὑμῶν, τὴν ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν πρὸς ὑμᾶς ἐνώπιον τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “so that you would know that your good will toward us is sincere” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
7:12	ycy7			ἐνώπιον τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	Here, **before God** refers to God’s presence. See how you translated this in [2 Corinthians 4:2](../04/02.md).
7:13	kn2q		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	διὰ τοῦτο παρακεκλήμεθα	1	Here the phrase **this reason** refers to the way the Corinthians responded to Paul’s previous letter, as he described in the previous verse. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “This is what encourages us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
7:13	v2g6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἀναπέπαυται τὸ πνεῦμα αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ πάντων ὑμῶν	1	Here the word **spirit** refers to a person’s temperament and disposition. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “all of you refreshed his spirit” or “all of you made him stop worrying” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
7:14	b4uq			ὅτι εἴ τι αὐτῷ ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν κεκαύχημαι	1	Alternate translation: “For although I boasted to him about you”
7:14	m22c			οὐ κατῃσχύνθην	1	Alternate translation: “you did not disappoint me”
7:14	q5hg			ἡ καύχησις ἡμῶν ἡ ἐπὶ Τίτου ἀλήθεια ἐγενήθη	1	Alternate translation: “you proved to Titus that our boasting about you was true”
7:15	d87j		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	τὴν πάντων ὑμῶν ὑπακοήν	1	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **obedience**, you can express the same idea with the verb, “obey.” Alternate translation: “how all of you obeyed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
7:15	g9bz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	μετὰ φόβου καὶ τρόμου ἐδέξασθε αὐτόν	1	Here, **fear** and **trembling** share similar meanings and emphasize the intensity of fear. Alternate translation: “you welcomed him with great reverence” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
7:15	q47h			μετὰ φόβου καὶ τρόμου	1	This could refer to: (1) great reverence for God. (2) great reverence for Titus.
8:intro	kl7m				0	# 2 Corinthians 8 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapters 8 and 9 begin a new section. Paul writes about how churches in Greece helped needy believers in Jerusalem.\n\nSome translations set quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULT does this with the quoted words of verse 15.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Gift to the church in Jerusalem\n\nThe church in Corinth started preparing to give money to the poor believers in Jerusalem. The churches in Macedonia also had given generously. Paul sends Titus and two other believers to Corinth to encourage the Corinthians to give generously. Paul and the others will carry the money to Jerusalem. They want people to know it is being done honestly.\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### We\n\nPaul likely uses the pronoun “we” to represent at least Timothy and himself. It may also include other people.\n\n### Paradox\n\nA “paradox” is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. These words in verse 2 are a paradox: “the abundance of their joy and the extremity of their poverty have produced great riches of generosity.” In verse 3 Paul explains how their poverty produced riches. Paul also uses riches and poverty in other paradoxes. ([2 Corinthians 8:2](../08/02.md))
8:1	mm8g			Connecting Statement:	0	# Connecting Statement:\n\nHaving explained his changed plans and his ministry direction, Paul talks about giving.
8:1	d1mj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	τὴν χάριν τοῦ Θεοῦ τὴν δεδομένην ἐν ταῖς ἐκκλησίαις τῆς Μακεδονίας	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the grace that God has given to the churches of Macedonia” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
8:2	fsq8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	ἡ περισσεία τῆς χαρᾶς αὐτῶν καὶ ἡ κατὰ βάθους πτωχεία αὐτῶν, ἐπερίσσευσεν εἰς τὸ πλοῦτος τῆς ἁπλότητος αὐτῶν	1	Paul speaks of **joy** and **poverty** as if they were living things that can produce generosity. Alternate translation: “because of the people’s great joy and extreme poverty, they have become very generous” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
8:2	b7k5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἡ περισσεία τῆς χαρᾶς αὐτῶν	1	Paul speaks of **joy** as if it were a physical object that could increase in size or quantity. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
8:2	pr8c			ἡ κατὰ βάθους πτωχεία αὐτῶν & τὸ πλοῦτος τῆς ἁπλότητος αὐτῶν	1	Though the churches of Macedonia have suffered testings of affliction and **poverty**, by God’s grace, they have been able to collect money for the believers in Jerusalem.
8:2	z6mt			τὸ πλοῦτος τῆς ἁπλότητος αὐτῶν	1	The word **riches** emphasizes the greatness of their generosity. Alternate translation: “a very great generosity”
8:4	nmw8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	τῆς διακονίας τῆς εἰς τοὺς ἁγίους	1	Paul is referring to providing money to the believers in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “this ministry of providing for the believers in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8:6	z42y			καθὼς προενήρξατο	1	Paul is referring to the collection of money from the Corinthians for the believers in Jerusalem.
8:6	vn4u		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	καὶ ἐπιτελέσῃ εἰς ὑμᾶς καὶ τὴν χάριν ταύτην	1	Titus was to help the Corinthians to complete the collection of money. Alternate translation: “he should encourage you to finish collecting and giving your generous gift” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8:7	fpe1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἐν ταύτῃ τῇ χάριτι περισσεύητε	1	Paul speaks of the Corinthian believers as if they should produce physical goods. Alternate translation: “make sure you do well in giving for the believers in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
8:8	wn2k		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	διὰ τῆς ἑτέρων σπουδῆς & τὸ τῆς ὑμετέρας ἀγάπης γνήσιον δοκιμάζων	1	Paul is encouraging the Corinthians to give generously by comparing them with the generosity of the Macedonian churches. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8:9	c1ch			τὴν χάριν τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν	1	In this context, the word **grace** emphasizes the generosity with which Jesus had blessed the Corinthians.
8:9	iz6z		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	δι’ ὑμᾶς ἐπτώχευσεν, πλούσιος ὤν	1	Paul speaks of Jesus before his incarnation as **being rich**, and of his becoming human as becoming **poor**. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
8:9	j5ym		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ὑμεῖς τῇ ἐκείνου πτωχείᾳ πλουτήσητε	1	Paul speaks of the Corinthians becoming spiritually **rich** as a result of Jesus becoming human. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
8:10	b7ht		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	ἐν τούτῳ	1	Here the word **this** refers to Corinthians collecting money to give to the believers in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “with regard to the collection” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8:11	fc27		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	καθάπερ ἡ προθυμία τοῦ θέλειν	1	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **readiness**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “just as you were eager and desired to do it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
8:11	d6ly			καὶ τὸ ἐπιτελέσαι	1	Alternate translation: “complete it” or “finish it”
8:12	k9wh			καθὸ ἐὰν ἔχῃ	1	Alternate translation: “if it is proportional to what the person giving has”
8:13	mp6k			For this	0	This verse refers back to collecting money for the believers in Jerusalem.
8:13	smk2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἵνα ἄλλοις ἄνεσις, ὑμῖν θλῖψις	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that you may relieve others and burden yourselves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
8:13	ktd1			ἐξ ἰσότητος	1	Alternate translation: “so that there would be equality”
8:14	v7aj			ἵνα καὶ τὸ ἐκείνων περίσσευμα γένηται εἰς τὸ ὑμῶν ὑστέρημα	1	Since the Corinthians are acting in the present time, it is implied that the believers in Jerusalem will also help them at some time in the future. Alternate translation: “this is also so that in the future their abundance may supply your need”
8:15	ue8w		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	καθὼς γέγραπται	1	Here Paul quotes from Exodus. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language.If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “as Moses wrote” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
8:15	u28y		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives	οὐκ ἠλαττόνησεν	1	If your readers would misunderstand the double-negative **not … too little**, you could express it in positive form. Alternate translation: “had all he needed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
8:16	cr18		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	τῷ διδόντι τὴν αὐτὴν σπουδὴν ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ Τίτου	1	Here, **heart** refers to the emotions. This means that God caused Titus to love them. Alternate translation: “the one who made Titus care for you as much as I do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
8:16	vsm3			τὴν αὐτὴν σπουδὴν	1	Alternate translation: “the same enthusiasm” or “same deep concern”
8:17	e4xn		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	ὅτι τὴν μὲν παράκλησιν ἐδέξατο	1	Paul is referring to his asking Titus to return to Corinth and complete the collection. Alternate translation: “For he not only agreed to our request that he help you with the collection” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8:18	rje2			μετ’ αὐτοῦ	1	Alternate translation: “with Titus”
8:18	jll9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	τὸν ἀδελφὸν, οὗ ὁ ἔπαινος & διὰ πασῶν τῶν ἐκκλησιῶν	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the brother whom believers among all of the churches praise” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
8:19	j9rk			οὐ μόνον	1	Alternate translation: “not only do believers among all of the churches praise him”
8:19	c667		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	καὶ χειροτονηθεὶς ὑπὸ τῶν ἐκκλησιῶν	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the churches also selected him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
8:19	k7dy			σὺν τῇ χάριτι ταύτῃ τῇ διακονουμένῃ ὑφ’ ἡμῶν	1	This refers to taking the offering to Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “to carry out this act of generosity”
8:19	v22x			προθυμίαν ἡμῶν	1	Alternate translation: “our eagerness to help”
8:20	a3ps		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	ἐν τῇ ἁδρότητι ταύτῃ τῇ διακονουμένῃ ὑφ’ ἡμῶν	1	This refers to taking the offering to Jerusalem. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **administration**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “concerning the way we are handling this generous gift” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
8:21	n4x1			προνοοῦμεν γὰρ καλὰ	1	Alternate translation: “We are careful to handle this gift in an honorable way”
8:21	ey5n			ἐνώπιον Κυρίου & ἐνώπιον ἀνθρώπων	1	Alternate translation: “in the Lord’s opinion … in people’s opinion”
8:22	d3yj			αὐτοῖς	1	The word **them** refers to Titus and the previously mentioned brother.
8:23	mmi2			κοινωνὸς ἐμὸς καὶ εἰς ὑμᾶς συνεργός	1	Alternate translation: “he is my partner who works with me to help you”
8:23	lat3			ἀδελφοὶ ἡμῶν	1	Here, **our brothers** refers to the two other men who will accompany Titus.
8:23	u8lx		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἀπόστολοι ἐκκλησιῶν	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the churches have sent them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
8:23	a8v2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	δόξα Χριστοῦ	1	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **glory**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “they will cause people to honor Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
9:intro	lt8d				0	# 2 Corinthians 9 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verse 9, which is quoted from the Old Testament.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Metaphors\n\nPaul uses three agricultural metaphors. He uses them to teach about giving to needy believers. The metaphors help Paul explain that God will reward those who give generously. Paul does not say how or when God will reward them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/reward]])
9:1	wc5l			Connecting Statement:	0	# Connecting Statement:\n\nPaul continues on the subject of giving. He wants to make sure that the collection of their offering for the needy believers in Jerusalem takes place before he comes so that it does not seem as though he takes advantage of them. He talks about how giving blesses the giver and glorifies God.
9:1	fxs3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	τῆς διακονίας τῆς εἰς τοὺς ἁγίους	1	This refers to the collection of money to give to the believers in Jerusalem. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “the ministry for the believers in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
9:2	rd2g		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	Ἀχαΐα	1	# General Information:\n\nWhen Paul refers to **Achaia**, he is talking about a Roman province located in southern Greece where Corinth is located. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
9:2	i529		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Ἀχαΐα παρεσκεύασται	1	Here the word **Achaia** refers to the people who live in this province, and specifically to the people of the church in Corinth. Alternate translation: “the people of Achaia have been preparing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
9:3	r5pp			τοὺς ἀδελφούς	1	Here, **the brothers** refers to Titus and the two men who accompany him.
9:3	k1er			μὴ τὸ καύχημα ἡμῶν, τὸ ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν, κενωθῇ	1	Paul does not want others to think that the things that he had boasted about the Corinthians were false.
9:4	j8ey			εὕρωσιν ὑμᾶς ἀπαρασκευάστους	1	Alternate translation: “find you unprepared to give”
9:5	q1up		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go	τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς, ἵνα προέλθωσιν εἰς ὑμᾶς	1	From Paul’s perspective, **the brothers** are going. Alternate translation: “the brothers to come to you beforehand” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
9:5	nm2n		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	μὴ ὡς πλεονεξίαν	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “not as something that we forced you to give” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
9:6	mm9w		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ὁ σπείρων φειδομένως, φειδομένως καὶ θερίσει; καὶ ὁ σπείρων ἐπ’ εὐλογίαις, ἐπ’ εὐλογίαις καὶ θερίσει	1	Paul uses the image of a farmer sowing seeds to describe the results of giving. As a farmer’s harvest is based on how much he **sows**, so will God’s **blessings** be little or much based on how generously the Corinthians give. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
9:7	tzt4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	καθὼς προῄρηται τῇ καρδίᾳ	1	Here, **heart** refers to the thoughts and emotions. Alternate translation: “just as he has determined” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
9:7	whg6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	μὴ ἐκ λύπης ἢ ἐξ ἀνάγκης	1	If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas behind the words **sorrow** and **compulsion**, you can express the same idea with verbal forms. Alternate translation: “not because he feels guilty or because someone is compelling him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
9:7	t26d			ἱλαρὸν γὰρ δότην ἀγαπᾷ ὁ Θεός	1	God wants people to give gladly to help provide for fellow believers.
9:8	cz9b		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	δυνατεῖ δὲ ὁ Θεὸς, πᾶσαν χάριν περισσεῦσαι εἰς ὑμᾶς	1	Here, **grace** is spoken of as if it were a physical object of which a person can have more than he can use. As a person gives financially to other believers, **God** also gives to the giver everything he needs. Alternate translation: “God is able to give you more than you need” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
9:8	zxz9			χάριν	1	Here, **grace** refers to the physical things a Christian needs, not to the need for God to save him from his sins.
9:8	u8w6			περισσεύητε εἰς πᾶν ἔργον ἀγαθόν	1	Alternate translation: “so that you may be able to do more and more good deeds”
9:9	mma1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	καθὼς γέγραπται	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “This is just as the writer wrote” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
9:10	p3fl			ὁ & ἐπιχορηγῶν	1	Alternate translation: “God who supplies”
9:10	b1xe		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ἄρτον εἰς βρῶσιν	1	Here the word **bread** refers to **food** in general. Alternate translation: “food to eat” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
9:10	uts1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	χορηγήσει καὶ πληθυνεῖ τὸν σπόρον ὑμῶν	1	Paul speaks of the Corinthians’ possessions as if they are seeds and of giving to others as if they were **sowing** seeds. Alternate translation: “will also supply and multiply your possessions so that you can sow them by giving them to others” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
9:10	ci67		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	αὐξήσει τὰ γενήματα τῆς δικαιοσύνης ὑμῶν	1	Paul compares the benefits that the Corinthians will receive from their generosity to that of a harvest. Alternate translation: “God will bless you even more for your righteousness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
9:10	yv67			τὰ γενήματα τῆς δικαιοσύνης ὑμῶν	1	Here, **righteousness** refers to the righteous actions of the Corinthians in giving their resources to the believers in Jerusalem.
9:11	eey1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	πλουτιζόμενοι	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God will enrich you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
9:11	b3e5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	ἥτις κατεργάζεται δι’ ἡμῶν, εὐχαριστίαν τῷ Θεῷ	1	The word **which** refers to the Corinthian’s generosity. Alternate translation: “Because of your generosity, those who receive the gifts we bring them will thank God” or “and when we give your gifts to those who need them, they will give thanks to God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
9:12	l7kq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	ὅτι ἡ διακονία τῆς λειτουργίας ταύτης	1	Here, **service** refers to Paul and his companions bringing the contribution to the believers in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “For our carrying out this service for the believers in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
9:12	esk7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἀλλὰ καὶ περισσεύουσα διὰ πολλῶν εὐχαριστιῶν τῷ Θεῷ	1	Paul speaks of the Corinthian believers’ act of service as if it were a liquid of which there is more than a container can hold. Alternate translation: “It also causes many deeds for which people will thank God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
9:13	plj4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	διὰ τῆς δοκιμῆς τῆς διακονίας ταύτης	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Because this service has tested and proven you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
9:13	ze14			δοξάζοντες τὸν Θεὸν ἐπὶ τῇ ὑποταγῇ τῆς ὁμολογίας ὑμῶν εἰς τὸ εὐαγγέλιον τοῦ Χριστοῦ, καὶ ἁπλότητι τῆς κοινωνίας εἰς αὐτοὺς καὶ εἰς πάντας	1	Paul says that the Corinthians will **glorify God** both by being faithful to Jesus and by giving generously to other believers who have need.
9:15	es8c			ἐπὶ τῇ ἀνεκδιηγήτῳ αὐτοῦ δωρεᾷ	1	This **gift** could refer to: (1) “the very great grace” that God has given to the Corinthians, which has led them to be so generous. (2) Jesus Christ, whom God gave to all believers.
10:intro	abcd				0	# 2 Corinthians 10 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations set quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULT does this with the quoted words of verse 17.\n\nIn this chapter, Paul returns to defending his authority. He also compares the way he speaks and the way he writes.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Boasting\n\n“Boasting” is often thought of as bragging, which is not good. But in this letter “boasting” means confidently exulting or rejoicing.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Metaphor\n\nIn verses 3-6, Paul uses many metaphors from war. He probably uses them as part of a larger metaphor about Christians being spiritually at war. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Flesh\n\n“Flesh” is possibly a metaphor for a person’s sinful nature. Paul is not teaching that our physical bodies are sinful. Paul appears to be teaching that as long as Christians are alive (“in the flesh”), we will continue to sin. But our new nature will be fighting against our old nature. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/flesh]])
10:1	yc1g			Connecting Statement:	0	# Connecting Statement:\n\nPaul shifts the subject from giving to affirming his authority to teach as he does.
10:1	gq7j		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	διὰ τῆς πραΰτητος καὶ ἐπιεικείας τοῦ Χριστοῦ	1	If your language does not use abstract noun for the ideas behind the word **meekness** and **gentleness**, you can express the same ideas with verbal forms. Alternate translation: “I am humble and gentle as I do so, because Christ has made me that way” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
10:2	i6hh			τοὺς λογιζομένους ἡμᾶς	1	Alternate translation: “who think of us”
10:2	ik1p		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ὡς κατὰ σάρκα περιπατοῦντας	1	Here, **flesh** is a metonym for sinful human nature. Alternate translation: “are acting from human motives” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
10:3	cvd6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἐν σαρκὶ & περιπατοῦντες	1	Here, **walking** is a metaphor for “living.” Alternate translation: “we live our lives in the flesh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
10:3	zbet		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ἐν σαρκὶ & περιπατοῦντες	1	Here, **flesh** is a metonym for physical life. Alternate translation: “we live our lives in physical bodies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
10:3	k7h8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	οὐ & στρατευόμεθα	1	Paul speaks of his trying to persuade the Corinthians to believe him and not the false teachers as if he were fighting a physical **war**. These words should be translated literally. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
10:3	gpd3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	οὐ κατὰ σάρκα στρατευόμεθα	1	The word **flesh** is: (1) a metonym for physical life. Alternate translation: “fight against our enemies using physical weapons” (2) a metonym for sinful human nature. Alternate translation: “wage war in sinful ways” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
10:4	uf5s		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	τὰ & ὅπλα τῆς στρατείας ἡμῶν οὐ σαρκικὰ, ἀλλὰ δυνατὰ τῷ Θεῷ πρὸς καθαίρεσιν ὀχυρωμάτων, λογισμοὺς καθαιροῦντες	1	Paul speaks of godly wisdom showing human wisdom to be false as if it were a weapon with which he was destroying an enemy stronghold. Alternate translation: “the weapons we fight with … show people that what our enemies say is completely wrong” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
10:4	d1gj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	οὐ σαρκικὰ	1	The word **fleshly** is: (1) a metonym for merely physical. Alternate translation: “are not physical” (2) a metonym for sinful human nature. Alternate translation: “are not sinful” or “do not enable us to do wrong” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
10:5	xuz9			πᾶν ὕψωμα ἐπαιρόμενον	1	Paul is still speaking with the metaphor of a war, as if “the knowledge of God” were an army and **every high thing** were a wall that people had made to keep the army out. Alternate translation: “every false argument that proud people think of to protect themselves”
10:5	b74d			πᾶν ὕψωμα	1	Alternate translation: “everything that proud people do”
10:5	vm1a		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἐπαιρόμενον κατὰ τῆς γνώσεως τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	Paul speaks of arguments as if they were a wall standing high against an army. The phrase **rises up** mean “stands tall,” not that the “high thing” is floating up into the air. Alternate translation: “people use so they will not have to know who God is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
10:5	r2yz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	αἰχμαλωτίζοντες πᾶν νόημα εἰς τὴν ὑπακοὴν τοῦ Χριστοῦ	1	Paul speaks of people’s thoughts as if they were enemy soldiers whom he captures in battle. Alternate translation: “we show how all the false ideas those people have are wrong and teach the people to obey Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
10:6	m4ds		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ἐκδικῆσαι πᾶσαν παρακοήν	1	Here, **act of disobedience** is a metonym for the people who commit those acts. Alternate translation: “punish every one of you who disobey us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
10:7	y2yb		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	τὰ κατὰ πρόσωπον βλέπετε	1	This could be: (1) a command. (2) a statement. Alternate translation: “You are looking only at what you can see with your eyes.” Some think this is a rhetorical question that may also be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “Are you looking at what is clearly in front of you?” or “You seem unable to see what is clearly in front of you.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
10:7	z1t5			τοῦτο λογιζέσθω πάλιν ἐφ’ ἑαυτοῦ	1	Alternate translation: “he needs to remember”
10:7	f3i9			καθὼς αὐτὸς Χριστοῦ, οὕτως καὶ ἡμεῖς	1	Alternate translation: “we belong to Christ just as much as he does”
10:8	d4zu		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	εἰς οἰκοδομὴν καὶ οὐκ εἰς καθαίρεσιν ὑμῶν	1	Paul speaks of helping the Corinthians to know Christ better as if he were constructing a building. Alternate translation: “to help you become better followers of Christ and not to discourage you so you stop following him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
10:9	nw6e			ἂν ἐκφοβεῖν ὑμᾶς	1	Alternate translation: “I am trying to frighten you”
10:11	m6m6			τοῦτο λογιζέσθω ὁ τοιοῦτος	1	Alternate translation: “I want such people to be aware”
10:11	g58z			οἷοί ἐσμεν τῷ λόγῳ δι’ ἐπιστολῶν ἀπόντες, τοιοῦτοι καὶ παρόντες τῷ ἔργῳ	1	Alternate translation: “we will do the same things when we are there with you that we have written about in our letters while we have been away from you”
10:11	kb55		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	ἐσμεν	1	Here, **we** refers to Paul’s ministry team but not to the Corinthians. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
10:12	k94z			ἐνκρῖναι ἢ συνκρῖναι ἑαυτούς, τισιν	1	Alternate translation: “to say we are as good as some”
10:12	i85y		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	αὐτοὶ ἐν ἑαυτοῖς, ἑαυτοὺς μετροῦντες καὶ συνκρίνοντες ἑαυτοὺς ἑαυτοῖς	1	Both of these clauses mean essentially the same thing. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
10:12	n8sx		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	αὐτοὶ ἐν ἑαυτοῖς, ἑαυτοὺς μετροῦντες	1	Paul is speaking of goodness as though it were something whose length people could **measure**. Alternate translation: “they look at each other and try to see who is better” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
10:12	zwl5			οὐ συνιᾶσιν	1	Alternate translation: “show everyone that they do not know anything”
10:13	x79x		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	General Information:	0	# General Information:\n\nPaul speaks of the authority he has as if it were a land over which he rules, those things over which he has authority as being within the borders or “limits” of his land, and those things not under his authority as being beyond the “limits.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
10:13	a4ud		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	οὐκ εἰς τὰ ἄμετρα καυχησόμεθα	1	This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “will not boast about things over which we have no authority” or “will boast only about things over which we have authority” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
10:13	u84l			κατὰ τὸ μέτρον τοῦ κανόνος, οὗ ἐμέρισεν ἡμῖν ὁ Θεὸς	1	Alternate translation: “about things under the authority that God has given us to do”
10:13	fx2b		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	μέτρου, ἐφικέσθαι ἄχρι καὶ ὑμῶν	1	Paul speaks of the authority he has as if it were a land over which he rules. Alternate translation: “and you are within the border of our authority” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
10:14	ay6h			οὐ & ὑπερεκτείνομεν ἑαυτούς	1	Alternate translation: “we did not go beyond our borders”
10:15	hu9l		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	οὐκ εἰς τὰ ἄμετρα καυχώμενοι	1	This is an idiom. See how similar words were translated in [2 Corinthians 10:13](../10/13.md). Alternate translation: “And we have not boasted about things over which we have no authority” or “We have not boasted only about things over which we have authority” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
10:16	raq7			ἀλλοτρίῳ κανόνι	1	Alternate translation: “an area that God has assigned to someone else”
10:17	q8cc			ἐν Κυρίῳ καυχάσθω	1	Alternate translation: “let … boast about what the Lord has done”
10:18	h81t			ὁ ἑαυτὸν συνιστάνων	1	This means that he provides enough evidence for each person who hears him to decide whether he is right or wrong. See how “recommend ourselves” is translated in [2 Corinthians 4:2](../04/02.md).
10:18	n5v6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	οὐ & ἐστιν δόκιμος	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “is not whom the Lord approves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
10:18	sy2r		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	ὃν ὁ Κύριος συνίστησιν	1	You can make explicit the understood information. Alternate translation: “the one whom the Lord recommends is the one of whom the Lord approves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
11:intro	abce				0	# 2 Corinthians 11 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nIn this chapter, Paul continues defending his authority.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### False teaching\n\nThe Corinthians were quick to accept false teachers. They taught things about Jesus and the gospel that were different and not true. Unlike these false teachers, Paul sacrificially served the Corinthians. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/goodnews]])\n\n### Light\n\nLight is commonly used in the New Testament as a metaphor. Paul here uses light to indicate the revealing of God and his righteousness. Darkness describes sin. Sin seeks to remain hidden from God. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/light]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/darkness]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Metaphor\n\nPaul begins this chapter with an extended metaphor. He compares himself to the father of a bride who is giving a pure, virgin bride to her bridegroom. Wedding practices change depending on the cultural background. But the idea of helping to present someone as a grown and holy child is explicitly pictured in this passage. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])\n\n### Irony\n\nThis chapter is full of irony. Paul is hoping to shame the Corinthian believers with his irony.\n\n“You tolerate these things well enough!” Paul thinks that they should not tolerate the way the false apostles treated them. Paul does not think they are really apostles at all.\n\nThe statement, “For you gladly put up with fools. You are wise yourselves!” means that the Corinthian believers think they were very wise but Paul does not agree.\n\n“I will say to our shame that we were too weak to do that.” Paul is speaking about behavior he thinks is very wrong in order to avoid it. He is speaking as if he thinks he is wrong for not doing it. He uses a rhetorical question also as irony. “Did I sin by humbling myself so you might be exalted?” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/apostle]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])\n\n### Rhetorical questions\n\nIn refuting the false apostles claiming to be superior, Paul uses a series of rhetorical questions. Each question is coupled with an answer: “Are they Hebrews? So am I. Are they Israelites? So am I. Are they descendants of Abraham? So am I. Are they servants of Christ? (I speak as though I were out of my mind.) I am more.”\n\nHe also uses a series of rhetorical questions to empathize with his converts: “Who is weak, and I am not weak? Who has caused another to fall into sin, and I do not burn within?”\n\n### “Are they servants of Christ?”\n\nThis is sarcasm, a special type of irony used to mock or insult. Paul does not believe these false teachers actually serve Christ, only that they pretend to do so.\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Paradox\n\nA “paradox” is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. This sentence in verse 30 is a paradox: “If I must boast, I will boast about what shows my weaknesses.” Paul does not explain why he would boast in his weakness until 2 Corinthians 12:9. ([2 Corinthians 11:30](../11/30.md))
11:1	r4q6			ἀνείχεσθέ μου μικρόν τι ἀφροσύνης	1	Alternate translation: “you would allow me allow me to act like a fool”
11:2	m6vl			ζηλῶ & ὑμᾶς Θεοῦ ζήλῳ	1	These words speak of a good, strong desire that the Corinthians be faithful to Christ, and that no one should persuade them to leave him.
11:2	ee9i		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἡρμοσάμην γὰρ ὑμᾶς ἑνὶ ἀνδρὶ, παρθένον ἁγνὴν παραστῆσαι τῷ Χριστῷ	1	Paul speaks of his care for the Corinthian believers as if he had **promised** another man that he would prepare his daughter to marry him and he is most concerned that he be able to keep his promise to the man. Alternate translation: “for I was like a father who promised to present his daughter to one husband. I promised to keep you as a pure virgin so I could give you to Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
11:3	l2hr			φοβοῦμαι δὲ, μή πως ὡς ὁ ὄφις ἐξηπάτησεν Εὕαν ἐν τῇ πανουργίᾳ αὐτοῦ, φθαρῇ τὰ νοήματα ὑμῶν ἀπὸ τῆς ἁπλότητος καὶ τῆς ἁγνότητος τῆς εἰς τὸν Χριστόν	1	Alternate translation: “But I am afraid that somehow your thoughts might be led astray from a sincere and pure devotion to Christ just as the serpent deceived Eve by his craftiness”
11:3	m5zn		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	φθαρῇ τὰ νοήματα ὑμῶν	1	Paul speaks of **thoughts** as if they were animals that people could lead along the wrong path. Alternate translation: “someone might cause you to believe lies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
11:4	wq57			εἰ μὲν γὰρ ὁ ἐρχόμενος	1	Alternate translation: “When anyone comes and”
11:4	l7m8			πνεῦμα ἕτερον & ὃ οὐκ ἐλάβετε, ἢ εὐαγγέλιον ἕτερον ὃ οὐκ ἐδέξασθε	1	Alternate translation: “a different spirit than the Holy Spirit, or a different gospel than you received from us”
11:4	fs5z			καλῶς ἀνέχεσθε	1	See how these words were translated in [2 Corinthians 11:1](../11/01.md). Alternate translation: “you are dealing correctly with these things”
11:5	eet1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony	τῶν ὑπέρλίαν ἀποστόλων	1	Paul uses irony here to show that those teachers are less important then people say there are. Alternate translation: “those teachers whom some think are better than anyone else” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
11:6	f8d1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes	οὐ τῇ γνώσει	1	This negative phrase emphasizes the positive truth that he is trained in knowledge. Alternate translation: “I am certainly trained in knowledge” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
11:6	n7xy		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	οὐ τῇ γνώσει	1	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **knowledge**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “I am trained to know what they know” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
11:7	un9v		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	ἢ ἁμαρτίαν ἐποίησα ἐμαυτὸν ταπεινῶν, ἵνα ὑμεῖς ὑψωθῆτε, ὅτι δωρεὰν τὸ τοῦ Θεοῦ εὐαγγέλιον εὐηγγελισάμην ὑμῖν?	1	Paul is beginning to claim that he treated the Corinthians well. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “I think we agree that I did not sin by humbling myself so you might be exalted” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
11:7	ax51			δωρεὰν τὸ τοῦ Θεοῦ εὐαγγέλιον εὐηγγελισάμην ὑμῖν	1	Alternate translation: “I preached the gospel of God to you without expecting anything from you in return”
11:8	k6ds		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole	ἄλλας ἐκκλησίας ἐσύλησα	1	This is an exaggeration to emphasize that Paul received money from **churches** who were not obligated to give to him. Alternate translation: “I accepted money from other churches” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
11:8	a416		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	τὴν ὑμῶν διακονίαν	1	The full meaning of this can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “I could serve you at no cost” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
11:9	a23k			οἱ ἀδελφοὶ ἐλθόντες	1	These **brothers** were probably all male.
11:9	fc6l		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἐν παντὶ ἀβαρῆ ἐμαυτὸν ὑμῖν ἐτήρησα καὶ τηρήσω	1	Paul speaks of someone for whom one has to spend money as if they were heavy items that people have to carry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
11:9	sqcf		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	ἐν παντὶ ἀβαρῆ ἐμαυτὸν ὑμῖν ἐτήρησα καὶ τηρήσω	1	The full meaning of this can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “I have done all I can to make sure you do not have to spend money so that I can be with you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
11:9	b35r			ἀβαρῆ ἐμαυτὸν & ἐτήρησα καὶ τηρήσω	1	Alternate translation: “I never will be a burden to you”
11:10	si2r			ἔστιν ἀλήθεια Χριστοῦ ἐν ἐμοὶ	1	Paul is emphasizing that because his readers know that he tells the **truth** about **Christ**, they can know that he is telling the truth here. “As surely as you know that I truly know and proclaim the truth about Christ, you could know that what I am about to say is true”
11:10	nae3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἡ καύχησις αὕτη οὐ φραγήσεται εἰς ἐμὲ	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “no one will be able to make me stop boasting and stay silent” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
11:10	ua2i			ἡ καύχησις αὕτη & εἰς ἐμὲ	1	This refers to what Paul spoke about starting in ([2 Corinthians 11:7](../11/07.md)).
11:11	zqu5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	διὰ τί? ὅτι οὐκ ἀγαπῶ ὑμᾶς?	1	Paul uses rhetorical questions to emphasize love for the Corinthians. These questions can be combined or made into a statement. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could combine them or express them as statements. Alternate translation: “Is it because I do not love you that I do not want to be a burden to you?” or “I will continue to keep you from paying for my needs because this shows others that I love you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
11:11	rj6f		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	ὁ Θεὸς οἶδεν	1	You can make explicit the understood information. Alternate translation: “God knows I love you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
11:12	d9sl		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἵνα ἐκκόψω τὴν ἀφορμὴν τῶν θελόντων ἀφορμήν, ἵνα ἐν ᾧ καυχῶνται, εὑρεθῶσιν καθὼς καὶ ἡμεῖς	1	Paul speaks of a false claim that his enemies state as if it were something that he can carry away. Alternate translation: “so that I might make it impossible for those who are trying to get people to regard them as highly as they respect us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
11:12	t4js		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	εὑρεθῶσιν	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people will think highly of them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
11:13	ml66			οἱ γὰρ τοιοῦτοι	1	Alternate translation: “I do what I do because people like them”
11:13	nq3t			ἐργάται δόλιοι	1	Alternate translation: “dishonest workers”
11:13	y896			μετασχηματιζόμενοι εἰς ἀποστόλους	1	Alternate translation: “are not apostles, but they try to make themselves look like apostles”
11:14	v9z4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes	οὐ θαῦμα	1	By stating this in a negative form Paul is emphasizing that the Corinthians should expect to meet many “false apostles” ([2 Corinthians 11:13](../11/13.md)). Alternate translation: “we should expect this” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
11:14	ss7s			αὐτὸς & ὁ Σατανᾶς μετασχηματίζεται εἰς ἄγγελον φωτός	1	Alternate translation: “Satan is not an angel of light, but he tries to make himself look like an angel of light”
11:14	mld4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἄγγελον φωτός	1	Here, **light** is a metaphor for righteousness. Alternate translation: “an angel of righteousness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
11:15	fvx7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes	οὐ μέγα & εἰ	1	By stating this in a negative form Paul is emphasizing that the Corinthians should expect to meet many “false apostles” ([2 Corinthians 11:13](../11/13.md)). Alternate translation: “we should certainly expect to see” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
11:15	sb58			καὶ οἱ διάκονοι αὐτοῦ μετασχηματίζονται ὡς διάκονοι δικαιοσύνης	1	Alternate translation: “his servants are not servants of righteousness, but they try to make themselves look like servants of righteousness”
11:16	s962			γε κἂν ὡς ἄφρονα δέξασθέ με, ἵνα κἀγὼ μικρόν τι καυχήσωμαι	1	Alternate translation: “receive me as you would receive a fool: let me talk, and consider my boasting the words of a fool”
11:18	t4ic		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	κατὰ σάρκα	1	Here the metonym **flesh** refers to man in his sinful nature and his achievements. Alternate translation: “about their own human achievements” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
11:19	u8f3			ἀνέχεσθε τῶν ἀφρόνων	1	See how a similar phrase was translated in [2 Corinthians 11:1](../11/01.md). Alternate translation: “you … accept me when I act like a fool”
11:19	si6l		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony	φρόνιμοι ὄντες	1	Paul is shaming the Corinthians by using irony. Alternate translation: “thinking that you are wise, even through you are not” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
11:20	zmfo		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole	εἴ τις ὑμᾶς καταδουλοῖ, εἴ τις κατεσθίει	1	Paul is using exaggeration when he speaks of some people forcing others to obey rules as if they were forcing them to be slaves or devouring them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
11:20	lu7d		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ὑμᾶς καταδουλοῖ	1	Paul speaks of people forcing others to obey rules as if they were forcing them to be slaves. Alternate translation: “makes you follow rules they have thought of” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
11:20	sr4n		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	κατεσθίει	1	Paul speaks of the super-apostles’ taking people’s material resources as if they were eating the people themselves. Alternate translation: “takes all your property” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
11:20	yn5t			λαμβάνει	1	A person **takes advantage of** another person by knowing things that the other person does not and using that knowledge to help himself and harm the other person.
11:21	n8s9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony	κατὰ ἀτιμίαν λέγω ὡς ὅτι ἡμεῖς ἠσθενήκαμεν!	1	Paul is using irony to tell the Corinthians that it was not because he was **weak** that he treated them well. Alternate translation: “I am not ashamed to say that we had the power to harm you, but we treated you well” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
11:21	v8a3			ἐν ᾧ & ἄν τις τολμᾷ & τολμῶ κἀγώ	1	Alternate translation: “in whatever anyone boasts about … I will dare to boast about it also”
11:22	jdq8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Ἑβραῖοί εἰσιν? κἀγώ. Ἰσραηλεῖταί εἰσιν? κἀγώ. σπέρμα Ἀβραάμ εἰσιν? κἀγώ.	1	Paul is asking and answering questions the Corinthians might be asking to emphasize that he is as much a Jew as the super-apostles are. You should keep the question-and-answer form if possible. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “They want you to think they are important and to believe what they say because they are Hebrews and Israelites and descendants of Abraham. Well, so am I!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
11:23	a4tz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	διάκονοι Χριστοῦ εἰσιν? (παραφρονῶν λαλῶ), ὑπὲρ ἐγώ	1	Paul continues asking and answering questions the Corinthians might be asking to emphasize that he is as much a Jew as the super-apostles are. You should keep the question-and-answer form if possible. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “They say they are servants of Christ—I speak as though I were out of my mind—but I am more” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
11:23	bq23			παραφρονῶν λαλῶ	1	Alternate translation: “I speak as though I were unable to think well”
11:23	vy54		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	ὑπὲρ ἐγώ	1	You can make explicit the understood information. Alternate translation: “I am more a servant of Christ than they are” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
11:23	s8wq			ἐν κόποις περισσοτέρως	1	Alternate translation: “I have worked harder”
11:23	dr6x			ἐν φυλακαῖς περισσοτέρως	1	Alternate translation: “I have been in prisons more often”
11:23	cs3f		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	ἐν πληγαῖς ὑπερβαλλόντως	1	Here, **beyond measure** is an idiom that means he had been beaten many, many times. Alternate translation: “I have been beaten very many times” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
11:23	qdcm		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole	ἐν πληγαῖς ὑπερβαλλόντως	1	This is exaggerated to emphasize that he had been beaten many, many times. Alternate translation: “I have been beaten too many times to bother counting” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
11:23	r6jv			ἐν θανάτοις πολλάκις	1	Alternate translation: “and I have almost died many times”
11:24	ttz2			τεσσεράκοντα παρὰ μίαν	1	This was a common expression for being whipped 39 times. In Jewish law the most they were allowed to whip a person at one time was forty lashes. So they commonly whipped a person thirty-nine times so that they would be guilty of whipping someone too many times if the accidentally counted wrong.
11:25	u9xc		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἐραβδίσθην	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people beat me with wooden rods” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
11:25	xk9w		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἐλιθάσθην	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people threw stones at me until they thought I was dead” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
11:25	b4kz			νυχθήμερον ἐν τῷ βυθῷ πεποίηκα	1	Paul was referring to floating in the water after the ship he was on sank.
11:26	b3j9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	κινδύνοις ἐν ψευδαδέλφοις	1	The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “and in danger from people who claimed to be brothers in Christ, but who betrayed us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
11:27	ds5h		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole	γυμνότητι	1	Here Paul exaggerates to show his need of clothing. Alternate translation: “without enough clothing to keep me warm” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
11:28	n1q5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἡ ἐπίστασίς μοι ἡ καθ’ ἡμέραν, ἡ μέριμνα πασῶν τῶν ἐκκλησιῶν	1	Paul knows that God will hold him responsible for how well the **churches** obey God and speaks of that knowledge as if it were a heavy object pushing him down. Alternate translation: “I know that God will hold me accountable for the spiritual growth of all the churches, and so I always feel like a heavy object is pushing me down” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
11:29	fvz6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	τίς ἀσθενεῖ, καὶ οὐκ ἀσθενῶ?	1	This rhetorical question emphasizes that Paul cares about people. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Whenever anyone is weak, I feel that weakness also.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
11:29	hhb2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	τίς ἀσθενεῖ, καὶ οὐκ ἀσθενῶ?	1	The word **weak** is probably a metaphor for a spiritual condition, but no one is sure what Paul is speaking of, so it is best to use the same word here. Alternate translation: “I am weak whenever anyone else is weak.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
11:29	g5am		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	τίς σκανδαλίζεται, καὶ οὐκ ἐγὼ πυροῦμαι?	1	Here Paul’s anger is spoken of as a burning inside him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
11:29	bdd4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	τίς σκανδαλίζεται, καὶ οὐκ ἐγὼ πυροῦμαι?	1	Paul uses this question to express his anger when a fellow believer is caused to sin. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Whenever anyone causes a brother to sin, I am angry.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
11:29	xu57		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	σκανδαλίζεται	1	Paul speaks of sin as if it were tripping over something and then falling. Alternate translation: “has been led to sin” or “has thought that God would permit him to sin because of something that someone else did” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
11:30	gxe6			τὰ τῆς ἀσθενείας	1	Alternate translation: “what shows how weak I am”
11:31	yx8z		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes	οὐ ψεύδομαι	1	Paul is using litotes to emphasize that he is telling the truth. Alternate translation: “I am telling the absolute truth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
11:32	n383			ὁ ἐθνάρχης Ἁρέτα τοῦ βασιλέως ἐφρούρει τὴν πόλιν	1	Alternate translation: “the governor whom King Aretas had appointed had told men to guard the city”
11:32	j7de			πιάσαι με	1	Alternate translation: “so that they might catch and arrest me”
11:33	i8xa		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἐν σαργάνῃ, ἐχαλάσθην	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “some people put me in a basket and lowered me to the ground” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
11:33	aw7d		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	τὰς χεῖρας αὐτοῦ	1	Paul uses the governor’s **hands** as metonymy for the governor. Alternate translation: “from the governor” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
12:intro	abcf				0	# 2 Corinthians 12 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nPaul continues defending his authority in this chapter.\n\nWhen Paul was with the Corinthians, he proved himself to be an apostle by his powerful deeds. He had not ever taken anything from them. Now that he is coming for the third time, he will still not take anything. He hopes that when he visits, he will not need to be harsh with them. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/apostle]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Paul’s vision\n\nPaul now defends his authority by telling about a wonderful vision of heaven. Although he speaks in the third person in verses 2-5, verse 7 indicates that he was the person who experienced the vision. It was so great, God gave him a physical handicap to keep him humble. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]])\n\n### Third heaven\n\nMany scholars believe the “third” heaven is the dwelling place of God. This is because Scripture also uses “heaven” to refer to the sky (the “first” heaven) and the universe (the “second” heaven).\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Rhetorical questions\n\nPaul uses many rhetorical questions as he defends himself against his enemies who accused him: “For how were you less important than the rest of the churches, except that I was not a burden to you?” “Did Titus take advantage of you? Did we not walk in the same way? Did we not walk in the same steps?” and “Do you think all of this time we have been defending ourselves to you?” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])\n\n### Sarcasm\n\nPaul uses sarcasm, a special type of irony, when he reminds them how he had helped them at no cost. He says, “Forgive me for this wrong!” He also uses regular irony when he says: “But, since I am so crafty, I am the one who caught you by deceit.” He uses it to introduce his defense against this accusation by showing how impossible it was to be true. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Paradox\n\nA “paradox” is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. This sentence in verse 5 is a paradox: “I will not boast, except about my weaknesses.” Most people do not boast about being weak. This sentence in verse 10 is also a paradox: “For whenever I am weak, then I am strong.” In verse 9, Paul explains why both of these statements are true. ([2 Corinthians 12:5](../12/05.md))
12:1	iwn3			Connecting Statement:	0	# Connecting Statement:\n\nIn defending his apostleship from God, Paul continues to state specific things that have happened to him since he became a believer.
12:1	iur3			ἐλεύσομαι & εἰς	1	Alternate translation: “I will continue talking, but now about”
12:1	rb42		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys	ὀπτασίας καὶ ἀποκαλύψεις Κυρίου	1	This could mean: (1) Paul uses the words **visions** and **revelations** to mean the same thing in hendiadys for emphasis. Alternate translation: “things that the Lord has allowed only me to see” (2) Paul is speaking of two different things. Alternate translation: “secret things that the Lord has let me see with my eyes and other secrets that he has told me about” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])
12:2	cz7u			οἶδα ἄνθρωπον ἐν Χριστῷ	1	Paul is actually speaking of himself as if he were speaking of someone else, but this should be translated literally if possible.
12:2	fth2			εἴτε ἐν σώματι οὐκ οἶδα, εἴτε ἐκτὸς τοῦ σώματος οὐκ οἶδα	1	Paul continues to describe himself as if this happened to another person. “I do not know if this man was in his physical body or in his spiritual body”
12:2	k4aw			τρίτου οὐρανοῦ	1	Here, the **third heaven** refers to the dwelling place of God rather than the sky or outer space (the planets, stars, and the universe).
12:4	qv5h			ἡρπάγη εἰς τὸν Παράδεισον	1	Paul continues his account of what happened to “this man” (verse 3). If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. This could mean: (1) God took this man into **paradise**. (2) an angel took this man into **paradise**. If possible, it would be best not to name the one who took the man: “someone took him up to paradise” or “they took him up to paradise.”
12:4	wm7y			ἡρπάγη	1	Here, **caught up** refers to being suddenly and forcefully held and taken.
12:4	ic45			τὸν Παράδεισον	1	Here, **paradise** could refer to: (1) heaven. (2) the third heaven. (3) a special place in heaven.
12:5	hpq6			τοῦ τοιούτου	1	Alternate translation: “of that person”
12:5	i12f			οὐ καυχήσομαι, εἰ μὴ ἐν ταῖς ἀσθενείαις	1	You can state this in positive form. Alternate translation: “I will boast only of my weaknesses”
12:6	p8fm			μή τις εἰς ἐμὲ λογίσηται ὑπὲρ ὃ βλέπει με, ἢ ἀκούει ἐξ ἐμοῦ	1	Alternate translation: “no one will give me more credit than what he sees in me or hears from me”
12:7	v5s7			General Information:	0	# General Information:\n\nThis verse reveals that Paul was speaking about himself beginning in [2 Corinthians 12:2](../12/02.md).
12:7	xxi2			τῇ ὑπερβολῇ τῶν ἀποκαλύψεων	1	Alternate translation: “because those revelations were so much greater than anything anyone else had ever seen”
12:7	hu8g		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἐδόθη μοι σκόλοψ τῇ σαρκί	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God gave me a thorn in the flesh” or “God allowed me to have a thorn in the flesh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
12:7	q5e7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	σκόλοψ τῇ σαρκί	1	Here Paul’s physical problems are compared to a **thorn** piercing his **flesh**. Alternate translation: “an affliction” or “a physical problem” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
12:7	q7lz			ἄγγελος Σατανᾶ	1	Alternate translation: “a servant of Satan”
12:7	ehp9			μὴ ὑπεραίρωμαι	2	Alternate translation: “I would not become too proud”
12:8	n76p			τρὶς	1	Paul put the words **three times** at the beginning of the sentence to emphasize that he had prayed many times about his “thorn” ([2 Corinthians 12:7](../12/07.md)).
12:8	wc7r			ὑπὲρ τούτου	1	Alternate translation: “about this thorn in the flesh,” or “about this affliction”
12:9	nr2j			ἀρκεῖ σοι ἡ χάρις μου	1	Alternate translation: “I will be kind to you, and that is all you need”
12:9	cs63			ἡ γὰρ δύναμις ἐν ἀσθενείᾳ τελεῖται	1	Alternate translation: “for my power works best when you are weak”
12:9	g8mi		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἐπισκηνώσῃ ἐπ’ ἐμὲ ἡ δύναμις τοῦ Χριστοῦ	1	Paul speaks of the **power of Christ** as if it were a tent built over him. This could mean: (1) people might see that Paul has the power of Christ. (2) Paul truly has the power of Christ. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
12:10	pxf1			εὐδοκῶ ἐν ἀσθενείαις, ἐν ὕβρεσιν, ἐν ἀνάγκαις, ἐν διωγμοῖς, καὶ στενοχωρίαις, ὑπὲρ Χριστοῦ	1	This could mean: (1) Paul is **content** in **weaknesses**, **insults**, **troubles**, **persecutions**, and **distressing situations** if these things come because I belong to Christ. (2) Paul is content in weakness if these things cause more people to know Christ.
12:10	s5sx			ἐν ἀσθενείαις	1	Alternate translation: “when I am weak”
12:10	xl8q			ἐν ὕβρεσιν	1	Alternate translation: “when people try to make me angry by saying that I am a bad person”
12:10	hza1			ἐν ἀνάγκαις	1	Alternate translation: “when I am suffering”
12:10	c4t2			στενοχωρίαις	1	Alternate translation: “when there is trouble”
12:10	t7qg			ὅταν γὰρ ἀσθενῶ, τότε δυνατός εἰμι	1	Paul is saying that when he is no longer **strong** enough to do what needs to be done, Christ, who is more powerful than Paul could ever be, will work through Paul to do what needs to be done. However, it would be best to translate these words literally, if your language allows.
12:11	a1ym			γέγονα ἄφρων	1	Alternate translation: “I am acting like a fool”
12:11	pzw1			ὑμεῖς με ἠναγκάσατε	1	Alternate translation: “You forced me to talk this way”
12:11	v2lr		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἐγὼ & ὤφειλον ὑφ’ ὑμῶν συνίστασθαι	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you should have praised me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
12:11	f644			συνίστασθαι	1	See how you translated similar phrases in ([3:1](../03/01.md)) and ([4:2](../04/02.md)). Alternate translation: “been praised” or “been recommended”
12:11	h4d5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes	οὐδὲν γὰρ ὑστέρησα	1	By using the negative form, Paul is saying strongly that those Corinthians who think that he is **inferior** are wrong. Alternate translation: “For I am just as good as” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
12:11	s82x		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony	τῶν ὑπέρλίαν ἀποστόλων	1	Paul uses irony here to show that those teachers are less important then people say they are. See how this is translated in [2 Corinthians 11:5](../11/05.md). Alternate translation: “those teachers whom some think are better than anyone else” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
12:12	kp5l		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	τὰ μὲν σημεῖα τοῦ ἀποστόλου κατειργάσθη	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form with emphasis on the **signs**, or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “it is the true signs of an apostle that I performed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
12:12	d4um			σημείοις τε, καὶ τέρασιν, καὶ δυνάμεσιν	1	These are the “signs of an apostle” that Paul performed “with all perseverance.”
12:13	z35e		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	τί γάρ ἐστιν ὃ ἡσσώθητε ὑπὲρ τὰς λοιπὰς ἐκκλησίας, εἰ μὴ ὅτι αὐτὸς ἐγὼ οὐ κατενάρκησα ὑμῶν?	1	Paul is emphasizing that the Corinthians are wrong to accuse him of wanting to do them harm. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “I treated you the same way I treated all the other churches, except that I myself did not burden you.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
12:13	d426			αὐτὸς ἐγὼ οὐ κατενάρκησα ὑμῶν	1	Alternate translation: “I did not ask you for money or other things I needed”
12:13	sy7v		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony	χαρίσασθέ μοι τὴν ἀδικίαν ταύτην!	1	Paul is being ironic to shame the Corinthians. Both he and they know that he has done them no wrong, but they have been treating him as though he has wronged them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
12:13	u1w9			τὴν ἀδικίαν ταύτην	1	Here, **this wrong** refers to not asking them for money and other things he needed.
12:14	ugk1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	ἀλλὰ ὑμᾶς	1	The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “but what I want is that you love and accept me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
12:14	wd97			οὐ & ὀφείλει τὰ τέκνα τοῖς γονεῦσιν θησαυρίζειν	3	Young **children** are not responsible for saving money or other goods to give to their healthy **parents**.
12:15	vj2m		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἐγὼ & ἥδιστα δαπανήσω καὶ ἐκδαπανηθήσομαι	1	Paul speaks of his work and his physical life as if it were money that he or God could **spend**. Alternate translation: “I will gladly do any work and gladly allow God to permit people to kill me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
12:15	nk8v		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ὑπὲρ τῶν ψυχῶν ὑμῶν	1	The word **souls** is a metonym for the people themselves. Alternate translation: “for you” or “so you will live well” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
12:15	t3na		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	εἰ περισσοτέρως ὑμᾶς ἀγαπῶν, ἧσσον ἀγαπῶμαι?	1	This rhetorical question to emphasize that the Corinthians should love Paul. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “If I love you so much, you should not love me so little.” or “If I love you so much, you should love me more than you do.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
12:15	j887			περισσοτέρως	1	It is not clear what it is that Paul’s love is **more** than. It is probably best to use “very much” or a “so much” that can be compared to “so little” later in the sentence.
12:16	ur5x		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony	ἀλλὰ ὑπάρχων πανοῦργος δόλῳ, ὑμᾶς ἔλαβον	1	Paul uses irony to shame the Corinthians who think he lied to them even if he did not ask them for money. Alternate translation: “but others think I was deceptive and used trickery” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
12:17	vb7q		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	μή τινα ὧν ἀπέσταλκα πρὸς ὑμᾶς, δι’ αὐτοῦ ἐπλεονέκτησα ὑμᾶς?	1	Both Paul and the Corinthians know the answer is “no.” If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one that I sent to you has taken advantage of you!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
12:18	pjl2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	μήτι ἐπλεονέκτησεν ὑμᾶς Τίτος?	1	Both Paul and the Corinthians know the answer is “no.” If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Titus certainly did not take advantage of you!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
12:18	acg6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	οὐ τῷ αὐτῷ πνεύματι περιεπατήσαμεν	1	Paul speaks of living as if it were walking on a road. Alternate translation: “We all walk in the same spirit.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
12:18	rjiy		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	οὐ τῷ αὐτῷ πνεύματι περιεπατήσαμεν	1	Both Paul and the Corinthians know the answer to the question is “yes.” If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “We all have the same attitude and live alike.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
12:18	k6b3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	οὐ τοῖς αὐτοῖς ἴχνεσιν?	1	Both Paul and the Corinthians know the answer to the question is “yes.” If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “We all walk in the same steps.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
12:18	oket		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	οὐ τοῖς αὐτοῖς ἴχνεσιν?	1	Paul speaks of living as if it were walking on a road. Alternate translation: “We all do things the same way.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
12:19	g1iw		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	πάλαι δοκεῖτε ὅτι ὑμῖν ἀπολογούμεθα?	1	Paul uses this question to acknowledge something that the people may have been thinking. He does this so that he can assure them that it is not true. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Perhaps you think that all of this time we have been defending ourselves to you.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
12:19	ih3e		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	κατέναντι Θεοῦ	1	Paul speaks of **God** knowing everything Paul does as if God were physically present and observed everything Paul said and did. Alternate translation: “With God as witness” or “In the presence of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
12:19	vg3u		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ὑπὲρ τῆς ὑμῶν οἰκοδομῆς	1	Paul speaks of knowing how to obey God and desiring to obey him as if it were physical growth. Alternate translation: “so that you would know God and obey him better” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
12:20	cu6s			οὐχ οἵους θέλω, εὕρω ὑμᾶς	1	Alternate translation: “I may not like what I find” or “I may not like what I see you doing”
12:20	zy6g			κἀγὼ εὑρεθῶ ὑμῖν οἷον οὐ θέλετε	1	Alternate translation: “you might not like what you see in me”
12:20	rh1h		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	μή πως ἔρις, ζῆλος, θυμοί, ἐριθεῖαι, καταλαλιαί, ψιθυρισμοί, φυσιώσεις, ἀκαταστασίαι	1	If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas behind the words **quarreling, jealousy, outbursts of anger, rivalries, slander, gossip, arrogance, and disorder**, you can express the same ideas with verbal forms. This could mean: (1) some of you will be arguing with us, jealous of us, suddenly becoming very angry with us, trying to take our places as leaders, speaking falsely about us, telling about our private lives, being proud, and opposing us as we try to lead you. (2) some of you will be arguing with each other, jealous of each other, suddenly becoming very angry with each other, quarreling with each other over who will be the leader, speaking falsely about each other, telling about each other’s private lives, being proud, and opposing those whom God has chosen to lead you. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
12:21	ddw3			πενθήσω πολλοὺς τῶν προημαρτηκότων,	1	Alternate translation: “I will be grieved because many of them have not given up their old sins”
12:21	hq1e		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	μὴ μετανοησάντων ἐπὶ τῇ ἀκαθαρσίᾳ, καὶ πορνείᾳ, καὶ ἀσελγείᾳ	1	This could mean: (1) Paul is saying almost the same thing three times for emphasis. Alternate translation: “did not stop commiting the sexual sins that they practiced” (2) Paul is speaking of three different sins. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
12:21	rh22		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	ἐπὶ τῇ ἀκαθαρσίᾳ	1	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **impurity**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “of secretly thinking about and desiring things that do not please God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
12:21	rn6u		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	πορνείᾳ	1	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **sexual immorality**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “of doing sexually immoral deeds” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
12:21	yyr5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	ἀσελγείᾳ	1	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **lustful indulgence**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “doing things that satisfy immoral sexual desire” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
13:intro	abcg				0	# 2 Corinthians 13 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nIn this chapter, Paul finishes defending his authority. He then concludes the letter with a final greeting and blessing.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Preparation\n\nPaul instructs the Corinthians as he prepares to visit them. He is hoping to avoid needing to discipline anyone in the church so he can visit them joyfully. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/disciple]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Power and weakness\n\nPaul repeatedly uses the contrasting words “power” and “weakness” in this chapter. The translator should use words that are understood to be opposites of each other.\n\n### “Examine yourselves to see if you are in the faith. Test yourselves.”\n\nScholars are divided over what these sentences mean. Some scholars say that Christians are to test themselves to see whether their actions align with their Christian faith. The context favors this understanding. Others say these sentences mean that Christians should look at their actions and question whether they are genuinely saved. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])
13:1	slj1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἐπὶ στόματος δύο μαρτύρων καὶ τριῶν σταθήσεται πᾶν ῥῆμα	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Believe that someone has done something wrong only after two or three people have said the same thing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
13:2	fxl6			τοῖς λοιποῖς πᾶσιν	1	Alternate translation: “all you other people”
13:4	a1bf		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	καὶ & ἐσταυρώθη	1	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “they crucified him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
13:5	sbx4			ἐν ὑμῖν	1	Here, **in you** could mean: (1) Jesus is living inside each individual. (2) Jesus is living among them, part of and the most important member of the group.
13:7	u75e		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives	μὴ ποιῆσαι ὑμᾶς κακὸν μηδέν	1	If your readers would misunderstand the double-negative **not … wrong**, you could express it in positive form. Alternate translation: “you will do everything right” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
13:7	gt2e			δόκιμοι	1	Alternate translation: “to be great teachers and live the truth”
13:8	a3l7			οὐ & δυνάμεθά τι κατὰ τῆς ἀληθείας	1	Alternate translation: “we are not able to keep people from learning the truth”
13:9	vt7b			τὴν ὑμῶν κατάρτισιν	1	Alternate translation: “that you may become spiritually mature”
13:10	rlm8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	εἰς οἰκοδομὴν καὶ οὐκ εἰς καθαίρεσιν.	1	Paul speaks of helping the Corinthians to know Christ better as if he were constructing a building. See how you translated a similar phrase in [2 Corinthians 10:8](../10/08.md). Alternate translation: “to help you become better followers of Christ and not to discourage you so you stop following him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
13:11	uk1p			Connecting Statement:	0	# Connecting Statement:\n\nPaul closes his letter to the Corinthian believers.
13:11	fm8m			καταρτίζεσθε	1	Alternate translation: “Work toward maturity”
13:11	diw1			τὸ αὐτὸ φρονεῖτε	1	Alternate translation: “live in harmony with one another”
13:12	p1nh			ἐν ἁγίῳ φιλήματι	1	Alternate translation: “with Christian love”
13:12	x2qd			οἱ ἅγιοι	1	Alternate translation: “those whom God has set apart for himself”