Book	Chapter	Verse	ID	SupportReference	OrigQuote	Occurrence	GLQuote	OccurrenceNote
2CO	front	intro	ur4j			0		# Introduction to 2 Corinthians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of the Book of 2 Corinthians\n\n1. Opening and thanksgiving (1:1–7)\n2. Trouble and boasting (1:8–14)\n3. Interrupted travel plans (1:15–2:13)\n      * The interruption and the reason for it (1:15–2:4)\n      * The person who caused grief (2:5–11)\n      * Travel to Troas and Macedonia (2:12–13)\n4. Paul’s ministry (2:14–7:4)\n      * The fragrance of Christ (2:14–17)\n      * Qualification for ministry (3:1–6)\n      * Ministry of Moses and ministry of Paul (3:7–4:6)\n      * Suffering and ministry (4:7–18)\n      * Confidence in the resurrection (5:1–10)\n      * The gospel (5:11–6:2)\n      * Proofs of ministry (6:3–10)\n      * Join with fellow believers, not unbelievers (6:11–7:4)\n5. Paul rejoices about Titus’ visit to the Corinthians (7:5–16)\n6. Giving for the gospel (8:1–9:15)\n      * Example of the Macedonians (8:1–6)\n      * Paul appeals to the Corinthians to give generously (8:7–9:5)\n      * Blessing and thanksgiving (9:6–15)\n7. Paul defends his apostolic authority (10:1–13:10)\n      * The true standard for boasting (10:1–18)\n      * Paul defends his speech and conduct (11:1–15)\n      * Paul boasts about his suffering (11:16–33)\n      * Paul’s ascent to heaven and the thorn in the flesh (12:1–10)\n      * Paul concludes his boasting (12:11–13)\n      * Paul defends his financial conduct (12:14–18)\n      * Paul warns the Corinthians about his third visit (12:19–13:10)\n8. Closing (13:11–13)\n\n### Who wrote the Book of 2 Corinthians?\n\nPaul was the author. He was from the city of Tarsus. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee. He persecuted Christians. After he became a Christian, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus.\n\nPaul started the church in Corinth. He was staying in the city of Ephesus when he wrote this letter.\n\n### What is the Book of 2 Corinthians about?\n\nIn 2 Corinthians, Paul continued to write about the conflicts among the Christians in the city of Corinth. It is clear in this letter that the Corinthians had obeyed his previous instructions to them. In 2 Corinthians, Paul encouraged them to live in a way that would please God.\n\nPaul also wrote to assure them that Jesus Christ sent him as an apostle to preach the Gospel. Paul wanted them to understand this, because a group of Jewish Christians opposed what he was doing. They claimed Paul was not sent by God and he was teaching a false message. This group of Jewish Christians wanted Gentile Christians to obey the law of Moses.\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nTranslators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, “Second Corinthians.” Or they may choose a clearer title, such as “Paul’s Second Letter to the Church in Corinth.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### What was the city of Corinth like?\n\nCorinth was a major city located in ancient Greece. Because it was near the Mediterranean Sea, many travelers and traders came to buy and sell goods there. This resulted in the city having people from many different cultures. The city was famous for having people who lived in immoral ways. The people worshipped Aphrodite, the Greek goddess of love. As part of the ceremonies honoring Aphrodite, her worshipers had sexual intercourse with temple prostitutes.\n\n### What did Paul mean by “false apostles” (11:13)?\n\nThese were Jewish Christians. They taught that Gentile Christians had to obey the law of Moses in order to follow Christ. Christian leaders had met in Jerusalem and decided on the matter (See: Acts 15). However, it is clear that there were still some groups that disagreed with what the leaders in Jerusalem decided.\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### Singular and plural “you”\n\nIn this book, the word “I” refers to Paul. Also, the word “you” is almost always plural and refers to the believers in Corinth. There are two exceptions to this: 6:2 and 12:9. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])\n\n### How are the ideas of “holy” and “sanctify” represented in 2 Corinthians in the ULT?\n\nThe scriptures use such words to indicate any one of various ideas. For this reason, it is often difficult for translators to represent them well in their versions. In translating into English, the ULT uses the following principles:\n* Sometimes the meaning in a passage implies moral holiness. Especially important for understanding the gospel is the fact that God considers Christians to be sinless because they are united to Jesus Christ. Another related fact is that God is perfect and faultless. A third fact is that Christians are to conduct themselves in a blameless, faultless manner in life. In these cases, the ULT uses “holy,” “holy God,” “holy ones,” or “holy people.”\n* The meaning in most passages in 2 Corinthians is a simple reference to Christians without implying any particular role filled by them. In these cases, the ULT uses “believer” or “believers.” (See: 1:1; 8:4; 9:1, 12; 13:13)\n* Sometimes the meaning in the passage implies the idea of someone or something set apart for God alone. In these cases, the ULT uses “set apart,” “dedicated to,” “reserved for,” or “sanctified.”\n\nThe UST will often be helpful as translators think about how to represent these ideas in their own versions.\n\n### What did Paul mean by expressions like “in Christ” and “in the Lord”?\n\nThis kind of expression occurs in 1:19, 20; 2:12, 17; 3:14; 5:17, 19, 21; 10:17; 12:2, 19; and 13:4. Paul meant to express the idea of a very close union with Christ and the believers. At the same time, he often intended other meanings as well. See, for example, “A door was opened for me in the Lord,” (2:12) where Paul specifically meant that a door was opened for Paul by the Lord.\n\nPlease see the introduction to the Book of Romans for more details about this kind of expression.\n\n### What does it mean to be a “new creation” in Christ (5:17)?\n\nPaul’s message was that God makes Christians part of a “new world” when a person believes in Christ. God gives a new world of holiness, peace, and joy. In this new world, believers have a new nature that has been given them by the Holy Spirit. Translators should try to express this idea.\n\n### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of 2 Corinthians?\n* “and in your love for us” (8:7). Many versions, including the ULT and UST, read this way. However, many other versions read, “and in our love for you.” There is strong evidence that each reading is original. Translators should probably follow the reading preferred by other versions in their region.\n\n(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])
2CO	1	intro	tsh3			0		# 2 Corinthians 1 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>The first paragraph reflects a common way to begin a letter in the ancient Near East.<br><br>## Special Concepts<br><br>### Paul’s integrity<br><br>People were criticizing Paul and saying he was not sincere. He refutes them by explaining his motives for what he was doing.<br><br>### Comfort<br><br>Comfort is a major theme of this chapter. The Holy Spirit comforts Christians. The Corinthians probably were afflicted and needed to be comforted.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Rhetorical question<br><br>Paul uses two rhetorical questions to defend himself against a charge of not being sincere. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### We<br><br>Paul uses the pronoun “we”. This likely represents at least Timothy and himself. It may also include other people.<br><br>### Guarantee<br><br>Paul says the Holy Spirit is the guarantee, which means pledge or down-payment, of a Christian’s eternal life. Christians are securely saved. But they will not experience all of God’s given promises until after they die. The Holy Spirit is a personal guarantee that this will happen. This idea comes from a business term. A person gives some valuable item to another person as a “guarantee” that they will repay money. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])
2CO	1	1	epd2			1	General Information:	
2CO	1	1	mel3		Παῦλος…τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ τοῦ Θεοῦ τῇ οὔσῃ ἐν Κορίνθῳ	1	Paul … to the church of God that is in Corinth	Your language may have a particular way of introducing the author of a letter and its intended audience. Alternate translation: “I, Paul … wrote this letter to you, the church of God that is in Corinth”
2CO	1	1	f59u		Τιμόθεος ὁ ἀδελφὸς	1	Timothy our brother	The word **our** indicates that both Paul and the Corinthians knew **Timothy** and considered him to be their spiritual **brother**.
2CO	1	1	mhg5	translate-names	Ἀχαΐᾳ	1	Achaia	**Achaia** is the name of a Roman province in the southern part of modern-day Greece. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
2CO	1	2	f6k1		χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη	1	May grace be to you and peace	This is a common greeting that Paul uses in his letters.
2CO	1	3	px2q	figs-activepassive	εὐλογητὸς ὁ Θεὸς καὶ Πατὴρ τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ	1	May the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ be praised	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “May we always praise the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CO	1	3	k7dl		ὁ Θεὸς καὶ Πατὴρ	1	the God and Father	Alternate translation: “God, who is the Father”
2CO	1	3	pg4a	figs-parallelism	ὁ Πατὴρ τῶν οἰκτιρμῶν καὶ Θεὸς πάσης παρακλήσεως	1	the Father of mercies and the God of all comfort	These two phrases express the same idea in two different ways. Both phrases refer to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
2CO	1	3	blv4		ὁ Πατὴρ τῶν οἰκτιρμῶν καὶ Θεὸς πάσης παρακλήσεως	1	the Father of mercies and the God of all comfort	This could mean: (1) the words **mercies** and **all comfort** describe the character of **Father** and **God**. (2) the words **Father** and **God** refer to one who is the source of **mercies** and **all comfort**.
2CO	1	4	n2lc	figs-exclusive	παρακαλῶν ἡμᾶς ἐπὶ πάσῃ τῇ θλίψει ἡμῶν	1	comforts us in all our affliction	Here, **us** and **our** include the Corinthians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
2CO	1	5	nn5a	figs-metaphor	ὅτι καθὼς περισσεύει τὰ παθήματα τοῦ Χριστοῦ εἰς ἡμᾶς	1	For just as the sufferings of Christ abound toward us	Paul speaks of the **sufferings of Christ** as if they were objects that could increase in number. Alternate translation: “For just as Christ suffered greatly for our sake” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	1	5	i254		τὰ παθήματα τοῦ Χριστοῦ	1	the sufferings of Christ	This could refer to: (1) the **sufferings** that Paul and Timothy experience because they preach the message about Christ. (2) the **sufferings** that Christ experienced on their behalf.
2CO	1	5	tg9w	figs-metaphor	περισσεύει…ἡ παράκλησις ἡμῶν	2	our comfort abounds	Paul speaks of **comfort** as if it were an object that could increase in size. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	1	6	y9bi	figs-exclusive	εἴτε δὲ θλιβόμεθα	1	But if we are afflicted	Here the word **we** refers to Paul and Timothy, but not to the Corinthians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
2CO	1	6	ylw2	figs-activepassive	εἴτε δὲ θλιβόμεθα	1		If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “But if people afflict us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CO	1	6	wyj4	figs-activepassive	εἴτε παρακαλούμεθα	1	if we are comforted	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “if God comforts us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CO	1	6	cfq7		τῆς ὑμῶν παρακλήσεως, τῆς ἐνεργουμένης	1	your comfort that results	Alternate translation: “you experience effective comfort”
2CO	1	8	jqn8	figs-doublenegatives	οὐ…θέλομεν ὑμᾶς ἀγνοεῖν	1	we do not want you to be uninformed	If your readers would misunderstand the double-negative **not … uninformed**, you could express it in positive form. Alternate translation: “we want you to know” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
2CO	1	8	pr8a	figs-metaphor	ὅτι καθ’ ὑπερβολὴν ὑπὲρ δύναμιν ἐβαρήθημεν	1	We were so completely crushed beyond our strength	Paul and Timothy refer to their emotions of despair being like a heavy weight they have to carry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	1	8	gu5b	figs-activepassive	ὑπερβολὴν…ἐβαρήθημεν	1	We were so completely crushed	The word **burdened** refers to the feeling of despair. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “We were in complete despair” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CO	1	9	lks3	figs-metaphor	αὐτοὶ ἐν ἑαυτοῖς τὸ ἀπόκριμα τοῦ θανάτου ἐσχήκαμεν	1	we had the sentence of death on us	Paul and Timothy are comparing their feeling of despair to that of someone condemned to die. Alternate translation: “we were in despair like someone who is condemned to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	1	9	i7up	figs-ellipsis	ἀλλ’ ἐπὶ τῷ Θεῷ	1	but in God	The words “be putting our trust” are left out of this phrase. Alternate translation: “but instead, be putting our trust in God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
2CO	1	9	bu2y	figs-idiom	τῷ ἐγείροντι τοὺς νεκρούς	1	who raises the dead	Here to raise is an idiom for causing someone who has died to become alive again. Alternate translation: “who causes the dead to live again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
2CO	1	10	x4kh	figs-metaphor	θανάτου	1	a deadly peril	Paul compares his feeling of despair as a result of the troubles that they experienced to a **deadly peril** or terrible danger. Alternate translation: “despair” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	1	10	mwn9		καὶ ἔτι ῥύσεται	1	he will continue to deliver us	Alternate translation: “he also will continue to rescue us”
2CO	1	11	q17d		συνυπουργούντων καὶ ὑμῶν ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν τῇ δεήσει	1	as you also join together … on our behalf	Alternate translation: “God will rescue us from danger as you, the people of the church of Corinth, also help us by praying with us”
2CO	1	11	k1fl	figs-activepassive	τὸ εἰς ἡμᾶς χάρισμα	1	the gracious favor given to us	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the gracious favor which God has given to us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CO	1	12	kqv3	figs-exclusive	ἡμῶν…ἡμῶν…ἀνεστράφημεν	1	General Information:	In these verses Paul uses the words **our**, **we**, and **ourselves** to refer to himself and Timothy and possibly others who served with them. These words do not include the people he was writing to. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
2CO	1	12	r9p8		ἡ γὰρ καύχησις ἡμῶν αὕτη ἐστίν	1	For our proud confidence is this	The word **boasting** here is used in the positive sense of feeling great satisfaction and joy in something.
2CO	1	12	c7mu	figs-personification	τὸ μαρτύριον τῆς συνειδήσεως ἡμῶν	1	the testimony of our conscience	Paul speaks of not being guilty as if his **conscience** were a person that could testify. Alternate translation: “we know by our conscience” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
2CO	1	12	c1bd	figs-metonymy	οὐκ ἐν σοφίᾳ σαρκικῇ, ἀλλ’ ἐν χάριτι Θεοῦ	1	not relying on fleshly wisdom but on the grace of God.	Here, **fleshly** represents human. Alternate translation: “We have not relied on human wisdom but on the grace of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2CO	1	13	h21j	figs-doublenegatives	οὐ γὰρ ἄλλα γράφομεν ὑμῖν, ἀλλ’ ἢ ἃ ἀναγινώσκετε ἢ καὶ ἐπιγινώσκετε	1	For we write no other things to you, but that which you read or also understand	If your readers would misunderstand the double-negative **no … but**, you could express it in positive form. Alternate translation: “you could read and understand everything we write to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
2CO	1	14	ma5m		καύχημα ὑμῶν	1	your reason for boasting	The word **boasting** here is used in the positive sense of feeling great satisfaction and joy in something.
2CO	1	15	k1u9			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul explains his sincere expectation with pure motives to come see the believers in Corinth after his first letter.
2CO	1	15	n5ex		ταύτῃ τῇ πεποιθήσει	1	with this confidence	The word **this** refers to Paul’s previous comments about the Corinthians.
2CO	1	15	y432		δευτέραν χάριν σχῆτε	1	you might have a second blessing	Alternate translation: “you might benefit from me visiting you twice”
2CO	1	16	mp6u		ὑφ’ ὑμῶν προπεμφθῆναι εἰς τὴν Ἰουδαίαν	1	to be sent on my way to Judea by you	Alternate translation: “to assist me to continue on to Judea”
2CO	1	17	zms7	figs-rquestion	μήτι ἄρα τῇ ἐλαφρίᾳ ἐχρησάμην?	1	I did not then take it lightly, did I?	Paul uses this question to emphasize he was sure about his decision to visit the Corinthians. The expected answer to the question is “no”. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “I was not hesitating.” or “I was confident in my decision.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2CO	1	17	chy9	figs-rquestion	ἢ ἃ βουλεύομαι, κατὰ σάρκα βουλεύομαι, ἵνα ᾖ παρ’ ἐμοὶ τὸ ναὶ, ναὶ, καὶ τὸ οὒ, οὔ?	1	Do I plan things according to human standards … at the same time?	Paul uses this question to emphasize that his plans to visit the Corinthians were sincere. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “I do not plan things according to human standards, so that I would say “Yes, yes” and “No, no” at the same time.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2CO	1	17	fq3t	figs-explicit	ἢ ἃ βουλεύομαι, κατὰ σάρκα βουλεύομαι, ἵνα ᾖ παρ’ ἐμοὶ τὸ ναὶ, ναὶ, καὶ τὸ οὒ, οὔ?	1		This means that Paul did not say both that he would visit and that he would not visit at the same time. Alternate translation: “I do not plan things according to fleshly planning, so that I say ‘Yes, I will certainly visit’ and ‘No, I will definitely not visit’ at the same time!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2CO	1	17	y41z	figs-doublet	ἵνα ᾖ παρ’ ἐμοὶ τὸ ναὶ, ναὶ, καὶ τὸ οὒ, οὔ?	1	Do I plan things … so that I say “Yes, yes” and “No, no” at the same time?	The words **yes** and **no** are repeated for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
2CO	1	19	z4he	figs-explicit	ὁ τοῦ Θεοῦ γὰρ Υἱὸς, Ἰησοῦς Χριστός…οὐκ ἐγένετο ναὶ καὶ οὒ, ἀλλὰ ναὶ ἐν αὐτῷ γέγονεν.	1	For the Son of God … is not “Yes” and “No.” Instead, he is always “Yes.”	**Jesus** says “**Yes**” concerning the promises of God, which means that he guarantees that they are true. Alternate translation: “For the Son of God, Jesus Christ … does not say ‘Yes’ and ‘No’ concerning God’s promises. Instead, he always says ‘Yes.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2CO	1	19	hd2t	guidelines-sonofgodprinciples	ὁ τοῦ Θεοῦ…Υἱὸς	1	the Son of God	**Son of God** is an important title for Jesus that describes his relationship to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
2CO	1	20	h2xc	figs-explicit	ὅσαι…ἐπαγγελίαι Θεοῦ, ἐν αὐτῷ τὸ ναί	1	all the promises of God are “Yes” in him	This means that Jesus guarantees all of the **promises of God**. Alternate translation: “all the promises of God are guaranteed in Jesus Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2CO	1	20	h4uv		ἐν αὐτῷ τὸ ναί…δι’ αὐτοῦ	1	“Yes” in him … through him we say	Both occurrences of the word **him** refer to Jesus Christ.
2CO	1	21	d3s3		ὁ δὲ βεβαιῶν ἡμᾶς σὺν ὑμῖν εἰς Χριστὸν καὶ χρίσας ἡμᾶς Θεός	1	Now God is the one who establishes us with you	This could mean: (1) Paul is saying that **God** confirms the relationship of him and his team with each other because they are **in Christ**. (2) Paul is saying that **God** confirms the relationship of him and his team, and the Corinthians, with **Christ**.
2CO	1	21	tjc6		χρίσας ἡμᾶς	1	he anointed us	This could mean: (1) he sent us to preach the gospel. (2) he chose us to be his people.
2CO	1	22	z43l	figs-metaphor	ὁ καὶ σφραγισάμενος ἡμᾶς	1	the one who also sealed us	Paul speaks of God showing that we belong to him as if God had put a mark on us as a sign that we belong to him. Alternate translation: “he has put his mark of ownership on us” or “he has shown that we belong to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	1	22	xe98	figs-metonymy	δοὺς τὸν ἀρραβῶνα τοῦ Πνεύματος ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ἡμῶν	1	he gave us the pledge of the Spirit in our hearts	Here the word **hearts** refers to the innermost part of a person. Alternate translation: “gave us the Spirit to live within each of us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2CO	1	22	jcv7	figs-metaphor	τὸν ἀρραβῶνα τοῦ Πνεύματος	1	the pledge of the Spirit	The **Spirit** is spoken of as if he was a partial downpayment toward eternal life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	1	23	j8lc		ἐγὼ δὲ μάρτυρα τὸν Θεὸν ἐπικαλοῦμαι ἐπὶ τὴν ἐμὴν ψυχήν	1	Now I call God as a witness to my soul	Here, to be **a witness** refers to a person telling what they have seen or heard in order to settle an argument. Alternate translation: “I ask God to show what I say is true”
2CO	1	23	j15t		ὅτι φειδόμενος ὑμῶν	1	so that I might spare you	Alternate translation: “so that I might not cause you more suffering”
2CO	1	24	cyu4		συνεργοί ἐσμεν τῆς χαρᾶς ὑμῶν	1	we are fellow workers with you for your joy	Alternate translation: “we are working with you so that you may have joy”
2CO	1	24	cih8	figs-idiom	τῇ…πίστει ἑστήκατε	1	you stand firm in the faith	Here, **stand firm** can refer to something that does not change. Alternate translation: “remain firm in your faith” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
2CO	2	intro	hy3h			0		# 2 Corinthians 2 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n3. Interrupted travel plans (1:15–2:13)\n      * The interruption and the reason for it (1:15–2:4)\n      * The person who caused grief (2:5–11)\n      * Travel to Troas and Macedonia (2:12–13)\n4. Paul’s ministry (2:14–7:4)\n      * The fragrance of Christ (2:14–17)\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### The previous letter\n\nIn [2:3–4](../02/03.md), [9](../02/09.md), Paul refers to a letter that he had already written and sent to the Corinthians. While a few scholars think this letter is 1 Corinthians, most likely we do not have this previous letter. Paul acknowledges that this previous letter might have “grieved” them, but he wants them to know that he wrote the letter because of his love for them. In your translation, make sure that these verses refer to a letter that Paul previously wrote, not to 2 Corinthians. \n\n### “Grieving” others\n\nPaul refers to “sorrow,” “grief,” and “grieving” others multiple times in [2:1–8](../02/01.md). These words refer to how people who are close friends can “grieve” or hurt each other by what they say and do. These words do not refer to physically hurting someone. Rather, they refer to hurting someone inside. Paul acknowledges that his letter might have “grieved” them, and he also indicates that one of the Corinthians has “grieved” fellow believers. Consider a natural way to refer to one person hurting or injuring another person inside. \n\n### The person who caused grief\n\nIn [2:5–11](../02/05.md), Paul refers to a person who has caused grief. Almost certainly, he has one specific person in mind. Paul is not clear about what this person did to cause the grief. He or she may have committed a sexual sin or stolen money from the church or opposed Paul’s authority. Whatever the person did, Paul chooses not to be specific about the person or what he or she did. Perhaps this is because he wants the Corinthians to forgive and show love to this person now that he or she has properly been disciplined by the church. In your translation, use general words for both the person and what the person did. \n\n## Important Figures of Speech in this Chapter\n\n### Aroma and fragrance\n\nIn [2:14–16](../02/14.md), Paul identifies himself and those who serve with him as an “aroma” or “fragrance.” Paul could be thinking in general of smells and odors, or he could be referring to the smell from incense and sacrifices offered during a “triumphal procession” (see [2:14](../02/14.md)), or he could be referring to the smell from sacrifices offered at the temple. Whatever exact smells Paul has in mind, he is clear that he and those with him are a smell that comes from Christ, and people react to it very differently: some think it is the smell of death, while others think it is the smell of life. Paul speaks in this way because smells spread throughout a whole area, and people have to react to them. Just like that, he and those with him spread the gospel throughout the world, and people have to respond to it. Further, just as some people like a smell and others hate it, so some people believe the gospel and receive life from God, while others reject the gospel and perish. If possible, preserve the “aroma” and “fragrance” language. If necessary, you could use a simile to express the idea. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### Paul’s use of pronouns\n\nIn [2:1–13](../02/01.md), Paul consistently uses the first person singular to refer to himself and the second person plural to refer to the Corinthians. The only exception is in [2:11](../02/11.md), where Paul uses “we” to refer to himself and the Corinthians. However, in [2:14–17](../02/14.md), Paul uses “we” to refer to himself and those preaching the gospel with him. In these verses, “we” does not include the Corinthians. It is unclear exactly whom Paul includes in “we”: it could be just he and Titus, or he and the group that works with him, or he and everyone else who preaches the gospel. Consider natural ways to represent these changes in reference throughout the chapter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])\n\n### Paul’s travel\n\nIn [2:12–13](../02/12.md), Paul describes some of his travels. Troas is a city on the west coast of what is now Turkey. Since Troas was a port city, most likely Paul sailed from there to Macedonia, which is the northern part of what is now Greece. Since Corinth is in southern Greece, Paul was not too far away from the Corinthians. Paul continues the description of what happened in Macedonia in [7:5–7](../07/05.md). Consider what information your readers need to know to understand Paul’s travels, and include what is necessary in your translation or in a footnote. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/names/troas]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/names/macedonia]])
2CO	2	1	wh9c	grammar-connect-words-phrases	γὰρ	1	Connecting Statement:	Here, the word **For** introduces an explanation of what Paul said in [1:23](../01/23.md) about the reason why he did not visit Corinth, which was to “spare” them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different word or phrase that introduces an explanation. Alternate translation: “Here is why I have not come to Corinth:” or “So” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
2CO	2	1	wpd4	writing-pronouns	ἐμαυτῷ τοῦτο τὸ μὴ	1		Here, the word **this** refers ahead to what Paul is about to say: **not to come to you again in sorrow**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make what **this** refers to explicit, or you could rephrase the sentence so that you do not use **this**. Alternate translation: “for myself what follows: not” or “for myself not” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
2CO	2	1	yz5q	figs-idiom	ἐμαυτῷ	1		Here the phrase **for myself** indicates that Paul made this choice because of reasons he thought about. In other words, he was not forced to make this choice. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a form that indicates that someone made their own choice or decision. Alternate translation: “on my own” or “in my own mind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
2CO	2	1	yrbk	figs-go	τὸ μὴ…ἐλθεῖν	1		Here the word **come** refers to traveling from somewhere else to Corinth to visit the Corinthians. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that identifies this kind of movement. Alternate translation: “not to travel” or “not to go” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
2CO	2	1	ma6n	figs-explicit	πάλιν	1		Here, the word **again** implies that Paul has already visited the Corinthians **in sorrow**. He does not give many details about this visit. It cannot be the first time that he visited the Corinthians, so he must have visited them again **in sorrow** sometimes between when he first met them and when he wrote this letter. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the implication more explicit. Alternate translation: “a second time” or “yet again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2CO	2	1	hu8y	figs-explicit	ἐν λύπῃ	1		Here the ones who experience the **sorrow** could be: (1) Paul and the Corinthians. Alternate translation: “in sorrow for all of us” (2) just the Corinthians. Alternate translation: “in sorrow for you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2CO	2	1	ij73	figs-abstractnouns	ἐν λύπῃ	1	in sorrow	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind **sorrow**, you could express the idea by using an adjective such as “sorrowful” or “sad.” Alternate translation: “in a sorrowful way” or “in a way that makes us sad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2CO	2	2	jb50	grammar-connect-logic-result	γὰρ	1		Here, the word **For** introduces a reason why Paul is avoiding the “sorrow” he mentioned in [2:1](../02/01.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a reason. Alternate translation: “I decided that because” or “Indeed,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
2CO	2	2	q4aq	grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical	εἰ…ἐγὼ λυπῶ ὑμᾶς	1		Here Paul refers to a situation that has not happened and which he intends to keep from happening. He refers to the situation using the conditional form to indicate what would result from the situation if it did happen. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a form that refers to something that may not happen but that the author wishes to speak about. Alternate translation: “supposing that I myself grieved you” or “were I myself to grieve you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]])
2CO	2	2	le34	figs-rpronouns	ἐγὼ λυπῶ	1		Here, the word **myself** emphasizes **I**. Consider using a natural way to emphasize **I** in your language. Alternate translation: “it is I myself who grieve” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])\n\n\n\n
2CO	2	2	nb6x	figs-rquestion	καὶ τίς ὁ εὐφραίνων με, εἰ μὴ ὁ λυπούμενος ἐξ ἐμοῦ?	1	If I caused you pain, who could cheer me up but the very one who was hurt by me?	Paul does not ask this question because he is looking for information. Rather, he asks it to involve the Corinthians in what he is arguing. The question implies that the answer is “there is no one else.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea by using a strong negation. Alternate translation: “then there is no one cheering me up, except the one being grieved by me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2CO	2	2	mbbo	figs-genericnoun	τίς ὁ εὐφραίνων με, εἰ μὴ ὁ λυπούμενος	1		Here the author uses the singular form **the one** to refer in general to people, particularly to the Corinthians. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a form that refers in general to people. Alternate translation: “who are those cheering me up, except those being grieved” or “who are those cheering me up, except you who are being grieved” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
2CO	2	2	mbag	grammar-connect-exceptions	τίς ὁ εὐφραίνων με, εἰ μὴ ὁ λυπούμενος ἐξ ἐμοῦ	1		If it would appear in your language that Paul was making a statement here and then contradicting it, you could reword this question to avoid using an exception clause. Alternate translation: “is it not the one being grieved by me who is the only one cheering me up” or “is there any one cheering me up besides the one being grieved by me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-exceptions]])
2CO	2	2	x2vr	figs-activepassive	ὁ λυπούμενος ἐξ ἐμοῦ	1	the very one who was hurt by me	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the one whom I have grieved” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CO	2	3	kxu2	figs-explicit	ἔγραψα	1	I wrote this same thing	Here Paul refers to a letter he had already written to the Corinthians. Most likely, he wrote this letter sometime between 1 Corinthians and 2 Corinthians, but we do not have the letter. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make it clearer that Paul is referring to a letter that he already sent to the Corinthians. Alternate translation: “I wrote in my last letter” or “I sent you the previous letter that said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2CO	2	3	e7c4	writing-pronouns	 τοῦτο αὐτὸ	1		Here, the phrase **this same {thing}** refers to what Paul wrote in the previous letter. He could referring to: (1) what he just wrote in [2:1–2](../02/01.md). Alternate translation: “the same thing I am now writing” (2) the contents of the previous letter in general. Alternate translation: “those things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
2CO	2	3	abty	grammar-connect-time-simultaneous	ἐλθὼν	1		Here, the phrase **having come** refers to something that an event that is still in the future for Paul but that would happen at the same as **I might not have sorrow**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces something that happens at the same time as another event in the future. Alternate translation: “whenever I came” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous]])
2CO	2	3	l9t0	figs-go	ἐλθὼν	1		Here, the word **come** refers to Paul’s plan to visit the Corinthians at some point. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that refers to traveling to visit someone. Alternate translation: “having arrived” or “having come to visit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
2CO	2	3	v87i	figs-abstractnouns	μὴ…λύπην σχῶ ἀφ’	1	I might not be hurt by those who should have made me rejoice	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind **sorrow**, you could express the idea by using an adjective such as “sorrowful” or “sad.” Alternate translation: “I might not become sorrowful because of” or “I might not be sad because of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2CO	2	3	owzn		ἀφ’ ὧν ἔδει με χαίρειν	1		Here, this clause could indicate that **it is necessary** for: (1) Paul to **rejoice** in the Corinthians. Alternate translation: “from those in which it is necessary for me to rejoice” (2) the Corinthians to give “joy” to Paul. Alternate translation: “from those for whom it is necessary to give me joy”
2CO	2	3	p4q2	grammar-connect-logic-result	πεποιθὼς	1		Here, the phrase **having confidence** introduces a reason why Paul **wrote** the previous letter. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a reason. Alternate translation: “because I had confidence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
2CO	2	3	b6f9	figs-abstractnouns	πεποιθὼς	1		If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind **confidence**, you could express the idea by using an adjective such as “confident.” Alternate translation: “being confident” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2CO	2	3	i5r6		ἡ ἐμὴ χαρὰ πάντων ὑμῶν ἐστιν	1	my joy is the same joy you all have	Here Paul could be stating that his **joy**: (1) leads to the Corinthians’ joy. Alternate translation: “my joy leads to your joy” (2) has the same source as the Corinthians’ joy. Alternate translation: “what gives me joy is what gives you joy” (3) comes from the Corinthians’ joy. Alternate translation: “my joy comes from your joy”
2CO	2	3	gmyo	figs-abstractnouns	ἡ ἐμὴ χαρὰ πάντων ὑμῶν ἐστιν	1		If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind **joy**, you could express the idea by using a verb such as “rejoice” or an adjective such as “joyful.” Alternate translation: “I am joyful and so you are joyful” or “I rejoice and so you rejoice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2CO	2	4	p4n6	grammar-connect-words-phrases	γὰρ	1		Here, the word **For** introduces a further explanation about the letter that Paul **wrote** to them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces an explanation, or you could leave **For** untranslated. Alternate translation: “Indeed,” or “As it is,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
2CO	2	4	tl4m	figs-explicit	ἔγραψα	1		Here, the phrase **I wrote** again refers to the previous letter. See how you translated “I wrote” in [2:3](../02/03.md). Alternate translation: “I wrote that letter” or “I sent that previous letter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2CO	2	4	uch7	figs-idiom	ἐκ…ἔγραψα ὑμῖν	1	from great affliction	Here Paul refers to “writing” **out of** something else. In his culture, this form referred to what the person was experiencing while they **wrote**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a form that refers to what an author experiences while they are writing something. Alternate translation: “I wrote to you as I experienced” or “I wrote to you while I felt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
2CO	2	4	oz8a	figs-abstractnouns	ἐκ…πολλῆς θλίψεως καὶ συνοχῆς καρδίας	1		If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas behind **tribulation** and **anguish**, you could express the ideas by using verbs such as “suffer” and “distress.” Alternate translation: “as I suffered much and was distressed in my heart” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2CO	2	4	vs7m	figs-metonymy	συνοχῆς καρδίας	1	with anguish of heart	In Paul’s culture, the **heart** is the place where humans think and feel. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate **heart** by referring to the place where humans think and feel in your culture or by expressing the idea plainly. Alternate translation: “anguish of mind” or “emotional anguish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2CO	2	4	d5vf	figs-idiom	διὰ πολλῶν δακρύων	1	with many tears	Here, the phrase **through many tears** indicates what Paul was doing while he **wrote** the letter. The word **tears** refers to the act of crying or weeping. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a form that indicates that a person is crying or weeping while they are doing something. Alternate translation: “with much crying” or “as I shed many tears” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
2CO	2	4	y0t3	figs-infostructure	οὐχ ἵνα λυπηθῆτε, ἀλλὰ τὴν ἀγάπην ἵνα γνῶτε, ἣν ἔχω περισσοτέρως εἰς ὑμᾶς	1		If your language would not naturally put the negative statement before the positive statement, you could reverse the two clauses here. Alternate translation: “so that you might know the love that I have more abundantly for you, not so that you would be grieved” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
2CO	2	4	uc77	figs-activepassive	λυπηθῆτε	1		If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who would do the action, the Paul implies that “he himself” would do it. Alternate translation: “I would grieve you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CO	2	4	g826	figs-abstractnouns	τὴν ἀγάπην…ἣν ἔχω περισσοτέρως εἰς ὑμᾶς	1		If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind **love**, you could express the idea by using a verb such as “love.” Alternate translation: “how abundantly I love you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2CO	2	4	zw13		περισσοτέρως  εἰς ὑμᾶς	1		Here, the phrase **more abundantly** could indicate that: (1) Paul has “abundant” love for the Corinthians. Alternate translation: “most abundantly for you” or “very abundantly for you” (2) Paul loves the Corinthians more than he loves other people. Alternate translation: “more abundantly for you than I have for others”
2CO	2	5	xomm	grammar-connect-logic-contrast	δέ	1		Here, the word **But** introduces a contrast with how Paul did not want to “grieve” them. Here he addresses how someone has **caused grief**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a contrast. Alternate translation: “However,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
2CO	2	5	xlxc	grammar-connect-condition-fact	εἰ…τις λελύπηκεν, οὐκ…λελύπηκεν	1		Here Paul is speaking as if someone causing **grief** were a hypothetical possibility, but he means that it is actually true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might misunderstand and think that what Paul is saying is not certain, then you could express the idea by indicating that someone has indeed **caused grief**. Alternate translation: “the person who caused grief has not grieved only” or “if anyone has caused grief, and it has happened, he has not grieved only” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]])
2CO	2	5	ln83	figs-abstractnouns	λελύπηκεν	1		If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind **grief**, you could express the idea by using a verb such as “grieve.” Alternate translation: “has grieved people” or “has caused others to grieve” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2CO	2	5	j6bn	figs-gendernotations	οὐκ…λελύπηκεν	1		Here, Paul may be referring specifically to a man, especially if the way that he has **grieved** others is by sinning sexually. However, it is not certain that Paul is referring to a man here. Consider using a form that does not specify the gender of this person. Alternate translation: “that individual has not grieved only” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
2CO	2	5	d7fx	figs-explicit	οὐκ ἐμὲ λελύπηκεν	1		Here Paul could be indicating that the person has: (1) **grieved** Paul some, but mostly the person has **grieved** the Corinthians. Alternate translation: “he has not grieved me much” (2) not **grieved** Paul at all but only the Corinthians. Alternate translation: “he has not grieved me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2CO	2	5	rvpt	figs-idiom	ἀπὸ μέρους	1		Here, the phrase **in part** indicates that only some of an action or group is involved. In this case, Paul could be using **in part** to refer to: (1) how many of the Corinthians have been **grieved**. Alternate translation: “some of you” or “part of your group” (2) how much the Corinthians have been **grieved**. Alternate translation: “he has partially grieved you” or “you also in part” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
2CO	2	5	iva7	figs-infostructure	ἀπὸ μέρους, ἵνα μὴ ἐπιβαρῶ πάντας ὑμᾶς	1		There are several ways to understood how the pieces of the sentence go together. You could translate the sentence so that: (1) **in order that I might not burden all of you** indicates the reason why Paul uses the phrase **in part**, which would refer to the Corinthians. Alternate translation: “you in part, which I say so that I might not burden all of you” (2) **in part** and **all of you** go together, and **in order that I might not burden** is a parenthetical statement explaining why Paul says **in part**. Alternate translation: “in part—which I say so that I might not burden—all of you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
2CO	2	5	or46	figs-metaphor	μὴ ἐπιβαρῶ	1		Here, to **burden** someone refers to placing a heavy object on someone’s back. Paul could be using the phrase **I might not burden** to refer to: (1) how he is trying to avoid saying too much about the situation. In other words, Paul uses the phrase **in part** because he does not want to make his words too strong, which would make the words like a person carrying a heaven load. Alternate translation: “I might not say too much about” or “I might not exaggerate about” (2) how he wants to avoid troubling or distressing all of them, which would be like “burdening” them with a heavy object. Alternate translation: “I might not distress” or “I might not trouble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	2	6	wr3k	figs-abstractnouns	τῷ τοιούτῳ ἡ ἐπιτιμία αὕτη	1		If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **punishment**, you could express the idea by using a verb such as “punish.” Alternate translation: “How such a person has been punished” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2CO	2	6	iy4r	figs-extrainfo	ἡ ἐπιτιμία αὕτη	1	This punishment of that person by the majority is enough	Here, the word **This** indicates that both Paul and the Corinthians knew what the **punishment** was. However, Paul never states exactly what the punishment was. You should use a word or phrase that is as general as what Paul used. Alternate translation: “That punishment” or “The punishment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]])
2CO	2	6	g3eo	writing-pronouns	τῷ τοιούτῳ	1		Here Paul speaks in general terms about **such a {person}**. However, he is referring more specifically to the person that he mentioned in the previous verse, the one who “grieved” the Corinthians (see [2:5](../02/05.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this reference more explicit. Alternate translation: “on the person we are talking about” or “on that individual” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
2CO	2	6	z2dt	translate-unknown	τῶν πλειόνων	1		Here, the word **majority** refers to more than half of a group. Often it means most of the group. If it would be helpful in your language, you could clarify that Paul is referring to “most” of the Corinthians. Alternate translation: “almost all of you” or “the majority of your group” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
2CO	2	6	d7b7	figs-extrainfo	τῶν πλειόνων	1		Here the phrase **the majority** implies a “minority.” These are some of the Corinthians who either did not agree with the **punishment** or who thought that the person had done nothing wrong. Paul does not give any information about this “minority,” however, so you should use a word or phrase that refers to most of the people in a group. Alternate translation: “all but a few of you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]])
2CO	2	6	a7c4	figs-explicit	ἱκανὸν	1	is enough	Here, the word **sufficient** could indicate that the **punishment**: (1) has been severe enough. Alternate translation: “is severe enough” or “is sufficiently strong” (2) has lasted long enough. Alternate translation: “has lasted long enough” or “can end now” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2CO	2	7	we1i	grammar-connect-logic-contrast	τοὐναντίον μᾶλλον ὑμᾶς χαρίσασθαι	1		Here, the words **on the contrary** and **rather** indicate that Paul wishes the Corinthians to do now the opposite of what they were doing. Instead of “punishing” the person, Paul wants them now to **forgive and comfort** the person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use words that naturally indicate such a change in behavior. Alternate translation: “in contrast, you should instead forgive” or “instead of doing that, you should change your behavior and forgive” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
2CO	2	7	w4n6	figs-gendernotations	παρακαλέσαι…τῇ	1		Here, just as in [2:5](../02/05.md), Paul may be referring specifically to a man, especially if the way that he has “grieved” others is by sinning sexually. However, it is not certain that Paul is referring to a man here. Consider using a form that does not specify the gender of this person. Alternate translation: “comfort the individual … any” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
2CO	2	7	vpx1	figs-activepassive	μή πως τῇ περισσοτέρᾳ λύπῃ, καταποθῇ ὁ τοιοῦτος	1	he is not overwhelmed by too much sorrow	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “so that excessive sorrow might not overwhelm such a person” or “so that such a person might not experience overwhelming and excessive sorrow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CO	2	7	i3dm	figs-metaphor	μή  πως τῇ περισσοτέρᾳ λύπῃ καταποθῇ ὁ τοιοῦτος	1		Here Paul speaks as if a person could be **overwhelmed** or swallowed up by **sorrow**. He speaks in this way to indicate that a person can experience so much **sorrow** that it controls and destroys them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable figure of speech or express the idea plainly. Alternate translation: “so that such a person might not be overcome by excessive sorrow” or “so that such a person might not despair because of his excessive sorrow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	2	7	me4y	writing-pronouns	ὁ τοιοῦτος	1		Here Paul speaks in general terms about **such a {person}**. However, he is referring more specifically to the person that he has already mentioned, the one who “grieved” the Corinthians (see [2:5](../02/05.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this reference more explicit. See how the translated this phrase in [2:6](../02/06.md). Alternate translation: “the person we are talking about” or “that individual” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
2CO	2	7	cgil	figs-abstractnouns	τῇ περισσοτέρᾳ λύπῃ	1		If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind **sorrow**, you could express the idea by using an adjective such as “sorrowful” or “sad.” Alternate translation: “as he is excessively sorrowful” or “because he is excessively sad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2CO	2	8	r916	grammar-connect-logic-result	διὸ	1	Connecting Statement:	Here, the word **So** introduces an exhortation that is based on what Paul said in the previous verse about “forgiving” and “comforting” the person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces an exhortation or inference. Alternate translation: “Because of that,” or “So then” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
2CO	2	8	ii0x	figs-infostructure	κυρῶσαι εἰς αὐτὸν ἀγάπην	1		Here, the phrase **for him** could go with: (1) **love**. Alternate translation: “to reaffirm the love that you have for him” (2) **reaffirm**. Alternate translation: “to reaffirm to him your love” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
2CO	2	8	yi2z	figs-abstractnouns	εἰς…ἀγάπην	1	publicly affirm your love for him	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind **love**, you could express the idea by using a verb such as “love.” Alternate translation: “that you love” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2CO	2	8	vlmy	figs-gendernotations	αὐτὸν	1		Here, just as in [2:5](../02/05.md), [7](../02/07.md), Paul may be referring specifically to a man, especially if the way that he has “grieved” others is by sinning sexually. However, it is not certain that Paul is referring to a man here. Consider using a form that does not specify the gender of this person. Alternate translation: “that individual” or “the person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])\n
2CO	2	9	oadd	grammar-connect-words-phrases	γὰρ	1		Here, the word **Indeed** introduces more information about the letter that Paul wrote to them (see [2:3–4](../02/03.md)). It does not identify a close link with the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different word or phrase that introduces further explanation, or you could leave **Indeed** untranslated. Alternate translation: “In fact” or “As a matter of fact” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
2CO	2	9	lc78	figs-explicit	καὶ ἔγραψα	1		Here, the phrase **I also wrote** again refers to the letter that Paul sent to them before he wrote 2 Corinthians. See how you translated “I wrote” in [2:3–4](../02/03.md). Alternate translation: “I also wrote that letter” or “I also sent that previous letter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2CO	2	9	pp4j	figs-doublet	εἰς τοῦτο…ἵνα	1		Here, the phrases **for this reason** and **so that** both introduce the purpose for which Paul **wrote** the previous letter. Paul uses this repetition to emphasize his purpose. If the repetition would be confusing in your language, and if it would not emphasize the purpose, you could combine the two phrases and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “so that” or “in order that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
2CO	2	9	eebj	translate-unknown	τὴν δοκιμὴν ὑμῶν	1		Here, the word **proof** refers primarily to the results of a test or trial. In this case, Paul is saying that he wants to **know** how they passed the test, which were the commands he included in the previous letter. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that refers to the results of a test. Alternate translation: “how you responded to my commands” or “your character” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
2CO	2	9	uzsx	figs-possession	τὴν δοκιμὴν ὑμῶν	1		Here Paul uses the possessive form to describe a **proof** that the Corinthians give or provide. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea in a more natural way. Alternate translation: “the prove you provide” or “the proof from you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
2CO	2	9	gs2t	figs-abstractnouns	τὴν δοκιμὴν ὑμῶν	1		If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind **proof**, you could express the idea by using a verb such as “prove.” Alternate translation: “what you would prove to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2CO	2	9	xw5t	figs-explicit	ὑπήκοοί	1	you are obedient in everything	Here, Paul does not state to whom they are **obedient**. He could be implying that they are **obedient** to: (1) him as an apostle. Alternate translation: “obedient to me” (2) God and God’s commands. Alternate translation: “obedient to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2CO	2	10	r7ib	grammar-connect-words-phrases	δέ	1		Here, the word **Now** introduces a development in Paul’s argument. In this case, Paul is concluding his discussion about the previous letter. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a development or a conclusion, or you could leave **Now** untranslated. Alternate translation: “Finally,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
2CO	2	10	o14x	figs-explicit	ᾧ…τι χαρίζεσθε, κἀγώ	1		Here Paul could be making: (1) a specific statement about forgiving the person who “grieved” the Corinthians. Alternate translation: “to that person to whom you forgive anything, I also forgive” (2) a general concluding statement about forgiveness. Alternate translation: “to any person to whom you forgive anything, I also forgive” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2CO	2	10	uzvm	figs-ellipsis	κἀγώ	1		This clause leaves out some words that many languages might need to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the first half of the sentence. Alternate translation: “I also forgive it” or “I also forgive them for it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
2CO	2	10	tzn1	grammar-connect-words-phrases	καὶ γὰρ	1		Here, the phrase **for indeed** indicates that Paul is adding more information (**indeed**) that supports what he said in the previous clause (**for**). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use words that introduce added information that supports a previous statement. Alternate translation: “further,” or “and in fact,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
2CO	2	10	d9ah	figs-infostructure	καὶ γὰρ ἐγὼ ὃ κεχάρισμαι, εἴ τι κεχάρισμαι, δι’ ὑμᾶς	1		Here Paul includes the comment **if I have forgiven anything** in the middle of his sentence. Consider what may be a natural place to include extra information like this. Alternate translation: “for indeed, if I have forgiven anything, what I have forgiven is for your sake” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
2CO	2	10	avqv	figs-explicit	εἴ τι κεχάρισμαι	1		This clarification fits with what Paul said in [2:5](../02/05.md) about how the person did not “grieve” him but rather the Corinthians. Much like there, Paul could be saying that: (1) he does not have very much to forgive, since the person only hurt him a little. Alternate translation: “what little I had to forgive” (2) he really has nothing to forgive, since the person hurt the Corinthians, not him. Alternate translation: “although there was nothing to forgive” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2CO	2	10	cbm6		δι’ ὑμᾶς	1	forgiven for your sake	Here, the phrase **for your sake** could mean that: (1) Paul forgives the person to benefit or help the Corinthians. Alternate translation: “is for your benefit” (2) Paul forgives the person because the Corinthians forgave him. Alternate translation: “is because of you” or “is because you forgave”
2CO	2	10	b6uy	figs-explicit	ἐν προσώπῳ Χριστοῦ	1		Here, the phrase **in {the} presence of Christ** could indicate that: (1) Paul forgives because he knows that **Christ** sees or knows what he does. So, he acts in a way that pleases **Christ**. Alternate translation: “as Christ desires” or “with Christ watching” (2) Paul forgives with **Christ** as witness. Alternate translation: “with Christ as witness” or “with Christ guaranteeing it” (3) Paul forgives as someone who represents **Christ**. Alternate translation: “as one who represents Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2CO	2	10	nq4n	figs-abstractnouns	ἐν προσώπῳ Χριστοῦ	1		If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind **presence**, you could express the idea by using a phrase that refers to being close to or in front of **Christ**. Alternate translation: “in front of Christ” or “before Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2CO	2	11	xaoc	grammar-connect-words-phrases	ἵνα	1		Here, the phrase **so that** introduces the purpose for which Paul and Corinthians should “forgive” others (see [2:10](../02/10.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a purpose. Alternate translation: “in order that”
2CO	2	11	xoaw	figs-activepassive	μὴ πλεονεκτηθῶμεν ὑπὸ τοῦ Σατανᾶ	1		If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Satan would not take advantage of us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CO	2	11	x3p2	translate-unknown	μὴ πλεονεκτηθῶμεν	1		Here, the phrase **taken advantage of** refers to when someone gains power or control over someone else, usually by using some area in which that person is weak. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that refers to how someone gains power or control over someone else. Alternate translation: “we would not be exploited” or “we would not be dominated” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
2CO	2	11	z6no	grammar-connect-logic-result	γὰρ	1		Here, the word **For** introduces a further explanation of what Paul said in the first half of verse about **Satan**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different word or phrase that introduces further explanation. Alternate translation: “because” or “inasmuch as” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
2CO	2	11	m46t	figs-litotes	οὐ…αὐτοῦ τὰ νοήματα ἀγνοοῦμεν	1	For we are not ignorant of his plans	Here the author uses a figure of speech that expresses a strong positive meaning by using a negative word together with a word that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning positively. Alternate translation: “we are fully aware of his schemes” or “we are very knowledgeable about his schemes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
2CO	2	12	nh7u	grammar-connect-words-phrases	δὲ	1		Here, the word **Now** introduces a new section. Paul has finished speaking about the person that he and the Corinthians should forgive. He now returns to the topic of his travel plans and why he has not visited the Corinthians (see [1:8–23](../01/08.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a new topic or section, or you could leave **Now** untranslated. Alternate translation: “Moving on,” or “I wish to speak again about my journeys:” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
2CO	2	12	l6vd	figs-go	ἐλθὼν…εἰς	1	Connecting Statement:	Here, the phrase **having come to** refers to arriving in one place or city from another, in this case probably traveling on land. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that refers to this kind of movement. Alternate translation: “having traveled to” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
2CO	2	12	c14o	grammar-connect-logic-contrast	εἰς τὸ εὐαγγέλιον τοῦ Χριστοῦ, καὶ θύρας…ἀνεῳγμένης	1		This clause gives information that contrasts with what Paul will say in the previous verse about how he left **Troas**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could indicate this contrast with a natural form. Alternate translation: “and although a door for the gospel of Christ had been opened” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
2CO	2	12	a1ti	figs-metaphor	εἰς τὸ εὐαγγέλιον τοῦ Χριστοῦ, καὶ θύρας μοι ἀνεῳγμένης	1	a door for the gospel of Christ was opened to me in the Lord	Here Paul speaks of God providing opportunities for him to preach the **gospel** as if God were “opening” a **door** for the **Gospel**. The image is of God opening a door so that Paul can go in and preach the message about Christ. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable metaphor or express the idea plainly. Alternate translation: “and an opportunity to preach the gospel of Christ having been given to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	2	12	n9cr	figs-activepassive	εἰς τὸ εὐαγγέλιον τοῦ Χριστοῦ, καὶ θύρας μοι ἀνεῳγμένης ἐν Κυρίῳ	1		If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. In this case, Paul could be stating the the **Lord** did it, or he could be implying that “God” did it **in {the} Lord**. See the note about **in {the} Lord**. Alternate translation: “and the Lord having opened a door for the gospel of Christ for me” or “and God having opened a door for the Gospel of Christ for me in the Lord” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CO	2	12	vtg5	figs-possession	τὸ εὐαγγέλιον τοῦ Χριστοῦ	1		Here Paul uses the possessive form to describe **the gospel** that could: (1) be about **Christ**. Alternate translation: “the gospel concerning Christ” (2) belong to **Christ**. Alternate translation: “Christ’s gospel” or “the gospel from Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
2CO	2	12	fcf7	figs-metaphor	ἐν Κυρίῳ	1		Here Paul uses the spatial metaphor **in {the} Lord** to describe his union with Christ. In this case, being **in {the} Lord**, or united to the Lord, shows that the **door** was **opened** to Paul: (1) by the **Lord**. Alternate translation: “by the Lord” (2) so that he could continue to serve in his union with the **Lord**. Alternate translation: “in my union with the Lord” or “so that I can do what the Lord wants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	2	12	m7x6	figs-explicit	Κυρίῳ	1		Here, the word **Lord** could refer to: (1) Jesus the Messiah. Alternate translation: “the Lord, the Messiah” (2) God generally. Alternate translation: “the Lord God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2CO	2	13	rjy9	figs-idiom	οὐκ ἔσχηκα ἄνεσιν τῷ πνεύματί μου	1	I had no relief in my spirit	Here, the clause **I had no relief in my spirit** indicates that Paul was anxious or concerned. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable form or plain language. Alternate translation: “my mind could not rest” or “I was concerned” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
2CO	2	13	k7k9	figs-explicit	οὐκ ἔσχηκα ἄνεσιν τῷ πνεύματί μου	1		Here Paul does not clarify what he was concerned or anxious about. He clarifies later in [7:5–16](../07/05.md) that he was anxious to know how Titus’ visit to the Corinthians went. The Corinthians would have made this inference, since Titus had already visited them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this information more explicit. Alternate translation: “I had no relief in my spirit about Titus’ visit to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2CO	2	13	trp2	figs-abstractnouns	οὐκ ἔσχηκα ἄνεσιν τῷ πνεύματί μου	1		If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind **relief**, you could express the idea by using an adjective such as “restful” or “relieved.” Alternate translation: “my spirit was not restful” or “my spirit was not relieved” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2CO	2	13	w79i	figs-explicit	μὴ εὑρεῖν με Τίτον τὸν ἀδελφόν μου	1		Here Paul is stating that **Titus** was not in Troas, not that he simply could not find him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that shows that **Titus** was not in the city of Troas when Paul visited there. Alternate translation: “as I found out that my brother Titus was not there” or “as my brother Titus was not in the city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2CO	2	13	xd5h	figs-metaphor	Τίτον τὸν ἀδελφόν μου	1	my brother Titus	Here Paul speaks of **Titus** as if he were his **brother** (probably a younger **brother**). He speaks in this way to indicate that **Titus** is a fellow believer and that he and Paul are as close as if they they were brothers. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a simile or plain language to express this idea. Alternate translation: “Titus, who is like my own brother,” or “my very dear friend and fellow believer Titus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	2	13	wq6j	figs-explicit	ἀποταξάμενος αὐτοῖς	1	So I left them	Here Paul refers to how he **said farewell** to the people from Troas, but he also means that he left their city. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “having said farewell to them and departed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2CO	2	13	j9je	writing-pronouns	αὐτοῖς	1		Here, the word **them** refers to the friends that Paul made in the city of “Troas” (see [2:12](../02/12.md)). Most likely, these people were fellow believers. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make to whom **them** refers more explicit. Alternate translation: “to the people from Troas” or “to my friends in Troas” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
2CO	2	13	gxp2	figs-go	ἐξῆλθον εἰς	1		Here, the phrase **went on to** refers to travel in which a person leaves one area and goes to another area. Use a word or phrase that refers to this kind of movement in your language. Alternate translation: “I departed from there to go to” or “I went from there to” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
2CO	2	14	s6k3	grammar-connect-words-phrases	δὲ	1		Here, the word **But** introduces a new section. Paul will not speak again about Titus and his travel plans until [7:5](../07/05.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a new section or topic, or you could leave **But** untranslated. Alternate translation: “But now,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
2CO	2	14	g39s	figs-idiom	τῷ…Θεῷ χάρις	1		Here, the phrase **thanks {be} to God** is a way to indicate that one is praising God for something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this phrase with a normal way in your language to thank or praise someone for what that person has done. Alternate translation: “we thank God” or “we give glory to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
2CO	2	14	qgok	figs-exclusive	ἡμᾶς…ἡμῶν	1		Here, the word **us** does not include the Corinthians. It could refer to: (1) Paul and those who proclaim the gospel with him. Alternate translation: “us who preach … us” (2) just Paul. Alternate translation: “me … me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
2CO	2	14	gpd2	figs-metaphor	τῷ πάντοτε θριαμβεύοντι ἡμᾶς	1	God, who in Christ always leads us in triumph	Here Paul speaks as if **God** were a leader who had won a victory and set up a parade or **triumphal procession** to celebrate. In this parade, Paul and those with him could be either or both of the following: (1) prisoners who have been conquered and who are put in the parade to illustrate the victory. This is the normal meaning of the word in other places. Alternate translation: “always parading us as his captives” or “always showing that he leads us” (2) soldiers who helped win the victory and who are celebrating. This is not the normal meaning of the word, but it is possible and fits the context well. Alternate translation: “always having us participate in his triumphal parade” or “always helping us to conquer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	2	14	so2k	figs-metaphor	ἐν τῷ Χριστῷ	1		Paul uses the spatial metaphor **in Christ** to describe the union of believers with Christ. In this case, being **in Christ**, or united to Christ, explains why or how they are involved in the **triumphal procession**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that indicates that union with Christ is the reason or the means for participating in the **procession**. Alternate translation: “because of our union with Christ” or “by means of our union with Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	2	14	l1nr	figs-exmetaphor	τὴν ὀσμὴν τῆς γνώσεως αὐτοῦ, φανεροῦντι δι’ ἡμῶν ἐν παντὶ τόπῳ	1	Through us he spreads the sweet aroma of the knowledge of him everywhere	Here Paul speaks as if **the knowledge of him** were an **aroma**, a smell or odor. In this case, the context implies that this is a pleasing or good smell. He speaks in this way to indicate that everyone hears and reacts to the message about Christ, just like everyone smells and reacts to a strong odor. Also, just like a smell fills a whole room, so the good news fills **every place** on earth. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea by using a simile or plain language. Consider using a form that you can continue to use in the following two verse, in which Paul continues the **aroma** metaphor. Alternate translation: “making known through us and in every place the knowledge of him, which is like an good smell” or “powerfully revealing through us the knowledge of him, which is spreading into every place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor]])
2CO	2	14	tlqe	figs-possession	τὴν ὀσμὴν τῆς γνώσεως αὐτοῦ	1		Here Paul uses the possessive form to describe an **aroma** that is **knowledge**. In other words, the possessive indicates what the **aroma** stands for. Then, Paul indicates that this **knowledge** is about **him**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the ideas in a more natural way. Alternate translation: “the aroma, which is knowledge about him” or “the aroma, that is, knowing him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
2CO	2	14	ihbw	figs-abstractnouns	τῆς γνώσεως αὐτοῦ	1		If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind **knowledge**, you could express the idea by using a verb such as “know.” Alternate translation: “that is knowing him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2CO	2	14	lxlc	writing-pronouns	αὐτοῦ	1		Here, the word **him** could refer to: (1) God generally. Alternate translation: “of God” (2) Christ specifically. Alternate translation: “of Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
2CO	2	14	eq21	figs-hyperbole	ἐν παντὶ τόπῳ	1	he spreads … everywhere	Here Paul speaks as if God used him and those with him to make God known **in every place**. The Corinthians would have understood him to mean that God uses them to make God known in many places, or in every place that they visit. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea clearer. Alternate translation: “in every place we go” or “throughout the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
2CO	2	15	cjjj	grammar-connect-words-phrases	ὅτι	1		Here, the word **For** introduces an explanation of what Paul said in the previous verse about “the aroma” ([2:14](../02/14.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces further explanation. Alternate translation: “Indeed,” or “Here is what I mean:” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
2CO	2	15	yfx6	figs-exclusive	ἐσμὲν	1		Here, just as in [2:14](../02/14.md), the word **we** does not include the Corinthians. It could refer to: (1) Paul and those who proclaim the gospel with him. Alternate translation: “we who preach are” (2) just Paul. Alternate translation: “I am” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
2CO	2	15	x6nn	figs-exmetaphor	Χριστοῦ εὐωδία ἐσμὲν τῷ Θεῷ	1	we are to God the sweet aroma of Christ	Here Paul continues to speak about **fragrance** and good smells (see [2:14](../02/14.md)). Here, he identifies himself and those with him as a **fragrance** that comes from **Christ** and which goes toward **God**. By speaking in this way, he shows that **we** are those who represent or declare who Christ is in the presence of God. Just like everyone smells a good smell and knows where it comes from, so everyone notices Paul and those with him and realizes that they represent **Christ** before **God**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a simile or express the idea in plain language. Make sure that your translation fits with the previous and the following verses. Alternate translation: “we are like a good odor that spreads from Christ before God” or “we represent Christ before God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor]])
2CO	2	15	b1k1	figs-possession	Χριστοῦ εὐωδία	1	the sweet aroma of Christ	Here Paul uses the possessive form to indicate that the **fragrance** could: (1) come or spread from **Christ**. Alternate translation: “a fragrance from Christ” (2) be presented or offered by **Christ**. Alternate translation: “a fragrance that Christ presents” or “a fragrance that Christ offers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
2CO	2	15	itc8	figs-activepassive	τοῖς σῳζομένοις	1	those who are saved	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who does the action, Paul implies that “God” does it. Alternate translation: “the ones whom God is saving” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CO	2	15	ze7n	figs-extrainfo	τοῖς ἀπολλυμένοις	1		Christians disagree over whether God causes people to “perish” or whether people cause themselves to “perish.” The word that Paul uses here intentionally does not include the person who causes the **perishing**. If possible, your translation also should avoid stating who causes the “perishing.” Alternate translation: “the ones on the path to destruction” or “the ones who are not being saved”
2CO	2	16	zrae	grammar-connect-logic-contrast	οἷς μὲν…οἷς δὲ	1		Here, the word **indeed** indicates that the author is introducing the first of two parts. The word **but** introduces the second part. The author uses this form to contrast “the ones perishing” and “the ones being saved” (see [2:15](../02/15.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a form that naturally contrasts two groups of people. Alternate translation: “on one hand, to the ones … but on the other hand, to the others” or “to the ones … but to the others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
2CO	2	16	pv6o	figs-infostructure	οἷς μὲν ὀσμὴ ἐκ θανάτου εἰς θάνατον, οἷς δὲ ὀσμὴ ἐκ ζωῆς εἰς ζωήν	1		Here Paul refers to “the ones perishing” before he refers to “the ones being saved,” which is the opposite of the order he used in [2:15](../02/15.md). This was good style in his culture. If reversing the order from [2:15](../02/15.md) would be confusing for your readers, and if it would not be good style, you could reverse the order here to match that in [2:15](../02/15.md). Alternate translation: “to the ones indeed, an aroma from life to life, but to the others, an aroma from death to death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
2CO	2	16	t3vw	writing-pronouns	οἷς	-1		Here, the phrase **to the ones** refers to “the ones perishing,” and the phrase **to the {others}** refers to “the ones being saved” (see [2:15](../02/15.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could clarify to whom these phrases refer. Alternate translation: “to the latter … to the former” or “to the ones perishing … to the ones being saved” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
2CO	2	16	dwk6	figs-exmetaphor	ὀσμὴ	-1	an aroma	Here Paul continues to speak about **fragrance** and good smells (see [2:14–15](../02/14.md)). He specifically explains what kind of **aroma** he and those with him are. Those who do not believe think that the **aroma** smells bad, while those who do believe think that the **aroma** smells good. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a simile or express the idea plainly. Make sure that your translation fits with how you translated the “smelling” language in [2:14–15](../02/14.md). Alternate translation: “we smell like an aroma … we smell like an aroma” or “our message is … our message is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor]])
2CO	2	16	ud2u	figs-idiom	ἐκ θανάτου εἰς θάνατον…ἐκ ζωῆς εἰς ζωήν	1	an aroma from death to death	Here Paul uses the words **from** and **to** with the same word. He could be using this form because: (1) **from** indicates the source of the **aroma**, and **to** indicates the effects of the **aroma**. Alternate translation: “that smells like death and leads to death … that smells like life and leads to life” or “of death causing death … of life causing life” (2) **from** and **to** together emphasize that the **aroma** is characterized completely by either **death** or **life**. Alternate translation: “of death … of life” or “characterized completely by death … characterized completely by life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
2CO	2	16	yau5	figs-abstractnouns	ἐκ θανάτου εἰς θάνατον…ἐκ ζωῆς εἰς ζωήν	1		If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas behind **death** and **life**, you could express the ideas by using verbs such as “die” and “live” or adjectives such as “dead” and “alive.” Make sure your translation fits with the option you chose in the previous note. Alternate translation: “that comes from something dying and that leads to people dying … that comes from something living and leads to people living” or “that smells like something dead … that smells like something alive” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2CO	2	16	cdr3	writing-pronouns	πρὸς ταῦτα	1	a fragrance from life to life	Here, the phrase **these {things}** refers back to what those who proclaim the good news must do, things that Paul has outlined in [2:14–16](../02/14.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could make explicit what **these {things}** refers to. Alternate translation: “to do what I have said” or “to preach the gospel like this” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
2CO	2	16	be6x	figs-rquestion	πρὸς ταῦτα τίς ἱκανός?	1	who is worthy of these things?	Paul does not ask this question because he is looking for information. Rather, he asks it to involve the Corinthians in what he is arguing. The question could imply that the answer is that: (1) no one is **sufficient**. Alternate translation: “for these things, nobody is sufficient!” (2) Paul and those with him are **sufficient**. Alternate translation: “for these things, we are indeed sufficient” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2CO	2	17	h7y1	grammar-connect-logic-result	γάρ	1		Here, the word **For** could introduce: (1) a basis or proof for why he and those with him are not “sufficient,” as the previous question implied (see [2:16](../02/16.md)). Alternate translation: “You can tell that we are not sufficient because” (2) an answer to the previous question that indicates that Paul and those with him are “sufficient.” Alternate translation: “But we are sufficient, because” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
2CO	2	17	pmpz	figs-exclusive	ἐσμεν…λαλοῦμεν	1		Here, just as in [2:14–15](../02/14.md), the word **we** does not include the Corinthians. It could refer to: (1) Paul and those who proclaim the gospel with him. Alternate translation: “we who preach are … we speak” (2) just Paul. Alternate translation: “I am … I speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
2CO	2	17	a5sa	figs-metonymy	τὸν λόγον	1	who sell the word of God	Here, the word **word** represents what someone says in words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “the words” or “the communication” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2CO	2	17	u7ui	figs-nominaladj	οἱ πολλοὶ	1		Paul is using the adjective **many** as a noun in order to refer **many** people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this one with a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “the many people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
2CO	2	17	yf8u	translate-unknown	καπηλεύοντες	1		Here, the word **peddling** refers to the practice of selling goods that one has. The word implies that the person who is **peddling** is trying to make as much profit as they can, both by honest and deceitful means. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that refers to selling something for as much money as possible. Alternate translation: “trading in” or “selling off” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
2CO	2	17	ohh8	figs-possession	τὸν λόγον τοῦ Θεοῦ	1		Here Paul uses the possessive form to describe **the word** that could be: (1) from **God**. Alternate translation: “the word from God” (2) about **God**. Alternate translation: “the word about God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
2CO	2	17	u4iy	grammar-connect-logic-contrast	ἀλλ’ ὡς	-1		Here Paul uses **but as** to introduce a contrast with **the many** who “peddle” God’s word. Paul repeats **but as** to continue and emphasize this contrast, not to contrast **sincerity** and **from God**. If the repetition of **but as** would be confusing, you could use **but as** once and express the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “but instead as … and even more as” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
2CO	2	17	x86y	figs-abstractnouns	ἐξ εἰλικρινείας	1	sincerity	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind **sincerity**, you could express the idea by using an adjective such as “sincere.” Alternate translation: “those who are sincere” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2CO	2	17	f9x4	figs-explicit	ὡς ἐκ Θεοῦ	1		Here, the phrase **as from God** indicates that God sent Paul and those with him to **speak** the gospel. The word **as** indicates how they **speak**. It does not mean that they are not really **from God**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “as those whom God has sent” or “as ones sent by God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2CO	2	17	aizg	figs-explicit	λαλοῦμεν	1		Here, Paul implies that they are speaking **the word of God** that he already mentioned. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make what they **speak** more explicit. Alternate translation: “we speak the word of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2CO	2	17	vpdc	figs-explicit	κατέναντι Θεοῦ	1		Here, the phrase **in {the} presence of God** could indicate that: (1) they **speak** as they do because they know that **God** sees or knows what they do. So, they speak in a way that pleases **God**. Alternate translation: “as God desires” or “with God watching” (2) they **speak** with **God** as a witness guaranteeing what they say. Alternate translation: “with God as witness” or “with God guaranteeing it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2CO	2	17	q4dc	figs-abstractnouns	κατέναντι Θεοῦ	1	before God	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind **presence**, you could express the idea by using a phrase that refers to being close to or in front of **God**. Alternate translation: “in front of God” or “before God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2CO	2	17	u2zb	figs-metaphor	ἐν Χριστῷ	1	we speak in Christ	Paul uses the spatial metaphor **in Christ** to describe the union of believers with **Christ**. In this case, being **in Christ**, or united to Christ, explains how they **speak**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that indicates that they **speak** as those who are united to **Christ**. Alternate translation: “as Christians” or “as those united to Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	3	intro	f7rh			0		# 2 Corinthians 3 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\n4. Paul’s ministry (2:14–7:4)\n      * Qualification for ministry (3:1–6)\n      * Ministry of Moses and ministry of Paul (3:7–4:6)\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Law of Moses\n\nPaul alludes to God giving the Ten Commandments on stone tablets. This represents the law of Moses. The law was good because it came from God. But God punished the Israelites because they disobeyed it. This chapter may be difficult for translators to understand if the Old Testament has not yet been translated. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Metaphors\n\nPaul uses many metaphors used in this chapter to explain complex spiritual truths. It is unclear whether this makes Paul’s teachings easier or more difficult to understand. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### “This is a covenant not of the letter but of the Spirit.”\n\nPaul contrasts the old and new covenants. The new covenant is not a system of rules and regulations. Here, **Spirit** probably refers to the Holy Spirit. It may also refer to the new covenant being “spiritual” in nature. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]])
2CO	3	1	mdwx	figs-exclusive	ἀρχόμεθα…ἑαυτοὺς…μὴ χρῄζομεν	1		Here, just as in [2:14–15](../02/14.md), [17](../02/17.md), the word **we** does not include the Corinthians. It could refer to: (1) Paul and those who proclaim the gospel with him. Alternate translation: “Are we who preach beginning … ourselves … we do not need … do we” (2) just Paul. Alternate translation: “Am I beginning … myself … I do not need … do I” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
2CO	3	1	um8x	figs-rquestion	ἀρχόμεθα πάλιν ἑαυτοὺς συνιστάνειν?	1	Are we beginning to praise ourselves again?	Paul does not ask this question because he is looking for information. Rather, he asks it to involve the Corinthians in what he is arguing. The question implies that the answer is “no, we are not.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea by using a strong negation. Alternate translation: “We are certainly not beginning to commend ourselves again!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2CO	3	1	ogwa	translate-unknown	ἑαυτοὺς συνιστάνειν	1		Here, phrase **commend ourselves** refers to the practice of stating why one should be trusted and welcomed. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that refers to giving reasons why people should welcome and trust a person. Alternate translation: “to speak favorably of ourselves” or “to vouch for ourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
2CO	3	1	fuds	figs-explicit	πάλιν	1		Here, the word **again** implies that Paul and those with him had already “commended themselves” at some point in the past. Most likely, this happened when they first met the Corinthians. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that makes this more explicit. Alternate translation: “once more” or “again, like we did at first” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2CO	3	1	noiz	grammar-connect-logic-contrast	ἢ	1		The word **Or** introduces an alternate to what Paul asked in the first question. In that question, he implied that they were not “commending” themselves again. With **Or**, then, Paul asks a question that introduces the incorrect alternative: they might need **letters of recommendation**. He introduces this incorrect alternate to show that the implication of his first question is true: they are not “commending” themselves again. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express **Or** with a word that signifies a contrast or gives an alternative. Alternate translation: “Rather,” or “Quite the contrary:” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
2CO	3	1	y8yc	figs-rquestion	ἢ μὴ χρῄζομεν, ὥς τινες, συστατικῶν ἐπιστολῶν πρὸς ὑμᾶς ἢ ἐξ ὑμῶν?	1	We do not need letters of recommendation to you or from you, like some people, do we?	Paul does not ask this question because he is looking for information. Rather, he asks it to involve the Corinthians in what he is arguing. The question implies that the answer is “we do not need them.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea by using a strong negation. Alternate translation: “In fact, we certainly do not need, like some, letters of recommendation to you or from you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2CO	3	1	syny	writing-pronouns	ὥς τινες	1		Here, the word **some** refers generally to other people besides Paul and those with him. Paul may more specifically have in mind the people who opposed him in Corinth, but he does not make this explicit. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that refers to other people besides Paul and those who serve with him. Alternate translation: “like some others” or “like some people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
2CO	3	1	ad1u	figs-possession	συστατικῶν ἐπιστολῶν	1	letters of recommendation	Here Paul uses the possessive form to refer to **letters** that gave a **recommendation** for the person who had the letter. Many people in Paul’s culture would ask friends to write these letters, and then they would show the letters to people they visited to prove that they were trustworthy and could be welcomed. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a form that naturally refers to this kind of letter. Alternate translation: “reference letters” or “letters of introduction” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
2CO	3	1	dygq	figs-abstractnouns	συστατικῶν ἐπιστολῶν	1		If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind **recommendation**, you could express the idea by using a verb such as “recommend.” Alternate translation: “letters that recommend us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2CO	3	2	ty59	figs-metaphor	ἡ ἐπιστολὴ ἡμῶν ὑμεῖς ἐστε ἐνγεγραμμένη ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ἡμῶν, γινωσκομένη καὶ ἀναγινωσκομένη ὑπὸ πάντων ἀνθρώπων	1	You yourselves are our letter of recommendation	Here Paul continues to speak about “letters,” but now he tells the Corinthians that they are the **letter** of recommendation for Paul and those with him. This **letter** is not a physical document, but is **written** in their **hearts**, and **all men** can **read** it. Paul speaks in this way to indicate that the recommendation he relies on is the Corinthian believers. In other words, the fact that they believe and that they are close with Paul (**in our hearts**) shows that Paul is trustworthy and a true apostle. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea with a simile or in some other natural way. Alternate translation: “You yourselves are like our letter of recommendation, which you wrote on us and that is known and read by all men” or “We do not need a letter of recommendation because you yourselves are the recommendation that is in our hearts and that is known and understood by all men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	3	2	f8s8	figs-rpronouns	ὑμεῖς ἐστε	1		Here, the word translated **yourselves** emphasizes **You**. Consider using a natural way to emphasize **You** in your language. Alternate translation: “You indeed are” or “It is you who are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
2CO	3	2	a7xl	figs-exclusive	ἡ ἐπιστολὴ ἡμῶν…ταῖς καρδίαις ἡμῶν	1		Here, just as in [3:1](../03/01.md), the word **our** does not include the Corinthians. It could refer to: (1) Paul and those who proclaim the gospel with him. Alternate translation: “the letter for us who preach the gospel … our hearts” (2) just Paul. Alternate translation: “my letter … my heart” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
2CO	3	2	ygx8	figs-possession	ἡ ἐπιστολὴ ἡμῶν…ἐνγεγραμμένη	1		Here Paul uses the possessive form to describe a **letter** that could: (1) recommend “us.” Alternate translation: “the letter for us written” or “a letter that recommends us written” (2) be written by “us.” Alternate translation: “a letter written by us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
2CO	3	2	v2e7	figs-metonymy	ἐνγεγραμμένη ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ἡμῶν	1	written on our hearts	In the Paul’s culture, **hearts** are the places where humans think and plan. What Paul means is that the recommendation from the Corinthians is not written down on paper but is rather part of their relationship with Paul. If it would be helpful in your language, you could refer to the place where humans think in your culture or express the idea plainly. Alternate translation: “written inside us” or “expressed by our relationship” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2CO	3	2	ko7w	figs-activepassive	ἐνγεγραμμένη	1		If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, you could use a vague or indefinite subject, or you could show that God did it. Alternate translation: “that someone has written” or “that God has written” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CO	3	2	bu1u	figs-activepassive	γινωσκομένη καὶ ἀναγινωσκομένη ὑπὸ πάντων ἀνθρώπων	1	written on our hearts	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the ideas in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “which all men know and read” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CO	3	2	pzpz	figs-doublet	γινωσκομένη καὶ ἀναγινωσκομένη	1		Here, the words **known** and **read** express very similar ideas. It is likely that **known** indicates that people are aware that there is a **letter**, while **read** indicates that they know what the **letter** says. If you do not have words that express these distinctions, and if the repetition would be confusing in your language, you could express the idea with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “read” or “noticed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
2CO	3	2	dr5k	figs-gendernotations	πάντων ἀνθρώπων	1	known and read by all people	Although the word **men** is masculine, Paul is using it to refer to all people, both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a non-gendered word or refer to both genders. Alternate translation: “every person” or “all men and women” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
2CO	3	3	s717	figs-explicit	φανερούμενοι	1	you are a letter from Christ	
2CO	3	3	aylw	figs-metaphor	ἐστὲ ἐπιστολὴ Χριστοῦ, διακονηθεῖσα ὑφ’ ἡμῶν, ἐνγεγραμμένη οὐ μέλανι, ἀλλὰ Πνεύματι Θεοῦ ζῶντος, οὐκ ἐν πλαξὶν λιθίναις, ἀλλ’ ἐν πλαξὶν καρδίαις σαρκίναις	1		
2CO	3	3	hlap	figs-possession	ἐπιστολὴ Χριστοῦ	1		
2CO	3	3	wrk4	figs-activepassive	διακονηθεῖσα ὑφ’ ἡμῶν	1	cared for by us	
2CO	3	3	dsxa	translate-unknown	διακονηθεῖσα	1		
2CO	3	3	vyuh	figs-ellipsis	ἐνγεγραμμένη οὐ μέλανι, ἀλλὰ Πνεύματι Θεοῦ ζῶντος, οὐκ ἐν πλαξὶν λιθίναις, ἀλλ’ ἐν πλαξὶν καρδίαις σαρκίναις	1		The verb “written” is implied in the second phrase. Alternate translation: “not written with ink, but written with the Spirit of the living God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
2CO	3	3	q96q	figs-activepassive	ἐνγεγραμμένη οὐ	1	It was written not with ink … on tablets of human hearts	
2CO	3	3	qt5g	translate-unknown	μέλανι	1	It was written not with ink but by the Spirit of the living God	
2CO	3	3	t5ah	figs-idiom	Θεοῦ ζῶντος	1	not on tablets of stone, but on tablets of human hearts	Here, the phrase **living God** identifies God as the one who “lives” and possibly as the one who gives “life.” The primary point is that **God** actually “lives,” unlike idols and other things that people call “god.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that emphasizes that God really “lives.” Alternate translation: “of the God who lives” or “of the true God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])\n
2CO	3	3	ih89	figs-possession	πλαξὶν λιθίναις	1		
2CO	3	3	u959	figs-possession	πλαξὶν καρδίαις σαρκίναις	1	tablets of human hearts	
2CO	3	4	z7qx		πεποίθησιν δὲ τοιαύτην ἔχομεν	1	such confidence	This refers to what Paul has just said. His **confidence** comes from knowing that the Corinthians are the validation of his ministry before God.
2CO	3	5	qye9		ἀφ’ ἑαυτῶν ἱκανοί	1	competent in ourselves	Alternate translation: “qualified in ourselves” or “sufficient in ourselves”
2CO	3	5	e5e7	figs-explicit	λογίσασθαί τι ὡς ἐξ ἑαυτῶν	1	to consider anything as coming from us	Here the word **anything** refers to anything pertaining to Paul’s apostolic ministry. Alternate translation: “to claim that anything we have done in ministry comes from our own efforts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2CO	3	5	wi1t		ἡ ἱκανότης ἡμῶν ἐκ τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	our competence is from God	Alternate translation: “God gives us our sufficiency”
2CO	3	6	dp6i	figs-synecdoche	καινῆς διαθήκης, οὐ γράμματος	1	a new covenant, not of the letter	Here the word **letter** means letters of the alphabet and refers to words that people write down. Alternate translation: “a covenant not based on commands that men have written” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
2CO	3	6	gbsc	figs-explicit	οὐ γράμματος	1		The phrase **the letter** alludes to the Old Testament law. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2CO	3	6	tc4u	figs-ellipsis	ἀλλὰ Πνεύματος	1	but of the Spirit	The Holy **Spirit** is the one who establishes God’s covenant with people. Alternate translation: “but a covenant based on what the Spirit does” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
2CO	3	6	q4at	figs-personification	τὸ…γράμμα ἀποκτέννει	1	the letter kills	Paul speaks of the Old Testament law as a person who **kills**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
2CO	3	6	one5	figs-explicit	τὸ…γράμμα ἀποκτέννει	1		Following that law leads to spiritual death. Alternate translation: “the written law leads to death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2CO	3	7	lyf7			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul contrasts the fading glory of the old covenant with the superiority and freedom of the new covenant. He contrasts the veil of Moses with the clarity of present revelation. The time of Moses was a less clear picture of what is now revealed.
2CO	3	7	ut6r	figs-irony	εἰ δὲ ἡ διακονία τοῦ θανάτου…ἐγενήθη ἐν δόξῃ, ὥστε	1	Now if the ministry that produced death … came in such glory	Paul emphasizes that although the law leads to **death**, it was still very glorious. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
2CO	3	7	du65	figs-explicit	ἡ διακονία τοῦ θανάτου	1	the ministry that produced death	Here, **the ministry of death** refers to the Old Testament law that God gave through Moses. Alternate translation: “the ministry that causes death because it is based on the law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2CO	3	7	j1hp	figs-activepassive	ἐν γράμμασιν ἐντετυπωμένη λίθοις	1	engraved in letters on stones	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that God carved into stone with letters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CO	3	7	r5p5		ἐν δόξῃ, ὥστε	1	in such glory	Alternate translation: “in so much glory that”
2CO	3	8	xxn6	figs-rquestion	πῶς οὐχὶ μᾶλλον ἡ διακονία τοῦ Πνεύματος ἔσται ἐν δόξῃ?	1	Will the ministry of the Spirit not be with much more glory?	Paul uses this question to emphasize that the **ministry of the Spirit** does must be more glorious than “the ministry of death” because it leads to life. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “So the service that the Spirit does must be even more glorious!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2CO	3	8	wq1v	figs-explicit	ἡ διακονία τοῦ Πνεύματος	1	the ministry of the Spirit	Here, **the ministry of the Spirit** refers to the new covenant, of which Paul is a minister. Alternate translation: “the ministry that gives life because it is based on the Spirit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2CO	3	9	k779	figs-explicit	τῇ διακονίᾳ τῆς κατακρίσεως	1	the ministry of condemnation	Here, **the ministry of condemnation** refers to the Old Testament law. Alternate translation: “the ministry that condemns people because it is based on the law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2CO	3	9	if33	figs-exclamations	πολλῷ μᾶλλον περισσεύει ἡ διακονία τῆς δικαιοσύνης δόξῃ	1	how much more does the ministry of righteousness abound in glory!	Here the phrase **much more** marks this phrase as an exclamation, not as a question. Alternate translation: “then the service of righteousness must abound in so much more glory” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
2CO	3	9	e5zz	figs-metaphor	πολλῷ μᾶλλον περισσεύει ἡ διακονία τῆς δικαιοσύνης δόξῃ.	1	the ministry of righteousness abound in glory	Paul speaks of **the ministry of righteousness** as if it were an object that could produce or multiply another object. He means that this ministry is far more glorious than the law, which also had **glory**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	3	9	ufq6	figs-explicit	ἡ διακονία τῆς δικαιοσύνης	1	the ministry of righteousness	Here, **the ministry of righteousness** refers to the new covenant, of which Paul is a minister. Alternate translation: “the ministry that makes people righteous because it is based on the Spirit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2CO	3	10	n4pe		καὶ γὰρ οὐ δεδόξασται, τὸ δεδοξασμένον…εἵνεκεν τῆς ὑπερβαλλούσης δόξης	1	that which was once made glorious is no longer glorious … because of the glory that exceeds it	The Old Testament law no longer appears **glorious** when compared with the new covenant, which is much more glorious.
2CO	3	10	t2dq	figs-activepassive	τὸ δεδοξασμένον	1	that which was once made glorious	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the law which God once made glorious” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CO	3	10	d7k5		ἐν τούτῳ τῷ μέρει	1	in this respect	Alternate translation: “in this way”
2CO	3	11	zwb2	figs-metaphor	τὸ καταργούμενον	1	that which was fading away	This refers to “the ministry of condemnation,” which Paul speaks of as if it were an object capable of disappearing. Alternate translation: “that which was becoming useless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	3	12	tnc1		ἔχοντες οὖν τοιαύτην ἐλπίδα	1	Since we have such a hope	The word **Therefore** refers to what Paul has just said. His **hope** comes from knowing that the new covenant has an eternal glory.
2CO	3	12	u5qa		τοιαύτην ἐλπίδα	1	such a hope	Alternate translation: “such confidence”
2CO	3	13	p5u2	figs-explicit	τὸ τέλος τοῦ καταργουμένου	1	the end of that which was fading away	The refers to the glory that shined on Moses’ face. Alternate translation: “the glory on Moses’ face as it faded away completely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2CO	3	14	zvf5	figs-metaphor	ἀλλὰ ἐπωρώθη τὰ νοήματα αὐτῶν	1	But their minds were hardened	Paul speaks of the **minds** of the Israelite people as objects that could be closed or made hard. This expression means that they were unable to understand what they saw. Alternate translation: “But the Israelites could not understand what they saw” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	3	14	zm7j		ἄχρι γὰρ τῆς σήμερον ἡμέρας	1	For until this present day	Here, **the present day** refers to the time at which Paul was writing to the Corinthians.
2CO	3	14	w68p	figs-metaphor	τὸ αὐτὸ κάλυμμα ἐπὶ τῇ ἀναγνώσει τῆς παλαιᾶς διαθήκης μένει	1	when they read the old covenant, that same veil remains	Just as the Israelites could not see the glory on Moses’ face because he covered his face with a **veil**, there is a spiritual veil that prevents people from understanding when they read the **old covenant**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	3	14	gg2d		ἐπὶ τῇ ἀναγνώσει τῆς παλαιᾶς διαθήκης	1	when they read the old covenant	Alternate translation: “when they hear someone read the old covenant”
2CO	3	14	gl8l	figs-activepassive	μὴ ἀνακαλυπτόμενον, ὅτι ἐν Χριστῷ καταργεῖται	1	It has not been removed, because only in Christ is it taken away	Here, **it** refers to “the same veil.” If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “no one removes the veil, because only in Christ does God remove it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CO	3	15	rjh5		ἀλλ’ ἕως σήμερον	1	But even today	Here the word **today** refers to the time at which Paul was writing to the Corinthians.
2CO	3	15	t3dl	figs-metonymy	ἡνίκα ἂν ἀναγινώσκηται Μωϋσῆς	1	whenever Moses is read	Here the word **Moses** refers to the Old Testament law that Moses wrote down. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2CO	3	15	ip29	figs-activepassive	ἡνίκα ἂν ἀναγινώσκηται Μωϋσῆς	1		If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “whenever someone reads the Mosaic law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CO	3	15	gwp9	figs-metonymy	κάλυμμα ἐπὶ τὴν καρδίαν αὐτῶν κεῖται	1	a veil lies over their heart	Here the word **heart** represents what people think. Alternate translation: “a veil prevents them from understanding” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2CO	3	15	bb5u	figs-metaphor	κάλυμμα ἐπὶ τὴν καρδίαν αὐτῶν κεῖται	1		Here the people being unable to understand the old covenant is spoken of as if they have **a veil** that covers **their heart** the way a physical veil would cover their eyes. Alternate translation: “they are unable to understand what they are hearing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	3	16	k2dr	figs-metaphor	ἡνίκα…ἐὰν ἐπιστρέψῃ πρὸς Κύριον	1	whenever a person turns to the Lord	Here, **turn to** is a metaphor that means to become loyal to someone. Alternate translation: “when a person starts to worship the Lord” or “when a person starts to trust in the Lord” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	3	16	w1y2	figs-activepassive	περιαιρεῖται τὸ κάλυμμα	1	the veil is taken away	God gives them the ability to understand. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God lifts the veil away” or “God gives them the ability to understand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CO	3	18	r6rx	figs-exclusive	ἡμεῖς δὲ πάντες	1	Now we all	Here the word **we** refers to all believers, including Paul and the Corinthians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
2CO	3	18	l3xw	figs-metaphor	ἀνακεκαλυμμένῳ προσώπῳ, τὴν δόξαν Κυρίου κατοπτριζόμενοι	1	with unveiled faces, see as a reflection the glory of the Lord	Unlike the Israelites who could not see God’s glory reflected on Moses’ face because he had covered it with a veil, there is nothing to prevent believers from seeing and understanding God’s **glory**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	3	18	rc9x	figs-activepassive	τὴν αὐτὴν εἰκόνα μεταμορφούμεθα	1	are being transformed into the same image	The Spirit is changing believers to be glorious like Jesus. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The Lord is transforming us into his same glorious likeness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CO	3	18	bx5b		ἀπὸ δόξης εἰς δόξαν	1	from glory to glory	This means that the Spirit is constantly increasing the **glory** of believers. Alternate translation: “from one amount of glory to another amount of glory”
2CO	3	18	mw3v		καθάπερ ἀπὸ Κυρίου	1	just as from the Lord	Alternate translation: “just as this comes from the Lord”
2CO	4	intro	rx1c			0		# 2 Corinthians 4 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter begins with the word “therefore.” This connects it to what the previous chapter teaches. How these chapters are divided may be confusing to the reader.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Ministry<br><br>Paul ministers to people by telling them about Christ. He does not try to trick people into believing. If they do not understand the gospel, it is because the problem is ultimately spiritual. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Light and darkness<br><br>The Bible often speaks of unrighteous people, people who do not do what pleases God, as if they were walking around in darkness. It speaks of light as if it were what enables those sinful people to become righteous, to understand what they are doing wrong and begin to obey God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])<br><br>### Life and death<br><br>Paul does not refer here to physical life and death. Life represents the new life a Christian has in Jesus. Death represents the old way of living before believing in Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/life]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/death]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Hope<br><br>Paul uses a repeated pattern in a purposeful way. He makes a statement. Then he denies a seemingly opposite or contradictory statement or gives an exception. Together these give the reader hope in difficult circumstances. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/hope]])
2CO	4	1	lyi4			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul writes that he is honest in his ministry by preaching Christ, not praising himself. He shows the death and the life of Jesus in how he lives so that life can work in the Corinthian believers.
2CO	4	1	ix7n	figs-exclusive	ἠλεήθημεν, οὐκ ἐνκακοῦμεν	1	having this ministry	Both occurrences of the word **we** refers to Paul and his coworker, but not to the Corinthians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
2CO	4	1	h1ud	figs-explicit	καθὼς ἠλεήθημεν	1	and just as we have received mercy	This phrase explains how Paul and his coworkers have “this ministry.” It is a gift that God has given to them through his **mercy**. Alternate translation: “because God has shown us mercy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2CO	4	2	yp4g		ἀπειπάμεθα τὰ κρυπτὰ τῆς αἰσχύνης	1	we have rejected the shameful hidden things	This means that Paul and his coworkers refused to do secret and **shameful** things. It does not mean that they had done these things in the past.
2CO	4	2	z4c2	figs-hendiadys	τὰ κρυπτὰ τῆς αἰσχύνης	1	the shameful hidden things	The word **hidden** describes the things that people do secretly. Things that are **shameful** should cause people who do them to feel ashamed. Alternate translation: “the things that people do secretly because they cause shame” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])
2CO	4	2	ey75		περιπατοῦντες ἐν πανουργίᾳ	1	walking in craftiness	Alternate translation: “living by deception”
2CO	4	2	gp3g	figs-metonymy	μηδὲ δολοῦντες τὸν λόγον τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	not distorting the word of God	Here, **word of God** is a metonym for the message from God. Alternate translation: “we do not mishandle God’s message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2CO	4	2	lzn0	figs-doublenegatives	μηδὲ δολοῦντες τὸν λόγον τοῦ Θεοῦ	1		If your readers would misunderstand the double-negative **nor distorting**, you could express it in positive form. Alternate translation: “we use the word of God correctly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
2CO	4	2	aj24		συνιστάνοντες ἑαυτοὺς πρὸς πᾶσαν συνείδησιν ἀνθρώπων	1	commending ourselves to every person’s conscience	This means that they provide enough evidence for each person who hears them to decide whether they are right or wrong.
2CO	4	2	f6n1	figs-metaphor	ἐνώπιον τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	before God	Here, **before God** refers to God’s presence. God’s understanding and approval of Paul’s truthfulness is referred to as God being able to see them. Alternate translation: “with God as witness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	4	3	mti5	figs-metaphor	εἰ δὲ καὶ ἔστιν κεκαλυμμένον τὸ εὐαγγέλιον ἡμῶν, ἐν τοῖς ἀπολλυμένοις ἐστὶν κεκαλυμμένον	1	But if our gospel is veiled, it is veiled only to those who are perishing	This refers back to what Paul said starting in [2 Corinthians 3:14](../03/14.md). There Paul explained that there is a spiritual **veil** that prevents people from understanding when they read the old covenant. In the same way, people are not able to understand the **gospel**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	4	3	hz2f	figs-activepassive	εἰ…ἔστιν κεκαλυμμένον τὸ εὐαγγέλιον ἡμῶν…ἐστὶν κεκαλυμμένον	1	if our gospel is veiled, it is veiled	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “if a veil covers our gospel, that veil covers it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CO	4	3	e5yu		τὸ εὐαγγέλιον ἡμῶν	1	our gospel	Alternate translation: “the gospel that we preach”
2CO	4	4	r6pz	figs-metaphor	ὁ θεὸς τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου ἐτύφλωσεν τὰ νοήματα τῶν ἀπίστων	1	the god of this age has blinded the minds of the unbelieving	Paul speaks of the **minds** of unbelievers as if they had eyes, and their inability to understand as their minds being unable to see. Alternate translation: “the god of this world has prevented unbelievers from understanding” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	4	4	tx9h		ὁ θεὸς τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου	1	the god of this world	This phrase refers to Satan. Alternate translation: “the god who rules this world”
2CO	4	4	z4yp	figs-metaphor	μὴ αὐγάσαι τὸν φωτισμὸν τοῦ εὐαγγελίου τῆς δόξης τοῦ Χριστοῦ	1	they do not see the light of the gospel of the glory of Christ	As the Israelites could not see God’s **glory** that shined on Moses’ face because he covered it with a veil ([2 Corinthians 3:13](../03/13.md)), unbelievers are not able to see Christ’s glory that shines in **the gospel**. This means that they are unable to understand “the gospel of the glory of Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	4	4	j1vz		τὸν φωτισμὸν τοῦ εὐαγγελίου	1	the light of the gospel	Alternate translation: “the light that comes from the gospel”
2CO	4	4	rdj3		τοῦ εὐαγγελίου τῆς δόξης τοῦ Χριστοῦ	1	the gospel of the glory of Christ	Alternate translation: “the gospel about the Christ’s glory”
2CO	4	5	ddw1	figs-ellipsis	ἀλλὰ Ἰησοῦν Χριστὸν Κύριον, ἑαυτοὺς δὲ δούλους ὑμῶν	1	but Christ Jesus as Lord, and ourselves as your servants	You can supply the missing verb for these phrases. Alternate translation: “but we proclaim Christ Jesus as Lord, and we proclaim ourselves as your servants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
2CO	4	5	t8du		διὰ Ἰησοῦν	1	for Jesus’ sake	Alternate translation: “because of Jesus”
2CO	4	6	rw5z		ἐκ σκότους φῶς λάμψει	1	Light will shine out of darkness	With this sentence, Paul refers to God creating **light**, as described in the book of Genesis.
2CO	4	6	d5x7	figs-metaphor	ὃς ἔλαμψεν…πρὸς φωτισμὸν τῆς γνώσεως τῆς δόξης τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	He has shone … to give the light of the knowledge of the glory of God	Here, the illumination from the light represents the ability to understand. Just as God created light, he also creates understanding for believers. Alternate translation: “the one who caused light to shine … to enable us to understand the glory of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	4	6	bj1j	figs-metonymy	ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ἡμῶν	1	in our hearts	Here the word **hearts** refers to the mind and thoughts. Alternate translation: “in our minds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2CO	4	6	mpg9		πρὸς φωτισμὸν τῆς γνώσεως τῆς δόξης τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	the light of the knowledge of the glory of God	Alternate translation: “to show us the knowledge of the glory of God”
2CO	4	6	p736	figs-metaphor	τῆς δόξης τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐν προσώπῳ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ	1	the glory of God in the face of Jesus Christ	Just as God’s **glory** shone upon Moses’ face ([2 Corinthians 3:7](../03/07.md)), it also shines upon **the face of Jesus**. This means that when Paul preaches the gospel, people are able to see and understand the message about God’s glory. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	4	7	xe5i	figs-exclusive	ἔχομεν δὲ	1	But we have	Here the word **we** refers to Paul and his coworkers, but not to the Corinthians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
2CO	4	7	xx2c	figs-metaphor	ἔχομεν…τὸν θησαυρὸν τοῦτον ἐν ὀστρακίνοις σκεύεσιν	1	we have this treasure in jars of clay	Paul speaks of the gospel as if it were a** treasure** and their bodies as if they were breakable **jars** made out of **clay**. This emphasizes that they are of little value compared to the worth of the gospel that they preach. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	4	8	ga9z	figs-activepassive	ἐν παντὶ θλιβόμενοι	1	We are afflicted in every way	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “People afflict us in every way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CO	4	9	bz8m	figs-activepassive	διωκόμενοι, ἀλλ’ οὐκ ἐνκαταλειπόμενοι	1	We are persecuted but not forsaken	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people persecute us but God does not forsake us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CO	4	9	uvq1	figs-activepassive	καταβαλλόμενοι, ἀλλ’ οὐκ ἀπολλύμενοι	1	We are struck down but not destroyed	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people strike us down but do not destroy us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CO	4	10	zt4b	figs-metaphor	πάντοτε τὴν νέκρωσιν τοῦ Ἰησοῦ ἐν τῷ σώματι περιφέροντες	1	We always carry in our body the death of Jesus	Paul speaks of his sufferings as if they are an experience of **the death of Jesus**. Alternate translation: “we are often in danger of dying, as Jesus died” or “we always suffer in such a way that we experience the death of Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	4	10	l6f6		καὶ ἡ ζωὴ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ ἐν τῷ σώματι ἡμῶν φανερωθῇ	1	the life of Jesus also may be shown in our bodies	This could mean: (1) our bodies will live again, because **Jesus** is alive. (2) the spiritual **life** that **Jesus** gives also may be shown in our bodies.
2CO	4	10	w3jc	figs-activepassive	καὶ ἡ ζωὴ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ ἐν τῷ σώματι ἡμῶν φανερωθῇ	1	the life of Jesus also may be shown in our bodies	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “other people may also see the life of Jesus in our bodies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CO	4	11	ht74	figs-metaphor	ἀεὶ γὰρ ἡμεῖς, οἱ ζῶντες, εἰς θάνατον παραδιδόμεθα διὰ Ἰησοῦν	1	For we who are alive are always being handed over to death for the sake of Jesus	Here, **being handed over to death** represents being in danger of dying because of being loyal to Jesus. Alternate translation: “for those of us who are alive, God is always leading us to face death because we are joined to Jesus” or “for people are always causing us who are alive to be in danger of dying because we are joined to Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	4	11	d1wm		ἵνα καὶ ἡ ζωὴ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ φανερωθῇ ἐν τῇ θνητῇ σαρκὶ ἡμῶν	1	so that the life of Jesus may be shown in our mortal flesh	God wants Jesus’ **life** to **be shown** in us. This could mean: (1) our bodies will live again, because Jesus is alive. (2) the spiritual life that Jesus gives also may be shown in our bodies. See how you translated this phrase in [2 Corinthians 4:10](../04/10.md).
2CO	4	11	ww5r	figs-activepassive	ἵνα καὶ ἡ ζωὴ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ φανερωθῇ ἐν τῇ θνητῇ σαρκὶ ἡμῶν	1	so that the life of Jesus may be shown in our mortal flesh	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. See how you translated this phrase in [2 Corinthians 4:10](../04/10.md). Alternate translation: “so other people may see the life of Jesus in our body” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CO	4	12	q3il	figs-personification	ὁ θάνατος ἐν ἡμῖν ἐνεργεῖται, ἡ δὲ ζωὴ ἐν ὑμῖν	1	death is at work in us, but life is at work in you	Paul speaks of **death** and **life** as if they are persons who can **work**. This means that they are always in danger of physical death so that the Corinthians can have spiritual life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
2CO	4	13	ret6		τὸ αὐτὸ πνεῦμα τῆς πίστεως	1	the same spirit of faith	Here the word **spirit** refers a person’s attitude and temperament. Alternate translation: “the same attitude of faith”
2CO	4	13	gzf4	figs-activepassive	κατὰ τὸ γεγραμμένον	1	according to that which was written	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “as the one who wrote these words” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CO	4	13	il5h		ἐπίστευσα, διὸ ἐλάλησα	1	I believed, and so I spoke	This is a quote from the Psalms.
2CO	4	14	t2i8	figs-idiom	ὁ ἐγείρας τὸν Ἰησοῦν, καὶ…ἐγερεῖ	1	that the one who raised the Lord Jesus will … raise	Here to raise up is an idiom for causing someone who has died to become alive again. Alternate translation: “the one who caused the Lord Jesus to live again will also raise” or “God, who raised the Lord Jesus, will also raise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
2CO	4	15	v7sj		τὰ γὰρ πάντα δι’ ὑμᾶς	1	For all these things are for your sake	Here, **all these things** refers to all of the sufferings that Paul has described in previous verses.
2CO	4	15	l1mu	figs-activepassive	ἡ χάρις πλεονάσασα διὰ τῶν πλειόνων	1	the grace that is abounding to more and more people	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “as God spreads his grace to many more people, it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CO	4	15	u8pp	figs-metaphor	τὴν εὐχαριστίαν περισσεύσῃ	1	thanksgiving may increase	Paul speaks of **thanksgiving** as if it were an object that could become larger by itself. Alternate translation: “more and more people may give thanks” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	4	16	u6e5			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul writes that the Corinthian difficulties are minor and do not last long when compared to the unseen eternal things.
2CO	4	16	cb92	figs-doublenegatives	διὸ οὐκ ἐνκακοῦμεν	1	So we do not become discouraged	If your readers would misunderstand the double-negative **not … discouraged**, you could express it in positive form. Alternate translation: “So we remain confident” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
2CO	4	16	hhv6	figs-explicit	ὁ ἔξω ἡμῶν ἄνθρωπος διαφθείρεται	1	outwardly we are wasting away	This refers to their physical bodies decaying and dying. Alternate translation: “our physical bodies are getting weak and dying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2CO	4	16	s9b2	figs-explicit	ὁ ἔσω ἡμῶν ἀνακαινοῦται ἡμέρᾳ καὶ ἡμέρᾳ	1	inwardly we are being renewed day by day	This refers to their inward, spiritual lives getting stronger. Alternate translation: “our spiritual beings are being strengthened day by day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2CO	4	16	zct5	figs-activepassive	ὁ ἔσω ἡμῶν ἀνακαινοῦται ἡμέρᾳ καὶ ἡμέρᾳ	1	inwardly we are being renewed day by day	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God is renewing our inward being more each day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CO	4	17	pd63	figs-metaphor	τὸ γὰρ παραυτίκα ἐλαφρὸν τῆς θλίψεως ἡμῶν…αἰώνιον βάρος δόξης, κατεργάζεται ἡμῖν	1	this momentary, light affliction is preparing us for an eternal weight of glory	Paul speaks of his sufferings and the **glory** that God will give him as if they were objects that can be weighed. The glory far outweighs the suffering. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	4	17	na9y	figs-metaphor	καθ’ ὑπερβολὴν εἰς ὑπερβολὴν	1	that exceeds all measurement	The glory that Paul will experience is so heavy that no one can measure it. Alternate translation: “that cannot be measured” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	4	17	d9re	figs-activepassive	καθ’ ὑπερβολὴν εἰς ὑπερβολὴν	1		If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that no one can measure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CO	4	18	t2fp	figs-activepassive	τὰ βλεπόμενα, ἀλλὰ τὰ μὴ βλεπόμενα	1	things that are seen … things that are unseen	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “things that we can see, but not the things that we cannot see” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CO	4	18	f97x	figs-ellipsis	ἀλλὰ τὰ μὴ βλεπόμενα	1	but for things that are unseen	You can supply the verb for this phrase. Alternate translation: “but we are watching for things that are unseen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
2CO	5	intro	s14p			0		# 2 Corinthians 5 General Notes<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### New bodies in heaven<br><br>Paul knows that when he dies he will receive a much better body. Because of this, he is not afraid of being killed for preaching the gospel. So he tells others that they too can be reconciled to God. Christ will take away their sin and give them his righteousness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/goodnews]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reconcile]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])<br><br>### New creation<br><br>The old and new creation probably refers to how Paul illustrates the old and new self. These concepts are also the same as the old and new man. The term “old” probably does not refer to the sinful nature with which a person is born. It refers to the old way of living or the Christian formerly being bound to sin. The “new creation” is the new nature or new life that God gives a person after they come to believe in Christ. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Home<br><br>The Christian’s home is no longer in the world. A Christian’s real home is in heaven. By using this metaphor, Paul emphasizes that the Christian’s circumstances in this world are temporary. It gives hope to those who are suffering. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/hope]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “The message of reconciliation”<br><br>This refers to the gospel. Paul calls for people who are hostile to God to repent and be reconciled to him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reconcile]])
2CO	5	1	p7b7			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul contrasts believers’ earthly bodies to the heavenly ones God will give.
2CO	5	1	z4vs	figs-metaphor	ἐὰν ἡ ἐπίγειος ἡμῶν οἰκία τοῦ σκήνους καταλυθῇ, οἰκοδομὴν ἐκ Θεοῦ ἔχομεν	1	if the earthly dwelling that we live in is destroyed, we have a building from God	Here a temporary **earthly dwelling** is a metaphor for a person’s physical body. Here a permanent “building from God” is a metaphor for the new body that God will give believers after they die. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	5	1	zy2k	figs-activepassive	ἐὰν ἡ ἐπίγειος ἡμῶν οἰκία τοῦ σκήνους καταλυθῇ	1	if the earthly dwelling that we live in is destroyed	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “if people destroy the earthly dwelling that we live in” or “if people kill our bodies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CO	5	1	bqi5	figs-synecdoche	οἰκίαν ἀχειροποίητον αἰώνιον ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς	1	It is a house not made by human hands	Here, **house** means the same thing as “building from God.” Here, **hands** is a synecdoche that represents the human as a whole. Alternate translation: “It is a house in heaven, not made by humans” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
2CO	5	1	bbvr	figs-activepassive	οἰκίαν ἀχειροποίητον αἰώνιον ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς	1		If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “It is a house in heaven that humans did not make” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CO	5	2	tc2j		ἐν τούτῳ στενάζομεν	1	in this tent we groan	Here, **this** means the same thing as “the earthly dwelling that we live in.” The word **groan** is a sound that a person makes when they eagerly desire to have something that is good.
2CO	5	2	ss6g	figs-metaphor	τὸ οἰκητήριον ἡμῶν τὸ ἐξ οὐρανοῦ ἐπενδύσασθαι ἐπιποθοῦντες	1	longing to be clothed with our heavenly dwelling	The words **our dwelling that is from heaven** means the same thing as “a building from God.” Paul speaks of the new body that believers receive after they die as if it were both a building and a piece of clothing that a person can put on. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	5	3	i4es		ἐνδυσάμενοι	1	we have put it on	Alternate translation: “by putting on our heavenly dwelling”
2CO	5	3	ap7v	figs-activepassive	οὐ γυμνοὶ εὑρεθησόμεθα	1	we will not be found to be naked	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “we will not be naked” or “God will not find us naked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CO	5	4	bz6k	figs-metaphor	οἱ ὄντες ἐν τῷ σκήνει	1	while we are in this tent	Paul speaks of the physical body as if it were a **tent**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	5	4	e34b		ἐν τῷ σκήνει, στενάζομεν	1	in this tent, we groan	The word **tent** refers to “the earthly dwelling that we live in.” The word **groan** is a sound that a person makes when they eagerly desire to have something that is good. See how you translated this in [2 Corinthians 5:2](../05/02.md).
2CO	5	4	cjt4	figs-metaphor	βαρούμενοι	1	being burdened	Paul refers to the difficulties that the physical body experiences as if they were heavy objects that are difficult to carry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	5	4	f8rb	figs-metaphor	οὐ θέλομεν ἐκδύσασθαι…ἐπενδύσασθαι	1	We do not want to be unclothed … we want to be clothed	Paul speaks of the body as if it were clothing for our spirit. Here, **to be unclothed** refers to the death of the physical body; “to be clothed” refers to having the resurrection body that God will give. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	5	4	n78p		ἐκδύσασθαι	1	to be unclothed	Alternate translation: “to be without clothes” or “to be naked”
2CO	5	4	de2b	figs-metaphor	ἵνα καταποθῇ τὸ θνητὸν ὑπὸ τῆς ζωῆς	1	so that what is mortal may be swallowed up by life	Paul speaks of **life** as if it were an animal that eats **the mortal**. The physical body that will die will be replaced by a resurrection body that will live forever. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	5	4	e5zi	figs-activepassive	ἵνα καταποθῇ τὸ θνητὸν ὑπὸ τῆς ζωῆς	1	so that what is mortal may be swallowed up by life	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “so that life may swallow up what is mortal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CO	5	5	g7yj	figs-metaphor	ὁ δοὺς ἡμῖν τὸν ἀρραβῶνα τοῦ Πνεύματος	1	who gave us the Spirit as the down payment	The **Spirit** is spoken of as if he were a partial **down payment** toward eternal life. See how you translated a similar phrase in [2 Corinthians 1:22](../01/22.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	5	6	clh5			0	Connecting Statement:	Because believers will have a new body and have the Holy Spirit as a pledge, Paul reminds them to live by faith that they may please the Lord. He continues by reminding them to persuade others because: (1) believers will appear at the judgment seat of Christ. (2) Christ who died for believers in love.
2CO	5	6	xv3m	figs-metaphor	ἐνδημοῦντες ἐν τῷ σώματι	1	being at home in the body	Paul speaks of the physical **body** as if it were a place where a person dwells. Alternate translation: “while we are living in this earthly body” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	5	6	ebl4		ἐκδημοῦμεν ἀπὸ τοῦ Κυρίου	1	we are away from the Lord	Alternate translation: “we are not at home with the Lord” or “we are not in heaven with the Lord”
2CO	5	7	rfn4	figs-metaphor	διὰ πίστεως…περιπατοῦμεν, οὐ διὰ εἴδους	1	we walk by faith, not by sight	Here, **walk** is a metaphor for “live” or “behave.” Alternate translation: “we live according to faith, not according to what we see” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	5	8	a6au		εὐδοκοῦμεν, μᾶλλον ἐκδημῆσαι ἐκ τοῦ σώματος	1	we would rather be away from the body	Here the word **body** refers to the physical body.
2CO	5	8	i3m3		ἐνδημῆσαι πρὸς τὸν Κύριον	1	at home with the Lord	Alternate translation: “at home with the Lord in heaven”
2CO	5	9	ml5j	figs-ellipsis	εἴτε ἐνδημοῦντες εἴτε ἐκδημοῦντες	1	whether we are at home or away	The phrases “with the Lord” and “from the Lord” may be supplied from the previous verses. Alternate translation: “whether we are at home with the Lord or away from the Lord” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
2CO	5	9	j1sl		εὐάρεστοι αὐτῷ εἶναι	1	to be pleasing to him	Alternate translation: “to please the Lord”
2CO	5	10	kdf2		ἔμπροσθεν τοῦ βήματος τοῦ Χριστοῦ	1	before the judgment seat of Christ	Alternate translation: “before Christ to be judged”
2CO	5	10	c499		κομίσηται ἕκαστος	1	each one may receive back the things done in	Alternate translation: “each person may receive what he deserves for”
2CO	5	10	v8sl	figs-activepassive	τὰ διὰ τοῦ σώματος	1	the things done in the body	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the things he has done in the physical body” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CO	5	10	lsh8		εἴτε ἀγαθὸν εἴτε κακὸν	1	whether for good or for bad	Alternate translation: “whether those things were good or bad”
2CO	5	11	dzh5		εἰδότες…τὸν φόβον τοῦ Κυρίου	1	knowing the fear of the Lord	Alternate translation: “knowing what it means to fear the Lord”
2CO	5	11	qm34	figs-explicit	ἀνθρώπους πείθομεν	1	we persuade people	This could mean: (1) **we persuade** people of the truth of the gospel. (2) **we persuade** people that we are legitimate apostles. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2CO	5	11	v11v	figs-activepassive	Θεῷ…πεφανερώμεθα	1	What we are is clearly seen by God	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God clearly sees what kind of people we are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CO	5	11	y5l1		καὶ ἐν ταῖς συνειδήσεσιν ὑμῶν πεφανερῶσθαι	1	that it is also clear to your conscience	Alternate translation: “that you are also convinced of it”
2CO	5	12	mza1		ἵνα ἔχητε	1	so you may have an answer	Alternate translation: “so you may have something to say to”
2CO	5	12	it2r	figs-metonymy	τοὺς ἐν προσώπῳ καυχωμένους, καὶ μὴ ἐν καρδίᾳ	1	those who boast about appearances but not about what is in the heart	Here the word **face** refers to outward expressions of things like ability and status. The word **heart** refers to the inward character of a person. Alternate translation: “those who praise their own actions, but do not care about what they really are in their inner being” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2CO	5	13	cy57	figs-idiom	εἴτε…ἐξέστημεν…εἴτε σωφρονοῦμεν	1	if we are out of our minds … if we are in our right minds	Paul is speaking about the way others think of him and his coworkers. Alternate translation: “if people think we are crazy … if people think we are sane” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
2CO	5	14	azi9		ἡ γὰρ ἀγάπη τοῦ Χριστοῦ	1	the love of Christ	This could refer to: (1) our **love** for **Christ**. (2) Christ’s **love** for us.
2CO	5	14	nd9g		ὑπὲρ πάντων ἀπέθανεν	1	died for all	Alternate translation: “died for all people”
2CO	5	15	h831		τῷ ὑπὲρ αὐτῶν ἀποθανόντι καὶ ἐγερθέντι	1	him who for their sake died and was raised	Alternate translation: “for him who for their sake died and whom God caused to live again” or “for Christ, who died for their sake and whom God raised”
2CO	5	15	ri6f		τῷ ὑπὲρ αὐτῶν ἀποθανόντι καὶ ἐγερθέντι	1	for them	Here, **for the one** could refer: (1) only to **who died**. (2) to both **who died** and **was raised**.
2CO	5	16	f2ww			0	Connecting Statement:	Because of Christ’s love and death, we are not to judge by human standards. We are appointed to teach others how to be united with and have peace with God through Christ’s death and receive God’s righteousness through Christ.
2CO	5	16	ic21		ὥστε	1	For this reason	Here, **Therefore** refers to what Paul has just said about living for Christ instead of living for self.
2CO	5	17	tl3h	figs-metaphor	καινὴ κτίσις	1	he is a new creation	Paul speaks of the person who believes in Christ as if God had created **a new** person. Alternate translation: “he is a new person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	5	17	ue8f		τὰ ἀρχαῖα παρῆλθεν	1	The old things have passed away	Here, **The old things** refers to the things that characterized a person before they trusted in Christ.
2CO	5	17	vpe3		ἰδοὺ	1	See	The word **behold** here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows.
2CO	5	18	jyf7		τὰ…πάντα	1	All these things	Here, **all these things** refers to what Paul has just said in the previous verse about new things replacing old things.
2CO	5	18	lj2h	figs-abstractnouns	τὴν διακονίαν τῆς καταλλαγῆς	1	the ministry of reconciliation	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **reconciliation**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “the ministry of reconciling people to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2CO	5	19	w1d1	figs-metonymy	ἦν ἐν Χριστῷ κόσμον καταλλάσσων ἑαυτῷ	1	in Christ God is reconciling the world to himself	Here, **the world** refers to the people in the world. Alternate translation: “in Christ, God was reconciling mankind to himself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2CO	5	19	b62q		θέμενος ἐν ἡμῖν τὸν λόγον τῆς καταλλαγῆς	1	He is entrusting to us the message of reconciliation	God has given Paul the responsibility to spread the message that God is reconciling people to himself.
2CO	5	19	ix97		τὸν λόγον τῆς καταλλαγῆς	1	the message of reconciliation	Alternate translation: “the message about reconciliation”
2CO	5	20	wg8f	figs-activepassive	ὑπὲρ Χριστοῦ οὖν πρεσβεύομεν	1	Therefore, we are ambassadors for Christ	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God has appointed us as Christ’s representatives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CO	5	20	q9u9		ὑπὲρ Χριστοῦ…πρεσβεύομεν	1	representatives of Christ	Alternate translation: “we are those who speak for Christ”
2CO	5	20	a6fx	figs-activepassive	καταλλάγητε τῷ Θεῷ	1	Be reconciled to God	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Let God reconcile you to himself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CO	5	21	jp2a		τὸν μὴ γνόντα ἁμαρτίαν, ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν ἁμαρτίαν ἐποίησεν	1	The one who did not know sin, he made sin for us	Alternate translation: “God made Christ become the sacrifice for our sin”
2CO	5	21	hz6z	figs-exclusive	ἡμῶν…ἡμεῖς	1	us … we	Here the words **us** and **we** are inclusive and refer to all believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
2CO	5	21	ebz2		τὸν μὴ γνόντα ἁμαρτίαν	1	The one who did not know sin	Alternate translation: “Christ, the one who never sinned”
2CO	5	21	kmt9	figs-explicit	ἵνα ἡμεῖς γενώμεθα δικαιοσύνη Θεοῦ ἐν αὐτῷ	1	so that we might become the righteousness of God in him	The phrase **the righteousness of God** refers to the righteousness that God requires and which comes from God. Alternate translation: “so that we might have God’s righteousness in us through Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2CO	6	intro	f5qu			0		# 2 Corinthians 6 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verses 2 and 16-18, which are words from the Old Testament.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Servants<br><br>Paul refers to Christians as servants of God. God calls Christians to serve him in all circumstances. Paul describes some of the difficult circumstances in which he and his companions served God.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Contrasts<br><br>Paul uses four pairs of contrasts: righteousness versus lawlessness, light versus darkness, Christ versus Satan, and the temple of God versus idols. These contrasts show a difference between Christians and non-Christians. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/light]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/darkness]])<br><br>### Light and darkness<br><br>The Bible often speaks of unrighteous people, people who do not do what pleases God, as if they were walking around in darkness. It speaks of light as if it were what enables those sinful people to become righteous, to understand what they are doing wrong and begin to obey God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])<br><br>### Rhetorical questions<br><br>Paul uses a series of rhetorical questions to teach his readers. All of these questions make essentially the same point: Christians should not intimately fellowship with those who live in sin. Paul repeats these questions for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### We<br><br>Paul likely uses the pronoun “we” to represent at least Timothy and himself. It may also include other people.
2CO	6	1	kf1d			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul summarizes how working together for God is supposed to be.
2CO	6	1	tbr6	figs-explicit	συνεργοῦντες	1	Working together	Paul is implying that he and Timothy are **working** with God. Alternate translation: “working together with God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2CO	6	1	s8db	figs-doublenegatives	καὶ, παρακαλοῦμεν μὴ εἰς κενὸν τὴν χάριν τοῦ Θεοῦ δέξασθαι ὑμᾶς	1	we also urge you not to receive the grace of God in vain	Paul pleads with the Corinthians to allow the **grace of God** to be effective in their lives. If your readers would misunderstand the double-negative **not … in vain**, you could express it in positive form. Alternate translation: “we beg you to make use of the grace that you have received from God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
2CO	6	2	u9kc	figs-explicit	λέγει γάρ	1	For he says	This introduces a quotation from the prophet Isaiah. Alternate translation: “for God says in scripture” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2CO	6	2	sa94		ἰδοὺ	1	Look	The word **Behold** here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows.
2CO	6	3	v3wc	figs-metaphor	μηδεμίαν ἐν μηδενὶ διδόντες προσκοπήν	1	We do not place a stumbling block in front of anyone	Paul speaks of anything that would prevent a person from trusting in Christ as if it were a physical object over which that person trips and falls. Alternate translation: “we do not want to do anything that will prevent people from believing our message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	6	3	he3c	figs-activepassive	μὴ μωμηθῇ ἡ διακονία	1	our ministry might not	The word **discredited** refers to people speaking badly about Paul’s ministry, and working against the message he proclaims. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “no oner will be able to speak badly about our ministry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CO	6	4	xd9l	figs-exclusive	συνιστάντες	1	General Information:	When Paul uses **we** here, he is referring to himself and Timothy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
2CO	6	4	p9up		ἐν παντὶ συνιστάντες ἑαυτοὺς ὡς Θεοῦ διάκονοι	1	we commend ourselves in everything as God’s servants	Alternate translation: “we prove that we are God’s servants by all that we do”
2CO	6	4	xyf9		Θεοῦ διάκονοι: ἐν ὑπομονῇ πολλῇ, ἐν θλίψεσιν, ἐν ἀνάγκαις, ἐν στενοχωρίαις	1	God’s servants; in much endurance, affliction, distress, hardship	Paul mentions these difficult situations in which they proved that they are **God’s servants**.
2CO	6	6	w84c		ἐν ἁγνότητι…ἐν ἀγάπῃ ἀνυποκρίτῳ	1	in purity … in genuine love	Paul lists several moral virtues that they maintained in difficult situations that proved that they are God’s servants.
2CO	6	7	b6am		ἐν λόγῳ ἀληθείας, ἐν δυνάμει Θεοῦ	1	in the word of truth, in the power of God	Their dedication to preach the gospel **in the power of God** proves that they are God’s servants.
2CO	6	7	dui6		ἐν λόγῳ ἀληθείας	1	in the word of truth	Alternate translation: “by speaking God’s message about truth” or “by speaking God’s true message”
2CO	6	7	p5l5		ἐν δυνάμει Θεοῦ	1	in the power of God	Alternate translation: “by showing God’s power to people”
2CO	6	7	ven8	figs-metaphor	διὰ τῶν ὅπλων τῆς δικαιοσύνης τῶν δεξιῶν καὶ ἀριστερῶν	1	through the weapons of righteousness for the right hand and for the left	Paul speaks of their **righteousness** as if it is **weapons** that they use to fight spiritual battles. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	6	7	ef5b		τῶν ὅπλων τῆς δικαιοσύνης	1	the weapons of righteousness	Alternate translation: “righteousness as our armor” or “righteousness as our weapons”
2CO	6	7	ijr2		τῶν δεξιῶν καὶ ἀριστερῶν	1	for the right hand and for the left	This could mean: (1) there is a weapon in one hand and a shield in the other. (2) they are completely equipped for battle, able to fend off attacks from any direction.
2CO	6	8	zi7d	figs-merism		0	General Information:	Paul lists several extremes of how people think about him and his ministry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
2CO	6	8	e4pf	figs-activepassive	ὡς πλάνοι	1	as imposters	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people accuse us of being deceitful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CO	6	9	fcb5	figs-activepassive	ὡς ἀγνοούμενοι καὶ ἐπιγινωσκόμενοι	1	as if we were unknown and we are still well known	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “as if people did not know us and yet people still know us well” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CO	6	9	r1d9	figs-activepassive	ὡς παιδευόμενοι καὶ μὴ θανατούμενοι	1	as being punished, and yet not being killed	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “we work as if people are punishing us for our actions but not as if they have condemned us to death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CO	6	11	v74j		τὸ στόμα ἡμῶν ἀνέῳγεν πρὸς ὑμᾶς	1	Our mouth has been opened to you	Alternate translation: “We have spoken honestly to you”
2CO	6	11	mv85	figs-metaphor	ἡ καρδία ἡμῶν πεπλάτυνται	1	our heart is opened wide	Paul speaks of his great affection for the Corinthians as having a **heart** that is open. Alternate translation: “we love you very much” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	6	11	r815	figs-metonymy	ἡ καρδία ἡμῶν πεπλάτυνται	1		Here, **heart** is a metonym for a person’s emotions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2CO	6	12	m2kq	figs-metaphor	οὐ στενοχωρεῖσθε ἐν ἡμῖν, στενοχωρεῖσθε δὲ ἐν τοῖς σπλάγχνοις ὑμῶν	1		Paul speaks of the Corinthians lack of love for him as if their **inner parts** were squeezed into a tight space. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	6	12	u4fz	figs-activepassive	οὐ στενοχωρεῖσθε ἐν ἡμῖν	1	You are not restrained by us	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “We have not restrained you” or “We have not given you any reason to stop loving us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CO	6	12	xv9t	figs-metonymy	στενοχωρεῖσθε δὲ ἐν τοῖς σπλάγχνοις ὑμῶν	1	You are not restrained by us, but you are restrained in your affections	Here, **inner parts** is a metonym for a person’s emotions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2CO	6	12	ecn4	figs-activepassive	στενοχωρεῖσθε δὲ ἐν τοῖς σπλάγχνοις ὑμῶν	1	you are restrained in your affections	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “but your own hearts are restraining you” or “but you have stopped loving us for your own reasons” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CO	6	13	c6vp	figs-metaphor	πλατύνθητε καὶ ὑμεῖς	1	open yourselves wide also	Paul urges the Corinthians to love him as he has loved them. Alternate translation: “love us back” or “love us much as we have loved you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	6	14	v7kk	figs-doublenegatives	μὴ γίνεσθε ἑτεροζυγοῦντες ἀπίστοις	1	Do not be yoked together with unbelievers	If your readers would misunderstand the double-negative **not … unbelievers**, you could express it in positive form. Alternate translation: “Only be tied together with believers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
2CO	6	14	qd33	figs-metaphor	μὴ γίνεσθε ἑτεροζυγοῦντες	1	be yoked together with	Paul speaks of working **together** toward a common purpose as if it were two animals tied together to pull a plow or cart. Alternate translation: “Do not team up” or “Do not have a close relationship” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	6	14	v7pw	figs-rquestion	τίς γὰρ μετοχὴ δικαιοσύνῃ καὶ ἀνομίᾳ	1	For what association does righteousness have with lawlessness?	This is a rhetorical question that anticipates a negative answer. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “For righteousness can have no association with lawlessness.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2CO	6	14	xr52	figs-rquestion	ἢ τίς κοινωνία φωτὶ πρὸς σκότος?	1	For what fellowship does light have with darkness?	Paul asks this question to emphasize that **light** and **darkness** cannot coexist since light dispels darkness. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “And light can have no fellowship with darkness!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2CO	6	14	h9ks	figs-metaphor	ἢ τίς κοινωνία φωτὶ πρὸς σκότος?	1		The words **light** and **darkness** refer to the moral and spiritual qualities of believers and unbelievers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	6	15	r1vq	figs-rquestion	τίς δὲ συμφώνησις Χριστοῦ πρὸς Βελιάρ	1	What agreement can Christ have with Beliar?	This is a rhetorical question that anticipates a negative answer. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “There is no agreement between Christ and Beliar!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2CO	6	15	rm3r	translate-names	Βελιάρ	1	Beliar	**Beliar** is another name for the devil. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
2CO	6	15	z9iv	figs-rquestion	ἢ τίς μερὶς πιστῷ μετὰ ἀπίστου?	1	Or what share does a believer have together with an unbeliever?	This is a rhetorical question that anticipates a negative answer. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “And a believer shares nothing in common with an unbeliever!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2CO	6	16	y99x	figs-rquestion	τίς δὲ συνκατάθεσις ναῷ Θεοῦ μετὰ εἰδώλων?	1	And what agreement is there between the temple of God and idols?	This is a rhetorical question that anticipates a negative answer. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “And there is no agreement between the temple of God and idols!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2CO	6	16	s3l8	figs-exclusive	ἡμεῖς γὰρ ναὸς Θεοῦ ἐσμεν ζῶντος	1	we are the temple of the living God	Here, **we** refers not only to Paul and his associates, but includes all Christians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
2CO	6	16	aqql	figs-metaphor	ἡμεῖς γὰρ ναὸς Θεοῦ ἐσμεν ζῶντος	1		Paul speaks of Christians as forming a **temple** for **God** to dwell in. Alternate translation: “we are like the temple where the living God dwells” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	6	16	u5g3	figs-parallelism	ἐνοικήσω ἐν αὐτοῖς, καὶ ἐνπεριπατήσω	1	I will dwell among them and walk among them.	This is an Old Testament quotation that speaks of God being with the people in two different ways that mean the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
2CO	6	16	g0nl	figs-metaphor	ἐνοικήσω ἐν αὐτοῖς, καὶ ἐνπεριπατήσω	1		The words **dwell among** speak of living where others live, while the words **walk among** speak of being with them as they go about their lives. Alternate translation: “I will be with them and help them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	6	17	fe1z			0	General Information:	Paul quotes portions from the Old Testament prophets, Isaiah and Ezekiel.
2CO	6	17	z5ld	figs-activepassive	ἀφορίσθητε	1	be separate	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “set yourselves apart” or “allow me to set you apart” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CO	6	17	c8jq	figs-doublenegatives	ἀκαθάρτου μὴ ἅπτεσθε	1	Touch no unclean thing	If your readers would misunderstand the double-negative **no unclean**, you could express it in positive form. Alternate translation: “touch only things that are clean” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
2CO	7	intro	hg36			0		# 2 Corinthians 7 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>In verses 2-4, Paul finishes his defense. He then writes about Titus’ return and the comfort it brought.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Clean and unclean<br><br>Christians are “clean” in the sense that God has cleansed them from sin. They do not need to be concerned with being clean according to the law of Moses. Ungodly living can still make a Christian unclean. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])<br><br>### Sadness and sorrow<br><br>The words “sad” and “sorrow” in this chapter indicate that the Corinthians were upset to the point of repenting. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### We<br><br>Paul likely uses the pronoun “we” to represent at least Timothy and himself. It may also include other people.<br><br>### Original situation<br><br>This chapter discusses in detail a previous situation. We can figure out some aspects of this situation from the information in this chapter. But it is best not to include this type of implicit information in a translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2CO	7	1	h5xv		ἀγαπητοί	1	Beloved	Alternate translation: “you whom I love” or “dear friends”
2CO	7	1	fv49		καθαρίσωμεν ἑαυτοὺς	1	let us cleanse ourselves	Here Paul is saying to stay away from any form of sin that would affect one’s relationship with God.
2CO	7	1	c2xf		ἐπιτελοῦντες ἁγιωσύνην	1	perfecting holiness	Alternate translation: “striving to be holy”
2CO	7	1	pt41		ἐν φόβῳ Θεοῦ	1	in the fear of God	Alternate translation: “out of deep respect for God”
2CO	7	2	v4nu			0	Connecting Statement:	Having already warned the people of Corinth about other leaders who were striving to get these Corinthian believers to follow them, Paul reminds the people of the way he feels about them.
2CO	7	2	x3lg	figs-explicit	χωρήσατε ἡμᾶς	1	Make room for us	This refers back to what Paul said starting in [2 Corinthians 6:11](../06/11.md) about them opening their hearts to him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2CO	7	2	c2yz	figs-metaphor	χωρήσατε ἡμᾶς	1		Paul speaks of the Corinthians loving him as if they were opening their hearts to him. Alternate translation: “Make room for us in your hearts” or “Love us and accept us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	7	3	bhb7		πρὸς κατάκρισιν οὐ λέγω	1	I do not speak for your condemnation	Here, Paul refers back to what he has just said about not having wronged anyone. Alternate translation: “I do not say this to accuse you of having done wrong.”
2CO	7	3	fay3	figs-metaphor	ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ἡμῶν ἐστε	1	you are in our hearts	Paul speaks of his and his associates’ great love for the Corinthians as if they held them in their hearts. Alternate translation: “you are very dear to us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	7	3	xzg3	figs-idiom	εἰς τὸ συναποθανεῖν καὶ συνζῆν	1	for us to die together and to live together	This means that Paul and his associates will continue to love the Corinthians no matter what happens. Alternate translation: “whether we live or whether we die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
2CO	7	4	mh12	figs-activepassive	πεπλήρωμαι τῇ παρακλήσει	1	I am filled with encouragement	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You fill me with comfort” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CO	7	4	mx9b	figs-metaphor	ὑπερπερισσεύομαι τῇ χαρᾷ	1	I overflow with joy	Paul speaks of **joy** as if it is a liquid that fills him until he overflows. Alternate translation: “I am extremely joyful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	7	4	mr75		ἐπὶ πάσῃ τῇ θλίψει ἡμῶν	1	even in all our afflictions	Alternate translation: “despite all our hardships”
2CO	7	5	f3c5	figs-exclusive	ἐλθόντων ἡμῶν εἰς Μακεδονίαν	1	When we came to Macedonia	Here the word **we** refers to Paul and Timothy but not to the Corinthians or Titus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
2CO	7	5	c8ju	figs-synecdoche	οὐδεμίαν ἔσχηκεν ἄνεσιν ἡ σὰρξ ἡμῶν	1	our flesh had no rest	Here, **our flesh** refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “we had no rest” or “we were very tired” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
2CO	7	5	h3cv	figs-activepassive	ἐν παντὶ θλιβόμενοι	1	we were troubled in every way	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “we experienced every kind of trouble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CO	7	5	i4wr	figs-explicit	ἔξωθεν μάχαι, ἔσωθεν φόβοι	1	by conflicts on the outside and fears on the inside	Here, **without** could mean: (1) “outside of our bodies.” (2) “outside of the church.” The word **within** refers to their inward emotions. Alternate translation: “by conflicts with other people and by fears within ourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2CO	7	7	w7td	figs-explicit	ἐν τῇ παρακλήσει ᾗ παρεκλήθη ἐφ’ ὑμῖν	1	by the comfort that Titus had received from you	Paul received **comfort** from knowing that the Corinthians had **comforted** Titus. Alternate translation: “by learning about the comfort that Titus had received from you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2CO	7	8	b2xj		ἡ ἐπιστολὴ ἐκείνη	1	General Information:	This refers to Paul’s previous **letter** to these Corinthian believers where he rebuked them for their acceptance of a believer’s sexual immorality with his father’s wife.
2CO	7	8	vk7m		βλέπω ὅτι ἡ ἐπιστολὴ ἐκείνη	1	when I saw that my letter	Alternate translation: “when I learned that my letter”
2CO	7	9	kn5q	figs-activepassive	οὐχ ὅτι ἐλυπήθητε	1	not because you were distressed	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “not because what I said in my letter distressed you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CO	7	9	l6d2	figs-idiom	ἐν μηδενὶ ζημιωθῆτε ἐξ ἡμῶν	1	you would not suffer loss in anything through us	This means that although the letter caused them sorrow, they eventually benefited from the letter because it led them to repentance. Alternate translation: “so that we did not harm you in any way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
2CO	7	10	dtm3	figs-ellipsis	ἡ γὰρ κατὰ Θεὸν λύπη, μετάνοιαν εἰς σωτηρίαν…ἐργάζεται	1	For the sorrow that God intends produces repentance that leads to salvation	The word **repentance** may be repeated to clarify its relationship to what precedes it and what follows it. Alternate translation: “For godly sorrow produces repentance, and repentance leads to salvation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
2CO	7	10	lc4m		ἀμεταμέλητον	1	without regret	This could mean: (1) Paul has no **regret** that he caused them sorrow because that sorrow led to their repentance and salvation. (2) the Corinthians will not **regret** experiencing sorrow because it led to their repentance and salvation.
2CO	7	10	lc1s	figs-explicit	ἡ δὲ τοῦ κόσμου λύπη, θάνατον κατεργάζεται	1	But the sorrow of the world produces death	This kind of **sorrow** leads to **death** instead of salvation because it does not produce repentance. Alternate translation: “Worldly sorrow, however, leads to spiritual death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2CO	7	11	gpp2	figs-exclamations	ἀλλὰ ἀπολογίαν	1	what earnestness, what eagerness to defend yourselves	Here the word **what** makes this statement an exclamation. Alternate translation: “your determination to prove you were innocent was very great!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
2CO	7	11	h6jc	figs-activepassive	ἀλλὰ ἐκδίκησιν	1	what avenging of wrong	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that someone should carry out justice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CO	7	12	i6sn	figs-activepassive	τοῦ φανερωθῆναι τὴν σπουδὴν ὑμῶν, τὴν ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν πρὸς ὑμᾶς ἐνώπιον τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	your good will toward us should be made known to you in the sight of God	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “so that you would know that your good will toward us is sincere” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CO	7	12	ycy7		ἐνώπιον τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	before God	Here, **before God** refers to God’s presence. See how you translated this in [2 Corinthians 4:2](../04/02.md).
2CO	7	13	kn2q	figs-activepassive	διὰ τοῦτο παρακεκλήμεθα	1	For this reason we are encouraged	Here the phrase **this reason** refers to the way the Corinthians responded to Paul’s previous letter, as he described in the previous verse. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “This is what encourages us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CO	7	13	v2g6	figs-activepassive	ἀναπέπαυται τὸ πνεῦμα αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ πάντων ὑμῶν	1	his spirit was refreshed by all of you	Here the word **spirit** refers to a person’s temperament and disposition. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “all of you refreshed his spirit” or “all of you made him stop worrying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CO	7	14	b4uq		ὅτι εἴ τι αὐτῷ ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν κεκαύχημαι	1	For if I boasted to him about you	Alternate translation: “For although I boasted to him about you”
2CO	7	14	m22c		οὐ κατῃσχύνθην	1	I was not embarrassed	Alternate translation: “you did not disappoint me”
2CO	7	14	q5hg		ἡ καύχησις ἡμῶν ἡ ἐπὶ Τίτου ἀλήθεια ἐγενήθη	1	our boasting about you to Titus proved to be true	Alternate translation: “you proved to Titus that our boasting about you was true”
2CO	7	15	d87j	figs-abstractnouns	τὴν πάντων ὑμῶν ὑπακοήν	1	the obedience of all of you	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **obedience**, you can express the same idea with the verb, “obey.” Alternate translation: “how all of you obeyed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2CO	7	15	g9bz	figs-doublet	μετὰ φόβου καὶ τρόμου ἐδέξασθε αὐτόν	1	you welcomed him with fear and trembling	Here, **fear** and **trembling** share similar meanings and emphasize the intensity of fear. Alternate translation: “you welcomed him with great reverence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
2CO	7	15	q47h		μετὰ φόβου καὶ τρόμου	1	with fear and trembling	This could refer to: (1) great reverence for God. (2) great reverence for Titus.
2CO	8	intro	kl7m			0		# 2 Corinthians 8 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Chapters 8 and 9 begin a new section. Paul writes about how churches in Greece helped needy believers in Jerusalem.<br><br>Some translations set quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULT does this with the quoted words of verse 15.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Gift to the church in Jerusalem<br><br>The church in Corinth started preparing to give money to the poor believers in Jerusalem. The churches in Macedonia also had given generously. Paul sends Titus and two other believers to Corinth to encourage the Corinthians to give generously. Paul and the others will carry the money to Jerusalem. They want people to know it is being done honestly.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### We<br><br>Paul likely uses the pronoun “we” to represent at least Timothy and himself. It may also include other people.<br><br>### Paradox<br><br>A “paradox” is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. These words in verse 2 are a paradox: “the abundance of their joy and the extremity of their poverty have produced great riches of generosity.” In verse 3 Paul explains how their poverty produced riches. Paul also uses riches and poverty in other paradoxes. ([2 Corinthians 8:2](../08/02.md))
2CO	8	1	mm8g			0	Connecting Statement:	Having explained his changed plans and his ministry direction, Paul talks about giving.
2CO	8	1	d1mj	figs-activepassive	τὴν χάριν τοῦ Θεοῦ τὴν δεδομένην ἐν ταῖς ἐκκλησίαις τῆς Μακεδονίας	1	the grace of God that has been given to the churches of Macedonia	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the grace that God has given to the churches of Macedonia” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CO	8	2	fsq8	figs-personification	ἡ περισσεία τῆς χαρᾶς αὐτῶν καὶ ἡ κατὰ βάθους πτωχεία αὐτῶν, ἐπερίσσευσεν εἰς τὸ πλοῦτος τῆς ἁπλότητος αὐτῶν	1	the abundance of their joy and the extremity of their poverty have produced great riches of generosity	Paul speaks of **joy** and **poverty** as if they were living things that can produce generosity. Alternate translation: “because of the people’s great joy and extreme poverty, they have become very generous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
2CO	8	2	b7k5	figs-metaphor	ἡ περισσεία τῆς χαρᾶς αὐτῶν	1	the abundance of their joy	Paul speaks of **joy** as if it were a physical object that could increase in size or quantity. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	8	2	pr8c		ἡ κατὰ βάθους πτωχεία αὐτῶν…τὸ πλοῦτος τῆς ἁπλότητος αὐτῶν	1	their deep poverty … the riches of their generosity	Though the churches of Macedonia have suffered testings of affliction and **poverty**, by God’s grace, they have been able to collect money for the believers in Jerusalem.
2CO	8	2	z6mt		τὸ πλοῦτος τῆς ἁπλότητος αὐτῶν	1	the riches of their generosity	The word **riches** emphasizes the greatness of their generosity. Alternate translation: “a very great generosity”
2CO	8	4	nmw8	figs-explicit	τῆς διακονίας τῆς εἰς τοὺς ἁγίους	1	this ministry to the saints	Paul is referring to providing money to the believers in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “this ministry of providing for the believers in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2CO	8	6	z42y		καθὼς προενήρξατο	1	he had already begun this task	Paul is referring to the collection of money from the Corinthians for the believers in Jerusalem.
2CO	8	6	vn4u	figs-explicit	καὶ ἐπιτελέσῃ εἰς ὑμᾶς καὶ τὴν χάριν ταύτην	1	he would complete among you this act of grace	Titus was to help the Corinthians to complete the collection of money. Alternate translation: “he should encourage you to finish collecting and giving your generous gift” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2CO	8	7	fpe1	figs-metaphor	ἐν ταύτῃ τῇ χάριτι περισσεύητε	1	you should abound in this act of grace	Paul speaks of the Corinthian believers as if they should produce physical goods. Alternate translation: “make sure you do well in giving for the believers in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	8	8	wn2k	figs-explicit	διὰ τῆς ἑτέρων σπουδῆς…τὸ τῆς ὑμετέρας ἀγάπης γνήσιον δοκιμάζων	1	to test … through the diligence of others	Paul is encouraging the Corinthians to give generously by comparing them with the generosity of the Macedonian churches. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2CO	8	9	c1ch		τὴν χάριν τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν	1	the grace of our Lord	In this context, the word **grace** emphasizes the generosity with which Jesus had blessed the Corinthians.
2CO	8	9	iz6z	figs-metaphor	δι’ ὑμᾶς ἐπτώχευσεν, πλούσιος ὤν	1	though he was rich, for your sakes he became poor	Paul speaks of Jesus before his incarnation as **being rich**, and of his becoming human as becoming **poor**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	8	9	j5ym	figs-metaphor	ὑμεῖς τῇ ἐκείνου πτωχείᾳ πλουτήσητε	1	through his poverty you might become rich	Paul speaks of the Corinthians becoming spiritually **rich** as a result of Jesus becoming human. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	8	10	b7ht	figs-explicit	ἐν τούτῳ	1	In this matter	Here the word **this** refers to Corinthians collecting money to give to the believers in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “with regard to the collection” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2CO	8	11	fc27	figs-abstractnouns	καθάπερ ἡ προθυμία τοῦ θέλειν	1	there was the readiness of your desire	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **readiness**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “just as you were eager and desired to do it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2CO	8	11	d6ly		καὶ τὸ ἐπιτελέσαι	1	there may be the completion	Alternate translation: “complete it” or “finish it”
2CO	8	12	k9wh		καθὸ ἐὰν ἔχῃ	1	according to whatever a person has	Alternate translation: “if it is proportional to what the person giving has”
2CO	8	13	mp6k			0	For this	This verse refers back to collecting money for the believers in Jerusalem.
2CO	8	13	smk2	figs-activepassive	ἵνα ἄλλοις ἄνεσις, ὑμῖν θλῖψις	1	for the ease of others, and your affliction	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that you may relieve others and burden yourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CO	8	13	ktd1		ἐξ ἰσότητος	1	for the sake of equality	Alternate translation: “so that there would be equality”
2CO	8	14	v7aj		ἵνα καὶ τὸ ἐκείνων περίσσευμα γένηται εἰς τὸ ὑμῶν ὑστέρημα	1	This is also so that their abundance may supply your need	Since the Corinthians are acting in the present time, it is implied that the believers in Jerusalem will also help them at some time in the future. Alternate translation: “this is also so that in the future their abundance may supply your need”
2CO	8	15	ue8w	figs-activepassive	καθὼς γέγραπται	1	as it is written	Here Paul quotes from Exodus. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language.If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “as Moses wrote” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CO	8	15	u28y	figs-doublenegatives	οὐκ ἠλαττόνησεν	1	did not have too little	If your readers would misunderstand the double-negative **not … too little**, you could express it in positive form. Alternate translation: “had all he needed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
2CO	8	16	cr18	figs-synecdoche	τῷ διδόντι τὴν αὐτὴν σπουδὴν ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ Τίτου	1	who put into Titus’ heart the same earnest care that I have for you	Here, **heart** refers to the emotions. This means that God caused Titus to love them. Alternate translation: “the one who made Titus care for you as much as I do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
2CO	8	16	vsm3		τὴν αὐτὴν σπουδὴν	1	same earnest care	Alternate translation: “the same enthusiasm” or “same deep concern”
2CO	8	17	e4xn	figs-explicit	ὅτι τὴν μὲν παράκλησιν ἐδέξατο	1	For he not only accepted our appeal	Paul is referring to his asking Titus to return to Corinth and complete the collection. Alternate translation: “For he not only agreed to our request that he help you with the collection” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2CO	8	18	rje2		μετ’ αὐτοῦ	1	with him	Alternate translation: “with Titus”
2CO	8	18	jll9	figs-activepassive	τὸν ἀδελφὸν, οὗ ὁ ἔπαινος…διὰ πασῶν τῶν ἐκκλησιῶν	1	the brother who is praised among all of the churches	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the brother whom believers among all of the churches praise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CO	8	19	j9rk		οὐ μόνον	1	Not only this	Alternate translation: “not only do believers among all of the churches praise him”
2CO	8	19	c667	figs-activepassive	καὶ χειροτονηθεὶς ὑπὸ τῶν ἐκκλησιῶν	1	he also was selected by the churches	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the churches also selected him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CO	8	19	k7dy		σὺν τῇ χάριτι ταύτῃ τῇ διακονουμένῃ ὑφ’ ἡμῶν	1	along with this act of grace which is being administered by us	This refers to taking the offering to Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “to carry out this act of generosity”
2CO	8	19	v22x		προθυμίαν ἡμῶν	1	our readiness	Alternate translation: “our eagerness to help”
2CO	8	20	a3ps	figs-abstractnouns	ἐν τῇ ἁδρότητι ταύτῃ τῇ διακονουμένῃ ὑφ’ ἡμῶν	1	concerning this generosity that we are carrying out	This refers to taking the offering to Jerusalem. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **administration**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “concerning the way we are handling this generous gift” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2CO	8	21	n4x1		προνοοῦμεν γὰρ καλὰ	1	For we considered beforehand what is right	Alternate translation: “We are careful to handle this gift in an honorable way”
2CO	8	21	ey5n		ἐνώπιον Κυρίου…ἐνώπιον ἀνθρώπων	1	before the Lord … before people	Alternate translation: “in the Lord’s opinion … in people’s opinion”
2CO	8	22	d3yj		αὐτοῖς	1	with them	The word **them** refers to Titus and the previously mentioned brother.
2CO	8	23	mmi2		κοινωνὸς ἐμὸς καὶ εἰς ὑμᾶς συνεργός	1	he is my partner and fellow worker for you	Alternate translation: “he is my partner who works with me to help you”
2CO	8	23	lat3		ἀδελφοὶ ἡμῶν	1	As for our brothers	Here, **our brothers** refers to the two other men who will accompany Titus.
2CO	8	23	u8lx	figs-activepassive	ἀπόστολοι ἐκκλησιῶν	1	they are sent by the churches	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the churches have sent them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CO	8	23	a8v2	figs-abstractnouns	δόξα Χριστοῦ	1	an honor to Christ	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **glory**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “they will cause people to honor Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2CO	9	intro	lt8d			0		# 2 Corinthians 9 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verse 9, which is quoted from the Old Testament.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Metaphors<br><br>Paul uses three agricultural metaphors. He uses them to teach about giving to needy believers. The metaphors help Paul explain that God will reward those who give generously. Paul does not say how or when God will reward them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/reward]])
2CO	9	1	wc5l			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul continues on the subject of giving. He wants to make sure that the collection of their offering for the needy believers in Jerusalem takes place before he comes so that it does not seem as though he takes advantage of them. He talks about how giving blesses the giver and glorifies God.
2CO	9	1	fxs3	figs-explicit	τῆς διακονίας τῆς εἰς τοὺς ἁγίους	1	the ministry that is for the saints	This refers to the collection of money to give to the believers in Jerusalem. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “the ministry for the believers in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2CO	9	2	rd2g	translate-names	Ἀχαΐα	1	General Information:	When Paul refers to **Achaia**, he is talking about a Roman province located in southern Greece where Corinth is located. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
2CO	9	2	i529	figs-metonymy	Ἀχαΐα παρεσκεύασται	1	Achaia has been ready	Here the word **Achaia** refers to the people who live in this province, and specifically to the people of the church in Corinth. Alternate translation: “the people of Achaia have been preparing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2CO	9	3	r5pp		τοὺς ἀδελφούς	1	the brothers	Here, **the brothers** refers to Titus and the two men who accompany him.
2CO	9	3	k1er		μὴ τὸ καύχημα ἡμῶν, τὸ ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν, κενωθῇ	1	our boasting about you may not be futile	Paul does not want others to think that the things that he had boasted about the Corinthians were false.
2CO	9	4	j8ey		εὕρωσιν ὑμᾶς ἀπαρασκευάστους	1	find you unprepared	Alternate translation: “find you unprepared to give”
2CO	9	5	q1up	figs-go	τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς, ἵνα προέλθωσιν εἰς ὑμᾶς	1	the brothers they they would come to you	From Paul’s perspective, **the brothers** are going. Alternate translation: “the brothers to come to you beforehand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
2CO	9	5	nm2n	figs-activepassive	μὴ ὡς πλεονεξίαν	1	not as forced	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “not as something that we forced you to give” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CO	9	6	mm9w	figs-metaphor	ὁ σπείρων φειδομένως, φειδομένως καὶ θερίσει; καὶ ὁ σπείρων ἐπ’ εὐλογίαις, ἐπ’ εὐλογίαις καὶ θερίσει	1	the one who sows … will also reap in blessings	Paul uses the image of a farmer sowing seeds to describe the results of giving. As a farmer’s harvest is based on how much he **sows**, so will God’s **blessings** be little or much based on how generously the Corinthians give. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	9	7	tzt4	figs-metonymy	καθὼς προῄρηται τῇ καρδίᾳ	1	let each one give as he has decided in his heart	Here, **heart** refers to the thoughts and emotions. Alternate translation: “just as he has determined” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2CO	9	7	whg6	figs-abstractnouns	μὴ ἐκ λύπης ἢ ἐξ ἀνάγκης	1	not reluctantly or under compulsion	If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas behind the words **sorrow** and **compulsion**, you can express the same idea with verbal forms. Alternate translation: “not because he feels guilty or because someone is compelling him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2CO	9	7	t26d		ἱλαρὸν γὰρ δότην ἀγαπᾷ ὁ Θεός	1	for God loves a cheerful giver	God wants people to give gladly to help provide for fellow believers.
2CO	9	8	cz9b	figs-metaphor	δυνατεῖ δὲ ὁ Θεὸς, πᾶσαν χάριν περισσεῦσαι εἰς ὑμᾶς	1	God is able to make all grace overflow for you	Here, **grace** is spoken of as if it were a physical object of which a person can have more than he can use. As a person gives financially to other believers, **God** also gives to the giver everything he needs. Alternate translation: “God is able to give you more than you need” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	9	8	zxz9		χάριν	1	grace	Here, **grace** refers to the physical things a Christian needs, not to the need for God to save him from his sins.
2CO	9	8	u8w6		περισσεύητε εἰς πᾶν ἔργον ἀγαθόν	1	you may abound in every good work	Alternate translation: “so that you may be able to do more and more good deeds”
2CO	9	9	mma1	figs-activepassive	καθὼς γέγραπται	1	just as it is written	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “This is just as the writer wrote” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CO	9	10	p3fl		ὁ…ἐπιχορηγῶν	1	He who supplies	Alternate translation: “God who supplies”
2CO	9	10	b1xe	figs-metonymy	ἄρτον εἰς βρῶσιν	1	bread for food	Here the word **bread** refers to **food** in general. Alternate translation: “food to eat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2CO	9	10	uts1	figs-metaphor	χορηγήσει καὶ πληθυνεῖ τὸν σπόρον ὑμῶν	1	will supply and multiply your seed for sowing	Paul speaks of the Corinthians’ possessions as if they are seeds and of giving to others as if they were **sowing** seeds. Alternate translation: “will also supply and multiply your possessions so that you can sow them by giving them to others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	9	10	ci67	figs-metaphor	αὐξήσει τὰ γενήματα τῆς δικαιοσύνης ὑμῶν	1	will increase the fruits of your righteousness	Paul compares the benefits that the Corinthians will receive from their generosity to that of a harvest. Alternate translation: “God will bless you even more for your righteousness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	9	10	yv67		τὰ γενήματα τῆς δικαιοσύνης ὑμῶν	1	the fruits of your righteousness	Here, **righteousness** refers to the righteous actions of the Corinthians in giving their resources to the believers in Jerusalem.
2CO	9	11	eey1	figs-activepassive	πλουτιζόμενοι	1	enriching you	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God will enrich you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CO	9	11	b3e5	figs-explicit	ἥτις κατεργάζεται δι’ ἡμῶν, εὐχαριστίαν τῷ Θεῷ	1	which produces thanksgiving to God through us	The word **which** refers to the Corinthian’s generosity. Alternate translation: “Because of your generosity, those who receive the gifts we bring them will thank God” or “and when we give your gifts to those who need them, they will give thanks to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2CO	9	12	l7kq	figs-explicit	ὅτι ἡ διακονία τῆς λειτουργίας ταύτης	1	For the ministry of this service	Here, **service** refers to Paul and his companions bringing the contribution to the believers in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “For our carrying out this service for the believers in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2CO	9	12	esk7	figs-metaphor	ἀλλὰ καὶ περισσεύουσα διὰ πολλῶν εὐχαριστιῶν τῷ Θεῷ	1	but is also overflowing into many acts of thanksgiving to God	Paul speaks of the Corinthian believers’ act of service as if it were a liquid of which there is more than a container can hold. Alternate translation: “It also causes many deeds for which people will thank God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	9	13	plj4	figs-activepassive	διὰ τῆς δοκιμῆς τῆς διακονίας ταύτης	1	Because of the proof of this ministry	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Because this service has tested and proven you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CO	9	13	ze14		δοξάζοντες τὸν Θεὸν ἐπὶ τῇ ὑποταγῇ τῆς ὁμολογίας ὑμῶν εἰς τὸ εὐαγγέλιον τοῦ Χριστοῦ, καὶ ἁπλότητι τῆς κοινωνίας εἰς αὐτοὺς καὶ εἰς πάντας	1	they glorify God for your obedience … the generosity of your sharing with them and with everyone	Paul says that the Corinthians will **glorify God** both by being faithful to Jesus and by giving generously to other believers who have need.
2CO	9	15	es8c		ἐπὶ τῇ ἀνεκδιηγήτῳ αὐτοῦ δωρεᾷ	1	for his inexpressible gift	This **gift** could refer to: (1) “the very great grace” that God has given to the Corinthians, which has led them to be so generous. (2) Jesus Christ, whom God gave to all believers.
2CO	10	intro	abcd			0		# 2 Corinthians 10 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULT does this with the quoted words of verse 17.<br><br>In this chapter, Paul returns to defending his authority. He also compares the way he speaks and the way he writes.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Boasting<br><br>“Boasting” is often thought of as bragging, which is not good. But in this letter “boasting” means confidently exulting or rejoicing.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Metaphor<br><br>In verses 3-6, Paul uses many metaphors from war. He probably uses them as part of a larger metaphor about Christians being spiritually at war. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Flesh<br><br>“Flesh” is possibly a metaphor for a person’s sinful nature. Paul is not teaching that our physical bodies are sinful. Paul appears to be teaching that as long as Christians are alive (“in the flesh”), we will continue to sin. But our new nature will be fighting against our old nature. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/flesh]])
2CO	10	1	yc1g			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul shifts the subject from giving to affirming his authority to teach as he does.
2CO	10	1	gq7j	figs-abstractnouns	διὰ τῆς πραΰτητος καὶ ἐπιεικείας τοῦ Χριστοῦ	1	by the meekness and gentleness of Christ	If your language does not use abstract noun for the ideas behind the word **meekness** and **gentleness**, you can express the same ideas with verbal forms. Alternate translation: “I am humble and gentle as I do so, because Christ has made me that way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2CO	10	2	i6hh		τοὺς λογιζομένους ἡμᾶς	1	those who regard	Alternate translation: “who think of us”
2CO	10	2	ik1p	figs-metonymy	ὡς κατὰ σάρκα περιπατοῦντας	1	as walking according to the flesh	Here, **flesh** is a metonym for sinful human nature. Alternate translation: “are acting from human motives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2CO	10	3	cvd6	figs-metaphor	ἐν σαρκὶ…περιπατοῦντες	1	we walk in the flesh	Here, **walking** is a metaphor for “living.” Alternate translation: “we live our lives in the flesh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	10	3	zbet	figs-metonymy	ἐν σαρκὶ…περιπατοῦντες	1		Here, **flesh** is a metonym for physical life. Alternate translation: “we live our lives in physical bodies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2CO	10	3	k7h8	figs-metaphor	οὐ…στρατευόμεθα	1	we do not wage war	Paul speaks of his trying to persuade the Corinthians to believe him and not the false teachers as if he were fighting a physical **war**. These words should be translated literally. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	10	3	gpd3	figs-metonymy	οὐ κατὰ σάρκα στρατευόμεθα	1	wage war according to the flesh	The word **flesh** is: (1) a metonym for physical life. Alternate translation: “fight against our enemies using physical weapons” (2) a metonym for sinful human nature. Alternate translation: “wage war in sinful ways” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2CO	10	4	uf5s	figs-metaphor	τὰ…ὅπλα τῆς στρατείας ἡμῶν οὐ σαρκικὰ, ἀλλὰ δυνατὰ τῷ Θεῷ πρὸς καθαίρεσιν ὀχυρωμάτων, λογισμοὺς καθαιροῦντες	1	the weapons we fight with … for pulling down arguments	Paul speaks of godly wisdom showing human wisdom to be false as if it were a weapon with which he was destroying an enemy stronghold. Alternate translation: “the weapons we fight with … show people that what our enemies say is completely wrong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	10	4	d1gj	figs-metonymy	οὐ σαρκικὰ	1	are not fleshly	The word **fleshly** is: (1) a metonym for merely physical. Alternate translation: “are not physical” (2) a metonym for sinful human nature. Alternate translation: “are not sinful” or “do not enable us to do wrong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2CO	10	5	xuz9		πᾶν ὕψωμα ἐπαιρόμενον	1	every high thing that rises up	Paul is still speaking with the metaphor of a war, as if “the knowledge of God” were an army and **every high thing** were a wall that people had made to keep the army out. Alternate translation: “every false argument that proud people think of to protect themselves”
2CO	10	5	b74d		πᾶν ὕψωμα	1	every high thing	Alternate translation: “everything that proud people do”
2CO	10	5	vm1a	figs-metaphor	ἐπαιρόμενον κατὰ τῆς γνώσεως τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	rises up against the knowledge of God	Paul speaks of arguments as if they were a wall standing high against an army. The phrase **rises up** mean “stands tall,” not that the “high thing” is floating up into the air. Alternate translation: “people use so they will not have to know who God is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	10	5	r2yz	figs-metaphor	αἰχμαλωτίζοντες πᾶν νόημα εἰς τὴν ὑπακοὴν τοῦ Χριστοῦ	1	We take every thought captive into obedience to Christ	Paul speaks of people’s thoughts as if they were enemy soldiers whom he captures in battle. Alternate translation: “we show how all the false ideas those people have are wrong and teach the people to obey Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	10	6	m4ds	figs-metonymy	ἐκδικῆσαι πᾶσαν παρακοήν	1	to avenge every act of disobedience	Here, **act of disobedience** is a metonym for the people who commit those acts. Alternate translation: “punish every one of you who disobey us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2CO	10	7	y2yb	figs-rquestion	τὰ κατὰ πρόσωπον βλέπετε	1	You are looking at the appearance of things	This could be: (1) a command. (2) a statement. Alternate translation: “You are looking only at what you can see with your eyes.” Some think this is a rhetorical question that may also be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “Are you looking at what is clearly in front of you?” or “You seem unable to see what is clearly in front of you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2CO	10	7	z1t5		τοῦτο λογιζέσθω πάλιν ἐφ’ ἑαυτοῦ	1	let him remind himself	Alternate translation: “he needs to remember”
2CO	10	7	f3i9		καθὼς αὐτὸς Χριστοῦ, οὕτως καὶ ἡμεῖς	1	that just as he is Christ’s, so also are we	Alternate translation: “we belong to Christ just as much as he does”
2CO	10	8	d4zu	figs-metaphor	εἰς οἰκοδομὴν καὶ οὐκ εἰς καθαίρεσιν ὑμῶν	1	to build you up and not to destroy you	Paul speaks of helping the Corinthians to know Christ better as if he were constructing a building. Alternate translation: “to help you become better followers of Christ and not to discourage you so you stop following him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	10	9	nw6e		ἂν ἐκφοβεῖν ὑμᾶς	1	I would terrify you	Alternate translation: “I am trying to frighten you”
2CO	10	11	m6m6		τοῦτο λογιζέσθω ὁ τοιοῦτος	1	Let such a one consider this	Alternate translation: “I want such people to be aware”
2CO	10	11	g58z		οἷοί ἐσμεν τῷ λόγῳ δι’ ἐπιστολῶν ἀπόντες, τοιοῦτοι καὶ παρόντες τῷ ἔργῳ	1	what we are in the words of our letters when we are absent is what we will be in our actions when we are there	Alternate translation: “we will do the same things when we are there with you that we have written about in our letters while we have been away from you”
2CO	10	11	kb55	figs-exclusive	ἐσμεν	1	we are	Here, **we** refers to Paul’s ministry team but not to the Corinthians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
2CO	10	12	k94z		ἐνκρῖναι ἢ συνκρῖναι ἑαυτούς, τισιν	1	to group or compare ourselves	Alternate translation: “to say we are as good as some”
2CO	10	12	i85y	figs-parallelism	αὐτοὶ ἐν ἑαυτοῖς, ἑαυτοὺς μετροῦντες καὶ συνκρίνοντες ἑαυτοὺς ἑαυτοῖς	1	they measure themselves by one another and compare themselves with each other	Both of these clauses mean essentially the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
2CO	10	12	n8sx	figs-metaphor	αὐτοὶ ἐν ἑαυτοῖς, ἑαυτοὺς μετροῦντες	1	they measure themselves by one another	Paul is speaking of goodness as though it were something whose length people could **measure**. Alternate translation: “they look at each other and try to see who is better” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	10	12	zwl5		οὐ συνιᾶσιν	1	have no understanding	Alternate translation: “show everyone that they do not know anything”
2CO	10	13	x79x	figs-metaphor		0	General Information:	Paul speaks of the authority he has as if it were a land over which he rules, those things over which he has authority as being within the borders or “limits” of his land, and those things not under his authority as being beyond the “limits.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	10	13	a4ud	figs-idiom	οὐκ εἰς τὰ ἄμετρα καυχησόμεθα	1	will not boast beyond limits	This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “will not boast about things over which we have no authority” or “will boast only about things over which we have authority” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
2CO	10	13	u84l		κατὰ τὸ μέτρον τοῦ κανόνος, οὗ ἐμέρισεν ἡμῖν ὁ Θεὸς	1	according to the measure of the area that God has assigned to us	Alternate translation: “about things under the authority that God has given us to do”
2CO	10	13	fx2b	figs-metaphor	μέτρου, ἐφικέσθαι ἄχρι καὶ ὑμῶν	1	a measure that reached even as far as you	Paul speaks of the authority he has as if it were a land over which he rules. Alternate translation: “and you are within the border of our authority” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	10	14	ay6h		οὐ…ὑπερεκτείνομεν ἑαυτούς	1	we are not overextending ourselves	Alternate translation: “we did not go beyond our borders”
2CO	10	15	hu9l	figs-idiom	οὐκ εἰς τὰ ἄμετρα καυχώμενοι	1	Neither do we boast beyond limits about	This is an idiom. See how similar words were translated in [2 Corinthians 10:13](../10/13.md). Alternate translation: “And we have not boasted about things over which we have no authority” or “We have not boasted only about things over which we have authority” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
2CO	10	16	raq7		ἀλλοτρίῳ κανόνι	1	another person’s area	Alternate translation: “an area that God has assigned to someone else”
2CO	10	17	q8cc		ἐν Κυρίῳ καυχάσθω	1	boast in the Lord	Alternate translation: “let … boast about what the Lord has done”
2CO	10	18	h81t		ὁ ἑαυτὸν συνιστάνων	1	who commends himself	This means that he provides enough evidence for each person who hears him to decide whether he is right or wrong. See how “recommend ourselves” is translated in [2 Corinthians 4:2](../04/02.md).
2CO	10	18	n5v6	figs-activepassive	οὐ…ἐστιν δόκιμος	1	is approved	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “is not whom the Lord approves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CO	10	18	sy2r	figs-ellipsis	ὃν ὁ Κύριος συνίστησιν	1	the one whom the Lord commends	You can make explicit the understood information. Alternate translation: “the one whom the Lord recommends is the one of whom the Lord approves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
2CO	11	intro	abce			0		# 2 Corinthians 11 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>In this chapter, Paul continues defending his authority.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### False teaching<br><br>The Corinthians were quick to accept false teachers. They taught things about Jesus and the gospel that were different and not true. Unlike these false teachers, Paul sacrificially served the Corinthians. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/goodnews]])<br><br>### Light<br><br>Light is commonly used in the New Testament as a metaphor. Paul here uses light to indicate the revealing of God and his righteousness. Darkness describes sin. Sin seeks to remain hidden from God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/light]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/darkness]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Metaphor<br><br>Paul begins this chapter with an extended metaphor. He compares himself to the father of a bride who is giving a pure, virgin bride to her bridegroom. Wedding practices change depending on the cultural background. But the idea of helping to present someone as a grown and holy child is explicitly pictured in this passage. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])<br><br>### Irony<br><br>This chapter is full of irony. Paul is hoping to shame the Corinthian believers with his irony.<br><br>“You tolerate these things well enough!” Paul thinks that they should not tolerate the way the false apostles treated them. Paul does not think they are really apostles at all.<br><br>The statement, “For you gladly put up with fools. You are wise yourselves!” means that the Corinthian believers think they were very wise but Paul does not agree.<br><br>“I will say to our shame that we were too weak to do that.” Paul is speaking about behavior he thinks is very wrong in order to avoid it. He is speaking as if he thinks he is wrong for not doing it. He uses a rhetorical question also as irony. “Did I sin by humbling myself so you might be exalted?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/apostle]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])<br><br>### Rhetorical questions<br><br>In refuting the false apostles claiming to be superior, Paul uses a series of rhetorical questions. Each question is coupled with an answer: “Are they Hebrews? So am I. Are they Israelites? So am I. Are they descendants of Abraham? So am I. Are they servants of Christ? (I speak as though I were out of my mind.) I am more.”<br><br>He also uses a series of rhetorical questions to empathize with his converts: “Who is weak, and I am not weak? Who has caused another to fall into sin, and I do not burn within?”<br><br>### “Are they servants of Christ?”<br><br>This is sarcasm, a special type of irony used to mock or insult. Paul does not believe these false teachers actually serve Christ, only that they pretend to do so.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Paradox<br><br>A “paradox” is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. This sentence in verse 30 is a paradox: “If I must boast, I will boast about what shows my weaknesses.” Paul does not explain why he would boast in his weakness until 2 Corinthians 12:9. ([2 Corinthians 11:30](../11/30.md))
2CO	11	1	r4q6		ἀνείχεσθέ μου μικρόν τι ἀφροσύνης	1	bear with me in a little bit of foolishness	Alternate translation: “you would allow me allow me to act like a fool”
2CO	11	2	m6vl		ζηλῶ…ὑμᾶς Θεοῦ ζήλῳ	1	jealous … jealousy	These words speak of a good, strong desire that the Corinthians be faithful to Christ, and that no one should persuade them to leave him.
2CO	11	2	ee9i	figs-metaphor	ἡρμοσάμην γὰρ ὑμᾶς ἑνὶ ἀνδρὶ, παρθένον ἁγνὴν παραστῆσαι τῷ Χριστῷ	1	for I promised you in marriage to one husband, to present you as a pure virgin to Christ	Paul speaks of his care for the Corinthian believers as if he had **promised** another man that he would prepare his daughter to marry him and he is most concerned that he be able to keep his promise to the man. Alternate translation: “for I was like a father who promised to present his daughter to one husband. I promised to keep you as a pure virgin so I could give you to Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	11	3	l2hr		φοβοῦμαι δὲ, μή πως ὡς ὁ ὄφις ἐξηπάτησεν Εὕαν ἐν τῇ πανουργίᾳ αὐτοῦ, φθαρῇ τὰ νοήματα ὑμῶν ἀπὸ τῆς ἁπλότητος καὶ τῆς ἁγνότητος τῆς εἰς τὸν Χριστόν	1	But I am afraid that somehow … the sincerity and the purity that are in Christ	Alternate translation: “But I am afraid that somehow your thoughts might be led astray from a sincere and pure devotion to Christ just as the serpent deceived Eve by his craftiness”
2CO	11	3	m5zn	figs-metaphor	φθαρῇ τὰ νοήματα ὑμῶν	1	your thoughts might be led astray	Paul speaks of **thoughts** as if they were animals that people could lead along the wrong path. Alternate translation: “someone might cause you to believe lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	11	4	wq57		εἰ μὲν γὰρ ὁ ἐρχόμενος	1	For if one who comes	Alternate translation: “When anyone comes and”
2CO	11	4	l7m8		πνεῦμα ἕτερον…ὃ οὐκ ἐλάβετε, ἢ εὐαγγέλιον ἕτερον ὃ οὐκ ἐδέξασθε	1	or you receive a different spirit which you did not receive, or you receive a different gospel which you did not accept	Alternate translation: “a different spirit than the Holy Spirit, or a different gospel than you received from us”
2CO	11	4	fs5z		καλῶς ἀνέχεσθε	1	you are bearing with it well	See how these words were translated in [2 Corinthians 11:1](../11/01.md). Alternate translation: “you are dealing correctly with these things”
2CO	11	5	eet1	figs-irony	τῶν ὑπέρλίαν ἀποστόλων	1	those super-apostles	Paul uses irony here to show that those teachers are less important then people say there are. Alternate translation: “those teachers whom some think are better than anyone else” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
2CO	11	6	f8d1	figs-litotes	οὐ τῇ γνώσει	1	I am not untrained in knowledge	This negative phrase emphasizes the positive truth that he is trained in knowledge. Alternate translation: “I am certainly trained in knowledge” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
2CO	11	6	n7xy	figs-abstractnouns	οὐ τῇ γνώσει	1		If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **knowledge**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “I am trained to know what they know” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2CO	11	7	un9v	figs-rquestion	ἢ ἁμαρτίαν ἐποίησα ἐμαυτὸν ταπεινῶν, ἵνα ὑμεῖς ὑψωθῆτε, ὅτι δωρεὰν τὸ τοῦ Θεοῦ εὐαγγέλιον εὐηγγελισάμην ὑμῖν?	1	Or did I sin by humbling myself so you might be exalted?	Paul is beginning to claim that he treated the Corinthians well. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “I think we agree that I did not sin by humbling myself so you might be exalted” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2CO	11	7	ax51		δωρεὰν τὸ τοῦ Θεοῦ εὐαγγέλιον εὐηγγελισάμην ὑμῖν	1	freely preached the gospel of God to you	Alternate translation: “I preached the gospel of God to you without expecting anything from you in return”
2CO	11	8	k6ds	figs-hyperbole	ἄλλας ἐκκλησίας ἐσύλησα	1	I robbed other churches	This is an exaggeration to emphasize that Paul received money from **churches** who were not obligated to give to him. Alternate translation: “I accepted money from other churches” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
2CO	11	8	a416	figs-explicit	τὴν ὑμῶν διακονίαν	1	the ministry to you	The full meaning of this can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “I could serve you at no cost” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2CO	11	9	a23k		οἱ ἀδελφοὶ ἐλθόντες	1	the brothers who came	These **brothers** were probably all male.
2CO	11	9	fc6l	figs-metaphor	ἐν παντὶ ἀβαρῆ ἐμαυτὸν ὑμῖν ἐτήρησα καὶ τηρήσω	1	In everything I have kept myself from being a burden to you	Paul speaks of someone for whom one has to spend money as if they were heavy items that people have to carry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	11	9	sqcf	figs-explicit	ἐν παντὶ ἀβαρῆ ἐμαυτὸν ὑμῖν ἐτήρησα καὶ τηρήσω	1		The full meaning of this can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “I have done all I can to make sure you do not have to spend money so that I can be with you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2CO	11	9	b35r		ἀβαρῆ ἐμαυτὸν…ἐτήρησα καὶ τηρήσω	1	I will continue to do that	Alternate translation: “I never will be a burden to you”
2CO	11	10	si2r		ἔστιν ἀλήθεια Χριστοῦ ἐν ἐμοὶ	1	the truth of Christ is in me	Paul is emphasizing that because his readers know that he tells the **truth** about **Christ**, they can know that he is telling the truth here. “As surely as you know that I truly know and proclaim the truth about Christ, you could know that what I am about to say is true”
2CO	11	10	nae3	figs-activepassive	ἡ καύχησις αὕτη οὐ φραγήσεται εἰς ἐμὲ	1	this boasting of mine will not be silenced	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “no one will be able to make me stop boasting and stay silent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CO	11	10	ua2i		ἡ καύχησις αὕτη…εἰς ἐμὲ	1	this boasting of mine	This refers to what Paul spoke about starting in ([2 Corinthians 11:7](../11/07.md)).
2CO	11	11	zqu5	figs-rquestion	διὰ τί? ὅτι οὐκ ἀγαπῶ ὑμᾶς?	1	Why? Because I do not love you?	Paul uses rhetorical questions to emphasize love for the Corinthians. These questions can be combined or made into a statement. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could combine them or express them as statements. Alternate translation: “Is it because I do not love you that I do not want to be a burden to you?” or “I will continue to keep you from paying for my needs because this shows others that I love you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2CO	11	11	rj6f	figs-ellipsis	ὁ Θεὸς οἶδεν	1	God knows	You can make explicit the understood information. Alternate translation: “God knows I love you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
2CO	11	12	d9sl	figs-metaphor	ἵνα ἐκκόψω τὴν ἀφορμὴν τῶν θελόντων ἀφορμήν, ἵνα ἐν ᾧ καυχῶνται, εὑρεθῶσιν καθὼς καὶ ἡμεῖς	1	in order that I may take away the opportunity	Paul speaks of a false claim that his enemies state as if it were something that he can carry away. Alternate translation: “so that I might make it impossible for those who are trying to get people to regard them as highly as they respect us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	11	12	t4js	figs-activepassive	εὑρεθῶσιν	1	they may be regarded as equal to us	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people will think highly of them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CO	11	13	ml66		οἱ γὰρ τοιοῦτοι	1	For such people	Alternate translation: “I do what I do because people like them”
2CO	11	13	nq3t		ἐργάται δόλιοι	1	deceitful workers	Alternate translation: “dishonest workers”
2CO	11	13	y896		μετασχηματιζόμενοι εἰς ἀποστόλους	1	disguising themselves as apostles	Alternate translation: “are not apostles, but they try to make themselves look like apostles”
2CO	11	14	v9z4	figs-litotes	οὐ θαῦμα	1	no wonder	By stating this in a negative form Paul is emphasizing that the Corinthians should expect to meet many “false apostles” ([2 Corinthians 11:13](../11/13.md)). Alternate translation: “we should expect this” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
2CO	11	14	ss7s		αὐτὸς…ὁ Σατανᾶς μετασχηματίζεται εἰς ἄγγελον φωτός	1	Satan disguises himself as an angel of light	Alternate translation: “Satan is not an angel of light, but he tries to make himself look like an angel of light”
2CO	11	14	mld4	figs-metaphor	ἄγγελον φωτός	1	an angel of light	Here, **light** is a metaphor for righteousness. Alternate translation: “an angel of righteousness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	11	15	fvx7	figs-litotes	οὐ μέγα…εἰ	1	it is no great thing	By stating this in a negative form Paul is emphasizing that the Corinthians should expect to meet many “false apostles” ([2 Corinthians 11:13](../11/13.md)). Alternate translation: “we should certainly expect to see” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
2CO	11	15	sb58		καὶ οἱ διάκονοι αὐτοῦ μετασχηματίζονται ὡς διάκονοι δικαιοσύνης	1	his servants also disguise themselves as servants of righteousness	Alternate translation: “his servants are not servants of righteousness, but they try to make themselves look like servants of righteousness”
2CO	11	16	s962		γε κἂν ὡς ἄφρονα δέξασθέ με, ἵνα κἀγὼ μικρόν τι καυχήσωμαι	1	receive me as a fool so I may boast a little	Alternate translation: “receive me as you would receive a fool: let me talk, and consider my boasting the words of a fool”
2CO	11	18	t4ic	figs-metonymy	κατὰ σάρκα	1	according to the flesh	Here the metonym **flesh** refers to man in his sinful nature and his achievements. Alternate translation: “about their own human achievements” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2CO	11	19	u8f3		ἀνέχεσθε τῶν ἀφρόνων	1	put up with the foolish	See how a similar phrase was translated in [2 Corinthians 11:1](../11/01.md). Alternate translation: “you … accept me when I act like a fool”
2CO	11	19	si6l	figs-irony	φρόνιμοι ὄντες	1	being wise	Paul is shaming the Corinthians by using irony. Alternate translation: “thinking that you are wise, even through you are not” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
2CO	11	20	zmfo	figs-hyperbole	εἴ τις ὑμᾶς καταδουλοῖ, εἴ τις κατεσθίει	1		Paul is using exaggeration when he speaks of some people forcing others to obey rules as if they were forcing them to be slaves or devouring them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
2CO	11	20	lu7d	figs-metaphor	ὑμᾶς καταδουλοῖ	1	enslaves you	Paul speaks of people forcing others to obey rules as if they were forcing them to be slaves. Alternate translation: “makes you follow rules they have thought of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	11	20	sr4n	figs-metaphor	κατεσθίει	1	he consumes you	Paul speaks of the super-apostles’ taking people’s material resources as if they were eating the people themselves. Alternate translation: “takes all your property” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	11	20	yn5t		λαμβάνει	1	takes advantage of you	A person **takes advantage of** another person by knowing things that the other person does not and using that knowledge to help himself and harm the other person.
2CO	11	21	n8s9	figs-irony	κατὰ ἀτιμίαν λέγω ὡς ὅτι ἡμεῖς ἠσθενήκαμεν!	1	I will say to our shame that we were too weak to do that	Paul is using irony to tell the Corinthians that it was not because he was **weak** that he treated them well. Alternate translation: “I am not ashamed to say that we had the power to harm you, but we treated you well” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
2CO	11	21	v8a3		ἐν ᾧ…ἄν τις τολμᾷ…τολμῶ κἀγώ	1	Yet if anyone boasts … I too will boast	Alternate translation: “in whatever anyone boasts about … I will dare to boast about it also”
2CO	11	22	jdq8	figs-rquestion	Ἑβραῖοί εἰσιν? κἀγώ. Ἰσραηλεῖταί εἰσιν? κἀγώ. σπέρμα Ἀβραάμ εἰσιν? κἀγώ.	1	Are they Hebrews? … Are they Israelites? … Are they descendants of Abraham?	Paul is asking and answering questions the Corinthians might be asking to emphasize that he is as much a Jew as the super-apostles are. You should keep the question-and-answer form if possible. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “They want you to think they are important and to believe what they say because they are Hebrews and Israelites and descendants of Abraham. Well, so am I!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2CO	11	23	a4tz	figs-rquestion	διάκονοι Χριστοῦ εἰσιν? (παραφρονῶν λαλῶ), ὑπὲρ ἐγώ	1	Are they servants of Christ? (I speak as though I were out of my mind.) I am more	Paul continues asking and answering questions the Corinthians might be asking to emphasize that he is as much a Jew as the super-apostles are. You should keep the question-and-answer form if possible. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “They say they are servants of Christ—I speak as though I were out of my mind—but I am more” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2CO	11	23	bq23		παραφρονῶν λαλῶ	1	as though I were out of my mind	Alternate translation: “I speak as though I were unable to think well”
2CO	11	23	vy54	figs-ellipsis	ὑπὲρ ἐγώ	1	I am more	You can make explicit the understood information. Alternate translation: “I am more a servant of Christ than they are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
2CO	11	23	s8wq		ἐν κόποις περισσοτέρως	1	in even more hard work	Alternate translation: “I have worked harder”
2CO	11	23	dr6x		ἐν φυλακαῖς περισσοτέρως	1	in far more imprisonments	Alternate translation: “I have been in prisons more often”
2CO	11	23	cs3f	figs-idiom	ἐν πληγαῖς ὑπερβαλλόντως	1	in beatings beyond measure	Here, **beyond measure** is an idiom that means he had been beaten many, many times. Alternate translation: “I have been beaten very many times” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
2CO	11	23	qdcm	figs-hyperbole	ἐν πληγαῖς ὑπερβαλλόντως	1		This is exaggerated to emphasize that he had been beaten many, many times. Alternate translation: “I have been beaten too many times to bother counting” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
2CO	11	23	r6jv		ἐν θανάτοις πολλάκις	1	in facing many dangers of death	Alternate translation: “and I have almost died many times”
2CO	11	24	ttz2		τεσσεράκοντα παρὰ μίαν	1	forty lashes minus one	This was a common expression for being whipped 39 times. In Jewish law the most they were allowed to whip a person at one time was forty lashes. So they commonly whipped a person thirty-nine times so that they would be guilty of whipping someone too many times if the accidentally counted wrong.
2CO	11	25	u9xc	figs-activepassive	ἐραβδίσθην	1	I was beaten with rods	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people beat me with wooden rods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CO	11	25	xk9w	figs-activepassive	ἐλιθάσθην	1	I was stoned	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people threw stones at me until they thought I was dead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CO	11	25	b4kz		νυχθήμερον ἐν τῷ βυθῷ πεποίηκα	1	I have spent a night and a day on the open sea	Paul was referring to floating in the water after the ship he was on sank.
2CO	11	26	b3j9	figs-explicit	κινδύνοις ἐν ψευδαδέλφοις	1	in danger from false brothers	The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “and in danger from people who claimed to be brothers in Christ, but who betrayed us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2CO	11	27	ds5h	figs-hyperbole	γυμνότητι	1	nakedness	Here Paul exaggerates to show his need of clothing. Alternate translation: “without enough clothing to keep me warm” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
2CO	11	28	n1q5	figs-metaphor	ἡ ἐπίστασίς μοι ἡ καθ’ ἡμέραν, ἡ μέριμνα πασῶν τῶν ἐκκλησιῶν	1	there is the daily pressure on me of my anxiety	Paul knows that God will hold him responsible for how well the **churches** obey God and speaks of that knowledge as if it were a heavy object pushing him down. Alternate translation: “I know that God will hold me accountable for the spiritual growth of all the churches, and so I always feel like a heavy object is pushing me down” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	11	29	fvz6	figs-rquestion	τίς ἀσθενεῖ, καὶ οὐκ ἀσθενῶ?	1	Who is weak, and I am not weak?	This rhetorical question emphasizes that Paul cares about people. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Whenever anyone is weak, I feel that weakness also.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2CO	11	29	hhb2	figs-metaphor	τίς ἀσθενεῖ, καὶ οὐκ ἀσθενῶ?	1	Who is weak, and I am not weak?	The word **weak** is probably a metaphor for a spiritual condition, but no one is sure what Paul is speaking of, so it is best to use the same word here. Alternate translation: “I am weak whenever anyone else is weak.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	11	29	g5am	figs-metaphor	τίς σκανδαλίζεται, καὶ οὐκ ἐγὼ πυροῦμαι?	1	Who has been caused to stumble, and I do not burn?	Here Paul’s anger is spoken of as a burning inside him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	11	29	bdd4	figs-rquestion	τίς σκανδαλίζεται, καὶ οὐκ ἐγὼ πυροῦμαι?	1		Paul uses this question to express his anger when a fellow believer is caused to sin. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Whenever anyone causes a brother to sin, I am angry.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2CO	11	29	xu57	figs-metaphor	σκανδαλίζεται	1	has been caused to stumble	Paul speaks of sin as if it were tripping over something and then falling. Alternate translation: “has been led to sin” or “has thought that God would permit him to sin because of something that someone else did” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	11	30	gxe6		τὰ τῆς ἀσθενείας	1	what shows my weaknesses	Alternate translation: “what shows how weak I am”
2CO	11	31	yx8z	figs-litotes	οὐ ψεύδομαι	1	I am not lying	Paul is using litotes to emphasize that he is telling the truth. Alternate translation: “I am telling the absolute truth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
2CO	11	32	n383		ὁ ἐθνάρχης Ἁρέτα τοῦ βασιλέως ἐφρούρει τὴν πόλιν	1	the governor under King Aretas was guarding the city	Alternate translation: “the governor whom King Aretas had appointed had told men to guard the city”
2CO	11	32	j7de		πιάσαι με	1	to arrest me	Alternate translation: “so that they might catch and arrest me”
2CO	11	33	i8xa	figs-activepassive	ἐν σαργάνῃ, ἐχαλάσθην	1	I was lowered in a basket	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “some people put me in a basket and lowered me to the ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CO	11	33	aw7d	figs-metonymy	τὰς χεῖρας αὐτοῦ	1	from his hands	Paul uses the governor’s **hands** as metonymy for the governor. Alternate translation: “from the governor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2CO	12	intro	abcf			0		# 2 Corinthians 12 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Paul continues defending his authority in this chapter.<br><br>When Paul was with the Corinthians, he proved himself to be an apostle by his powerful deeds. He had not ever taken anything from them. Now that he is coming for the third time, he will still not take anything. He hopes that when he visits, he will not need to be harsh with them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/apostle]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Paul’s vision<br><br>Paul now defends his authority by telling about a wonderful vision of heaven. Although he speaks in the third person in verses 2-5, verse 7 indicates that he was the person who experienced the vision. It was so great, God gave him a physical handicap to keep him humble. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]])<br><br>### Third heaven<br><br>Many scholars believe the “third” heaven is the dwelling place of God. This is because Scripture also uses “heaven” to refer to the sky (the “first” heaven) and the universe (the “second” heaven).<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Rhetorical questions<br><br>Paul uses many rhetorical questions as he defends himself against his enemies who accused him: “For how were you less important than the rest of the churches, except that I was not a burden to you?” “Did Titus take advantage of you? Did we not walk in the same way? Did we not walk in the same steps?” and “Do you think all of this time we have been defending ourselves to you?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])<br><br>### Sarcasm<br><br>Paul uses sarcasm, a special type of irony, when he reminds them how he had helped them at no cost. He says, “Forgive me for this wrong!” He also uses regular irony when he says: “But, since I am so crafty, I am the one who caught you by deceit.” He uses it to introduce his defense against this accusation by showing how impossible it was to be true. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Paradox<br><br>A “paradox” is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. This sentence in verse 5 is a paradox: “I will not boast, except about my weaknesses.” Most people do not boast about being weak. This sentence in verse 10 is also a paradox: “For whenever I am weak, then I am strong.” In verse 9, Paul explains why both of these statements are true. ([2 Corinthians 12:5](../12/05.md))
2CO	12	1	iwn3			0	Connecting Statement:	In defending his apostleship from God, Paul continues to state specific things that have happened to him since he became a believer.
2CO	12	1	iur3		ἐλεύσομαι…εἰς	1	I will go on to	Alternate translation: “I will continue talking, but now about”
2CO	12	1	rb42	figs-hendiadys	ὀπτασίας καὶ ἀποκαλύψεις Κυρίου	1	visions and revelations from the Lord	This could mean: (1) Paul uses the words **visions** and **revelations** to mean the same thing in hendiadys for emphasis. Alternate translation: “things that the Lord has allowed only me to see” (2) Paul is speaking of two different things. Alternate translation: “secret things that the Lord has let me see with my eyes and other secrets that he has told me about” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])
2CO	12	2	cz7u		οἶδα ἄνθρωπον ἐν Χριστῷ	1	I know a man in Christ	Paul is actually speaking of himself as if he were speaking of someone else, but this should be translated literally if possible.
2CO	12	2	fth2		εἴτε ἐν σώματι οὐκ οἶδα, εἴτε ἐκτὸς τοῦ σώματος οὐκ οἶδα	1	whether in the body, I do not know, or out of the body, I do not know	Paul continues to describe himself as if this happened to another person. “I do not know if this man was in his physical body or in his spiritual body”
2CO	12	2	k4aw		τρίτου οὐρανοῦ	1	the third heaven	Here, the **third heaven** refers to the dwelling place of God rather than the sky or outer space (the planets, stars, and the universe).
2CO	12	4	qv5h		ἡρπάγη εἰς τὸν Παράδεισον	1	was caught up into paradise	Paul continues his account of what happened to “this man” (verse 3). If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. This could mean: (1) God took this man into **paradise**. (2) an angel took this man into **paradise**. If possible, it would be best not to name the one who took the man: “someone took him up to paradise” or “they took him up to paradise.”
2CO	12	4	wm7y		ἡρπάγη	1	caught up	Here, **caught up** refers to being suddenly and forcefully held and taken.
2CO	12	4	ic45		τὸν Παράδεισον	1	paradise	Here, **paradise** could refer to: (1) heaven. (2) the third heaven. (3) a special place in heaven.
2CO	12	5	hpq6		τοῦ τοιούτου	1	of such a person	Alternate translation: “of that person”
2CO	12	5	i12f		οὐ καυχήσομαι, εἰ μὴ ἐν ταῖς ἀσθενείαις	1	I will not boast, except about my weaknesses	You can state this in positive form. Alternate translation: “I will boast only of my weaknesses”
2CO	12	6	p8fm		μή τις εἰς ἐμὲ λογίσηται ὑπὲρ ὃ βλέπει με, ἢ ἀκούει ἐξ ἐμοῦ	1	no one will think more of me than what he sees in me or hears from me	Alternate translation: “no one will give me more credit than what he sees in me or hears from me”
2CO	12	7	v5s7			0	General Information:	This verse reveals that Paul was speaking about himself beginning in [2 Corinthians 12:2](../12/02.md).
2CO	12	7	xxi2		τῇ ὑπερβολῇ τῶν ἀποκαλύψεων	1	because of the surpassing greatness of the revelations	Alternate translation: “because those revelations were so much greater than anything anyone else had ever seen”
2CO	12	7	hu8g	figs-activepassive	ἐδόθη μοι σκόλοψ τῇ σαρκί	1	a thorn in the flesh was given to me	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God gave me a thorn in the flesh” or “God allowed me to have a thorn in the flesh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CO	12	7	q5e7	figs-metaphor	σκόλοψ τῇ σαρκί	1	a thorn in the flesh	Here Paul’s physical problems are compared to a **thorn** piercing his **flesh**. Alternate translation: “an affliction” or “a physical problem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	12	7	q7lz		ἄγγελος Σατανᾶ	1	a messenger from Satan	Alternate translation: “a servant of Satan”
2CO	12	7	ehp9		μὴ ὑπεραίρωμαι	2	overly proud	Alternate translation: “I would not become too proud”
2CO	12	8	n76p		τρὶς	1	Three times	Paul put the words **three times** at the beginning of the sentence to emphasize that he had prayed many times about his “thorn” ([2 Corinthians 12:7](../12/07.md)).
2CO	12	8	wc7r		ὑπὲρ τούτου	1	Lord about this	Alternate translation: “about this thorn in the flesh,” or “about this affliction”
2CO	12	9	nr2j		ἀρκεῖ σοι ἡ χάρις μου	1	My grace is enough for you	Alternate translation: “I will be kind to you, and that is all you need”
2CO	12	9	cs63		ἡ γὰρ δύναμις ἐν ἀσθενείᾳ τελεῖται	1	for power is made perfect in weakness	Alternate translation: “for my power works best when you are weak”
2CO	12	9	g8mi	figs-metaphor	ἐπισκηνώσῃ ἐπ’ ἐμὲ ἡ δύναμις τοῦ Χριστοῦ	1	the power of Christ might reside on me	Paul speaks of the **power of Christ** as if it were a tent built over him. This could mean: (1) people might see that Paul has the power of Christ. (2) Paul truly has the power of Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	12	10	pxf1		εὐδοκῶ ἐν ἀσθενείαις, ἐν ὕβρεσιν, ἐν ἀνάγκαις, ἐν διωγμοῖς, καὶ στενοχωρίαις, ὑπὲρ Χριστοῦ	1	I am content for Christ’s sake in weaknesses, in insults, in troubles, in persecutions and distressing situations	This could mean: (1) Paul is **content** in **weaknesses**, **insults**, **troubles**, **persecutions**, and **distressing situations** if these things come because I belong to Christ. (2) Paul is content in weakness if these things cause more people to know Christ.
2CO	12	10	s5sx		ἐν ἀσθενείαις	1	in weaknesses	Alternate translation: “when I am weak”
2CO	12	10	xl8q		ἐν ὕβρεσιν	1	in insults	Alternate translation: “when people try to make me angry by saying that I am a bad person”
2CO	12	10	hza1		ἐν ἀνάγκαις	1	in troubles	Alternate translation: “when I am suffering”
2CO	12	10	c4t2		στενοχωρίαις	1	distressing situations	Alternate translation: “when there is trouble”
2CO	12	10	t7qg		ὅταν γὰρ ἀσθενῶ, τότε δυνατός εἰμι	1	For whenever I am weak, then I am strong	Paul is saying that when he is no longer **strong** enough to do what needs to be done, Christ, who is more powerful than Paul could ever be, will work through Paul to do what needs to be done. However, it would be best to translate these words literally, if your language allows.
2CO	12	11	a1ym		γέγονα ἄφρων	1	I have become a fool	Alternate translation: “I am acting like a fool”
2CO	12	11	pzw1		ὑμεῖς με ἠναγκάσατε	1	You forced me to this	Alternate translation: “You forced me to talk this way”
2CO	12	11	v2lr	figs-activepassive	ἐγὼ…ὤφειλον ὑφ’ ὑμῶν συνίστασθαι	1	I should have been commended by you	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you should have praised me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CO	12	11	f644		συνίστασθαι	1	commended	See how you translated similar phrases in ([3:1](../03/01.md)) and ([4:2](../04/02.md)). Alternate translation: “been praised” or “been recommended”
2CO	12	11	h4d5	figs-litotes	οὐδὲν γὰρ ὑστέρησα	1	For I was not at all inferior	By using the negative form, Paul is saying strongly that those Corinthians who think that he is **inferior** are wrong. Alternate translation: “For I am just as good as” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
2CO	12	11	s82x	figs-irony	τῶν ὑπέρλίαν ἀποστόλων	1	super-apostles	Paul uses irony here to show that those teachers are less important then people say they are. See how this is translated in [2 Corinthians 11:5](../11/05.md). Alternate translation: “those teachers whom some think are better than anyone else” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
2CO	12	12	kp5l	figs-activepassive	τὰ μὲν σημεῖα τοῦ ἀποστόλου κατειργάσθη	1	indeed the signs of an apostle were performed	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form with emphasis on the **signs**, or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “it is the true signs of an apostle that I performed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CO	12	12	d4um		σημείοις τε, καὶ τέρασιν, καὶ δυνάμεσιν	1	signs and wonders and mighty deeds	These are the “signs of an apostle” that Paul performed “with all perseverance.”
2CO	12	13	z35e	figs-rquestion	τί γάρ ἐστιν ὃ ἡσσώθητε ὑπὲρ τὰς λοιπὰς ἐκκλησίας, εἰ μὴ ὅτι αὐτὸς ἐγὼ οὐ κατενάρκησα ὑμῶν?	1	how were you less important than the rest of the churches, except that … you?	Paul is emphasizing that the Corinthians are wrong to accuse him of wanting to do them harm. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “I treated you the same way I treated all the other churches, except that I myself did not burden you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2CO	12	13	d426		αὐτὸς ἐγὼ οὐ κατενάρκησα ὑμῶν	1	I was not a burden to you	Alternate translation: “I did not ask you for money or other things I needed”
2CO	12	13	sy7v	figs-irony	χαρίσασθέ μοι τὴν ἀδικίαν ταύτην!	1	Forgive me for this wrong!	Paul is being ironic to shame the Corinthians. Both he and they know that he has done them no wrong, but they have been treating him as though he has wronged them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
2CO	12	13	u1w9		τὴν ἀδικίαν ταύτην	1	this wrong	Here, **this wrong** refers to not asking them for money and other things he needed.
2CO	12	14	ugk1	figs-explicit	ἀλλὰ ὑμᾶς	1	but you	The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “but what I want is that you love and accept me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2CO	12	14	wd97		οὐ…ὀφείλει τὰ τέκνα τοῖς γονεῦσιν θησαυρίζειν	3	children should not save up for the parents	Young **children** are not responsible for saving money or other goods to give to their healthy **parents**.
2CO	12	15	vj2m	figs-metaphor	ἐγὼ…ἥδιστα δαπανήσω καὶ ἐκδαπανηθήσομαι	1	I will most gladly spend and be spent	Paul speaks of his work and his physical life as if it were money that he or God could **spend**. Alternate translation: “I will gladly do any work and gladly allow God to permit people to kill me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	12	15	nk8v	figs-metonymy	ὑπὲρ τῶν ψυχῶν ὑμῶν	1	for your souls	The word **souls** is a metonym for the people themselves. Alternate translation: “for you” or “so you will live well” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2CO	12	15	t3na	figs-rquestion	εἰ περισσοτέρως ὑμᾶς ἀγαπῶν, ἧσσον ἀγαπῶμαι?	1	If I love you more, am I to be loved less?	This rhetorical question to emphasize that the Corinthians should love Paul. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “If I love you so much, you should not love me so little.” or “If I love you so much, you should love me more than you do.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2CO	12	15	j887		περισσοτέρως	1	more	It is not clear what it is that Paul’s love is **more** than. It is probably best to use “very much” or a “so much” that can be compared to “so little” later in the sentence.
2CO	12	16	ur5x	figs-irony	ἀλλὰ ὑπάρχων πανοῦργος δόλῳ, ὑμᾶς ἔλαβον	1	But, since I am so crafty, I am the one who caught you by deceit	Paul uses irony to shame the Corinthians who think he lied to them even if he did not ask them for money. Alternate translation: “but others think I was deceptive and used trickery” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
2CO	12	17	vb7q	figs-rquestion	μή τινα ὧν ἀπέσταλκα πρὸς ὑμᾶς, δι’ αὐτοῦ ἐπλεονέκτησα ὑμᾶς?	1	I did not take advantage of you by any of those whom I sent to you, did I?	Both Paul and the Corinthians know the answer is “no.” If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one that I sent to you has taken advantage of you!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2CO	12	18	pjl2	figs-rquestion	μήτι ἐπλεονέκτησεν ὑμᾶς Τίτος?	1	Titus did not take advantage of you, did he?	Both Paul and the Corinthians know the answer is “no.” If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Titus certainly did not take advantage of you!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2CO	12	18	acg6	figs-metaphor	οὐ τῷ αὐτῷ πνεύματι περιεπατήσαμεν	1	Did we not walk in the same way?	Paul speaks of living as if it were walking on a road. Alternate translation: “We all walk in the same spirit.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	12	18	rjiy	figs-rquestion	οὐ τῷ αὐτῷ πνεύματι περιεπατήσαμεν	1		Both Paul and the Corinthians know the answer to the question is “yes.” If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “We all have the same attitude and live alike.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2CO	12	18	k6b3	figs-rquestion	οὐ τοῖς αὐτοῖς ἴχνεσιν?	1	Did we not walk in the same steps?	Both Paul and the Corinthians know the answer to the question is “yes.” If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “We all walk in the same steps.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2CO	12	18	oket	figs-metaphor	οὐ τοῖς αὐτοῖς ἴχνεσιν?	1		Paul speaks of living as if it were walking on a road. Alternate translation: “We all do things the same way.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	12	19	g1iw	figs-rquestion	πάλαι δοκεῖτε ὅτι ὑμῖν ἀπολογούμεθα?	1	Do you think all of this time we have been defending ourselves to you?	Paul uses this question to acknowledge something that the people may have been thinking. He does this so that he can assure them that it is not true. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Perhaps you think that all of this time we have been defending ourselves to you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2CO	12	19	ih3e	figs-metaphor	κατέναντι Θεοῦ	1	Before God	Paul speaks of **God** knowing everything Paul does as if God were physically present and observed everything Paul said and did. Alternate translation: “With God as witness” or “In the presence of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	12	19	vg3u	figs-metaphor	ὑπὲρ τῆς ὑμῶν οἰκοδομῆς	1	for your strengthening	Paul speaks of knowing how to obey God and desiring to obey him as if it were physical growth. Alternate translation: “so that you would know God and obey him better” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	12	20	cu6s		οὐχ οἵους θέλω, εὕρω ὑμᾶς	1	I may not find you as I wish	Alternate translation: “I may not like what I find” or “I may not like what I see you doing”
2CO	12	20	zy6g		κἀγὼ εὑρεθῶ ὑμῖν οἷον οὐ θέλετε	1	I may not be found by you as you wish	Alternate translation: “you might not like what you see in me”
2CO	12	20	rh1h	figs-abstractnouns	μή πως ἔρις, ζῆλος, θυμοί, ἐριθεῖαι, καταλαλιαί, ψιθυρισμοί, φυσιώσεις, ἀκαταστασίαι	1	there may be quarreling, jealousy, outbursts of anger, rivalries, slander, gossip, arrogance, and disorder	If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas behind the words **quarreling, jealousy, outbursts of anger, rivalries, slander, gossip, arrogance, and disorder**, you can express the same ideas with verbal forms. This could mean: (1) some of you will be arguing with us, jealous of us, suddenly becoming very angry with us, trying to take our places as leaders, speaking falsely about us, telling about our private lives, being proud, and opposing us as we try to lead you. (2) some of you will be arguing with each other, jealous of each other, suddenly becoming very angry with each other, quarreling with each other over who will be the leader, speaking falsely about each other, telling about each other’s private lives, being proud, and opposing those whom God has chosen to lead you. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2CO	12	21	ddw3		πενθήσω πολλοὺς τῶν προημαρτηκότων,	1	I might be grieved by many of those who have sinned	Alternate translation: “I will be grieved because many of them have not given up their old sins”
2CO	12	21	hq1e	figs-parallelism	μὴ μετανοησάντων ἐπὶ τῇ ἀκαθαρσίᾳ, καὶ πορνείᾳ, καὶ ἀσελγείᾳ	1	did not repent of the impurity and sexual immorality and lustful indulgence	This could mean: (1) Paul is saying almost the same thing three times for emphasis. Alternate translation: “did not stop commiting the sexual sins that they practiced” (2) Paul is speaking of three different sins. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
2CO	12	21	rh22	figs-abstractnouns	ἐπὶ τῇ ἀκαθαρσίᾳ	1	of the impurity	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **impurity**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “of secretly thinking about and desiring things that do not please God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2CO	12	21	rn6u	figs-abstractnouns	πορνείᾳ	1	of the … sexual immorality	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **sexual immorality**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “of doing sexually immoral deeds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2CO	12	21	yyr5	figs-abstractnouns	ἀσελγείᾳ	1	of the … lustful indulgence	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **lustful indulgence**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “doing things that satisfy immoral sexual desire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2CO	13	intro	abcg			0		# 2 Corinthians 13 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>In this chapter, Paul finishes defending his authority. He then concludes the letter with a final greeting and blessing.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Preparation<br><br>Paul instructs the Corinthians as he prepares to visit them. He is hoping to avoid needing to discipline anyone in the church so he can visit them joyfully. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/disciple]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Power and weakness<br><br>Paul repeatedly uses the contrasting words “power” and “weakness” in this chapter. The translator should use words that are understood to be opposites of each other.<br><br>### “Examine yourselves to see if you are in the faith. Test yourselves.”<br><br>Scholars are divided over what these sentences mean. Some scholars say that Christians are to test themselves to see whether their actions align with their Christian faith. The context favors this understanding. Others say these sentences mean that Christians should look at their actions and question whether they are genuinely saved. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])
2CO	13	1	slj1	figs-activepassive	ἐπὶ στόματος δύο μαρτύρων καὶ τριῶν σταθήσεται πᾶν ῥῆμα	1	Every matter must be established by the evidence of two or three witnesses	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Believe that someone has done something wrong only after two or three people have said the same thing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CO	13	2	fxl6		τοῖς λοιποῖς πᾶσιν	1	all the rest	Alternate translation: “all you other people”
2CO	13	4	a1bf	figs-activepassive	καὶ…ἐσταυρώθη	1	he was crucified	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “they crucified him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2CO	13	5	sbx4		ἐν ὑμῖν	1	in you	Here, **in you** could mean: (1) Jesus is living inside each individual. (2) Jesus is living among them, part of and the most important member of the group.
2CO	13	7	u75e	figs-doublenegatives	μὴ ποιῆσαι ὑμᾶς κακὸν μηδέν	1	that you may not do any wrong	If your readers would misunderstand the double-negative **not … wrong**, you could express it in positive form. Alternate translation: “you will do everything right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
2CO	13	7	gt2e		δόκιμοι	1	to have passed the test	Alternate translation: “to be great teachers and live the truth”
2CO	13	8	a3l7		οὐ…δυνάμεθά τι κατὰ τῆς ἀληθείας	1	we are not able to do anything against the truth	Alternate translation: “we are not able to keep people from learning the truth”
2CO	13	9	vt7b		τὴν ὑμῶν κατάρτισιν	1	for your perfection	Alternate translation: “that you may become spiritually mature”
2CO	13	10	rlm8	figs-metaphor	εἰς οἰκοδομὴν καὶ οὐκ εἰς καθαίρεσιν.	1	for building up, and not for tearing down	Paul speaks of helping the Corinthians to know Christ better as if he were constructing a building. See how you translated a similar phrase in [2 Corinthians 10:8](../10/08.md). Alternate translation: “to help you become better followers of Christ and not to discourage you so you stop following him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2CO	13	11	uk1p			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul closes his letter to the Corinthian believers.
2CO	13	11	fm8m		καταρτίζεσθε	1	Be restored	Alternate translation: “Work toward maturity”
2CO	13	11	diw1		τὸ αὐτὸ φρονεῖτε	1	be of the same mind	Alternate translation: “live in harmony with one another”
2CO	13	12	p1nh		ἐν ἁγίῳ φιλήματι	1	with a holy kiss	Alternate translation: “with Christian love”
2CO	13	12	x2qd		οἱ ἅγιοι	1	the saints	Alternate translation: “those whom God has set apart for himself”