Book	Chapter	Verse	ID	SupportReference	OrigQuote	Occurrence	GLQuote	OccurrenceNote
ISA	front	intro	l9fr			0		# Introduction to Isaiah<br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of the Book of Isaiah<br><br>1. Yahweh judges his people but gives them hope (chapters 1–12)<br>1. Isaiah prophesies against many nations (13–23)<br>1. Universal judgment and promise of redemption (24–27)<br>1. The people of Yahweh judged (28–31)<br>1. The righteous kingdom (32–33)<br>1. The nations judged; the ransomed will be restored (34–35)<br>1. Hezekiah and Sennacherib (36–39)<br>1. Yahweh comforts his people and will restore them (40–45)<br>1. Prophecies against Babylon (46–48)<br>1. The servant of Yahweh (49–55)<br>1. Ethics of Yahweh’s kingdom (56–59)<br>1. Restored Jerusalem (60–66)<br><br><br>### What is the Book of Isaiah about?<br><br>The first part of the Book of Isaiah (chapters 1-39) contains many different prophecies. Some of Isaiah’s prophecies are about how God would send an army to destroy the southern kingdom of Judah. Some of the prophecies are about how God would punish other nations of the world. The end of the first part (chapters 36-39) tells how Isaiah helped King Hezekiah when the Assyrians were about to attack Jerusalem.<br><br>The second part of the Book of Isaiah (chapters 40-66) has prophecies about how God will comfort and restore his people. He will do this through his chosen servant. By the suffering of this servant, God will forgive his people (chapter 53). This servant will also cause Gentiles to worship Yahweh. The Book of Isaiah ends with a prophecy about God creating a new heavens and earth.<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>Translators can use the traditional title, “The Book of Isaiah” or just “Isaiah.” Or they may call it “The Book about Isaiah” or “The Sayings of Isaiah.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>### When was the Book of Isaiah written?<br><br>Isaiah prophesied around 740–700 B.C., when the Assyrian Empire was becoming more powerful. Isaiah spoke the prophecies from God to the people of Judah during the reigns of Kings Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah. The story of Isaiah helping King Hezekiah (chapters 36-39) is also found in 2 Kings 19–20.<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### What did Isaiah prophesy about the future Messiah of Israel?<br><br>Jews and Christians have interpreted many passages in Isaiah to be about the Messiah. In 9:1-7, Isaiah described a child being born who would rule over David’s kingdom. In chapter 11, Isaiah described a descendant of David who would have God’s spirit upon him. Several prophecies in chapters 40-66 are about “the servant.” This servant will comfort the people, rule righteously, and suffer so that God will forgive the people for sinning against him. The New Testament writers interpret these prophecies to be about Jesus Christ.<br><br>### What did Isaiah mean by the “last days”?<br><br>Isaiah prophesied of the “last days” (2:2) as some later or final period of time. The New Testament writers understood the “last days” to be the church age (Acts 2:17, Hebrews 1:2). The Book of Isaiah was one of the first books to include prophesies about the last days. Isaiah explained that in the last days there would be a future kingdom of Israel. Jerusalem would be its main city. And people from all over the world will go there to learn about Yahweh and worship him.<br><br>## Part 3: Important Translation Issues<br><br>### What is the meaning of the term “Israel”?<br><br>The name “Israel” is used in many different ways in the Bible. Jacob was the son of Isaac. God changed Jacob’s name to Israel. The descendants of Jacob became a nation also called Israel. Eventually, the nation of Israel split into two kingdoms. The northern kingdom was named Israel. The southern kingdom was named Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/israel]])<br><br>### What are some characteristics of prophetic literature in the Book of Isaiah?<br><br>Most of Isaiah’s prophecies are in poetic form. Many prophets in Israel used poetry when they spoke important messages that were meant to be remembered.<br><br>Sometimes Isaiah’s messages are hard to understand. He assumed his original hearers would know what he was talking about. But readers today do not always understand what he meant. However, Isaiah’s basic messages are still clear to us today. These messages are about how God’s people sinned against him, how he would punish them, and how he would eventually comfort and restore them.<br><br>Isaiah also speaks about the Servant of Yahweh, in four different poems that are today called the “Four Servant Songs.” Christians understand these very clearly as prophecies about Jesus Christ, the Messiah. These “songs” are in Isaiah 42:1-9; 49:1-7; 50:4-9; and 52:13-53:12. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])
ISA	1	intro	q326			0		# Isaiah 1 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 1:2-31, which is a vision Isaiah receives. These are the words of Yahweh.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Woe<br>The prophecy of this chapter serves as a warning to the people of the kingdom of Judah. If they do not change their evil ways, Yahweh will punish them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/woe]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Metaphors<br>There are many vivid metaphors used to describe Judah’s sin. Their sin is described as a sickness that spreads. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])<br><br>### Rhetorical Questions<br>Yahweh uses several rhetorical questions in this chapter. The purpose of these questions is to convince the people of Judah of their sin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	1	1	qur5			0	The vision of Isaiah … that he saw	“This is the vision of Isaiah … that Yahweh showed him” or “This is what God showed Isaiah”
ISA	1	1	zfq5	translate-names		0	Amoz	Amoz was the father of Isaiah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	1	1	i66y	figs-metonymy		0	Judah and Jerusalem	“Judah” refers to the southern kingdom of Israel. “Jerusalem” was its most important city. The names of the places represent the people who live in them. Alternate translation: “those living in Judah and Jerusalem” or “the people of Judah and Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	1	1	qsh3	figs-idiom		0	in the days of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, kings of Judah	This is an idiom and refers to the time when each king reigned. They reigned one after the other, not all at the same time. Alternate translation: “when Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz and Hezekiah were kings of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA	1	2	qju5	figs-parallelism		0	General Information:	Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	1	2	m42x	figs-apostrophe		0	Hear, heavens, and give ear, earth	Although these prophecies were meant for the people of Jerusalem and Judah to hear, Isaiah knows they will not listen. This could mean: (1) he speaks in apostrophe, as though the “heavens” and “earth” would be able to listen to what Yahweh said, or (2) the words “heavens” and “earth” are metonyms and a merism for all living beings everywhere. Alternate translation: “you who live in the heavens … you who live on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
ISA	1	2	v1jh			0	Yahweh	This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this.
ISA	1	2	q3lw			0	I have nourished and brought up children, but they have rebelled against me	Words that Yahweh spoke and which Isaiah is speaking to the Israelites for Yahweh.
ISA	1	2	nn1n	figs-metaphor		0	I have nourished and brought up children	Yahweh speaks as if his words were food and as if the Israelites were his children. Alternate translation: “I have taken care of the people living in Judah like they were my children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	1	3	hsf5			0	The ox knows … does not understand	Words that Yahweh spoke and which Isaiah is speaking to the Israelites for Yahweh.
ISA	1	3	k1dl	figs-ellipsis		0	the donkey his master’s feeding trough	You can make clear the understood information. Alternate translation: “the donkey knows his master’s feeding trough” or “the donkey knows where his master gives him food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
ISA	1	3	i9j2			0	but Israel does not know, Israel does not understand	This probably means “but the people of Israel do not know me, they do not understand that I am the one who cares for them.”
ISA	1	3	gxd1	figs-metonymy		0	Israel	This is a metonym for the people of Israel. Judah is part of what had been the nation of Israel. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	1	4	s8qu	figs-parallelism		0	General Information:	Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	1	4	blg2			0	Nation, sinners	This could mean: (1) Isaiah is saying two different things about them. Alternate translation: “Nation of Israel, you sinners” or (2) he is saying only one thing about them. Alternate translation: “Nation of sinners”
ISA	1	4	w37n	figs-metaphor		0	a people weighed down with iniquity	Something very heavy that a person might carry is a metaphor for their many sins. Alternate translation: “their sin is like a heavy bag on their shoulders that makes it hard for them to walk” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	1	4	j97s	figs-metaphor		0	offspring of evildoers	The word “offspring” is a metaphor for people who do what others have done. Alternate translation: “people who do the same evil they see others doing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	1	4	bwr8			0	act corruptly	do evil deeds
ISA	1	4	at1f			0	They have abandoned Yahweh	“They have gone away from Yahweh”
ISA	1	4	na87			0	have despised	“have refused to obey” or “have refused to respect”
ISA	1	4	z7gi			0	Israel	Judah is part of what had been the nation of Israel.
ISA	1	4	kv93			0	they have estranged themselves from him	Though at one time they were friends, they now treat him as though they do not know him.
ISA	1	5	epw9	figs-parallelism		0	General Information:	Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	1	5	xc8l	figs-rquestion		0	Why are you still being beaten? Why do you rebel more and more?	Isaiah uses these questions to scold the people of Judah. The questions can be translated as statements. This can also be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “You keep doing things that Yahweh has to punish you for. You continue to rebel against him.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	1	5	wax8	figs-you		0	you	Here the word “you” refers to the people who live in Judah and so is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
ISA	1	5	gh9d	figs-metaphor		0	The whole head is sick, the whole heart is weak	This metaphor compares the nation of Israel to a person who has been beaten. Alternate translation: “You are like someone whose head is wounded and whose heart is weak” or “You are like someone whose whole mind and heart are sick” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	1	6	v5ua	figs-doublenegatives		0	there is no part unharmed	This can be stated positively. It can also be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “every part of you has been harmed” or “someone has harmed every part of you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
ISA	1	6	txm6	figs-metaphor		0	they have not been closed, cleansed, bandaged, nor treated with oil	This metaphor compares the punishment God has given Israel to physical wounds. It can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one has closed, cleansed, bandaged, or treated them with oil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	1	7	ei5u	figs-parallelism		0	General Information:	Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	1	7	e6tr	figs-activepassive		0	Your country is ruined	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “They have ruined your country” or “Your enemies have ruined your country” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	1	7	gv8j	figs-activepassive		0	your cities are burned	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they have burned your cities” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	1	7	r1um			0	your fields—in your presence, strangers are destroying them	“people who are not from your own country steal the crops from your fields while you watch”
ISA	1	7	l3um	figs-abstractnouns		0	abandoned devastation	“empty and devastated.” This abstract noun phrase can be expressed as verbal phrases. Alternate translation: “they have destroyed the land and no one lives there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA	1	7	ygn5	figs-activepassive		0	overthrown by strangers	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “strangers have overthrown your country” or “a foreign army has completely conquered it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	1	8	c1rf	figs-activepassive		0	The daughter of Zion is left	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I have left the daughter of Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	1	8	lkv3	figs-idiom		0	The daughter of Zion	The “daughter” of a city means the people of the city. Alternate translation: “The people of Zion” or “The people who live in Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA	1	8	xl8k	figs-simile		0	is left like a hut in a vineyard, like a shed in a garden of cucumbers	This could mean: (1) “has become as small as a hut in a vineyard or a shed in a garden of cucumbers” or (2) “is left the way a farmer leaves a hut in a vineyard or a shed in a garden of cucumbers when he is finished with them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	1	8	qnb3			0	like … cucumbers, like a besieged city	Another possible meaning is “like … cucumbers. She is a besieged city”
ISA	1	9	cf1d	figs-parallelism		0	General Information:	Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	1	9	a3aq	figs-hypo		0	If Yahweh	This describes something that could have happened in the past but did not. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
ISA	1	9	cy37			0	a small remnant	“a few survivors”
ISA	1	9	qe2a	figs-exclusive		0	us … we	Here these words refer to Isaiah and includes all the people of Judah and Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
ISA	1	9	y4cq	figs-explicit		0	we would have been like Sodom, we would have been like Gomorrah	How Judah would have been like Sodom and Gomorrah can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “God would have destroyed us, like he destroyed the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	1	10	p3g9	figs-parallelism		0	General Information:	Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	1	10	vtc9	figs-metaphor		0	you rulers of Sodom … you people of Gomorrah	Isaiah is comparing the people of Judah to Sodom and Gomorrah to emphasize how sinful they have become. Alternate translation: “you rulers who are as sinful as the people of Sodom … you people who are as wicked as those who lived in Gomorrah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	1	11	r739	figs-rquestion		0	What is the multitude of your sacrifices to me?	God is using a question to scold the people. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Your many sacrifices mean nothing to me!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	1	12	z32c	figs-parallelism		0	General Information:	Isaiah speaks Yahweh’s words to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	1	12	p91g	figs-rquestion		0	who has required this of you, to trample my courts?	The word “trample” means to step on and crush with one’s feet. God is using a question to scold the people who live in Judah. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “no one told you to stomp around in my courtyards!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	1	13	a4yw			0	Bring no more meaningless offerings	“Do not bring me any more of your worthless gifts”
ISA	1	13	qg5t	figs-abstractnouns		0	incense is an abomination to me	Here the abstract noun “abomination” can expressed as the verb “hate.” Alternate translation: “I hate the incense the priests burn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA	1	13	y2mq			0	I cannot tolerate these wicked assemblies	This could mean: (1) “I cannot allow you to gather together because of the wicked things you do” or (2) “I cannot allow myself to watch you gather together because of the wicked things you do.”
ISA	1	14	x2u9	figs-parallelism		0	General Information:	Isaiah speaks Yahweh’s words to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	1	14	u5nj	figs-metonymy		0	your new moons and your appointed feasts	The words “new moons” are a metonym for the celebrations of the new moon. They are also a synecdoche for all regular celebrations. Alternate translation: “your celebrations of the new moon and your other regular feasts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	1	14	f4rl			0	new moons	A new moon is when the moon first shows light after having been dark.
ISA	1	14	v251	figs-metaphor		0	they are a burden to me; I am tired of enduring them	This compares how God feels about the people’s celebrations to carrying a heavy object. Alternate translation: “they are a heavy load that I am tired of carrying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	1	15	tc81	figs-idiom		0	I hide my eyes from you	This idiom is a way of saying “I will not look at you” or “I will not pay attention to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA	1	15	l6q5	figs-metonymy		0	your hands are full of blood	This is the reason that God will not listen to their prayers. The blood likely refers to violence that they have done against people. Alternate translation: “because it is like your hands are covered with the blood of those you have harmed” or “because you are guilty of violence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	1	16	tc5d	figs-parallelism		0	General Information:	Isaiah speaks Yahweh’s words to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	1	16	kug1	figs-metaphor		0	Wash, cleanse yourselves	Here God compares a person who stops sinning with one who washes his body. Alternate translation: “Repent and wash the sin from your heart like you wash the dirt from your body” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	1	16	i5wc	figs-metaphor		0	remove the evil of your deeds from my sight	God was not telling them to do their evil deeds somewhere else, but to stop doing them. Alternate translation: “stop doing the evil deeds that I see you doing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	1	17	h8bt	figs-metaphor		0	make straight the oppression	God speaks of people who oppress others as if they had made crooked something that should be straight, and he calls on them to make that object straight again. The abstract noun “oppression” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “make sure that those helpless people you have harmed no longer suffer from the bad things you have done to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA	1	17	btn7			0	give justice to the fatherless	“be fair to the children who do not have fathers”
ISA	1	17	q1c7			0	defend the widow	“protect the women whose husbands have died”
ISA	1	18	uns1			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues to speak to the people of Judah.
ISA	1	18	nj1x			0	Come now, and let	Yahweh graciously and lovingly invites the people to listen to what he is about to say. “Please listen to me. Let” or “Pay attention; I want to help you. Let”
ISA	1	18	j1pw	figs-exclusive		0	let us reason together	“let us think about this together” or “we need to discuss this” or “what are we going to do?” Yahweh invites the people to discuss the future. Here the word “us” refers to Yahweh and includes the people of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
ISA	1	18	nf9s	figs-metaphor		0	though your sins are like scarlet, they will be white like snow; though they are red like crimson, they will be like wool	Isaiah is speaking of the people as if they were wearing clothes that were supposed to be white wool and of their sins as if they were red stains on the clothes. If Yahweh forgives their sins, it will be as if their clothes become white again. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	1	18	ep8f	figs-simile		0	like scarlet	Scarlet is a bright red color. Alternate translation: “bright red” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	1	18	yt5e	figs-simile		0	white like snow	White is often a symbol for holiness or purity. “Snow” refers to something like frozen rain that is very white. Since this simply describes something as very white, you could replace it with something else that is white: “white as a seashell” or “white as a dove.” This means that their sins will be forgiven. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	1	18	qe12	figs-simile		0	red like crimson	Crimson is a dark red color. Alternate translation: “dark red” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	1	18	e5qz	figs-explicit		0	like wool	Wool is the hair of a sheep or goat. How they will be like wool can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “white like wool” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	1	19	pj53			0	General Information:	God continues to speak to the people of Judah.
ISA	1	19	wgy5	figs-hendiadys		0	If you are willing and obedient	Here, “willing” and “obedient” are used together to express one idea. Alternate translation: “If you willingly obey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])
ISA	1	19	wz1z			0	you will eat the good of the land	“the land will produce good food for you to eat”
ISA	1	20	e2cf			0	but if you refuse and rebel	“but if you refuse to listen and instead disobey me”
ISA	1	20	qs1e	figs-metonymy		0	the sword will devour you	The word “sword” refers to Judah’s enemies. Also, the word “devour” compares Judah’s enemies coming to kill them to a wild animal that attacks and eats other animals. Alternate translation: “your enemies will kill you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	1	20	m82k	figs-synecdoche		0	the mouth of Yahweh has spoken it	The word “mouth” emphasizes that Yahweh has spoken and what he says will certainly happen. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has spoken” or “Yahweh has said that this will happen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	1	21	lhv6	figs-parallelism		0	General Information:	Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	1	21	bhm8	figs-metonymy		0	How the faithful city	This exclamation shows Isaiah’s anger and sadness about the people of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “See how the people of Jerusalem, who had been faithful to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	1	21	v446	figs-metaphor		0	has become a prostitute	Isaiah compared the people to a woman who is not loyal to her husband but who sleeps with other men for money. The people were no longer loyal to God but were worshiping false gods. Alternate translation: “acts like a prostitute” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	1	21	v25z	figs-metaphor		0	but now she is full of murderers	The word “she” refers to Jerusalem and its people. Those who wrote the Bible often refer to cities as women. Alternate translation: “but now the people of Jerusalem are murderers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	1	22	n46w	figs-metaphor		0	Your silver has become impure, your wine mixed with water	Possible meanings are that Isaiah uses silver and wine as metaphors for: (1) the people of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “You are like silver that is no longer pure, and like wine that is mixed with water” or (2) the good deeds that the people formerly did. Alternate translation: “You used to do good deeds, but now your bad deeds make your good deeds worthless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	1	22	tbh7			0	silver … impure	Someone needs to clean silver often or it will no longer shine brightly.
ISA	1	22	b14q			0	wine … water	Wine with water in it has little taste and so is no better than water.
ISA	1	23	jw4m	figs-parallelism		0	General Information:	Isaiah speaks Yahweh’s words to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	1	23	z59p			0	Your princes are rebels	“Your leaders rebel against God”
ISA	1	23	r6i3			0	companions of thieves	“they are friends with people who steal from others”
ISA	1	23	auk9			0	bribes … payoffs	People give “bribes” as gifts to dishonest rulers so the rulers will then act unjustly. Rulers receive “payoffs” as gifts from those who make profits from unjust laws that the ruler has passed.
ISA	1	23	q1cz	figs-metaphor		0	runs after payoffs	A person eagerly desiring for someone to give him a bribe is spoken of as if the payoff were running away and the person were running after it. Alternate translation: “everyone desires for someone to pay money to them to make dishonest decisions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	1	23	qzn3			0	They do not defend the fatherless	“they do not protect those who do not have fathers”
ISA	1	23	yi82			0	nor does the widow’s legal plea come before them	“nor do they listen when widows go to them for help against those who break the law” or “and they do not help widows who go to them for help against those who break the law”
ISA	1	24	ez3r	figs-parallelism		0	General Information:	Isaiah begins to speak Yahweh’s words to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	1	24	g1g2			0	Therefore	“For that reason”
ISA	1	24	iza8	figs-123person		0	this is the declaration of the Lord Yahweh of hosts, the Mighty One of Israel	Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Alternate translation: “this is what the Lord Yahweh of hosts, the Mighty One of Israel, has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, the Mighty One of Israel, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
ISA	1	24	qk17	figs-parallelism		0	I will take vengeance against my adversaries, and avenge myself against my enemies	Both of these phrases mean basically the same thing. The words “take vengeance against my adversaries” speak more of Yahweh doing whatever he needs to do to those who work against him so he can be happy. The words “avenge myself against my enemies” speak more of Yahweh justly punishing his enemies. Alternate translation: “I will punish those who opposed me” or “I will do what pleases me to those who work against me, and I will justly punish my enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	1	25	f62p	figs-metonymy		0	I will turn my hand against you	Here “hand” refers to God’s power which he would use to punish his people. Alternate translation: “I will begin to use all my power against you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	1	25	z1i3	figs-metaphor		0	refine away your dross as with lye	Here the process in which God removes his people’s sin is spoken of as if her were separating metal from the bad things mixed with it. The words “as with lye” adds another metaphor, because lye is used in soap, not in refining metal. Alternate translation: “and like fire removing the dirt from silver, I will remove all the evil from among you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	1	25	iah6			0	dross	This is the dirt and other things that people remove from metals so the metal will be pure.
ISA	1	26	y8y2	figs-parallelism		0	General Information:	Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	1	26	usx1			0	at the first … at the beginning	These are two ways of speaking of the first part or beginning of Israel’s history, when Israel first became a nation.
ISA	1	26	i1s1	figs-activepassive		0	you will be called	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people will call you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	1	26	d4ji	figs-metonymy		0	the city of righteousness, a faithful town	Here “city” and “town” refer to the people living in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “the city where the people are righteous and loyal to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	1	27	glh4	figs-parallelism		0	General Information:	Isaiah speaks Yahweh’s words to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	1	27	qa1v	figs-activepassive		0	Zion will be redeemed by justice, and her repentant ones by righteousness	This can be stated in active form. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. This could mean: (1) “Yahweh will redeem Zion because the people there do what is just, and he will redeem those who repent because they do what Yahweh says is right” or (2) “Yahweh will redeem Zion because he is just, and he will redeem those who repent because he is righteous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
ISA	1	27	z5g9	figs-metonymy		0	Zion	This is a metonym for the people who live on Mount Zion. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	1	28	fi96	figs-activepassive		0	Rebels and sinners will be crushed together	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will destroy those who rebel and sin against him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	1	28	ekb3	figs-activepassive		0	those who abandon Yahweh will be done away with	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “and Yahweh will completely do away with those who turn away from him” or “and Yahweh will kill all who reject him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	1	29	aa8s	figs-parallelism		0	General Information:	Isaiah speaks Yahweh’s words to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	1	29	rnp2			0	the sacred oak trees … gardens	These phrases refer to places where the people of Judah worshiped idols.
ISA	1	29	q2lw			0	you will be embarrassed by	Some versions read, “you will blush because of.” A person blushes when his face turns hot and red, often because he feels that he has done something wrong.
ISA	1	30	sp75	figs-simile		0	For you will be like an oak whose leaf fades, and like a garden that has no water	Water gives life to trees and gardens. The people have cut themselves off from Yahweh, who gives them life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	1	31	sh9k	figs-parallelism		0	General Information:	Isaiah speaks Yahweh’s words to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	1	31	mly5			0	The strong man	“The strong person” or “Whoever is powerful.” This may refer to people who are important and who influence other people.
ISA	1	31	lq77			0	tinder	dry material that burns easily
ISA	1	31	a5w2	figs-simile		0	his work like a spark	This compares the person’s deeds or evil works to a spark that falls on tinder and sets it on fire. Alternate translation: “his work will be like a spark that starts a fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	2	intro	pr4a			0		# Isaiah 2 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 2:2-22.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Latter days<br>This is probably a reference to the “last days.” This makes parts of this prophecy reference events near the end of this world. Most scholars expect these prophecies to be fulfilled by Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]])<br><br>### Idolatry<br>While the first prophecy of Isaiah concerned the lack of justice in Judah, this chapter focuses on the presence of idolatry in Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]])
ISA	2	1	tt88	figs-parallelism		0	General Information:	Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	2	1	p86l	figs-metonymy		0	Judah and Jerusalem	“Judah” and “Jerusalem” are metonyms for the people who live there. Alternate translation: “those living in Judah and Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	2	2	dw9n			0	in the last days	“in the future”
ISA	2	2	f17l	figs-activepassive		0	the mountain of Yahweh’s house will be established	This can be stated (1) as a description. Alternate translation: “The mountain of Yahweh’s house will stand” or (2) in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will establish the mountain on which his temple is built” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	2	2	i5hb	figs-metaphor		0	as the highest of the mountains	Isaiah speaks of importance as if it were physical height. Alternate translation: “the most important of the mountains” or “the most important place in the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	2	2	h16p	figs-metaphor		0	it will be raised up above the hills	Isaiah speaks of honor in metaphor as if it were physical height. This can be stated (1) in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will honor it more than any other hill” or (2) as a metonym for the people who worship there. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will honor the people who worship there more than he honors any other people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	2	2	p88m	figs-metonymy		0	all the nations	Here “nations” is a metonym for the people of those nations. Alternate translation: “people from all the nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	2	2	p7rl	figs-metaphor		0	will flow to it	The people around the world going to the mountain of Yahweh is compared to how a river flows. This emphasizes that many people will come, not just a few people. Alternate translation: “will flow like a river to it” or “will go to it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	2	3	nl4z	figs-parallelism		0	General Information:	Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	2	3	f679			0	Jacob, so he may teach … and we may walk	Another possible meaning is “Jacob. He will teach … and we will walk”
ISA	2	3	u8i5	figs-parallelism		0	he may teach us some of his ways, and we may walk in his paths	The words “ways” and “paths” are metaphors for the way a person lives. If your language has only one word for the ground on which people walk, you may combine these phrases. Alternate translation: “he may teach us his will so that we may obey him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	2	3	qq6t	figs-parallelism		0	For out of Zion will go the law, and the word of Yahweh from Jerusalem	These phrases mean the same thing. Isaiah was emphasizing that all nations will understand that the truth is found in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “People in Zion will teach God’s law, and people in Jerusalem will teach the word of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	2	3	w2vd	figs-metaphor		0	For out of Zion will go the law	“For the law will go out from Zion.” Isaiah speaks as if the law were something like a river that moves without people doing anything. Alternate translation: “Those to whom they teach the law will go out from Zion” or “Yahweh will proclaim his law from Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	2	3	t76v	figs-metaphor		0	the word of Yahweh from Jerusalem	“the word of Yahweh will go out from Jerusalem.” Isaiah speaks as if the word of Yahweh were something like a river that moves without people doing anything. You can make clear the understood information. Alternate translation: “Those to whom they teach the word of Yahweh will go out from Jerusalem” or “Yahweh will proclaim his word from Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
ISA	2	4	u4wn	figs-parallelism		0	General Information:	Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	2	4	d9yw			0	He will judge	“Yahweh will judge”
ISA	2	4	xfs3			0	will render decisions	“will solve disputes”
ISA	2	4	htf9			0	they will hammer their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruning hooks	The people of the nations will turn their weapons of war into tools for farming.
ISA	2	4	j77g	figs-synecdoche		0	swords … spears … sword	These words are synecdoches for weapons of any kind. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	2	4	i5uh	figs-synecdoche		0	plowshares … pruning hooks	These words are synecdoches for tools of any kind that people use in peaceful activity. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	2	4	fq2w			0	they will hammer their swords into plowshares	“they will make their swords into tools for planting seeds.” A plowshare is a blade that people use to dig into soil so they can plant seeds there.
ISA	2	4	d586			0	their spears into pruning hooks	“they will hammer their spears into pruning hooks” or “they will make their spears into tools for caring for plants.” A pruning hook is a knife that people use to cut unwanted branches off of plants.
ISA	2	4	u818	figs-metonymy		0	nation will not lift up sword against nation	“no nation will lift up its sword against another nation.” The sword is a metonym for war. Alternate translation: “one nation will not fight wars against another nation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	2	4	fii3			0	nor will they train for war	“nor will they even train to fight wars.” The writer expects his reader to believe that those who fight wars train before they fight and that some who train do not fight.
ISA	2	5	i7e1	figs-parallelism		0	General Information:	In 2:5 Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah, and in 2:6 he speaks to Yahweh. Both times he speaks in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	2	5	rm7q	figs-metonymy		0	House of Jacob	“You descendants of Jacob.” The word “house” is a metonym for the people who live in the house, the family. Here “Jacob” represents the nation of Judah, but it would be best to use “Jacob” here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	2	5	jlm2			0	come	a gentle encouragement to do what the speaker is about to tell the hearer to do
ISA	2	5	h3c9	figs-metaphor		0	let us walk in the light of Yahweh	Isaiah speaks of people learning and then doing what Yahweh wants them to do as if they were walking at night with a lamp that Yahweh has provided so they can see the path. Alternate translation: “let us learn how Yahweh wants us to live and then live that way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	2	6	uvd9	figs-pronouns		0	For you have abandoned your people	“For you have left your people” and do not care what happens to them. Here the word “you” refers to Yahweh and so is singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
ISA	2	6	uh4h	figs-metaphor		0	they are filled with customs from the east	Isaiah speaks as if the people were containers who were full of something from the east. Possible meanings are that he speaks of: (1) the deeds that the eastern peoples do. Alternate translation: “they do all the time the evil things the people who live in lands east of Israel do” or (2) people, specifically those who claim to speak to dead people, who have come from the east to do evil deeds. Alternate translation: “many diviners have come from the east and now live there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	2	6	n11d			0	they practice divination	they try to tell the future by looking at things like animal parts and leaves
ISA	2	6	n8bj	translate-symaction		0	they shake hands with sons of foreigners	Clasping hands together is the symbol of friendship and peace. Alternate translation: “they make peace and work together with people who are not from Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
ISA	2	7	fld8	figs-parallelism		0	General Information:	Isaiah speaks to Yahweh in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	2	7	t4r6	figs-metaphor		0	Their land is full of silver and gold … their land also is full of horses	Isaiah speaks as if the land were a container in which someone had placed silver, horses, and idols. The word “land” is a metonym for the people themselves, and the words “is full of” is a metaphor for the people possessing these items. Alternate translation: “They possess much silver and gold … they also possess many horses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	2	8	cyh2	figs-metaphor		0	Their land also is full of idols	Isaiah speaks as if the land were a container in which someone had placed silver, horses, and idols. The word “land” is a metonym for the people themselves, and the words “is full of” is a metaphor for the people possessing these items. Alternate translation: “They also possess many idols” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	2	8	zic5	figs-parallelism		0	the craftsmanship of their own hands, things that their own fingers have made	These two phrases mean almost the same thing and emphasize that these are not real gods. If your language has no general word for something someone has made, you can combine these two phrases into one. Alternate translation: “things that they themselves have made” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	2	8	au6k	figs-synecdoche		0	craftsmanship of their own hands	The word “hands” is a synecdoche for the people themselves. Alternate translation: “their own craftsmanship” or “their own work” or “things they have made with their hands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	2	8	sup5	figs-synecdoche		0	things that their own fingers have made	The word “fingers” is a synecdoche for the people themselves. Alternate translation: “things that they have made with their own fingers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	2	9	uqg2	figs-parallelism		0	General Information:	In 2:9 Isaiah finishes speaking to Yahweh. In 2:10-11 Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah. Both times he speaks in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	2	9	itw7	figs-metaphor		0	The people will be bowed down, and individuals will fall down	Here being low to the ground represents people who are completely humiliated because they realize all they trusted in is worthless, and they can do nothing to help themselves. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will make the people ashamed, and they will realize that all they trusted in is worthless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	2	9	gq1x			0	The people	human beings, as opposed to animals
ISA	2	9	vjx5			0	individuals	“each person”
ISA	2	9	rbg3	figs-metaphor		0	do not raise them up	The words “raise them up” are a metaphor for Yahweh forgiving the people. Alternate translation: “do not forgive them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	2	10	gxz3			0	Go into the rocky places	Possible meanings are the people should go into: (1) caves on steep hillsides or (2) places where there are many large rocks among which to hide.
ISA	2	10	y6bc			0	hide in the ground	Possible meanings are that the people should hide: (1) in natural holes in the ground or (2) in pits that they dig in the ground.
ISA	2	10	iv7d	figs-abstractnouns		0	from the terror of Yahweh	Here the abstract noun “terror” can be expressed by the verb “terrifying.” Alternate translation: “to get away from Yahweh’s terrifying presence” or “from Yahweh because you will be extremely afraid of him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA	2	10	sf9n			0	the glory of his majesty	“the great beauty and power he has as king” or “his royal splendor.” See how you translated this in [Isaiah 2:10](../02/10.md).
ISA	2	11	hp3l	figs-metaphor		0	The lofty gaze of man will be brought low	“Yahweh will bring down the lofty gaze of man.” A man with a “lofty gaze” is looking above everyone to show them that he is better than they are. Here all people are guilty of thinking they are better than Yahweh, and the way they look at those who worship Yahweh, is a metonym for their pride. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will make ashamed all people because they think they are better than he is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	2	11	i99t	figs-metonymy		0	the pride of men will be brought down	“The pride of men” here is a metonym for proud people, and being “brought down” is a metaphor for being humbled or ashamed. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will bring down proud men” or “Yahweh will make proud people ashamed of themselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	2	11	f7iq	figs-activepassive		0	Yahweh alone will be exalted	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people will praise only Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	2	11	akb4	figs-idiom		0	on that day	This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “on the day that Yahweh judges everyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA	2	12	u89l	figs-parallelism		0	General Information:	Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	2	12	ypp7	figs-activepassive		0	who is proud and raised up	One who is “raised up” is proud and considers himself better than other people. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “who is proud and who raises himself above other people” or “who is proud and thinks that he is better than other people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	2	12	ew97	figs-doublet		0	who is proud … who is arrogant	Someone who is arrogant speaks and acts as if he is better than other people. These two phrases have similar meanings and are used together to emphasize that Yahweh will punish them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
ISA	2	12	t5zf	figs-activepassive		0	he will be brought down	“every proud person will be brought down.” This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will humble him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	2	13	icm3	figs-metaphor		0	against all the cedars of Lebanon … against all the oaks of Bashan	The “day of Yahweh of Hosts” will be against the cedars and oaks. This could mean: (1) these trees are a metaphor for the proud people whom God will judge or (2) God will actually destroy these mighty trees. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	2	14	rx5g	figs-parallelism		0	General Information:	Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. He continues to describe what will happen on the day of Yahweh of Hosts ([Isaiah 2:12](../02/12.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	2	14	d97m			0	against	In 2:14-16 Isaiah lists things that God will destroy. This could mean: (1) these refer to prideful people that God will humble or (2) God will actually destroy all these things in the list.
ISA	2	14	mud8	figs-metaphor		0	mountains … hills	These words are metaphors for the pride of the Israelites. They also appear in [Isaiah 2:2](../02/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	2	14	td8x	figs-idiom		0	that are lifted up	This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “that are very high” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA	2	15	u56r	figs-metaphor		0	high tower … impregnable wall	These refer to things people would build around their cities so they could defend themselves against their enemies. They are a metaphor for the Israelites’ pride and belief that they had no need for Yahweh and could stand against any punishment Yahweh would mete out to them for their sins. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	2	15	y975			0	impregnable wall	“wall that nothing can break down or go through”
ISA	2	16	ns89			0	ships of Tarshish … beautiful sailing vessels	These refer to large boats that people used to travel far on the sea and bring back goods to the cities.
ISA	2	16	a8gz			0	ships of Tarshish	“ships on which they go to Tarshish”
ISA	2	17	q2z3	figs-parallelism		0	General Information:	Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. He continues to describe what will happen on the day of Yahweh of Hosts ([Isaiah 2:12](../02/12.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	2	17	dx3l	figs-activepassive		0	The pride of man will be brought low	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “He will bring low every proud man” or “He will humiliate every proud man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	2	17	sjb9	figs-abstractnouns		0	the haughtiness of men will fall	The abstract noun “haughtiness” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “those people who are haughty will stop being haughty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA	2	17	ij1n	figs-activepassive		0	Yahweh alone will be exalted	This can be stated in active form. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: “people will praise only Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	2	18	t75w			0	The idols will completely pass away	“All idols will disappear” or “There will be no more idols”
ISA	2	19	ii4y	figs-explicit		0	Men will go … from the terror	The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “Men will go … to hide from the terror” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	2	19	w4lw			0	the caves of the rocks	“the caves in the rocks.” These are large rocks, not small stones that can be held in the hand.
ISA	2	19	r7kz			0	from the terror of Yahweh, and from the glory of his majesty	See how you translated this in [Isaiah 2:10](../02/10.md).
ISA	2	19	ul48			0	from the terror of Yahweh	because they are very afraid of Yahweh
ISA	2	19	dm1h	figs-hendiadys		0	the glory of his majesty	Here the word “glory” describes “majesty.” Alternate translation: “the beauty he has as king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])
ISA	2	19	p1ch			0	when he rises to terrify the earth	“when Yahweh takes action and causes the people of the earth to be terribly afraid of him”
ISA	2	20	dw5p	figs-parallelism		0	General Information:	Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. He continues to describe what will happen on the day of Yahweh of Hosts ([Isaiah 2:12](../02/12.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	2	20	x4cz	translate-unknown		0	to the moles and bats	Moles are small animals that dig and live underground. Bats are small flying animals that sometimes live in caves. Alternate translation: “to the animals” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
ISA	2	21	hs4f			0	the crevices in the rocks … the clefts of the ragged rocks	If your language does not have two different words for “crevice” and “cleft,” the space that appears between the two parts of a rock when it splits, you can combine these two phrases into one.
ISA	2	21	ikz7			0	from the terror of Yahweh	because they are very afraid of Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 2:19](../02/19.md).
ISA	2	21	rn5i			0	the glory of his majesty	“the great beauty and power he has as king” or “his royal majesty.” See how you translated this in [Isaiah 2:10](../02/10.md).
ISA	2	21	nz4j			0	when he rises to terrify the earth	“when Yahweh takes action and causes the people of the earth to be terribly afraid of him.” See how you translated this in [Isaiah 2:19](../02/19.md).
ISA	2	22	c4s2	figs-explicit		0	whose life-breath is in his nostrils	This describes how man is human and weak by emphasizing that he needs to breath to live. Alternate translation: “who is weak and will die” or “who needs the breath in his nose to live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	2	22	thr5			0	nostrils	the holes in the nose through which people breathe
ISA	2	22	hw38	figs-rquestion		0	for what does he amount to?	Isaiah uses a question to remind the people of something they should already know. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “for man amounts to nothing!” or “for man is not worth anything!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	3	intro	bgn6			0		# Isaiah 3 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter is a continuation of the material in the previous chapter. Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 3:1-26, which is a vision Isaiah receives. These are the words of Yahweh.<br><br>### Judgment<br>This chapter is structured as a judgment against the Jews. God is acting as a judge reading the list of convictions against them and then he reads the judgment. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Exile<br>While the previous part of the prophecy in chapter 2 discussed the last days, this part of the prophecy predicts the exile of Judah to Babylon. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]])
ISA	3	1	li2r			0	See	The word “see” here adds emphasis to what follows. It can also be translated as “Listen” or “Indeed.”
ISA	3	1	b6ce	figs-metaphor		0	support and staff	Both of these words refer to a walking stick, on which someone leans for support. This idea here stands for the things that people need the most in order to live: food and water. Alternate translation: “everything that supports you” or “everything that you depend on” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	3	2	c9rl	figs-genericnoun		0	the mighty man … the warrior … the judge … the prophet … the one who practices divination … the elder	This is a list of categories of people that others depend on. Since they do not refer to particular individuals, they can all be translated with plural nouns as in the UST. Alternate translation: “the mighty men … the warriors … the judges … the prophets … the ones who practices divination … the elders” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
ISA	3	2	zv6c			0	the one who practices divination	This is a person who claims that he can tell the future by looking at things like animal parts and leaves. See how you translated similar words in [Isaiah 2:6](../02/06.md).
ISA	3	3	q6s4	figs-genericnoun		0	the captain of fifty … the respected citizen … the counselor … the expert craftsman … the skillful enchanter	This is a list of categories of people that others depend on. Since they do not refer to particular individuals, they can all be translated with plural nouns as in the UST. Alternate translation: “the captains of fifty … the respected citizens … the counselors … the expert craftsmen … the skillful enchanters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
ISA	3	3	kui6	translate-numbers		0	the captain of fifty	This could mean: (1) the word “fifty” represents the exact amount of soldiers that the captain led. Alternate translation: “the captains of 50 soldiers” or (2) the word translated as “fifty” does not represent an exact number, but is the name of a small military unit. Alternate translation: “the captain of a small military unit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
ISA	3	3	jms3	translate-numbers		0	fifty	“50” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
ISA	3	4	y5ha	figs-parallelism		0	I will place mere youths as their leaders, and the young will rule over them	These phrases mean basically the same thing. This could mean: (1) “I will place young people as their leaders, and those young people will rule over them” or (2) “youths” is a metaphor for simple and foolish men. Alternate translation: “I will place over them leaders who are immature, like young people, and those bad leaders will rule over them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	3	4	l2g7	figs-explicit		0	I will place	Here the word “I” refers to Yahweh. This can also be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “Yahweh says, ‘I will place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	3	5	f5ah	figs-activepassive		0	The people will be oppressed, every one by another, and every one by his neighbor	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Everyone will be cruel to others and will mistreat his neighbor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	3	5	rs6x			0	the degraded	“the people who are without honor” or “the people whom no one respects”
ISA	3	5	c8vy			0	the honorable	“the people with honor” or “the people whom everyone respects”
ISA	3	6	erd8	figs-metaphor		0	let this ruin be in your hands	Here “hands” represents authority. Alternate translation: “take charge of this ruin” or “rule over this ruin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	3	6	l4fv	figs-metaphor		0	this ruin	This could mean: (1) many or most of the buildings in the city of Jerusalem were destroyed or (2) the people in Jerusalem have no more prosperity or leadership. Alternate translation: “this city, which is now ruined” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	3	7	p9fr	figs-metaphor		0	I will not be a healer	Solving the people’s troubles is spoken of as if it were healing them. Alternate translation: “No, I cannot fix this problem” or “No, I cannot help you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	3	8	ze64			0	Connecting Statement:	The prophet begins to comment on this situation.
ISA	3	8	un4e	figs-metaphor		0	Jerusalem has stumbled, and Judah has fallen	Disobeying God is spoken of as if it were stumbling and falling. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	3	8	c8ii	figs-synecdoche		0	the eyes of his glory	Here “the eyes” stands for God himself, who is glorious. Alternate translation: “him who is glorious” or “Yahweh who is glorious” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	3	9	j4qh	figs-personification		0	The look on their faces witnesses against them	Expressions of arrogance on people’s faces are spoken of as if the expressions were persons who could testify against the proud people. Alternate translation: “The prideful looks on their faces show that they oppose Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
ISA	3	9	iu71	figs-simile		0	they tell of their sin like Sodom; they do not hide it	Here the people of Judah are said to be like the people of Sodom, because they openly boasted about their sins. Alternate translation: “like the people of Sodom, they talk about their sins and let everyone know about them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	3	9	p1nv	figs-metonymy		0	For they have completed a catastrophe for themselves	The catastrophe is still coming, but the people have finished doing what will cause it to come. The catastrophe’s causes are spoken of here as if they were the catastrophe itself. Alternate translation: “For they have done everything that will cause a catastrophe to happen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	3	10	s8ek			0	Tell the righteous person that it will be well	“Tell the one who is doing what is right that I will make things good for him”
ISA	3	10	yki9	figs-genericnoun		0	the righteous person	This refers to righteous people in general. Alternate translation: “righteous people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
ISA	3	10	s5vz	figs-metaphor		0	for they will eat the fruit of their deeds	Deeds are spoken of as if they were trees giving fruit that can be eaten. The fruit stands for the reward for doing good deeds. Alternate translation: “for they will receive their reward for their good deeds” or “for they will receive their reward for the good things they have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	3	10	i1nt			0	they will eat the fruit of their deeds	The Hebrew text has these plural pronouns here, but they refer to any righteous person. Translators can choose to translate them as singular: “he will eat the fruit of his deeds.”
ISA	3	11	ti8h	figs-metonymy		0	for the recompense of his hands will be done to him	Here “hands” stands for the deeds that the person has done. Alternate translation: “for what the wicked person has done to others will be done to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	3	12	yn5p			0	My people … My people	This could mean: (1) Isaiah is talking and “My” refers to Isaiah, or (2) Yahweh is talking and “My” refers to Yahweh.
ISA	3	12	zg6p	figs-metaphor		0	children are their oppressors	This could mean: (1) “young people have become their leaders and they oppress the people” or (2) “their leaders are immature like children and oppress the people.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	3	12	j52r			0	women rule over them	This could mean: (1) “women rule over the people” or (2) “their leaders are weak like women.”
ISA	3	12	t5bp	figs-metaphor		0	those who guide you lead you astray and confuse the direction of your path	It was common in the Ancient Middle East to speak of a nation’s leaders as if they were shepherds. As shepherds lead the sheep along good paths to safety, leaders should teach the people the truth and help them do what is right. Judah’s leaders were not doing this. Alternate translation: “your leaders are like bad shepherds who lead you away from good paths and do not show you where to go” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	3	13	c84g	figs-metaphor		0	Yahweh stands up for an accusation; he is standing to accuse the people	Isaiah speaks of Yahweh’s decision to harm the people as if Yahweh were bringing a legal accusation in a courtroom against the people of Israel. The second part of this line means the same thing as the first part, but it says it a little more completely. Alternate translation: “It is as though Yahweh had taken his place in a courtroom and were ready to accuse the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	3	14	exq5	figs-metaphor		0	will come with judgment	Judgment is spoken of as if it were an object that one could bring to another person. Alternate translation: “will announce his judgment” or “will declare his judgment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	3	14	j6us	figs-you		0	You have ruined the vineyard	Here “you” refers to the elders and rulers. Yahweh is speaking of his people as if they were a vineyard. Like someone who fails to care for a vineyard so that the vines give no more grapes, the elders and leaders are discouraging the Israelites from serving God. Alternate translation: “My people are like a vineyard, and you have ruined it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	3	14	cn9b			0	the plunder from the poor is in your houses	“the things you have taken from the poor are in your houses”
ISA	3	14	k6ua	figs-nominaladj		0	the poor	This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “those who are poor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
ISA	3	15	k4yw	figs-rquestion		0	Why do you crush my people and grind the faces of the poor?	Yahweh asks this question in order to accuse the leaders of the people. This accusation can be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: “I am angry with you evil men because you are crushing my people and grinding the faces of the poor!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	3	15	jjf2	figs-metaphor		0	crush my people	Making people suffer is spoken of as if it were crushing them with a very heavy weight. Alternate translation: “cruelly harm my people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	3	15	df4t	figs-metaphor		0	grind the faces of the poor	Making people suffer is spoken of as if it were rubbing their faces into the ground. Alternate translation: “harm the poor and make them suffer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	3	15	a6jh	figs-123person		0	This is the declaration of the Lord Yahweh of hosts	Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Alternate translation: “this is what the Lord Yahweh of hosts has declared” or “this is what I, the Lord Yahweh of hosts, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
ISA	3	16	u9pn	figs-metaphor		0	the daughters of Zion	Zion, meaning here the city of Jerusalem, is spoken of as if it were a woman with her daughters. Alternate translation: “the women of Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	3	16	hb7z			0	with their necks extended	“in an arrogant way””
ISA	3	16	fv4y			0	with flirting eyes	Looking at men in a way that makes the men think the women want sexual relations.
ISA	3	16	ip6r			0	walking with tiny steps as they go	This is how they would walk to attract men, possibly because the bracelets on their ankles were connected by chains decorated with bells so they could not take normal steps.
ISA	3	18	m1u8	translate-unknown		0	General Information:	This continues to describe how Yahweh will judge the women of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
ISA	3	18	m577	figs-metonymy		0	the Lord will remove	Here what the Lord causes others to do is spoken of as the Lord doing it himself. Alternate translation: “the Lord will cause others to remove” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	3	18	ify9			0	ankle jewelry	a decoration that women wear on the ankle, just above the foot
ISA	3	18	r8vh			0	head bands	a decoration that women wear over the head and hair
ISA	3	18	kb3y			0	crescent ornaments	moon-shaped ornaments that people wear in the belief that they will protect the person from evil
ISA	3	19	hp8a			0	ear pendants	jewelry that hangs from the ear or over the ear
ISA	3	19	a5ha			0	bracelets	a decoration that women wear on the arm near the hands
ISA	3	19	wfq5			0	veils	a very thin material used to cover a woman’s head and face
ISA	3	20	sa4a			0	headscarves	long, thin pieces of cloth that women tie around the head or hair
ISA	3	20	ny93			0	ankle chains	These are decorations that women wear near the feet. Often the chains hang down to make a gentle noise.
ISA	3	20	tw31			0	sashes	a piece of cloth that people wear around the waist or across the chest
ISA	3	20	jqq5			0	perfume boxes	a small box or bag containing perfume that women wore on chains or strings around their necks so they smelled good
ISA	3	20	a1uq			0	lucky charms	jewelry that people wear in the belief that it will bring good luck
ISA	3	21	pg1c			0	rings	a decoration worn around the finger
ISA	3	21	f1fe			0	nose jewels	a decoration worn in or through the nose
ISA	3	22	l57q			0	festive robes	a long, loose garment with decorations that was worn over other clothes for everyone to see
ISA	3	22	i2i1			0	mantles	a cloth worn over the shoulders on the outside of the clothes
ISA	3	22	a51r			0	veils	See how you translated this in [Isaiah 3:19](../03/19.md).
ISA	3	22	vtu3			0	handbags	a bag to used to carry small things
ISA	3	23	la8f			0	hand mirrors	a small surface, held in one’s hand and used to see oneself
ISA	3	23	d2el			0	fine linen	a soft cloth worn by rich people
ISA	3	23	p3s4			0	head pieces	a cloth or small hat worn over the hair
ISA	3	23	g51h			0	wraps	a decorative cloth that a woman would wrap around herself to make her beautiful
ISA	3	24	cn6w			0	sash	a piece of cloth that people wear around the waist or across the chest. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 3:20](../03/20.md).
ISA	3	24	b6ca			0	a rope	This may refer to a rope that enemies would tie on the people of Judah when they captured them. Or it might mean that Jerusalem’s women would have nothing to wear but rough clothing secured with ropes.
ISA	3	24	c3sv			0	well-arranged hair, baldness	“pretty hair, their heads will be bald”
ISA	3	25	ng43	figs-metonymy		0	Your men will fall by the sword, and your strong men will fall in war	Falling represents being killed, and the sword represents battle. Alternate translation: “Your men will be killed in battle, and your strong men will be killed in war” or “Enemies will kill your soldiers in battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	3	26	kz3l	figs-metonymy		0	Jerusalem’s gates will lament and mourn	Here the city gates represent the people who sit at the public places near the city gates. Alternate translation: “The people of Jerusalem will sit at the city gates and cry and mourn” (See:- [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	3	26	qeu2	figs-personification		0	she will be alone and sit upon the ground	Isaiah speaks of the people of Jerusalem, whom no one will save from their enemies, as if they were the city itself and as if they were a woman who sits on the ground because all her friends have deserted her. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	4	intro	xy1x			0		# Isaiah 4 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### More women than men<br>This chapter describes a time when there will be many more women than men in Judah. This is because so many of Judah’s fighting men will have died before the exile. Those who come through this difficult time will be a holy remnant. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/remnant]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Branch of Yahweh<br>Scholars are divided over the possible meaning of this metaphor. Some believe it is a reference to the Messiah, while others believe it is a reference to the faithful remnant. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]])
ISA	4	1	ke3e	figs-idiom		0	let us take your name	This phrase means “let us marry you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA	4	2	ki64	figs-synecdoche		0	the branch of Yahweh will be beautiful	This could mean: (1) “branch” is a synecdoche that represents the crops Yahweh will cause to grow in the land of Israel. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will cause the crops in Israel to be beautiful” or (2) “branch” is a metaphor that refers to the Messiah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	4	2	egm3			0	will be beautiful and glorious	“will be full of beauty and glory”
ISA	4	2	ree3	figs-metaphor		0	the fruit of the land will be tasty and delightful for those survivors in Israel	“Fruit” sometimes simply represents food produced in the land, and sometimes it represents spiritual blessings. This could mean: (1) God will cause the land to produce good food again. Alternate translation: “the people who are still in Israel will enjoy the best food from the land” or (2) the future Messiah will bring spiritual blessings to the people in the land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	4	3	z8mg	figs-parallelism		0	the one who is left in Zion and the one who remains in Jerusalem	Both of these statements mean the same thing. Here “the one who” does not refer to a specific person but to people in general who are still alive in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “everyone who remains in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
ISA	4	3	gb1i	figs-activepassive		0	will be called holy	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the Lord will call them holy” or “will belong to the Lord” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	4	3	pe1n	figs-activepassive		0	everyone who is written down as living in Jerusalem	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “everyone whose name is on the list of the people who live in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	4	4	af4y	figs-metaphor		0	when the Lord will have washed away the filth of the daughters of Zion	This expression speaks of sin as if it were physical dirt. Alternate translation: “after the Lord removes the sins of the daughters of Zion as someone washes away filth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	4	4	idm2			0	the daughters of Zion	This could mean: (1) the women of Jerusalem or (2) the people of Jerusalem.
ISA	4	4	el4d	figs-metonymy		0	will have cleansed the blood stains from Jerusalem’s midst	“Blood stains” here represents violence and murder. Alternate translation: “will have taken away those in Jerusalem who harm innocent people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	4	4	i2xn	figs-metaphor		0	by means of the spirit of judgment and the spirit of flaming fire	This is how God would remove the sin from Jerusalem. Here “spirit” probably represents the activity of judging and burning. Alternate translation: “by judgment and flaming fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	4	4	l3vm			0	spirit of judgment	This could mean: (1) Yahweh will punish the people or (2) Yahweh will declare the people guilty.
ISA	4	4	si1b	figs-metaphor		0	the spirit of flaming fire	This could mean: (1) this is a metaphor that means Yahweh will remove sinners from Zion like a fire removes impurities or (2) “flaming fire” is a metonym that represents the destruction in general of all the sinners. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	4	5	yk4j			0	a canopy over all the glory	This could mean: (1) a canopy for protecting the glorious city, or (2) a canopy consisting of God’s glory that will protect the city. If the first meaning is followed, then it may further mean that the city is glorious because Yahweh is present in it.
ISA	4	5	h7ct			0	canopy	This is a cloth that is hung over something to cover it for protecton.
ISA	5	intro	g25h			0		# Isaiah 5 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Woe<br>This chapter presents a series of woes, or judgments against those who are spoken against. Most of these judgements are due to the lack of justice in Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/woe]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Allegory<br>This chapter begins as an allegory. An allegory is a story with a symbolic meaning. This allegory is meant to teach the Jews that they sinned against Yahweh and that there was nothing more he could have done for them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])<br><br>==Animals being present where people once lived==<br>Verse 17 (“Then the sheep will feed as in their own pasture, and in the ruins of the rich people, lambs will graze”) is an example of the Old Testament’s prophets’ habit of describing complete ruin and desolation in terms of a picture of animals--usually wild animals, but here sheep and lambs--living in or feeding in those places. Whether the picture is of flocks or wild animals, the purpose is to say that the human habitation has gone back to wild nature, and that this has happened because of God’s punishment on the people.
ISA	5	1	wd3z	figs-parables		0	General Information:	Isaiah tells a parable about a farmer and his vineyard. The farmer represents God and the vineyard represents the people of Judah, the southern kingdom of the Israelites. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]])
ISA	5	1	csd3			0	my well beloved	“my dear friend”
ISA	5	1	y5t9			0	on a very fertile hill	“on a hill where very good crops could grow”
ISA	5	2	ac25			0	He spaded it	“He prepared the soil.” This expresson refers to using a tool to dig into the ground to prepare it for planting.
ISA	5	2	qk26	figs-explicit		0	He built a tower in the middle of it	“He made a tall building in the middle of the vineyard to watch over it.” Someone would stand at the top of the tower to watch the vineyard and make sure that no animals or people went into it. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	5	2	qfu3			0	built a winepress	“dug a pit to squeeze out the grape juice.” A winepress is a low place carved out of rock in the ground where workers step on the grapes to crush them with their feet, in order to remove the grape juice.
ISA	5	2	feu4			0	wild grapes	“worthless grapes” or “bad tasting grapes”
ISA	5	3	crw5	figs-parables		0	General Information:	In Isaiah’s parable of the vineyard, the owner of the vineyard, who represents God, speaks to the people of Jerusalem and Judah about his vineyard. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]])
ISA	5	3	x6tw	figs-genericnoun		0	inhabitant of Jerusalem and man of Judah	These expressions refer in general to all people living in Jerusalem and Judah, so they can be translated with plural nouns. Alternate translation: “all of you who live in Jerusalem and Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
ISA	5	3	v4cu			0	Jerusalem … Judah	“Judah” was the name of the southern kingdom of Israelites, and Jerusalem was the capital city.
ISA	5	3	c6vk	figs-metaphor		0	judge between me and my vineyard	The idea of a space separating two things is often used to express the idea of choosing one or the other of those things. Alternate translation: “decide who has acted right, I or my vineyard” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	5	4	cy5z	figs-rquestion		0	What more could have been done for my vineyard, that I have not done for it?	The owner uses this question to make a statement about his vineyard. This rhetorical questions can be translated as a stataement. Alternate translation: “I have done all that I could do for my vineyard!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	5	4	ka3q	figs-rquestion		0	When I looked for it to produce grapes, why did it produce wild grapes?	The owner uses a question to say that his vineyard should have produced good grapes. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “I wanted it to make good grapes, but it only produced worthless grapes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	5	5	j11d	figs-parables		0	General Information:	In Isaiah’s parable, the owner of the vineyard continues to talk about his vineyard. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]])
ISA	5	5	d9l9			0	remove the hedge	“take away the border of bushes.” A hedge is a row of bushes or small trees that have been planted in order to protect a garden or some other kind of area. Here “hedge” probably refers to the thorn bushes that were planted to grow on the stone wall surrounding the vineyard.
ISA	5	5	msh2			0	I will turn it into a pasture	“I will allow animals to go there and eat.” This is a grassy place where animals feed.
ISA	5	5	b6y6	figs-activepassive		0	it will be trampled down	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “animals will trample it down” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	5	6	b9b1			0	I will lay it waste	“I will destroy it”
ISA	5	6	vvv3	figs-activepassive		0	it will not be pruned nor hoed	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one will prune it or hoe it” or “no one will cut off the branches that are not needed, and no one will take care of the soil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	5	6	e15p	writing-symlanguage		0	briers and thorns will spring up	Briers and thorns are often used as symbols of ruined cities and land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
ISA	5	7	ba1g			0	General Information:	Isaiah explains the parable of the vineyard.
ISA	5	7	dnz9	figs-parables		0	For the vineyard of Yahweh of hosts is the house of Israel	Isaiah states that the vineyard in the parable represents the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “For the vineyard of Yahweh of hosts represents the house of Israel” or “The people of Israel are like the vineyard of Yahweh, Lord of the angel armies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]])
ISA	5	7	l82n	figs-metonymy		0	the house of Israel	The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to the kingdom of Israel. Alternate translation: “Israel” or “the kingdom of Israel” or “the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	5	7	rxv5	figs-metaphor		0	the man of Judah his pleasant planting	The people of Judah are spoken of as if they are a vine that Yahweh planted. This can be stated as a simile. Alternate translation: “the people of Judah are like a vine that Yahweh planted for Yahweh’s pleasure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	5	7	kmz3	figs-genericnoun		0	the man of Judah	Here “man” represents all the people of Judah. Alternate translation: “the people of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
ISA	5	7	ebr9	figs-abstractnouns		0	he waited for justice, but instead, there was killing	This can be changed so that the abstract noun “justice” can be expressed by the verb “do what is fair.” The abstract noun “killing” can be expressed as “killed one another.” Alternate translation: “Yahweh waited for the people to do what is fair, but instead they killed one another” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA	5	7	dtn9	figs-ellipsis		0	for righteousness	The phrase “he waited” is understood from earlier in the verse. It can be repeated to make the meaning clear. Alternate translation: “He waited for righteousness” or “He waited for them to do what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
ISA	5	7	hhv8	figs-ellipsis		0	instead, a shout for help	The words “there was” are understood from earlier in the verse. They can be repeated to make the meaning clear. The reason people shouted out for help can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “instead, there was a shout for help” or “instead, those who were weak shouted out for someone to help them because others were attacking them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	5	7	s93f	figs-genericnoun		0	a shout	This expression probably stands for many shouts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
ISA	5	8	cm7e			0	General Information:	Isaiah announces God’s judgment.
ISA	5	8	m6ai	figs-explicit		0	to those who join house to house, who join field to field	“to those who take more and more houses, and who take more and more fields.” Isaiah assumes that his audience knows that the law forbids someone from taking land from a family permanently. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	5	9	tu9i			0	Yahweh of hosts	See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md).
ISA	5	9	f6yx			0	without any inhabitant	“without anyone living in it”
ISA	5	10	x1d1	figs-explicit		0	a ten-yoke vineyard	The size of the vineyard is represented by the number of pairs of oxen that could plow it in one day. Each pair of oxen would be connected by a yoke. Alternate translation: “a vineyard that is large enough for ten pairs of oxen to plow it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	5	10	xm5c	translate-bvolume		0	one bath	“one bath of wine” or “22 liters of wine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]])
ISA	5	10	wyg4	translate-bvolume		0	one homer of seed will yield only an ephah	“220 liters of seed will produce only 22 liters of grain.” One homer equals ten ephahs. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]])
ISA	5	11	w596	figs-merism		0	those who rise up early in the morning … who linger late into the night	This refers to people who do nothing all day but drink alcoholic drinks. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
ISA	5	11	e3cu	figs-metaphor		0	until wine inflames them	Here the power of wine to make its drinkers drunk is spoken of as if it were inflaming them, that is, setting them on fire. Alternate translation: “until they are drunk with wine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	5	12	uj2g			0	harp, lute, tambourine, flute, and wine	These musical instruments and the wine imply that the people enjoying these things are celebrating very much.
ISA	5	12	rum8	translate-unknown		0	tambourine	A musical instrument with a head like a drum that can be beaten with the hand. It probably had pieces of metal around the side that sounded when the player shook it. The tambourine was small enough for the player to hold it and shake it with one hand. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
ISA	5	12	er4f			0	considered	thought seriously about
ISA	5	12	mpb9	figs-abstractnouns		0	the doings of his hands	This can be reworded so that the abstract noun “doings” is expressed as the verb “done” or “created.” Alternate translation: “what he has done” or “what he has created” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA	5	12	d7ca	figs-synecdoche		0	the doings of his hands	Here the metonym “hands” represents the person who has done something. Alternate translation: “what Yahweh has done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	5	13	sd2g			0	General Information:	These verses tell what will happen to the people because they have disobeyed God.
ISA	5	13	e8j7	figs-pastforfuture		0	my people have gone into captivity	In prophecy things that will happen in the future are often referred to as if they had already happened. This emphasizes that the prophecy will certainly come true. Alternate translation: “enemies from other countries will take my people, Israel, as slaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
ISA	5	13	ek1f	figs-explicit		0	for lack of understanding	What they do not understand can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “because they do not understand Yahweh or his law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	5	14	lq6k	figs-metaphor		0	Sheol has made its appetite greater and has opened its mouth very wide	This phrase speaks of Sheol, which stands here for the grave, to an animal that is ready to eat other animals. It implies that many, many people will die. Alternate translation: “death is like a hungry animal that has opened its mouth wide to eat up many people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	5	14	l95b	figs-pastforfuture		0	their elite, the people, their leaders, and the revelers and those who are happy among them, descend into Sheol	The prophet speaks of the future as if it were happening now. Alternate translation: “Many people of Israel, their important people and common people, their leaders and those who enjoy wild parties, will go into Sheol” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
ISA	5	15	hv2s	figs-parallelism		0	Man will be forced to bend down, and mankind will be humbled	The phrases used together mean the same thing and are used together for emphasis. This can be stated in active form. See how you translated similar words in [Isaiah 2:9](../02/09.md). Alternate translation: “God will make every person bow down and be humble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	5	15	kvv6	figs-pastforfuture		0	Man will be forced to bend down, and mankind will be humbled	Future events are spoken of as if they have already happened. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
ISA	5	15	bal8	translate-symaction		0	Man will be forced to bend down	Bending down often symbolizes being humiliated. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
ISA	5	15	npg6	figs-metonymy		0	the eyes of the lofty will be cast down	Looking down is often a sign of being ashamed. See how you translated similar words in [Isaiah 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: “the eyes of proud people will look down in shame” or “people who were proud are now ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	5	15	kj8c	figs-metaphor		0	the lofty	Here proud, arrogant people are spoken of as if they are high above other people. Alternate translation: “proud” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	5	16	unu8	figs-activepassive		0	Yahweh of hosts will be exalted in his justice	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People will praise Yahweh of hosts because he is just” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	5	16	b2ch			0	Yahweh of hosts	See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md).
ISA	5	16	veu5	figs-metaphor		0	will be exalted	Being honored is spoken of as if it were being lifted high. Alternate translation: “will be greatly honored” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	5	17	s6dd			0	the sheep will feed as in their own pasture	Yahweh will destroy the city of Jerusalem, which was called a “vineyard” in [Isaiah 5:1](../05/01.md). It will become good for nothing except for sheep to eat grass there.
ISA	5	17	lv4d			0	graze	eat grass
ISA	5	17	cj7g	figs-simile		0	in the ruins, lambs will graze as foreigners	That is, the lambs will graze there. The land will be worthless for any other use. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	5	18	w5kt	figs-parallelism		0	Woe to those who pull along iniquity with useless cords and who pull along sin as if it were with a cart rope	These phrases mean basically the same thing. They speak of people who continue to sin on purpose as if they were using all their strength to pull a heavy cart along. God will punish them for their sin. Alternate translation: “Woe to those who work hard to sin as a person who drags a cart by a rope” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	5	19	fje3	figs-irony		0	those who say	This refers to those who continue to sin (verse 18) and then mockingly challenge God to stop them. Alternate translation: “those mockers who say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
ISA	5	19	fg4f	figs-metaphor		0	let the plans of the Holy One of Israel come	God’s plans are spoken of as if they were objects that could come by themselves. Alternate translation: “let the Holy One of Israel accomplish his plans” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	5	19	czd2			0	the Holy One of Israel	Translate “the Holy One” as in [Isaiah 5:16](../05/16.md).
ISA	5	20	wfp3	figs-metaphor		0	who represent darkness as light, and light as darkness … bitter as sweet, and sweet as bitter	Those who do these things are the same as those “who call evil good, and good evil.” These things are opposites and people know the difference between them, but some people lie and say that bad things are good. Alternate translation: “They are like people who call darkness light and light darkness. They are like people who call bitter things sweet and sweet things bitter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	5	21	ivi4	figs-metonymy		0	to those who are wise in their own eyes	Here the metonym “eyes” refers to their thoughts. Alternate translation: “to those who consider themselves to be wise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	5	21	k28f			0	prudent in their own understanding	“think they understand everything”
ISA	5	23	cpy5			0	who acquit the wicked for payment	This passage is speaking about corrupt judges in courts of law.
ISA	5	23	zv59			0	acquit the wicked	“declare guilty people innocent”
ISA	5	23	x4u8			0	deprive the innocent of his rights	“do not treat innocent people fairly”
ISA	5	24	c3qz			0	tongue of fire	“flame of fire” or “flame”
ISA	5	24	k429	figs-parallelism		0	as the tongue of fire devours stubble, and as the dry grass goes down in flame	These phrases mean basically the same thing. God will punish the people described in [Isaiah 5:18-23](./18.md). Alternate translation: “as a fire burns up stubble and grass” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	5	24	ngz1			0	stubble	The dry pieces of plants that are left in the ground after the stalks have been cut.
ISA	5	24	mbt4	figs-metaphor		0	their root will rot, and their blossom will blow away like dust	Isaiah speaks of these people as if they were a dying plant. Alternate translation: “they will die like a plant whose roots have rotted and whose blossom has dried up and blown away in the wind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	5	25	pkf2	figs-metaphor		0	the anger of Yahweh is kindled	Isaiah speaks of Yahweh’s anger as if it were a fire. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is very angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	5	25	u4m4	figs-pastforfuture		0	He has reached out with his hand against them and has punished them	The prophet speaks of the future as if it had already happened. He does this to insist that the prophecy certainly will come about. Alternate translation: “he will punish them with his powerful hand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
ISA	5	25	k8d7	figs-metonymy		0	has reached out with his hand against them	Here “hand” refers to God’s power and control. Alternate translation: “has shown his power against them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	5	25	vu7e			0	corpses	dead bodies
ISA	5	25	lyq9	figs-simile		0	their corpses are like garbage in the streets	The dead bodies are allowed to lie in the streets as if they were garbage. This implies that many will die but that no one will be there to bury them. The word “garbage” can also be translated as “refuse” or “manure.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	5	25	sgw7			0	In all these things, his anger does not subside; instead, his hand	“Even though all these things have happened, he is still angry, and his hand”
ISA	5	25	b3v6	figs-metonymy		0	his hand is still stretched out	Here “hand” represents God’s power and control. Isaiah speaks as if Yahweh were a person about to hit another person with his fist. This is a metaphor for Yahweh punishing Israel. Alternate translation: “he will still be ready to punish them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	5	26	jin3	figs-parallelism		0	He will lift up a signal flag for far away nations and will whistle for those at the end of the earth	Isaiah says the same thing in two different ways. God causing the armies of nations that are far away from Judah to come and attack is spoken of as if he would raise a flag and whistle to call them to Judah Alternate translation: “He will call for the armies of nations that are far away from Judah and tell them to come” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	5	26	abj6			0	whistle	a loud, high pitched noise a person makes with their mouth to call a person or animal that is far away
ISA	5	26	pqh3			0	they will come	“the enemy army will come”
ISA	5	26	i94d	figs-doublet		0	speedily and promptly	These words mean basically the same thing and emphasize how quickly they will come. Alternate translation: “very quickly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
ISA	5	27	m2qf			0	General Information:	Isaiah continues to describe the army that will attack Judah. He describes it as if it were already existing ([Isaiah 5:26](../05/26.md)).
ISA	5	27	q27w			0	tire … stumble … slumbers … sleeps	These four words progress from being tired from work to being unable to walk well, to being unable to stay awake, to full sleep, so all four should appear in the translation.
ISA	5	27	hac2			0	Nor are their belts loose	The soldiers kept their clothes tight so it would easier to move and fight.
ISA	5	27	xx4t			0	the thongs of their sandals	“the straps of their sandals”
ISA	5	28	j18k	figs-simile		0	their horses’ hooves are like flint	“their hooves are like hard stone.” Isaiah compares the hard part of a horse’s foot to flint, which is a hard stone that can cause sparks when struck. This could mean: (1) Isaiah compares their hooves to flint so to describe the frightening image of their feet causing sparks as they run or (2) Isaiah compares their hooves to flint to emphasize how strong their hooves are which enables the horse to do whatever their master want them to do. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	5	28	a4f3	figs-simile		0	their chariot wheels like storms	Isaiah compares the chariot wheels to storms in order to imply that they will destroy everything in their path. Alternate translation: “the wheels of the chariots will spin like a windstorm” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	5	28	x4c6			0	chariot wheels	These wheels often had sharp blades attached to them that would cut to pieces anyone the chariot passed close to.
ISA	5	29	v8gp			0	General Information:	Isaiah continues to describe the army that will attack Judah ([Isaiah 5:26](../05/26.md)).
ISA	5	29	dv1u	figs-metonymy		0	young lions	A young age is a metonym for strength. Alternate translation: “the strongest lions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	5	29	jhq5	figs-metaphor		0	They will growl and seize the prey	Isaiah compares the enemy killing the people of Judah to a lion killing a weaker animal. This could mean: (1) lions make a sound not as loud as a roar just before they strike, or (2) the writer is using two words to mean the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
ISA	5	29	kw8f			0	prey	animals that another animal wants to catch and kill
ISA	5	29	ixb3			0	with none to rescue	“and no one will be able to save them”
ISA	5	30	x52f			0	will roar … sea roars	The word “roar” here is translated “growl” in verse 29. Use your language’s word for the sound of waves in a storm or heavy rain or some other frightening natural sound.
ISA	5	30	rw65	figs-metaphor		0	even the light will be made dark by the clouds	Here darkness represents suffering and disaster. This metaphor can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the dark clouds will completely block the light of the sun” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	6	intro	g9bq			0		# Isaiah 6 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 6:3-4,7, 9-13.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Heaven<br>This vision described in this chapter is probably a scene in heaven. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]])<br><br>### Isaiah’s call<br>This chapter record Isaiah’s call to prophetic ministry. It recognizes the holiness of God and Isaiah recognizes his need for holiness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/call]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Inevitability<br>The way Yahweh speaks in this chapter shows the inevitability of the punishment of Yahweh against the people of Judah. The punishment must now come. It is too late for repentance. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]])
ISA	6	1	fpg5	figs-doublet		0	he was high and elevated	The words “high” and “elevated” emphasize that the throne was very high and above everything around it. The height of the throne represents how great and powerful the Lord is. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
ISA	6	1	s9gi			0	filled the temple	“filled the palace.” The word used for temple here is often used to refer to the palace of kings.
ISA	6	2	rmg2			0	Above him were the seraphim	The word “seraphim” is the plural of seraph. This means the Lord was seated on the throne and the seraphim were standing or flying near the Lord ready to serve him.
ISA	6	2	rar1	translate-unknown		0	seraphim	This word suggests that the creatures might have a fiery appearance or resemble snakes. Because we do not know exactly what “seraphim” means, you could translate this as “winged creatures” or “winged living things.” Or, you can borrow the word and use it in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]])
ISA	6	2	x82m			0	each one had six wings	“each seraph had six wings” or “each creature had six wings”
ISA	6	2	jct3	figs-ellipsis		0	with two each covered his face, and with two he covered his feet, and with two he flew	The words “wings” and “seraph” are understood. Alternate translation: “with two wings each seraph covered his face, and with two wings he covered his feet, and with two wings he flew” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
ISA	6	3	ie28			0	General Information:	Isaiah continues to describe his vision.
ISA	6	3	d6y7			0	Each one called to another and said	“The seraphim called out to one another and said” or “The winged creatures proclaimed to one another”
ISA	6	3	vxd8			0	Holy, holy, holy, is Yahweh of hosts	Repeating the word “holy” three times indicates God is completely holy. Alternate translation: “Yahweh of hosts is holy beyond all else” or “Yahweh of hosts is completely holy”
ISA	6	3	m7tr	figs-metaphor		0	The whole earth is full of his glory	This speaks of the earth as if it were a container and glory were the contents in the container. Alternate translation: “Everything on the earth is evidence of God’s glory” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	6	4	pjk8			0	General Information:	Isaiah continues to describe his vision.
ISA	6	4	dki2			0	The foundations of the thresholds shook at the voices of those who were crying out	“When the seraphim called out, their voices shook the doorways and their foundations”
ISA	6	4	tz4y	figs-activepassive		0	the house was filled with smoke	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “smoke filled the temple” or “smoke filled the palace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	6	5	v2ty	figs-activepassive		0	Woe is me! For I am doomed	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I am in great trouble! Terrible things will happen to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	6	5	ws6z	figs-metonymy		0	of unclean lips	Here “lips” represent what a person speaks. And, people saying things that are unacceptable to God is spoken of as if their lips were physically unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	6	5	a6sd			0	Yahweh, Yahweh of hosts	Yahweh, the ruler of the angel armies”
ISA	6	5	kz1b	figs-synecdoche		0	my eyes have seen	Here “eyes” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “I have seen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	6	6	qhb5			0	General Information:	Isaiah continues to describe his vision.
ISA	6	6	vk6r	translate-unknown		0	seraphim	This word suggests that the creatures might have a fiery appearance or resemble snakes. Because we do not know exactly what “seraphim” means, you could translate these as “creatures” or “living things” or “beings.” Or you can borrow the word and use it in your language. See how you translated this word in [Isaiah 6:2](../06/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]])
ISA	6	6	ah6e			0	tongs	a tool used for grabbing or holding objects
ISA	6	7	wf8i	figs-parallelism		0	your guilt has been taken away, and your sin atoned for	These two phrases say basically the same thing. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has taken away your guilt and has forgiven your sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	6	7	g4x1	figs-metaphor		0	your guilt has been taken away	Yahweh no longer considering a person to be guilty is spoken of as if “guilt” were an object that someone could take away from someone else. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	6	8	xf27			0	General Information:	Isaiah continues to describe his vision.
ISA	6	8	n956	figs-synecdoche		0	the voice of the Lord say	Here “voice” represents the Lord himself. Alternate translation: “the Lord say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	6	8	at9k	figs-explicit		0	Whom shall I send	It is implied that Yahweh will send someone to speak his message to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “Whom shall I send to be a messenger to my people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	6	8	ria2	figs-exclusive		0	who will go for us	It seems “us” refers to Yahweh and the members of his heavenly council to whom he is speaking. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
ISA	6	9	vja4			0	this people	“the people of Israel”
ISA	6	9	iq3c	figs-imperative		0	Listen, but do not understand; see, but do not perceive	This could mean: (1) the imperatives “do not understand” and “do not perceive” express what God is causing to happen. Alternate translation: “You will listen, but Yahweh will not let you understand; you will look carefully, but Yahweh will not allow you to understand” or (2) the imperatives “Listen” and “see” express the idea of “if.” Alternate translation: “Even if you listen you will not understand; even if you look carefully, you will not understand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]])
ISA	6	9	m1yh	figs-ellipsis		0	Listen, but do not understand; see, but do not perceive	You can state clearly the understood information. Alternate translation: “Listen to Yahweh’s message, but do not understand what it means; look at what Yahweh is doing, but do not realize what it means” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
ISA	6	10	j69r			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues to tell Isaiah what he must do when Yahweh sends him to preach to the people.
ISA	6	10	q3as	figs-metonymy		0	Make the heart of this people insensitive	Here “heart” represents a person’s mind. A person who does not think clearly and is unable to understand and care about what is happening is spoken of as if his heart were insensitive. Alternate translation: “Make these people unable to understand” or “Make the minds of these people dull” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	6	10	wd4q			0	Make the heart of this people	It may be more natural to translate “heart” and “this” as plurals. Alternate translation: “Make the hearts of these people”
ISA	6	10	ffe8			0	Make the heart … insensitive	This command means that Yahweh will use Isaiah’s message to cause the people to understand even less and to make them less sensitive to what Yahweh is doing.
ISA	6	10	pqr2	figs-metaphor		0	their ears dull, and blind their eyes	“make it so that they cannot hear, and make it so that they cannot see.” Isaiah making people to not understand Yahweh’s message or what he is doing is spoken of as if Isaiah were making them deaf and blind. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	6	10	qi8r	figs-metaphor		0	they might see with their eyes, hear with their ears	People being able to understand Yahweh’s message and what he is doing is spoken of as if the people were able physically to see and hear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	6	10	sbg9	figs-metonymy		0	understand with their heart	Here “heart” represents as person’s mind. Truly understanding something and caring about what is happening is spoken of as if the people were to understand with their hearts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	6	10	fs74	figs-metaphor		0	then turn	Repenting and starting to obey Yahweh is spoken of as if the people were physically to turn towards him. Alternate translation: “follow me again” or “then start trusting in me again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	6	10	h53y	figs-activepassive		0	be healed	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I would heal them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	6	11	wx9r			0	Until cities crash into ruins and are without inhabitants, and the houses are without people	“Until all the cities and houses are ruined and no one lives there”
ISA	6	11	b56y	figs-idiom		0	the land falls into a desolate waste	Here “falls into” is an idiom that means to become something worse. Alternate translation: “the land becomes a desolate waste” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA	6	12	wed8	figs-123person		0	until Yahweh has sent the people far away, and the solitude of the land is great	Here Yahweh speaks about himself in the third person. Alternate translation: “until I, Yahweh, have sent all the people far away from their land, so that no one is left” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
ISA	6	13	p7xa	figs-activepassive		0	it will again be destroyed	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “armies will again destroy the land of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	6	13	r74f	figs-simile		0	as a terebinth or an oak is cut down and whose trunk remains, the holy seed is in its stump	This simile means that even after Yahweh destroys Israel, he will still set apart people from among the Israelites to serve him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	6	13	h3vb	translate-unknown		0	terebinth	a kind of oak tree (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
ISA	6	13	tbt2			0	trunk … stump	A trunk is the thick main stem of a tree. A stump is the part of a tree that remains in the ground after the tree is cut down.
ISA	6	13	p9id	figs-metaphor		0	the holy seed	The people who will serve Yahweh after armies destroy Israel are spoken of as if they were set apart as a holy seed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	7	intro	kcq7			0		# Isaiah 7 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 7:7-9, 18-25.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### “Young woman”<br>Some translations choose to translate this as “virgin” and believe it is a reference to the Messiah being born of a virgin woman. This is only one possible translation, therefore most translations have avoided forcing this specific connotation into the meaning of the term. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Israel<br>In this chapter, Israel is a reference to the northern kingdom of Israel and not the nation as a whole. They are also called Ephraim in this chapter after its most prominent tribe.
ISA	7	1	u9lp	figs-idiom		0	During the days of Ahaz … king of Judah	“When Ahaz … was king of Judah” This was when the events happened. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA	7	1	e4tt	translate-names		0	Rezin … Pekah … Remaliah	men’s names (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	7	1	vuv8	figs-synecdoche		0	Rezin … and Pekah … went up	The author speaks as if the kings were the armies they led. Alternate translation: “Rezin … and Pekah … led their armies up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	7	1	py2k	figs-metonymy		0	to war against it	The author speaks as if the city itself were the people who live in it. Alternate translation: “to war against the people of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	7	2	fs5m	figs-activepassive		0	It was reported to the house of David	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the house of David heard the report” or “someone reported to the house of David” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	7	2	lbv6	figs-metonymy		0	the house of David	The word “house” is a metonym for the family living in the house. Alternate translation: “King Ahaz and his counselors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	7	2	y882	figs-metonymy		0	that Aram was allied with Ephraim	Here “Aram” and “Ephraim” refer to their kings. Here “Ephraim” represents the whole northern kingdom of Israel. Alternate translation: “that Rezin, the king of Aram was helping Pekah, the king of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	7	2	k9yy	figs-simile		0	His heart trembled, and the heart of his people, as the trees of the forest shake in the wind	The trembling of their hearts at this news is compared to the way trees shake when the wind blows through them. Alternate translation: “Ahaz and his people were very afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	7	3	zh23			0	General Information:	Isaiah writes about what happened to him as if it had happened to someone else.
ISA	7	3	u3qa	translate-names		0	Shear-Jashub	Translators may also add a footnote that says, “The name Shear-Jashub means ‘a remnant will return.’” The meaning may have given hope to Ahaz. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	7	3	dcs8			0	at the end of the conduit of the upper pool	“where the water flows out of the tunnel and enters the upper pool”
ISA	7	3	jx5e			0	conduit	man-made ditch or tunnel through which water flows
ISA	7	3	iiu7			0	road	If your language has a word for a road or path that people have made smooth by filling in the low places and lowering the high places, you can use it here.
ISA	7	3	v3uw	translate-names		0	Launderer’s Field	This could mean: (1) this is the proper name by which the people called the field or (2) this is the common noun that the people used to talk about the field, “the launderer’s field” or “the field where men wash wool” or “the field where women wash clothes.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	7	3	cts4	translate-names		0	Launderer’s Field	A launderer is either: (1) a man who washes wool that someone has cut from the sheep, “Wool Washer Field,” or (2) a woman who washes dirty clothes, “Clothes Washer Field.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	7	4	tuu2			0	Tell him	“Tell Ahaz”
ISA	7	4	ze8i	figs-metaphor		0	do not be afraid or intimidated by these two smoldering firebrands, by the fierce anger of Rezin and Aram, and of Pekah son of Remaliah	God compares Rezin and Pekah to burning sticks whose fire has gone out and are making smoke now. God is emphasizing that they are not real threats to Judah. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “do not let Rezin and Pekah make you afraid; their fierce anger is like a burning stick whose fire has gone out and there is only smoke” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	7	4	uy6n	figs-doublet		0	afraid or intimidated	The words “afraid” and “intimidated” mean the same thing and can be translated as one word. Alternate translation: “afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
ISA	7	5	m5i9			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues to tell Isaiah what he should tell Ahaz ([Isaiah 7:3](../07/03.md)).
ISA	7	5	ss12	figs-metonymy		0	Aram, Ephraim, and the son of Remaliah	The words “Aram” and “Ephraim” refer to the kings of these lands. Also, “Ephraim” represents the northern kingdom of Israel. Alternate translation: “Rezin the king of Aram and Pekah the son of Remaliah, king of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	7	5	qp64			0	Remaliah	This is the name of a man. Translate his name as in [Isaiah 7:1](../07/01.md).
ISA	7	5	ysl6	figs-you		0	have planned evil against you	Here “you” is singular and refers to Ahaz. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
ISA	7	6	yu1t	translate-names		0	son of Tabeel	It is unknown who this man is. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	7	7	m94b			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues to tell Isaiah what he should tell Ahaz ([Isaiah 7:3](../07/03.md)).
ISA	7	8	vb6l	figs-metonymy		0	the head of Damascus is Rezin	Here “head” is a metonym for the most important part. It is implied that Rezin is only a man, and therefore cannot stop Yahweh’s plan. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “the king of Damascus is Rezin, who is only a man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	7	8	y681	translate-numbers		0	sixty-five years	“65 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
ISA	7	8	gc27	figs-activepassive		0	Ephraim will be shattered and will no longer be a people	Here “Ephraim” refers to all of the northern kingdom of Israel. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “an army will destroy Ephraim, and there will no longer be a people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	7	9	el5p	figs-explicit		0	the head of Samaria is Remaliah’s son	This means Pekah is the king of Samaria and all of Israel. Alternate translation: “the king of Samaria is Pekah, who is a weak man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	7	9	z477	figs-doublenegatives		0	If you do not remain firm in faith, surely you will not remain secure	This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “If you continue to believe in me, you will certainly remain safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
ISA	7	9	nt63			0	If you do not remain	“Unless you remain”
ISA	7	11	f2n6	figs-merism		0	ask for it in the depths or in the height above	Yahweh uses the word “depths” and “height” to mean Ahaz could ask him for anything. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
ISA	7	11	li4c	figs-abstractnouns		0	depths … height	The abstract nouns “depths” and “height” can be translated with prepositions. “places far below you … places far above you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA	7	12	cr1k			0	will not ask	“will not ask Yahweh for a sign”
ISA	7	13	zw34	figs-metonymy		0	house of David	The word “house” is a metonym for the family living in the house. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 7:2](../07/02.md). Alternate translation: “King Ahaz, you and your counselors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	7	13	v36u	figs-rquestion		0	Is it not enough for you people to test the patience of people? Must you also test the patience of my God?	These questions emphasize that the king has sinned greatly. Alternate translation: “You test the patience of people! Now you even test the patience of my God!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	7	14	ecy9			0	the young woman will conceive	Some ancient versions and some contemporary versions translate, “the virgin will conceive,” while others translate “the young woman will conceive.”
ISA	7	14	s44h	translate-names		0	his name Immanuel	Translators may add a footnote that says: “The name Immanuel means ‘God with us.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	7	15	jl15	figs-explicit		0	He will eat curds and honey when he knows to refuse the evil and choose the good	This could mean: (1) “By the time that child is old enough to eat curds and honey, he will be able to reject what is evil and choose what is good.” This emphasizes that the child will be very young when he knows to choose what is right instead of wrong or (2) “By the time the child is old enough to reject what is evil and choose what is good, he will be eating curds and honey.” The people of Judah considered a child to be responsible for doing what is right when he was 12 years old. This emphasizes that within twelve years the people will be able to eat much curds and honey because most of the people of Israel will be killed or taken as captives. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	7	15	s9yg			0	curds	milk that people have treated to make it into a soft solid
ISA	7	15	di2m	figs-nominaladj		0	refuse the evil and choose the good	Here “the evil” and “the good” refer to evil and good things in general. Alternate translation: “refuse to do evil deeds and choose to do good deeds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
ISA	7	16	e7h5			0	General Information:	Isaiah continues to describe the sign that God will give the house of David.
ISA	7	16	dht9	figs-nominaladj		0	refuse the evil and choose the good	Here “the evil” and “the good” refer to evil and good things in general. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 7:15](../07/15.md). Alternate translation: “refuse to do evil deeds and choose to do good deeds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
ISA	7	16	f8jq	figs-you		0	you dread	“you fear.” Here “you” is singular and refers to Ahaz. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
ISA	7	17	z85k			0	your people	This refers to the people of Judah.
ISA	7	18	nk5k			0	At that time	before the child knows to refuse the evil and choose the good ([Isaiah 7:15](../07/15.md))
ISA	7	18	n7m9			0	Yahweh will whistle for	“Yahweh will call” or “Yahweh will summon”
ISA	7	18	qve8	figs-metaphor		0	for a fly from the distant streams of Egypt, and for a bee from the land of Assyria	Here the armies of Egypt and Assyria are spoken of as if they are insects that will invade the land of Israel. This can be stated as a simile. Alternate translation: “for the armies of Egypt and Assyria, and their soldiers will be everywhere like flies and bees” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	7	20	l6c2			0	General Information:	Isaiah continues to describe the time when the army of Assyria will attack Israel.
ISA	7	20	v8kp	figs-metaphor		0	the Lord will shave with a razor that was hired beyond the Euphrates River—the king of Assyria	The word “razor” is a metaphor for the king of Assyria and his army, and Yahweh speaks of the king as if the king were a man who would do Yahweh’s work and then receive money from Yahweh. Alternate translation: “the Lord will call the king of Assyria from beyond the Euphrates River to work for him to shave you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	7	20	d2rx	figs-activepassive		0	that was hired	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that he bought” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	7	20	yli5			0	the head … the hair of the legs … also … the beard	It was bad to have someone shave the top of the head; it was worse to have someone shave “the hair of the legs”; it was worst of all to have someone shave the beard.
ISA	7	20	y3tv	figs-metaphor		0	the head … the hair of the legs … the beard	Isaiah does not say whose head, hair, and beard the Lord is going to shave, but Ahaz and the reader would understand that this is a man; the man is a metaphor for the people living in the land of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	7	20	tyl9	figs-metonymy		0	the head	Here “the head” represents the hair that grows on it. Alternate translation: “the hair on the head” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	7	20	tkw6	figs-euphemism		0	the hair of the legs	This could mean: (1) this is a polite way to speak of the hair on the lower body or (2) this speaks of the hair on the legs. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
ISA	7	20	a1pl			0	it will also sweep	“the razor will also sweep.” If your language requires a person to be the subject of “will … sweep,” you can say, “the Lord will also sweep.”
ISA	7	22	tsx4	figs-abstractnouns		0	because of the abundance of milk which they shall give	The abstract noun “abundance” can be translated as a clause. Alternate translation: “because they will give so much milk” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA	7	23	h6cj			0	General Information:	Isaiah continues to describe the time when the army from Assyria will attack the land of Israel.
ISA	7	23	b3ry	translate-numbers		0	there were a thousand vines … briers and thorns	“there were 1,000 vines.” That is, when Isaiah wrote, there were vineyards, in some of which were 1,000 vines or more each. He says that these vineyards will become full of briers and thorns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
ISA	7	23	y1fr	translate-numbers		0	a thousand silver shekels	“1000 silver shekels.” A shekel is a silver coin worth 4 days wage. Alternate translation: “1,000 silver coins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]])
ISA	7	23	hu8n	figs-doublet		0	briers and thorns	The words “briers” and “thorns” both refer to useless, thorny plants. It is not necessary to translate both words. Alternate translation: “thorn bushes” or “brier bushes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
ISA	7	24	sr7t	figs-explicit		0	because all the land will be briers and thorns	Why the hunters come to these lands can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “because there will be nothing in these lands but briers, thorns, and wild animals” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	7	25	azm2	figs-activepassive		0	They will stay away from all the hills that were cultivated with the hoe	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People will stay away from the hills where they once prepared the soil to plant crops” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	8	intro	c8jg			0		# Isaiah 8 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 8:6-18, 21-22.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Trust in Yahweh<br>Israel will not trust in Yahweh. Instead, they will trust in their own power, their Gentile allies and the power of false gods. They will be punished because the power of Yahweh is greater than all of these. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]])
ISA	8	1	kzi2			0	Yahweh said to me	Here the word “me” refers to Isaiah.
ISA	8	2	x1fq			0	I will summon faithful witnesses to attest for me	This could mean: (1) Yahweh is speaking: “I will call honest men to be witnesses” or (2) Isaiah is speaking: “I called honest men to be witnesses” or (3) Yahweh is commanding Isaiah: “Call honest men to be witnesses.”
ISA	8	3	j2ld	figs-euphemism		0	I went to the prophetess	It can be stated explicitly that Isaiah is married to the prophetess. Alternate translation: “I slept with my wife, the prophetess” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	8	4	g5hy	figs-activepassive		0	the riches of Damascus and the plunder of Samaria will be carried away by the king of Assyria	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the king of Assyria will carry away all the treasures of Damascus and Samaria” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	8	6	k9mk	figs-metaphor		0	Because this people has refused the gentle waters of Shiloah	The words “gentle waters” are a metaphor for the law of the Lord. Alternate translation: “Because this people has rejected Yahweh’s law, which is like the gentle waters of Shiloah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	8	6	x9t3			0	this people	“this people group.” If your language needs a plural here, you can translate this phrase and the following verbs as “these people have refused … are happy.”
ISA	8	6	mbx4	figs-explicit		0	is happy over Rezin and Remaliah’s son	The full meaning can be made explicit. See how you translated these men’s names in [Isaiah 7:1](../07/01.md). Alternate translation: “is happy that the armies of Assyria have defeated Rezin, king of Aram, and Pekah, Remaliah’s son, king of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	8	7	l4ii	figs-pronouns		0	therefore the Lord is	Yahweh speaks of himself as if he were someone else to remind the people of who he is. Alternate translation: “therefore I, the Lord, am” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
ISA	8	7	pbf5			0	bring up on them	The verb is “bring up”; the adverb is “on them.”
ISA	8	7	ctu2			0	on them	“on the people of Judah”
ISA	8	7	t9mv	figs-metaphor		0	the waters of the River, mighty and many, the king of Assyria and all his glory	The river symbolizes the army of Assyria. Alternate translation: “the army from Assyria, which is powerful like a mighty river” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	8	7	x441			0	the River	the Euphrates River in Assyria
ISA	8	8	ek4i			0	General Information:	The Lord continues to describe the army of Assyria as a river that will flood Judah ([Isaiah 8:7](../08/07.md)).
ISA	8	8	ye6u	figs-metaphor		0	The River will sweep onward into Judah, flooding and passing on, until it reaches to your neck	The army of Assyria is like a flood of water. Alternate translation: “More and more soldiers will come like a river rising up to your neck” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	8	8	yl2k	figs-metonymy		0	The River	This refers to the Euphrates River in Assyria. This is a metonym for the Assyrian soldiers, who will come from their homes by the Euphrates River ([Isaiah 8:7](../08/07.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	8	8	w2iu	figs-metaphor		0	Its outstretched wings will fill	This could mean: (1) as “the River” in the metaphor rises, its “wings” flow over and cover what had been dry land or (2) Isaiah changes metaphors and now speaks of Yahweh as a bird who is protecting the land, “But his outstretched wings will cover.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	8	8	j34k			0	Immanuel	Translators may add a footnote that says: “The name Immanuel means ‘God with us.’” See how you translated this in [Isaiah 7:14](../07/14.md).
ISA	8	9	qq71	figs-activepassive		0	You peoples will be broken to pieces	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will break your armies to pieces” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	8	9	qzg7	figs-apostrophe		0	Listen, all you distant countries	Isaiah speaks as if people in other countries can hear him. Alternate translation: “Listen, all you people in far away places” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
ISA	8	9	rer3	figs-parallelism		0	arm yourselves for war and be broken in pieces; arm yourselves and be broken in pieces	This is basically the same thing, stated twice for emphasis. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you can prepare yourselves for battle, but I will defeat you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	8	10	q9aj	figs-activepassive		0	Form a plan, but it will not be carried out; issue the command, but it will not be carried out	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “You can prepare to attack Judah, but you will not succeed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	8	10	mfw3	figs-activepassive		0	it will not be carried out … it will not be carried out	To “carry out” a plan or command is to do what the person who makes the plan or command wants the hearer to do. These clauses can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you will not be able to do what you plan to do … your soldiers will not be able to do what their commanders tell them to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	8	11	svz5	figs-idiom		0	Yahweh spoke to me, with his strong hand upon me	Here “his strong hand upon me” is an idiom that refers to Yahweh’s power. Alternate translation: “Yahweh spoke to me in a very powerful way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA	8	11	pq3u	figs-quotations		0	warned me not to walk in the way of this people.	This is an indirect quote that ends in 8:17. Alternate translation: “warned me and said, ‘Do not act like this people.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
ISA	8	12	zbg2	figs-explicit		0	Do not call conspiracy anything that this people calls conspiracy	The people imagine there are conspiracies, and it makes them anxious. Alternate translation: “Do not worry like this people who think someone is always trying to harm them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	8	13	nnx7	figs-quotations		0	It is Yahweh of hosts whom you will honor as holy; he is the one you must fear, and he is the one you must dread	If you translate this as a direct quote, you can also translate it with Yahweh speaking in the first person: “But you will consider me, Yahweh of Hosts, as holy. And you will fear and be in awe of me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
ISA	8	14	m1u3	figs-quotations		0	General Information:	Isaiah continues the indirect quote of Yahweh that began in [Isaiah 8:11-13](./11.md). It can be translated as a direct quote with Yahweh speaking in the first person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
ISA	8	14	pdv3	figs-metaphor		0	He will become a sanctuary	The word “sanctuary” is a metaphor for Yahweh keeping his people safe and protecting them. Alternate translation: “He will protect them when they go to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	8	14	w1mv	figs-doublet		0	he will be a trap and a snare to the people of Jerusalem	The words “trap” and “snare” mean almost the same thing and emphasize that when Yahweh decides to punish the people of Jerusalem they will not be able to escape. Alternate translation: “he will trap the people of Jerusalem so they cannot escape him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
ISA	8	14	su1n			0	trap	a device that catches a bird in a net or basket
ISA	8	14	uuy2			0	snare	a trap that catches and holds an animal’s leg or nose
ISA	8	15	nj22	figs-activepassive		0	Many will stumble over it and fall and be broken, and be ensnared and captured	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Many people will stumble over the stone, and when they fall they will not get up. And many people will step into the trap, and they will not be able to get out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	8	15	q3r6	figs-doublet		0	ensnared and captured	These two words mean basically the same thing and emphasize that they will be caught in the trap. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
ISA	8	16	uss4	figs-parallelism		0	Bind up my testimony, seal the official record	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “Close up tightly the scroll with this message written on it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	8	16	qg84			0	my testimony … my disciples	It is unclear to whom the word “my” refers. It could be Isaiah or Yahweh. It is best to leave the pronouns ambiguous if your language will allow it.
ISA	8	17	vl67			0	I will wait for Yahweh	Here “I” refers to Isaiah.
ISA	8	17	y59u	figs-metonymy		0	who hides his face from the house of Jacob	Yahweh’s “face” is a metonym for his blessing or favor. Alternate translation: “who has taken away his blessing from the house of Jacob” or “who no longer looks with favor on the house of Jacob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	8	17	p16z			0	house of Jacob	people of Israel
ISA	8	18	b1mr			0	I and the sons whom Yahweh has given me are for signs and for wonders in Israel	“I and the sons Yahweh has given me are like signs to warn the people of Israel.” The sons are Shear-Jashub and Maher-shalal-hash-baz, whose names are a message to the people of Israel. (See: [Isaiah 7:3](../07/03.md) and [Isaiah 8:1](./01.md))
ISA	8	19	vs7z			0	General Information:	Isaiah is speaking.
ISA	8	19	ld5t			0	They will say to you, “Consult with those who speak with the dead and with spirits,” the ones who chirp and mutter incantations. But should a people not consult their God? Should they consult the dead on behalf of the living?	Other This could mean: (1) “They will say to you, ‘Consult with the mediums and spiritists, those who chirp and mutter incantations. Should a people not consult their gods? They should consult the dead on behalf of the living for teaching and for testimony.’” or (2) “When they say to you, ‘Consult with the mediums and spiritists, those who chirp and mutter incantations,’ should a people not consult their God? Should they consult the dead on behalf of the living? To the law and to the testimony!”
ISA	8	19	im2e	figs-you		0	They will say to you	The word “they” refers to those who do not trust Yahweh. The word “you” is plural and refers to those who trust Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
ISA	8	19	sx96			0	the ones who chirp and mutter incantations	The words “chirp” and “mutter” refer to the sounds mediums and spiritists made when trying to speak to dead people. Alternate translation: “they people who whisper and mutter their magic words to try and speak to dead people”
ISA	8	19	n9lj			0	chirp	make sounds like birds
ISA	8	19	zsh8	figs-rquestion		0	But should a people not consult their God? Should they consult the dead on behalf of the living?	These questions are to show that people should consult God instead of foolishly trying to talk to dead people. Alternate translation: “But people should ask Yahweh to guide them. They should not seek answers from those who have died.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	8	20	i7kp			0	To the law and to the testimony	This could mean: (1) “Pay attention to God’s instructions and teaching” or (2) “Then you must remember the teaching and testimony I gave.” ([Isaiah 8:16](../08/16.md)).
ISA	8	20	fav3			0	the law	This is the same word translated “official record” in [Isaiah 8:16](../08/16.md).
ISA	8	20	qpm5			0	the testimony	See how you translated this in [Isaiah 8:16](../08/16.md).
ISA	8	20	i61u			0	If they do not say such things	“If they do not speak of the law and the testimony”
ISA	8	20	vr4u	figs-metaphor		0	it is because they have no light of dawn	Isaiah speaks of people who do not know God as if they were people walking in darkness without any light. Alternate translation: “it is because they are like a person lost in the dark” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	8	22	d61f			0	oppressive gloom	“terrible sadness”
ISA	8	22	c4e1	figs-activepassive		0	They will be driven into a land of darkness	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will drive them out into complete darkness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	9	intro	e336			0		# Isaiah 9 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter begins with a prophecy that is a continuation of the prophecy concluding the previous chapter. Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 9:1-21. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Messiah<br>The prophecy in 9:1-7 is about the coming Messiah. Parts of this prophecy were fulfilled when he first came to earth. Other parts are to be fulfilled when he will return in glory to earth. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Fulfillment of prophecies<br>Some of the prophecies in this chapter were fulfilled in Isaiah’s lifetime while others are fulfilled in the distant future. Some scholars believe that there can be multiple fulfillments of each of these prophecies, while others see only one complete fulfillment.
ISA	9	1	c7zh	figs-metaphor		0	The gloom will be dispelled from her who was in anguish	Isaiah speaks of people who are spiritually lost as if they were walking around in total darkness. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will remove the darkness from her who was in anguish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	9	1	c8yr			0	The gloom	This word means “partial or total darkness.” Translate as you translated “gloom” in [Isaiah 8:22](../08/22.md).
ISA	9	1	q9g1	figs-metaphor		0	her who was in anguish	“her who was suffering great pain and sadness.” This is probably a metaphor for the people of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	9	1	y275	figs-metonymy		0	In an earlier time he humiliated the land of Zebulun and the land of Naphtali	“Land” refers to the people who live in an area. Alternate translation: “In the past, the Lord humbled those living in Zebulun and Naphtali” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	9	1	wtc7	figs-metonymy		0	but in the later time he will make it glorious, the way to the sea, beyond the Jordan, Galilee of the nations	Here “it” refers to Galilee which represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “but in the future, the Lord will honor the people of Galilee of the nations, which is on the road between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	9	1	rv6s	figs-metonymy		0	Galilee of the nations	Here “nations” represents the people from other nations that live in Galilee. Alternate translation: “Galilee, where many foreigners live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	9	2	emm3	figs-metaphor		0	walked in darkness … lived in the land of the shadow of death	Isaiah speaks of the people living sinful lives and suffering because of it as if they had been walking in a dark or living in a land of shadow of death. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	9	2	y2l2	figs-metaphor		0	a great light … light has shone	Here “light” represents hope and deliverance. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	9	2	x5ah	figs-idiom		0	the land of the shadow of death	The phrase “shadow of death” is an idiom that means absolute darkness. Alternate translation: “the land of deepest darkness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA	9	3	cz7j	figs-pastforfuture		0	General Information:	Isaiah continues to describe the time when God will save the people of Israel. Although these events will happen in the future ([Isaiah 9:1](../09/01.md)), Isaiah describes them as if they have already happened. This emphasizes that they certainly will happen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
ISA	9	3	fxk4	figs-you		0	You have multiplied the nation; you have increased their joy	The word “you” refers to Yahweh. The word “their” refers to the people of Israel, but Isaiah includes himself as part of Israel. Alternate translation: “Lord, you will greatly increase our people and our joy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
ISA	9	3	i1jr	figs-simile		0	They rejoice before you like the joy at harvest time, as men rejoice when they divide the plunder	The joy that Yahweh will give Israel is described as the same kind of joy people have when they bring in a harvest or divide valuable plunder. Alternate translation: “They will rejoice before you as people rejoice when they gather their crops or when a battle is over and soldiers divide what they took” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	9	4	zgk3	figs-pastforfuture		0	General Information:	Isaiah continues to describe the time when God will save the people of Israel. Although these events will happen in the future ([Isaiah 9:1](./01.md)), Isaiah describes them as if they have already happened. This emphasizes that they certainly will happen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
ISA	9	4	i6r4	figs-metaphor		0	For the yoke of his burden … you have shattered as on the day of Midian	Isaiah speaks of the Israelites, who are the Assyrians’ slaves, as if they were an ox wearing a yoke. This will happen in the future, but he speaks as if it has already happened. Alternate translation: “For as on the day of Midian you will set the people of Israel free from being slaves to their oppressors like a person removes a yoke from the shoulders of an animal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
ISA	9	4	k2hi	figs-metaphor		0	For the yoke of his burden … his shoulder … his oppressor	Isaiah speaks of the people of Israel as if they were one man. Alternate translation: “For the yoke of their burden … their shoulders … their oppressor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	9	4	eh66			0	the beam across his shoulder	The beam is the part of the yoke that goes over the shoulders of the ox.
ISA	9	4	hfq6			0	beam	Another possible meaning is “staff,” a long piece of wood that a person uses to beat the oxen so they will work and a symbol of one person’s power to rule other people.
ISA	9	4	d1k8	figs-metaphor		0	the rod of his oppressor	Isaiah speaks of the power the oppressor has over the people of Judah as if it were the piece of wood used by a person to beat oxen so they will work. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	9	4	egd7	figs-idiom		0	as on the day of Midian	The word “day” is an idiom that can refer to an event that takes more than one day to happen. Alternate translation: “as when you defeated the Midianites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA	9	5	klu8	figs-activepassive		0	every boot treading in the tumult and the garments rolled in blood will be burned	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you will burn the boots of the soldiers and their clothes, which are covered with blood” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	9	5	py1z	figs-explicit		0	burned, fuel for the fire	This can be made more explicit by translating it as a new sentence. Alternate translation: “burned. You will make the boots and the garments fuel for the fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	9	6	i19i	figs-pastforfuture		0	General Information:	Isaiah continues to describe the time when God will save the people of Israel. Although these events will happen in the future ([Isaiah 9:1](./01.md)), Isaiah describes them as if they have already happened. This emphasizes that they certainly will happen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
ISA	9	6	h5x2	figs-parallelism		0	For to us a child has been born, to us a son has been given	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The word “us” refers to both the speaker and the hearer and so is inclusive. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “For the Lord will give to us a child” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	9	6	g3lc	figs-metaphor		0	the rule will be on his shoulder	His authority to rule is spoken of as if it were the robe that is a symbol of his authority. Alternate translation: “he will wear his royal robe on his shoulder” or “he will have authority to rule as king.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	9	6	r5cf			0	Counselor	one who advises kings
ISA	9	7	nq8j			0	Of the increase of his government and of peace there will be no end	“As time passes he will rule over more and more people and enable them to live more and more peacefully”
ISA	9	7	yu3r	figs-metonymy		0	rules on the throne of David	Sitting on the “throne of David” is a metonym for having the right to rule; only David’s descendants could be king over Israel. Alternate translation: “has the right to rule as David’s descendant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	9	7	k8w3			0	his kingdom, to establish it and sustain it with justice and with righteousness	This can be translated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: “his kingdom. He will establish and protect his kingdom, and he will do what is fair and just”
ISA	9	7	ge32			0	Yahweh of hosts	See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md).
ISA	9	8	x9c9	figs-idiom		0	The Lord sent a word against Jacob, and it fell on Israel	“Send a word” means to speak. Alternate translation: “The Lord has spoken against the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA	9	8	nuf4			0	Jacob … Israel	These names refer to the people of the northern kingdom of Israel.
ISA	9	9	w3k1			0	Ephraim … Samaria	These names all refer to the people of the northern kingdom of Israel.
ISA	9	9	qbl6	figs-explicit		0	All the people will know, even Ephraim and the inhabitants of Samaria	What they will know can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “All the people will know that the Lord has judged them, even those in Ephraim and Samaria” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	9	10	gj6i	figs-explicit		0	The bricks have fallen, but we will rebuild with chiseled stone; the sycamores have been cut down, but we will put cedars in their place	The full meaning can be made explicit. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “We will replace the common bricks of our destroyed cities with expensive cut stone, and we will plant great cedar trees where ordinary sycamore trees grew” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	9	11	f9f7	figs-synecdoche		0	Therefore Yahweh will raise up against him Rezin, his adversary	Here “Rezin” represents himself and his army. Alternate translation: “Therefore, Yahweh will bring Rezin and his army against the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	9	11	imx9	translate-names		0	Rezin	This is the name of a man. See how you translated Rezin in [Isaiah 7:1](../07/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	9	11	hya1	figs-idiom		0	will stir up his enemies	The phrase “stir up” is an idiom that means to incite them to attack. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will cause Israel’s enemies to attack” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA	9	12	ju29	figs-metaphor		0	They will devour Israel with open mouth	“Devour” is how wild animals eat their prey. Alternate translation: “Like a wild beast eating its prey, the army of the enemy will destroy the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	9	12	gk5w			0	In all these things, his anger does not subside; instead, his hand	“Even though all these things have happened, he is still angry, and his hand.” See how you translated this in [Isaiah 5:25](../05/25.md).
ISA	9	12	kxn9	figs-metaphor		0	his hand is still stretched out	Isaiah speaks as if Yahweh were a person about to hit another person with his fist. This is a metaphor for Yahweh punishing Israel. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 5:25](../05/25.md). Alternate translation: “he will still be ready to punish them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	9	13	f9al			0	Yahweh of hosts	See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md).
ISA	9	14	in46	figs-metaphor		0	head and tail	Isaiah explains this metaphor in verse 15. The “head,” the part of an animal a person would want to be, is “the leader and the noble man,” and the “tail,” the dirty part of the animal, is “the prophet who teaches lies.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	9	14	cj62	figs-metaphor		0	palm branch and reed	The “palm branch” grows high on the tree and is a metaphor for people who are important and rule others. The “reed” grows in shallow water and is a metaphor for people who are poor and unimportant and are ruled by others. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	9	16	qp35	figs-metaphor		0	Those who lead this people lead them astray	The leaders causing people to disobey is spoken of as if the leaders led them on the wrong path. Alternate translation: “The leaders of Israel have caused the people to disobey God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	9	16	ck73	figs-metaphor		0	those who are led by them are swallowed up	This is a metaphor that can be stated in active form. This could mean: (1) Alternate translation: “those that they lead become confused” or (2) Alternate translation: “Yahweh destroys those that they lead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	9	17	w5bb	figs-synecdoche		0	every mouth speaks foolish things	The word “mouth” refers to the person. Alternate translation: “every person speaks foolish things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	9	17	b4un			0	In all these things, his anger does not subside; instead, his hand	“Even though all these things have happened, he is still angry, and his hand.” See how you translated this in [Isaiah 5:25](../05/25.md).
ISA	9	17	v3li	figs-metaphor		0	his hand is still stretched out	Isaiah speaks as if Yahweh were a person about to hit another person with his fist. This is a metaphor for Yahweh punishing Israel. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 5:25](../05/25.md). Alternate translation: “he will still be ready to punish them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	9	18	kf1q	figs-metaphor		0	Wickedness burns like a fire; it devours the briers and thorns; it even burns the thickets of the forest	The people’s evil deeds are spoken of as if they were a very destructive fire. This fire burns even the briers and thorns, plants that grow in places where people no longer live, and “the thickets of the forest” where no one has ever lived, because it has already destroyed the places where people were living. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	9	18	ee5n	figs-doublet		0	briers … thorns	The words “briers” and “thorns” both refer to useless, thorny plants; they can be translated using one word. See how you translated these words in [Isaiah 7:23](../07/23.md). Alternate translation: “thorn bushes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
ISA	9	19	ctw3	figs-activepassive		0	Through the fury of Yahweh of hosts the land is scorched	Translate “Yahweh of hosts” as in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Like fire that scorches the land, the Lord’s intense anger will destroy the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	9	19	bg78	figs-idiom		0	No man spares his brother	To “spare” someone means to save them from harm. Alternate translation: “No one does anything to help his own brother escape” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA	9	20	e6kn	figs-metonymy		0	They will grab food on the right hand … on the left hand	This expression means that the people will grab food wherever they can find it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	9	20	sl21	figs-metaphor		0	Each will even eat the flesh of his own arm	This could mean: (1) people will be so hungry that they will want to eat or will actually eat their own arms or (2) the word “arm” is a metaphor for the person’s neighbor. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	9	21	y7rj			0	In all these things, his anger does not subside; instead, his hand	“Even though all these things have happened, he is still angry, and his hand.” See how you translated this in [Isaiah 5:25](../05/25.md).
ISA	9	21	gxv7	figs-metaphor		0	his hand is still stretched out	Isaiah speaks as if Yahweh were a person about to hit another person with his fist. This is a metaphor for Yahweh punishing Israel. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 5:25](../05/25.md). Alternate translation: “he will still be ready to punish them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	10	intro	dc9a			0		# Isaiah 10 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter begins with a prophecy that is a continuation of the prophecy beginning in 8:21. Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 10:1-11, 13-14, 15-19, 27-34.<br>(See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh’s sovereignty<br>Yahweh has so much power and authority that he controls all of the nations. He even controls the nations who do not worship him. He uses Assyria to punish the kingdom of Israel.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Rhetorical Questions<br>There are many rhetorical questions in this chapter. Yahweh uses rhetorical questions to make statements about Israel’s sin. The Assyrians use rhetorical questions in order to boast in their pride. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
ISA	10	1	gwe8	figs-parallelism		0	to those who enact unjust laws and write unfair decrees	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “to those who make laws and decrees that are not fair to everyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	10	2	qr4b	figs-parallelism		0	They deprive the needy of justice, rob the poor of my people of their rights	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “They are unjust to the poor and needy among my people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	10	2	rlv2			0	the needy	“poor people”
ISA	10	2	mv4z			0	plunder widows	“take everything from women whose husbands have died”
ISA	10	2	w83u	figs-metaphor		0	make the fatherless their prey	Isaiah compares orphans to animals that other animals hunt and eat. This emphasizes that orphans are powerless and judges can easily harm them. Alternate translation: “harm children who do not have parents like an animal that goes after its prey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	10	2	jwk2			0	prey	Translated “prey” as in [Isaiah 5:29](../05/29.md).
ISA	10	3	gdt3	figs-rquestion		0	What will you do on judgment day … away?	Isaiah uses a question to scold those in Judah who harm the poor and weak people. Alternate translation: “You will be able to do nothing on judgment day … away!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	10	3	xh3w			0	judgment day	“the day when Yahweh comes to judge you” or “the day when Yahweh punishes you”
ISA	10	3	u4fv	figs-rquestion		0	To whom will you flee for help, and where will you leave your wealth?	Isaiah uses a question to scold those in Judah who harm the poor and weak people. Alternate translation: “You have nowhere to run for help, and you will have nowhere to hide your riches!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	10	4	iw4t			0	Nothing remains, and you crouch	This could mean: (1) “None of your wealth remains as you crouch” or (2) “You can do nothing else but crouch.”
ISA	10	4	p3u9			0	you crouch among the prisoners or fall among the killed	“your enemies will either take you as a prisoner or will kill you”
ISA	10	4	f4fy			0	In all these things, his anger does not subside	“Even though all these things have happened, he is still angry.” See how you translated this in [Isaiah 5:25](../05/25.md).
ISA	10	4	dg4p	figs-metaphor		0	his hand is still stretched out	Isaiah speaks as if Yahweh were a person about to hit another person with his fist. This is a metaphor for Yahweh punishing Israel. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 5:25](../05/25.md). Alternate translation: “he will still be ready to punish them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	10	5	fhx7			0	Woe	This word marks the beginning of God’s announcement about a severe punishment against Assyria.
ISA	10	5	e1zg			0	the Assyrian	This refers to the king of Assyria.
ISA	10	5	rrc2	figs-parallelism		0	the club of my anger, the rod by whom I wield my fury	Both of these phrases mean basically the same thing. Yahweh compares the king of Assyria to a weapon a person holds in his hand and hits other people with. It emphasizes that the king of Assyria and his army are a tool that Yahweh uses to punish Israel. Alternate translation: “who will be like a weapon in my hands that I will use to show my anger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	10	6	bn37	figs-synecdoche		0	I send him … I order him	The word “him” here also refers to the king of Assyria. But it does not mean God is only sending the king; he is sending with him the army of Assyria. Alternate translation: “I send the army of Assyria … I order them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	10	6	nvq3			0	against an arrogant nation and against the people who bear my overflowing wrath	“to attack a nation full of proud people who have made me very angry”
ISA	10	6	i3fl	figs-metaphor		0	who bear my overflowing wrath	Yahweh speaks of his wrath as if it were more liquid than a container could hold; “the people” are trying to carry this container, but it is heavy, and Yahweh keeps pouring liquid in even after it starts to spill out. Alternate translation: “at whom I continue to be angry even after I have punished them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	10	6	tam5			0	to take the spoil	“to take everything they have”
ISA	10	6	wy5h			0	to take the prey	to take the people like prey. See how you translated “prey” in [Isaiah 5:29](../05/29.md).
ISA	10	6	ay7c	figs-simile		0	trample them like mud	This could mean: (1) Yahweh compares the army of Assyria attacking Israel to people stomping through mud who do not care what happens to the mud. Alternate translation: “trample them until they become like mud” or (2) the people are stomping on other people so they are lying in the mud and unable to rise. This is a metaphor for completely defeating them. Alternate translation: “completely defeat them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	10	7	y94n	figs-explicit		0	But this is not what he intends, nor does he think this way	The meaning of “this” and “this way” can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “But the king of Assyria does not intend to do what I tell him, nor does he think that I am using him as my weapon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	10	7	qn96	figs-doublet		0	It is in his heart to destroy and eliminate many nations	The words “destroy” and “eliminate” mean basically the same thing. They are used for emphasis. Alternate translation: “He wants to completely destroy many nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
ISA	10	8	pc5q	figs-rquestion		0	Are not all my princes kings?	The king of Assyria uses a question to emphasize what he believes everyone should already know. Alternate translation: “I have made captains of my army kings over lands I have conquered!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	10	9	y1s2	figs-rquestion		0	Is not Kalno like Carchemish? Is not Hamath like Arpad? Is not Samaria like Damascus?	The king of Assyria uses these questions for emphasis. Alternate translation: “Kalno is no different from Carchemish. Hamath is no different from Arpad. Samaria is no different from Damascus. I have conquered them all!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	10	9	gl7w	translate-names		0	Kalno … Carchemish … Hamath … Arpad	These are all names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	10	10	hfe3			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues to quote what the king of Assyria says ([Isaiah 10:8](../10/08.md)).
ISA	10	10	nda6	figs-metonymy		0	As my hand has overcome	“Hand” here is a reference to military strength. Alternate translation: “As my powerful army has defeated” or “As I have conquered” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	10	10	tpk7			0	my	This refers to the king of Assyria.
ISA	10	10	zf5l			0	whose carved figures were greater	During this time people believed that the greatness of an idol showed how powerful the kingdom that had built it was. The king of Assyria is saying that because the idols in Jerusalem are not as great as the idols of the kingdoms he has defeated, Jerusalem would be less able to defeat him than they were.
ISA	10	11	g79t	figs-metonymy		0	just as I did to Samaria and her worthless idols	The word “Samaria” refers to the people who lived there, and “her” refers to the city of Samaria. Cities and nations were often spoken of as if they were women. Alternate translation: “just as I did to the people of Samaria and their worthless idols” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	10	11	y8en	figs-rquestion		0	will I not also do the same to Jerusalem and to her idols?	The king of Assyria used this question to emphasize the certainty that he will conquer the people of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “I will certainly do the same to Jerusalem and her idols!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	10	12	g3hp			0	When the Lord has finished his work on Mount Zion and on Jerusalem, I will punish	Yahweh speaks of himself as if he were someone else. “When I, the Lord, have finished my work on Mount Zion and on Jerusalem, I will punish”
ISA	10	12	yv7l			0	his work on … and on	his work of punishing. “punishing … and punishing”
ISA	10	12	ly8r			0	I will punish the speech of the arrogant heart of the king of Assyria and his prideful looks	“I will punish the king of Assyria for the arrogant things he said and the look of pride on his face”
ISA	10	13	ty9n			0	For he says	“For the king of Assyria says”
ISA	10	13	f9lx	figs-metonymy		0	I have removed … I have stolen	Here the word “I” refers to the king of Assyria. He was the leader of the Assyrian army and took credit for what the army did at his command. Alternate translation: “my army has removed … They have stolen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	10	13	bqh5	figs-simile		0	like a bull	“as strong as a bull.” Some ancient texts read, “like a mighty man.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	10	13	y4e1	figs-metaphor		0	I have brought down the inhabitants	This could mean: (1) the king of Assyria has shamed the people of the countries he conquered or (2) he has removed the kings of the nations so they no longer rule. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	10	13	l61t	figs-synecdoche		0	I have brought	Here the word “I” refers to the king of Assyria. He was the leader of the Assyrian army and took credit for what the army did at his command. Alternate translation: “I and my army have brought” or “we have brought (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	10	14	ni7r			0	General Information:	Yahweh is still quoting the king of Assyria ([Isaiah 10:13](../10/13.md)).
ISA	10	14	a1xa	figs-metonymy		0	My hand has seized	The hand is a metonym for either the king’s power or his army. Alternate translation: “In my power I have seized” or “My army has seized” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	10	14	ij25	figs-simile		0	My hand has seized, as from a nest, the wealth of nations	The king of Assyria compares taking the treasures from the nations to a person taking eggs out of a bird’s nest. This emphasizes how easy it was for him and his army to conquer these other kingdoms. Alternate translation: “My army has stolen the wealth from the nations just as easily as a man takes eggs from a nest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	10	14	au8g	figs-simile		0	as one gathers abandoned eggs, I gathered all the earth	The king of Assyria speaks of taking over nations as if he was gathering eggs. Alternate translation: “just as a person takes eggs from a nest when the bird is not there to protect them, my army has taken the treasures of every nation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	10	14	yer6	figs-simile		0	None fluttered their wings or opened their mouth or chirped	This compares the nations to a bird who sits quietly while her eggs are taken. This emphasizes that the nations did nothing while the army of Assyria took all of their possessions. Alternate translation: “And like a bird that does not make a sound or flap her wings when someone steals her eggs, the nations did nothing as we took their treasure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	10	15	kg69	figs-rquestion		0	Will the ax boast about itself against the one who wields it? Will the saw praise itself more than the one who cuts with it?	The speaker uses these questions to mock the king of Assyria. Alternate translation: “An ax cannot boast that it is better than the one who holds it. And a saw does not get more glory than the one who cuts with it.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	10	15	l68v			0	the saw	a sharp tool used for cutting wood
ISA	10	15	e8a7	figs-parallelism		0	It is as if a rod could lift up those who raise it, or as if a wooden club could lift up a person	These phrases mean basically the same thing and are used to strengthen the meaning of the two questions before it. This can be translated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: “And neither can a rod or staff lift the person who picks it up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	10	16	n3zs	figs-abstractnouns		0	Therefore the Lord Yahweh of hosts will send emaciation among his elite warriors	It is unclear whether Yahweh or Isaiah is speaking. This can be reworded so that the abstract noun “emaciation” is expressed as the verb “make weak.” Alternate translation: “Therefore I, Lord Yahweh of hosts, will make the king’s strongest soldiers weak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA	10	16	h9uv	figs-simile		0	under his glory there will be kindled a burning like fire	Yahweh compares his punishment to a fire. This emphasizes that his punishment will completely destroy all the splendor and greatness of the kingdom of Assyria. Alternate translation: “I will destroy his greatness as if I were starting a fire to burn everything he is proud of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	10	17	xf7a	figs-metaphor		0	The light of Israel will become a fire	The phrase “light of Israel” refers to Yahweh. It is unclear whether Yahweh or Isaiah is speaking. Alternate translation: “I, Yahweh, the light of Israel, will become like a fire, able to destroy everyone that does not honor me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	10	17	x81s			0	his Holy One a flame	“I, Yahweh, the Holy one of Israel, will become like a flame.” See how you translated “Holy One” in [Isaiah 1:4](../01/04.md).
ISA	10	17	nh6j	figs-metaphor		0	it will burn and devour his thorns and briers	“The fire will burn and devour the king of Assyria’s thorns and briars.” The speaker compares the king of Assyria’s army to thorns and briers. This emphasizes how easily God will destroy them. Alternate translation: “I will destroy the Assyrians like a fire burning thorns and briers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	10	17	a8i4	figs-doublet		0	thorns … briers	The words “briers” and “thorns” both refer to useless, thorny plants; they can be translated using one expression. See how you translated these words in [Isaiah 7:23](../07/23.md). Alternate translation: “thorn bushes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
ISA	10	18	e4pz	figs-metaphor		0	Yahweh will consume the glory of his forest and of his fruitful land	This could mean: (1) “Yahweh will destroy the great forests and farmlands in the nation of Assyria” or (2) “Yahweh will destroy the army of Assyria as a fire burns up great forests and farmlands.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	10	18	ice3	figs-merism		0	both soul and body	This could mean: (1) this emphasizes that God will completely destroy the forests and farmlands. Alternate translation: “completely” or (2) this means God will completely destroy the people of Assyria. The phrase “soul and body” refers to the spiritual part and the physical part of a person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
ISA	10	18	r1h9	figs-simile		0	it will be like when a sick man’s life wastes away	This compares either the forests and farmlands of Assyria or the army of Assyria to a sick man as he lies in bed dying. This emphasizes how something so great can become weak and dying. Alternate translation: “they will be like a sick man who grows weak and dies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	10	19	li2a			0	The remnant of the trees of his forest will be so few	“What remains of the trees in the king’s forest will be so few”
ISA	10	20	whj2	figs-idiom		0	On that day	This refers to the time when God does the things that are described in [Isaiah 10:16-19](./16.md). Alternate translation: “At that time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA	10	20	jx5m	figs-explicit		0	that has escaped	The meaning can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “that has escaped from the army of Assyria” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	10	20	t38g			0	will no longer rely on the one who defeated them	“will no longer rely on the king of Assyria, who harmed them”
ISA	10	20	j4ug			0	Holy One	See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:4](../01/04.md).
ISA	10	22	l3hy	figs-you		0	your people, Israel, are	Here, **your** is singular. Possible meanings are: (1) God is speaking to Isaiah and “your” refers to Isaiah. Alternate translation: “your people Israel are” or (2) Isaiah or God is speaking to the nation of Israel and “your” refers to the nation. Alternate translation: “your people, O Israel, are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
ISA	10	22	tmc6	figs-simile		0	are like the sand of the seashore	This emphasizes that there were a great number of people of Israel. Alternate translation: “are too many to count, like the sand on the seashore” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	10	22	xt1x	figs-activepassive		0	Destruction is decreed	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has decreed that he will destroy most of those who live in Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	10	22	gb5g			0	as overflowing righteousness demands	This can be translated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: “This must be done for the sake of perfect righteousness” or “Yahweh must do this because he is completely righteous”
ISA	10	23	m3jr	figs-activepassive		0	carry out the destruction determined throughout the land	This can be translated in active form. This could mean: (1) Alternate translation: “destroy everything in the land just as he has determined to do” or (2) Alternate translation: “destroy the people in the land just as he has determined to do.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	10	23	b19q			0	determined	“decided”
ISA	10	24	ww5n	figs-personification		0	the Assyrian	Isaiah speaks of the king of Assyria and his army as if he were one man. Alternate translation: “the king of Assyria and his army” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
ISA	10	24	i2ep	figs-metaphor		0	He will strike you with the rod and raise his staff against you	The words “rod” and “staff” refer to pieces of wood that people use as clubs to beat animals and other people. Isaiah speaks of the way the Assyrians will rule over the Israelites as if the Assyrians were beating the Israelites with clubs. Alternate translation: “He will rule over you and make slaves of you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	10	24	an2d	figs-synecdoche		0	He will strike	The word “He” refers to “the Assyrian” which represents the king of Assyria and his army. Alternate translation: “He and his army will strike” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	10	24	l3xf	figs-explicit		0	as the Egyptians did	The full meaning can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “as the Egyptians ruled over your ancestors and made them slaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	10	25	w374	figs-abstractnouns		0	my anger will lead to his destruction	The abstract noun “destruction” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “I will destroy him because I am angry with him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA	10	26	h791			0	Yahweh of hosts	See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md).
ISA	10	26	fnc8	figs-metaphor		0	will wield a whip against them	“will beat the Assyrians with a whip.” God will not really use a whip. This refers to God’s power to punish the Assyrians severely. Alternate translation: “will punish the Assyrians severely as if with a whip” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	10	26	zpq7	translate-names		0	as when he defeated Midian at the rock of Oreb	This refers to when God helped a man named Gideon defeat the army of Midian. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	10	26	vx2h	figs-metaphor		0	He will raise his rod over the sea and lift it up as he did in Egypt	This speaks of God rescuing the people from the Assyrians as if they were the Egyptian army. This refers to when God caused the water of the Red Sea to split so the people of Israel could escape from the Egyptian army and so that the Egyptian army would drown in it. Alternate translation: “He will help you escape from the army of Assyria as he helped your ancestors escape the army of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	10	27	e1j7	figs-activepassive		0	his burden is lifted from your shoulder and his yoke from off your neck	“Yahweh will lift the burden that Assyria has put on your shoulder, and he will remove the yoke that they have put on your neck.” These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The words “burden” and “yoke” refer to slavery. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will remove the Assyrians who oppress you and will stop them from making you their slaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	10	27	x77u	figs-activepassive		0	the yoke will be destroyed because of fatness	This expression suggests that the neck of the animal that is wearing the yoke will become too fat to fit the yoke any longer. This is a metaphor for Israel becoming so strong that the Assyrians can no longer rule them. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “your neck will become so fat that it will break the yoke” or “you will become so strong that you will no longer be the Assyrians’ slaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	10	28	dh9d	figs-pastforfuture		0	has come … has passed … has stored	Isaiah speaks of these future events as though they have already happened. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
ISA	10	28	c6sg	translate-names		0	Aiath … Migron … Michmash	These are all cities and villages near Jerusalem that the army of Assyria went through and caused trouble in. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	10	29	nvp6	figs-pastforfuture		0	have crossed … lodge … trembles … has fled	Isaiah speaks of these future events as though they have already happened. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
ISA	10	29	fay6	translate-names		0	Geba … Ramah … Gibeah	These are all cities and villages near Jerusalem that the army of Assyria went through and caused trouble in. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	10	29	b3vg	figs-metonymy		0	Ramah trembles and Gibeah of Saul has fled	Here “Ramah” and “Gibeah of Saul” refer to the people who lived in those cities. Alternate translation: “The people of Ramah tremble and the people of Gibeah of Saul have fled” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	10	30	y4ej	figs-idiom		0	daughter of Gallim	The word “daughter” here refers to the people who live in the city. Alternate translation: “Gallim” or “people of Gallim” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA	10	30	ybe1	figs-metonymy		0	Gallim … Laishah … Anathoth	These are names of more cities and villages near Jerusalem that the Assyrian army traveled through causing fear among the people. All of these refer to the people who live in these places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	10	31	dv9p	figs-metonymy		0	Madmenah … Gebim	These are names of more cities and villages near Jerusalem that the Assyrian army traveled through causing fear among the people. All of these refer to the people who live in these places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	10	32	dub4	figs-metonymy		0	Nob	This is the name of a village or city near Jerusalem that the Assyrian army traveled through causing fear among the people. It refers to the people who live in this place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	10	32	bf9q	figs-idiom		0	he will halt at Nob and shake his fist	Here “he” and “his” refer to the king of Assyria and his soldiers. People would shake their fists at people whom they were threatening. Alternate translation: “the army of Assyria will stop at Nob and threaten” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA	10	32	crq2	figs-metonymy		0	the mountain of the daughter of Zion, the hill of Jerusalem	The words “mount” and “hill” are metonyms for the people who live on them. The words “mount of the daughter of Zion” mean almost the same thing as the words “hill of Jerusalem.” See how they are translated in [Isaiah 2:14](../02/14.md). Alternate translation: “the people of Mount Zion and the people living on the hill in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
ISA	10	33	fn7x			0	Behold	This can be translated as “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you.”
ISA	10	33	a8t9			0	Yahweh of hosts	See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md).
ISA	10	33	bh4r	figs-metaphor		0	will lop off the boughs … the lofty will be brought low	Isaiah speaks of the army of Assyria as if it were the tall trees in Lebanon. God will destroy the army like people cutting down the mighty trees of Lebanon. This emphasizes that though the army is strong, God has the power to destroy it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	10	33	qb4e	figs-metaphor		0	will lop off the boughs	“will cut off the big branches of the trees.” In order to make it clear that this refers to the army of Assyria, it can be translated as a simile: He will destroy the army of Assyria like strong men cutting off the big branches of trees. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	10	33	xxu4	figs-abstractnouns		0	with a terrifying crash	This can be reworded so that the abstract noun “crash” is expressed as the verb “make a noise.” Alternate translation: “and the branches will crash down on the ground and make a terrifying noise” or “and the branches will fall to the ground with a very loud noise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA	10	33	jg1h	figs-activepassive		0	the tallest trees will be cut down	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he will cut down the tallest trees” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	10	33	uza4	figs-metaphor		0	the tallest trees	This is a metaphor for “the strongest soldiers.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	10	33	n2ts	figs-activepassive		0	the lofty will be brought low	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he will bring down the lofty people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	10	33	bra5			0	lofty	proud
ISA	10	34	f4p6	figs-metaphor		0	He will chop down the thickets … and Lebanon in his majesty will fall	Isaiah speaks of the army of Assyria as if it were the tall trees in Lebanon. God will destroy the army like people cutting down the mighty trees of Lebanon. This emphasizes that though the army is strong, God has the power to destroy it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	10	34	xu8i	figs-metaphor		0	the thickets of the forest	“the dense shrubs in the forest.” This is possibly a metaphor for those people who are not well known. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	10	34	g78z	figs-metaphor		0	Lebanon in his majesty will fall	“the forests of Lebanon will no longer be so grand.” This is possibly a metaphor for the Assyrian army. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will defeat the army of Assyria, as mighty as it is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	11	intro	v1l2			0		# Isaiah 11 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Messiah<br>The prophecies of this chapter focus on the coming Messiah. Some of these prophecies concern the first coming of Jesus, while some reference a future day of restoration. The author transitions between these time periods without telling his reader. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Ambiguity<br>It is uncertain what period of time these prophecies refer to or who will fulfill them. The translator should allow this uncertainty and ambiguity to remain. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]])
ISA	11	1	fxf2	figs-parallelism		0	A shoot will sprout from the stump of Jesse … a branch out of his roots will bear fruit	Isaiah speaks of Jesse and his descendants as if they were a tree that had been cut down. Both of these phrases tell about a descendant of Jesse who would be king. Alternate translation: “As a shoot sprouts out of a tree stump, so a descendant of Jesse will become king over what remains of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	11	1	b412	figs-metaphor		0	the stump of Jesse	A stump is what remains of a tree after it is chopped down. The “stump of Jesse” represents what was left of the kingdom that Jesse’s son David was once king of. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	11	2	ptc5	figs-metaphor		0	The Spirit of Yahweh will rest upon him	Resting upon him represents being with him and helping him. The word “him” refers to the one who would become king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	11	2	jsu4	figs-metonymy		0	the Spirit of wisdom … the Spirit of instruction … the Spirit of knowledge … the fear of Yahweh	Here the word “Spirit” refers to an ability or quality that the Spirit of Yahweh would give him. Alternate translation: “and he will cause him to have wisdom and understanding, instruction and might, knowledge and the fear of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	11	3	dks6			0	Connecting Statement:	Isaiah continues to describe the king.
ISA	11	3	euz8	figs-explicit		0	he will not judge by what his eyes see	The phrase “what his eyes see” refers to seeing things that are not important for judging a person rightly. Alternate translation: “he will not judge a person simply by seeing what the person looks like” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	11	3	vff3	figs-explicit		0	nor decide by what his ears hear	“and he will not decide by what his ears hear.” The phrase “what his ears hear” refers to hearing what people say about someone. Alternate translation: “and he will not judge a person simply by hearing what others say about him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	11	4	qt3z	figs-nominaladj		0	the poor … the humble … the wicked	These phrases refer to people who have these qualities. Alternate translation: “poor people … humble people … wicked people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
ISA	11	4	i8ls	figs-parallelism		0	He will strike the earth with the rod of his mouth … with the breath of his lips he will slay the wicked	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	11	4	t6i4	figs-metonymy		0	He will strike the earth with the rod of his mouth	The word “earth” here represents the people on earth. Striking them with the rod of his mouth represents judging them, and that judgement will lead to punishment. Alternate translation: “He will judge the people of the earth, and they will be punished” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	11	4	ud4k	figs-metonymy		0	with the breath of his lips he will slay the wicked	The “breath of his lips” represents him judging them. Alternate translation: “he will judge wicked people, and they will be killed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	11	5	izw4			0	the belt of his waist … the belt around his hips	This could mean: (1) the belt is used to secure one’s clothes so he can work, or (2) the belt is an undergarment, or (3) the belt is a sash that a king wears to show his authority.
ISA	11	5	d2b4	figs-metaphor		0	Righteousness will be the belt of his waist	Wearing righteousness like a belt represents being righteous. This could mean: (1) the king’s righteousness will enable him to rule. Alternate translation: “His righteousness will be a like a belt around his waist” or (2) the king’s righteousness would show his authority to rule. Alternate translation: “He will rule righteously” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	11	5	xpa4	figs-ellipsis		0	faithfulness the belt around his hips	The words “will be” are understood in this phrase. Alternate translation: “faithfulness will be the belt around his hips” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
ISA	11	5	z7kt	figs-metaphor		0	faithfulness the belt around his hips	Wearing faithfulness like a belt represents being faithful. This could mean: (1) the king’s faithfulness will enable him to rule, or (2) the king’s faithfulness will show his authority to rule. Alternate translation: “his faithfulness will be a like a belt around his hips” or “he will rule faithfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	11	6	x4db			0	General Information:	Isaiah describes what the world will be like when the king rules. There will be complete peace in the world. This is shown by the peace that there will be even among animals. Animals that normally kill other animals will not kill them, and they will all be safe together.
ISA	11	6	vib1	figs-genericnoun		0	The wolf … the leopard … the young lion	These phrases refer to these animals in general, not to a specific wolf or leopard. These are all strong animals that attack and eat other animals. Alternate translation: “Wolves … leopards … young lions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
ISA	11	6	ns1s	figs-genericnoun		0	the lamb … the young goat … the calf … the fattened calf	The phrases refer to these animals in general, not to a specific lamb or goat. These are all animals that eat grass and straw. Other animals sometimes attack and eat them. Alternate translation: “lambs … young goats … calves … fattened calves … Cows … oxen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
ISA	11	6	uz7p	translate-unknown		0	leopard	a large cat with yellow fur and black spots that kills and eats other animals (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
ISA	11	6	z3nc	figs-ellipsis		0	the calf, the young lion and the fattened calf, together	The phrase “will be” is understood. Alternate translation: “the calf, the lion, and the fattened calf will be together” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
ISA	11	6	z96c			0	A little child will lead them	A child will take care of them and lead them to good places to drink water and eat grass or hay.
ISA	11	7	u4nf	figs-genericnoun		0	the bear … The lion	These phrases refer to these animals in general, not to a specific wolf or leopard. These are all strong animals that attack and eat other animals. Alternate translation: “Wolves … leopards … young lions … bears … Lions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
ISA	11	7	i5nr	figs-genericnoun		0	The cow … the ox	The phrases refer to these animals in general, not to a specific lamb or goat. These are all animals that eat grass and straw. Other animals sometimes attack and eat them. Alternate translation: “lambs … young goats … calves … fattened calves … Cows … oxen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
ISA	11	7	u76u	translate-unknown		0	bear	a very large animal with thick hair and sharp claws that kills and eats other animals (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
ISA	11	7	jf3m			0	will graze together	“will eat grass together”
ISA	11	7	shd9			0	their young	This refers to the animals’ offspring shortly after they are born.
ISA	11	8	hu82			0	General Information:	Isaiah continues to describe the complete peace in the world when the king rules.
ISA	11	8	bkr7	figs-explicit		0	A baby will play over the hole of the snake	It can be stated clearly that the baby will be safe because the snake will not bite it. Alternate translation: “Babies will play safely over the hole of the snake” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	11	8	nmp6	figs-genericnoun		0	the snake … the serpent’s den	These phrases refer to poisonous snakes in general. Alternate translation: “snakes … serpents’ dens” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
ISA	11	8	c4md			0	the weaned child	a child who no longer drinks its mother’s milk
ISA	11	9	czb2			0	on all my holy mountain	The “holy mountain” is Mount Zion, in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “on all of Yahweh’s holy mountain”
ISA	11	9	zv3a	figs-metonymy		0	the earth will be full of knowledge of Yahweh	The phrase “knowledge of Yahweh” represents people who know Yahweh. Alternate translation: “the earth will be full of those who know Yahweh” or “those who know Yahweh will cover the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	11	9	asy7	figs-simile		0	as the waters cover the sea	This phrase is used to show how full the earth will be of people who know Yahweh. It may be clearer that it does this if its words are similar to the words in the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “as the seas are full of water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	11	10	b699	figs-metonymy		0	the root of Jesse	This refers to Jesse’s and King David’s descendant who would become the king that was told about in [Isaiah 1:1](../01/01.md). Alternate translation: “Jesse’s descendant king” or “the king descended from Jesse” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	11	10	x6gn	figs-simile		0	will stand as a banner for the peoples	A banner is a flag that a king would raise as a sign for people to see it and come to him. Alternate translation: “will be like a sign for the peoples” or “will attract the peoples to come to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	11	10	e7wp			0	The nations	“The people of the nations”
ISA	11	11	g27p	figs-metonymy		0	the Lord will again extend his hand to recover the remnant of his people	The hand is a reference to God’s power. Alternate translation: “the Lord will again use his power to bring back the remnant of his people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	11	11	nr2i	translate-names		0	Pathros … Elam … Hamath	These are names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	11	12	f68i	figs-metaphor		0	He will set up a banner for the nations	This could mean: (1) “The Lord will set up the king as a banner for the nations” or (2) “The king will set up a banner for the nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	11	12	n5uv			0	a banner for the nations	“a flag for the nations to see” or “a flag to call the nations to himself”
ISA	11	12	wg94			0	the dispersed of Judah	“the people of Judah who had been scattered around the world”
ISA	11	12	n4s1	figs-synecdoche		0	from the four corners of the earth	The earth is pictured as if it has four corners, and those corners are its most distant places. This refers to everywhere on earth where those people might be. Alternate translation: “from even the most distant places of the earth” or “from all over the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	11	13	tv6k	figs-abstractnouns		0	He will turn aside the envy of Ephraim	Ephraim here refers to the descendants of the northern kingdom of Israel. The noun “envy” can be expressed as an adjective. Alternate translation: “He will stop the people of Ephraim from being envious” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA	11	13	f12r	figs-activepassive		0	Judah will no longer be hostile to Ephraim	Judah here refers to the descendants of the southern kingdom. This phrase can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he will stop the people of Judah from being hostile” or “he will stop the people of Judah from hating” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	11	14	j77a	figs-metaphor		0	they will swoop down on the Philistine hills	The people of Israel and Judah are pictured as if they were birds that fly down quickly to attack a person or animal. Alternate translation: “they will go quickly to the Philistine hills to attack the people there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	11	15	cx6x			0	the gulf of the Sea of Egypt	A “gulf” is a large area of water that land partly surrounds.
ISA	11	15	u6da	figs-metaphor		0	With his scorching wind he will wave his hand over the Euphrates River	Waving his hand over something represents his power to change it. Alternate translation: “By his power he will cause a scorching wind to blow on the Euphrates River” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	11	15	k4y5			0	his scorching wind	This is a strong or hot wind that causes some of the water in rivers to dry up.
ISA	11	15	hj6s			0	so it can be crossed over in sandals	“so that people can cross over it even while wearing their sandals”
ISA	11	16	e52k			0	There will be a highway	A highway is a large road that many people can travel on. “Yahweh will make a road”
ISA	11	16	b1xk			0	in their coming up from the land of Egypt	“when they came up from the land of Egypt”
ISA	12	intro	x9cy			0		# Isaiah 12 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### “That day”<br>The time of this day is unclear. It may be a time in the near future for Isaiah, or a time in the distant future for him. In the latter case, it would reference the last days. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Tense<br>Extra care must be taken in translating the tense of this chapter. The author talks about the future, but frequently changes to speak in the present tense. Some languages will have difficulty speaking in this way.
ISA	12	1	yv6k			0	General Information:	Here Isaiah continues to describe what it will be like when the king that God has chosen rules ([Isaiah 11:1-2](../11/01.md)).
ISA	12	1	b681	figs-explicit		0	On that day	It can be stated clearly what time is being referred to. Alternate translation: “At that time” or “When the king rules” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	12	1	cgh8	figs-personification		0	your wrath has turned away	God’s wrath is spoken of as if it were a person that could turn away and leave. It means that God has stopped being angry. Alternate translation: “You are no longer angry with me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
ISA	12	2	il35	figs-metaphor		0	God is my salvation	God causing someone’s salvation is spoken of as if God were that salvation. The abstract noun “salvation” can be expressed with the noun “savior” or the verb “save.” Alternate translation: “God causes my salvation” or “God is my savior” or “God is the one who saves me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA	12	2	g2h1	figs-metaphor		0	Yahweh is my strength	God causing someone to be strong is spoken of as if Yahweh were their strength. Alternate translation: “Yahweh makes me strong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	12	2	d9eg	figs-metaphor		0	song	The word “song” here represents what a person sings about. Alternate translation: “the one I joyfully sing about” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	12	2	bt8a			0	He has become my salvation	“He has saved me”
ISA	12	3	ig6e	figs-metaphor		0	With joy you will draw water from the wells of salvation	Isaiah speaks of people being saved as if they were getting salvation the way people get water out of well. Alternate translation: “you will rejoice when he saves you, as people rejoice when they draw water from a well” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	12	4	ut6u	figs-metonymy		0	call upon his name	Here “his name” refers to Yahweh. Calling on him represents either praising him or asking him for help. Alternate translation: “praise him loudly” or “call to him to help you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	12	4	jq63	figs-abstractnouns		0	declare his deeds among the peoples	The noun “deeds” can be expressed with the phrase “what he has done.” Alternate translation: “Tell the peoples about the great things he has done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA	12	4	wi1x	figs-metonymy		0	proclaim that his name is exalted	Here “his name” refers to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “proclaim that he is exalted” or “proclaim that he is great” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	12	5	b7hk			0	General Information:	Isaiah continues to tell what the people will say when the king rules.
ISA	12	6	b2j7			0	for great in your midst is the Holy One of Israel	“because the Holy One of Israel, who lives among you, is mighty” or “because the Holy One of Israel is mighty and he lives among you”
ISA	13	intro	qak7			0		# Isaiah 13 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Prophecies<br>It is unclear who is addressed by these prophecies. At times, it appears to be the people of Judah, while at other times it seems to reference the last days. This ambiguity should remain in translation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]])
ISA	13	1	ifl8	figs-metonymy		0	about Babylon	The name of the city stands for the people of Babylon. Alternate translation: “about the people of Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	13	1	t34a	translate-names		0	Amoz	Amoz was the father of Isaiah. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:1](../01/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	13	2	she6			0	cry aloud to them	The word “them” refers to soldiers from another country.
ISA	13	2	dkx5	figs-metonymy		0	the gates of the nobles	This could mean: (1) “the gates of Babylon where the nobles live” or (2) “the gates of the nobles’ large houses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	13	2	tsg1			0	the nobles	“the respected people” or “the rulers”
ISA	13	3	tw9g			0	my holy ones	“the ones I have set apart for myself” or “the army that I have set apart for myself”
ISA	13	3	mlu4	figs-metonymy		0	I have called my mighty men to execute my anger	Executing God’s anger represents punishing people because of God’s anger. Alternate translation: “I have called my mighty soldiers to punish the people of Babylon because they have made me angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	13	3	ye22	figs-explicit		0	even my proudly exulting ones	“even those who proudly exult.” Why they proudly exult can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “even my people who proudly exult because of the great things I do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	13	4	pl8f	figs-ellipsis		0	The noise of a multitude in the mountains, as of many people	The words “there is” are understood. The phrases “multitude” and “many people” mean the same thing. Alternate translation: “There is the noise of many people in the mountains” or “There is the noise of a great crowd of people in the mountains” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
ISA	13	4	gi1h	figs-ellipsis		0	The noise of a tumult of the kingdoms like many nations gathered together	The words “there is” are understood. The words “kingdoms” and “nations” here refer to the same thing. Alternate translation: “There is the noisy commotion of many kingdoms gathered together” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
ISA	13	4	h5sg			0	is mustering	“is gathering”
ISA	13	5	d44z			0	from way over the horizon	“from places far beyond the horizon” or “from very distant places”
ISA	13	5	dlj9	figs-metaphor		0	his instruments of judgment	The soldiers that God is sending to attack Babylon are spoken of as if they were weapons. “Judgment” represents punishment because God has judged Babylon. Alternate translation: “the army that he will use to punish Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	13	6	qux3			0	Howl	cry out loud. The word is usually used of an animal making a sound because it is in pain.
ISA	13	6	dff2	figs-metaphor		0	the day of Yahweh is near	Something that is about to happen soon is spoken of as if it is coming near. Alternate translation: “the day of Yahweh will happen soon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	13	6	x1dx	figs-metaphor		0	it comes with destruction from the Almighty	The word “it” refers to the day of Yahweh. “It comes with destruction” means that destruction will happen on that day. “Destruction from the Almighty” means that the Almighty will destroy them. Alternate translation: “on that day, the Almighty God will destroy them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA	13	7	cd7a			0	all hands hang limp	This shows that all the people are very weak and unable to do anything.
ISA	13	7	zbv6	figs-metaphor		0	every heart melts	People being terribly afraid is spoken of as if their hearts melt. Alternate translation: “everyone is terribly afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	13	8	cx1n	figs-personification		0	pain and agony will seize them	People suddenly feeling terrible pain and sorrow is spoken of as if the pains and sorrows were people who grab them. Alternate translation: “they will suddenly feel terrible pain and agony” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
ISA	13	8	f5tf	figs-metaphor		0	like a woman in labor	Being in labor represents giving birth to a baby. Alternate translation: “like a woman giving birth to a baby” or “like the pain of a woman who is giving birth to a baby” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	13	8	ixg7	figs-metaphor		0	their faces will be aflame	Their faces being hot and red is spoken of as if they were burning. Possible reasons for their faces being hot are: (1) the people are very afraid or (2) the people feel ashamed or (3) the people cry. Alternate translation: “their faces will be hot and red” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	13	9	wx9a	figs-metaphor		0	the day of Yahweh comes with cruel wrath and overflowing anger	The day coming with wrath and anger means that there will be wrath and anger on that day. The abstract nouns “wrath” and “anger” can be expressed with the adjectives “furious” and “angry.” Alternate translation: “on the day of Yahweh, he will be furious and extremely angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	13	9	g4nq	figs-metaphor		0	overflowing anger	Anger here is spoken of as if the one who is angry is a container filled with anger. Overflowing anger means that he is extremely angry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	13	9	i8e4	figs-abstractnouns		0	to make the land a desolation	This can be reworded so that the abstract noun “desolation” is expressed with the verb “ruin.” Alternate translation: “to ruin the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA	13	10	d93q			0	The stars of heaven and the constellations	“The stars in the sky”
ISA	13	10	njr5	figs-idiom		0	will not give their light	Giving light represents “shining.” Alternate translation: “will not shine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA	13	10	mgq5	figs-activepassive		0	The sun will be darkened	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will darken the sun” or “The sun will be dark” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	13	11	s3b1			0	Connecting Statement:	Yahweh continues to talk about what he will do on the day of Yahweh.
ISA	13	11	n1em	figs-metonymy		0	the world	This refers to people. Alternate translation: “the people of the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	13	11	e48c	figs-nominaladj		0	the wicked … the proud … the ruthless	These phrases refer to people who have these qualities. Alternate translation: “wicked people … proud people … ruthless people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
ISA	13	11	d1ab			0	the ruthless	“cruel people”
ISA	13	11	j6vq	figs-metaphor		0	will bring down the arrogance of the ruthless	Being low often represents being humble. Bringing down people’s arrogance represents making them humble. Alternate translation: “will humble the ruthless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	13	12	myy1	figs-explicit		0	I will make men more rare than fine gold	Why there will be so few people can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “I will cause so many people to die that living people will be more rare than fine gold” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	13	12	fe8w	figs-parallelism		0	men more rare than fine gold … mankind harder to find than the pure gold of Ophir	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	13	12	bwf1	translate-names		0	pure gold of Ophir	Ophir was the name of a place where there was pure gold. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	13	13	k82m			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking.
ISA	13	14	d26d	translate-unknown		0	Like a hunted gazelle or like a sheep with no shepherd	Yahweh speaks of the defenseless people of Israel as if they were a gazelle or a sheep that was being chased by hunters or wild animals. Alternate translation: “Like gazelles that run away swiftly when people hunt them, and like sheep that have no shepherd run away from wild animals” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	13	14	mn88	translate-unknown		0	gazelle	an animal that is similar to a deer. People hunt them, and wild animals sometimes attack and kill them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
ISA	13	14	x7hp			0	like a sheep with no shepherd	Sheep that have no shepherd have no one to protect them from wild animals that attack and kill them.
ISA	13	15	e18y	figs-parallelism		0	Every one who is found will be killed … every one who is captured will die by the sword	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The enemy will kill with the sword everyone they find” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	13	16	zj38	figs-activepassive		0	Their infants also will be dashed in pieces	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The enemy will also dash their infants to pieces” or “The enemy will beat their infants until they die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	13	16	hv3v	figs-explicit		0	before their eyes	Here the people are represented by their “eyes” to emphasize what they see. It can be stated clearly that the parents are unable to help their infants. Alternate translation: “in front of them” or “while their parents helplessly watch” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	13	16	j6pn	figs-activepassive		0	Their houses will be plundered	This means that everything valuable will be stolen from their houses. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The enemy will plunder the people’s houses” or “The enemy will steal everything valuable from the people’s houses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	13	16	tfy7	figs-ellipsis		0	their wives raped	This means that the enemies will attack the women and force them to have sex with them. The words “will be” are understood. This can also be expressed with an active form. Alternate translation: “their wives will be raped” or “their enemies will rape their wives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	13	17	q8ne			0	Connecting Statement:	Yahweh continues speaking.
ISA	13	17	nqb5	figs-metaphor		0	I am about to stir up the Medes to attack them	Making people want to do something is spoken of as stirring them up. Alternate translation: “I am about to make the Medes want to attack them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	13	18	xh97	figs-metonymy		0	Their bows will strike down	Here “their bows” is a metonym for the soldiers who use the bows. Alternate translation: “Their soldiers will use bows and arrows to kill” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	13	19	fu8y			0	Connecting Statement:	Yahweh continues speaking.
ISA	13	19	cz67	figs-activepassive		0	the most admired of kingdoms	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the kingdom that people most admire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	13	19	z4ui	figs-activepassive		0	Then Babylon … will be overthrown by God	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Then God will destroy Babylon, the most admired of kingdoms, the splendor of Chaldean pride, as he destroyed Sodom and Gomorrah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	13	19	qt9e	figs-abstractnouns		0	the splendor of Chaldean pride	The abstract nouns “splendor” and “pride” can be translated with adjectives. The word “splendor” refers to the beautiful appearance of Babylon. Alternate translation: “the beautiful city that the Chaldeans are so proud of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA	13	20	lb19	figs-doublet		0	It will not be inhabited or lived in	The two verbs mean basically the same thing. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “No one will live in it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	13	20	zgq2	figs-idiom		0	from generation to generation	The phrase “generation to generation” refers to all generations of people who will live in the future. Alternate translation: “for ever” or “ever again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA	13	20	vjg1	figs-genericnoun		0	The Arab	This refers to Arab people in general, not one person. Alternate translation: “Arabs” or “Arab people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
ISA	13	21	aq3d			0	Connecting Statement:	Yahweh continues speaking about what will happen to Babylon.
ISA	13	21	t272			0	will lie there	“will lie in Babylon”
ISA	13	21	ym5w			0	Their houses	“The people’s houses”
ISA	13	21	a5fz	translate-unknown		0	owls	Owls are wild birds that hunt at night. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
ISA	13	21	tw7k	translate-unknown		0	ostriches	Ostriches are large wild birds that run fast and cannot fly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
ISA	13	22	r81d	translate-unknown		0	Hyenas	Hyenas are large wild animals that look like dogs and eat dead animals. Their loud cry sounds like a person laughing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
ISA	13	22	inv9	figs-ellipsis		0	jackals in the beautiful palaces	The words “will cry” are understood. Alternate translation: “jackals will cry in the beautiful palaces” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
ISA	13	22	ly2k	translate-unknown		0	jackals	wild dogs (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
ISA	13	22	wym1	figs-parallelism		0	Her time is near, and her days will not be delayed	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. “Her time” and “her days” both refer to the time that God has chosen for Babylon to be destroyed. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The time that all of this will happen to the people of Babylon is near, and nothing will stop it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	14	intro	k7wp			0		# Isaiah 14 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 14:4-27, 29-32.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Satan<br>It is believed that this chapter references Satan. It describes Satan as a star fallen from heaven. There are five important statements beginning with the words “I will” which appear to show the essence of Satan’s sin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/satan]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])<br><br>### Babylon<br>This is the name of the kingdom that conquered Judah, but it is also the name representing Satan’s kingdom in prophecies. They were not yet a world power when these words were spoken. It should be translated as “Babylon,” but translators should be aware of its dual meaning.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Israel<br>The use of Israel in this chapter is in reference to the nation or people group of Israel. It is this Israel who will be restored and not the kingdom of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]])
ISA	14	1	i59z	figs-metonymy		0	Yahweh will have compassion on Jacob	Here “Jacob” refers to the descendants of Jacob. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will have mercy on the descendants of Jacob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	14	1	i2au	figs-metonymy		0	attach themselves to the house of Jacob	The house of Jacob refers to the descendants of Jacob, the Israelites. Alternate translation: “unite with the descendants of Jacob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	14	2	s7ge			0	The nations will bring them to their own place	“The nations will bring the descendants of Jacob back to the land of Israel”
ISA	14	2	v647	figs-metonymy		0	the house of Israel	This refers to the Israelites, the descendants of Israel. Alternate translation: “the descendants of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	14	2	v5tj			0	They will take captive those who had captured them	“The Israelite soldiers will take as captives those who had captured Israelites”
ISA	14	3	alz7	figs-you		0	from your suffering and anguish	The word “your” is singular, but it refers to the people of Israel. Also, “suffering” and “anguish” mean basically the same thing and are used together for emphasis. Alternate translation: “from the things that have caused you to suffer greatly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
ISA	14	4	nfw3			0	How the oppressor has come to an end	“The oppressor has come to an end.” This is an exclamation.
ISA	14	4	bb3j	figs-ellipsis		0	the proud fury ended	The words “how and “has” are understood. Alternate translation: “how the proud fury has ended” or “his pride and fury have ended” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
ISA	14	4	a26w	figs-metonymy		0	the proud fury ended	The “proud fury” refers to the king of Babylon being proud and treating other nations cruelly. Alternate translation: “his cruelty has ended” or “he can no longer oppress people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	14	5	v7xw			0	Connecting Statement:	This is part of the taunt song that the Israelites will sing to the king of Babylon.
ISA	14	5	gb7c	figs-metonymy		0	Yahweh has broken the staff of the wicked	The staff of the wicked probably refers to a stick that wicked people would hit other people with. Breaking that stick represents destroying their power to treat people cruelly. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has destroyed the power of the wicked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	14	5	bz1k	figs-metonymy		0	the scepter of those rulers	A scepter represents a ruler’s power to rule. Breaking the scepter represents destroying the ruler’s power. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has destroyed the power of the wicked rulers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	14	6	yr4l			0	that struck the peoples	“who struck the peoples.” Wicked people struck the peoples with their staff.
ISA	14	6	u5vx			0	with unceasing blows	“without stopping” or “again and again”
ISA	14	6	te29			0	that ruled the nations	“who conquered other nations”
ISA	14	6	xy5f			0	with an attack that was unrestrained	“attacking them without stopping”
ISA	14	7	efq4			0	Connecting Statement:	This is part of the taunt song that the Israelites will sing to the king of Babylon.
ISA	14	7	sk3p	figs-metonymy		0	The whole earth	This refers to everyone on earth. Alternate translation: “everyone on earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	14	8	w8ty	figs-personification		0	Even the cypress trees rejoice over you with the cedars of Lebanon	Isaiah speaks of the trees as if they were people who could rejoice. This emphasizes that it is such a great thing that God has stopped the king of Babylon that even nature would rejoice if it could. Alternate translation: “It will be as if even the cyprus trees and the cedars of Lebanon rejoice over you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
ISA	14	8	qr3b	figs-explicit		0	rejoice over you	Why they rejoice can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “rejoice that God has made you powerless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	14	8	a29a	figs-metaphor		0	Since you are laid low	Being laid low represents being made powerless and unimportant. Alternate translation: “Since you have become powerless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	14	9	k8jm	figs-personification		0	Sheol below is eager to meet you	Sheol is spoken of as if it were a person who is eager to meet his guests. This implies that the king dies. Alternate translation: “Sheol is like a host eager to meet you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
ISA	14	9	hb56	figs-personification		0	It arouses the dead for you, all the kings of the earth	“it wakes up the dead for you, all the kings of the earth.” Sheol is spoken of as if it were a person that could wake up those who are in it. Alternate translation: “All the dead kings of the earth in Sheol wake up to greet you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
ISA	14	10	m71x			0	Connecting Statement:	This is part of the taunt song that the Israelites will sing to the king of Babylon. Here they sing about what the dead kings in Sheol will say to him.
ISA	14	10	ykp8			0	They all will speak and say to you	The word “they” refers to the dead kings in Sheol, and the word “you” refers to the king of Babylon.
ISA	14	11	d9xe	figs-metaphor		0	Your pomp has been brought down to Sheol	The dead kings will speak of the king of Babylon having no more splendor as if his splendor had gone down to Sheol. Alternate translation: “Your splendor ended when God sent you here to Sheol” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	14	11	lm34	figs-metaphor		0	with the sound of your string instruments	People would make music on string instruments to honor the king. The dead kings will speak of people no longer honoring the king of Babylon with music as if the music went to Sheol. Alternate translation: “along with the sound of people playing music to honor you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	14	11	x7m3	figs-metaphor		0	Maggots are spread under you	The maggots under his dead body are spoken of as if they were a mat or bed. Alternate translation: “You lie on a bed of maggots” or “You lie on many maggots” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	14	11	bsu7	figs-metaphor		0	worms cover you	The worms all over his body are spoken of as if they were covering him like a blanket. Alternate translation: “Worms cover you like a blanket” or “There are worms all over your body” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	14	12	ecp6			0	Connecting Statement:	This is part of the taunt song that the Israelites will sing to the king of Babylon.
ISA	14	12	g41s	figs-metaphor		0	How you are fallen from heaven, daystar, son of the morning	The daystar is a bright star that rises just before morning. The people of Israel will refer to the king of Babylon in terms of this star in order to imply that he once was great, but now he was not. Alternate translation: “You were like the bright morning star, but you have fallen from the sky” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	14	12	tms3	figs-metaphor		0	How you are cut down to the ground	The people of Israel will speak of the king of Babylon as if he were a tree that was cut down. Alternate translation: “You are defeated like a tree that someone has cut down to the ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	14	13	fum9	figs-explicit		0	I will sit on the mount of assembly	This alludes to the myth that many people in the Ancient Near East knew, that the Canaanite gods met in council on the top of a mountain in the northern part of Syria. Sitting on the mountain represents ruling with the gods. Alternate translation: “I will rule on the mountain where the gods assemble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	14	13	fr5j			0	in the far reaches of the north	“in the most northern places.” The mountain in the north was apparently called Zaphon. Some modern versions say “far away on the sides of Zaphon.”
ISA	14	15	ytw5			0	Connecting Statement:	This is part of the taunt song that the Israelites will sing to the king of Babylon.
ISA	14	15	lyk7	figs-activepassive		0	Yet you are now brought down to Sheol	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “But now God has sent you down to Sheol” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	14	16	ne9m	figs-rquestion		0	Is this the man	The people will use this question either to mock the king of Babylon, or to express their shock at what has happened to him. Alternate translation: “Surely, this is not the man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	14	16	uu7r	figs-metonymy		0	who made the earth tremble	This could mean: (1) the earth trembled as the king’s army marched to conquer people, or (2) this refers to the people of the earth trembling in fear of him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	14	16	i1pd	figs-metaphor		0	shook kingdoms	This could mean: (1) this is a metaphor for “conquered kingdoms” or (2) this is metonymy for “terrified the people of kingdoms.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	14	17	n2f9			0	who made the world like a wilderness	“who made the places where people lived into a wilderness”
ISA	14	18	hj9m			0	Connecting Statement:	This is the end of the taunt song that the Israelites will sing to the king of Babylon.
ISA	14	18	k97g	figs-explicit		0	all of them lie down in honor	This means that their bodies were buried in an honorable way. Alternate translation: “all the kings who have died are buried in an honorable way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	14	19	s2s8	figs-metaphor		0	But you are cast out of your grave	Being thrown out of the grave represents not being buried. Alternate translation: “But you are not buried. Your body is left on the ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	14	19	a19s	figs-simile		0	like a branch thrown away	A branch thrown away represents something worthless. Alternate translation: “like a worthless branch that is tossed aside” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	14	19	zn4w	figs-simile		0	The dead cover you like a garment	This represents many dead bodies being on top of his body. Alternate translation: “The bodies of dead people completely cover your body” or “The bodies of dead soldiers are piled on top of your body” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	14	19	s24w	figs-metonymy		0	those pierced by the sword	This describes “the dead” spoken of at the beginning of this sentence. Being pierced by the sword represents being killed in battle. Alternate translation: “those who were killed in battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	14	19	vwg8			0	who go down to the stones of the pit	The pit refers either to hell, or to a large hole in the ground where many dead bodies are simply dumped.
ISA	14	20	p1jq	figs-metaphor		0	You will not join them in burial	The word “them” refers to the other kings who died and were buried properly. Joining them in burial represents being buried as they were. Alternate translation: “you will never be buried as other kings were buried” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	14	20	dax2	figs-activepassive		0	The offspring of evildoers will never be mentioned again	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one will ever speak again about the descendants of evildoers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	14	21	m117	figs-abstractnouns		0	Prepare your slaughter for his children	This can be reworded so that the abstract noun “slaughter” is expressed with the verb “kill.” Alternate translation: “Get ready to kill the children of the king of Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA	14	21	usu5	figs-abstractnouns		0	for the iniquity of their ancestors	This can be reworded so that the abstract noun “iniquity” is expressed as the verb “sinned greatly.” Alternate translation: “because their forefathers have sinned greatly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA	14	21	dsj6	figs-metonymy		0	so they will not rise up	Here “rise up” represents either becoming powerful or attacking. Alternate translation: “so they will not become powerful” or “so they will not attack” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	14	21	urm2	figs-metaphor		0	possess the earth	This represents taking control of the people on the earth, in this case by conquering them. Alternate translation: “take control of the peoples on the earth” or “conquer the peoples on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	14	21	pdw1	figs-metaphor		0	fill the whole world with cities	This represents causing the world to have many cities on it. Alternate translation: “build cities all over the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	14	22	sk3n	figs-123person		0	this is the declaration of Yahweh of hosts	Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh of hosts has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh of hosts, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
ISA	14	22	hv7k			0	Yahweh of hosts	See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md).
ISA	14	23	nzb4	figs-personification		0	I will also make her	The word “her” refers to the city of Babylon. Cities were often spoken of as if they were women. Alternate translation: “I will also make it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
ISA	14	23	s45f	figs-metaphor		0	a possession of owls	This represents wild animals living in the city because there are no people there. Alternate translation: “a place where owls live” or “a place where wild animals live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	14	23	kg27	figs-metaphor		0	into pools of water	Causing there to be swamps or ponds of stagnant water where the city was is spoken of as making the city into those things. Alternate translation: “into a place where there are stagnant ponds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	14	24	b41x			0	Yahweh of hosts	See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md).
ISA	14	24	ff86	figs-parallelism		0	as I have intended, so it will come about; and as I have purposed, so it will be	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “the things that I have planned will surely happen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	14	25	x38v	figs-metaphor		0	I will break the Assyrian in my land	Breaking represents defeating. Alternate translation: “I will defeat the Assyrian in my land” or “I will cause the Assyrian in my land to be defeated” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	14	25	bf5r	figs-synecdoche		0	the Assyrian	This represents the Assyrian king and his army. Alternate translation: “the king of Assyria and his army” or “the Assyrian army” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	14	25	w75i	figs-metaphor		0	trample him underfoot	This represents completely defeating him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	14	25	a5nv	figs-activepassive		0	Then his yoke will be lifted from off them and his burden from off their shoulder	This can be expressed with an active verb. Alternate translation: “Then I will lift his yoke from them and his burden from their shoulder” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	14	25	tr41	figs-parallelism		0	Then his yoke will be lifted from off them and his burden from off their shoulder	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Lifting the yoke and burden represents setting people free from slavery. Alternate translation: “Then I will set the Israelites free from slavery to Assyria like removing a heavy burden from their shoulder” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	14	25	zbe7			0	his yoke … his burden	The word “his” refers to Assyria.
ISA	14	25	un4r			0	from off them … from off their shoulder	The words “them” and “their” refer to the people of Israel.
ISA	14	26	e4pl			0	General Information:	This may be Isaiah speaking or it may be Yahweh speaking.
ISA	14	26	zf8b	figs-activepassive		0	This is the plan that is intended for the whole earth	The idea of “is intended” can be expressed with an active verb. Alternate translation: “This is the plan that God intends for the whole earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	14	26	vlj3	figs-metaphor		0	this is the hand that is raised over all the nations	God being ready to punish the nations is spoken of as if he raised his hand in order to hit them. The word “hand” may also represent his power. Alternate translation: “this is Yahweh’s power to punish all the nations” or “this is how Yahweh will punish the nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	14	27	m56z	figs-rquestion		0	who will stop him?	This question emphasizes that no one can stop Yahweh. Alternate translation: “there is no one who can stop him.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	14	27	q2yi			0	Yahweh of hosts	See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md).
ISA	14	27	g997	figs-metaphor		0	His hand is raised	This represents Yahweh being ready to punish the nations. Alternate translation: “He is ready to punish them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	14	27	s25e	figs-rquestion		0	who will turn it back?	This question is used to say that no one can turn back God’s hand. Turning back his hand represents stopping him from punishing the nations. Alternate translation: “no one can turn it back.” or “no one can stop him from punishing them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	14	29	erk5	figs-metaphor		0	the rod that struck you is broken	The rod that struck Philistia represents a king who sent his army to attack them. Being broken represents either being dead or being defeated. Alternate translation: “the king that sent his army against you is dead” or “the army that attacked you is defeated” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	14	29	f3g7	figs-parallelism		0	For out of the serpent’s root will grow out an adder … his offspring will be a fiery flying serpent	These two phrases are both the image of a serpent’s offspring being even more harmful than the serpent. They represent a king’s successor being more powerful and cruel than the first king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	14	29	pl9y			0	an adder	a kind of poisonous snake
ISA	14	29	i1ui	figs-metaphor		0	a fiery flying serpent	Here the word “fiery” probably refers to the serpent’s poisonous bite, and the word “flying” refers to its quick movements. Alternate translation: “a quickly moving poisonous snake” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	14	30	c4km	figs-metaphor		0	The firstborn of the poor	This represents the poorest people. Alternate translation: “The poorest people” or “The poorest of my people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	14	30	nhy1	figs-metaphor		0	I will kill your root with famine that will put to death all your survivors	Here “your root” refers to the people of Philistia. Alternate translation: “I will kill your people with famine that will put to death all your survivors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	14	31	i9fx	figs-metonymy		0	Howl, gate; cry, city	Here “gate” and “city” represent the people at the city gates and in the cities. “Howl, you people at the city gates; cry, you people in the cities” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	14	31	t4fi	figs-metaphor		0	you will melt away	Melting away represents becoming weak because of fear. Alternate translation: “you will grow weak with fear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	14	31	re77	figs-explicit		0	For out of the north comes a cloud of smoke	This implies that a large army is coming from the north. Alternate translation: “For from the north comes a large army with a cloud of smoke” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	14	31	m73z	figs-metaphor		0	a cloud of smoke	This could mean: (1) this represents a cloud of dust that the army stirs up as they travel on dry dirt roads. Alternate translation: “a cloud of dust” or (2) there is a lot of smoke because of all the things that the army destroys and burns. Alternate translation: “much smoke” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	14	31	az3q			0	there is no straggler in his ranks	“no one in his ranks walks slowly behind the others”
ISA	14	32	ld7h	figs-rquestion		0	How will they respond to the messengers of that nation?	The author uses this question to introduce his instruction about how the Israelites should speak to the messengers. Alternate translation: “This is how we will answer the messengers of Philistia.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	14	32	geq9			0	Yahweh has founded Zion	“Yahweh started Zion”
ISA	14	32	q7h8			0	in her	“in Jerusalem” or “there”
ISA	14	32	k8ir			0	the afflicted of his people	“those of his people who have been afflicted”
ISA	15	intro	u6k8			0		# Isaiah 15 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>This chapter shifts from discussing Judah to the nation of Moab. Moab is punished by Yahweh, even though he is not a god they worship. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/god]])
ISA	15	1	ss3j	figs-pastforfuture		0	General Information:	Often in prophecy events that will happen in future are described as happening now or in the past. This emphasizes that the event will certainly happen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
ISA	15	1	y2ws			0	A declaration	“This is what Yahweh declares” or “This is a message from Yahweh”
ISA	15	1	y4g4	translate-names		0	Ar … Kir	These are names of cities and towns in Moab. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	15	1	x1z2	figs-doublet		0	Ar of Moab is laid waste and destroyed	The words “laid waste” and “destroyed” mean the same thing and emphasize that the city was completely ruined. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Enemy armies will completely destroy Ar of Moab” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	15	2	z4py	translate-names		0	Dibon … Nebo … Medeba	These are names of cities and towns in Moab. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	15	2	bsv6	figs-idiom		0	went up to the heights to weep	Here “up to the heights” refers to a temple or altar that was built on high ground like a hill or mountain side. Alternate translation: “went up to the temple on the hilltop to weep” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA	15	2	kq2g	figs-metonymy		0	Moab laments over Nebo and over Medeba	These place names refer to the people who live there. Alternate translation: “the people of Moab will weep because of what happened to the cities of Nebo and Medeba” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	15	2	w2hx	translate-symaction		0	All their heads are shaved bare and all their beards are cut off	They do this to show their extreme sadness. AT” “They will all shave their heads and cut off their beards and grieve” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
ISA	15	3	cv4k			0	General Information:	This continues the prophecy about the people of Moab. God describes events that will happen in the future as if it is happening in the present ([Isaiah 15:1-2](./01.md)).
ISA	15	3	xag9	translate-symaction		0	they wear sackcloth	They do this to show their extreme sadness. Alternate translation: “they wear sackcloth and mourn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
ISA	15	4	ad56	translate-names		0	Heshbon … Elealeh … Jahaz	These are names of cities and towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	15	4	hfj7	figs-metonymy		0	Heshbon and Elealeh call out	These city names represent the people of these cities. “The people of Heshbon and Elealeh call out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	15	4	e3i9	figs-metonymy		0	they tremble within themselves	Physical trembling is a symptom of fear and represents fear. Alternate translation: “they will be completely filled with fear” or “they tremble with fear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	15	5	yx87			0	General Information:	This continues the prophecy about the people of Moab. God describes events that will happen in the future as if it is happening in the present ([Isaiah 15:1-2](./01.md)).
ISA	15	5	k79u	figs-synecdoche		0	My heart cries out for Moab	Here God is represented by his “heart” which emphasizes his emotions. God speaks of his great sadness as if his heart cried out. Alternate translation: “I am extremely sad about what is happening to Moab” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] or [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	15	5	ubi2			0	her fugitives flee	“the fugitives from Moab will flee.” A fugitive is a person who runs away so that his enemy will not capture him.
ISA	15	5	nqe8	translate-names		0	Zoar … Eglath Shelishiyah … Luhith … Horonaim	These are names of cities and towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	15	5	y7d7	figs-abstractnouns		0	over their destruction	This can be reworded so that the abstract noun “destruction” is expressed as the verb “destroyed.” Alternate translation: “because their city is destroyed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA	15	6	yr4r	translate-names		0	Nimrim	This is the name of a city or town. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	15	7	t1qa			0	The abundance	“Everything”
ISA	15	7	cqq1			0	brook of the poplars	This may refer to the river at the southern border of Moab.
ISA	15	8	p12d			0	General Information:	This continues the prophecy about the people of Moab. God describes events that will happen in the future as if it is happening in the present ([Isaiah 15:1-2](./01.md)).
ISA	15	8	me26	figs-metaphor		0	The cry has gone around the territory of Moab	People’s crying out and others hearing it is spoken of as if the cry had gone out. Alternate translation: “People all over the territory of Moab cry out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	15	8	teq6			0	the wailing as far as Eglaim and Beer Elim	The words “has gone” are understood. People’s wailing and others hearing it is spoken of as if the wailing had gone as far away as these two places. Alternate translation: “the wailing has gone as far as Egalim and Beer Elim” or “people even as far away as Elaim and Beer Elim wail”
ISA	15	8	sc3g	translate-names		0	Eglaim … Beer Elim	These are names of cities and towns. Dimon was the principal city of the country of Moab. Several modern versions have “Dibon” instead of “Dimon.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	15	9	fd7d	translate-names		0	Dimon	This is the name of a city or town. Dimon was the principal city of the country of Moab. Several modern versions have “Dibon” instead of “Dimon.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	15	9	i5we	figs-metonymy		0	but I will bring even more upon Dimon	Here “I” refers to Yahweh. Also, “Dimon” refers to the people who live there. Alternate translation: “but I will cause even more trouble for the people of Dimon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	16	intro	ww5p			0		# Isaiah 16 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter is a continuation of the previous chapter and is a prophecy against the nation of Moab. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 16:1-12.
ISA	16	1	cc7x			0	General Information:	This continues the prophecy about the people of Moab. God describes events that will happen in the future as if it is happening in the present. This verse is probably what God says the rulers of Moab will say to each other ([Isaiah 15:1-2](../15/01.md)).
ISA	16	1	tn1s	translate-symaction		0	Send rams to the ruler of the land	The Moabites will send rams to the king of Judah so that he might protect them from the enemy army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
ISA	16	1	yi43	translate-names		0	Selah	This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	16	1	g19r	figs-idiom		0	the daughter of Zion	The “daughter” of a city means the people of the city. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “the people of Zion” or “the people who live in Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA	16	2	teb4	figs-simile		0	As wandering birds, as a scattered nest, so the women of Moab are at the fords of the Arnon River	All the people of Moab, which includes the women, are forced to flee from their homes. Alternate translation: “Like birds without a home, the women of Moab will flee across the river to another land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	16	2	r8tb	figs-doublet		0	As wandering birds, as a scattered nest	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
ISA	16	3	d1qp			0	General Information:	This continues the prophecy about the people of Moab. God describes events that will happen in the future as if it is happening in the present. Verses 3 and 4 is probably the message that the Moabite rulers send to the king of Judah ([Isaiah 15:1-2](../15/01.md)).
ISA	16	3	sm3j	figs-metaphor		0	provide some shade like night in the middle of the day	The heat of the middle of the day represents the Moabites’ suffering from their enemies, and shade represents protection from their enemies. Comparing the shade to night shows that they want strong protection. Alternate translation: “protect us completely from our enemies as a large shadow protects people from the hot sun” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	16	4	kq3e			0	Let them live among you, the refugees from Moab	“Allow the refugees from Moab to live with you.” Here “you” refers to the people of Judah.
ISA	16	4	q1sn	figs-metaphor		0	be a hiding place for them from the destroyer	Providing a hiding place is spoken of as being a hiding place. Alternate translation: “give them a place to hide from those who are trying to destroy them” or “hide them from those who want to destroy them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	16	5	uvx1	figs-metonymy		0	A throne will be established in covenant faithfulness	Here “throne” refers to the power to rule as king. The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be stated as “faithful.” This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will be faithful to the covenant and he will appoint a king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	16	5	v5l7	figs-metonymy		0	one from David’s tent will faithfully sit there	Here “David’s tent” represents David’s family, including his descendants. Sitting on the throne represents ruling. Alternate translation: “a descendant of David will rule faithfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	16	5	e78m	figs-metaphor		0	as he seeks justice	Seeking justice represents wanting to do what is just. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	16	6	fy9x			0	General Information:	This continues the prophecy about the people of Moab. God describes events that will happen in the future as if it is happening in the present ([Isaiah 15:1-2](../15/01.md)).
ISA	16	6	k39y	figs-metonymy		0	We have heard of Moab’s pride, his arrogance, his boasting, and his anger	The words “Moab’s” and “his” refer to the people of Moab. Alternate translation: “We have heard that the people of Moab are proud and arrogant, boastful and angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	16	6	w42t			0	We have heard	Possible meanings are that: (1) Isaiah is speaking and “We” refers to him and the people of Judah, or (2) God is speaking and “We” refers to God.
ISA	16	6	h6ze			0	But his boastings are empty words	“But what they say about themselves means nothing” or “But what they boast about is not true”
ISA	16	7	p8b8	figs-metonymy		0	So Moab wails for Moab—they all wail	“Moab” represents the people of Moab. “So all the people of Moab will cry out loud over what has happened to their cities” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	16	7	pea5			0	for the raisin cakes of Kir Hareseth	“because there are no raisin cakes in Kir Hareseth”
ISA	16	7	hn3v			0	raisin cakes	The Hebrew word used here means either “raisin cakes” or “men.”
ISA	16	7	u3tz	translate-names		0	Kir Hareseth	“Kir Hareseth” is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	16	8	v7h6			0	General Information:	This continues the prophecy about the people of Moab. God describes events that will happen in the future as if it happened in the past ([Isaiah 15:1-2](../15/01.md)).
ISA	16	8	tyy8			0	Heshbon	Translate the name of this city as you did in [Isaiah 15:4](../15/04.md).
ISA	16	8	ce7l	translate-names		0	Sibmah … Jazer	These are names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	16	8	h33k	figs-metaphor		0	The rulers of the nations have trampled the choice vines	The land of Moab was known for its vineyards. Here God describes the land of Moab as one large vineyard. This emphasizes that the rulers, which refers to the armies, completely destroyed everything in Moab. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	16	9	p1lz			0	General Information:	This continues to describe the land of Moab as one large vineyard ([Isaiah 16:8](../16/08.md)). God describes events that will happen in the future as if they are happening in the present.
ISA	16	9	b6jh			0	Indeed I will weep	In 16:9-10 the word “I” refers to Yahweh.
ISA	16	9	r1yu	figs-metaphor		0	I will water you with my tears	God speaks of his deep sorrow for these places as if he would cry much and his many tears would fall on them. Alternate translation: “I will cry much for you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	16	9	c583			0	Jazer … Sibmah	Translate the names of these cities as you did in [Isaiah 16:8](../16/08.md).
ISA	16	9	l7qj			0	Heshbon … Elealeh	Translate the names of these cities as you did in [Isaiah 15:4](../15/04.md).
ISA	16	9	uuj5	figs-metonymy		0	For on your fields of summer fruits and harvest I have ended the shouts of joy	The “shouts of joy” represent people shouting for joy about the harvest of their fruit trees. Alternate translation: “Because of what I will do, you will no longer shout for joy when you harvest your fields of summer fruit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	16	10	zu17	figs-metonymy		0	I have put an end to the shouts of the one who treads	Here “the shouts” refers to the joy of the people who tread the grapes to produce the wine. Alternate translation: “therefore the people who tread the grapes do not shout with joy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	16	11	hh15			0	General Information:	This continues the prophecy about the people of Moab. God describes events that will happen in the future as if it is happening in the present ([Isaiah 15:1-2](../15/01.md)).
ISA	16	11	yx3n	figs-synecdoche		0	So my heart sighs like a harp for Moab	The phrase “my heart” represents Yahweh and his sad feelings. He compares his sigh to the sound of a sad song played on a harp. Alternate translation: “So I sigh like a sad song on a harp” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	16	11	bc51	figs-metonymy		0	Moab	This refer to the people of Moab. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	16	11	r8w1	figs-ellipsis		0	my inward being for Kir Hareseth	The phrase “my inward being” represents Yahweh. The word “sighs” is understood from the previous phrase. See how you translated Kir Hareseth in [Isaiah 16:7](../16/07.md). Alternate translation: “my inward being sighs for Kir Hareseth” or “I am very sad for the people of Kir Hareseth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
ISA	16	11	q54t	figs-metonymy		0	Kir Hareseth	This is a metonym for the people of the city. Alternate translation: “the people of Kir Hareseth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	16	12	r3gm	figs-metonymy		0	Moab … himself … his	All of these words refer to the people of Moab. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	16	12	i9ei			0	his prayers will accomplish nothing	“his prayers will not be answered”
ISA	16	13	q3qj			0	This is the word	“This is the message.” This refers to all he said in 15:1-16:12.
ISA	16	13	t123	figs-metonymy		0	concerning Moab	The word “Moab” refers to the people of Moab. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	16	14	ubw7			0	the glory of Moab will disappear	“The country of Moab will no longer be glorious”
ISA	17	intro	uhu9			0		# Isaiah 17 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>The ULT sets the lines in 17:1-6, 9-14 farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because they are part of a long quotation.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Damascus<br>This chapter prophesies destruction against the people of Damascus. Damascus was the capital of Aram. The people of Damascus worship gods other than Yahweh and have fought Yahweh’s people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Ephraim<br>This chapter prophesied destruction against the kingdom of Israel. They are also called Ephraim in this chapter. Both the northern kingdom of Israel and Aram were conquered at about the same time in history.
ISA	17	1	c1yu	translate-names		0	about Damascus	Damascus is the name of a city. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 7:8](../07/08.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	17	2	ez1z	figs-activepassive		0	The cities of Aroer will be abandoned	This can be stated in active form. “All the people will abandon the cities of Aroer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	17	2	h23p			0	no one will frighten them	The word “them” refers to the sheep.
ISA	17	3	c462	figs-synecdoche		0	Fortified cities will disappear from Ephraim	Ephraim was the largest tribe in Israel. Here it represents the entire northern kingdom of Israel. Alternate translation: “Strong cities will disappear from Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	17	3	rk8g			0	will disappear	This does not mean that they will vanish, but that the cities will be destroyed.
ISA	17	3	iyi9	figs-ellipsis		0	the kingdom from Damascus	The words “will disappear” are understood from the previous phrase. Damascus was where the king of Aram ruled from. The kingdom disappearing represents the king no longer having royal power. Alternate translation: “the kingdom will disappear from Damascus” or “there will be no royal power in Damascus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	17	3	p2wt	figs-123person		0	this is the declaration of Yahweh of hosts	Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Translate as in [Isaiah 14:22](../14/22.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh of hosts has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh of hosts, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
ISA	17	4	d7vw			0	It will come about	This phrase is used here to mark an important event that will happen. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here.
ISA	17	4	zp66	figs-metonymy		0	the glory of Jacob will become thin, and the fatness of his flesh will become lean	Here “Jacob” refers to the kingdom of Israel. Israel would no longer be glorious. Rather it would be weak and poor. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	17	5	xe3f	figs-simile		0	It will be as when a harvester gathers the standing grain … in the Valley of Rephaim	There will be nothing left in the land after God punishes the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	17	5	m9mp	translate-names		0	the Valley of Rephaim	This is a valley where people normally grew and harvested much food. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	17	6	t6d1			0	General Information:	This continues to compare the nation of Israel with a field after it is harvested ([Isaiah 17:4-5](./04.md)).
ISA	17	6	l99v	figs-metaphor		0	Gleanings will be left	The word “Gleanings” here represents the people who will still live in Israel. Alternate translation: “But there will be a few people left in Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	17	6	jq39	figs-simile		0	as when the olive tree is shaken	People harvested olive trees by shaking them so that the olives would fall out. Alternate translation: “like the few olives that remain on the olive trees after people harvest them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	17	6	ghf6	figs-ellipsis		0	four or five	The word “olives” is understood from the phrase before this. Alternate translation: “four or five olives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
ISA	17	6	j9w2	figs-123person		0	this is the declaration of Yahweh, the God of Israel	Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh, the God of Israel, has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, the God of Israel, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
ISA	17	7	srr9	figs-idiom		0	men will look toward their Maker … will look to the Holy One of Israel	Looking toward God here represents hoping that he will help them. Alternate translation: “men will hope that their Maker, the Holy One of Israel, will help them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA	17	7	yg6i	figs-synecdoche		0	men will look	The word “men” represents people in general. Alternate translation: “people will look” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	17	7	ab45	figs-synecdoche		0	their eyes will look	Here “eyes” represents the people who look. Alternate translation: “they will look” or “the people will look” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	17	7	wn3u			0	Holy One of Israel	See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:4](../01/04.md).
ISA	17	8	ci52	figs-metonymy		0	They will not look to the altars	Looking to the altars represents worshiping idols with the hope that the idols will help them. Alternate translation: “They will not worship idols at their altars” or “The people of Israel will not go to their altars and ask their idols to help them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	17	8	gg5j	figs-synecdoche		0	the work of their hands	Here the people are represented by their “hands” to emphasize that they made the altars or idols. Alternate translation: “that they made with their hands” or “which they themselves built” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	17	8	g7l9	figs-metonymy		0	what their fingers have made … the Asherah poles or the sun images	The second phrase identifies the things that the people made. Speaking of the fingers here emphasizes that the people made them, so these things are not real gods. Alternate translation: “the Asherah poles or the sun images, which they themselves made” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	17	9	c6p6	figs-explicit		0	that were forsaken because of the people of Israel	It can be made explicit who left these lands. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that the Hivites and Amorites left after the people of Israel came” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	17	10	y72p			0	For you have forgotten	Here “you” refers to the people of Israel. The word “forgotten” does not mean they have no memory of God. It means they no longer obey him. Alternate translation: “For you no longer obey”
ISA	17	10	y983			0	the God of your salvation	“the God who saves you”
ISA	17	10	s6lq	figs-metaphor		0	have ignored the rock of your strength	This compares God to a large rock which people could climb on to get away from their enemies or hide behind. Alternate translation: “have ignored God, who is like a rock that protects you” or “have ignored the one who protects you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	17	11	mec4			0	the harvest will fail	“there will not be much fruit for you to harvest”
ISA	17	12	kh1i	figs-simile		0	The uproar of many peoples, that roar like the roaring of the seas	An uproar is a very loud noise. Alternate translation: “The sound of many people, that is very loud like the seas” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	17	12	cbz3	figs-simile		0	the rushing of nations, that rush like the rushing of mighty waters	The enemy armies appear to be a powerful force that no one can stop. Alternate translation: “the nations come rushing in like the mighty waters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	17	12	u4ze	figs-synecdoche		0	the rushing of nations	The word “nations” refers to the armies of those nations. Alternate translation: “the rushing of the enemy armies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	17	13	ls6k	figs-parallelism		0	before the wind like chaff on the mountains … like weeds whirling before a storm	These two phrases mean the same thing. The enemy armies seem powerful but God will easily stop them and send them away. Alternate translation: “like chaff on the mountains that the wind blows away … like weeds that whirl and blow away as a storm approaches” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	17	14	jpf9	figs-metaphor		0	This is the portion of those	What happens to them is spoken of as if it is a portion that they inherit. Alternate translation: “This is what happens to those” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	17	14	i9ms			0	loot us … rob us	The word “us” refers to Isaiah and the people of Judah.
ISA	18	intro	qz72			0		# Isaiah 18 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Cush<br>This chapter records prophecies against the nation of Cush. They are being punished by Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Metaphors<br>This chapter uses many metaphors to describe the destruction coming to the people of Cush. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	18	1	w55y	figs-metaphor		0	Woe to the land of the rustling of wings, which is along the rivers of Cush	Here, the phrase **the rustling of wings** could mean (1) the boats that have sails are spoken of as having wings. Alternate translation: “Woe to those who live in the land beyond the rivers of Cush, whose many ships look like insects on the water” or (2) the rustling of wings refers to the noise of insects that have wings, perhaps locusts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	18	2	fa3r	figs-metaphor		0	by the sea	The Nile River was very wide, and people in Egypt and Cush referred to it as “the sea.” Alternate translation: “on the great river” or “along the Nile River” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	18	2	na6w	translate-unknown		0	vessels of papyrus	Papyrus is a tall plant that grows along the side of the Nile River. People bound together papyrus bundles to make boats. Alternate translation: “papyrus boats” or “boats made of reeds” or (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
ISA	18	2	v2kg			0	a nation tall and smooth … a people feared far and near … a nation strong and trampling down, whose land the rivers divide	These phrases all describe the people of one nation.
ISA	18	2	zul8	figs-metonymy		0	a nation tall and smooth	The word “nation” here refers to the people of that nation. Alternate translation: “a nation whose people are tall and have smooth skin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	18	2	x6y2	figs-merism		0	a people feared far and near	The words “far” and “near” are used together to mean “everywhere.” Alternate translation: “a people who are feared everywhere” or “a people that everyone in the earth fears” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
ISA	18	2	s5qq	figs-metonymy		0	a nation strong and trampling down	Trampling down represents conquering other nations. Alternate translation: “a nation that is strong and conquers other nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	18	2	r4hc			0	the rivers divide	This probably refers to many rivers that flow through the nation so they divide it into different parts.
ISA	18	3	mj1l			0	Connecting Statement:	Verse 3 tells what the messengers in [Isaiah 18:2](../18/02.md) must say to the people of the world.
ISA	18	3	bil8	figs-parallelism		0	All you inhabitants of the world … you who live on the earth	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “All you people on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	18	3	ru4b			0	when a signal is lifted up on the mountains, look; and when the trumpet is blown, listen	The signal and trumpet were to call people to battle. The commands to look and listen are commands to pay attention and prepare for battle. Alternate translation: “pay attention when the signal is lifted up on the mountains and the trumpet is blown”
ISA	18	3	fd8p	figs-explicit		0	when a signal is lifted up on the mountains, look	The signal was a flag used to call people to battle. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “pay attention when you see the battle flag on the mountains” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	18	3	art9	figs-explicit		0	when the trumpet is blown, listen	The trumpets were used to call people to battle. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “pay attention when you hear the sound of the battle trumpets” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	18	4	d5k5			0	General Information:	God uses a parable about a farmer in a vineyard in order to describe how he will punish a certain nation. That nation is either Ethiopia or Ethiopia’s enemy.
ISA	18	4	r5kj			0	This is what Yahweh said to me	“Yahweh said to me.” Here the word “me” refers to Isaiah.
ISA	18	4	b3dz	figs-explicit		0	I will quietly observe from my home	What God will observe can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “I will quietly observe that nation from my home” or “From my home, I will quietly watch what the people of that nation do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	18	4	xwg1	figs-simile		0	like the simmering heat in sunshine, like a cloud of mist in the heat of harvest	These phrases show how quietly God will watch the nation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	18	5	uxf1	figs-explicit		0	Before the harvest	This is a harvest of grapes. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “Before the grape harvest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	18	5	he2s	figs-explicit		0	when the blossoming is over	It can be stated clearly that this refers to blossoms on grape vines. Alternate translation: “when flowers have finished growing on the grape vines” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	18	5	i3wm	figs-explicit		0	he will cut off the sprigs with pruning hooks	Yahweh will cut off the branches before the grapes can ripen. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will cut off the branches with knives before their produce fruit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	18	5	p7u7			0	pruning hooks	A pruning hook is a knife that people use to cut branches off of vines or other plants.
ISA	18	5	pg5q			0	he will cut down and take away the spreading branches	Yahweh will throw away the branches in judgment.
ISA	18	6	dev6	figs-parables		0	They will be left together	God seems to change from telling the parable to speaking more directly about the nation. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “Those who are killed will be left together” or “Like branches that are cut off and thrown away, the bodies of those who are killed will be left on the ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]])
ISA	18	6	f1vz			0	The birds will summer on them	“The birds will eat them during the summer.” The word “birds” refers to birds that eat the flesh of dead bodies.
ISA	18	6	dh75			0	all the animals of the earth	“all kinds of wild animals”
ISA	18	6	lpf3			0	will winter on them	“will eat them in the winter”
ISA	18	7	y8hc			0	a people tall and smooth … a people feared far and near … a nation strong and trampling down, whose land the rivers divide	These phrases all describe the people of one nation. See how you translated these phrases in [Isaiah 18:2](../18/02.md).
ISA	18	7	ggw4			0	a people tall and smooth	“a people who are tall and have smooth skin”
ISA	18	7	gc7i	figs-merism		0	a people feared far and near	The words “far” and “near” are used together to mean “everywhere.” Alternate translation: “a people who are feared everywhere” or “a people that everyone in the earth fears” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
ISA	18	7	n6h8	figs-metonymy		0	a nation strong and trampling down	Trampling down represents conquering other nations. Alternate translation: “a nation that is strong and conquers other nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	18	7	wrg1	figs-metonymy		0	to the place of the name of Yahweh of hosts, to Mount Zion	The word “name” refers to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “to Mount Zion, where Yahweh of hosts dwells” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	19	intro	y3c4			0		# Isaiah 19 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 19:1-18.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Egypt<br><br>This chapter prophesied destruction against the nation of Egypt. Their destruction will come from internal division instead of being conquered by another nation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Imagery<br><br>Some of the imagery used in this chapter may be connected to the worship of specific false gods. One important god the people of Canaan worshiped was Baal, the god of rain or storms. One of the important gods the Egyptians worshiped was Ra, the god of the sun. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “In that day”<br>This changes the reference from the time when Assyria comes to dominate the world and looks to a more distant future day.
ISA	19	1	iz8p			0	See	“Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you”
ISA	19	1	pi3g	figs-metaphor		0	Yahweh rides on a swift cloud	Yahweh seems to be pictured here as riding on a cloud as if he was riding in a chariot. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	19	1	st7u	figs-personification		0	the idols of Egypt quake before him	The idols are described as having feelings of fear as Yahweh approaches. Alternate translation: “the idols of Egypt tremble in fear before Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
ISA	19	1	qi24	figs-metaphor		0	the hearts of the Egyptians melt within themselves	The heart melting represents losing their courage. Alternate translation: “the Egyptians have no more courage” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	19	2	k6cl	figs-ellipsis		0	a man against his neighbor	The words “will fight” are understood from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “a man will fight against his neighbor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
ISA	19	2	v5rq	figs-metonymy		0	city will be against city	The word “city” represents the people of the city. Alternate translation: “people of one city will fight against people of another city” or “people from different cities will fight against one another” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	19	2	k42s	figs-ellipsis		0	kingdom against kingdom	The words “will be” or “will fight” are understood from the previous phrases. Alternate translation: “kingdom will be against kingdom” or “kingdom will fight against kingdom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
ISA	19	2	usw7	figs-metonymy		0	kingdom against kingdom	The word “kingdom” refers to a smaller kingdom within Egypt. It may also be called a province. It represents the people of that kingdom or province. Alternate translation: “the people of one province will be against the people of another province” or “people from different provinces will fight against one another” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	19	3	k6nj	figs-personification		0	The spirit of Egypt will be weakened from within. I will destroy his advice	The nation of Egypt is spoken of here as if it was a person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
ISA	19	3	h9az	figs-activepassive		0	The spirit of Egypt will be weakened from within	This can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “I will weaken the spirit of Egypt from within” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	19	3	t2yv			0	I will destroy his advice, though they sought the advice of … spiritualists	“They sought the advice of … spiritualists, but that will do them no good. It will not stop me from destroying his advice”
ISA	19	3	j1kh	figs-abstractnouns		0	I will destroy his advice	This could mean: (1) Yahweh will cause the advice that he gives to be ineffective or (2) Yahweh will cause him to be unable to give any advice. This can be reworded so that the abstract noun “advice” is expressed as the verb “advise.” Alternate translation: “I will confuse those who advise the king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA	19	3	cz3n			0	mediums … spiritualists	These are people who claim to speak with those who have died.
ISA	19	4	e7zd	figs-metonymy		0	I will give the Egyptians into the hand of a harsh master	Here “hand” refers to power or control. Alternate translation: “I will give the Egyptians over to the control of a harsh master” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	19	4	f37v	figs-123person		0	this is the declaration of the Lord Yahweh of hosts	Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Translate as in [Isaiah 3:15](../03/15.md). Alternate translation: “this is what the Lord Yahweh of hosts has declared” or “this is what I, the Lord Yahweh of hosts, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
ISA	19	5	buc6	figs-parallelism		0	The waters of the sea will dry up, and the river will dry up and become empty	Egyptians referred to the Nile River as “the sea.” These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “The Nile River will completely dry up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	19	6	mqq8			0	become foul	“become foul-smelling” or “stink”
ISA	19	6	v3vr			0	will dwindle	“become smaller and smaller”
ISA	19	6	by1b			0	the reeds and flags will wither away	“Reeds” and “flags” refer to two similar kinds of water plants. Alternate translation: “the plants along the river will die and decay”
ISA	19	7	tkv1			0	every sown field beside the Nile	“the fields near the Nile where people have planted crops”
ISA	19	8	wx4h	figs-explicit		0	The fishermen will wail and mourn, and all who cast a hook into the Nile will mourn, and those who spread nets on the waters will grieve	These three phrases mean basically the same thing. If necessary, the reason they will grieve can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “The fishermen who catch fish with hooks or nets will cry in despair because the fish in the Nile have died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	19	8	u2jx	translate-unknown		0	cast a hook into the Nile	In order to catch fish, some people put a little food on a hook, tie the hook to a string, and throw the hook into the water. When a fish tries to eat the food, its mouth gets stuck on the hook, and the person pulls the fish out of the water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
ISA	19	8	meh3			0	cast	throw
ISA	19	8	u1tx	translate-unknown		0	spread nets on the waters	In order to catch fish, some people toss a net on the water. When fish get caught in it, they pull the net with the fish out of the water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
ISA	19	9	dnw4			0	The workers in combed flax	“Those who work with combed flax”
ISA	19	9	ram5	translate-unknown		0	combed flax	Flax is a plant that grows along the Nile River. People comb its fibers in order to separate them, and use them to make thread for linen cloth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
ISA	19	9	kjj4			0	will turn pale	“will be ashamed”
ISA	19	10	h4de			0	The cloth workers of Egypt	“The people of Egypt who make cloth”
ISA	19	10	m3g2	figs-metaphor		0	will be crushed	Being crushed represents being discouraged. Alternate translation: “will be discouraged” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	19	10	fl3d			0	work for hire	“work for pay”
ISA	19	10	mg9w			0	will be grieved within themselves	“will feel very sad”
ISA	19	11	tj8g	figs-parallelism		0	The princes of Zoan are completely foolish. The advice of the wisest advisors of Pharaoh has become senseless	These two phrases are similar in meaning. Either the princes of Zoan are also the wisest advisors or Pharaoh, or they are another group of people that also are shown to be foolish. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	19	11	ut1b	translate-names		0	Zoan	This is a city in northern Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	19	11	hg6z	figs-rquestion		0	How can you say to Pharaoh … kings?	Isaiah uses a question to mock those in Egypt who claim to be wise. Alternate translation: “You foolishly say to Pharaoh … kings.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	19	12	vn7v	figs-rquestion		0	Where then are your wise men?	Isaiah uses a question to mock the wise men. The word “your” refers to Pharaoh. Alternate translation: “You do not have any wise men.” or “Your wise men are fools.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	19	12	yi3f	figs-irony		0	Let them tell you and make known what Yahweh of hosts plans concerning Egypt	Isaiah is implying that wise men should be able to understand God’s plans, but Isaiah does not really believe they are wise. Alternate translation: “If they were really wise, they would be able to tell you what Yahweh of hosts plans concerning Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
ISA	19	13	xcx6	figs-metaphor		0	they have made Egypt go astray, who are the cornerstones of her tribes	The princes of Zoan and Memphis are spoken of as if they are the cornerstones of buildings because they are an important part of the community. Alternate translation: “the leaders have made Egypt go astray” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	19	13	i9nc			0	princes of Zoan	Zoan is a city in northern Egypt. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 19:11](../19/11.md).
ISA	19	13	ws7v	translate-names		0	Memphis	This is a city in the northern part of Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	19	13	wv4n	figs-metonymy		0	made Egypt go astray	The word “Egypt” represents the people of Egypt. Going astray represents doing what is wrong. Alternate translation: “made the people of Egypt go astray” or “made the people of Egypt do what is wrong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	19	14	djx6	figs-metaphor		0	Yahweh has mixed a spirit of distortion into her midst	Isaiah speaks of Yahweh’s judgment as if Egypt was a cup of wine. He speaks of Yahweh causing the leaders’ thoughts to be distorted as if their distorted thoughts were a liquid that Yahweh mixed in with the wine. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has judged them by distorting their thoughts” or “Yahweh has judged Egypt by distorting its leaders’ thoughts, as intoxicating drinks confuse people’s thoughts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	19	14	i24q			0	distortion	“perverseness” or “confusion”
ISA	19	14	d2iu	figs-personification		0	into her midst	Here “her” refers to Egypt. Nations are sometimes spoken of as if they were women. Alternate translation: “within Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
ISA	19	14	pf3i	figs-metonymy		0	they have led Egypt astray	Here, “they” refers to the leaders described in the previous verses. The word “Egypt” represents the people of Egypt. Alternate translation: “the princes have led the people of Egypt astray” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	19	14	veh2	figs-metaphor		0	have led Egypt astray	Leading people astray represents influencing them to do what is wrong. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	19	14	yj4b	figs-simile		0	like a drunk staggering in his vomit	Isaiah speaks of the people of Egypt doing what is wrong as if they were made to wander about like a drunken person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	19	15	h1pl	figs-metaphor		0	whether head or tail	The “head,” the part of an animal a person would want to be, represents the leader. The “tail” is the opposite and represents people who follow. Alternate translation: “whether leader or follower” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	19	15	h6vu	figs-metaphor		0	palm branch or reed	The “palm branch” grows high on the tree and represents people who are wealthy and important. The “reed” grows in shallow water and represents people who are poor and unimportant. See how you translated similar phrases in [Isaiah 9:14](../09/14.md). Alternate translation: “whether they are important or unimportant” or “whether rich or poor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	19	16	yjs8	figs-simile		0	Egyptians will be like women	This emphasizes that the people of Egypt will be afraid and helpless when God punishes them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	19	16	q4i9	figs-metonymy		0	because of the upraised hand of Yahweh of hosts that he raises over them	Here “hand” refers to God’s power, and raising the hand against them represents punishing them. Alternate translation: “because Yahweh of hosts has raised his powerful hand to punish them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	19	17	zin3	figs-metonymy		0	The land of Judah will become a cause of staggering to Egypt	The “land of Judah” and “Egypt” refer to the people in those places. The Egyptians will stagger because they are afraid. Alternate translation: “The people of Judah will cause the Egyptians to stagger” or “The people of Judah will cause the Egyptians to be terribly afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	19	17	ad9e			0	Whenever anyone reminds them of her, they will be afraid	Here, “them” and “they” refer to the Egyptians and “her” refers to the people of Judah. Alternate translation: “Whenever anyone reminds the Egyptians of the people of Judah, the Egyptians will be afraid”
ISA	19	18	n3bi	figs-metonymy		0	there will be five cities in the land of Egypt that speak	This refers to the people of those cities. Alternate translation: “the people in five Egyptian cities will speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	19	18	p6li	figs-metonymy		0	the language of Canaan	This refers to Hebrew, the language of the people of God living in the land of Canaan. Here Canaan represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “the language of the people of Canaan” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	19	18	w9p7			0	swear allegiance	“promise to be loyal”
ISA	19	18	hr4a	figs-activepassive		0	One of these will be called	This can be stated in active form. “People will call one of these cities” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	19	18	qu9b	translate-textvariants		0	called The City of the Sun	It is not clear whether the Hebrew word translated “Sun” here means “sun” or “destruction.” It is also not clear what the name tells us about the city. Alternate translation: “the city called Sun City” or “the city called Destruction City” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])
ISA	19	19	mnu1	figs-explicit		0	a stone pillar at the border to Yahweh	The phrase “the border” refers to the border of Egypt. Alternate translation: “a stone pillar to Yahweh at the border of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	19	20	vgv1	figs-abstractnouns		0	It will be as a sign and a witness to Yahweh of hosts in the land of Egypt	The abstract nouns “sign” and “witness” can be expressed with the verbs “show” and prove.” Alternate translation: “The altar will show and prove that Yahweh of hosts is in the land of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA	19	20	w4gy	figs-explicit		0	to Yahweh of hosts in the land of Egypt	Yahweh being in the land of Egypt represents the people of Egypt worshiping him. Alternate translation: “that the people in the land of Egypt worship Yahweh of hosts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	19	20	c365			0	When they cry	“When the Egyptians cry”
ISA	19	20	bp9e			0	because of oppressors	“because people are treating them harshly” or “because others are causing them to suffer”
ISA	19	20	e9e2			0	he will send them a savior and a defender	“Yahweh will send someone to save and defend the Egyptians”
ISA	19	20	knh3	figs-explicit		0	he will deliver them	Who Yahweh will deliver them from can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will deliver the Egyptians from their oppressors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	19	21	rad5	figs-metonymy		0	Yahweh will become known to Egypt	Here “Egypt” refers to the people of Egypt. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will make the people of Egypt know him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	19	21	wc2k			0	will acknowledge Yahweh	“will accept the truth about Yahweh” or “will agree to the truth about Yahweh”
ISA	19	21	r2vl	figs-explicit		0	They will worship	The object of their worship can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “They will worship Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	19	21	bcm9			0	will make vows to Yahweh and fulfill them	“will make promises to Yahweh and keep them” or “they will make promises to Yahweh and they will do what they have promised to do”
ISA	19	22	pvf9	figs-metonymy		0	Yahweh will afflict Egypt	Here, “Egypt” refers to the people of Egypt. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will afflict the people of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	19	22	v3uj			0	afflict	“strike” or “punish”
ISA	19	22	u4gc	figs-ellipsis		0	afflicting and healing	The word “them” is understood in this phrase. Alternate translation: “afflicting them and healing them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
ISA	19	22	i7ek			0	afflicting and healing	How this phrase relates to the phrase before it can be made clear with the words “after” and “also.” Alternate translation: “and after he afflicts them, he will also heal them”
ISA	19	23	g1ca			0	there will be a highway	A highway is a large road on which many people can travel.
ISA	19	23	s63v	figs-genericnoun		0	the Assyrian will come	“the Assyrian” refers to a person from Assyria, but represents anyone from Assyria who comes to Egypt. Alternate translation: “Assyrians will come” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
ISA	19	23	h5zp	figs-ellipsis		0	the Egyptian to Assyria	The words “will come” are understood. Alternate translation: “the Egyptian will come to Assyria” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
ISA	19	23	vjm5	figs-genericnoun		0	the Egyptian	This refers to a person from Egypt, but represents anyone from Egypt who comes to Assyria. Alternate translation: “Egyptians” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
ISA	19	23	vdk8	figs-explicit		0	the Egyptians will worship with the Assyrians	The object of their worship can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “the Egyptians and Assyrians will worship Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	19	24	x4sx	figs-metonymy		0	Israel will be the third with Egypt and Assyria	The names of the three nations represent the people of those nations. Alternate translation: “the Israelites will be the third with the Egyptians and Assyrians” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	19	24	d63v	translate-ordinal		0	be the third with	This could mean: (1) “join together with” or (2) “be the third blessing with” or (3) “be equal to.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
ISA	19	25	ial4	figs-metonymy		0	Blessed be Egypt, my people; Assyria, the work of my hands; and Israel, my inheritance	The names of the three nations refer to the people of those nations. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I have blessed you, people of Egypt, because you are my people; and I have blessed you, people of Assyria, because I created you; and I have blessed you, people of Israel, because I securely possess you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	19	25	hd4u	figs-metonymy		0	the work of my hands	Here “hands” refers to God’s power and action. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	20	intro	qqp3			0		# Isaiah 20 General Notes<br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Naked and barefoot<br>This is an image used in this chapter to describe Assyria’s victory over Egypt and Ethiopia. While they will be defeated, they will not be totally destroyed. Instead, they will be left with nothing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	20	1	cw3v	translate-names		0	Tartan	the name of the chief commander of the armies of Assyria (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	20	1	q4u1			0	Sargon	the name of the king of Assyria
ISA	20	1	g7u8	figs-metonymy		0	he fought against Ashdod and took it	Ashdod refers to the army of Ashdod. Alternate translation: “he fought against the army of Ashdod and defeated it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	20	2	xk5u			0	walking naked and barefoot	“walking around without clothes and without sandals.” Here the word “naked” probably refers to wearing only his undergarments.
ISA	20	3	mig7			0	an omen	“a warning”
ISA	20	4	k9su	figs-metonymy		0	the king of Assyria will lead away the captives	The king orders his army to do this task. Alternate translation: “the king of Assyria will have his army lead away the captives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	20	4	y6cb	figs-explicit		0	will lead away the captives of Egypt, and the exiles of Cush	It can be stated clearly that they will first attack and capture people. Alternate translation: “will attack Egypt and Cush and capture their people and lead them away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	20	4	j58w	figs-metonymy		0	to the shame of Egypt	Egypt refers to the people of Egypt. Alternate translation: “which will bring shame on the people of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	20	5	csg5			0	dismayed and ashamed	“afraid and put to shame”
ISA	20	5	x6ix	figs-metonymy		0	because of Cush their hope and of Egypt their glory	Hope and glory refer to their trust in the military power of these countries. Alternate translation: “because they had trusted in the power of the armies of Cush and Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	20	6	ppe5			0	The inhabitants of these coasts	the people who lived in the lands bordering the Mediterranean Sea
ISA	20	6	a114	figs-activepassive		0	where we fled for help to be rescued	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “where we fled to so they would rescue us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	20	6	ul8x	figs-rquestion		0	now, how can we escape?	The author uses this question to emphasize how hopeless their situation was. Alternate translation: “now there is no way for us to escape!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	21	intro	b7ty			0		# Isaiah 21 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 21:1-10, 13-17.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Cush<br>Dumah and Seir are places in Edom. Part of this chapter is a prophecy against Cush. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### The desert by the sea<br>This is a metaphor for an unknown nation. Scholars are divided over the proper identity of this nation, but it is probably Babylon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])<br><br>### Mystery<br>The fulfillment of this chapter is very mysterious. It is unknown who is truly being addressed and how this is to be fulfilled in history. The translator should not attempt to give the reader insight into this prophecy’s fulfillment. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]])
ISA	21	1	c5lv			0	A declaration	“This is what Yahweh declares” or “This is Yahweh’s message”
ISA	21	1	x48q	figs-metonymy		0	about the desert by the sea	This refers to the people who live in Babylon as being a desert, even though God has not made it into a desert yet. This event will certainly happen. Alternate translation: “about the people who live in a land that soon will be a desert” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
ISA	21	1	x94u	figs-simile		0	Like stormwinds sweeping through the Negev	Isaiah compares the army that will attack the people to a storm with strong winds. They will be quick and powerful. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	21	1	k1uh	figs-explicit		0	from the wilderness	Here “wilderness” refers to the wilderness of Judea. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	21	1	chs7			0	from a terrible land	The army is from a people that cause great fear.
ISA	21	2	gk1g	figs-activepassive		0	A distressing vision has been given to me	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh showed me a troubling vision” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	21	2	rpn1			0	the treacherous man deals treacherously	“those who deceive will deceive”
ISA	21	2	ue2c			0	the destroyer destroys	“those who destroy will destroy”
ISA	21	2	y49p	figs-apostrophe		0	Go up and attack, Elam; besiege, Media	In the vision given to Isaiah, Yahweh speaks to the armies of Elam and Media as if they are there listening to him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
ISA	21	2	n5ct	figs-ellipsis		0	Go up and attack, Elam; besiege, Media	It is understood that they are to attack the Babylonians. Alternate translation: “Go up and attack the Babylonians, you soldiers of Elam; go and besiege the Babylonians, you soldiers of Media” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
ISA	21	2	x1bk	figs-metonymy		0	Elam … Media	Here “Elam” and “Media” represent the soldiers from these places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	21	2	ic7h	figs-metonymy		0	I will stop all her groaning	Here “her” represents all the people who are suffering because of the Babylonians. Yahweh will cause them to stop groaning when he sends the armies of Elam and Media to destroy the Babylonians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	21	3	sy98			0	my loins are filled with pain	The vision that Isaiah sees is so troubling it causes him physical pain. Here he describes the pain and cramping in the middle part of his body.
ISA	21	3	lm8g	figs-simile		0	pains like the pains of a woman in labor have taken hold of me	Isaiah compares his pain to the pain of a woman giving birth. This emphasizes the great pain he is feeling. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	21	3	dv2a	figs-activepassive		0	I am bowed down by what I heard	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “What I heard has caused me to bend over in pain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	21	3	eaj7	figs-activepassive		0	I am disturbed by what I saw	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “what I saw has greatly troubled me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	21	4	b8pe			0	My heart pounds; I shake with fear	“My heart beats fast and I am shaking”
ISA	21	5	y2mh			0	They prepare	Here “They” refers to the leaders of Babylon.
ISA	21	5	isa5	figs-metonymy		0	prepare the table	Here “table” represents the food that people will eat at the feast. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	21	5	t2uh			0	arise, princes	Here “princes” refers in general to men with authority and not necessarily to sons of kings.
ISA	21	5	v634	figs-explicit		0	anoint your shields with oil	Soldiers would put oil on their leather shields so they would stay soft and not crack during battle. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	21	6	m5sh			0	post a watchman	“tell a watchman to stand on the wall of Jerusalem”
ISA	21	7	qai9			0	a chariot, a pair of horsemen	“a soldier riding in a chariot, a pair of horses pulling it”
ISA	21	8	v2w1			0	Lord, on the watchtower I stand	Here “Lord” refers to the person with authority that commanded the watchman to stand on the wall of Jerusalem.
ISA	21	9	x4x6	figs-metaphor		0	Babylon has fallen, fallen	Babylon being completely defeated by their enemies is spoken of as if Babylon has fallen. Here “Babylon” is a metonym that represents the people of Babylon. Alternate translation: “The people of Babylon are completely defeated” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	21	9	udx7			0	fallen, fallen	The word “fallen” is repeated to emphasize that the people of Babylon were completely defeated by their enemies.
ISA	21	10	yv9c	figs-metaphor		0	My threshed and winnowed ones, children of my threshing floor	The people of Israel suffering because of the Babylonians is spoken of as if the people were grain that was threshed and winnowed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	21	10	wdg3			0	My threshed	The word “my” refers to Isaiah.
ISA	21	10	nn8k			0	Yahweh of hosts	See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md).
ISA	21	11	qk1a			0	A declaration	“This is what Yahweh declares” or “This is a message from Yahweh”
ISA	21	11	f2ac	translate-names		0	about Dumah	This is another name for Edom. Here “Dumah” represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “about the people of Dumah” or “about the people of Edom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	21	11	z3e8			0	One calls to me	Here “me” refers to Isaiah.
ISA	21	11	z8pb	translate-names		0	Seir	This is the name of mountains west of Edom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	21	11	fhv6	figs-parallelism		0	Watchman, what is left of the night? Watchman, what is left of the night?	This is repeated to emphasize that the person asking the question is worried and nervous. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	21	12	h8eg			0	If you want to ask, then ask; and come back again	“Ask me now what you want to know, but also come back later and ask again”
ISA	21	13	qlh5			0	A declaration	“This is what Yahweh declares” or “This is the message of Yahweh”
ISA	21	13	bs2m	figs-metonymy		0	about Arabia	Arabia refers to the population of Arabia. Alternate translation: “about the people of Arabia” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	21	13	q4gt	figs-explicit		0	In the wilderness of Arabia	Arabia does not have a forest. Alternate translation: “Far off from the road in Arabia” or “Out in the bushes of Arabia” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	21	13	wxn6			0	caravans	a group of people traveling together
ISA	21	13	a76p	translate-names		0	Dedanites	This is a people group that lived in Arabia. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	21	14	yz13	translate-names		0	land of Tema	This is the name of a city in Arabia. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	21	14	ck51			0	fugitives	A fugitive is a person who runs away so that his enemy will not capture him. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 15:5](../15/05.md).
ISA	21	14	b4b7	figs-synecdoche		0	with bread	Here “bread” represents food in general. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	21	15	y9if	figs-metonymy		0	from the sword, from the drawn sword, from the bent bow	Here “sword” and “bow” represents the soldiers who attack the inhabitants of Tema. Alternate translation: “from their enemies who attack them with swords and bows” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	21	15	tnx9	figs-metaphor		0	from the weight of war	The terror and suffering that is experienced during war is spoken of as if war were a heavy weight on people. Alternate translation: “from the horrors of war” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	21	16	y8lk	figs-explicit		0	as a laborer hired for a year would see it	“as a hired laborer would count the days of a year.” A hired worker is careful to count the days so that he works exactly the amount of time he is paid to work. This means Kedar will be defeated in exactly one year. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	21	16	z33f	translate-names		0	of Kedar	This is a region in Arabia. Kedar represents the population of Kedar. Alternate translation: “of the people of Kedar” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	22	intro	j95f			0		# Isaiah 22 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Repentance<br>On this day of judgment, Judah should be repenting of their sin. Instead, they are celebrating it. Although Judah avoids Yahweh’s punishment through the Assyrians, their punishment will still come. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “Valley of Visions”<br>This is a metaphor used in this prophecy against the nation of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])
ISA	22	1	k9gg			0	A declaration	“This is what Yahweh declares” or “This is Yahweh’s message”
ISA	22	1	r9lq	figs-metonymy		0	about the Valley of Vision	Here “Valley” refers to those who live in the valley, that is, Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “about those who live in the Valley of Vision” or “about those who live in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	22	1	eln4	figs-rquestion		0	What is the reason that you have all gone up to the housetops?	Isaiah uses a question to scold the people of Judah. Alternate translation: “You should not go and stand on the tops of your houses.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	22	2	y1ul			0	a town full of revelry	“a town full of people celebrating”
ISA	22	2	l5a8	figs-activepassive		0	Your dead were not killed with the sword	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Enemy soldiers did not kill your people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	22	2	g7up	figs-metonymy		0	with the sword	Here “sword” represents the soldiers who fight in battle. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	22	3	sd8r	figs-activepassive		0	but they were captured without using a bow	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “but the enemy captured your rulers who were not even carrying a bow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	22	3	geh4	figs-activepassive		0	all of them were captured together	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the enemy captured all of them together” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	22	4	ud7n			0	Therefore I said	Here “I” refers to Isaiah.
ISA	22	4	yy7y	figs-metonymy		0	of the daughter of my people	Here “daughter” represents the people and may imply Isaiah’s feeling of love for them. Alternate translation: “of my people whom I love” or “of my people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	22	5	mv8s			0	For there is a day	“For there will be a time”
ISA	22	5	b51a			0	of tumult, treading down, and confusion for the Lord Yahweh of hosts	“when the Lord Yahweh of hosts will cause panic, treading down, and confusion”
ISA	22	5	p1ny			0	treading down	This could mean: (1) this refers to soldiers marching or (2) people in general are running in panic and not sure where to go.
ISA	22	5	nbr9			0	in the Valley of Vision	This refers to Jerusalem. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 22:1](../22/01.md).
ISA	22	5	q2i2			0	people crying out to the mountains	This could mean: (1) “people in the mountains will hear their cries” or (2) “the people’s cries will echo off the mountains”
ISA	22	6	qte5	figs-metonymy		0	Elam takes up the quiver	The quiver is a bag to carry arrows and represents the archer’s weapons. Alternate translation: “The soldiers of Elam take their bows and arrows” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	22	6	v2pq	figs-metonymy		0	Kir lays the shield bare	Here “Kir” represents the soldiers. Alternate translation: “the soldiers of Kir will take their shields out of their covers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	22	6	x6a2	translate-names		0	Kir	Kir is a city in Media. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	22	7	hn61			0	your choicest valleys	Here “your” refers to the people of Jerusalem. Isaiah does include himself as one of the people of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “our best valleys”
ISA	22	8	f395	figs-pastforfuture		0	General Information:	Isaiah continues to describe a time in the future when an army will attack the people of Jerusalem. Past tense verbs can be translated with future tense verbs. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
ISA	22	8	yr3v	figs-abstractnouns		0	He took away the protection of Judah	The abstract noun “protection” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will take away everything that has protected the people of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA	22	8	a1h5	figs-idiom		0	you looked in that day to the weapons	Here the phrase “to look to” means to trust in something. Alternate translation: “to defend yourselves you will get the weapons” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA	22	8	mz5j			0	Palace of the Forest	This was a part of the temple in Jerusalem where they stored their weapons.
ISA	22	9	b84f	figs-explicit		0	you collected the water of the lower pool	The people will store water so that they will have enough to drink while their enemies surround the city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	22	10	maq8	figs-pastforfuture		0	General Information:	Isaiah continues to describe a time in the future when an army will attack the people of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
ISA	22	10	ypg7			0	You counted the houses	Here “counted” means they inspected the houses to find material to help them rebuild the city wall.
ISA	22	11	by9j			0	You made a reservoir	“You made a storage place”
ISA	22	11	jt97			0	between the two walls	It is unclear what two walls Isaiah meant. The main point is that they built the reservoir within the city walls.
ISA	22	11	a66l			0	the city’s maker	This could mean: (1) this refers to the original human builder of the city or (2) this refers to Yahweh.
ISA	22	12	x4ws			0	Yahweh of hosts	See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md).
ISA	22	12	h6es	translate-symaction		0	for shaved heads	This was a sign of mourning and repenting. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
ISA	22	13	ct44	figs-metonymy		0	let us eat and drink, for tomorrow we will die	Here “eat and drink” represents having a party and over indulging in food and wine. Alternate translation: “we may as well have fun now by eating and drinking all we want, for we will die soon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	22	14	f7iw	figs-synecdoche		0	This was revealed in my ears by Yahweh of hosts	Here “ears” represents Isaiah as a whole. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh of hosts revealed this to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	22	14	g3sh	figs-activepassive		0	Surely this iniquity will not be forgiven you, even when you die	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Surely I will not forgive you for these sinful things you have done, even when you die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	22	14	bmu5			0	even when you die	This could mean: (1) Yahweh will never forgive them, even after they die or (2) Yahweh will not forgive them until they die.
ISA	22	15	v7mw	translate-names		0	Shebna	This is the name of the manager of the king’s palace in Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	22	15	lkg6	figs-metonymy		0	who is over the house	Here “house” represents those in the king’s palace. Alternate translation: “who is in charge of all those who work in the palace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	22	16	ly8w	figs-rquestion		0	What are you doing here and who gave you permission … in the rock?	Yahweh uses this question to scold Shebna. Alternate translation: “You have no right … in the rock!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	22	16	kv47	figs-parallelism		0	cut out a tomb … hewing out a grave … carving out a resting place	These three phrases all refer to making a burial tomb. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	22	16	ux5x	figs-explicit		0	on the heights	The most important people in Israel had tombs in the highest places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	22	17	di6f			0	General Information:	Isaiah continues to speak God’s message to Shebna.
ISA	22	18	g81e	figs-metaphor		0	He will surely wind you round and round, and toss you like a ball into a vast country	The enemy soldiers coming and taking Shebna as a captive to a foreign land is spoken of as if Yahweh were throwing him like a ball into another land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	22	18	i1nz	figs-metonymy		0	you will be the shame of your master’s house	Here “house” represents the people who work in the king’s palace. Alternate translation: “you will cause shame for all those in your master’s palace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	22	19	jhf3	figs-metaphor		0	I will thrust you from your office and from your station. You will be pulled down	Yahweh causing Shebna to no longer work in the king’s palace is spoken of as if Yahweh will throw him to the ground. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	22	19	gg54	figs-activepassive		0	You will be pulled down	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will bring you down from your honored position” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	22	20	mt6s			0	General Information:	Isaiah continues to speak God’s message to Shebna.
ISA	22	20	pfi1			0	It will come about on that day	“It will happen at that time”
ISA	22	20	t9nz	translate-names		0	Eliakim … Hilkiah	These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	22	21	hnw8	figs-metaphor		0	I will clothe him with your tunic and put on him your sash	Yahweh causing Eliakim to take Shebna’s place in the king’s palace is spoken of as if Yahweh will dress Eliakim in Shebna’s clothes that represent his authority in the king’s palace. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	22	21	rpb7	figs-metonymy		0	your tunic … your sash	Here the tunic and sash represent authority in the king’s palace. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	22	21	e26e			0	sash	This is a piece of cloth that people wear around the waist or across the chest. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 3:20](../03/20.md).
ISA	22	21	xz46	figs-metonymy		0	into his hand	Here “hand” represents power or control. Alternate translation: “to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	22	21	h2he	figs-metaphor		0	He will be a father	Eliakim caring for and protecting the people of Judah is spoken of as if he would be their father. Alternate translation: “He will be like a father” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	22	21	y2lj	figs-metonymy		0	to the house of Judah	Here “house” represents the people. Alternate translation: “to the people of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	22	22	q3km	figs-metonymy		0	I will place the key of the house of David on his shoulder … none will open	Here “key” represents authority. This speaks of Eliakim having authority that no one can oppose as if he had the key to the palace and no one else could lock or unlock the door. Alternate translation: “I will put him in charge of those who work in the king’s palace, and when he makes a decision no one will be able to oppose him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	22	23	yx5j			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues to describe Eliakim, who will replace Shebna in the king’s palace.
ISA	22	23	h3j8	figs-metaphor		0	I will fasten him, a peg in a secure place	Yahweh causing Eliakim’s authority to be strong and secure in the king’s palace is spoken of as if Eliakim were a peg and Yahweh will set him firmly in the palace wall. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	22	23	re2x	figs-metonymy		0	he will become a seat of glory for his father’s house	Here “seat of glory” represents a place of honor. Alternate translation: “Eliakim will bring honor to his family” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	22	23	vm1p	figs-metonymy		0	his father’s house	Here “house” represents family. Alternate translation: “his father’s family” or “his family” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	22	24	gzh4	figs-metaphor		0	They will hang on him all the glory of his father’s house	Yahweh causing Eliakim’s whole family to be honored because of Eliakim is spoken of as if Eliakim were a peg in the wall and his family were something that hangs on the peg. Alternate translation: “They will give honor to his whole family because of him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	22	24	p4as	figs-metaphor		0	every small container from the cups to all the jugs	This continues to speak of Eliakim as a peg. His offspring will be like cups that hang on the peg. This means his descendants will be honored because of him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	22	24	y52b			0	the cups to all the jugs	A cup is a small container that holds water. A jug is a larger container that holds water.
ISA	22	25	nw7j			0	General Information:	This continues the imagery from [Isaiah 22:23-24](./23.md).
ISA	22	25	tll3	figs-metaphor		0	the peg driven in a firm place … will be cut off	Yahweh causing Shebna to lose his authority in the king’s palace is spoken of as if Shebna were a peg in the wall that breaks off and falls to the ground. This emphasizes that Shebna thought his authority was secure but God will remove him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	22	25	l3m8	figs-metonymy		0	the weight that was on it will be cut off	Here “weight” represents Shebna’s power and authority. It is spoken of as if it were an object hanging on the peg that represents Shebna. Yahweh causing Shebna to lose his power and authority is spoken of as if someone were to cut off the object that was hanging on the peg. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	23	intro	zw88			0		# Isaiah 23 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Phoenicia<br>This chapter prophesies destruction against several cities in Phoenicia as well as in Tarshish. The exact location of Tarshish is unknown. Because of the locations mentioned in this chapter, it appears that the Assyrians will conquer many of the nations on the Mediterranean Sea. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])
ISA	23	1	jb83			0	General Information:	Isaiah continues to tell what God has judged against the nations in 13:1-23:18.
ISA	23	1	p3kt			0	A declaration about Tyre	“This is what Yahweh declares about Tyre”
ISA	23	1	fmd1	figs-metonymy		0	Howl, you ships of Tarshish	Here “ships” represents the men on the ships. Isaiah speaks to the men on the ships of Tarshish as if they could hear him. Alternate translation: “Cry out in despair you men on the ships of Tarshish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
ISA	23	1	ggd2			0	harbor	an area of the sea that is near land and safe for ships
ISA	23	1	vu39	translate-names		0	from the land of Cyprus it has been revealed to them	This phrase can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the men heard about Tyre when they were in the land of Cyprus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	23	2	h8zu	figs-apostrophe		0	Be silent, you inhabitants of the coast	Isaiah speaks to the people who live on the coast as if they could hear him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
ISA	23	2	b9vq	figs-idiom		0	Be silent	This is an idiom. Here silence is meant to signal shock and amazement. Alternate translation: “Be shocked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA	23	2	e3zr			0	of the coast	The “coast” is the land near or around the sea or ocean. Here it refers to the people who live in Phoenicia which borders the Mediterranean sea.
ISA	23	2	x6g6	figs-genericnoun		0	the merchant of Sidon, who travels over the sea, has filled you	Here “merchant” means “many merchants.” Alternate translation: “the merchants of Sidon, who travel over the sea, have made you rich” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
ISA	23	3	z18x	translate-names		0	Upon the great waters was the grain of Shihor	Shihor was the name of a valley near the Nile River in Egypt known for its production of grain. Alternate translation: “The men traveled on the large sea to transport the grain from Shihor in Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	23	3	jsl4	figs-possession		0	the harvest of the Nile was her produce	The “harvest of the Nile” refers to the grain that was harvested near the Nile River and transported on the river and then to Phoenicia. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
ISA	23	3	yvg2			0	her produce	“its produce.” It was common to refer to the river as “her.”
ISA	23	3	hf67	figs-metonymy		0	it became the commerce of the nations	Commerce is the activity of buying and selling goods. Here “nations” represents the people. Alternate translation: “you were where people from other nations came to buy and sell goods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	23	4	er55	figs-personification		0	for the sea has spoken, the mighty one of the sea … nor brought up young women	This could mean: (1) Yahweh describes the city of Tyre as a mother who speaks about the people who live in the city as her children, or (2) Yahweh is describing the Mediterranean Sea as speaking. The people of Tyre considered the sea their god and father. In either meaning the speaker mourns because its children are destroyed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
ISA	23	6	bk9d			0	Cross over to Tarshish	“Make your way to Tarshish.” Tarshish was the farthest land the people of Tyre traveled to do business. It will be the only place of safety for those who escape from Tyre.
ISA	23	7	m498	figs-rquestion		0	Has this happened to you, the joyful city, whose origin is from ancient times … to settle?	Yahweh uses a question to mock Tyre. This rhetorical questions can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “This has indeed happened to you who were full of joy in the ancient city of Tyre … to settle.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	23	7	md2c	figs-metonymy		0	the joyful city	Here “city” represents the people. Alternate translation: “the joyful people who live in the city of Tyre” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	23	7	qlk4	figs-synecdoche		0	whose feet carried her far away to foreign places to settle	Here “feet” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “who went to distant places to live and make money” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	23	7	ws35	figs-metonymy		0	her far away	Here “her” refers to the city of Tyre which represents the people of Tyre. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	23	8	q8gu	figs-rquestion		0	Who has planned this against Tyre … of the earth?	Isaiah uses a question to mock Tyre. The word “this” refers to God’s plans to destroy Tyre which Isaiah described in 23:1-7. Also, “Tyre” refers to the people who live in Tyre. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “It was Yahweh who has planned to destroy the people of Tyre … of the earth.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	23	8	lz33	figs-metonymy		0	the giver of crowns	Here “crown” refers to the power a person has as a ruler over people. Alternate translation: “who gives people power to rule over others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	23	8	irz8	figs-metaphor		0	whose merchants are princes	The merchants are compared to princes to emphasize how much power they had when they went to different lands. Alternate translation: “whose merchants are like princes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	23	8	qwj2	figs-activepassive		0	whose traders are the honored ones of the earth	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “whose traders the people of the earth give the highest honors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	23	9	h693			0	to dishonor her pride and all her glory	“to dishonor them because they were proud of their own glory”
ISA	23	9	fxa3	figs-metonymy		0	her pride … her glory … her honored ones	Here “her” refers to the city of Tyre which represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “their pride … their glory … their honored one” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	23	10	h9st	figs-simile		0	Plow your land, as one plows the Nile, daughter of Tarshish. There is no longer a marketplace in Tyre	This could mean: (1) Isaiah is telling the people of Tarshish to start planting crops since they can no longer trade with Tyre or (2) Isaiah is telling the people of Tarshish they are free from Tyre’s control. Alternate translation: “Pass through your land like a river, daughter of Tarshish. The people of Tyre no longer have any power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	23	10	kfi3	figs-metonymy		0	daughter of Tarshish	The “daughter” of a city represents the people of the city. Alternate translation: “the people of Tarshish” or “the people who live in Tarshish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	23	11	tv4t	figs-metaphor		0	Yahweh has reached out with his hand over the sea, and he has shaken the kingdoms	Yahweh using his power to control the sea and the people of mighty kingdoms is spoken of as if Yahweh reached out his hand and shook kingdoms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	23	11	vi8e	figs-metonymy		0	has reached out with his hand over the sea	Here “hand” refers to God’s power and control. Alternate translation: “has shown his power over the sea” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	23	12	rx71	figs-metonymy		0	oppressed virgin daughter of Sidon	Here “virgin daughter” represents the people of Sidon. Alternate translation: “people of Sidon, because other people will oppress you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	23	13	ns9f			0	See the land of the Chaldeans	“Chaldeans” here is another name for Babylonians. Alternate translation: “See what happened to the land of the Babylonians” or “See what has happened to Babylonia”
ISA	23	13	y57n			0	siege towers	Soldiers built towers or dirt ramps to attack over the walls of a city.
ISA	23	14	vas5	figs-metonymy		0	Howl, you ships of Tarshish	Here “ships” represents the men on the ships. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 23:1](../23/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	23	14	mrm4	figs-activepassive		0	for your refuge has been destroyed	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “for enemies have destroyed your refuge” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	23	15	bg5c			0	In that day	“At that time” or “Then”
ISA	23	15	j3vb	figs-activepassive		0	Tyre will be forgotten for seventy years	Since people will no longer go to Tyre to buy or sell goods, it will be like they have forgotten about the city. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “for seventy years it will be like the people have forgotten about Tyre” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	23	15	sm6g	translate-numbers		0	for seventy years	“for 70 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
ISA	23	15	eq3d			0	like the days of a king	“like the years of a king” or “which is about as long as a king lives”
ISA	23	15	y1ei	figs-metaphor		0	like in the song of the prostitute	This speaks about the people of Tyre as if they were a prostitute. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	23	16	q76p	figs-metaphor		0	Take a harp, go about the city, you forgotten prostitute … so that you may be remembered	This speaks about the people of Tyre as if they were a prostitute (verse 15). Just as a prostitute who is no longer popular may sing in the streets to regain her former lovers, the people of Tyre will try to get people from other nations to return to them to continue trading so that the people of Tyre will be rich and powerful again. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	23	16	sp8f	figs-activepassive		0	so that you may be remembered	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so that people remember you” or “so that people return to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	23	17	ri8p			0	It will come about that	This phrase is used here to mark an important event that will happen. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here.
ISA	23	17	b4c1	translate-numbers		0	seventy years	“70 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
ISA	23	17	bpr9	figs-metonymy		0	Yahweh will help Tyre	Here “Tyre” represents the people who live in Tyre. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will help the people of Tyre” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	23	17	au66	figs-metaphor		0	she will start making money again by doing the work of a prostitute … of the earth	Isaiah compares the people of Tyre with a prostitute. Just as the prostitute sells herself for money to any man, the people of Tyre will again buy and sell to all kingdoms. Alternate translation: “And like a prostitute they will buy and sell will all the kingdoms of the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	23	18	jdj2	figs-activepassive		0	They will not be stored up or kept	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The merchants will not store away their money” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	23	18	if24			0	those who live in Yahweh’s presence	“those who obey and serve Yahweh”
ISA	23	18	y9rb			0	to supply them with abundant food	“so they will have enough food to eat”
ISA	24	intro	a6m4			0		# Isaiah 24 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>While it appears that this chapter is a continuation of the prophecy from the previous chapter, it actually looks at the whole of the Assyrian conquest as Yahweh’s punishment on the world. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Covenant<br>The mention of an “everlasting covenant” in this chapter is probably not to a specific covenant with Abraham or Moses. Instead, it is an expectation that mankind would obey Yahweh. Some consider this to be a covenant Yahweh made with Adam. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Reign of Yahweh<br>This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. This chapter pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator should not add explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])
ISA	24	1	itu1			0	to empty the earth	“to make the earth desolate” or “to destroy everything on the earth”
ISA	24	2	v1j9			0	It will come about that	This phrase marks an important event. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here.
ISA	24	2	b89l	figs-ellipsis		0	as with … so with	What Yahweh will do is not stated here, but it is understood. This shows that God will treat all people the same way. Alternate translation: “as Yahweh scatters … so he will scatter”(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
ISA	24	2	h3vp	figs-genericnoun		0	the priest … the giver of interest	In 24:2 Isaiah lists several classes of people. They can be expressed as plural nouns as in the UST. Alternate translation: “the priests … those who give interest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
ISA	24	2	bb46			0	the receiver of interest	“the one who owes money.” The word “interest” means the extra money someone has to pay so that he may borrow money.
ISA	24	2	i24e			0	the giver of interest	“the one who is owed money”
ISA	24	3	w1xb	figs-activepassive		0	The earth will be completely devastated and completely stripped	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will completely devastate the earth and he will remove everything with value” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	24	3	ie7i			0	Yahweh has spoken this word	“Yahweh has said he would”
ISA	24	3	fpt4	figs-metonymy		0	The earth	everything that is on the earth (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	24	4	br27	figs-parallelism		0	The earth dries up and withers, the world shrivels up and fades away	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “Everything on earth will dry up and die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	24	4	hpm9	figs-metonymy		0	The earth … the world	Both of these represent everything that is on the earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	24	5	me5f	figs-metaphor		0	The earth is polluted by its inhabitants	The people sinning and making the earth unacceptable to God is spoken of as if the people made the earth physically unclean. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The people have polluted the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	24	5	mw6f			0	they have transgressed the laws, violated the statutes, and broken the everlasting covenant	“they have not obeyed God’s laws and statutes, and they have broken God’s eternal covenant”
ISA	24	6	nq79	figs-pastforfuture		0	General Information:	Isaiah continues to describe a time in the future when God will judge the earth. Prophets sometimes describe a future event as something in the past or in the present. This emphasizes the event certainly will happen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
ISA	24	6	kcu7	figs-metaphor		0	a curse devours the earth	Yahweh cursing the earth and destroying it is spoken of as if a curse were either a wild animal that completely eats the earth or a fire that completely burns up the earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	24	6	an7c	figs-activepassive		0	its inhabitants are found guilty	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will declare that the people are guilty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	24	8	aw8w	figs-pastforfuture		0	General Information:	Isaiah continues to describe a time in the future when God will judge the earth. Prophets sometimes describe a future event as something in the past or in the present. This emphasizes the event certainly will happen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
ISA	24	8	bpd3			0	tambourines … lyre	These are musical instruments. See how you translated these in [Isaiah 5:12](../05/12.md).
ISA	24	10	cw66	figs-pastforfuture		0	General Information:	Isaiah continues to describe a time in the future when God will judge the earth. Prophets sometimes describe a future event as something in the past or in the present. This emphasizes the event certainly will happen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
ISA	24	10	nje8	figs-activepassive		0	The city of chaos has been broken down	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will break down the city of chaos” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	24	10	q3a5			0	The city of chaos	This could mean: (1) the city was in chaos before the Lord breaks it down; the people did not obey God, the government was corrupt, and the city was full of drinking and parties, or (2) the city will be in chaos after God breaks it down. The walls and buildings that were once built strong and tall are now in ruins on the ground. With either meaning it does not mean one city. It refers to cities in general.
ISA	24	10	rk9d	figs-activepassive		0	every house is closed up and empty	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the people will close up their houses and leave them empty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	24	11	s8c8			0	because of the wine	“because there is no wine”
ISA	24	11	wxr1	figs-parallelism		0	all joy is darkened, the gladness of the land has disappeared	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “all joy will be gone from the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	24	11	y34e	figs-metonymy		0	gladness of the land	Here “land” represents the people of the earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	24	12	j1wn	figs-pastforfuture		0	General Information:	Isaiah continues to describe a time in the future when God will judge the earth. Prophets sometimes describe a future event as something in the past or in the present. This emphasizes the event certainly will happen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
ISA	24	12	dme3	figs-abstractnouns		0	In the city is left a desolation	The abstract noun “desolation” can be stated as “desolate” or “empty.” Alternate translation: “The city is desolate” or “The city is left empty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA	24	12	zs7r	figs-genericnoun		0	In the city	This is not a specific city but cities in general. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
ISA	24	13	j5j7	figs-simile		0	as when an olive tree is beaten, as the gleanings when the grape harvest is done	This compares the nations after Yahweh devastates the land to trees and vines after their fruit has been picked. This means there will be very few people left in the land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	24	14	zd27	figs-idiom		0	They will lift up their voices and shout the majesty of Yahweh	The phrase “lift up their voices” is an idiom that means to speak loudly. Alternate translation: “They will sing and shout about the majesty of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA	24	14	z4qy			0	They will	Here “They” refers to those who are still alive after Yahweh devastates the earth.
ISA	24	14	h3vk	figs-explicit		0	and will joyfully shout from the sea	Here “the sea” refers to the Mediterranean Sea which is west of Israel. Alternate translation: “and those in the west towards the sea will shout with joy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	24	15	l9zj	figs-metonymy		0	Therefore in the east glorify Yahweh	The phrase “in the east” represents the people living east of Israel. Isaiah is commanding these people as if they were there with him. But, he is talking to the people in the future after God devastates the earth. Alternate translation: “Therefore everyone from distant lands in the east will glorify Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
ISA	24	15	w2f4	figs-metonymy		0	in the isles of the sea give glory	Isaiah is commanding the people who live on the islands in the Mediterranean sea as if they were there with him. But, he is talking to the people in the future after God devastates the earth. Alternate translation: “everyone in the islands will give glory” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
ISA	24	15	ip1j	figs-metonymy		0	to the name of Yahweh	Here “name” represents Yahweh. Alternate translation: “to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	24	16	zwk3	figs-exclusive		0	we have heard	Here “we” refers to Isaiah and the people of Israel. Isaiah is describing something in the future as if it has already happened. Alternate translation: “we will hear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
ISA	24	16	zy21	figs-parallelism		0	I have wasted away, I have wasted away	Isaiah repeats this phrase to emphasize his anguish. He was very concerned because he saw people who deceived others and did not do what they promised to do. Alternate translation: “I have become very weak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	24	16	u7aa	figs-parallelism		0	The treacherous have dealt treacherously; yes, the treacherous have dealt very treacherously	Isaiah repeats this phrase to emphasize his anguish. Alternate translation: “Indeed, those who deceive are now deceiving others” or “Indeed, the deceivers have acted deceitfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	24	17	ec2n			0	Terror, the pit, and the snare are upon you, inhabitants of the earth	“You people of the earth will experience terror, the pit, and the snare”
ISA	24	17	f3ea	figs-synecdoche		0	the pit, and the snare	Here “pit” and “snare” represent all the different bad things that will happen to people. People will run away to escape one bad thing but they will just experience another bad thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	24	18	gix7	figs-synecdoche		0	caught in the snare	Here the “snare” represents all the different bad things that will happen to people. People will run away to escape one bad thing but they will just experience another bad thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	24	18	y2vm			0	the sound of terror	“the terrifying sound”
ISA	24	18	v3vg	figs-activepassive		0	will be caught in the snare	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the snare will catch him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	24	18	h1cr	figs-metaphor		0	The windows of the heavens will be opened	This speaks of large amounts of rain falling from the sky as if Yahweh opened a window in the sky and let the water pour through. Alternate translation: “The sky will split open and torrents of rain will fall” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	24	18	irf6			0	the foundations of the earth will shake	The word “foundation” normally refers to a stone structure that gives support to a building from underneath. Here it describes a similar structure that was thought to support and hold the earth in place. Isaiah says even the structure that holds the earth will shake. Alternate translation: “the earth will shake terribly” or “there will be a terrible earthquake”
ISA	24	19	r4mc	figs-activepassive		0	The earth will be completely broken, the earth ripped apart; the earth will be violently shaken	These passive clauses can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The earth will break and split apart; the earth will shake violently” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	24	20	gqx5	figs-simile		0	The earth will stagger like a drunken man and it will sway back and forth like a hut	These similes emphasize how the earth will shake back and forth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	24	20	j3i5	figs-metaphor		0	Its sin will be heavy on it and it will fall and never rise again	This speaks of the earth as if it were a person and transgressions were a heavy object. The person tries to carry the heavy weight but the weight causes the person to fall and not be able to stand back up. Here the earth represents the people of the earth who cause Yahweh to destroy the earth because of their sins. Alternate translation: “The sins of the people are many and so Yahweh will destroy the earth, and the earth will be like a person who falls and cannot get back up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	24	21	dsm9			0	On that day	“At that time”
ISA	24	21	l4tv	figs-explicit		0	the host of the heaven	A host is an army. Here “the host of the heaven” refers to the many powerful spirits in the heavens. It can be stated clearly that they are evil. Alternate translation: “the powerful beings” or “the evil spiritual beings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	24	21	vwu5			0	in the heavens	“in the sky”
ISA	24	22	m1h2	figs-activepassive		0	They will be gathered together, prisoners in a pit, and will be shut up in a prison	Here “pit” refers to a dark room or hole in a prison. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will gather them together as his prisoners and lock them in the dungeon of a prison” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	24	22	a1hh	figs-activepassive		0	they will be punished	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will punish them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	24	23	jhu9	figs-personification		0	Then the moon will be ashamed, and the sun disgraced	The sun and the moon are described as a person who is ashamed of being in front of someone with greater power. In the presence of Yahweh, the light of the moon and sun will seem less bright. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
ISA	25	intro	p6t1			0		# Isaiah 25 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>This chapter shifts from being a prophecy against the nations to the personal praises of Isaiah. He praises Yahweh for the deliverance of his people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Reign of the Messiah<br>This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. This chapter pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator should not add explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])
ISA	25	1	fw3y	figs-metonymy		0	praise your name	Here “name” represents Yahweh. Alternate translation: “praise you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	25	1	e938	figs-activepassive		0	things planned long ago	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “things you planned long ago” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	25	1	th82	figs-abstractnouns		0	in perfect faithfulness	The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be stated as “faithful.” Alternate translation: “because you are perfectly faithful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA	25	2	a6p6	figs-genericnoun		0	the city	This is not referring to a certain city. It means cities in general. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
ISA	25	2	f62g			0	a fortress of strangers	“a fortress belonging to foreigners”
ISA	25	3	s2dv	figs-metonymy		0	a city of ruthless nations	Here “city” and “nations” represent the people who live there. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	25	4	c6es	figs-metaphor		0	you have been a place of safety … a shelter … a shelter from the storm … a shade from the heat	Yahweh protecting his people is spoken of as if he were a place that the people could go to be safe and comforted. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	25	4	n142	figs-simile		0	When the breath of the ruthless was like a storm against a wall	Ruthless people oppressing the people of God is spoken of as if they were a storm beating against a wall. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	25	4	nhn3			0	When the breath	“When the wind” or “When the blast”
ISA	25	4	y8cs	figs-nominaladj		0	the ruthless	This is a nominal adjective. Alternate translation: “ruthless people” or “those who are ruthless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
ISA	25	5	bf3r	figs-simile		0	like heat in a dry land	This compares the enemies of God’s people to the heat that dries up the land. This emphasizes how much the enemies cause the people of God to suffer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	25	5	t81k	figs-simile		0	as the heat is subdued … ruthless ones is answered	Yahweh stopping ruthless people from singing and boasting is compared to a cloud providing shade on a hot day. This emphasizes that Yahweh comforts his people by stopping those who cause them to suffer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	25	5	pqi6	figs-activepassive		0	as the heat is subdued by the shade of a cloud	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “just like when a cloud passes overhead and subdues the heat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	25	5	adv7	figs-activepassive		0	the song of the ruthless ones is answered	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you will stop the ruthless people from singing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	25	6	gbd9			0	On this mountain	This refers to Jerusalem or Mount Zion.
ISA	25	6	rt19			0	Yahweh of hosts	See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md).
ISA	25	6	jlw1			0	a feast of fat things	Here “fat things” means the best food.
ISA	25	6	vv56			0	a feast on the lees	“the oldest wine.” This means the best wine.
ISA	25	7	m1ll	figs-metaphor		0	the covering over all peoples, the web woven over all the nations	Death, suffering, and sadness are spoken of as if they were a dark cloud or web that covers everyone on the earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	25	8	n8s2	figs-metaphor		0	He will swallow up death forever	Yahweh causing people to live forever is spoken of as if he would swallow death. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	25	8	p3ey	figs-metaphor		0	the disgrace of his people he will take away from all the earth	Yahweh causing the people to never be ashamed again is spoken of as if disgrace were an object that Yahweh would take away. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	25	9	bh2b	figs-activepassive		0	It will be said	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People will say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	25	9	g6gj			0	on that day	“at that time”
ISA	25	10	d1jb	figs-metonymy		0	For on this mountain the hand of Yahweh will rest	The “hand” represents God’s power. For Yahweh’s hand to rest on “this mountain” means he will protect his people Alternate translation: “The power of Yahweh will be on this mountain” or “For on Mount Zion Yahweh will protect his people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA	25	10	zd1u	figs-metaphor		0	Moab will be trampled down in his place, even as straw is trampled down in a pit filled with manure	Yahweh destroying the people of Moab is spoken of as if he would step on them and crush them. This is compared to how people trampled on straw to mix it with manure. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	25	10	liv7	figs-metonymy		0	Moab will be trampled down in his place	Here Moab represents the people of Moab. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will trample the people in the land of Moab” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	25	11	dsp1	figs-simile		0	They will spread their hands … his hands to swim	This simile emphasizes how badly Yahweh will humiliate the people of Moab. They will spread their hands in dung like a swimmer spreads his hands in water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	25	11	y282			0	They will spread their hands in the midst of it	“The people of Moab will push their hands through the dung”
ISA	25	11	zg36			0	as a swimmer spreads his hands to swim	“as if they were swimming”
ISA	25	11	kk8y	figs-metaphor		0	will bring down their pride	Yahweh humiliating a proud person is spoken of as if pride were something high and Yahweh would cause it to be low. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	25	11	cmz8	figs-metonymy		0	in spite of the skill of their hands	Here “hands” represents the power to do or make something. Alternate translation: “in spite of the great things they have built” or “in spite of the great things they have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	25	12	i3tb	figs-metonymy		0	Your high fortress walls he will bring down to the ground, to the dust	This speaks of Yahweh causing armies to bring down the walls as if he himself were going to bring them down. Alternate translation: “He will send an army to bring your high fortress walls to the ground, to the dust” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	25	12	m6re	figs-123person		0	Your high fortress	Here “Your” refers to the people of Moab. It can be stated in third person to be consistent with the previous verse. Alternate translation: “Their high fortress” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
ISA	26	intro	im4d			0		# Isaiah 26 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “That day”<br>This is a common phrase in this section of Isaiah. This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. This chapter pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator should not add explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]])
ISA	26	1	u2d5			0	In that day	“At that time”
ISA	26	1	p5n8	figs-activepassive		0	this song will be sung in the land of Judah	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the people in the land of Judah will sing this song” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	26	1	u7ja			0	We have a strong city	This refers to the city of Jerusalem.
ISA	26	1	vc1e	figs-metaphor		0	God has made salvation its walls and ramparts	God’s power to protect and save his people is spoken of as if his salvation were walls around a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	26	2	q8p1	figs-metonymy		0	the righteous nation that keeps faith	Here “nation” represents the people. Alternate translation: “the righteous and faithful people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	26	3	x8wp	figs-metonymy		0	The mind that is stayed on you	Here “mind” represents a person’s thoughts. Also “you” refers to Yahweh. The phrase “stayed on you” is an idiom. Alternate translation: “The person who continually thinks about you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA	26	4	rlm9			0	Yah, Yahweh	Yah is another name for Yahweh.
ISA	26	4	k4ey	figs-metaphor		0	Yahweh, is an everlasting rock	Yahweh having the power to protect his people is spoken of as if he were a tall rock where people could go to escape from their enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	26	5	vry8	figs-metaphor		0	he will bring down those who live proudly	Yahweh humiliating those who are proud is spoken of as if proud people were up high and he would cause them to come down low. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	26	5	lh5m	figs-genericnoun		0	the fortified city	This means fortified cities in general not a specific city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
ISA	26	5	mc9n	figs-metonymy		0	he will lay low … he will level	Yahweh causing an army to destroy fortified cities is spoken of as if Yahweh would do it himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	26	6	uu7e	figs-parallelism		0	It will be trampled down by the feet of the poor and the treading of the needy	Both statements mean the same thing. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The poor and oppressed people will trample on the ruins of the city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	26	7	a6cq	figs-parallelism		0	The path of the righteous is level … the path of the righteous you make straight	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. People obeying Yahweh is spoken of as if they were walking on his path. Yahweh ensuring the people that what they do is right is spoken of as if he were making the path level and straight for them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	26	8	xz29	figs-metaphor		0	in the path of your judgments, Yahweh, we wait for you	Doing what Yahweh judged to be right is spoken of walking on his path. Alternate translation: “we wait for you, Yahweh, as we continue to do what you judged to be right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	26	8	xu1v			0	of your judgments	“of your laws” or “of your teachings”
ISA	26	8	xk92	figs-exclusive		0	we wait	Here “we” refers to Isaiah and all righteous people who are speaking to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
ISA	26	8	cn7i	figs-metonymy		0	your name and your reputation are our desire	Here “name” and “reputation” represent Yahweh’s character which represents Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “our only desire is to honor you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	26	9	uq9i	figs-metaphor		0	my spirit within me seeks you earnestly	Wanting to know Yahweh and his laws better is spoken of as if the person were seeking to find Yahweh. Alternate translation: “I earnestly want to know you better” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	26	9	psm8	figs-synecdoche		0	my spirit within me seeks you earnestly	Here “spirit” represents the speaker as a whole. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	26	10	yd2r	figs-activepassive		0	Let favor be shown to the wicked one, but he will not learn righteousness	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Even if Yahweh is kind to wicked people, they still do not learn to do what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	26	10	v6id	figs-genericnoun		0	the wicked one	This means wicked people in general. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
ISA	26	10	we5i	figs-metonymy		0	In the land of uprightness	Here “land” represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “In the land where the people do what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	26	10	cl5a	figs-metonymy		0	does not see the majesty of Yahweh	Here “see” represents realizing something. Alternate translation: “does not realize that Yahweh is great” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	26	11	nvi7	figs-metaphor		0	your hand is lifted up	Yahweh preparing to punish wicked people is spoken of as if his hand were raised and about to hit the wicked people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	26	11	izk8			0	but they do not notice	“but the wicked people do not notice”
ISA	26	11	c1n1	figs-metonymy		0	they will see your zeal for the people	Here “see” represents realizing something. Alternate translation: “they will realize that you are eager to bless your people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	26	11	q4xz	figs-activepassive		0	be put to shame	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they will be ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	26	11	bh8p	figs-metaphor		0	fire of your adversaries will devour them	Yahweh punishing and completely destroying his adversaries is spoken of as if he would send a fire that will completely burn them up. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	26	11	b1pq			0	fire of your adversaries	Here “of” does not mean the fire belongs to the adversaries but that the fire is intended to be used against the adversaries. Alternate translation: “your fire will completely burn them up”
ISA	26	12	f2jb	figs-exclusive		0	for us	Here “us” refers to Isaiah and includes all the righteous people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
ISA	26	13	pb5l	figs-metonymy		0	but we praise your name alone	Here “name” represents the person of God. Alternate translation: “but we praise you alone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	26	14	uj52			0	they will not arise	“they will not come back to life”
ISA	26	14	yt3t	figs-metaphor		0	made every memory of them to perish	Yahweh causing people to no longer remember those he destroyed is spoken of as if Yahweh made their memory perish or die. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	26	15	mic5	figs-parallelism		0	You have increased the nation, Yahweh, you have increased the nation	This clause is repeated for emphasis. Here “nation” represents the people. Alternate translation: “You have greatly increased the number of people in our nation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	26	16	m26y	figs-123person		0	they looked to you	Here “they” refers to the people of Israel. This would include Isaiah. Alternate translation: “we looked to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
ISA	26	16	vn3a	figs-idiom		0	looked to you	This idiom means they asked Yahweh for help. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA	26	16	q3db	figs-abstractnouns		0	when your discipline was on them	The abstract noun “discipline” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “when you disciplined them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA	26	17	w2a9	figs-simile		0	As a pregnant woman … cries out in her labor pains	This compares the people to a woman giving birth. This emphasizes their suffering and crying when Yahweh disciplined them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	26	18	z3re	figs-metaphor		0	General Information:	Isaiah continues to compare the suffering of the people of Judah to a woman giving birth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	26	18	j8g2	figs-simile		0	but it is as if we have only given birth to wind	“but it is as if we have only given birth to air” or “it is like we gave birth to nothing.” This is a simile that emphasizes that the people’s suffering resulted in nothing. Alternate translation: “but nothing good resulted from it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	26	18	qd8n	figs-metonymy		0	We have not brought salvation to the earth, and the inhabitants of the world have not fallen	Here “earth” represents the people who live on the earth. The meaning is unclear, but it seems to mean that the people of Israel have not been able to save themselves or other people by defeating their enemy in battle. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	26	18	v5pe	figs-abstractnouns		0	We have not brought salvation to the earth	This can be reworded so that the abstract noun “salvation” is expressed as the verb “save.” Alternate translation: “We have not saved the inhabitants of the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA	26	18	il5k			0	and the inhabitants of the world have not fallen	“nor have we caused the wicked people of the world to fall in battle”
ISA	26	19	tuj5	figs-nominaladj		0	Your dead will live	This can be reworded so that the nominal adjective “dead” is expressed as the verb “have died.” Alternate translation: “Your people who have died will live again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
ISA	26	19	ak1f			0	Your dead	This could mean: (1) “Your” refers to Yahweh or (2) “Your” refers to the people of Israel. If you choose option two you could translate it as “Our dead.”
ISA	26	19	d48t	figs-metaphor		0	Awake	This speaks of dead people coming back to life as if they were waking up from sleep. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	26	19	cvc4	figs-euphemism		0	you who live in the dust	This is a polite way of referring to those who have died. Alternate translation: “those who are dead and buried” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
ISA	26	19	zv5y	figs-metaphor		0	for your dew is the dew of light	Yahweh acting kindly towards his people and bringing them back to life is spoken of as if it were the dew that causes the plants to live. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	26	19	gnz9			0	for your dew	This could mean: (1) “your” refers to Yahweh and this is the dew that Yahweh gives or (2) “your” refers to the people of Israel and this is the dew they receive from Yahweh.
ISA	26	19	m8v6			0	dew of light	This could mean: (1) “light” refers to Yahweh’s power to make dead people alive again. Alternate translation: “dew from Yahweh” or (2) “light” refers to the morning time when dew is on the plants. Alternate translation: “dew in the morning”
ISA	26	19	gb4p	figs-metaphor		0	the earth will bring forth its dead	“the earth will give birth to those who died.” Yahweh causing dead people to come back to life is spoken of as if the earth would give birth to those who have died. Alternate translation: “and Yahweh will cause those who have died to rise from the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	26	20	z699			0	my people	Here “my” refers to Isaiah. Also “people” refers to the people of Israel.
ISA	26	20	k2ad	figs-abstractnouns		0	until the indignation has passed by	Translate the abstract noun “indignation” as the adjective “angry.” Alternate translation: “until Yahweh is no longer angry with us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA	26	21	rcq2	figs-personification		0	the earth will uncover her bloodshed, and will no longer conceal her slain	Yahweh revealing all murders that have happened on the earth so that he can punish the murderers is spoken of as if the earth itself will reveal everyone who has been murdered. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
ISA	27	intro	p2zg			0		# Isaiah 27 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Leviathan<br>This was an ancient type of dragon or serpent. It is possible that this is a reference to Satan, who is also described as a serpent and a dragon. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/satan]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “That day”<br>This is a common phrase in this section of Isaiah. This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. This chapter pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator should not add explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]])
ISA	27	1	u82j			0	On that day	“At that time”
ISA	27	1	zm2d	figs-metaphor		0	Yahweh with his hard, great and fierce sword will punish	Yahweh having the power to destroy his enemies is spoken of as if he had strong, large sword. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	27	1	tj3b			0	the monster that is in the sea	This refers to Leviathan.
ISA	27	2	w1yf	figs-metaphor		0	A vineyard of wine, sing of it	“Sing about the vineyard of wine.” This speaks about the people of Israel as if they were a vineyard that produced fruit. Alternate translation: “Sing about the people of Israel as if they were a vineyard that produced grapes for wine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	27	3	cy2e			0	I, Yahweh, am its protector	“I, Yahweh, protect the vineyard”
ISA	27	3	rpd8	figs-merism		0	night and day	The words “night” and “day” are combined here to mean “all the time.” Alternate translation: “all the time” or “continually” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
ISA	27	4	av5d			0	Connecting Statement:	This continues to speak about the people of Israel as if they were a vineyard ([Isaiah 27:2-3](./02.md)).
ISA	27	4	s3xp			0	I am not angry, Oh, that there were briers and thorns! In battle I would march against them	“I am not angry. If there were briers and thorns I would march against them in battle”
ISA	27	4	z6jj	figs-ellipsis		0	I am not angry	It is understood that Yahweh is not angry with his people any longer. Alternate translation: “I am not angry with my people any longer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
ISA	27	4	v9e5	figs-metaphor		0	that there were briers and thorns	The enemies of the people of Israel are spoken of as if they were briers and thorns growing in the vineyard. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	27	4	tw3t			0	briers and thorns	See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 5:6](../05/06.md).
ISA	27	4	bic8	figs-metaphor		0	In battle I would march against them	Yahweh fighting his enemies is spoken of as if he were a warrior in an army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	27	4	ij4d	figs-metaphor		0	I would march against them; I would burn them all together	Here Isaiah combines different images to speak of Yahweh’s enemies. He speaks of them as if they are briers and thorns but also as soldiers in an army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	27	5	j31l	figs-abstractnouns		0	unless they grasp my protection	This can be reworded so that the abstract noun “protection” is expressed as the verb “protect.” Alternate translation: “unless they ask me to protect them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA	27	5	je5d			0	make peace with me; let them make peace with me	“they ask to live peacefully with me; I want them to live peacefully with me”
ISA	27	6	n2nh			0	General Information:	Isaiah is speaking. He continues to describe the people of Israel as a vineyard ([Isaiah 27:2](../27/02.md)).
ISA	27	6	cx3i	figs-metaphor		0	In the coming day	This speaks about a day as if it travels and arrives somewhere. Alternate translation: “In the future” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	27	6	f8jg	figs-metaphor		0	Jacob will take root; Israel will blossom and bud	Yahweh blessing the people of Israel and causing them to prosper is spoken of as if they were a vine that grows roots and blossoms. Alternate translation: “the descendants of Israel will prosper like a vine that has taken root and blossomed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	27	6	jk11	figs-metonymy		0	Jacob … Israel	Here “Jacob” and “Israel” are metonyms that represent the descendants of Jacob. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	27	6	eia2	figs-metaphor		0	they will fill the surface of the ground with fruit	Yahweh causing the people of Israel to prosper greatly so that they can help other people is spoken of as if they were a vine that grows so much fruit that it would cover the earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	27	7	am12	figs-rquestion		0	Has Yahweh attacked Jacob and Israel as he attacked those nations who attacked them?	The question is used to contrast the severity of God’s punishment. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has certainly punished the enemy nations more severely than he punished the people of Israel.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	27	7	r118	figs-metonymy		0	Jacob … Israel	These represent the descendants of Jacob. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	27	7	ukm8	figs-activepassive		0	Have Jacob and Israel been killed as in the slaughter of those nations that were killed by them?	This question too is used to contrast the severity of God’s punishment. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has not killed the people of Israel like they killed their enemies from other nations.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	27	8	f4he	figs-you		0	In exact measure you have contended	Here “you” refers to God. Yahweh punishing his people as much as they needed is spoken of as if God’s punishment were something that could be measured. Alternate translation: “But you did punish them as much as was needed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	27	8	kfc2	figs-metonymy		0	sending Jacob and Israel away	This represents the descendants of Jacob. Alternate translation: “sending the Israelites away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	27	8	rqg2	figs-metaphor		0	he drove them away with his fierce breath in the day of the east wind	Yahweh’s power to send his people away to a foreign country is spoken of as if Yahweh used his breath to blow them to a foreign country. Alternate translation: “the power of Yahweh drove them out like a fierce wind from the east” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	27	9	nf4r			0	So in this way	This could mean: (1) “this” refers to Yahweh sending the people into exile as Isaiah mentioned in the previous verse or (2) “this” refers to the actions that Isaiah will mention in the next part of verse 9.
ISA	27	9	l9b7	figs-activepassive		0	the iniquity of Jacob will be atoned for	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will purge the sin from the Israelites” or “Yahweh will forgive the sins of the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	27	9	yjh1	figs-metonymy		0	iniquity of Jacob … removal of his sin	Here “Jacob” represents the descendants of Jacob. Alternate translation: “iniquity of the Israelites … removal of their sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	27	9	mn35			0	for this will be	Here “this” refers to the actions that Isaiah will describe in the next part of verse 9.
ISA	27	9	zy5g	figs-metaphor		0	the full fruit	This speaks of the results of an action as if it were the fruit that grows as on a tree or vine. Alternate translation: “the result” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	27	9	x5ca	figs-metonymy		0	he will make all the altar stones as chalk and crushed to pieces, and no Asherah poles or incense altars will remain standing	Here “he” refers to Jacob who represents his descendants. Alternate translation: “They will completely destroy all the altars on which they sacrifice to false gods, and they will remove all the Asherah idols and the altars on which they burn incense to false gods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	27	10	fw6l	figs-pastforfuture		0	For the fortified city is … consumes its branches	Here Isaiah describes an event that will happen in the future as if it already happened. This emphasizes that it certainly will happen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
ISA	27	10	na1y	figs-activepassive		0	For the fortified city is desolate, the habitation is deserted and forsaken like the wilderness	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The cities that were strong and had many people living in them will become empty like a desert” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	27	10	b7hh	figs-genericnoun		0	the fortified city … the habitation	This does not refer to a specific city or habitation but to cities and habitations in general. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
ISA	27	10	mv1s	figs-genericnoun		0	a calf feeds, and there he lies down and consumes	Here “calf” represents calves or cattle in general. Alternate translation: “calves feed, and there they lie down and consume” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
ISA	27	11	k9fn	figs-metaphor		0	When the boughs … not a people of understanding	The people becoming so weak because they disobey Yahweh so that enemies can easily destroy them is spoken of as if they are dry branches that women break off of a tree. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	27	11	k85z	figs-activepassive		0	When the boughs are withered, they will be broken off. Women will come and make fires with them	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “When the branches wither, women will come and break them off and make fires with them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	27	11	pi5e	figs-explicit		0	this is not a people of understanding	This can be made more explicit. Alternate translation: “this is not a people who understands Yahweh or his law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	27	11	js5n			0	a people	This could mean: (1) “people” refers to the people of Israel or (2) “people” refers the people of foreign nations who oppress the people of Israel.
ISA	27	11	v3yx	figs-parallelism		0	Therefore their Maker will not have compassion on them, and he who made them will not be merciful to them	Both clauses mean the same thing. Alternate translation: “Because they do not understand, Yahweh, the one who made them, will not be merciful to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	27	12	f19u			0	It will come about	This phrase marks an important event that will happen.
ISA	27	12	g87l			0	on that day	“at that time”
ISA	27	12	n43h	figs-metaphor		0	Yahweh will thresh	Yahweh gathering his people to bring them back from the foreign nations to the land of Israel is spoken of as if he were threshing wheat to separate the grain from the chaff. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	27	12	nx3t			0	from the Euphrates River to the Wadi of Egypt	Isaiah mentions the Euphrates River and the Wadi of Egypt to mean that Yahweh will bring back the people of Israel who were exiled in lands near those waters, that is, Assyria and Egypt. The Euphrates River is northeast of Israel, and the Wadi of Egypt is southwest of Israel.
ISA	27	12	v8t2			0	the Wadi of Egypt	“the brook of Egypt”
ISA	27	12	gz3e	figs-activepassive		0	you … will be gathered together one by one	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will gather you together one by one” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	27	13	i56v	figs-activepassive		0	a great trumpet will be blown	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “someone will blow a trumpet loudly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	27	13	qs1g	figs-ellipsis		0	the perishing ones in the land of Assyria will come, and the outcasts in the land of Egypt	The understood information can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “those who are in exile and dying in the land of Assyria and the land of Egypt will return to the land of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
ISA	27	13	bdq2			0	holy mountain	The “holy mountain” is Mount Zion, in Jerusalem. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 11:9](../11/09.md).
ISA	28	intro	np8h			0		# Isaiah 28 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Metaphors<br>There are many metaphors used to describe Yahweh’s punishment as well as the sin of the people of Ephraim. In one such metaphor, they are described as being drunk. Construction and weather metaphors are also used in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “That day”<br>This is a common phrase in this section of Isaiah. This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. This chapter pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator does not need to add an explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]])
ISA	28	1	j6gg	figs-metaphor		0	Woe to the proud garland … on the head of the lush Valley of those who are overcome with wine	A “garland” is a crown made of flowers. Here it represents the city of Samaria, the capital of Israel, which sits above a fertile valley. Samaria and its people being destroyed is spoken of as if the flowers in the garland will grow old and stop being beautiful. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	28	1	i15u			0	who are overcome with wine	“who are drunk with wine”
ISA	28	2	yjl9			0	Behold	“Listen” or “Pay attention”
ISA	28	2	s6hx	figs-synecdoche		0	the Lord sends one who is mighty and strong	Here “one” refers to a mighty king who also represents his powerful army. Alternate translation: “the Lord sends a king with his powerful army” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	28	2	xf11	figs-simile		0	storm of hail	A “storm of hail” or hailstorm happens when hard pieces of ice fall from the sky. Here it is a simile that refers to the enemy army that Yahweh will send to destroy the people of Samaria. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	28	2	ew8c	figs-metaphor		0	he will throw each garland crown down to the ground	The king and his powerful army destroying the people of Samaria and their city is spoken of as if the king will throw the people’s garlands onto the ground. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	28	3	vm68			0	General Information:	Isaiah continues to speak about the people and the city of Samaria as if they were a garland ([Isaiah 28:1-2](./01.md)).
ISA	28	3	pp4k	figs-activepassive		0	The proud garland of the drunkards of Ephraim will be trodden underfoot	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The enemy army will crush the proud drunkards of Samaria as if they were crushing flowers under their feet” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	28	3	wtt6	figs-metaphor		0	proud garland … of Ephraim	A “garland” is a crown made of flowers. Here it represents the city of Samaria, the capital of Israel, which sits above a fertile valley. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	28	4	qq5i	figs-metaphor		0	that is on the head of the rich valley	The city of Samaria, the capital of Israel, sits above a fertile valley. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	28	4	yw2k	figs-simile		0	will be as the first ripe fig … gulps it down	This speaks of the enemy soldiers seeing the beauty of Samaria and quickly plundering it as if they were a person who sees the first fig of the season and quickly eats it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	28	5	s84s			0	Yahweh of hosts	See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md).
ISA	28	5	twb7	figs-metaphor		0	will become a beautiful crown and a diadem of beauty	Yahweh is spoken of as if he were to become a beautiful crown that the people who honor him as their true king would wear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	28	5	llj8	figs-doublet		0	a beautiful crown and a diadem of beauty	These mean the same thing. Alternate translation: “a beautiful crown” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
ISA	28	6	mx85	figs-abstractnouns		0	a spirit of justice for him who sits in judgment, and strength for those who	This can be reworded so that the abstract nouns “justice” and “strength” are expressed as adjectives. These words can begin a new sentence. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will cause the judges to be just and will cause to be strong those who” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA	28	6	bay6	figs-idiom		0	a spirit of justice	A person who has a “spirit of justice” is someone who has the characteristic of justice and is a just person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA	28	6	sak7	figs-idiom		0	sits in judgment	This idiom means the person has the authority to judge. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA	28	6	t37f	figs-idiom		0	strength for those who turn back their enemies at their gates	Here “to turn back” is an idiom that means to defeat in battle. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will cause the soldiers to be strong so that they defeat their enemies when the enemies attack their city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA	28	7	jcw4			0	But even these	“But even the leaders”
ISA	28	7	a7gn	figs-genericnoun		0	The priest and the prophet	This does not mean a specific priest or prophet. It refers to priests and prophets in general. Alternate translation: “The priests and the prophets” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
ISA	28	7	lfv9	figs-parallelism		0	reel with wine, and stagger with strong drink	These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that the priests and the prophets cannot do their job because they are very drunk. Alternate translation: “stumble around because they are drunk” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	28	7	v8we	figs-metaphor		0	they are swallowed up by wine	Their drinking so much that they can no longer think properly is spoken of as if the wine swallowed them. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the wine is causing them to be confused” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	28	7	d4bm			0	staggering in vision and reeling in decision	Just like they are too drunk to walk correctly, they are too drunk to understand the visions God gives them or to make good decisions.
ISA	28	9	ny13	figs-rquestion		0	To whom will he teach knowledge, and to whom will he explain the message?	The drunk prophets and priests use a question to criticize Isaiah, who is trying to correct them. Alternate translation: “The drunk prophets and priests say, ‘Isaiah should not be trying to teach us about Yahweh’s message!’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	28	9	t6vi	figs-rquestion		0	To those who are weaned from milk or to those just taken from the breasts?	The drunk prophets and priests use a question to criticize Isaiah, because they feel that he is treating them like babies. Alternate translation: “He should not treat us like babies!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	28	10	fb5v			0	For it is command upon command, command upon command; rule upon rule, rule upon rule; here a little, there a little	The drunk prophets and priests criticize Isaiah because they feel that Isaiah is repeating simple commands as if he were talking to a child.
ISA	28	11	hfl6	figs-synecdoche		0	with mocking lips and a foreign tongue he will speak to this people	Here “lips” and “tongue” represent the foreigners who speak a different language than the Israelites do. It is implied that this refers to the Assyrian army that will attack Israel. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will speak to this people through enemy soldiers who will speak a foreign language” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	28	11	kb8u			0	mocking lips	“stammering lips”
ISA	28	12	gkx1	figs-abstractnouns		0	This is the rest	The abstract noun “rest” can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “This is the resting place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA	28	12	se68	figs-abstractnouns		0	give rest to him who is weary	The abstract noun “rest” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “let whoever is tired come and rest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA	28	12	v7ew	figs-abstractnouns		0	this is the refreshing	The abstract noun “refreshing” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “this is the place where you can be refreshed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA	28	13	z6r4			0	So the word of Yahweh	“So Yahweh’s message”
ISA	28	13	ds6z			0	command upon command, command upon command; rule upon rule, rule upon rule; here a little, there a little	These are the words that the drunk priests and prophets used to criticize how Isaiah teaches them. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 28:10](../28/10.md).
ISA	28	13	i6sd	figs-activepassive		0	so that they may go and fall backward, and be broken, ensnared, and captured	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “in order that the army of Assyria will come and defeat them and take them as captives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	28	13	b7le	figs-metaphor		0	go and fall backward, and be broken	People losing in battle to the enemy army is spoken of as if the people will fall down and break. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	28	13	c32b	figs-metaphor		0	ensnared	The enemy soldiers capturing the people of Israel is spoken of as if they were hunters that catch an animal in a snare. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	28	14	y37t			0	So listen to the word of Yahweh	“So listen to Yahweh’s message”
ISA	28	15	u1bd	figs-parallelism		0	We have made a covenant with death, and with Sheol we have reached an agreement	Both of these statements mean basically the same thing. This could mean: (1) the leaders of Jerusalem have used magic or sorcery to try to make an agreement with the gods of the place of the dead so that these gods would protect them from dying or (2) this is a metaphor that speaks of the leaders having made an agreement with the leaders of Egypt. The leaders of Jerusalem were so confident that the Egyptians would protect that it was like they had made an agreement with the gods of the place of the dead. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	28	15	x2p3	figs-metaphor		0	So when the overwhelming whip passes through, it will not reach us	This speaks of Yahweh’s judgment and punishment as if it were a whip that would strike the people. And the whip is spoken of as if it were a flood that would pass through Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “As a result, when everyone else is suffering and dying, nothing will harm us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	28	15	r8ix	figs-parallelism		0	For we have made a lie our refuge, and taken shelter in falsehood	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. A “lie” and “falsehood” are spoken of as if they were places where a person could go to hide. The leaders in Jerusalem would not have said they trust in a lie. They believed they were truly safe. But Isaiah knows they are not safe, because they trust in lies. Alternate translation: “For lies and falsehoods have become like a place where we can hide from danger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	28	15	ux1b			0	a lie our refuge … taken shelter in falsehood	This could mean: (1) the leaders trust in their own lies that they have said in order to protect themselves or (2) the leaders trust that the covenant they have made with the false gods of the place of the dead will keep them safe or (3) the leaders trust that the agreement they have made with the Egyptians will keep them safe.
ISA	28	16	ff3c			0	See	“Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you.”
ISA	28	16	tf5e	figs-metaphor		0	I will lay in Zion a foundation stone … sure foundation	Yahweh sending a strong person to help the people of Israel is spoken of as if Yahweh is constructing a strong foundation for a building. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	28	16	js3j			0	a tried stone	“a stone that is solid”
ISA	28	16	mc8y			0	a sure foundation	“a firm support”
ISA	28	16	pkf8			0	He who believes will not be ashamed	“Anyone who trusts in this foundation stone will not be sorry”
ISA	28	17	n7kr			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues to compare what he will do for the people in Jerusalem to a builder setting up a building ([Isaiah 28:16](../28/16.md)).
ISA	28	17	yd66	figs-metaphor		0	I will make justice the measuring stick, and righteousness the plumbline	Yahweh testing according to his justice and righteousness to determine if the people are just and righteous is spoken of as if he were a builder using tools to determine that something is the correct length and perfectly level. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	28	17	xhn1			0	the measuring stick	A builder uses a measuring stick to determine if something is the correct length.
ISA	28	17	l2vf			0	the plumbline	A builder uses a plumbline to determine if something is straight and level.
ISA	28	17	xg82	figs-metaphor		0	Hail will sweep away	Yahweh causing a large amount of hail to fall is spoken of as if it would be an overwhelming flood. Alternate translation: “Hailstorms will destroy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	28	17	gv6t	figs-synecdoche		0	Hail … the floodwaters	This could mean: (1) these are a synecdoche representing anything in general that will cause destruction or (2) these are a metaphor referring to the enemy army that Yahweh will send to destroy the people of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	28	17	hi3p			0	Hail	hard pieces of ice that fall from the sky
ISA	28	17	adc4	figs-metaphor		0	the refuge of lies … the hiding place	This speaks about “lies” as if they were a place a person could go to hide. They represent what the leaders of Jerusalem trusted in to keep them safe from Yahweh’s punishment. This could mean: (1) the leaders trust in their own lies that they have said in order to protect themselves or (2) the leaders trust that the covenant they have made with the false gods of the place of the dead will keep them safe or (3) the leaders trust that the agreement they have made with the Egyptians will keep them safe. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Isaiah 28:15](../28/15.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	28	18	l9w6			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues to speak to the people of Jerusalem.
ISA	28	18	ah82	figs-activepassive		0	Your covenant with death will be dissolved, and your agreement with Sheol will not stand	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will cancel the covenant you have with death, and I will cancel the agreement you have with Sheol” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	28	18	fvw2	figs-metaphor		0	covenant with death … agreement with Sheol	This could mean: (1) the leaders of Jerusalem had used magic or sorcery to try to make an agreement with the gods of the place of the dead so that these gods would protect them from dying or (2) this is a metaphor that speaks of the leaders having made an agreement with the leaders of Egypt. The leaders of Jerusalem were so confident that the Egyptians would protect that it was like they had made an agreement with the gods of the place of the dead. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 28:15](../28/15.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	28	18	n9he			0	will not stand	“will not last”
ISA	28	18	mry1	figs-synecdoche		0	When the raging flood passes through	This could mean: (1) “flood” is a synecdoche that represents anything in general that will cause destruction or (2) “flood” is a metaphor referring to the enemy army that Yahweh will send to destroy the people of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	28	18	var2	figs-activepassive		0	you will be overwhelmed by it	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “it will overwhelm you” or “it will destroy you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	28	19	g9nc	figs-idiom		0	morning by morning	This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “every day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA	28	19	g4wk	figs-merism		0	by day and night	This means “throughout the entire day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
ISA	28	20	xx4i			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues to speak to the people of Jerusalem.
ISA	28	20	ex86	writing-proverbs		0	For the bed is too short for a man to stretch out on, and the blanket too narrow for him to wrap himself in	This was probably a proverb that the people knew at the time. It means that what they believe will keep them safe from Yahweh’s punishment will disappoint them like a bed that is too short or a blanket that is too narrow. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs]])
ISA	28	21	pp9n	figs-idiom		0	Yahweh will rise up	Yahweh preparing to act is spoken of as if he were sitting and then rising up. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA	28	21	e2cw	figs-explicit		0	Mount Perazim … Valley of Gibeon	These refer to places where God miraculously defeated enemy armies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	28	21	l5tw			0	he will rouse himself	“he will become very angry”
ISA	28	21	l963	figs-doublet		0	his strange work … his strange deed	These two phrases mean the same thing. This work is strange because God is using a foreign army to defeat the people of Jerusalem rather than helping the people of Jerusalem defeat their enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
ISA	28	22	w3au			0	Now	This does not mean “at this moment,” but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows.
ISA	28	22	upp3	figs-metaphor		0	your bonds will be tightened	Yahweh punishing the people even more severely is spoken of as if he would tighten their bonds. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will tighten your bonds” or “Yahweh will punish you even more severely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	28	22	tpu3			0	Yahweh of hosts	See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md).
ISA	28	22	fdu9	figs-abstractnouns		0	a decree of destruction on the earth	This can be reworded so that the abstract noun “destruction” is expressed as the verb “destroy.” Alternate translation: “that he is going to destroy people throughout the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA	28	23	bjv1	figs-parables		0	General Information:	This begins a parable that ends in 28:29. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]])
ISA	28	23	twz5	figs-parallelism		0	Pay attention and listen to my voice; be attentive and listen to my words	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second phrase is used to strengthen the first. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	28	23	lsh4	figs-metonymy		0	to my voice	Here “voice” represents what Isaiah says. Alternate translation: “to what I say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	28	23	s1kf			0	to my words	“to my message”
ISA	28	24	nvu3	figs-rquestion		0	Does a farmer who plows all day to sow, only plow the ground? Does he continually break up and harrow the field?	Isaiah uses rhetorical questions to make the people think deeply. Alternate translation: “A farmer does not plow the ground over and over and continually work the soil without ever sowing seed.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	28	25	dam8	figs-parables		0	General Information:	Isaiah continues telling a parable to the people of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]])
ISA	28	25	uq3a			0	When he has prepared the ground	“When the farmer has plowed the soil”
ISA	28	25	fsr6	figs-rquestion		0	does he not scatter caraway seed, sow the cumin, put in the wheat in rows and the barley in the right place, and the spelt at its edges?	Isaiah uses a question to make the people of Jerusalem think deeply. If your language does not have a word for each of these seeds, they can be stated more generally. Alternate translation: “he will certainly plant each kind of seed in the correct way and in the proper places.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	28	25	pd1v	translate-unknown		0	caraway … cumin	These are names of plants that are spices. Translators may represent them in general as seeds of spices used to spice food. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
ISA	28	25	v8fq	translate-unknown		0	wheat … barley … spelt	These are all names of plants that are grains. Translators may represent them in general as seeds of grains. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
ISA	28	26	x6gc	figs-parallelism		0	His God instructs him; he teaches him wisely	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “Yahweh helps the farmer know how to care for each kind of plant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	28	27	m9hs	figs-parables		0	General Information:	Isaiah continues telling a parable to the people of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]])
ISA	28	27	w7aj	figs-activepassive		0	the caraway seed is not threshed with a sledge	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the farmer does not separate the caraway seed from the plant with a heavy club” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	28	27	p8si			0	caraway	See how you translated this in [Isaiah 28:25](../28/25.md).
ISA	28	27	j2hy	figs-activepassive		0	nor is a cartwheel rolled over the cumin	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “nor does he roll a heavy wheel over the cumin seed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	28	27	g75f			0	cumin	See how you translated this in [Isaiah 28:25](../28/25.md).
ISA	28	27	r6a8	figs-activepassive		0	but caraway is beaten with a stick, and cumin with a rod	Isaiah describes the correct way for a farmer to separate the seed from the plant. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “but he beats the caraway with a stick, and he beats cumin with a rod” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	28	28	zb1a	figs-activepassive		0	Grain is ground for bread but not too finely	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The farmer grinds the grain for bread but not so that it is too small” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	28	29	vw1a	figs-explicit		0	This too comes … excellent in wisdom	This concludes the parable started in [Isaiah 28:23](../28/23.md). The implied lesson of the parable is that farmers are wise enough to listen to Yahweh’s instructions about planting and threshing. But the leaders of Jerusalem are foolish for not listening to Yahweh’s instructions that he is speaking through Isaiah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	28	29	fh5n			0	Yahweh of hosts	See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md).
ISA	29	intro	e58i			0		# Isaiah 29 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>This chapter begins a series of “woes” against specific nations. It presents judgments against the kingdoms of Ephraim and eventually Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/woe]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Ariel<br>This is another name for Jerusalem. It is an uncommon name.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Prophecies<br>This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. It pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator does not need to add an explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]])
ISA	29	1	p34x	figs-metonymy		0	Woe to Ariel	Here “Ariel” represents the people who live in the city of Ariel. Alternate translation: “How terrible it will be for the people of Ariel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	29	1	kp7k	translate-names		0	Ariel	This is another name for Jerusalem, and it means “altar.” If possible translate this as “Ariel” rather than “Jerusalem” since the meaning of “Ariel” is important in 29:2. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	29	1	bhl8			0	David encamped	“David dwelled” or “David lived”
ISA	29	1	wh6s	figs-irony		0	Add year to year; let the festivals come round	“Keep celebrating your festival year after year.” This is an ironic statement. Yahweh tells the people to keep celebrating their festivals where they sacrifice to him, but he knows it will not prevent him from destroying them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
ISA	29	2	rhv8	figs-metonymy		0	But I will besiege	The word “I” refers to Yahweh. This represents Yahweh causing an enemy army to besiege Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	29	2	fh77	figs-metonymy		0	she will	Here “she” refers to Ariel, which represents the people of Ariel. Alternate translation: “the people of Ariel will” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	29	2	w19k	figs-doublet		0	mourning and lamenting	The words “mourning” and “lamenting” mean basically the same thing and emphasize the intensity of mourning. Alternate translation: “they will mourn deeply” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
ISA	29	2	uey1	figs-simile		0	like Ariel	Translators may add a footnote that says, “The name Ariel means ‘altar.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	29	3	aqb4	figs-metonymy		0	I will encamp against you	The word “I” refers to Yahweh. This represents Yahweh causing an enemy army to surround Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “I will command the army of your enemies to surround you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	29	3	z8vg	translate-unknown		0	palisade … siege works	A “palisade” is a tower armies would build to attack cities with high walls. Also “siege works” refers to other various weapons armies would build to attack cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
ISA	29	4	xp4f	figs-activepassive		0	You will be brought down	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Your enemy will bring you down” or “Your enemy will humble you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	29	4	ak9b	figs-simile		0	will speak from the ground; your speech will be low from the dust. Your voice will sound like a spirit that speaks from the ground, and out of the dust your speech will whisper	All of these statements mean basically the same thing. They emphasize that the people who once spoke with proud words will be weak and grieving after the enemy defeats them. Alternate translation: “you will only be able to speak with weak whispers like a spirit speaking from where dead people dwell” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	29	5	ei77	figs-simile		0	The great number of your invaders will become like fine dust, and the multitude of the ruthless ones as chaff that passes away	This emphasizes how weak and insignificant the invading army is before God. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will easily remove the horde of your invaders and the multitude of the ruthless ones”(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	29	5	w2d7			0	great number of your invaders	“many soldiers that will attack you”
ISA	29	5	vl7f	figs-ellipsis		0	the ruthless ones as chaff	The translator can supply the verb “will become.” Alternate translation: “the soldiers who show you no mercy will become as chaff” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
ISA	29	6	gh4q	figs-you		0	Yahweh of hosts will come to you	The word “you” refers to the people of Jerusalem. This could mean: (1) “Yahweh of hosts will come to help you” or (2) “Yahweh of hosts will come to punish you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
ISA	29	7	th7g	figs-doublet		0	It will be like a dream, a vision of the night	The phrase “a vision of the night” is the same thing as “a dream.” The two phrases emphasize that soon it will be like the invading army was never there. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	29	7	l4s8			0	A horde of all the nations	“Large armies from all the nations”
ISA	29	7	t56e	figs-metonymy		0	fight against Ariel	The name “Ariel” is another name for Jerusalem, and it represents the people who live there. See how you translated “Ariel” in [Isaiah 29:1](../29/01.md). Alternate translation: “fight against the people of Ariel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	29	7	h99v	figs-metonymy		0	her stronghold. They will attack her and her fortifications to press upon her	The word “her” refers to Ariel which represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “their stronghold. They will attack the city of Ariel and its defenses and cause the people to be in great distress” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	29	8	ncq1	figs-simile		0	It will be like when a hungry man dreams he is eating … his thirst not quenched	These similes mean that the enemy will expect victory but they will fail because God will not allow them to conquer Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	29	8	b3vv	figs-metonymy		0	Yes, so will be the great number of nations that fights against Mount Zion	Here “Mount Zion” represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “Yes, this will be what happens to the armies from the nations who fight against the people who live on Mount Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	29	9	thb7	figs-explicit		0	Astonish yourselves and be astonished	The word “yourselves” refers to the people of Jerusalem. Why they are astonished can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “Be astonished at what I am telling you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
ISA	29	9	un3a	figs-metaphor		0	blind yourselves and be blind	The people ignoring what Yahweh says is spoken of as if they would make themselves blind. Alternate translation: “keep being ignorant and spiritually blind to what I am showing you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	29	9	h71h	figs-metaphor		0	Be drunk, but not with wine; stagger, but not with beer	The people being senseless and not understanding what Yahweh is doing is spoken of as if they were drunk. Alternate translation: “Be senseless like a drunk person, but it is not because you have drank too much wine or beer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	29	10	g6xx	figs-metaphor		0	For Yahweh has poured out on you the spirit of deep sleep	Here “the spirit of” means “to have the characteristic of” being asleep. Yahweh causing the people to be asleep is spoken of as if “the spirit” were a liquid that he poured out on the people. Also “deep sleep” is a metaphor that means the people are senseless and cannot understand what Yahweh is doing. Alternate translation: “The reason you are senseless is because Yahweh has caused you to be spiritually asleep” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	29	10	u6aj	figs-metaphor		0	He has closed your eyes, the prophets, and has covered your heads, the seers	Yahweh causing the people to be senseless and not to understand what he is doing is spoken of as if he closed their eyes and covered their heads so they could not see. Alternate translation: “It is as though Yahweh has closed the eyes of the prophets and covered the heads of the seers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	29	11	jvz4	figs-simile		0	All revelation has become to you as the words of a book that is sealed	The other prophets in Jerusalem are unable to hear or understand God’s message. Alternate translation: “All that Yahweh has revealed is to you like a sealed book” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	29	11	vii8			0	is sealed, which men might give to one who is learned	This can be stated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: “is sealed. A person may take the sealed book to someone who can read”
ISA	29	12	z14w	figs-activepassive		0	If the book is given to one who cannot read	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “If a person takes the book to someone who cannot read” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	29	13	hp14	figs-metonymy		0	This people comes close to me with their mouths and honors me with their lips	The words “mouths” and “lips” represent what people say. Here it also represents saying something but not truly meaning it. Alternate translation: “The people of Jerusalem pretend to worship me and honor me with what they say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	29	13	z6q5	figs-metonymy		0	but their heart is far from me	Here “heart” is a metonym that represents a person’s thoughts and emotions. The people not being truly devoted to Yahweh is spoken of as if their hearts were far away from him. Alternate translation: “but they do not honor me in their thoughts” or “but they are not truly devoted to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	29	13	u7h6	figs-activepassive		0	Their honor for me is only a commandment of men that has been taught	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “They honor me only because that is what people tell them to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	29	14	ya7e			0	Therefore, see, I will proceed to do a marvelous thing among this people, wonder after wonder	“Therefore, look and see! I am going to do wonderful and marvelous things among you that you will not be able to explain”
ISA	29	14	cb9j	figs-parallelism		0	The wisdom of their wise men will perish, and the understanding of their prudent men will disappear	Both of these statements mean the same thing. Yahweh showing that the wise people cannot understand or explain what Yahweh does is spoken of as if their wisdom and understanding will vanish. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	29	15	n74m			0	General Information:	This may be Isaiah speaking or it may continue Yahweh’s speech in 29:13-14.
ISA	29	15	a41v	figs-metaphor		0	who deeply hide their plans from Yahweh	People trying to make plans without Yahweh knowing about it is spoken of as if they hide their plans in a deep place where Yahweh cannot see. Alternate translation: “who try to hide their plans from Yahweh” or “who try to keep Yahweh from finding out what they are planning to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	29	15	yh8d	figs-explicit		0	whose deeds are in darkness	It is implied that they are secretly doing evil things. Alternate translation: “who do evil things in the dark so no one can see them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	29	15	mt4k	figs-rquestion		0	Who sees us, and who knows us?	They use a question to emphasize that they believe no one knows what they are doing. Alternate translation: “No one, not even Yahweh, sees us or knows what we are doing!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	29	16	tt3j	figs-idiom		0	You turn things upside down	This is an idiom that means to distort what is true. Alternate translation: “You make things opposite of the way they should be” or “You distort the truth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA	29	16	ak5f	figs-metaphor		0	Should the potter be considered like clay, so that the thing that is made should say about him who made it…“He does not understand”?	Yahweh who created humans is spoken of as if he were a potter and humans were the clay. This metaphor emphasizes that it is foolish for humans to reject or criticize the one who created them. Alternate translation: “Should you consider me, your maker, to be like the clay rather than the potter? It is as if a potter created something, and that thing said about the potter, ‘He did not make me,’ or ‘He does not understand.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	29	16	m1ba	figs-rquestion		0	Should the potter be considered like clay…“He does not understand”?	This question is used to scold the people of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “Obviously, the potter should not be considered like clay…‘He does not understand.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	29	17	vcq7	figs-metaphor		0	Lebanon will be turned into a field, and the field will become a forest	This could mean: (1) this is literal and Yahweh will cause the places where trees grew wild in Lebanon to become fruitful fields or (2) this is a metaphor and the large forests of Lebanon represent powerful oppressors, and the crops that grow in the field and become a forest are the common people who are suffering. This means Yahweh will humble those who are powerful, but he will honor those who are suffering. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	29	17	p68s	figs-metonymy		0	Lebanon will be turned into a field	Here “Lebanon” represents the large cedar forests in Lebanon. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will turn the mighty forests of Lebanon into a field” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	29	18	q8r1	figs-metaphor		0	the deaf will hear the words of a book, and the eyes of the blind will see out of the deep darkness	This could mean: (1) this is literal and Yahweh will cause deaf people to hear and blind people to see or (2) this is a metaphor that means Yahweh will enable the people to hear and understand his message or (3) it may mean both options 1 and 2. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	29	18	d7au	figs-synecdoche		0	the eyes of the blind	Here “eyes” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “those who are blind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	29	19	y383	figs-parallelism		0	The oppressed will again rejoice in Yahweh, and the poor among men will rejoice in the Holy One of Israel	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “The poor and oppressed people will again be happy because of what Yahweh, the Holy One of Israel, has done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	29	20	st9w	figs-nominaladj		0	For the ruthless will cease	The nominal adjective “the ruthless” can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “For the ruthless people will cease” or “For there will no longer be cruel people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
ISA	29	20	m2ji	figs-nominaladj		0	the scoffer will vanish	The nominal adjective “the scoffer” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “those who scoff will vanish” or “the people who mock will disappear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
ISA	29	20	i5cr	figs-activepassive		0	All those who love to do evil will be eliminated	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will eliminate all those who love to do evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	29	21	zp8p	figs-explicit		0	who by a word make a man out to be an offender	This refers to giving testimony in court against someone. Alternate translation: “who testify against a man and make him out to be an offender” or “who say in court that an innocent man is guilty of doing something wrong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	29	21	wl2h	figs-metaphor		0	They lay a snare for him who seeks justice at the gate and put the righteous down with empty lies	The evil people doing anything they can to stop a good person is spoken of as if the evil people set a trap like a hunter catching his prey. Alternate translation: “They lie and try to stop those who want to do what is fair and right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	29	21	vb33			0	who seeks justice at the gate	The city gate was often the place where the city leaders made official decisions.
ISA	29	22	i8ii	figs-explicit		0	who redeemed Abraham	This possibly refers to when Yahweh called Abraham from his home country and sent him to the promised land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	29	22	v978	figs-metonymy		0	Jacob will no longer … his face	Here “Jacob” represents his descendants. Alternate translation: “Jacob’s descendants will no longer … their faces” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	29	22	a47e	figs-idiom		0	nor will his face be pale	This is an idiom that means he will no longer be afraid. Alternate translation: “nor will he be afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA	29	23	j9rv	figs-metonymy		0	he sees his children	The words “he” and “his” speak of Jacob (verse 22) and represent his descendants. Alternate translation: “Jacob’s descendants will no longer … their faces … they see their children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	29	23	ri6z	figs-metonymy		0	But when he sees his children, the work of my hands	Here “hands” represents Yahweh’s power and action. Alternate translation: “When they see all the children I have given them and all that I have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	29	23	m7l3	figs-metonymy		0	they will make my name holy	Here “name” represents Yahweh. Alternate translation: “they will honor me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	29	23	k7hc	figs-metonymy		0	They will make holy the name of the Holy One of Jacob	Here “name” represents Yahweh. Yahweh refers to himself as “the Holy One of Jacob.” Alternate translation: “They will honor me, the Holy One of Jacob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
ISA	29	23	hf61	figs-123person		0	of the God of Israel	Yahweh refers to himself as “the God of Israel.” Alternate translation: “of me, the God of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
ISA	29	24	ajl7	figs-metonymy		0	Those who err in spirit	Here “spirit” represents a person’s inner being. Alternate translation: “Those who are wrong in what they think” or “Those who are wrong in their attitude” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	29	24	ly72	figs-explicit		0	will gain understanding	This can be made more explicit to explain what they will understand. Alternate translation: “will begin to understand Yahweh and his laws” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	29	24	uc4z	figs-explicit		0	complainers will learn knowledge	This can be made more explicit to explain what knowledge they will learn. Alternate translation: “those who complain will begin to know that what Yahweh teaches them is true” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	30	intro	e211			0		# Isaiah 30 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>This chapter continues the series of “woes” against specific nations. It presents judgments against the people of Ephraim and Judah when they desired to make an alliance with Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/woe]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Negev<br>This is an area between Egypt and Judah. The people would have had to travel though it in order to get to Egypt. No one really lived in this area and it was known to be very dangerous.<br><br>### Trust<br>The people were to trust in Yahweh. Only he could provide them with protection. The people were punished for their lack of trust when they were in trouble, but Yahweh only required that they trust him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “That day”<br>This is a common phrase in this section of Isaiah. The chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. It pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator does not need to add an explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]])
ISA	30	1	e6vd	figs-metaphor		0	the rebellious children	Yahweh speaks about his people as if they were his children. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	30	1	dq2r	figs-123person		0	this is Yahweh’s declaration	Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
ISA	30	1	cu63	figs-abstractnouns		0	They make plans, but not from me	This can be reworded so that the abstract noun “plans” can be stated as the verb “plan.” Alternate translation: “They plan to do things, but they do not ask me what I want them to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA	30	1	vep2	figs-activepassive		0	but they were not directed by my Spirit	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “but my Spirit did not direct them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	30	1	sdp8	figs-metaphor		0	they add sin to sin	Continuing to sin is spoken of as if sins were objects that could be stacked on one another. Alternate translation: “they continue to sin more and more” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	30	2	ed8h	figs-abstractnouns		0	They seek protection from Pharaoh	This can be reworded so that the abstract noun “protection” is expressed as the verb “protect.” Alternate translation: “They ask Pharaoh to protect them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA	30	2	k8ag	figs-metaphor		0	take refuge in the shadow of Egypt	Egypt’s protection from enemy armies is spoken of as if it were a shadow that protects someone from the burning heat of the sun. Alternate translation: “they rely on the Egyptians to keep them safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	30	3	tal7			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Judah.
ISA	30	3	frg3	figs-abstractnouns		0	Therefore Pharaoh’s protection will be your shame, and the refuge in Egypt’s shade, your humiliation	This can be reworded so that the abstract nouns “protection,” “shame,” and “humiliation” are expressed as adjectives or verbs. Alternate translation: “Therefore you will be ashamed because you relied on Pharaoh to protect you; you will be humiliated because you relied on the Egyptians to keep you safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA	30	3	z473	figs-metaphor		0	the refuge in Egypt’s shade	Egypt’s protection from enemy armies is spoken of as if it were a shadow that protects someone from the burning heat of the sun. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	30	4	l5kf			0	their princes	Here “princes” mean an official or ambassador, not necessarily sons of the king.
ISA	30	4	ax9t			0	their … their	belonging to the people of Judah
ISA	30	4	c3ut	translate-names		0	Zoan … Hanes	These were cities in the northern part of Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	30	4	apn6	figs-go		0	have come to Hanes	Here “come” can be stated as “gone.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
ISA	30	5	vs3d			0	They … them	These words refer to the people of Judah.
ISA	30	5	pp3g			0	because of a people	“because of the people of Egypt”
ISA	30	6	h34s			0	General Information:	This continues God’s declaration concerning the people of Judah.
ISA	30	6	i8pw			0	A declaration	“This is what Yahweh declares”
ISA	30	6	h1jl	figs-genericnoun		0	of the lioness and the lion, the viper and fiery flying serpent	This refers to these types of animals in general. Alternate translation: “where lionesses and lions dwell, and where there are vipers and serpents” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
ISA	30	6	ian2			0	fiery flying serpent	Here the word “fiery” probably refers to the serpent’s poisonous bite and the word “flying” refers to its quick movements. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 14:29](../14/29.md).
ISA	30	6	rmj1			0	they carry their riches	“the people of Judah carry their riches”
ISA	30	7	x8ua	translate-names		0	I have called her Rahab, who sits still	There were popular stories about a sea monster named Rahab. The name Rahab means “strength” or “arrogance.” Alternate translation: “I call Egypt a loud boaster who does nothing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	30	8	u3jb			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to Isaiah.
ISA	30	8	umq8			0	Now	This word is used here to mark a break in Yahweh’s declaration about Judah. Here he tells Isaiah to do something.
ISA	30	8	uql1			0	in their presence	“in the presence of the people of Judah”
ISA	30	8	x97k	figs-metaphor		0	for the time to come	This speaks of time as if it travels and arrives somewhere. Alternate translation: “for a future time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	30	9	v3bl	figs-metaphor		0	lying children, children who will not hear the instruction of Yahweh	This speaks of Yahweh’s people as if they were his children. This can be translated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: “They behave like children who lie and do not listen to what Yahweh commands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	30	10	y449			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking about the people of Judah.
ISA	30	11	x6bb	figs-metaphor		0	Turn aside from the way, stray off the path	How Yahweh wants his people to behave is spoken of as if it were a way or path on which to walk. To disobey Yahweh is spoken of as if the person strays away from Yahweh’s path. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	30	11	s3c9			0	Holy One of Israel	See how you translated this name in [Isaiah 1:4](../01/04.md).
ISA	30	12	c9xs			0	Holy One of Israel	See how you translated this name in [Isaiah 1:4](../01/04.md).
ISA	30	12	q3x7			0	you reject this word	“you reject this message”
ISA	30	12	hd23	figs-metonymy		0	trust in oppression and deceit and lean on it	This could mean: (1) the leaders of Judah are trusting in the Egyptian leaders who rule by oppressing and deceiving others or (2) the leaders of Judah have oppressed and deceived their own people in order to take their money and send it to the Egyptians leaders as payment for protection. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	30	12	t871	figs-123person		0	lean on it	Here the word “it” refers to “oppression and deceit.” Alternate translation: “lean on them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
ISA	30	12	km37	figs-idiom		0	lean on	This is an idiom that means to trust or rely on something. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA	30	13	f58j	figs-simile		0	so this sin will be to you like a broken part … in an instant	This simile means that God will destroy the people of Judah suddenly because of their sin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	30	13	rwu8	figs-ellipsis		0	like a broken part ready to fall	It is understood that this is a broken part of a wall. Alternate translation: “like a broken part of a wall that is ready to fall” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
ISA	30	13	c7k8	figs-abstractnouns		0	whose fall will happen suddenly	This can be reworded so that the abstract noun “fall” is expressed as the verb “fall.” Alternate translation: “that will suddenly fall” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA	30	13	m5ka	figs-doublet		0	suddenly, in an instant	These mean the same thing and emphasize how quickly the wall will fall. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
ISA	30	14	b2im			0	General Information:	Isaiah describes how Yahweh will destroy the people of Judah ([Isaiah 30:12-13](./12.md)).
ISA	30	14	amd2	figs-metaphor		0	He will break it	Here “it” refers to the part in the wall that is about to fall. The part in the wall is a metaphor that represents the people of Judah and their sin mentioned in [Isaiah 30:12-13](./12.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	30	14	id9b	figs-simile		0	as a potter’s vessel is broken	This simile means that the piece of wall will break as quickly and completely as a clay jar that falls to the ground. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	30	14	dbk1			0	potter	A potter is a person who makes pots and jars out of clay.
ISA	30	14	k6fi	figs-activepassive		0	there will not be found	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one will be able to find” or “there will not be” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	30	14	c129			0	a shard with which to scrape	“a shard big enough to scrape”
ISA	30	14	gs9n	figs-metonymy		0	fire from the hearth	The word “fire” here refers here to ashes. Alternate translation: “ashes from the fireplace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	30	15	fd1v			0	Holy One of Israel	See how you translated this name in [Isaiah 1:4](../01/04.md).
ISA	30	15	jh13	figs-metaphor		0	In returning and resting you will be saved	Repenting is spoken of as if it were physically returning to Yahweh. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will save you from your enemies if you will repent and rest knowing that I will take care of you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	30	15	zs7v	figs-explicit		0	resting	It is implied that the people rest because they trust that Yahweh will take care of them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	30	15	am9c	figs-explicit		0	in quietness and in trust will be your strength	Quietness here refers to not being anxious and worried. It is implied that they are not worried because they trust in Yahweh. Alternate translation: “You will be strong if you are quiet and trust in me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	30	16	x48z	figs-explicit		0	we will flee on horses	Apparently these are horses that the people of Judah received from the Egyptians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	30	17	cy2g	figs-ellipsis		0	One thousand will flee at the threat of one; at the threat of five you will flee	The word “solider” is understood. Alternate translation: “One thousand soldiers will flee at the threat of one enemy soldier; at the threat of five enemy soldiers all of your soldiers will flee” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
ISA	30	17	l2rt	translate-numbers		0	One thousand	“1,000” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
ISA	30	17	g8ks	figs-simile		0	until your remnant will be like a flagstaff on the top of a mountain, or like a flag on a hill	This simile means there will be so few people left that they will be like a single flag on top of a hill. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	30	18	a5tl			0	General Information:	Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Judah.
ISA	30	19	nsp6			0	you will … to you … answer you	Here “you” refers to the people who will live in Zion.
ISA	30	19	k2dh			0	he will answer you	“he will help you”
ISA	30	20	u2ns			0	General Information:	Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Judah.
ISA	30	20	s89h	figs-metonymy		0	the bread of adversity and the water of affliction	Here “bread” and “water” make up the diet of a very poor person. The whole phrase represents the hard times and poverty of the people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	30	20	j37h			0	your teacher	This refers to Yahweh.
ISA	30	20	m8au	figs-synecdoche		0	you will see your teacher with your own eyes	Here “eyes” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “you yourselves will see your teacher” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	30	21	yk8d	figs-synecdoche		0	Your ears will hear	Here “ears” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “You will hear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	30	21	gx8s			0	a word behind you saying	“him speaking behind you saying”
ISA	30	21	n9ys	figs-metaphor		0	This is the way, walk in it	How Yahweh wants his people to behave is spoken of as if it were a way or path. To obey Yahweh is spoken of as if it were a person walking on his path. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	30	21	day3	figs-metaphor		0	when you turn to the right or when you turn to the left	Disobeying Yahweh is spoken of as if the person turned left or right off of Yahweh’s path. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	30	22	eg6r			0	General Information:	Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Judah.
ISA	30	22	z2re	figs-simile		0	You will throw them away like a menstrual rag	This simile means they will throw away their idols like they were garbage. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	30	22	n2zf	figs-personification		0	You will say to them, “Get out of here.”	This speaks of the idols as if they could hear and get up and leave a place. Yahweh means that the people will no longer need or want the idols. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
ISA	30	23	g68j			0	General Information:	Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Judah.
ISA	30	23	w7ij			0	He will give	“Yahweh will give”
ISA	30	23	hjh1	figs-synecdoche		0	bread with abundance from the ground	Here “bread” represents food in general. Alternate translation: “he will cause the ground to produce plenty of food for you to eat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	30	23	llp6			0	In that day	“At that time”
ISA	30	24	e7ff	figs-activepassive		0	that has been winnowed with a shovel and a fork	Shovels and forks were used to throw the grain in the air so the wind would blow away the chaff, leaving only the part that could be eaten. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that you have winnowed with a shovel and a pitchfork” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	30	25	nb4s			0	General Information:	Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Judah.
ISA	30	25	n5xk			0	On every high mountain … every high hill	Isaiah describes what will be an ideal situation after Yahweh rescues his people. Although the language may be exaggerated, you should translate this just as Isaiah described it.
ISA	30	25	lg8s			0	in the day of the great slaughter when the towers fall	“when Yahweh slaughters your enemies and causes their strong towers to fall”
ISA	30	25	k7p7			0	in the day	“at the time”
ISA	30	26	bbc3			0	The light of the moon will be like the light of the sun, and the light of the sun will be seven times brighter, like the sunlight of seven days	Isaiah describes what will be an ideal situation after Yahweh rescues his people. Although the language may be exaggerated, you should translate this just as Isaiah described it.
ISA	30	26	vup8			0	the light of the sun will be seven times brighter, like the sunlight of seven days	“the sun will shine as bright as seven suns” or “the sun will give as much light in one day as it normally does in seven days”
ISA	30	26	s1jc	figs-metaphor		0	Yahweh will bind up the breaking of his people and heal the bruises of his wounding them	Yahweh comforting his people and causing their suffering to end is spoken of as if he would put bandages on their wounds. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	30	27	q2s3	figs-metaphor		0	the name of Yahweh … like a devouring fire	Yahweh being extremely angry is spoken of as if he were a large fire. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	30	27	vs12	figs-metonymy		0	the name of Yahweh comes	Here “name” represents Yahweh. Alternate translation: “Yahweh comes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	30	27	yjg9	figs-synecdoche		0	His lips are full of fury, and his tongue is like a devouring fire	Here “lips” and “tongue” are metonyms that represent Yahweh speaking. And, Yahweh speaks with so much anger and power that it is spoken of as if his tongue were a fire. Alternate translation: “When he speaks his fury is like a fire that destroys everything” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	30	28	n6lp	figs-simile		0	His breath is like an overflowing torrent	This compares the air coming out of Yahweh’s mouth to a flood to emphasize its power to destroy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	30	28	r2gf	figs-metaphor		0	to sift the nations with the sieve of destruction	Yahweh separating the people of the nations and destroying the wicked people is spoken of as if Yahweh puts the nations in a sieve. This can be translated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will separate and destroy the wicked people of the nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	30	28	wqj9	figs-metaphor		0	His breath is a bridle in the jaws of the peoples to cause them to wander away	Yahweh having the power to cause people’s plans to fail or causing them to be destroyed is spoken of as if his breath were a bridle that steers people off the correct path. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	30	28	rhf2	translate-unknown		0	a bridle in the jaws of the peoples	A “bridle” is a device that people put over a horse’s head to guide it. The bridle contains a small piece called a “bit” that goes in the horse’s mouth. Alternate translation: “a bridle on the heads of the peoples” or “a bit in the jaws of the peoples” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
ISA	30	29	mm6g			0	General Information:	Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Judah.
ISA	30	29	kpk6			0	You will have a song	This can be reworded so the noun “song” is stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “You will sing”
ISA	30	29	m8dh	figs-simile		0	as in the night when a holy feast is observed	This simile emphasizes how happy the people will be. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	30	29	x78j	figs-activepassive		0	when a holy feast is observed	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “when you observe a holy feast” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	30	29	guu5	figs-metonymy		0	gladness of heart	Here “heart” represents a person’s inner being. Alternate translation: “you will be glad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	30	29	esh8	figs-simile		0	as when one goes … Rock of Israel	This simile emphasizes how happy the people will be. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	30	29	u4kf	figs-metaphor		0	to the Rock of Israel	Yahweh having the power to protect his people is spoken of as if he were a rock on which the people could climb and escape from enemies. Alternate translation: “to Israel’s protective rock” or “which is like a protective rock for Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	30	30	h7qb	figs-metonymy		0	show the motion of his arm	Here “arm” represents the power of God. It is implied that Yahweh will show his power by destroying his people’s enemies. Alternate translation: “show that he is powerful by destroying your enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	30	30	mr74	figs-metaphor		0	in storming anger and flames of fire	Yahweh’s anger is spoken of as if it were a storm or a fire. Alternate translation: “in anger that is like a storm and flames of fire” or “in great anger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	30	30	d2cp			0	with windstorm, rainstorm, and hailstones	“with storms full of wind, rain, and hail”
ISA	30	30	ty89			0	hailstones	hard pieces of ice that fall from the sky like rain
ISA	30	31	aq83	figs-activepassive		0	For at the voice of Yahweh, Assyria will be shattered	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “For when Yahweh speaks he will shatter the soldiers of Assyria” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	30	31	x1az	figs-metaphor		0	Assyria will be shattered	Isaiah speaks of Assyria’s fear as if Assyria is an object that Yahweh’s voice shatters. Alternate translation: “Assyria will be terrified” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	30	31	h8gw	figs-metonymy		0	Assyria	Here this represents the soldiers of Assyria. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	30	32	w9ms	figs-metaphor		0	Every stroke of the appointed rod that Yahweh will lay on them	Yahweh causing an army to defeat the Assyrians is spoken of as if Yahweh would hit the Assyrians with a rod. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	30	32	wu2h	figs-activepassive		0	will be accompanied	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the people of Judah will accompany it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	30	32	d8x2			0	tambourines	This is a musical instrument with a head like a drum that can be hit and with pieces of metal around the side that sound when the instrument is shaken. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 5:12](../05/12.md).
ISA	30	32	vj9i	figs-metaphor		0	he battles and fights with them	Yahweh causing the enemy army to defeat the Assyrians is spoken of as if Yahweh were a warrior who would fight along with the enemy army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	30	33	z2rq	figs-activepassive		0	For a place of burning was prepared long ago	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “For long ago Yahweh prepared a place for burning” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	30	33	ry8p	figs-explicit		0	a place of burning	This phrase is the meaning of the word “Topheth.” Topheth is a place in the Hinnom Valley, south of Jerusalem, where at one time people burned their children as sacrifices to a false god. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	30	33	lpk7	figs-explicit		0	it is prepared for the king	It is implied that this refers to the king of Assyria. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh prepared it for the king of Assyria” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	30	33	nue1			0	The pile is ready with a fire and much wood	“The pile is ready with much wood to make a fire”
ISA	30	33	dbe3	figs-simile		0	The breath of Yahweh, like a stream of brimstone, will set it on fire	This speaks of Yahweh’s breath as if it were a river of fire that will set the pile on fire. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	31	intro	a5pj			0		# Isaiah 31 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>This chapter continues the series of “woes” against specific nations. It presents judgments against the people of Ephraim and Judah when they desired to make an alliance with Egypt. It also prophesies the destruction of Assyria. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/woe]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Trust<br>The people were to trust in Yahweh. Only he could provide them with protection. They were punished for their lack of trust when they were in trouble, but Yahweh only required that they trust him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “That day”<br>This is a common phrase in this section of Isaiah. This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. It pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator does not need to add an explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]])<br><br>### Israel<br>The use of the term “Israel” in this chapter is in reference to the northern kingdom of Israel exclusively.
ISA	31	1	h5ig			0	General Information:	Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Judah.
ISA	31	1	mn6p			0	go down to Egypt	The phrase “go down” is used here because Egypt is lower in Elevation than Jerusalem.
ISA	31	1	u5k2			0	those who go down	“those people of Judah who go down”
ISA	31	1	fq71	figs-metaphor		0	lean on horses	This speaks about people relying on their horses to help them as if they were leaning on their horses. Alternate translation: “rely on their horses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	31	1	lv3b			0	Holy One of Israel	See how you translated this name in [Isaiah 1:4](../01/04.md).
ISA	31	1	p83a			0	nor do they seek Yahweh	“nor do they ask Yahweh to help them”
ISA	31	2	rf4c	figs-idiom		0	he will bring disaster	Here the word “bring” means to “cause.” Alternate translation: “he will cause disasters to happen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA	31	2	uq3q	figs-metaphor		0	will not retract his words	The phrase “retract his words” speaks of a person not fulfilling what they said they will do as if the words that he had said were something that he could pull back to himself. Here it says that Yahweh will not do this, meaning he will fulfill what he has said. Alternate translation: “he will do what he said he would do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	31	2	wni6			0	arise against	“punish”
ISA	31	2	ncg3	figs-metonymy		0	evil house	This refers to evil people who live there. Alternate translation: “all who do evil things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	31	3	qmy9	figs-metonymy		0	Egypt is a man	Here Egypt refers to the soldiers of Egypt. Alternate translation: “The soldiers of Egypt are men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	31	3	al1h	figs-explicit		0	their horses flesh and not spirit	This means that their horses are only horses and not spiritual beings. Alternate translation: “their horses are only horses; they are not powerful spirits” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	31	3	ee2s	figs-metonymy		0	When Yahweh reaches out with his hand	The term “hand” is often used in reference to God’s power and action. Alternate translation: “When Yahweh uses his power against them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	31	3	b7mw	figs-activepassive		0	both the one who helps will stumble, and the one who is helped will fall	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Stumbling and falling are metaphors of failing. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “these two things will happen: I will destroy Egypt, who helps you, and I will destroy you, whom Egypt helps” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	31	3	mv55	figs-activepassive		0	the one who is helped	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the one who is seeking help” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	31	4	t89b			0	General Information:	Yahweh speaks to Isaiah.
ISA	31	4	bfb4	figs-simile		0	As a lion … thus Yahweh of hosts	“A lion … in the same way Yahweh of hosts.” Here Yahweh speaks of how he will defend the people who belong to him and not be scared away by comparing himself to a lion who guards it’s prey. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	31	4	j6qt			0	thus Yahweh of hosts will descend … that hill	It may be more clear if you move the last line to before the first line: “Yahweh of hosts will descend to fight on Mount Zion, on that hill, as a lion, even a young lion”
ISA	31	4	cwq4	figs-doublet		0	a lion, even a young lion	“a female lion or killer lion.” This is a doublet with both phrase referring to a fierce lion. Alternate translation: “a lion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
ISA	31	4	e9kr			0	growls	warns others to stay away
ISA	31	4	vef8	figs-idiom		0	when a group of shepherds is called out against it	The phrase “called out against it” means to be sent out to chase the lion away. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “when someone sends shepherds to chase the lion away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] or [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	31	4	i5s6	figs-explicit		0	from their sound	The shepherds would make loud noises to try and chase away the lion. Alternate translation: “from the loud noises that they make” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	31	4	jrv6	figs-explicit		0	will descend	“will come down.” This refers to descending from heaven. Alternate translation: “will come down from heaven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	31	4	wv7p	figs-parallelism		0	on Mount Zion, on that hill	Both of the phrases refer to Mount Zion. Alternate translation: “on Mount Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	31	5	n1mh			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking.
ISA	31	5	yn4w	figs-simile		0	Like birds in flight, so Yahweh of hosts will protect Jerusalem	Here the way that Yahweh protects Jerusalem is compared to the way that a mother bird protects her baby birds in their nest. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	31	5	s9xj	figs-metaphor		0	he will protect and rescue as he passes over it and preserves it	This speaks of how Yahweh protects and rescues Jerusalem, describing him as a bird that flies over the city. Alternate translation: “he will protect and rescue the city from it’s enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	31	5	q5mx			0	Yahweh of hosts	See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md).
ISA	31	5	hd1t	figs-metonymy		0	Jerusalem	This refers to the people who live there. Alternate translation: “the people of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	31	6	puw5			0	Return to him from whom you have deeply turned away	“Return to the one against whom you have rebelled”
ISA	31	7	f2zn	figs-synecdoche		0	that your own hands have sinfully made	Here the people are referred to by their “hands” the emphasize that they made something with their hands. Alternate translation: “that you have sinned by making with you own hands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	31	8	n2d8			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Judah, referring to the Assyrians as though they are one person.
ISA	31	8	vll3	figs-metonymy		0	Assyria will fall by the sword; a sword not wielded by man will consume him	“Sword” refers to military might. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God’s sword, and not a man’s sword, will destroy the Assyrian army” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	31	8	f6pa			0	He will flee	“The Assyrians will flee”
ISA	31	8	ib91	figs-activepassive		0	his young men will be forced to do hard labor	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “enemies will capture their young men and force them to do hard labor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	31	9	cb3x	figs-abstractnouns		0	They will lose all confidence because of terror	The word “confidence” can be expressed with the adjective “confident.” The word “terror” can be expressed with the adjective “terrified.” Alternate translation: “They will no longer be confident because they are so terrified” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA	31	9	eqd6			0	his princes	“their leaders”
ISA	31	9	awn7	figs-parallelism		0	whose fire is in Zion and whose firepot is in Jerusalem	Both of these clauses mean the same thing and are used together for emphasis. Here God’s presence and his power to judge and destroy are spoken of as if they were a fire. Alternate translation: “whose powerful presence is in Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	32	intro	qg44			0		# Isaiah 32 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Reign of the Messiah<br>This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. It pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator does not need to add an explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]])
ISA	32	1	bfx3			0	Look	This word is used here to draw peoples’ attention to what is said next. Alternate translation: “Listen”
ISA	32	2	he1m	figs-simile		0	Each one will be like a shelter from the wind and a refuge from the storm	This compares the king and princes who protect the people to a shelter. Alternate translation: “the rulers will protect the people like a shelter does in a storm” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	32	2	i91q	figs-simile		0	like streams of water in a dry place	This is another comparison that means that the rulers will provide for the needs of the people. Alternate translation: “they will provide for the people like streams of water in a dry place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	32	2	vxn9	figs-simile		0	like the shade of a great rock in a land of weariness	This is another comparison that means that the rulers will provide comfort and rest for the people. Alternate translation: “they will provide rest for the people like a huge rock gives shade to weary people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	32	3	d51u	figs-metaphor		0	Then the eyes … attentively	Both of these phrases emphasize that the leaders will enable the people to understand God’s truth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	32	3	ile5			0	will not be dim	“will see clearly”
ISA	32	4	v44b			0	General Information:	Isaiah continues describing the people after God restores righteous rulers in Judah ([Isaiah 32:1-3](./01.md)).
ISA	32	4	byg3	figs-nominaladj		0	The rash … the stutterer	This refers to people who act rashly and people who stutter. Alternate translation: “The rash person … the stuttering person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
ISA	32	5	dap4	figs-activepassive		0	The fool will no longer be called honorable	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “No one will give honor to the fool” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	32	5	zlq8	figs-activepassive		0	nor the deceiver called principled	This can be stated in active form. “The deceiver” refers to a person who is deceptive. Alternate translation: “nor will anyone show respect to the person who deceives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
ISA	32	6	zh17	figs-nominaladj		0	For the fool speaks folly, and his heart plans evil	“The fool” refers to foolish people. Also, “folly” and “evil” may be expressed as adjectives. Alternate translation: “For the foolish person says foolish things and his heart plans evil things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA	32	6	z5gt	figs-synecdoche		0	his heart plans evil	Here the foolish person is referred to by his heart to emphasize his inner thoughts. Alternate translation: “he plans evil things in his heart” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	32	6	vd59			0	He makes	The word “he” refers to the foolish person.
ISA	32	6	y9ue	figs-nominaladj		0	the hungry empty	“The hungry” refers to hungry people. They are hungry because they have empty stomachs. Alternate translation: “the hungry person have an empty stomach” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	32	6	b6mz	figs-nominaladj		0	the thirsty he causes to lack drink	“The thirsty” refers to people who are thirsty. Alternate translation: “he causes the thirsty person to have nothing to drink” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
ISA	32	7	br91	figs-nominaladj		0	The deceiver’s	This refers to a person who deceives others. Alternate translation: “The deceptive person’s” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
ISA	32	7	fwx8	figs-nominaladj		0	to ruin the poor with lies	“The poor” refers to poor people. Also, the phrase “to ruin” does not means to kill them but to harm them by telling lies about them. Alternate translation: “to harm the poor people by telling lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
ISA	32	8	em4r	figs-idiom		0	he will stand	This means that he will be successful. Alternate translation: “he will be successful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA	32	9	ut5j			0	Rise up	“Stand up” or “Pay attention”
ISA	32	9	a31y			0	at ease	“secure” or “carefree”
ISA	32	9	yi6d	figs-metonymy		0	my voice	Isaiah refers to himself by his voice to emphasize what he says. Alternate translation: “me speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	32	10	g6m5	figs-activepassive		0	your confidence will be broken	This can be stated in active form. Also, Isaiah speaks of them no longer being confident as if their confidence were a physical object that is broken. Alternate translation: “you will no longer be confident” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	32	10	t219	figs-explicit		0	the grape harvest will fail	This means that there would not be good grapes to harvest. Alternate translation: “there will be no grapes for you to harvest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	32	10	d5c3			0	the ingathering will not come	“the time for gathering crops will not happen”
ISA	32	11	b3cb			0	General Information:	Isaiah continues speaking.
ISA	32	11	aq71			0	Tremble	shake from fear
ISA	32	11	m37x			0	at ease	“secure” or “carefree”
ISA	32	11	suv5	figs-explicit		0	take off your fine clothes and make yourselves bare	Here “bare” does not necessarily mean naked, but to wear minimal covering such as undergarments. Alternate translation: “take off you fine clothes and make yourself unclothed” or “take off your fancy clothes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	32	11	dhb7	translate-symaction		0	put on sackcloth around your waists	This is an act of grieving or mourning. Alternate translation: “put sackcloth around waists as you grieve” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
ISA	32	12	n8hm	figs-explicit		0	You will wail for the pleasant fields, for the fruitful vines	This means that they will cry out loudly as they grieve what happens to their fruitful fields and vines. Alternate translation: “You will wail because of what happens to your pleasant fields and fruitful vines” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	32	13	t131			0	thorns and briers	See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 5:6](../05/06.md).
ISA	32	13	prc1	figs-personification		0	the once joyful houses	Here the houses are described as joyful because of the joyful people in them. Alternate translation: “your houses where you were once joyful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
ISA	32	13	az82			0	the city of revelry	“your joyful city.” The word “revelry” means celebrating and partying.
ISA	32	14	i3ba			0	General Information:	Isaiah continues speaking.
ISA	32	14	ftk1	figs-activepassive		0	For the palace will be forsaken, the crowded city will be deserted	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “For the people will forsake the palace and the crowds will abandon the city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	32	14	ut34	figs-metonymy		0	the hill	This refers to the fort built on the top of the hill. Alternate translation: “the fort on the hill” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	32	14	l4wz	figs-explicit		0	the hill and the watchtower will become caves	This speaks of the fort and the watchtower being abandoned as if they became caves. Alternate translation: “the hill and the watchtower will become abandoned and empty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	32	14	g5yl	figs-explicit		0	a joy of wild donkeys, a pasture of flocks	This means the these animals will enjoy the grass that grows among the abandon fort and watchtower. Alternate translation: “the wild donkeys and the flocks of sheep will eat the grass there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	32	14	x8t3	figs-hyperbole		0	forever	This is an exaggeration for a very long time. Alternate translation: “an extremely long time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
ISA	32	15	ai5k	figs-activepassive		0	until the Spirit is poured	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “until Yahweh pours the Spirit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	32	15	m9lm	figs-metaphor		0	the Spirit is poured on us	This speaks of Yahweh giving him Spirit to his people as if his Spirit were a liquid that he would pour on them. Alternate translation: “the Spirit is given to us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	32	15	f3x2	figs-metonymy		0	from on high	Here heaven is referred to as “on high.” Alternate translation: “from heaven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	32	15	i9yh	figs-activepassive		0	the fruitful field is considered as a forest	This can be written in active form. This compares how overly bountiful the fruitful fields are by comparing them to a thick, dense forest. Alternate translation: “people will say that the fruitful fields have grown thick like a forest” or “the fruitful fields will be overly bountiful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	32	16	p29j			0	General Information:	Isaiah continues speaking.
ISA	32	16	uzl5	figs-personification		0	justice will reside … righteousness will live	Isaiah describes “justice” and “righteousness” as a person who lives in these places. This means the people who live in these places will do what is just and right. Alternate translation: “people will act justly in the wilderness and people will act righteously in the fertile fields (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
ISA	32	17	w4zs	figs-parallelism		0	The work of righteousness will be peace; and the result of righteousness, quietness and confidence forever	These two phrases are parallel and both give results of righteousness. These can be combined. Alternate translation: “The result of people acting righteously is that there will be peace, and quietness, and confidence forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	32	18	q9gf			0	habitation	place where people live
ISA	32	19	xzc9			0	hails	See how you translated this in [Isaiah 28:2](../28/02.md).
ISA	32	19	stg9	figs-activepassive		0	the forest is destroyed, and the city is completely annihilated	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “it destroys the forest and completely destroys the city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	32	20	wd7c	figs-activepassive		0	you who sow beside all the streams will be blessed, you who send out your ox and donkey to graze	This can be stated in active form. This refers to Yahweh blessing all of his people and speaks of the things that are normal for his people to do. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will bless you, as you plant your crops in fields alongside the streams and as you send out your ox and donkey to graze in the pasture” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	33	intro	bx2g			0		# Isaiah 33 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>This chapter continues the series of “woes.” It speaks against ungodly or evil people in general. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/woe]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])
ISA	33	1	uq8j	figs-parallelism		0	General Information:	Isaiah speaks in poetry for Yahweh to the Assyrians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	33	1	vi89	figs-activepassive		0	who has not been destroyed	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “whom others have not destroyed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	33	1	uz7b	figs-activepassive		0	you will be destroyed	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “others will destroy you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	33	1	t9ig			0	they will betray	“others will betray”
ISA	33	2	ktn1	figs-metonymy		0	be our arm	Here Yahweh’s arm refers to his strength. This speaks of Yahweh strengthening them as if Yahweh would use his strength to act for them. Alternate translation: “give us strength” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	33	2	k72t	figs-synecdoche		0	every morning	This refers to the whole day, not just the morning. Alternate translation: “every day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	33	2	zfi5	figs-ellipsis		0	our salvation	This understood verb “be” may be supplied. Also, the word “salvation” may be expressed with the verb “save.” Alternate translation: “be our salvation” or “save us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA	33	2	vt7m	figs-possession		0	in the time of trouble	This refers to the times when they are experiencing trouble. Alternate translation: ““when we have troubles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
ISA	33	3	bxw1	figs-explicit		0	At the loud noise the peoples flee	Possible meanings of **the loud noise** are: (1) it refers to Yahweh’s voice. Alternate translation: “The peoples flee at the sound of your loud voice” or (2) it refers the loud sounds of Yahweh’s army. Alternate translation: “The people flee at the sound of your army” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	33	3	mt58	figs-idiom		0	arise	This means to begin doing something. Alternate translation: “begin acting” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA	33	3	bws5	figs-activepassive		0	the nations are scattered	This can be written in active form. Alternate translation: “the nations scatter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	33	4	jx3k	figs-simile		0	Your spoil is gathered as the locusts gather; as locusts leap, men leap on it	This compares how quick and eager Yahweh’s people are when they gather the spoils from their enemies to the eagerness of locusts when they gather food. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Your people gather spoils from your enemies with the same fierceness as the locusts have who devour green plants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	33	5	bu33			0	General Information:	Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah.
ISA	33	5	f7z4	figs-activepassive		0	Yahweh is exalted	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is greater than anyone else” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	33	5	gk4n	figs-metaphor		0	He will fill Zion with justice and righteousness	This speaks of Yahweh ruling Zion with his justice and righteousness as if he were filling Zion with justice and righteousness. Alternate translation: “He will rule Zion with justice and righteousness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	33	6	gy6i	figs-metaphor		0	He will be the stability in your times	This speaks of Yahweh causing his people to be secure as if he were the stability himself. The phrase “your times” refers to their lives. Alternate translation: “He will make you secure all your lives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	33	6	fe6y	figs-ellipsis		0	abundance of salvation, wisdom, and knowledge	This refers to the things that Yahweh will give to them. The abstract noun “salvation” can be expressed with the verb “save.” The abstract nouns “wisdom” and “knowledge” can be expressed with adjectives. Alternate translation: “and he will give you an abundance of salvation, wisdom, and knowledge” or “he will save you and cause you to be very wise and knowledgeable” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA	33	6	p3md	figs-metaphor		0	the fear of Yahweh is his treasure	This speaks of fearing Yahweh as if it were a treasure that Yahweh gives his people. Alternate translation: “revering Yahweh will be like a valuable treasure that he will give to you” or “to fear Yahweh will be as valuable to you as a treasure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	33	7	f6lb			0	Look	This word is used here to draw peoples’ attention to what is said next. It is also used here to mark a new section in the book. Alternate translation: “Listen”
ISA	33	7	e9rq			0	envoys	messengers
ISA	33	7	m76k	figs-explicit		0	the diplomats hoping for peace weep bitterly	This means they weep because they do not succeed in making peace. Alternate translation: “the diplomats hope for peace but they do not succeed and so they weep bitterly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	33	8	pf64	figs-parallelism		0	The highways are deserted; there are no more travelers	Both of the phrases emphasize that there are no travelers on the highways. These can be combined and stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People no longer travel on the highways” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	33	8	ftm2	figs-activepassive		0	Covenants are broken, witnesses are despised, and mankind is not respected	This passage may refer to general conditions of corruption in Israel, or it may refer to the nation’s inability to make reliable peace treaties with Assyria. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People break covenants that they have made, people ignore the testimony of witnesses, and people do not respect one another” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	33	9	czb9	figs-personification		0	The land mourns and withers away	This speaks of the land becoming dry as if it were a person mourning. Alternate translation: “The land becomes dry and its plants wither away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
ISA	33	9	na5c	figs-metonymy		0	Lebanon is ashamed and withers away	Here “Lebanon” represents Lebanon’s trees. This speaks of the trees withering and decaying as if they were a person who is ashamed. Alternate translation: “Lebanon’s trees wither and decay” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
ISA	33	9	d8ct			0	Sharon … Bashan … Carmel	Many trees and flowers once grew in these places.
ISA	33	9	dj2w	figs-simile		0	Sharon is like a desert plain	This compares how dry Sharon is to a desert plain. Alternate translation: “Sharon is as dry as a desert plain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	33	9	aiz6	figs-synecdoche		0	Bashan and Carmel shake off their leaves	Here Bashan and Carmel are represented by their trees. Alternate translation: “there are no more leaves on the trees in Bashan and Carmel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	33	10	d6gh	figs-metaphor		0	will I arise	To arise or stand up is a metaphor for no longer watching and thinking and instead beginning to act. Alternate translation: “will I begin to act” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	33	10	gmq4	figs-activepassive		0	now I will be lifted up; now I will be elevated	This can be stated in active form. These two phrases have basically the same meaning and emphasize Yahweh being exalted. Alternate translation: “now I will exalt myself and show that I deserve for everyone to honor me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	33	11	il71	figs-metaphor		0	You conceive chaff, and you give birth to stubble	This speaks of the Assyrians making plans as if they were conceiving and giving birth to their plans as a mother gives birth to a baby. This speaks of their plans being useless by comparing them to chaff. Alternate translation: “You make plans that are as useless as chaff and straw” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	33	11	m839			0	stubble	The dry pieces of plants that are left in the ground after the stalks have been cut.
ISA	33	11	f2w8	figs-metonymy		0	your breath is a fire that will consume you	Here the Assyrians’ plans are referred to as their “breath.” This speaks of their plans causing them to die as if their plans would literally burn up their bodies. Alternate translation: “your plans will cause you to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	33	12	q832	figs-simile		0	The peoples will be burned to lime, as thornbushes are cut down and are burned	This compares how the peoples’ dead bodies will be burned to the way thornbushes are burned. Also, this can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Fire will burn the peoples’ bodies to lime in the same way that a farmer cuts down thornbushes and burns them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	33	12	k121			0	lime	the ashes from burned bones
ISA	33	13	h2cp			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues to speak.
ISA	33	13	qf2k	figs-merism		0	You who are far away, hear what I have done; and, you who are near, acknowledge my might	Yahweh uses the words “far away” and “near” to mean all people. The word “might” can be expressed with the adjective “mighty.” Alternate translation: “All people everywhere hear what I have done and acknowledge that I am mighty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA	33	14	hr7p	figs-personification		0	trembling has seized the godless ones	This speaks of the godless people trembling as if their trembling were an enemy that had seized them. Alternate translation: “the godless ones are overwhelmed with trembling” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
ISA	33	14	l4yq	figs-explicit		0	Who among us … burnings?	It is implied that the sinners in Zion ask these questions. Alternate translation: “They say, ‘Who among us … burnings?’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	33	14	p2p3	figs-rquestion		0	Who among us can sojourn with a raging fire? Who among us can sojourn with everlasting burnings?	These rhetorial questions have basically the same meaning and emphasize that no one can live with fire. Here fire represents Yahweh’s judgment. Alternate translation: “No one can live with raging fire! No one can live with everylasting burns!” or “No one can live bearing Yahweh’s judgment, it is like an everlasting fire!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	33	14	n2zl			0	sojourn	live in a place that is not one’s home
ISA	33	15	a3sk	figs-idiom		0	He who walks	Here walking refers to living. Alternate translation: “He who lives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA	33	15	kmw5	figs-abstractnouns		0	who despises the gain of oppression	The noun phrase “the gain of oppression” can be expressed as a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “who hates the riches that come from harming other people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA	33	16	jr9e	figs-metaphor		0	this is the man who will dwell on the heights, his place of defense will be the fortress among the cliffs	This speaks of the man being safe as if he lived in a home on a high hill. These two phrase are parallel and the second phrase describes the place where the man lives. Alternate translation: “he will be safe, like a man who home is built on a high hill, in a rocky place that is easy to defend” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	33	16	t3ae	figs-metonymy		0	the heights	This refers to a high hill or mountainside. Alternate translation: “the high hill” or “the mountainside” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	33	16	p4zt	figs-metaphor		0	the fortress among the cliffs	This speaks of rocky areas that are easy to defend as if they were actually fortresses. Alternate translation: “the large piles of rocks” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	33	16	v96k			0	will be in steady supply	“will always be available”
ISA	33	17	vd1r	figs-synecdoche		0	Your eyes will see … they will see	This refers the audience by their “eyes.” Alternate translation: “You will see … you will see” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	33	17	d8s5	figs-metonymy		0	the king in his beauty	The king’s royal robes are referred to as “his beauty.” Alternate translation: “the king in his beautiful robes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	33	18	h85u	figs-synecdoche		0	Your heart will recall the terror	This refers to the audience by their “hearts.” “The terror” refers to their war with the Assyrians. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “You will remember the terror that the Assyrians caused you when they attacked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	33	18	m1ib	figs-rquestion		0	where is the scribe, where is he who weighed the money? Where is he who counted the towers?	These rhetorical question are asked to emphasize that the Assyrian officials are gone. These questions may be written as statements. Alternate translation: “The officers of Assyria who counted the tax money that we were forced to pay to them have disappeared! Those men who counted our towers are gone!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	33	18	v7nn			0	weighed the money	Money was valuable metal; its value was determined by its weight.
ISA	33	19	b6t2			0	the defiant people, a people of a strange language that you do not understand	“a fierce people who speak a language that you do not understand”
ISA	33	20	km19			0	General Information:	Isaiah continues to speak to the people of Judah.
ISA	33	20	ex3i	figs-possession		0	the city of our feasts	This means that they have their festival and feasts at this city. Alternate translation: “the city where we have our feasts” or “they city where we celebrate our festivals” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
ISA	33	20	gq29	figs-synecdoche		0	your eyes will see	The people are referred to by their “eyes” to emphasize what they are seeing. Alternate translation: “you will see” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	33	20	tj7h	figs-metaphor		0	a tent that will not be removed	This speaks of Zion being secure and well establish as if it were secure tent. This can be stated in active form and written as a new sentence. Alternate translation: “it will be secure, like a tent that no one will ever remove” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	33	20	z75i	figs-metaphor		0	whose stakes will never be pulled up nor will any of its cords be broken	This is part of the metaphor that compares Zion to a secure tent. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “whose stakes no one will ever pull up and whose cords no one will ever break” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	33	21	js4c	figs-exclusive		0	Yahweh in majesty will be with us, in a place of broad rivers and streams	Here “us” refers to Isaiah and includes the people of Judah. This speaks of the safety of living with Yahweh as if it were a place that has rivers around it so that enemies cannot attack it. Alternate translation: “Yahweh who is majestic will be with us, and we will be safe as if we were in a place surrounded by broad rivers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	33	21	z6si			0	will travel it	“will travel the river”
ISA	33	22	x9zc	figs-exclusive		0	our … us	This refers to Isaiah and includes the people of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
ISA	33	23	er96	figs-metaphor		0	Your riggings are slack; they cannot hold the mast in place; they cannot spread the sail	This could mean: (1) The Assyrian army is like a boat that is unable to move through the water: the ropes that support the mast and sail have come loose and no longer support the mast, so the sail is useless ([Isaiah 33:1](../33/01.md)) or (2) the people of Judah are no longer at war: “You have loosened the cords that supported your flagpole; the flag no longer flies” ([Isaiah 33:17](./17.md)-[Isaiah 22](./22.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	33	23	b3bn			0	mast	tall poles that support the sail
ISA	33	23	l3q9			0	sail	a large cloth that fills with wind and moves a boat through the water
ISA	33	23	a64j	figs-activepassive		0	when the great spoil is divided	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “when they divide the treasure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	33	23	tx7c	figs-nominaladj		0	the lame	This refers to people who are cannot walk. Alternate translation: “those who are lame” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
ISA	33	24	brw9	figs-activepassive		0	the people who live there will be forgiven for their iniquity	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will forgive the sins of the people who live there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	34	intro	rp2m			0		# Isaiah 34 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Destruction<br>There are many images used in this chapter which describe destruction. Here each of these metaphors describes complete destruction. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Prophecy<br><br>This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. It pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator does not need to add an explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]])
ISA	34	1	l8gx	figs-parallelism		0	General Information:	Yahweh is speaking in poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	34	1	xx72	figs-personification		0	The earth and all that fills it must listen, the world, and all things that come from it	Here the earth is spoken of as being required to listen to Yahweh to emphasize that it is under Yahweh’s authority. These two parallel phrases are metonyms for all the people who live in the world. Alternate translation: “In all places everywhere on earth, everyone must listen to what I say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	34	1	q1g4	figs-ellipsis		0	the world, and all things that come from it	This is the second of two parallel phrases. The understood words may be supplied in this phrase. Alternate translation: “the world, and all things that come from it must listen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
ISA	34	2	maf7	figs-pastforfuture		0	he has completely destroyed them, he has handed them over to the slaughter	Often prophets speak of things that will happen in the future as if they have already happened. This emphasizes the event will certainly happen. Alternate translation: “he will completely destroy them, he will give them over to the slaughter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
ISA	34	3	g8nr	figs-activepassive		0	The bodies of their dead will be thrown out	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “No one will bury their dead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	34	3	kc9q	figs-nominaladj		0	their dead	This refers to the dead people. Alternate translation: “those who died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
ISA	34	3	alg3			0	the mountains will soak up their blood	“the mountains will be covered in their blood”
ISA	34	4	ta5s	figs-activepassive		0	the sky will be rolled up like a scroll	This can be stated in active form. This compares what Yahweh will do to the sky to a person rolling up a scroll. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will roll up the sky in the same way that a person rolls up a scroll” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	34	4	g3vj	figs-simile		0	all their stars will fade away, as the leaf fades from off the vine, and as the overripe figs from the fig tree	This emphasizes even the things in the sky that people thought would be there forever will fall as easily as a leaf. Alternate translation: “all the stars will fall from the sky like a leaf falls from a vine or a fig falls from a tree” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	34	5	zep4	figs-metaphor		0	when my sword will have drunk its fill in heaven	Yahweh describes himself as a warrior bearing a sword. The phrase “drunk its fill” speaks of Yahweh’s sword as if it were a person who has eaten and become satisfied. Yahweh uses this imagery to emphasize that there will be a lot of destruction in heaven and to state its completion. Alternate translation: “when I am finished destroying things in heaven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
ISA	34	5	zs1y			0	look	This word is used here to draw the listener’s attention and to have them imagine the things being said. Alternate translation: “listen” or “and then”
ISA	34	5	dh31	figs-metaphor		0	it will now come down on Edom, on the people I am setting apart for destruction	The word “it” refers to Yahweh’s sword. This continues the metaphor about Yahweh destroying things with a sword. Alternate translation: “I will come to punish the people of Edom, the people whom I have set aside for me to destroy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	34	5	n7uq	figs-metonymy		0	on Edom	Edom refers to the people who live there. Alternate translation: “on the people of Edom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	34	6	z82l	figs-metaphor		0	The sword of Yahweh is dripping with blood and covered with fat … of rams	This speaks of Yahweh killing the people as if he were a priest sacrificing animals. He does this by describing the sword of a priest. Alternate translation: “Yahweh sacrifices them as a priest sacrifices animals, whose sword drips with the blood and fat of lambs, goats, and rams” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	34	6	e9tg	figs-abstractnouns		0	For Yahweh has a sacrifice in Bozrah and a great slaughter in the land of Edom	The words “sacrifice” and “slaughter” may be expressed here as verbs. Alternate translation: “For Yahweh will sacrifice many people in Bozrah and kill many people in the land of Edom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA	34	6	hx1f	translate-names		0	Bozrah	This is an important city in Edom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	34	7	ruc9			0	will fall	“will die”
ISA	34	7	x9xv	figs-personification		0	Their land will be drunk with blood	This describes the amount of blood that will soak into the ground by comparing the land to a drunk person. Alternate translation: “Their land will be soaked with blood” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
ISA	34	7	cw9p	figs-personification		0	their dust made fat with fatness	Here “dust” means the dirt on the ground. This describes the amount of fat that will soak into the dirt by comparing it to a person that has become fat from eating so much animal fat. Alternate translation: “the dirt will be full of the fat of the animals” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
ISA	34	8	ypt1	figs-idiom		0	it will be a day of vengeance for Yahweh	Here “day” is an idiom for a point in time; it is not a literal “day.” Alternate translation: “it will be the time when Yahweh gets revenge” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA	34	8	f6ru	figs-explicit		0	he will pay them back for the cause of Zion	This means that he will take revenge on them for how they had previously waged war against the people of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “he will give them the punishment they deserve for what they had done to the people of Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	34	9	b8cq	figs-metaphor		0	The streams of Edom will be turned into pitch … become burning pitch	The water and land becoming useless for drinking or growing food because it is burnt and covered in pitch and sulfur is spoken of as if their streams and land will actually become pitch and sulfur. Alternate translation: “The streams in Edom will be full of pitch and the ground will be covered with burning sulfur and burning pitch” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	34	9	yfh4			0	her dust … her land	“Edom’s dust … Edom’s land”
ISA	34	9	fd7g			0	pitch	a thick, black substance that burns for a long time
ISA	34	10	smi7	figs-merism		0	It will burn night and day	This means all of the time. Alternate translation: “It will burn throughout the night and the day” or “It will burn constantly, all night and all day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
ISA	34	10	tvh4	figs-idiom		0	from generation to generation	The phrase “generation to generation” refers to all generations of people who will live in the future. See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 13:20](../13/20.md). Alternate translation: “forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA	34	11	yd3v			0	will live there	“will live in the land of Edom”
ISA	34	11	drt9			0	owl	See how you translated this in [Isaiah 13:21](../13/21.md).
ISA	34	11	q1gl			0	raven	This is a large black bird. It is difficult to identify some of the precise kinds of birds mentioned in this passage. However, they were all birds that preferred to live in places where there were no people, so they symbolize deserted places.
ISA	34	11	p68y			0	in it	“there.” This refers to Edom.
ISA	34	11	pgr3	figs-metaphor		0	He will stretch over it the measuring line of ruin and the plumbline of destruction	This speaks of Yahweh as if he were a careful builder as he causes destruction in Edom. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will measure that land carefully; he will measure it to decide where to cause ruin and destruction” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	34	11	z1ph			0	measuring line … plumbline	These are builders’ tools. See how you translated similar words in [Isaiah 28:17](../28/17.md).
ISA	34	12	xsb8			0	Her nobles … her princes	“The nobles of Edom … the princes of Edom”
ISA	34	12	t7ih	figs-hyperbole		0	all her princes will be nothing	This exaggerates the princes losing their royal status by saying that they will become nothing. Alternate translation: “all her princes will no longer rule” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
ISA	34	13	ayh3			0	Thorns … nettles … thistles	These are all weeds with thorns. Nettles’ thorns have poison that causes itching.
ISA	34	13	pt3i			0	jackals	Translate the name of this animal the same as you did in [Isaiah 13:22](../13/22.md).
ISA	34	13	f3r8			0	ostriches	Translate the name of this animal the same as you did in [Isaiah 13:21](../13/21.md).
ISA	34	14	je4l			0	wild animals	Translate this the same as you did in [Isaiah 13:21](../13/21.md).
ISA	34	14	p32p			0	hyenas	Translate the name of this animal as you did in [Isaiah 13:22](../13/22.md).
ISA	34	14	y56u			0	Nocturnal animals	animals that are awake and active at night
ISA	34	15	z2sp			0	Owls	Translate this word the same as you did in [Isaiah 13:21](../13/21.md).
ISA	34	15	ty8k			0	hawks	birds that kill small animals for food
ISA	34	16	qji5	figs-possession		0	Search through the scroll of Yahweh	The phrase “the scroll of Yahweh” means that it contains the messages spoken by Yahweh. Alternate translation: “Read carefully what is written in this scroll that contains the messages of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
ISA	34	16	me3v			0	not one of these	“not one of the animals”
ISA	34	16	w98b	figs-doublenegatives		0	None will lack for a mate	This can be written as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “Each animal will have a mate” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
ISA	34	16	zh4w	figs-synecdoche		0	for his mouth has commanded it	Yahweh is referred to by his “mouth” to emphasize what he has said. Alternate translation: “for Yahweh has commanded it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	34	17	wiz7	figs-metaphor		0	He has cast lots for their places	This speaks of Yahweh deciding where to cause the animals to live as if he actually cast lots for their places. Alternate translation: “He has determined where they will live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	34	17	n3hj	figs-metaphor		0	his hand has measured it out for them by a cord	This refers to the way that people measured things in biblical times. Alternate translation: “he has given the animals their places” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	34	17	f3tu	figs-idiom		0	from generation to generation they will	The phrase “generation to generation” refers to all generations of people who will live in the future. See how you translated the phrase “from generation to generation” in [Isaiah 13:20](../13/20.md). Alternate translation: “forever they will” or “they will always” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA	35	intro	wlq4			0		# Isaiah 35 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Reign of the Messiah<br>This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. It pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator does not need to add an explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])
ISA	35	1	s4b3	figs-personification		0	The wilderness and the Arabah will be glad; and the desert will rejoice	These two phrases have basically the same meaning. These places are described as being glad, like a person is glad, because they have received water and are blossoming. Alternate translation: “It will be like the wilderness and the Arabah are glad and the desert will rejoice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	35	1	pis9	figs-synecdoche		0	blossom	This speaks of the plants in the desert blossoming as if the desert itself were blossoming. Alternate translation: “its plants will blossom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	35	2	f7wa	figs-simile		0	it will blossom abundantly	This compares the way the plants of the desert blossom to the way a rose (verse 1) has many blossoms. Alternate translation: “The desert will grow many new plants and trees” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	35	2	eqm8	figs-personification		0	and rejoice with joy and singing	This speaks of the desert as if it were happy and singing like a person. Alternate translation: “it will be as though everything is rejoicing and singing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
ISA	35	2	tt4e	figs-activepassive		0	the glory of Lebanon will be given to it	This can be stated in active form. This speaks of Yahweh making the desert looks as glorious as Lebanon as if he were giving the desert Lebanon’s glory. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will give it the glory of Lebanon” or “Yahweh will make it as glorious as Lebanon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	35	2	cy7n	figs-metaphor		0	the splendor of Carmel and Sharon	This speaks of Yahweh making the desert look beautiful as Carmel and Sharon as if he were giving the desert their splendor. The understood information may be supplied. Alternate translation: “the splendor of Carmel and Sharon will be given to it” or “Yahweh will make it as splendid as Carmel and Sharon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
ISA	35	2	y6hb	figs-doublet		0	the glory of Yahweh, the splendor of our God	These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize Yahweh’s appearance. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
ISA	35	3	qfp3			0	General Information:	Isaiah is speaking to the people of Judah.
ISA	35	3	f8st	figs-synecdoche		0	Strengthen the weak hands, and steady the knees that shake.	The words “weak hands” and “knees that shake” represent a person who is fearful. Alternate translation: “Strengthen those whose hands are weak and whose knees shake from fear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	35	4	duk7	figs-synecdoche		0	those with a fearful heart	Here people are referred to by their hearts, which emphasize their inner feelings. Alternate translation: “to those who are fearful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	35	4	byx6			0	Look	This is used here to draw the listeners’ attention to what is said next. Alternate translation: “Listen”
ISA	35	4	yx44	figs-abstractnouns		0	your God will come with vengeance, with the recompense of God	This can be reworded so that the abstract nouns “vengeance” and “recompense” are expressed as the verb “punish.” The words “vengeance” and “recompense” mean the same thing and emphasize that God will punish Judah’s enemies. Alternate translation: “your God will punish your enemies for what they have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
ISA	35	5	n48l			0	General Information:	These verses begin a description of the glorious future for God’s people.
ISA	35	5	qq2t	figs-nominaladj		0	the eyes of the blind will see	“The blind” refers to people who are blind. They are referred to by their “eyes” to emphasize their healing. Alternate translation: “blind people will see” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	35	5	n5na	figs-nominaladj		0	the ears of the deaf will hear	“The deaf” refers to people who cannot hear. They are referred to by their “ears” to emphasize their healing. Alternate translation: “deaf people will hear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	35	6	tk9j	figs-simile		0	the lame man will leap like a deer	Deer can jump far and high. Jumping like a deer is an exaggeration for being able to move about quickly and easily. Alternate translation: “the lame man will jump high” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
ISA	35	6	jfl8	figs-synecdoche		0	the mute tongue will sing	This refers to people who cannot speak. They are referred to by their “tongues” to emphasize their healing. Alternate translation: “mute people will sing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	35	6	hbh2	figs-ellipsis		0	streams in the wilderness	The understood verb may be supplied. Alternate translation: “streams will flow in the wilderness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
ISA	35	7	szb4	figs-explicit		0	The burning sand will become a pool	This means that a pool of water will appear in the hot sand. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “A pool will appear in the burning sand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	35	7	jn3e	figs-personification		0	the thirsty ground	Here the dry ground is described as being thirsty. Alternate translation: “the dry ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
ISA	35	7	y4rh	figs-explicit		0	the thirsty ground springs of water	This means that springs will appear in the dry ground. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “springs of water will appear in the thirsty ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	35	7	f1uj			0	jackals	See how you translated this in [Isaiah 13:22](../13/22.md).
ISA	35	7	u1py			0	reeds and rushes	These are plants that grow in wet areas.
ISA	35	8	c1ji			0	General Information:	These verses continue the description of the glorious future for God’s people.
ISA	35	8	cz9h	figs-activepassive		0	A highway will be there called The Holy Way	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “A highway will be there that has the name The Holy Way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	35	8	sy7r			0	highway	See how you translated this word in [Isaiah 11:16](../11/16.md).
ISA	35	8	ese5	figs-nominaladj		0	The unclean	This refers to unclean people. A person who God considers spiritually unacceptable or defiled is spoken of as if the person were physically unclean. Alternate translation: “Those who are unclean” or “People who are not acceptable to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	35	8	nfa5	figs-idiom		0	him who walks in it	This is an idiom. Here “walking” refers to “living.” This refers to the person who lives a holy life. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “who lives in the holy way” or “who lives a holy life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	35	9	ns9h	figs-activepassive		0	they will not be found there	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one will find them there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	35	9	aui1	figs-nominaladj		0	the redeemed	This refers to people who God has redeemed. Alternate translation: “those who are redeemed” or “those who God has redeemed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
ISA	35	10	s1di	figs-nominaladj		0	The ransomed of Yahweh	To “ransom” means to “rescue.” This refers to people whom Yahweh has rescued. Alternate translation: “Those whom Yahweh has rescued” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
ISA	35	10	q3ha	figs-synecdoche		0	everlasting joy will be on their heads	This uses a person’s head to mean the person as a whole. Alternate translation: “they will have everlasting joy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	35	10	x841	figs-doublet		0	gladness and joy … sorrow and sighing	The words “gladness” and “joy” mean basically the same thing, as do “sorrow” and “sighing.” Together they emphasize the intensity of these emotions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
ISA	35	10	b5lz	figs-personification		0	gladness and joy will overtake them	This speaks of the people being overwhelmed by gladness and joy by giving these emotions the human quality of being able to overtake someone by force. Alternate translation: “they will be overwhelmed by joy and gladness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
ISA	35	10	d5f7	figs-personification		0	sorrow and sighing will flee away	This speaks of the people no longer being sorrowful and sighing by giving these emotions the human ability to run away. Alternate translation: “they will no longer be sorrowful and sighing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
ISA	36	intro	r5x3			0		# Isaiah 36 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>The previous chapters have been constructed as prophecy and contain many poetic elements. This chapter switches to a narrative and is a discussion between the officials from Assyria and Judah. To make the meaning clear here, it may be helpful to set apart the extended quotations by setting them farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Trust<br><br>The people of Judah were to trust in Yahweh because only he could provide them with protection. The people of Jerusalem were protected because they trusted in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Rhetorical Questions<br>The Assyrian commanders use rhetorical questions in this chapter to mock or insult Judah and their God, Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	36	1	v35t	translate-ordinal		0	the fourteenth year	“year 14” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
ISA	36	1	jr4c			0	King Hezekiah	See how you translated the name of this king in [Isaiah 1:1](../01/01.md).
ISA	36	1	np79	translate-names		0	Sennacherib	This is the name of the king of Assyria. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	36	1	y3xq	figs-synecdoche		0	Sennacherib … attacked all the fortified cities	Here Sennacherib represents himself and his army. Alternate translation: “Sennacherib and his army … attacked all the fortified cities” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	36	2	df93			0	the chief commander	Some versions of the Bible translate this as “the Rabshakeh.” This is the Assyrian word for one of the highest ranking military leaders in Assyria.
ISA	36	2	yz32	translate-names		0	Lachish	This is a city southwest of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	36	2	xgl3			0	conduit	man-made ditch or tunnel through which water flows. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 7:3](../07/03.md).
ISA	36	2	su6h	translate-names		0	the launderers’ field	This could mean: (1) this is the proper name by which the people called the field or (2) this is the common noun that the people used to talk about the field, “the launderers’ field” or “the field where men wash wool” or “the field where women wash clothes.” See how you translated this in [Isaiah 7:3](../07/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	36	2	ilm6	translate-names		0	the launderers’ field	Here, **the launderers** are either: (1) men who wash wool that someone has cut from the sheep, “wool washers field,” or (2) women who wash dirty clothes, “clothes washers field.” See how you translated this in [Isaiah 7:3](../07/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	36	3	in74	translate-names		0	Hilkiah … Eliakim	See how you translated these men’s names in [Isaiah 22:20](../22/20.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	36	3	pc89	translate-names		0	Shebna	See how you translated this man’s name in [Isaiah 22:15](../22/15.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	36	3	ch95	translate-names		0	Asaph … Joah	These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	36	4	js58			0	said to them	“said to Eliakim, Shebna, and Joah”
ISA	36	4	p18f	figs-rquestion		0	What is the source of your confidence?	The king of Assyria uses this question to challenge Hezekiah and to say that he does not have a good source for confidence. This question may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “You have no reliable source for your confidence.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	36	5	qam5	figs-metonymy		0	there is counsel and strength for war	“you have the council and the strength to go to war.” The phrase “strength for war” refers to having a large enough and strong enough army with weapons. Alternate translation: “you have enough military council, strong men, and weapons to go to war” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	36	5	cx3g	figs-rquestion		0	Now in whom are you trusting? Who has given you courage to rebel against me?	The king of Assyria uses questions to ridicule Hezekiah for believing he has the strength to rebel. This question may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “No matter in whom you trust, you will not have the courage to rebel against me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	36	6	ke68			0	General Information:	This continues the king of Assyria’s message to Hezekiah. The chief commander is speaking the message to Hezekiah’s men ([Isaiah 36:4-5](./04.md)).
ISA	36	6	e9jq			0	Look	Sennacherib uses this word to draw Hezekiah’s attention to what he says next. Alternate translation: “Listen”
ISA	36	6	riv6	figs-metonymy		0	trusting in Egypt	Here “Egypt” refers to the Egyptian army. Alternate translation: “trusting in the Egyptian army” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	36	6	p2hf	figs-metaphor		0	that splintered reed that you use as a walking staff, but if a man leans on it, it will stick into his hand and pierce it	This speaks of Egypt, specifically its army and its Pharaoh, as if it were a splintered reed to emphasize that relying on them would not help them but would only harm them. Alternate translation: “that is like walking with a splintered reed for a staff. If a man leans on it, it will stick into his hand and pierce it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	36	6	ha6p			0	splintered reed	A reed is the long, thin stem of a plant like tall grass. If it is splintered or damaged it cannot carry any weight.
ISA	36	6	d7dx			0	walking staff	This is a stick that someone would use for support when walking, made of whatever kind of tree limb that is found along the way.
ISA	36	7	rnl2	figs-rquestion		0	is not he the one whose high places and altars Hezekiah has taken away … Jerusalem”?	The king of Assyria uses this question to ridicule the people and to imply that Yahweh was angry about what Hezekiah did and would not protect them. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “he is the one whose high places and altars Hezekiah has taken away … Jerusalem.” or “he is the one whom Hezekiah insulted by tearing down his high places and altars … Jerusalem.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	36	7	dd7s	figs-quotations		0	has said to Judah and to Jerusalem, “You must worship before this altar in Jerusalem”?	This can be written as an indirect quote. “Judah” and “Jerusalem” refer to the people who live in them. Alternate translation: “has told the people of Judah and Jerusalem that they must worship only at this altar in Jerusalem.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	36	8	bks6			0	General Information:	This continues the king of Assyria’s message to Hezekiah by speaking the message to Hezekiah’s men ([Isaiah 36:4-5](./04.md)).
ISA	36	8	cxf8	translate-numbers		0	two thousand horses	“2,000 horses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
ISA	36	8	kf72	figs-irony		0	if you are able to find riders for them	The chief commander continues to ridicule Hezekiah and his army by implying that he did not have many soldiers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
ISA	36	9	kd1i			0	General Information:	This continues the king of Assyria’s message to Hezekiah by speaking the message to Hezekiah’s men ([Isaiah 36:4-5](./04.md)).
ISA	36	9	kkc7	figs-rquestion		0	How could you resist even one captain … servants?	The chief commander continues to ridicule Hezekiah and his army. When he says “you,” referring to Hezekiah, he is actually referring to Hezekiah’s army. This question may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “Your army could not even defeat one captain … servants.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	36	10	i4d9	figs-rquestion		0	Now then, have I traveled up here without Yahweh to fight against this land and destroy it?	The chief commander uses another question to ridicule Hezekiah and the people of Judah. This question may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “I came here with Yahweh’s command to destroy Jerusalem.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	36	10	lp4l	figs-metonymy		0	without Yahweh	Here “Yahweh” refers to Yahweh’s orders. Alternate translation: “without Yahweh’s command” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	36	10	rme7	figs-metonymy		0	against this land and destroy it … Attack this land and destroy it	This means to fight against the people and cause destruction in the place where they live. The land referred to here is Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “against this people and destroy their land … Attack these people and destroy their land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	36	11	u5uf			0	Eliakim … Hilkiah … Shebnah	See how you translated these men’s names in [Isaiah 22:20](../22/20.md).
ISA	36	11	gv2d			0	Shebnah	See how you translated this man’s name in [Isaiah 22:15](../22/15.md).
ISA	36	11	nk7q			0	Joah	See how you translated this man’s name in [Isaiah 36:3](./03.md)
ISA	36	11	k22v			0	chief commander	See how you translated this in [Isaiah 36:2](./02.md).
ISA	36	11	t9lq			0	Please speak to your servants	Eliakim, Shebnah, and Joah refer to themselves as the chief commander’s servants. This is a polite way to speak to someone who has greater authority.
ISA	36	11	ts48	translate-names		0	the Aramean language, Aramaic	“Aramean” is the name of a people group. “Aramaic” is the name of their language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	36	11	src6	figs-idiom		0	in the ears of the people who are on the wall	The idiom “to speak in someone’s ear” means to speak where they can hear you. Alternate translation: “where the people who are on the wall may hear us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA	36	11	ka86	figs-explicit		0	who are on the wall	This means that they are standing on the wall. The top of the wall was wide and a place where people could sit or stand. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “who are standing on the wall” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	36	12	sj4i	figs-rquestion		0	Has my master sent me to your master and to you to speak these words?	The chief commander uses this question to emphasize that his message is for all the people of Judah. This question may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “Certainly, my master has sent me to speak this message to you and to all who can hear.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	36	12	e31l	figs-rquestion		0	Has he not sent me to the men who sit on the wall, who will have to … you?	The chief commander uses this question to emphasize his insult. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “My master has sent me to everyone who hears this, who will have to … you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	36	12	q31n	figs-explicit		0	will have to eat their own dung and drink their own urine with you	This is a very offensive statement. He is implying that they will need to eat these things because they will have nothing else to eat because their city will be under attack. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “will soon need to eat their own dung and drink their own urine, just as you will, because you will have nothing else to eat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	36	13	r755			0	the chief commander	See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 36:2](../36/02.md).
ISA	36	15	m9dz	figs-activepassive		0	this city will not be given into the hand of the king of Assyria	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will not give Jerusalem into the hand of the king of Assyria” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	36	15	q7vd	figs-metonymy		0	the hand of the king	The king’s “hand” refers to his “control.” Alternate translation: “the control of the king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	36	16	t4iu			0	General Information:	The chief commander continues speaking to the people of Judah.
ISA	36	16	jhn1	figs-idiom		0	Make peace with me	This idiom means to agree officially to act peacefully towards one another. Alternate translation: “Let us agree to have peace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA	36	16	pq46	figs-idiom		0	come out to me	This idiom means to surrender. Alternate translation: “surrender to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA	36	17	pl47	figs-metonymy		0	until I come and take	Here the king of Assyria is referring to his army as himself. Alternate translation: “until my army comes and takes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	36	17	p9x3	figs-parallelism		0	a land of grain and new wine, a land of bread and vineyards	These two phrase have the same meaning and are used together to emphasize how prosperous the land will be. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	36	17	dnb3	figs-possession		0	a land of grain … a land of bread	This means that they land is full of natural resources, such as grain. Alternate translation: “a land where there is plenty of grain … a land where there is plenty of bread” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
ISA	36	18	wdv8			0	General Information:	The chief commander continues speaking the king of Assyria’s message to the people of Judah ([Isaiah 36:16](../36/16.md)).
ISA	36	18	u8gl	figs-rquestion		0	Has any of the gods of the peoples rescued them from … Assyria?	The chief commander uses this question to ridicule the people of Judah. This question may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “None of the gods of the peoples rescued them from … Assyria.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	36	18	gl11	figs-metonymy		0	the hand of the king	The king’s control is referred to as his “hand.” Alternate translation: “the control of the king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	36	19	zj8l	figs-rquestion		0	Where are the gods of Hamath and Arpad? Where are the gods of Sepharvaim? Have they rescued Samaria from my power?	The chief commander uses these questions to ridicule the people of Judah. These questions may be combined and written as a statement. Alternate translation: “The gods of Hamath, Arpad, Sepharvaim, and Samaria did not rescue their people from my power.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	36	19	r9ju	translate-names		0	Hamath … Arpad	Translate the names of these cities the same as you did in [Isaiah 10:9](../10/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	36	19	g5q3	translate-names		0	Sepharvaim	This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	36	20	tl7p	figs-rquestion		0	is there any god who has rescued … as if Yahweh could save Jerusalem from my power?	The chief commander uses this question to ridicule the people of Judah. This question may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “there is no god who has rescued … and Yahweh will not save you in Jerusalem from my power.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	36	20	r234	figs-metonymy		0	his land	This refers to the people who live in the land. Alternate translation: “his people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	36	22	zjw1	translate-names		0	Eliakim … Hilkiah … Shebna … Joah … Asaph	Translate the names of these men the same as you did in [Isaiah 36:3](../36/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	36	22	yqy8	figs-idiom		0	over the household	This idiom means that he was in charge of the affairs of the palace household. Alternate translation: “in charge of the palace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA	36	22	kdc7	translate-symaction		0	with their clothes torn	Hezekiah’s officials tore their clothes as a sign of mourning and distress. The meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: “with their clothes torn because they were extremely distressed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
ISA	37	intro	vy96			0		# Isaiah 37 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 37:22-38.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Tearing clothes and putting on sackcloth<br>This was a sign of great distress. While it is often accompanies repentance, in this chapter it is intended to show the king’s anger at the blasphemy of the Assyrians when they spoke against Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sign]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/blasphemy]])<br><br>### Prayer<br>Hezekiah was different from the other kings because when he was threatened by Assyria, he went to Yahweh in prayer. He did not trust in his army or make an alliance with Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])
ISA	37	1	u52c	writing-newevent		0	It came about that	This phrase is used here to mark an important event in the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
ISA	37	1	qkd2	translate-symaction		0	he tore his clothes, covered himself with sackcloth	This is a sign of mourning and distress. Alternate translation: “he tore his clothes and covered himself with sackcloth because he was very distressed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
ISA	37	2	he14	translate-names		0	Eliakim … Shebna	Translate the names of these men the same as you did in [Isaiah 36:3](../36/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	37	2	u8m9	figs-idiom		0	over the household	This is an idiom that means that he was in charge of the affairs of the palace household. Alternate translation: “in charge of the palace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA	37	2	vd87	translate-symaction		0	all covered with sackcloth	This is a sign of mourning and distress. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
ISA	37	3	vt7q			0	They said to him	“The men sent by Hezekiah said to Isaiah”
ISA	37	3	nm3p	figs-simile		0	like when a child is ready to be born, but the mother has no strength to give birth to her child	This comparison is made to emphasizes that they are in a time of extreme difficulty. Alternate translation: “It is as terrible as the day when a child is ready to be born, but the mother has no strength to give birth to her child” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	37	4	k27f	figs-explicit		0	It may be Yahweh your God will hear the words	Hezekiah is indirectly suggesting that if the people pray Yahweh may listen and act upon what the chief commander had said. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “Maybe if you pray to Yahweh your God will hear the message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	37	4	rr63			0	the chief commander	See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 36:2](../36/02.md).
ISA	37	4	m9rk			0	his master	This phrase means that the king is the chief commander’s master.
ISA	37	4	yi1b	figs-explicit		0	will rebuke the words which Yahweh your God has heard	Here the phrase “the words which Yahweh your God has heard” refers to what the king of Assyria had said. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “Yahweh your God will rebuke the king of Assyria for what he has said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	37	4	t6nz	figs-metaphor		0	lift up your prayer	Praying to Yahweh is described this way to emphasize that Yahweh is in heaven. A prayer is spoken of as if they were objects that could be lifted high into the sky. Alternate translation: “pray” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	37	4	jr8n	figs-metonymy		0	for the remnant that is still here	This refers to the people who are left in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “for the few of us that are still here” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	37	7	wiv3	figs-idiom		0	I will put a spirit in him, and he will hear a certain report and go back to his own land	The phrase “put a spirit in him” means that God will influence him to make a specific decision. The word “spirit” here means a strong attitude or feeling. Alternate translation: “I will influence him so that when he hears a certain report, he will go back to his own land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA	37	7	v1q1			0	Look	This word is used here to draw the peoples’ attention to what is said next. Alternate translation: “Listen”
ISA	37	7	ggs5	figs-idiom		0	I will cause him to fall by the sword in his own land	The phrase “fall by the sword” is an idiom that means that his enemy will kill him with a sword. Alternate translation: “And there in his own land, I will cause his enemies to kill him with their swords” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA	37	8	q58i	translate-names		0	Lachish	See how you translated the name of this city in [Isaiah 36:2](../36/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	37	8	j5mn	translate-names		0	Libnah	This is a city in southern Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	37	9	d4uz	translate-names		0	Sennacherib	See how you translated this man’s name in [Isaiah 36:1](../36/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	37	9	kcx5	translate-names		0	Tirhakah king of Cush and Egypt had mobilized to fight against him	“Tirhakah” is the name of a man. He had mobilized his army so that they were ready to fight. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “Tirhakah king of Cush and Egypt had mobilized his army” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	37	9	wd2v	figs-metonymy		0	to fight against him	The word “him” represents Sennacherib. Here Sennacherib represents his army. Alternate translation: “to fight against the army of Sennacherib” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	37	10	vz6u	figs-metonymy		0	Jerusalem will not be given into the hand of the king of Assyria	This can be stated in active form. The word “hand” refers to the king’s military power. Alternate translation: “The king of Assyria and his army will not conquer you in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	37	11	l567			0	General Information:	This continues the king of Assyria’s message to Hezekiah.
ISA	37	11	l934			0	See, you have heard	The word “see” here is used to add emphasis to what is said next. Alternate translation: “You have certainly heard”
ISA	37	11	vik5	figs-rquestion		0	So will you be rescued?	The king of Assyria uses this question to ridicule Hezekiah and his army. This may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “So you too will not be saved.” or “So of course no one will rescue you either!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	37	12	rk3v	figs-rquestion		0	Have the gods of the nations rescued them … Tel Assar?	The king of Assyria uses this question to ridicule Hezekiah and his army. This may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “The nations’ god did not rescue the nations that my fathers destroyed … Tel Assar!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	37	12	iz21	figs-synecdoche		0	that my fathers destroyed	These men destroyed the cities listed by conquering them with their armies. Here the word “fathers” refers to his father and his other ancestors who were kings. Alternate translation: “that my fathers destroyed with their armies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	37	12	k8xm	translate-names		0	Gozan … Haran … Rezeph … Eden … Tel Assar	These are places that the Assyrians had conquered. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	37	13	aku4	translate-names		0	Hena … Ivvah	These are places that the Assyrians had conquered. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	37	13	ib9s	figs-rquestion		0	Where is the king … Ivvah?	The king of Assyria uses this question to ridicule Hezekiah and his army. This may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “We also conquered the king … Ivvah!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	37	13	t5zc	translate-names		0	Hamath … Arpad … Sepharvaim	Translate the names of these cities the same as you did in [Isaiah 36:19](../36/19.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	37	14	ex2e	figs-synecdoche		0	from hand of the messengers	Here the messengers are referred to by their “hand” to emphasize that they personally gave it to the king. Alternate translation: “that the messengers gave him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	37	14	a1u4			0	he went up to the house of Yahweh	The house of Yahweh was at the highest place in Jerusalem, so it is spoken of as “up.”
ISA	37	14	c2pf			0	spread it before him	“spread out the letter in front of Yahweh.” Being in the house of Yahweh is considered the same as being in Yahweh’s presence. The letter was a scroll that could be unrolled and spread out.
ISA	37	16	m4vb	figs-explicit		0	you who sit above the cherubim	You may need to make explicit that the cherubim are those on the lid of the ark of the covenant. The biblical writers often spoke of the ark of the covenant as if it were Yahweh’s footstool upon which he rested his feet as he sat on his throne in heaven above. Alternate translation: “you who sit on your throne above the cherubim on the ark of the covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	37	16	bcb9			0	you are God alone	“only you are God”
ISA	37	16	z5zj	figs-idiom		0	over all the kingdoms	This idiom means to have authority and to rule over all the kingdoms. Alternate translation: “have authority over all the kingdoms” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA	37	16	bl43	figs-merism		0	You made the heavens and the earth	This means that he created everything. Alternate translation: “You made everything” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
ISA	37	17	x59g			0	General Information:	Hezekiah continues praying to Yahweh.
ISA	37	17	q72i	figs-explicit		0	which he has sent	Hezekiah is referring to the letter from Sennacherib. The meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: “in the message he has sent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	37	17	j5py			0	Turn your ear	“Incline your ear” or “Turn your head.” This means to turn your head so that you can hear something better.
ISA	37	17	rq3a	translate-names		0	Sennacherib	See how you translated this man’s name in [Isaiah 36:1](../36/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	37	18	vwq4	figs-hyperbole		0	all the nations and their lands	This is a generalization. The kings had destroyed many of the nearby lands, but not necessarily all lands. Alternate translation: “many of the nations and their lands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
ISA	37	19	ymw5			0	General Information:	Hezekiah continues praying to Yahweh.
ISA	37	19	xdh5	figs-synecdoche		0	for they were not gods but the work of men’s hands, just wood and stone	This emphasizes that humans made these idols with their own hands and are therefore worthless. Alternate translation: “because they were false gods that men made out of wood and stone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	37	20	t78q			0	from his power	“from the king of Assyria’s power”
ISA	37	20	d95t	figs-metonymy		0	all the kingdoms	This refers to the people in the kingdoms. Alternate translation: “all the people in the kingdoms” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	37	20	y5e4			0	you are Yahweh alone	“only you, Yahweh, are God”
ISA	37	21	rbj3	figs-metonymy		0	sent a message	This means that he sent a messenger to give a message to the king. Alternate translation: “sent someone to give a message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	37	22	ha6t			0	is the word that Yahweh has spoken	“is what Yahweh has said”
ISA	37	22	hdv5			0	laughs you to scorn	“laughs at you” or “makes fun of you”
ISA	37	22	d2ht	translate-symaction		0	shakes her head	This is a gesture of scorn. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
ISA	37	22	f4jf	figs-idiom		0	The virgin daughter of Zion … the daughter of Jerusalem	These are idioms. Both of these phrases have the same meaning. The “daughter” of a city means the people who live in the city. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Isaiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “The people of Zion … the people of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA	37	23	xes7	figs-rquestion		0	Whom have you defied and insulted?…Against the Holy One of Israel.	Yahweh uses these rhetorical questions to ridicule the king of Assyria. These can be written as statements. Alternate translation: “You have defied and insulted Yahweh, you have shouted at and acted pridefully against the Holy One of Israel!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	37	23	m83m	figs-metaphor		0	have you exalted your voice	This refers to speaking loudly as if the person’s voice were an object that they lifted high. Alternate translation: “have you shouted” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	37	23	xz28	figs-idiom		0	lifted up your eyes in pride	This is an idiom that means to look at something pridefully, considering yourself more important that you should. Alternate translation: “looked at pridefully” or “acted pridefully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA	37	24	f2gc			0	General Information:	This continues Yahweh’s message to the king of Assyria.
ISA	37	24	dt18	figs-explicit		0	By your servants	This refers to the servants that he had sent to Hezekiah with a message. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “In the messages you sent with your servants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	37	24	k4e1	figs-synecdoche		0	I have gone … I will cut … I will enter	Here Sennacherib speaks of himself conquering many things. He is actually conquering them with the armies and chariots that he commands. Alternate translation: “We have gone … We will cut … we will enter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	37	24	wv8g			0	its tall cedars	“Lebanon’s tall cedars”
ISA	37	24	vey3	figs-ellipsis		0	its most fruitful forest	Here the word “fruitful” refers to the forest being dense and full of healthy trees. The understood information may be supplied. Alternate translation: “and into its most fruitful forest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
ISA	37	25	gwm7	figs-synecdoche		0	I have dug … I dried … my feet	Here Sennacherib speaks of himself conquering many things. He is actually conquering them with the armies and chariots that he commands. Alternate translation: “We have dug … we dried … our feet” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	37	25	u9gt	figs-hyperbole		0	I dried up all the rivers of Egypt under the soles of my feet	Here Sennachrib is exaggerating his conquest and travels across the rivers of Egypt by claiming to have dried up the rivers when he marched his army through them. Alternate translation: “I have marched through all the rivers of Egypt as if they were dry under my feet” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
ISA	37	26	vd5w			0	General Information:	This continues Yahweh’s message to the king of Assyria.
ISA	37	26	k4vl	figs-rquestion		0	Have you not heard how … times?	Yahweh uses this rhetorical question to remind Sennacherib of information that he should already be aware of. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “Certainly you have heard how … times.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	37	26	vpm5	figs-explicit		0	You are here to reduce impregnable cities into heaps of ruins	Yahweh had planned for Sennacherib’s army to destroy the cities that they had destroyed. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “I planned that your army would destroy cities and cause them to become piles of rubble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	37	26	ru16			0	impregnable	strong and heavily guarded
ISA	37	26	lbt8	figs-idiom		0	I am bringing it to pass	The idiom “to bring something to pass” means to cause a specific thing to happen. Alternate translation: “I am causing it to happen” or “I am causing these things to take place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA	37	27	abl4			0	of little strength	“who are weak”
ISA	37	27	z86i	figs-metaphor		0	shattered	broken into small pieces. This is a metaphor for being greatly discouraged. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	37	27	lp95	figs-metaphor		0	They are plants in the field, green grass, the grass on the roof or in the field, before the east wind	This speaks of how weak and vulnerable the cities are before the Assryian army by comparing the cities to grass. Alternate translation: “The cities are as weak as the grass in the fields before your armies. They are as weak as the grass that grows on the roofs of houses and is scorched by the hot east wind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	37	27	u4kj			0	before the east wind	The east wind is hot and dry from the desert and plants die when it blows.
ISA	37	28	vq6a			0	General Information:	This continues Yahweh’s message to the king of Assyria.
ISA	37	28	uw6e	figs-merism		0	But I know your sitting down, your going out, your coming in	This refers to all activities of life. Alternate translation: “I know everything you do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
ISA	37	28	zm2q	figs-abstractnouns		0	and your raging against me	The word “raging” can be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “how you rage against me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA	37	29	f79t	figs-metonymy		0	your arrogance	Here the king’s “arrogance” refers to his arrogant speech. Alternate translation: “your arrogant speech” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	37	29	tv21	figs-metaphor		0	your arrogance has reached my ears	This speaks of Yahweh hearing the king’s speech as if the king’s speech were something that traveled to his ear. Alternate translation: “I have heard you speaking arrogantly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	37	29	r8sq	figs-metaphor		0	I will put my hook in your nose, and my bit in your mouth	A person uses a hook and bit to lead an animal around. This speaks of Yahweh controlling the king as if the king were an animal Yahweh controlled with a bit and hook. Alternate translation: “I will control you like a man controls his animal by place a hook in its nose and a bit in its mouth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	37	29	wye1	figs-explicit		0	I will turn you back the way you came	This refers to causing the king to return to his own home country. The meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: “I will force you to return to your own country” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	37	30	cu1m			0	General Information:	This continues Yahweh’s message to Hezekiah ([Isaiah 37:21](../37/21.md)).
ISA	37	30	hyd8	figs-you		0	sign for you	“sign for you, Hezekiah.” Here “you” is singular and refers to Hezekiah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
ISA	37	30	c1n3	figs-you		0	you will eat … you must plant	Here “you” is plural and refers to the people of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
ISA	37	30	hw94	figs-ellipsis		0	in the second year what grows	This describes what the people will eat. The words “you will eat” are understood from the previous phrase Alternate translation: “in the second year you will eat what grows” or “next year you will eat what grows” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
ISA	37	30	b6di			0	what grows from that	“what grows wild from that” or “what grows wild”
ISA	37	30	ipd7	translate-ordinal		0	in the third year	This refers to the year after the second year. Alternate translation: “the year after that” or “in the following year” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
ISA	37	31	cp8q			0	General Information:	This continues Yahweh’s message to Hezekiah.
ISA	37	31	frk4			0	remnant	A “remnant” is a part of something that remains after the rest is gone. Here this refers to the people who are left in Judah.
ISA	37	31	ngd5	figs-metonymy		0	the house of Judah	Here Judah’s “house” refers to his descendants. Alternate translation: “the descendants of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	37	31	jez8	figs-metaphor		0	will again take root and bear fruit	This speaks of the people of Judah becoming prosperous as if they were plants that would root and bear fruit. Alternate translation: “will prosper like a plant that takes root and produces fruit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	37	32	sc29	figs-parallelism		0	For from Jerusalem a remnant will come out; from Mount Zion survivors will come	These two phrases have the same meaning and are used together to emphasize the remnant of people who will survive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	37	32	vre3	figs-metonymy		0	The zeal of Yahweh of hosts will do this	This speaks of Yahweh doing something because of his zeal as if his “zeal” were actually doing the action. Alternate translation: “Because of his zeal, Yahweh of hosts will do this” or “Yahweh of hosts will do this because of his zeal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	37	33	i11q	figs-synecdoche		0	He will not come … He will not come	Here the Assyrian king refers to both him and his army. Alternate translation: “His army will not come … They will not come” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	37	33	gun8			0	with shield	“with shields”
ISA	37	33	vdw6			0	siege ramp	a large mound of dirt built against the wall of a city that better enables an army to attach the city
ISA	37	34	yz62	figs-synecdoche		0	he came … he will not enter	Here the Assyrian king refers to both him and his army. Alternate translation: “they came … they will not enter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	37	34	zq4h	figs-123person		0	this is Yahweh’s declaration	Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Translate as in [Isaiah 30:1](../30/01.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
ISA	37	35	vmq8			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking.
ISA	37	35	fz1d			0	for my own sake and for David my servant’s sake	“so that things will be better for me and for my servant David”
ISA	37	36	c1n2	figs-idiom		0	putting to death	This idiom means to kill. Alternate translation: “killing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA	37	36	v98a	translate-numbers		0	185,000 soldiers	“one hundred and eighty-five thousand soldiers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
ISA	37	37	x3e4	figs-synecdoche		0	Sennacherib king of Assyria left Israel and went home and stayed in Nineveh	Here Sennacherib refers to both him and his army. They all left Israel and returned home to Assryia. Sennacherib returned to the city Nineveh. Alternate translation: “Sennacherib and his army left Israel and went home, and Sennacherib stayed in Nineveh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	37	37	ft9a	translate-names		0	Sennacherib	See how you translated this man’s name in [Isaiah 36:1](../36/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	37	38	m18l			0	as he was worshiping	“as Sennacherib was worshiping”
ISA	37	38	m2c7	translate-names		0	Nisrok	This is the name of a false god. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	37	38	id3l	translate-names		0	Adrammelek … Sharezer … Esarhaddon	These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	37	38	fbz6			0	with the sword	“with their swords”
ISA	38	intro	s3fq			0		# Isaiah 38 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 38:10-20.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Poetry<br>This chapter is written as a narrative, but the section including Hezekiah’s prayer is written as poetry. The tone of this prayer shifts from sorrow to praise.
ISA	38	1	g1p4	figs-explicit		0	Set your house in order	This means to prepare your family and those in charge of your affairs so that they know what to do after you die. This can be written clearly. Alternate translation: “You should tell the people in your palace what you want them to do after you die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	38	3	c5ru	figs-idiom		0	call to mind	This idiom means to remember. Alternate translation: “remember” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA	38	3	rvv5	figs-idiom		0	faithfully walked before you	This is an idiom. Here “walk” means to “live.” The phrase means to live in a way the pleases Yahweh. Alternate translation: “faithfully lived before you” or “faithfully served you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA	38	3	j97c	figs-metonymy		0	with my whole heart	Here the “heart” refers to the inner-being which represents a person’s complete devotion. Alternate translation: “with all my inner being” or “with my complete devotion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	38	3	hd6d	figs-metaphor		0	what was good in your sight	The sight of Yahweh represents Yahweh’s judgment or evaluation. Alternate translation: “what pleases you” or “what you consider to be good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	38	4	zb4v	figs-idiom		0	the word of Yahweh came	This is an idiom that is used to introduce something that God told his prophets or his people. Alternate translation: “Yahweh spoke this message” or “Yahweh spoke these words” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA	38	5	l5ca			0	See	This is used to ask the listener to pay attention to what is said next. Alternate translation: “Listen”
ISA	38	5	pg75	translate-numbers		0	fifteen years	“15 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
ISA	38	6	vqy2	figs-metonymy		0	the hand of the king of Assyria	Here the king’s “hand” refers to his power. Alternate translation: “the power of the king of Assyria” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	38	7	zk63			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to Hezekiah.
ISA	38	8	as58			0	Look	Yahweh uses this word to draw the listener’s attention to what is said next. Alternate translation: “Listen”
ISA	38	8	j1py	figs-explicit		0	stairs of Ahaz	These stairs are referred to this way because they were built while Ahaz was king. You can make this information clear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	38	10	hgb5			0	that halfway through my life	“that before I have grown old.” This refers to dying at middle age, before growing old.
ISA	38	10	vkw8	figs-metaphor		0	I will go through the gates of Sheol	This speaks of dying as if Sheol were a kingdom that has gates that one enters. Alternate translation: “I will die and go to Sheol” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	38	10	y2v3	figs-activepassive		0	I am sent there for the rest of my years	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “before I have lived all of my years I will go to the grave” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	38	11	bn4a	figs-nominaladj		0	in the land of the living	“The living” refers to people who are alive. Alternate translation: “in the land where people are alive” or “in this world where people are alive” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
ISA	38	12	pmv9			0	General Information:	Hezekiah continues his written prayer.
ISA	38	12	rh4l	figs-simile		0	My life is removed and carried away from me like a shepherd’s tent	This speaks of how Yahweh is ending Hezekiah’s life quickly by comparing it to how a shepherd removes his tent from the ground. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has taken my life away from me quickly like a shepherd packs up his tent and carries it away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	38	12	f8qq	figs-activepassive		0	My life is removed	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has taken my life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	38	12	eh2s	figs-simile		0	I have rolled up my life like a weaver; you are cutting me off from the loom	This speaks of Yahweh quickly ending Hezekiah’s life by comparing it to how a weaver cuts his cloth from the loom and rolls it up. Alternate translation: “you are ending my life quickly, like a weaver cuts his cloth from the loom when it is finished” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	38	12	nyl3	figs-you		0	you are cutting	Here “you” is singular and refers to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
ISA	38	12	u29m			0	loom	a device used to weave thread together to make cloth
ISA	38	13	x3bh	figs-simile		0	like a lion he breaks all my bones	Hezekiah speaks of how he is in extreme pain by comparing it to having his body torn apart by lions. Alternate translation: “my pain was as though I were being torn apart by lions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	38	14	al5q			0	General Information:	Hezekiah continues his written prayer.
ISA	38	14	b2w9	figs-parallelism		0	Like a swallow I chirp; I coo like a dove	Both of these clauses mean the same thing and they emphasize how sad and pitiful Hezekiah’s cries were. A swallow and a dove are types of birds. Alternate translation: “My cries are pitiful--they sound like the chirp of a swallow and the coo of a dove” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	38	14	qgn5	figs-synecdoche		0	my eyes	Here Hezekiah refers to himself my his “eyes” to emphasize that he is looking for something. Alternate translation: “I” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	38	14	bhl4	figs-explicit		0	with looking upward	This refers to Hezekiah looking to heaven for God to help him. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “of waiting for help to come from heaven” or “of waiting for you to help me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	38	14	l1ah	figs-activepassive		0	I am oppressed	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “My sickness oppresses me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	38	15	f5ku	figs-rquestion		0	What shall I say?	Hezekiah uses a question to emphasize he has nothing left to say. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “I have nothing left to say.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	38	15	hd6w	figs-idiom		0	I will walk slowly	This is an idiom. Here “walking” refers to living. Alternate translation: “I will like humbly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA	38	15	ph65	figs-explicit		0	all my years	This refers to the rest of his life. The meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: “the rest of my life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	38	15	gm6e			0	because I am overcome with grief	“because I am full of grief” or “because I am very sad”
ISA	38	16	iyk1			0	General Information:	Hezekiah continues his written prayer.
ISA	38	16	wak7	figs-activepassive		0	may my life be given back to me	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “may you give my life back to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	38	17	wz18	figs-explicit		0	from the pit of destruction	Hezekiah did not die but he was close to dying. This refers Yahweh saving him from dying. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “from dying and going to the pit of destruction” or “so that I did not die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	38	17	f8fu	figs-metaphor		0	for you have thrown all my sins behind your back	Hezekiah speaks of Yahweh forgiving his sins as if they were objects that Yahweh threw behind himself and forgot about. Alternate translation: “for you have forgiven all my sins and no longer think about them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	38	18	nm81			0	General Information:	Hezekiah continues his written prayer.
ISA	38	18	n9p4	figs-metonymy		0	For Sheol does not thank you; death does not praise you	Here “Sheol” and “death” refer to “dead people.” Alternate translation: “For those in Sheol do not thank you; dead people do not praise you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	38	18	ps5x			0	those who go down into the pit	“those who go down to the grave”
ISA	38	18	nf2c	figs-you		0	do not hope in your trustworthiness	“do not have hope in your faithfulness.” Here “your” is singular and refers to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
ISA	38	19	ye1q	figs-parallelism		0	The living person, the living person	Hezekiah repeats this phrase to emphasize that only a living person, not a dead person, can give thanks to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	38	20	nw4z			0	General Information:	Hezekiah continues his written prayer.
ISA	38	20	j3ts	figs-explicit		0	save me	This refers to him being saved from dying. It can be made more explicit. Alternate translation: “save me from dying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	38	20	k672	figs-exclusive		0	we will celebrate	Here “we” refers to Hezekiah and the people of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
ISA	38	21	b3bq	writing-background		0	Now	This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. This gives background information about Isaiah and Hezekiah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
ISA	38	21	x8d3			0	Let them	“Let Hezekiah’s servants”
ISA	38	21	drf6	figs-explicit		0	a lump of figs	This was used as an ointment. The meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: “use an ointment of mashed figs” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	38	21	t3l6			0	boil	a painful area on the skin that is infected
ISA	39	intro	lz5x			0		# Isaiah 39 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Pride<br>Although it is not said why it was sinful for Hezekiah to show the king of Babylon his riches, the sin was probably because of his pride. It can be viewed as bragging to another king about how rich and powerful he was without giving proper credit to Yahweh. Because of this sin, Yahweh punished him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])<br><br>### Babylon<br>At this time, Babylon was not very powerful, but was little more than a city. In a short time, however, Babylon became a very powerful nation and conquered Assyria.
ISA	39	1	z1d1	translate-names		0	Marduk-Baladan … Baladan	These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	39	2	x7xe	figs-explicit		0	Hezekiah was pleased by these things	This can be made more explicit. Alternate translation: “When the king’s messengers arrived, Hezekiah was pleased with what they brought to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	39	2	ig2z			0	showed the messengers his storehouse of valuable things	“he showed the messengers everything of value he had”
ISA	39	2	i69i			0	storehouse	a building where goods are kept
ISA	39	2	bg44	figs-activepassive		0	all that was found in his storehouses	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “everything that was in his storehouses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	39	2	k5u7	figs-doublenegatives		0	There was nothing in his house, nor in all his kingdom, that Hezekiah did not show them	This is a slight exaggeration as Hezekiah showed them many things, but not everything. Also, this can be expressed positively. Alternate translation: “Hezekiah showed them almost everything in his house and in his kingdom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
ISA	39	4	lp83	figs-parallelism		0	They have seen everything in my house. There is nothing among my valuable things that I have not shown them	These two sentences mean the same thing and are used together to emphasize how much Hezekiah showed the men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	39	4	u3hm	figs-hyperbole		0	everything in my house	This is a generalization, as Hezekiah showed them many things, but not necessarily everything in the palace. Alternate translation: “almost everything in my house” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
ISA	39	4	k738	figs-doublenegatives		0	There is nothing among my valuable things that I have not shown them	This can be expressed positively. Alternate translation: “I showed them all the valuable things in my palace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
ISA	39	5	rsm5			0	Yahweh of hosts	See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md).
ISA	39	5	hh3d			0	the word	“the message”
ISA	39	6	w6ck			0	Look	This word is used here to draw Hezekiah’s attention to what is said next. Alternate translation: “Listen”
ISA	39	6	y5e5	figs-activepassive		0	when everything in your palace … will be carried to Babylon	This can be expressed positively. Alternate translation: “when the enemy army will take everything in your palace … back to Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	39	7	wtl9			0	General Information:	Isaiah continues to speak Yahweh’s message to Hezekiah.
ISA	39	7	mls8			0	The sons born from you	“Your sons”
ISA	39	7	tb9y			0	they will take them	“the Babylonians will take them”
ISA	40	intro	xc5h			0		# Isaiah 40 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Rhetorical Questions<br>Yahweh uses many rhetorical questions in this chapter. These rhetorical questions help to prove the point he is making and convince the reader. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “She has received double from Yahweh’s hand for all her sins”<br>It is common in many languages to use the feminine “she” to refer to a nation, rather than the word “it,” which is neither masculine or feminine. The translator should use the pronoun that aligns with the common usage in the target language. Therefore, it is acceptable to use “he,” “she,” or “it” in reference to a nation.<br><br>The phrase “received double” indicates that Jerusalem was punished more severely than the other nations. This is because they had the privilege of a special relationship to Yahweh and had more knowledge than the other nations.<br><br>### Reign of Yahweh<br>This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. It pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator does not need to add an explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. It does not appear that this prophecy was fulfilled in the days of Isaiah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]])
ISA	40	1	uzv6			0	Comfort, comfort	The word “comfort” is repeated for emphasis.
ISA	40	1	wa9a	figs-you		0	says your God	Here “your” is plural and refers to those whom the prophet tells to comfort God’s people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
ISA	40	2	f6th	figs-personification		0	Speak tenderly to Jerusalem	The prophet speaks of Jerusalem as if it were a woman whom Yahweh has forgiven. As such, Jerusalem represents the people who live in that city. Alternate translation: Speak tenderly to the people of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	40	2	v29s	figs-123person		0	proclaim to her … her warfare … her iniquity … she has received … her sins	These pronouns refer to Jerusalem but may be changed if “the people of Jerusalem” is adopted as a translation. Alternate translation: “proclaim to them … their warfare … their iniquity … they have received … their sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
ISA	40	2	rrl8			0	her warfare	Possible meanings are that the word **warfare** refers: (1) to military battle or (2) to forced labor.
ISA	40	2	ux5w	figs-activepassive		0	her iniquity is pardoned	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has pardoned her iniquity” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	40	2	xkm6	figs-synecdoche		0	from Yahweh’s hand	Here the word “hand” represents Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “from Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	40	3	s925	figs-synecdoche		0	A voice cries out	The word “voice” represents the person who cries out. Alternate translation: “Someone cries out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	40	3	kwv5	figs-parallelism		0	In the wilderness prepare the way of Yahweh; make straight in the Arabah a highway for our God	These two lines are parallel and mean basically the same thing. The people preparing themselves for Yahweh’s help is spoken of as if they were to prepare roads for Yahweh to travel upon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	40	3	m8sr			0	Arabah	See how you translated this word in [Isaiah 35:1](../35/01.md).
ISA	40	4	uee3	figs-activepassive		0	Every valley will be lifted up, and every mountain and hill will be leveled	These phrases explain how the people are to prepare a highway for Yahweh. They can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Lift up every valley, and level every mountain and hill” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	40	4	xdc9	figs-metaphor		0	Every valley will be lifted up	Making the valleys level with the rest of the ground is spoken of as if it were lifting up the valleys. Alternate translation: “Every valley will be filled in” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	40	4	m9td	figs-activepassive		0	and the rugged land will be made level, and the rough places a plain	These phrases explain how the people are to prepare a highway for Yahweh. They can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “make the rugged land level, and make the rough places into a plain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
ISA	40	5	ys59	figs-activepassive		0	the glory of Yahweh will be revealed	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will reveal his glory” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	40	5	sf3k	figs-synecdoche		0	for the mouth of Yahweh has spoken it	The word “mouth” represents Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “for Yahweh has spoken it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	40	6	slv6	figs-metaphor		0	All flesh is grass	The word “flesh” refers to people. The speaker speaks of humans as if they are grass, because they both die quickly. Alternate translation: “All people are like grass” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	40	6	tzv2	figs-simile		0	all their covenant faithfulness is like the flower of the field	The speaker compares the covenant faithfulness of people to flowers that bloom and then die quickly. The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be stated as “faithful.” See how you translated “covenant faithfulness” in [Isaiah 16:5](../16/05.md). Alternate translation: “they quickly stop being faithful to the covenant, just like a flower of the field dies quickly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA	40	6	h3q7			0	covenant faithfulness	This could mean: (1) covenant faithfulness or (2) beauty.
ISA	40	7	m65h			0	when the breath of Yahweh blows on it	This could mean: (1) “when Yahweh blows his breath on it” or (2) “when Yahweh sends a wind to blow on it.”
ISA	40	7	p8bp	figs-metaphor		0	humanity is grass	The speaker speaks of humans as if they are grass, because they both die quickly. Alternate translation: “people die as quickly as grass” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	40	8	ilr1	figs-metaphor		0	the word of our God will stand forever	The speaker speaks of what God says lasting forever as if his word stands forever. Alternate translation: “the things that our God says will last forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	40	9	da3x	figs-personification		0	Go up on a high mountain, Zion, bearer of good news	The writer speaks of Zion as if it were a messenger who declares good news from a mountain top. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
ISA	40	9	w2hr	figs-explicit		0	Go up on a high mountain	Messengers would often stand on elevated land, such as mountains, so that many people could hear what they proclaimed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	40	9	v9yl	figs-metonymy		0	Zion	This refers to the people who live in Zion. Alternate translation: “you people of Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	40	9	i6vj	figs-personification		0	Jerusalem. You who bring good news	The writer speaks of Jerusalem as if it were a messenger who declares good news. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
ISA	40	10	gme1	figs-metonymy		0	his strong arm rules for him	Here the word “arm” represents God’s power. Alternate translation: “he rules with great power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	40	10	j4yu	figs-parallelism		0	his reward is with him … those he has rescued go before him	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The ones he rescued are his “reward.” Alternate translation: “he is bringing those he rescued with him as his reward” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	40	11	m6wg	figs-metaphor		0	He will feed his flock like a shepherd	The writer speaks of Yahweh’s people as if they were sheep and of Yahweh as if he were their shepherd. Alternate translation: “He will care for his people like a shepherd feeds his flock” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	40	12	qkx7	figs-rquestion		0	Who has measured … or the hills in a balance?	These rhetorical questions anticipate a negative answer and emphasize that only Yahweh is able to do these things. Alternate translation: “No one but Yahweh has measured … and the hills in a balance.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	40	12	n98i	figs-metaphor		0	measured the waters in the hollow of his hand	Yahweh knowing how much water is in the oceans is spoken of as if Yahweh held the water in his hand. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	40	12	r9wq	figs-metaphor		0	measured the sky with the span of his hand	A “span” is the measure of length between the thumb and little finger when the hand is outstretched. Yahweh knowing the length of the sky is spoken of as if he measured it with his hand. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	40	12	hal4	figs-metaphor		0	held the dust of the earth in a basket	Yahweh knowing how much dust there is on the earth is spoken of as if he carried it in a basket. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	40	12	q4eb	figs-metaphor		0	weighed the mountains in scales, or the hills in a balance?	Yahweh knowing how heavy the mountains are is spoken of as if he weighed them in scales and balances. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	40	13	g2yh	figs-rquestion		0	General Information:	Isaiah continues using questions to emphasize Yahweh’s uniqueness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	40	13	j8t8	figs-rquestion		0	Who has comprehended the mind of Yahweh, or instructed him as his counselor?	This rhetorical question anticipates a negative answer and emphasizes that no one is able to do these things. Alternate translation: “No one has comprehended the mind of Yahweh, and no one has instructed him as his counselor.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	40	13	vc3q			0	comprehended the mind of Yahweh	Here the word “mind” refers not only to Yahweh’s thoughts, but also to his desires and motivations.
ISA	40	14	e7e8	figs-rquestion		0	From whom did he ever receive instruction?	This rhetorical question anticipates a negative answer and emphasizes that no one has ever done this. Alternate translation: “He has never received instruction from anyone.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	40	14	h7pz	figs-rquestion		0	Who taught him the correct way to do things, and taught him knowledge, or showed to him the way of understanding?	This rhetorical question anticipates a negative answer and emphasizes that no one has ever done these things. Alternate translation: “No one taught him the correct way to do things. No one taught him knowledge. No one showed to him the way of understanding.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	40	15	xu1z			0	Look … see	These words add emphasis to what follows.
ISA	40	15	m437	figs-simile		0	the nations are like a drop in a bucket, and are regarded like the dust on the scales	The prophet compares the nations to a drop of water and to dust in order to emphasize how small and insignificant they are to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	40	15	bl7h			0	like a drop in a bucket	This could mean: (1) a drop of water that falls into a bucket or (2) a drop of water that drops out of a bucket.
ISA	40	15	c6k1	figs-activepassive		0	are regarded like the dust on the scales	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh regards them as dust on the scales” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	40	17	bap7	figs-activepassive		0	they are regarded by him as nothing	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he regards them as nothing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	40	18	pv1a	figs-rquestion		0	To whom then will you compare God? To what idol will you liken him?	Isaiah uses two similar questions to emphasize that there is no idol that can compare with God. Alternate translation: “There is no one to whom you can compare God. There is no idol to which you can liken him.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	40	18	q6aj	figs-you		0	you	This is plural and refers to all of God’s people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
ISA	40	19	t66l			0	A craftsman casts it: The goldsmith overlays it with gold and forges silver chains for it	“A skilled worker forms it, another covers it with gold and makes a silver chain for it”
ISA	40	21	ru6j			0	General Information:	Isaiah continues speaking to God’s people.
ISA	40	21	nm2t	figs-rquestion		0	Have you not known? Have you not heard? Has it not been told you from the beginning? Have you not understood from the foundations of the earth?	Isaiah uses these questions to emphasize that the people should know Yahweh’s greatness as the creator. Alternate translation: “You certainly know and have heard! It has been told to you from the beginning; you have understood from the foundations of the earth!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	40	21	p4gz	figs-activepassive		0	Has it not been told you from the beginning?	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Have people not told you from the beginning?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	40	21	w7gd	figs-metaphor		0	from the foundations of the earth	The prophet speaks of Yahweh creating the earth as if the earth were a building for which Yahweh laid the foundation. Alternate translation: “from the time that Yahweh created the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	40	22	vwb7	figs-metaphor		0	He is the one who sits above the horizon of the earth	The prophet speaks of Yahweh ruling the earth as if Yahweh were seated on a throne above the earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	40	22	r4cn	figs-simile		0	the inhabitants are like grasshoppers before him	The prophet compares the way Yahweh considers humans to the way humans would consider grasshoppers. Just as grasshoppers are small to humans, humans are small and weak before God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	40	22	jtu6	figs-parallelism		0	He stretches out the heavens like a curtain and spreads them out as a tent to live in	These two lines share similar meanings. The prophet speaks of Yahweh creating the heavens as if he had erected a tent in which to live. Alternate translation: “He spreads out the heavens as easily as a person would stretch out a curtain or erect a tent in which to live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	40	23	sfc9			0	He reduces	“Yahweh reduces”
ISA	40	24	d2lf	figs-metaphor		0	They are barely planted … and they wither	The prophet speaks of rulers being helpless before Yahweh as if they were new plants that wither away when a hot wind blows on them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	40	24	n61k	figs-parallelism		0	They are barely planted, barely sown	These two phrases mean basically the same thing and refer to the point at which the plants or seeds are placed into the ground. They can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “As soon as someone plants them … as soon as someone sows them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	40	24	pcb5	figs-metaphor		0	he blows upon them	The prophet speaks of Yahweh removing the rulers from power as if Yahweh were a scorching wind that blows upon the plants and causes them to wither. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	40	24	d8bi	figs-simile		0	the wind carries them away like straw	This simile extends the metaphor of the rulers as plants and Yahweh as the wind that causes them to wither. The wind of Yahweh’s judgement will remove the withered plants as easily as wind blows away straw. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	40	25	pts1	figs-rquestion		0	To whom then will you compare me, whom do I resemble?	Yahweh uses two similar rhetorical questions to emphasize that there is no one like him. Alternate translation: “There is no one to whom you can compare me. There is no one whom I resemble.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	40	26	t53r	figs-rquestion		0	Who has created all these stars?	This is a leading question that anticipates the answer, Yahweh. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has created all these stars!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	40	26	aiw3	figs-metaphor		0	He leads out their formations	Here the word “formations” refers to military formations. The prophet speaks of the stars as if they were soldiers whom Yahweh commands to appear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	40	26	y52j	figs-doublet		0	By the greatness of his might and by the strength of his power	The phrases “the greatness of his might” and “the strength of his power” form a doublet that emphasizes Yahweh’s power. Alternate translation: “By his great might and powerful strength” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
ISA	40	26	w46r	figs-litotes		0	not one is missing	This negative statement emphasizes the positive. Alternate translation: “every one is present” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
ISA	40	27	p5my	figs-rquestion		0	Why do you say, Jacob, and declare, Israel … vindication”?	The question emphasizes that they should not say what they say. Alternate translation: “‘You should not say, O people of Israel … vindication’.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	40	27	s7bb	figs-doublet		0	Why do you say, Jacob, and declare, Israel	These two phrases both refer to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “Why do you say, O people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
ISA	40	27	tsn1	figs-metaphor		0	My way is hidden from Yahweh	Yahweh not knowing what happens to them is spoken of as if Yahweh could not see the road upon which they travel. Alternate translation: “Yahweh does not know what happens to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	40	27	r58k			0	my God is not concerned about my vindication	This could mean: (1) “my God is not concerned about others treating me unjustly” or (2) “my God is not concerned about treating me justly.”
ISA	40	28	v4f1	figs-rquestion		0	Have you not known? Have you not heard?	Isaiah uses these questions to emphasize that the people should know Yahweh’s greatness. See how you translated these in [Isaiah 40:21](../40/21.md). Alternate translation: “You certainly know and have heard!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	40	28	d991	figs-metaphor		0	the ends of the earth	The places on the earth that are very far away are spoken of as if they were the places where the earth ends. This phrase also forms a merism and refers to everywhere in between the ends. AT “the farthest places of the earth” or “the entire earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
ISA	40	29	gt6k	figs-parallelism		0	He gives strength to the tired; and to the weak he gives renewed energy	These two lines share similar meanings and emphasize that Yahweh strengthens those who have no strength. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	40	29	l1wl			0	He gives strength	“Yahweh gives strength”
ISA	40	31	gu6x	figs-metaphor		0	they will soar with wings like eagles	People receiving strength from Yahweh is spoken of as if the people were able to fly like eagles fly. An eagle is a bird often used as a symbol for strength and power. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	40	31	vgd6	figs-parallelism		0	they will run and not be weary; they will walk and not faint	These two lines share similar meanings. People receiving strength from Yahweh is spoken of as if they were able to run and walk without tiring. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	41	intro	mwf4			0		# Isaiah 41 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Mocking<br>Yahweh tells the people to present their best arguments in favor of honoring their idols. In this Yahweh challenges the people. Yahweh mocks or insults these false gods because they are not real and have no power. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]])
ISA	41	1	ihs8			0	Listen before me in silence	Here “me” refers to God.
ISA	41	1	gik7	figs-metonymy		0	you coastlands	This refers to the people who live on the islands and in the lands bordering or beyond the Mediterranean Sea. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
ISA	41	1	w3dd			0	renew their strength	See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 40:31](../40/31.md).
ISA	41	1	kfx1	figs-parallelism		0	let them come near and speak; let us come near together to argue a dispute	These two phrases share similar meanings. The second explains the reason for the first. Alternate translation: “then let them come near so they may speak and reason with me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	41	2	ji73	figs-rquestion		0	Who has stirred up one from the east, calling him in righteousness to his service?	Yahweh uses this question to emphasize that he is the one who caused this ruler from the east to be victorious. Alternate translation: “I am the one who called this powerful ruler from the east and put him in my good service.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	41	2	ckc3			0	He hands nations over to him	“I give the nations over to him” or “The one who does these things hands nations over to him”
ISA	41	2	n5yz	figs-metaphor		0	He turns them to dust with his sword, like windblown stubble with his bow	Turning them to dust and stubble is a metaphor or exaggeration for completely destroying everything the people of these nations have made. The armies of one from the east will conquer these nations and scatter the people easily. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
ISA	41	3	a4li			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to the coastlands and the nations.
ISA	41	3	dk7c			0	He pursues them and passes by safely	“The ruler from the east pursues the nations”
ISA	41	3	iyl6	figs-metaphor		0	by a swift path that his feet scarcely touch	This could mean: (1) this is a metaphor in which he and his army moving very quickly is spoken of as if his feet barely touch the ground. Alternate translation: “by a path on which he moves with great speed” or (2) “feet” represents the whole person and the phrase indicates that this is a path that they have not traveled before. Alternate translation: “by a path that he has never traveled before” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	41	4	xap2	figs-rquestion		0	Who has performed and accomplished these deeds?	Yahweh uses this question to emphasize that he is the one who has done these things. Alternate translation: “I have performed and accomplished these deeds.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	41	4	lw9z	figs-rquestion		0	Who has summoned the generations from the beginning?	Here the word “generations” represents all of human history, which Yahweh created and directed throughout history. The rhetorical question anticipates the answer, Yahweh. Alternate translation: “I have summoned the generations of humanity from the beginning.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	41	4	z51k	figs-doublet		0	performed and accomplished	These two words mean basically the same thing and emphasize that Yahweh is the one who has done these things. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
ISA	41	4	rvp7			0	the first, and with the last ones	This could mean: (1) that Yahweh existed before creation and will exist at the end of creation or (2) that Yahweh was before the first generation of humanity and will be at the last generation of humanity.
ISA	41	5	xi3d			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking.
ISA	41	5	n6gc	figs-metonymy		0	The isles … the ends of the earth	These phrases represent the people who live in those places. Alternate translation: “People who live on the isles … people who live at the ends of the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	41	5	z1m3			0	The isles	You can translate “isles” the same way you translated “coastlands” in [Isaiah 41:1](../41/01.md).
ISA	41	5	yg5y	figs-metaphor		0	the ends of the earth	The places on the earth that are very far away are spoken of as if they were the places where the earth ends. AT “the farthest places of the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	41	5	rd3y	figs-doublet		0	they approach and come	This doublet means that the people gather together. Alternate translation: “they come together” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
ISA	41	7	t2rw			0	anvil	an iron block on which a person shapes metal with a hammer
ISA	41	7	ny9f			0	saying of the welding	Here the word “welding” refers to the process of fastening the gold to the wood as the workers finish making the idol.
ISA	41	7	qdp9			0	They fasten it with nails so it will not topple over.	Here “it” refers to the idol that they have made.
ISA	41	8	w8df			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking.
ISA	41	9	ng2r	figs-parallelism		0	you whom I am bringing back from the ends of the earth, and whom I called from the far away places	These two lines mean basically the same thing and emphasize that Yahweh is bringing the people of Israel back to their land from distant countries. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	41	9	unb2	figs-metaphor		0	the ends of the earth	The places on the earth that are very far away are spoken of as if they were the places where the earth ends. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 41:5](../41/05.md). AT “the farthest places of the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	41	9	ah78	figs-parallelism		0	I have chosen you and not rejected you	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second states in negative terms what the first states in positive terms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
ISA	41	10	sv29			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
ISA	41	10	y2hx	figs-metaphor		0	I will uphold you with my righteous right hand	Yahweh strengthening his people is spoken of as if he were holding them with his hand. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	41	10	m5ra	figs-metonymy		0	my righteous right hand	Here “right hand” represents Yahweh’s power. This could mean: (1) Yahweh’s right hand is righteous in that he will always do the right thing. Alternate translation: “my righteous power” or (2) Yahweh’s right hand is victorious in that he will always succeed in what he does. Alternate translation: “my victorious power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	41	11	fup1			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
ISA	41	11	i38z			0	they will be ashamed and disgraced, all who have been angry with you	“all who have been angry with you will be ashamed and disgraced”
ISA	41	11	acy9	figs-doublet		0	ashamed and disgraced	These two words mean basically the same thing and emphasize the greatness of their shame. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
ISA	41	11	bm8s			0	they will be as nothing and will perish, those who oppose you	“those who oppose you will be as nothing and will perish”
ISA	41	12	rr8g			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
ISA	41	13	mcq1	figs-metaphor		0	I … will hold your right hand	Yahweh helping the people of Israel is spoken of as if he were holding their right hand. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	41	14	nw9b			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
ISA	41	14	d1xa	figs-doublet		0	Jacob you worm, and you men of Israel	Here “Jacob” and “men of Israel” mean the same thing. Alternate translation: “you people of Israel who are like worms” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
ISA	41	14	x6h1	figs-metaphor		0	Jacob you worm	This could mean: (1) that this refers to the opinions of other nations regarding the people of Israel or (2) that this refers to Israel’s own opinion of themselves. Yahweh speaks of their insignificance as if they were a worm. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	41	14	vga7	figs-123person		0	this is Yahweh’s declaration	Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Translate as in [Isaiah 30:1](../30/01.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
ISA	41	14	s6u3			0	Holy One of Israel	See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 1:4](../01/04.md).
ISA	41	15	dv6j	figs-metaphor		0	I am making you like a sharp threshing sledge … you will make the hills like chaff	Yahweh speaks of enabling Israel to defeat their enemies as if he were making the nation a threshing sledge that will level mountains. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	41	15	v5bt			0	a sharp threshing sledge	A threshing sledge was a board with sharp spikes that someone would drag over the wheat to separate the grain from the chaff.
ISA	41	15	s3j3			0	two-edged	This refers to the edges of the spikes that were attached to the threshing sledge. That they are “two-edged” means that they are very sharp.
ISA	41	15	im62	figs-metaphor		0	you will thresh the mountains and crush them	This is a double metaphor. The mountains are a metaphor for grain, and threshing grain is a metaphor for the Israelites defeating the powerful enemy nations near them. Alternate translation: “you will thresh your enemies and crush them as if they were grain, even though they appear to be as strong as mountains” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
ISA	41	15	ulv1	figs-metaphor		0	you will make the hills like chaff	The hills are a metaphor for the powerful enemy nations near Israel. People having the wind blow the chaff away after they have threshed the grain is a metaphor for them allowing Yahweh to destroy their enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	41	16	ii6a			0	Connecting Statement:	Yahweh continues to use the metaphor of separating grain from chaff to describe how Israel will defeat their enemies.
ISA	41	16	z22h	figs-metaphor		0	You will winnow them … the wind will scatter them	Here the word “them” refers to the mountains and hill in [Isaiah 41:15](../41/15.md). This represents the next step in the process of threshing grain, in which the grain is winnowed to get rid of the chaff. Israel’s enemies will disappear like chaff blown away by the wind. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	41	16	mzr8	figs-parallelism		0	the wind will carry them away; the wind will scatter them	These two phrases mean the same thing. Alternate translation: “the wind will blow them away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	41	17	f1vc	figs-metaphor		0	General Information:	Yahweh speaks of people who are in extreme need as if they are extremely thirsty, and of his provision for them as if he caused water to appear in places where it normally would not appear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	41	19	n27t			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking.
ISA	41	19	g4uv	translate-unknown		0	the myrtle … the pines and the cypress box trees	These are types of trees. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
ISA	41	20	b7ez	figs-synecdoche		0	the hand of Yahweh has done this	Here the word “hand” represents Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has done this” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	41	21	bhd2	figs-irony		0	General Information:	In these verses, Yahweh is mocking the people and their idols. He is challenging the idols to tell what will happen in the future, but he knows they cannot. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
ISA	41	23	icg9			0	Connecting Statement:	Yahweh continues to mock the idols and the people who worship them ([Isaiah 41:21-22](./21.md)).
ISA	41	23	qee7	figs-merism		0	do something good or evil	The words “good” and “evil” form a merism and represent anything. Alternate translation: “do anything at all” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
ISA	41	24	yv5h	figs-you		0	the one who chooses you	Here “you” is plural and refers to the idols. Alternate translation: “the person who chooses you idols” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
ISA	41	25	bsg2			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking.
ISA	41	25	rd8b	figs-metaphor		0	I have raised up one	Yahweh speaks of appointing a person as if he raised that person up. Alternate translation: “I have appointed one” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	41	25	s97v	figs-idiom		0	from the sun’s rising	This refers to the east, the direction from which the sun rises. Alternate translation: “from the east” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA	41	25	i891			0	him who calls on my name	This could mean: (1) that this person invokes Yahweh for his success or (2) that this person worships Yahweh.
ISA	41	25	bb4s	figs-metaphor		0	he will trample the rulers	Conquering the rulers of other nations is spoken of as if it were trampling them under foot. Alternate translation: “he will conquer the rulers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	41	25	q8p3	figs-simile		0	like a potter who is treading on the clay	Yahweh compares the way in which this person will trample the other rulers with the way that a potter tramples on clay to mix it with water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	41	26	u3i7	figs-rquestion		0	Who announced this from the beginning, that we might know? Before this time, that we may say, “He is right”?	Yahweh uses these rhetorical questions to mock the idols that the people worship. The implied answers are: (1) that the idols have not done these things and (2) that Yahweh is the one who has done these things. Alternate translation: “None of the idols announced this from the beginning, that we might know. And none of them announced this before time, that we may say, ‘He is right.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and[[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
ISA	41	26	xn3y			0	Indeed none of them decreed it, yes, none heard you say anything	“Indeed, none of the idols decreed it. Indeed, no one heard you idols say anything”
ISA	41	27	b6xr			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking.
ISA	41	28	k8tv			0	not one among them	“not one idol”
ISA	41	29	i3rp	figs-metaphor		0	their cast metal figures are wind and emptiness	Yahweh speaks of the worthlessness of the idols as if the idols are wind and nothing at all. Alternate translation: “their idols are all worthless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	42	intro	q7al			0		# Isaiah 42 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>Many scholars believe that there are four songs or poems which Isaiah records about the Messiah. Isaiah 42:1-4 is the first of these songs. They are often called the “servant songs” because they focus on the Messiah being a servant. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Servant<br>Israel is called Yahweh’s servant. The Messiah is also called the servant of Yahweh. It is likely that the two different usages of the word “servant” are intended to contrast with one another.
ISA	42	1	l3dq			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking.
ISA	42	1	e7j9			0	Behold, my servant	“Look, my servant” or “Here is my servant”
ISA	42	1	d5ej			0	in him I take delight	“with whom I am very happy”
ISA	42	3	f9m4			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking.
ISA	42	3	w4sn	figs-metaphor		0	A crushed reed he will not break, and a dimly burning wick he will not quench	Yahweh speaks of weak and helpless people as if they were crushed reeds and dimly burning wicks. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	42	3	blf9			0	crushed reed	A reed is the long, thin stem of a plant like tall grass. If it is crushed, it cannot carry any weight. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 36:6](../36/06.md).
ISA	42	3	z56i			0	he will not break	“My servant will not break”
ISA	42	4	dhd4	figs-metonymy		0	the coastlands	This refers to the people who live on the islands and in the lands bordering or beyond the Mediterranean Sea. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 41:1](../41/01.md). Alternate translation: “the people who live on the coastlands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	42	5	kf3j	figs-metaphor		0	the one who created the heavens and stretched them out, the one who made the earth	The prophet speaks of Yahweh creating the heavens and the earth as if the heavens and earth were fabric which Yahweh stretched out. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	42	5	jxn4	figs-parallelism		0	gives breath to the people on it and life to those who live on it	These phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that Yahweh gives life to every person. The word “breath” is a metonym for life. Alternate translation: “gives life to the people who live on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	42	6	hg7t	figs-you		0	have called you	Here “you” is singular and refers to Yahweh’s servant. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
ISA	42	6	l1kx	figs-metonymy		0	I will … set you as a covenant for the people	Here the word “covenant” is a metonym for the one who establishes or mediates a covenant. Alternate translation: “I will … make you be the mediator of a covenant with the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	42	6	t6si	figs-metaphor		0	a light for the Gentiles	Yahweh speaks of making his servant the one who delivers the nations from bondage as if he were making him a light that shines in dark places for the Gentiles. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	42	7	v24a			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues describing what his servant will do.
ISA	42	7	tip7	figs-metaphor		0	to open the eyes of the blind	Causing blind people to see is spoken of as if it were opening their eyes. Also, Yahweh speaks of his servant delivering those who have been wrongly imprisoned as if his servant were restoring sight to blind people. Alternate translation: “to enable the blind to see” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	42	7	i2h2	figs-parallelism		0	to release the prisoners from the dungeon, and from the house of confinement those who sit in darkness	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The verb may be supplied in the second phrase. Alternate translation: “to release the prisoners from the dungeon, and to release those who sit in darkness from the house in which they are confined” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
ISA	42	8	cbp4	figs-ellipsis		0	nor my praise with carved idols	The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “nor will I share my praise with carved idols” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
ISA	42	8	s62b			0	my praise	This refers to the praise that Yahweh receives from people.
ISA	42	9	rdt7	figs-you		0	I will tell you	Here “you” is plural and refers to the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
ISA	42	10	c3wi			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking.
ISA	42	10	qf1v			0	the sea, and all that is in it, the coastlands, and those who live there	“and all the creatures that live in the sea, and all those who live on the coastlands”
ISA	42	11	liq4	figs-metonymy		0	Let the desert and the cities cry out	This refers to the people who live in the desert and the cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	42	11	mtu1			0	Kedar	This is a city north of Arabia. See how this was translated in [Isaiah 21:16](../21/16.md)
ISA	42	11	sfh4	translate-names		0	Sela	a city in Edom (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	42	12	gy1u			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking.
ISA	42	12	bh2u			0	Let them give glory	Here “them” refers to the people along the coastlands.
ISA	42	13	bf3l	figs-simile		0	Yahweh will go out as a warrior; as a man of war	Yahweh is compared with a warrior who is ready to defeat his people’s enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	42	13	ys39	figs-metaphor		0	he will stir up his zeal	Here “zeal” refers to the passion that a warrior experiences when he is about to fight a battle. Yahweh stimulating his zeal is spoken of as if he stirred it up like the wind stirs up waves of water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	42	14	tc93			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking.
ISA	42	14	ej6j	figs-parallelism		0	I have kept quiet for a long time; I have been still and restrained myself	These two lines share similar meanings. Yahweh’s inactivity is described as quietness and stillness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	42	14	x3e1	figs-doublet		0	I have been still and restrained myself	These two phrases mean basically the same thing and indicate that Yahweh has kept himself from acting. Alternate translation: “I have kept myself from doing anything” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
ISA	42	14	sj5x	figs-simile		0	I will cry out like a woman in labor; I will gasp and pant	Yahweh’s activity as a shouting warrior is compared with a pregnant woman who cries from labor pains. This emphasizes sudden unavoidable action after a period of inactivity. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	42	15	c5ek	figs-metaphor		0	I will lay waste mountains … will dry up the marshes	Yahweh uses this metaphorical language to describe his great power to conquer his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	42	15	qi5p			0	the marshes	A marsh is an area of soft, wet land with pools of water.
ISA	42	16	hck4			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking.
ISA	42	16	d8u8	figs-parallelism		0	I will bring the blind by a way that they do not know; in paths that they do not know I will lead them	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “I will lead the blind in paths that they do not know” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	42	16	e56x	figs-metaphor		0	the blind	Yahweh speaks of his people being helpless as if they could not see because they were blind. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	42	16	l8wt			0	that they do not know	This could mean: (1) “that they have never traveled” or (2) “with which they are unfamiliar.”
ISA	42	16	jc1b	figs-metaphor		0	I will turn the darkness into light before them	Yahweh speaks of his people being helpless as if they could not see because they walked in darkness, and of his helping them as if he caused light to shine in the darkness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	42	17	tfv2			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking.
ISA	42	17	ayv4	figs-metaphor		0	They will be turned back, they will be completely put to shame	Rejecting those who worship idols is spoken of as if it is forcing them to turn back and move the opposite direction. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will reject them and put them to shame” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	42	18	j331			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking.
ISA	42	18	q3rs	figs-you		0	you deaf … you blind	Here “you” is plural and refers to the people of Israel. Yahweh speaks of their failure to listen to him and obey him as if they are deaf and blind. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	42	19	lx6z	figs-rquestion		0	Who is blind but my servant? Or deaf like my messenger I send?	Yahweh asks these rhetorical questions to scold his people and to emphasize that no one is as blind or deaf as they are. Alternate translation: “No one is as blind as my servant. No one is as deaf as my messenger whom I send.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	42	19	y1c1	figs-rquestion		0	Who is as blind as my covenant partner, or blind as Yahweh’s servant?	Yahweh asks these rhetorical questions to scold his people and to emphasize that no one is as blind or deaf as they are. Alternate translation: “No one is as blind as my covenant partner. No one is as blind as Yahweh’s servant.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	42	20	u76d			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
ISA	42	20	k16p			0	You see many things, but do not comprehend	“Although you see many things, you do not understand what they mean”
ISA	42	20	usp5	figs-metaphor		0	ears are open, but no one hears	The ability to hear is spoken of as if the ears were open. Here the word “hears” refers to understanding what one hears. Alternate translation: “people hear, but no one understands what they hear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	42	21	e9j8			0	It pleased Yahweh to praise his justice and to make his law glorious	“Yahweh was pleased to honor his justice by making his law glorious.” The second part of the phrase explains how Yahweh accomplished the first part.
ISA	42	22	hh18			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking.
ISA	42	22	p3ne	figs-activepassive		0	But this is a people robbed and plundered	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “But the enemy has robbed and plundered this people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	42	22	eu68	figs-doublet		0	robbed and plundered	These two words mean basically the same thing and emphasize how badly the enemy had plundered them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
ISA	42	22	xx18	figs-parallelism		0	they are all trapped in pits, held captive in prisons	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the enemy has trapped them all in pits and held them captive in prisons” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	42	23	zs76			0	General Information:	Here Isaiah begins speaking.
ISA	42	23	gp1t	figs-you		0	Who among you	Here “you” is plural and refers to the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
ISA	42	24	p2dz	figs-rquestion		0	Who gave Jacob over to the robber, and Israel to the looters?	These two phrases mean the same thing. Isaiah uses this as a leading question in order to emphasize the answer that he will give in the next phrase. Alternate translation: “I will tell you who gave the people of Israel over to robbers and looters.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	42	24	q9du	figs-rquestion		0	Was it not Yahweh … refused to obey?	Isaiah uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that Yahweh alone was responsible for Israel’s situation, and to explain the reason that Yahweh did it. Alternate translation: “It was certainly Yahweh … refused to obey.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	42	24	e8z2	figs-exclusive		0	against whom we have sinned	Here the word “we” refers to the people of Israel and to Isaiah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
ISA	42	24	dla2	figs-parallelism		0	in whose ways they refused to walk, and whose law they refused to obey	The word “they” also refers to the people of Israel and to Isaiah. The two phrases mean the same thing. In the first, obeying Yahweh’s laws is spoken of as if it were walking in the paths in which Yahweh commanded them to walk. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	42	25	al3a			0	General Information:	Isaiah continues speaking.
ISA	42	25	r4nh			0	Therefore he	“Therefore Yahweh”
ISA	42	25	uby1	figs-metaphor		0	he poured out on them his fierce anger	Isaiah speaks of Yahweh’s anger as if it were a liquid that could be poured out. Alternate translation: “he showed them just how angry he was” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	42	25	dqe8			0	on them	“against us.” Here “them” refers to the people of Israel, but Isaiah still included himself as part of the people.
ISA	42	25	x8pk	figs-abstractnouns		0	and the violence of war	The word “devastation” can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: “by devastating them with war” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA	42	25	ym86	figs-metaphor		0	Its flames encircled them … it consumed them	Isaiah speaks of Yahweh’s fierce anger as if it were a fire that burned the people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	42	25	q8m2	figs-metaphor		0	they did not take it to heart	Paying attention to something and learning from it is spoken of as if it were placing that thing on one’s heart. Alternate translation: “they did not pay attention” or “they did not learn from it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	43	intro	bc7l			0		# Isaiah 43 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Exodus<br>This chapter pictures Judah’s eventual return from exile in Babylon as a kind of second exodus. It was reminiscent of their exodus from Egypt.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Exile<br>This chapter prophesies about the Jews return from Babylon, but the exile has yet to happen and is still more than a hundred years in the future. These events will show that Yahweh alone is God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	43	1	ce9y	figs-parallelism		0	he who created you, Jacob, and he who formed you, Israel	Both clauses mean the same thing. Alternate translation: “the one who created you, O people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	43	2	kq19			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
ISA	43	2	q1vm	figs-metaphor		0	When you pass through the waters … the flames will not destroy you	Yahweh speaks of suffering and difficult experiences as if they are deep waters and fires through which the people walk. The words “waters” and “flames” form a merism and emphasize any difficult circumstance. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
ISA	43	2	j81j	figs-parallelism		0	When you pass through the waters, I will be with you; and through the rivers, they will not overwhelm you	These two statements mean basically the same thing and emphasize that the people will experience no harm because Yahweh is with them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	43	2	wdj7	figs-activepassive		0	you will not be burned	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “it will not burn you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	43	3	eyx6	figs-parallelism		0	I have given Egypt as your ransom, Cush and Seba in exchange for you	These two phrases share similar meanings and emphasize that Yahweh will allow Israel’s enemy to conquer these nations instead of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	43	3	jq3n	translate-names		0	Seba	This is the name of a nation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	43	4	yiz2			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
ISA	43	4	z7p1	figs-doublet		0	Since you are precious and special in my sight	The words “precious” and “special” mean basically the same thing and emphasize how much Yahweh values his people. Alternate translation: “Because you are very precious to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
ISA	43	4	gpe4	figs-parallelism		0	therefore I will give people in exchange for you, and other peoples in exchange for your life	Both phrases mean the same thing. Alternate translation: “therefore I will let the enemy conquer other peoples instead of you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	43	5	lxw5	figs-merism		0	I will bring your offspring from the east, and gather you from the west	The directions “east” and “west” form a merism and represent from every direction. Alternate translation: “I will bring you and your offspring from every direction” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
ISA	43	6	gtn5			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
ISA	43	6	l7c3	figs-personification		0	say to the north … to the south	Yahweh speaks to “the north” and “the south” as if commanding the nations in those locations. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	43	6	l9k3	figs-metaphor		0	my sons … my daughters	Yahweh speaks of the people who belong to him as if they were his children. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	43	7	yc6h	figs-metonymy		0	everyone who is called by my name	Here to be called by someone’s name represents belonging to that person. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “everyone whom I have called by my name” or “everyone who belongs to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	43	7	l8wb	figs-doublet		0	whom I have formed, yes, whom I have made	Both of these mean the same thing and emphasize that it is God who made the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
ISA	43	8	r5rz	figs-metaphor		0	the people who are blind … the deaf	Yahweh speaks of those who do not listen to him or obey him as if they were blind and deaf. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	43	9	j9gd	figs-explicit		0	Who among them could have declared this and announced to us earlier events?	This rhetorical question applies to the gods whom the people of the nations worship. The implied answer is that none of them could do this. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “None of their gods could have declared this or announced to us earlier events.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	43	9	wm6d	figs-explicit		0	announced to us earlier events	This phrase refers to their ability to tell about events that happened in the past before they happened. Alternate translation: “announced to us earlier events before they happened” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	43	9	n7pl	figs-irony		0	Let them bring their witnesses to prove themselves right, let them listen and affirm, ‘It is true.’	Yahweh challenges the gods whom the nations worship to provide witnesses who will testify that they have been able to do these things, although he knows that they cannot do so. Alternate translation: “These gods have no witnesses who will prove them right, witnesses who will listen and affirm, ‘It is true’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
ISA	43	10	zvu7	figs-you		0	You … my servant	Here “you” is plural and refers to the people of Israel. The phrase “my servant” refers to the nation, as a whole. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
ISA	43	10	ja9r			0	Before me … after me	In speaking this way, Yahweh is not saying that there was a time before which he did not exist or a time after which he will not exist. He is asserting that he is eternal and that the gods whom the people of other nations worship are not.
ISA	43	10	x2gj	figs-explicit		0	Before me there was no god formed	Here the word “formed” indicates that Yahweh is speaking of idols that people have made. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “None of the gods whom people have formed existed before me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	43	10	v98y			0	there will be none after me	“none of those gods will exist after me”
ISA	43	11	f73s	figs-doublet		0	I, I am Yahweh	The word “I” is repeated to emphasize the focus on Yahweh. Alternate translation: “I alone am Yahweh” or “I myself am Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
ISA	43	11	m7ei			0	there is no savior but me	This can be expressed positively. Alternate translation: “I am the only savior” or “I am the only one who can save you”
ISA	43	12	e51j			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
ISA	43	13	w2y7	figs-metonymy		0	no one can rescue anyone from my hand	Here the word “hand” represents Yahweh’s power. Alternate translation: “no one can rescue anyone from my power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	43	13	y176	figs-rquestion		0	who can turn it back?	Yahweh uses this question to say that no one can turn back his hand. It can be translated as a statement. Turning back his hand represents stopping him from doing something. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Isaiah 14:27](../14/27.md). Alternate translation: “no one can turn it back.” or “no one can stop me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	43	14	t4z7			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
ISA	43	14	e4rv			0	Holy One of Israel	See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 1:4](../01/04.md).
ISA	43	14	ly8f	figs-explicit		0	I send to Babylon and lead them all down	The object of the verb “send” may be supplied in translation. Alternate translation: “I send an army to Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	43	14	jrg7			0	lead them all down as fugitives	“lead all of the Babylonians down as fugitives”
ISA	43	14	lpy3			0	fugitives	A fugitive is a person who runs away so that his enemy will not capture him.
ISA	43	16	qd5j	figs-explicit		0	who opened a way … mighty waters	Isaiah speaks of the events following the exodus from Egypt, when Yahweh divided the sea to let the Israelites walk through on dry ground but then drowned the Egyptian army. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	43	17	a8pu	figs-explicit		0	who led out … a burning wick	Isaiah speaks of the events following the exodus from Egypt, when Yahweh divided the sea to let the Israelites walk through on dry ground but then drowned the Egyptian army. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	43	17	u8ru	figs-metaphor		0	They fell down together; they will never rise again	Dying is spoken of as if it were falling down to the ground. Alternate translation: “They all died together; they will never live again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
ISA	43	17	v5sn	figs-metaphor		0	they are extinguished, quenched like a burning wick	The people dying is spoken of as if they were burning candle wicks that someone has extinguished. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “their lives have ended, like a person extinguishes the flame of a burning candle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	43	18	h6ya			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
ISA	43	18	s5e7	figs-parallelism		0	Do not think about these former things, nor consider the things of long ago.	These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that they are not to worry about what happened in the past. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	43	19	y1sp			0	Look	This word is used to draw attention to the important information that follows. Alternate translation: “Listen” or “Pay attention”
ISA	43	19	j15h	figs-rquestion		0	do you not perceive it?	Yahweh uses a question to teach the people of Israel. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “surely you have noticed it.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	43	20	fmk2	figs-personification		0	wild animals of the field will honor me, the jackals and the ostriches	Here animals honor Yahweh as if they were people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
ISA	43	20	s4u1	figs-ellipsis		0	the jackals and the ostriches	These are examples of the kinds of animals that will honor Yahweh. See how you translated the names of these animals in [Isaiah 13:21-22](../13/21.md). The understood information can be supplied to make the meaning clear. Alternate translation: “the jackals and the ostriches will honor me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
ISA	43	22	h7vb			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
ISA	43	24	ie2f			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
ISA	43	24	l4vk			0	sweet-smelling cane	This is a plant with a pleasant smell used to make anointing oil. It did not grow in the land of Israel so the people had to buy it from other nations.
ISA	43	24	up12	figs-parallelism		0	burdened me with your sins, you have wearied me with your evil deeds	These both mean the same thing and emphasize the complaint Yahweh has with his people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	43	24	t4mh			0	burdened me with your sins	“troubled me with your sins”
ISA	43	25	vh3j			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
ISA	43	25	r2jt	figs-doublet		0	I, yes, I	The word “I” is repeated for emphasis. Alternate translation: “I alone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
ISA	43	25	j91x	figs-metaphor		0	who blots out your offenses	Forgiving sins is spoken of as either: (1) blotting them out or wiping them away or (2) erasing a written record of the sins. Alternate translation: “who forgives your offenses like someone wiping something away” or “who forgives your offenses like someone who erases a record of sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	43	25	s5fa			0	for my own sake	“for my own honor” or “for my own reputation”
ISA	43	25	l6uz			0	call to mind	“remember”
ISA	43	26	w2ud	figs-irony		0	present your cause, that you may be proved innocent	Yahweh challenges the people to offer proof that they are innocent of the charges that he has brought against them, although he knows that they cannot do so. Alternate translation: “present your case, but you cannot prove yourselves to be innocent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
ISA	43	26	xn62	figs-activepassive		0	that you may be proved innocent	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that you may prove yourselves innocent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	43	27	n7s2			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
ISA	43	27	m9k5			0	Your first father sinned	This refers to the founder of Israel and may represent either Abraham or Jacob.
ISA	43	28	c8g9	figs-metonymy		0	I will hand Jacob over to complete destruction	Here to “hand over” represents putting someone under the power of another. The noun “destruction” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “I will cause the enemy to completely destroy Jacob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA	43	28	rtm7	figs-parallelism		0	Israel to abusive humiliation	The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase, with which this phrase is parallel. The noun “humiliation” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “I will allow the enemy to abuse and humiliate Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA	44	intro	lx1i			0		# Isaiah 44 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh’s power<br>There is a prophecy in this chapter that gives the name of the king who will end the exile of the Jews from Babylon and rebuild the temple, even though the exile has not yet even occurred. This emphasizes that Yahweh knows the future, so the translator should translate the name of Cyrus given here. There are many other aspects of this chapter that show Yahweh’s power as well. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])
ISA	44	1	lt14			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
ISA	44	1	j7v9	figs-metonymy		0	Jacob my servant	This refers to Jacob’s descendants. Alternate translation: “descendants of Jacob, my servants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	44	2	a1el	figs-metaphor		0	he who made you and formed you in the womb	Yahweh speaks of creating the nation of Israel as if it were forming the nation as a baby in its mother’s womb. Alternate translation: “he who made you, as I form a baby in the womb” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	44	2	aj5d	figs-ellipsis		0	you, Jeshurun, whom I have chosen	The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “you, Jeshurun, whom I have chosen, do not fear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
ISA	44	2	m3ac	translate-names		0	Jeshurun	This also refers to the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	44	3	b7lm			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
ISA	44	3	r9ge	figs-metaphor		0	I will pour water on the thirsty ground, and flowing streams on the dry ground	Yahweh speaks of giving his Spirit to the people of Israel as if he were causing rain to fall and streams to flow on dry ground. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	44	3	cdy4	figs-metaphor		0	the thirsty ground	Dry ground is spoken of as if it were a thirsty person. Alternate translation: “the dry ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
ISA	44	3	sw8k	figs-metaphor		0	I will pour my Spirit on your offspring	Yahweh speaks of giving his Spirit to the people as if his Spirit were liquid that he pours out on them. Alternate translation: “I will give my Spirit to your offspring” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	44	3	na48	figs-ellipsis		0	my blessing on your children	The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “I will pour out my blessing on your children” or “I will give my blessing to your children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
ISA	44	4	j6m5	figs-metaphor		0	They will spring up among the grass, like willows by the streams of water	The people of Israel being prosperous and multiplying is spoken of as if they were plants that grow because they have plenty of water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	44	4	k6eb			0	willows	A willow is a tree with thin branches that grows near the water.
ISA	44	5	w27z			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel
ISA	44	5	lfi3			0	another will call out the name of Jacob	“another person will say he is a descendant of Jacob”
ISA	44	5	y4il			0	name himself by the name of Israel	“call himself a descendant of Israel”
ISA	44	6	q311			0	his Redeemer	“Israel’s Redeemer”
ISA	44	6	tts3			0	Yahweh of hosts	See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md).
ISA	44	6	j95i	figs-merism		0	I am the first, and I am the last	This phrase emphasizes Yahweh’s eternal nature. This could mean: (1) “I am the one who began all things, and I am the one who ends all things” or (2) “I am the one who has always lived, and I am the one who always will live.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
ISA	44	7	zm2k			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking.
ISA	44	7	r8gi	figs-rquestion		0	Who is like me? Let him announce	Yahweh uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that there is no one like him. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “If anyone thinks he is like me, let him announce” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	44	8	nbn1			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
ISA	44	8	jc9b	figs-doublet		0	Do not fear or be afraid	Yahweh uses two similar expressions in order to strengthen his encouragement. Alternate translation: “Do not be afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
ISA	44	8	fb3i	figs-rquestion		0	Have I not declared to you long ago, and announced it?	Yahweh uses this question to emphasize that he is the one who predicted the events that have now happened. This can be translated as a statement. The word “announced” means basically the same thing as “declared.” Alternate translation: “I declared these things to you long ago.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
ISA	44	8	lr9q	figs-rquestion		0	Is there any God besides me?	Yahweh uses a question again to emphasize that there is no other God. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “There is no God besides me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	44	8	z7iv	figs-metaphor		0	There is no other Rock	Yahweh speaks of himself as if he were a large rock under which people can find shelter. This means he has the power to protect his people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	44	9	y8gz			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking.
ISA	44	9	uhp3			0	the things they delight in are worthless	“the idols they delight in are worthless”
ISA	44	9	ht3n	figs-metaphor		0	their witnesses cannot see or know anything	This phrase refers to those who worship these idols and who claim to be witnesses of the idols’ power. Yahweh speaks of their inability to understand the truth as if they were blind. Alternate translation: “those who serve as witnesses for these idols are like blind people who know nothing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	44	9	fps8	figs-activepassive		0	they will be put to shame	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they will be ashamed” or “their idols will put them to shame” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	44	10	rn93	figs-rquestion		0	Who would form a god or cast an idol that is worthless?	Yahweh is using this question to rebuke those who make idols. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Only fools would form a god or cast an idol that is worthless.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	44	10	tu2g	figs-distinguish		0	cast an idol that is worthless	The word “worthless” does not distinguish worthless idols from idols that have worth, because all idols are worthless. Alternate translation: “cast worthless idols” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
ISA	44	11	dnp6			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking.
ISA	44	11	xq1i	figs-explicit		0	all his associates	This could mean: (1) this refers to the associates of the craftsman who makes the idol. Alternate translation: “all of the craftsman’s associates” or (2) this refers to those who associate themselves with the idol by worshiping it. Alternate translation: “all those who worship the idol” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	44	11	ka7l	figs-activepassive		0	be put to shame	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “will be ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	44	11	n21m			0	Let them take their stand together	“Let them all come together before me”
ISA	44	11	qc5v			0	they will cower	“they will be terrified.” To “cower” is to bend over in fear.
ISA	44	12	ui76			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking.
ISA	44	12	rl3h			0	forming it	“forming the idol” or “creating the idol”
ISA	44	13	acg5			0	with a line	A string was used to outline the shape of the idol in the wood.
ISA	44	13	gzq3			0	stylus	This is a sharp tool to scratch the wood so the craftsman can see where to cut.
ISA	44	13	zt8q			0	a compass	This is a tool with two points that spread out used to help mark the wood to make the idol.
ISA	44	14	uuw3			0	He cuts down	“The carpenter cuts down” or “the woodcarver cuts down”
ISA	44	14	xu2s	translate-unknown		0	cypress tree	a tall evergreen tree (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
ISA	44	15	gc6k			0	Then a man uses it	“The man uses the wood”
ISA	44	15	pw7t	figs-parallelism		0	he makes an idol and bows down to it	This part of the sentence says basically the same as the first to emphasize it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	44	18	pm8e	figs-metaphor		0	for their eyes are blind and cannot see	Yahweh speaks of those who cannot understand the foolishness of worshiping idols as if they were blind. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	44	18	w7kp	figs-synecdoche		0	for their eyes are blind	Here “their eyes” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “for they are blind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	44	18	eri6	figs-synecdoche		0	their hearts cannot perceive	Here the people are represented by their “hearts.” Alternate translation: “they cannot understand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	44	19	zz51	figs-rquestion		0	Now should I make … something disgusting to worship? Should I bow down to a block of wood?	Yahweh says that these people should be asking themselves these rhetorical questions. The questions anticipate negative answers and emphasize how foolish it would be for a person to do these things. These questions can be translated as statements. Alternate translation: “I should not now make … something disgusting to worship. I should not bow down to a block of wood.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	44	20	w2em	figs-metaphor		0	It is as if he were eating ashes	Yahweh speaks of a person worshiping an idol as if that person were eating the burned ashes of the wood from which he made the idol. Just as eating ashes does not benefit a person, neither does worshiping an idol. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	44	20	lnq9	figs-metonymy		0	his deceived heart misleads him	The heart represents the inner person. Alternate translation: “he misleads himself because he is deceived” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	44	20	e7xc			0	He cannot rescue himself	“The person who worships idols cannot save himself”
ISA	44	21	ach7			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking.
ISA	44	21	t81a	figs-metonymy		0	Jacob, and Israel	This refers to people descended from Jacob, Israel. Alternate translation: “you descendants of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
ISA	44	21	bng6	figs-activepassive		0	you will not be forgotten by me	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will not forget you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	44	22	ey1y	figs-parallelism		0	I have blotted out, like a thick cloud, your rebellious deeds, and like a cloud, your sins	Both of these statements mean the same thing. God has removed their sins as quickly and easily as a wind can blow away a cloud. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	44	22	n1fa	figs-ellipsis		0	like a cloud, your sins	The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “like a cloud, I have blotted out your sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
ISA	44	23	p5tq	figs-apostrophe		0	Sing, you heavens … glory in Israel	Here Isaiah speaks various parts of creation as if they were people and commands them to praise Yawheh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
ISA	44	23	pm5m	figs-merism		0	you depths of the earth	“you lowest parts of the earth.” This could mean: (1) that this refers to very deep places on the earth such as caves or canyons and forms a merism with “heavens” in the previous phrase or (2) that this refers to the place of the dead. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
ISA	44	24	c6gm			0	Redeemer	See how you translated this word in [Isaiah 41:14](../41/14.md).
ISA	44	24	ye1e	figs-metaphor		0	he who formed you from the womb	Yahweh speaks of creating the nation of Israel as if it were forming the nation as a baby in its mother’s womb. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Isaiah 44:2](../44/02.md). Alternate translation: “he who made you, as I form a baby in the womb” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	44	24	qcw6	figs-metaphor		0	who alone stretched out the heavens	Yahweh speaks of creating the heavens as if they were fabric which he stretched out. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Isaiah 42:5](../42/05.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	44	25	nig5			0	omens	These are signs that people used to attempt to predict the future.
ISA	44	25	kf5f			0	the empty talkers	This refers to people who say things that are meaningless.
ISA	44	26	rga7	figs-parallelism		0	who confirmed the words of his servant and brings to pass the predictions of his messengers	Yahweh is saying the same thing twice to emphasize that it is only he, Yahweh, who causes the prophesies to be fulfilled. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	44	26	fe6v	figs-abstractnouns		0	the words of his servant … the predictions of his messengers	The abstract nouns “words” and “predictions” can be translated as verbs. Alternate translation: “what his servant declares … what his messengers announce” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA	44	26	eu48	figs-activepassive		0	She will be inhabited	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People will live there again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	44	26	ply1	figs-activepassive		0	They will be built again	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People will rebuild them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	44	26	e9rr	figs-metaphor		0	I will raise up their ruins	The phrase “ruins” refers to places that have been destroyed. Yahweh speaks of rebuilding them as if he were raising them up. Alternate translation: “I will rebuild what others have destroyed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	44	28	ut9k			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking.
ISA	44	28	nrh6	figs-metaphor		0	He is my shepherd	Yahweh speaks of Cyrus ruling and protecting the people of Israel as if Cyrus is their shepherd. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	44	28	q7mc	figs-activepassive		0	She will be rebuilt	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Let the people rebuild the city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	44	28	j6ev	figs-activepassive		0	Let its foundations be laid	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Let the people lay its foundations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	45	intro	gu9r			0		# Isaiah 45 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Potter and clay<br>The potter and the clay are important images used in Scripture. They emphasize the power and control of God. This chapter connects this to the truth that Yahweh is the creator of all, which it repeatedly emphasizes. He is even able to “anoint” or chose a future, pagan king. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/anoint]])
ISA	45	1	a5da	figs-metaphor		0	whose right hand I hold	Yahweh helping Cyrus and causing him to be successful is spoken of as if he were holding his right hand. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	45	2	r3lh			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to Cyrus.
ISA	45	2	kyy4	figs-metaphor		0	level the mountains	Yahweh speaks of removing obstacles that would hinder Cyrus’s success as if it were leveling mountains before him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	45	2	jjq8			0	the mountains	The Hebrew word used in the text is rare and is of an uncertain meaning. Some modern versions have “rough places” or “crooked places.”
ISA	45	2	i615			0	their iron bars	This refers to the iron bars on the bronze gates.
ISA	45	3	j4lq	figs-abstractnouns		0	the treasures of darkness	Here “darkness” refers to places that are secret. Alternate translation: “treasures in dark places” or “the treasures in secret places” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA	45	4	lb2n			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to Cyrus.
ISA	45	4	x9uf	figs-doublet		0	Jacob … Israel	These both refer to the descendants of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	45	5	uj89			0	I will arm you for battle	This could mean: (1) “I will strengthen you for battle” or (2) “I will equip you for battle.”
ISA	45	6	rj47	figs-merism		0	from the rising of the sun, and from the west	Since the sun rises in the east, this phrase forms a merism and means everywhere on earth. Alternate translation: “from every place on earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
ISA	45	7	w7ux			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking.
ISA	45	7	fa4k	figs-merism		0	I form the light and create darkness; I bring peace and create disaster	Both of these expressions form merisms that emphasize that Yahweh is sovereign creator of everything. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
ISA	45	8	bb15	figs-metaphor		0	You heavens, rain down from above … righteousness spring up together with it	Yahweh speaks of his righteousness as if it were rain that falls on the earth, and of his righteousness and salvation as plants that grow on the earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	45	8	lxn8	figs-apostrophe		0	You heavens	Yahweh momentarily turns his attention from his people and begins to speak to the heavens. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
ISA	45	9	ecu9			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking.
ISA	45	9	f6zy	figs-metaphor		0	any other earthen pot among all the earthen pots in the ground	Yahweh speaks of himself as if he were a potter, and of the one who would argue with him as if that person and the rest of humanity were all clay pots. Alternate translation: “like one piece of pottery among many other pieces of pottery scattered on the ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	45	9	v32t			0	earthen pot	This could mean: (1) “clay pot” or (2) “piece of broken clay pottery.”
ISA	45	9	tc19	figs-rquestion		0	Does the clay say to the potter … on it’?	Yahweh asks this question to rebuke those who argue with him about what he does. Alternate translation: “The clay should not say to the potter … on it!’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	45	10	pin2			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues to scold those who argue with him about what he does.
ISA	45	10	m3zm	figs-metaphor		0	Woe to him who says to a father,…‘What are you giving birth to?’	Yahweh speaks of those who would argue him as if they were unborn children who argue with their own parents. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	45	10	d6vv	figs-rquestion		0	What are you fathering?…What are you giving birth to?	The unborn child asks these rhetorical questions to scold his parents for giving birth to him. These can be translated as statements. Alternate translation: “You should not be my father … You should give birth to me.” or “You are not fathering me correctly … You are not giving birth to me correctly.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	45	11	f2x1			0	Holy One of Israel	See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 1:4](../01/04.md).
ISA	45	11	riq3	figs-rquestion		0	Why do you ask questions about what I will do for my children? Do you tell me what to do concerning the work of my hands?	Yahweh uses questions to scold those who argue with him about what he does. Alternate translation: “Do not question me about what I do for my children. Do not tell me … my hands.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	45	11	k97i			0	my children	This refers to the people of Israel.
ISA	45	11	kv1c	figs-synecdoche		0	the work of my hands	Here the word “hands” represents Yahweh. Alternate translation: “the things that I have made” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	45	12	tk49			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking.
ISA	45	12	ki21	figs-synecdoche		0	It was my hands that	Here the word “hands” represents Yahweh. Alternate translation: “It was I who” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	45	12	ati8			0	stretched out the heavens	Yahweh speaks of creating the heavens as if they were fabric that he stretched out. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Isaiah 42:5](../42/05.md).
ISA	45	13	t11e			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking.
ISA	45	13	wzd7			0	I stirred Cyrus up in righteousness	Here the word “righteousness” refers to right action. This could mean: (1) that Yahweh has stirred up Cyrus to do the right thing or (2) that Yahweh was right to stir up Cyrus.
ISA	45	13	ikq9	figs-metaphor		0	I stirred Cyrus	Yahweh speaks of causing Cyrus to act as if it were stirring him from slumber. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	45	13	rv5p	figs-metaphor		0	I will smooth out all his paths	Yahweh speaks of removing obstacles and causing Cyrus to be successful as if he were making the paths smooth on which Cyrus walks. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	45	13	rhm5			0	He will build my city	This refers to Jerusalem.
ISA	45	13	ye47	figs-doublet		0	not for price nor bribe	Here the words “price” and “bribe” share similar meanings. Cyrus will not do these things for financial gain. Alternate translation: “he will not do these things for money” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
ISA	45	13	by1u			0	Yahweh of hosts	See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md).
ISA	45	14	s5el	figs-activepassive		0	The earnings of Egypt and the merchandise of Cush with the Sabeans, men of tall stature, will be brought to you	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The people of Egypt, Cush, and the tall people of Seba, will bring to you their earnings and their merchandise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	45	14	x113			0	The earnings of Egypt	“The profits of Egypt”
ISA	45	14	iqy3	translate-names		0	Sabeans	These are people from the nation of Seba. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	45	14	abe9	figs-you		0	to you	Here “you” refers to the people of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
ISA	45	16	xv24	figs-parallelism		0	They will all be ashamed and disgraced together; those who carve idols will walk in humiliation	These two lines share similar meanings, with the second clarifying the subject of the first. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	45	16	vu1f	figs-doublet		0	They will all be ashamed and disgraced together	The words “ashamed” and “disgraced” mean basically the same thing and emphasize the intensity of shame. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Their idols will leave them all completely ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	45	16	bs61	figs-metaphor		0	will walk in humiliation	Living in continual humiliation is spoken of as if it were walking in humiliation. Alternate translation: “will be continually humiliated” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	45	17	tdh9	figs-activepassive		0	Israel will be saved by Yahweh	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will save the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	45	17	dq2m	figs-activepassive		0	you will never again be ashamed or humiliated	Here “you” refers to the people of Israel. The words “ashamed” and “humiliated” mean basically the same thing. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “No one will ever humiliate you again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
ISA	45	18	wbc3			0	not as a waste	“not to be empty.” Here the word “waste” refers to an empty, barren place.
ISA	45	18	su8c	figs-activepassive		0	but designed it to be inhabited	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “but he designed it so people could live on it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	45	19	w8up			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking.
ISA	45	20	ep69			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking
ISA	45	20	ns4z			0	refugees	people who have fled from their homes so the enemy will not capture or kill them
ISA	45	21	fjw3			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to the refugees ([Isaiah 45:20](../45/20.md)).
ISA	45	21	m1fg			0	Let them conspire together	Here the word “them” refers to the refugees from among the nations who worship idols.
ISA	45	21	jum4	figs-rquestion		0	Who has shown this from long ago? Who announced it? Was it not I, Yahweh?	Yahweh uses questions to emphasize that he was the one who told them these things would happen. Alternate translation: “I will tell you who has shown this from long ago. I will tell you who announced it. It was I, Yahweh.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	45	22	fdd5			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking.
ISA	45	22	mrw2	figs-activepassive		0	Turn to me and be saved	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Turn to me and I will save you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	45	22	zpc4	figs-metaphor		0	all the ends of the earth	The places on the earth that are very far away are spoken of as if they were the places where the earth ends. This phrase also forms a merism and refers to everywhere in between the ends. AT “all the farthest places of the earth” or “the entire earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
ISA	45	22	ee2e	figs-metonymy		0	all the ends of the earth	Here this phrase represents the people who live at “the ends of the earth.” Alternate translation: “you who live at the farthest places of the earth” or “all of you who live on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	45	23	yq9q	figs-synecdoche		0	To me every knee will bend, every tongue will swear	The words “knee” and “tongue” represent the people. Alternate translation: “Every person will kneel before me, and everyone will swear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	45	24	b27g			0	They will say	All the people on the earth are speaking.
ISA	45	25	kxm4	figs-activepassive		0	In Yahweh all the descendants of Israel will be justified	Here the word “justified” does not refer to Yahweh forgiving their sins, but to proving to the nations that Israel was right to worship him. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will justify all the descendants of Israel” or “Yahweh will vindicate all the descendants of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	46	intro	c5i1			0		# Isaiah 46 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>### Yahweh and the false gods<br>This chapter is intended to compare Yahweh with various false Gods whom the Israelites worship. There really is no comparison at all because Yahweh alone is God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]])
ISA	46	1	dtc9	figs-metaphor		0	Bel bows down, Nebo stoops; their idols … for weary animals	Isaiah speaks of people placing the idols of Bel and Nebo into a cart for animals to transport as if these gods were made to “bow down” and “stoop.” These are both postures of humiliation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	46	1	yx1v	translate-names		0	Bel … Nebo	These were the two primary gods whom the Babylonians worshiped. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	46	1	tyx5			0	their idols	the idols that represented Bel and Nebo
ISA	46	2	sa1p			0	they cannot rescue the images	“Bel and Nebo cannot rescue their images”
ISA	46	2	wq5y	figs-metaphor		0	they themselves have gone off into captivity	Isaiah speaks of people carrying off these idols as if the false gods whom they represent are being carried off to captivity. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	46	3	i31a			0	Listen to me	Here “me” refers to Yahweh.
ISA	46	3	pyi8	figs-metaphor		0	who have been carried by me from before your birth, carried from the womb	Yahweh speaks of the nation of Israel as if it were a person, and of the nation’s beginning as if it were its birth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	46	3	zb74	figs-metaphor		0	who have been carried by me	Yahweh speaks of helping and rescuing the people of Israel as if he were carrying them. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “whom I have carried” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	46	4	qb31	figs-metaphor		0	Even to your old age I am he, and until your hair is gray I will carry you	Yahweh speaks of the nation of Israel becoming very old as if it were an old man with gray hair. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	46	5	tv2f			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
ISA	46	5	x46n	figs-rquestion		0	To whom will you compare me? Who do you think I resemble, so that we may be compared?	Yahweh uses questions to emphasize that there is no one like him. Alternate translation: “There is no one to whom you can compare me. I resemble no one, so that we might be compared.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	46	5	v242	figs-activepassive		0	so that we may be compared	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so that you may compare us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	46	7	pr7d			0	They lift it	“They” refers to the people who make idols and “it” refers to the idol that they have created.
ISA	46	8	c43e			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to his people.
ISA	46	10	gk7b			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to his people.
ISA	46	10	ew3c	figs-parallelism		0	I announce the end from the beginning, and beforehand what has not yet happened	This basically repeats the same idea for emphasis. The verb from the first phrase may be supplied for the second. Alternate translation: “I announce the end from the beginning, and I announce beforehand what has not yet happened” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
ISA	46	11	f49l	figs-metaphor		0	I call a bird of prey from the east	Yahweh speaks of Cyrus as if he were “a bird of prey.” As a bird swiftly captures its prey, so Cyrus will swiftly accomplish Yahweh’s purpose to conquer the nations. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	46	11	yfg8	figs-parallelism		0	I have spoken; I will also accomplish it; I have purposed, I will also do it.	This repeats the same idea for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	46	12	e8tz			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
ISA	46	12	cq6x	figs-metaphor		0	who are far from doing what is right	Yahweh speaks of the people stubbornly doing wrong as if they were physically far away from doing the right thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	46	13	ykp7	figs-personification		0	my salvation does not wait	Yahweh speaks of saving his people soon as if his salvation were a person who does not wait to act. The abstract noun “salvation” can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: “I will not wait to save you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA	47	intro	ss9a			0		# Isaiah 47 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Babylon<br>This chapter prophesied the destruction of Babylon. At the time that the prophesy was written, Assyria was still in power and Babylon had not yet become a world power. The Chaldeans were not yet a powerful nation either. The people of Judah would become servants or slaves of Babylon and be forced to work very hard. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])
ISA	47	1	h2n7	figs-metaphor		0	General Information:	In this chapter, Yahweh speaks to Babylon about her downfall as if she were a queen who is humiliated. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
ISA	47	1	qpl4	figs-parallelism		0	sit in the dust, virgin daughter of Babylon; sit on the ground … daughter of the Chaldeans.	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Sitting in the dust was a sign of humiliation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
ISA	47	1	u5gc	figs-metaphor		0	virgin daughter of Babylon … daughter of the Chaldeans	Both of these phrases refer to the city, Babylon, which is spoken of as if it were a daughter. That the city is a “daughter” indicates how people think fondly of her. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	47	1	iz8h	figs-metonymy		0	without a throne	Here “throne” refers to the power to rule. Alternate translation: “without the power to rule” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	47	1	v7zc	figs-activepassive		0	You will no longer be called dainty and delicate	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People will no longer call you dainty and delicate” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	47	1	gl3j	figs-doublet		0	dainty and delicate	These two words share similar meanings. They describe one who is beautiful and lives in luxury. Alternate translation: “very beautiful” or “very luxurious” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
ISA	47	2	xev9			0	millstone	a large stone used to grind grain
ISA	47	3	nic9	figs-metaphor		0		Yahweh continues to speak to Babylon about her downfall as if she were a queen who is humiliated. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
ISA	47	3	jf7c	figs-activepassive		0	Your nakedness will be uncovered	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “You will be naked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	47	3	g35e	figs-euphemism		0	your shame will be seen	Here the word “shame” is a euphemism for one’s private parts. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “people will see your shame” or “people will see your private parts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	47	4	w7a9	figs-exclusive		0	Our Redeemer	“Our” refers to Isaiah and the people of Israel. See how you translated “Redeemer” in [Isaiah 41:14](../41/14.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
ISA	47	4	l2cn			0	Yahweh of hosts	See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 1:24](../01/24.md).
ISA	47	4	eul3			0	Holy One of Israel	See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 5:16](../05/16.md).
ISA	47	5	m7ax			0	daughter of the Chaldeans	This phrase refers to the city, Babylon, which is spoken of as if it were a daughter. That the city is a “daughter” indicates how the Chaldeans think fondly of her. See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 47:1](../47/01.md).
ISA	47	5	h2qf	figs-activepassive		0	for you will no longer be called	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “for people will no longer call you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	47	5	zc1h	figs-metaphor		0	queen of kingdoms	Yahweh speaks of Babylon being the capital city of the Babylonian empire as if it were a queen who ruled many kingdoms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	47	6	x3uv	figs-metaphor		0		Yahweh continues to speak to Babylon about her downfall as if she were a queen who is humiliated. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
ISA	47	6	r3nq			0	I was angry	Here “I” refers to Yahweh.
ISA	47	6	nxq8	figs-metaphor		0	I defiled my heritage	Yahweh speaks of the people of Israel being his special possession as if they were his heritage or inheritance. Alternate translation: “I defiled my people, who are my special possession” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	47	6	f2rz	figs-metonymy		0	gave them over into your hand	Here the word “hand” represents Babylon’s power or control. Alternate translation: “I put them under your power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	47	6	b84q	figs-metaphor		0	you placed a very heavy yoke on the old people	Yahweh speaks of the Babylonians oppressing the old people as if they had treated the old people like cattle and put heavy yokes on their necks. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	47	7	d71w	figs-metaphor		0	I will rule forever as sovereign queen	Babylon speaks of permanently ruling over many nations as if she were a queen who would rule forever. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	47	7	ia5g	figs-metaphor		0	You did not take these things to heart	Yahweh speaks of thinking carefully about something as if it were placing that thing on one’s heart. Alternate translation: “You did not consider these things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	47	8	tb6u	figs-metaphor		0		Yahweh continues to speak to Babylon about her downfall as if she were a queen who is humiliated. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
ISA	47	8	s8dj			0	you who love pleasure	“you luxurious one.” This refers to the many luxuries that Babylon enjoyed.
ISA	47	8	k74f	figs-idiom		0	sit securely	This refers to Babylon’s false sense of security in thinking that she will never lose her position of wealth and honor. Alternate translation: “who think you are safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA	47	8	u9jp	figs-metaphor		0	I will never sit as a widow … loss of children	Babylon believing that other nations will never be able to conquer her is spoken of as if she will never become a widow or never have children die. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	47	8	h71w			0	I will never sit as a widow	“I will never become a widow”
ISA	47	9	nwu5			0	in a moment in one day	“suddenly at the same time”
ISA	47	10	eql9	figs-metaphor		0		Yahweh continues to speak to Babylon about her downfall as if she were a queen who is humiliated. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
ISA	47	10	f9kb	figs-metonymy		0	you say in your heart	Here the word “heart” refers to the inner person. Alternate translation: “you say to yourself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	47	11	k9al	figs-metaphor		0	Disaster will overcome you	Yahweh speaks of disaster as if it were a person who captures Babylon. Alternate translation: “You will experience disaster” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	47	11	j3z5	figs-metaphor		0	Destruction will fall on you	Yahweh speaks Babylon being destroyed as if destruction were an object that falls upon the city. Alternate translation: “You will experience destruction” or “Others will destroy you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	47	11	qe57	figs-metaphor		0	Calamity will strike you	Yahweh speaks of Babylon experiencing calamity as if calamity were a person who strikes Babylon. Alternate translation: “You will experience calamity” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	47	12	r46s	figs-metaphor		0		Yahweh continues to speak to Babylon about her downfall as if she were a queen who is humiliated. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
ISA	47	12	zg4g	figs-irony		0	Persist in casting your spells … perhaps you will scare away disaster	Yahweh mocks Babylon by telling her to continue to practice her sorcery to keep bad things away, but he knows that it will not help her. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
ISA	47	14	cm8n	figs-metaphor		0		Yahweh continues to speak to Babylon about her downfall as if she were a queen who is humiliated. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
ISA	47	14	v2fe	figs-simile		0	they will become like stubble. The fire will burn them up	Yahweh compares the magicians and sorcerers to straw that burns quickly in a fire. This means that Yahweh will destroy them as easily as fire burns stubble, and so they are powerless to save Babylon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	47	14	ktj7	figs-metonymy		0	the hand of the flame	Here the word “hand” represents strength. Alternate translation: “the power of the flame” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	47	14	z4mb			0	There are no coals to warm them and no fire for them to sit by	Yahweh emphasizes that this is a destructive fire by stating that it is not one that people will use to warm themselves.
ISA	48	intro	db3q			0		# Isaiah 48 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>### Yahweh and the false gods<br><br>This chapter is set up to compare Yahweh with various false Gods whom the Israelites worship. There really is no comparison between the two because Yahweh alone is God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Exile<br>Yahweh explains purpose behind the Jews exile in Babylon, even though it is still in the future. This emphasizes that Yahweh is much more powerful than the false gods.
ISA	48	1	kwr6			0	Hear this	“Listen to my message.” Yahweh is speaking.
ISA	48	1	ur9w	figs-metonymy		0	house of Jacob	Here “house” refers to the descendants of Jacob. Alternate translation: “descendants of Jacob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	48	1	y5hd	figs-activepassive		0	who are called by the name Israel	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “whom everyone calls the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	48	1	b8ht	figs-metaphor		0	have come from the sperm of Judah	This phrase emphasizes that they are the direct, physical descendants of Judah. Alternate translation: “are the descendants of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	48	1	nzc1			0	invoke the God of Israel	“call on the God of Israel”
ISA	48	2	lqn2	figs-123person		0	they call themselves	This refers to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “you call yourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
ISA	48	2	b2hj			0	the holy city	This refers to Jerusalem.
ISA	48	2	w8wb			0	Yahweh of hosts	See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md).
ISA	48	3	vsr3			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
ISA	48	3	bj46	figs-synecdoche		0	they came out from my mouth	“Mouth” refers to someone speaking. Alternate translation: “I spoke these things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	48	4	kh64	figs-simile		0	your neck muscles tight as iron, and your forehead like bronze	Yahweh compares the tightness of their neck muscles and the hardness of their foreheads to the hardness of iron and bronze. Here, to have a tight neck or a hard forehead is a metaphor that means the people are stubborn. Alternate translation: “it is as if your necks were iron and your heads were bronze” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	48	5	l31k	figs-parallelism		0	I declared these things to you beforehand; before they happened I informed you	This is saying the same thing twice for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	48	6	wn4y			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
ISA	48	6	vf8u	figs-rquestion		0	will you not admit what I said is true?	Yahweh uses a question to scold the people of Israel for not admitting what they should know is true. Alternate translation: “you are stubborn and will not admit what I said is true.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	48	8	ltp3			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
ISA	48	8	e9nm	figs-metaphor		0	these things were not unfolded to your ears beforehand	Yahweh speaks of explaining something as if it were unfolding it. The word “ears” represents the people who are listening. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I did not explain these things to you beforehand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	48	8	i9uv	figs-metaphor		0	from birth	Yahweh speaks of the nation’s beginning as if it were its birth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	48	9	l3mk			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
ISA	48	9	r5sr	figs-metonymy		0	For the sake of my name I will defer my anger	Here the word “name” refers to Yahweh’s reputation. Alternate translation: “For the sake of my reputation I will delay my anger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	48	9	l496	figs-parallelism		0	for my honor I will hold back from destroying you	This part of the sentence means basically the same thing as the first part. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	48	10	rn48	figs-metaphor		0	Look, I refined you, but not as silver; I have purified you in the furnace of affliction	Yahweh speaks of using affliction to purify his people as if they were precious metals and affliction were a furnace in which he refines them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	48	11	sf4g	figs-rquestion		0	for how can I allow my name to be profaned?	Yahweh uses a question to emphasize that he can never allow his own name to be dishonored. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “for I cannot allow anyone to profane my name.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	48	12	lbc9			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
ISA	48	12	q7py	figs-doublet		0	Jacob, and Israel	Both of these refer to the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	48	12	f7ei	figs-merism		0	I am the first, I also am the last	This phrase emphasizes Yahweh’s eternal nature. This could mean: (1) “I am the one who began all things, and I am the one who ends all things” or (2) “I am the one who has always lived, and I am the one who always will live.” See how you translated a similar phrase in [Isaiah 44:6](../44/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
ISA	48	13	x9pc	figs-synecdoche		0	my hand laid the foundation of the earth, and my right hand spread out the heavens	Here “hand” refers to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “I laid the foundation of the earth, and I spread out the heavens” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	48	13	a1fq			0	the foundation of the earth	The word “foundation” normally refers to a stone structure that gives support to a building from underneath. Here it describes a similar structure that was thought to support and hold the earth in place. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 24:18](../24/18.md).
ISA	48	13	u4il	figs-metaphor		0	spread out the heavens	Yahweh speaks of creating the heavens as if they were fabric which Yahweh stretched out. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Isaiah 42:5](../42/05.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	48	13	rx2t	figs-metaphor		0	when I call to them, they stand up together	Standing up when Yahweh calls is a metaphor for being ready to obey him. Yahweh speaks of the earth and the heavens as if they were able to hear him and obey him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
ISA	48	13	x82p			0	when I call to them	This could mean: (1) “when I call the earth and the heavens” or (2) “when I call the stars in the heavens.”
ISA	48	14	b3gm			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
ISA	48	14	ery6	figs-rquestion		0	Who among you has announced these things?	Yahweh uses a question to emphasize that the idols have not told them these things. Alternate translation: “None of your idols has told this to you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	48	14	fb8g	figs-parallelism		0	Yahweh’s ally will accomplish his purpose against Babylon. He will carry out Yahweh’s will against the Chaldeans	Here “ally” refers to Cyrus. Both of these sentences mean the same thing and are used for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	48	14	iq1y			0	his purpose	“Yahweh’s purpose”
ISA	48	15	u3l4	figs-doublet		0	I, I	The word “I” is repeated for emphasis. Alternate translation: “I myself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
ISA	48	16	h55k			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
ISA	48	16	q1tx	figs-doublenegatives		0	I have not spoken in secret	This can be expressed positively. Alternate translation: “I have spoken plainly and clearly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
ISA	48	16	w6nj			0	sent me	Here “me” refers to an unknown servant of Yahweh, maybe Isaiah or Cyrus or the promised Messiah.
ISA	48	17	x4pq	figs-you		0	your Redeemer … your God	Here “your” refers to the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
ISA	48	17	p3n4			0	Redeemer	See how you translated this word in [Isaiah 41:14](../41/14.md).
ISA	48	17	r13i			0	Holy One of Israel	See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 1:4](../01/04.md).
ISA	48	17	zn3h	figs-metaphor		0	who leads you by the way that you should go	Yahweh teaching the people how they should live is spoken of as if he were leading them to walk on the correct paths. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	48	18	jb34	figs-hypo		0	If only you had obeyed my commandments	Yahweh describes something that could have happened but did not. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
ISA	48	18	ge2j	figs-metaphor		0	Then your peace and prosperity would have flowed like a river, and your salvation like the waves of the sea	These two phrases share similar meanings. In both, Yahweh speaks of Israel’s experiencing abundant blessings as if those blessings flowed like water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	48	18	abl9	figs-ellipsis		0	your salvation like the waves of the sea	The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “your salvation would have flowed like the waves of the sea” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
ISA	48	19	f9ug			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues describing a hypothetical situation to the people of Israel.
ISA	48	19	ysr5	figs-parallelism		0	Your descendants would have been as numerous as the sand, and the children from your womb as numerous as the grains of sand	These both mean that the people would have had more descendants than they could count. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	48	19	tp31	figs-metaphor		0	the children from your womb	Yahweh speaks of the descendants of the people of Israel as if they were children to which the nation gives birth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	48	19	yjm7	figs-metonymy		0	their name would not have been cut off nor blotted out	The people of Israel being destroyed is spoken of as if their name had been cut off, as one would cut a piece of cloth or cut a branch from a tree, or blotted out. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “I would not have cut off nor blotted out their name” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	48	19	icj1	figs-metonymy		0	their name	Here the word “name” refers to the descendants who would carry on the name of Israel. Alternate translation: “they” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	48	19	w43e	figs-doublet		0	cut off nor blotted out	These two expressions in this context refer to destroying the people. Alternate translation: “destroyed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
ISA	48	20	na7u			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
ISA	48	20	lf27	figs-metaphor		0	to the ends of the earth	The places on the earth that are very far away are spoken of as if they were the places where the earth ends. This phrase also forms a merism and refers to everywhere in between the ends. Alternate translation: “to all the farthest places of the earth” or “to the entire earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
ISA	48	20	kr2r	figs-metonymy		0	his servant Jacob	This refers to the descendants of Jacob. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel, his servants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	48	21	pw4g			0	They did not thirst … the waters gushed out	This refers to an event in the history of the people of Israel when Yahweh took care of them while they lived in the desert after escaping Egypt.
ISA	49	intro	j3n4			0		# Isaiah 49 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>Many scholars believe that there are four songs or poems which Isaiah records about the Messiah. Isaiah 49:1-6 is the second of these songs. They are often called the “servant songs” because they focus on the Messiah being a servant. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### A day of salvation<br>It is unclear if this is a reference to the gospel proclaimed by the Messiah or to the day of restoration of all things. The translator should not try to explain its reference to the reader. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/goodnews]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]])
ISA	49	1	pv8e			0	Listen to me	Here “me” refers to Yahweh’s servant.
ISA	49	1	wr47	figs-metonymy		0	you coastlands	This refers to the people who live on the coastlands. Alternate translation: “you who live on the coastlands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	49	2	wz7q	figs-metonymy		0	He has made my mouth like a sharp sword	Here the word “mouth” represents the words that he speaks. His words are compared to a sharp sword to emphasize that they will be effective. Alternate translation: “He has made my words as effective as a sharp sword” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	49	2	cz3k	figs-metaphor		0	he hid me in the shadow of his hand	Yahweh protecting his servant and keeping his purpose secret is spoken of as if Yahweh’s hand cast a shadow over him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	49	2	uz4m	figs-metaphor		0	he has made me into a polished arrow; in his quiver he has hidden me	Yahweh’s servant being able to carry out Yahweh’s purposes effectively is spoken of as if the servant were a sharp, new arrow. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	49	2	py5e	figs-metaphor		0	in his quiver he has hidden me	Yahweh protecting his servant and keeping his purpose secret is spoken of as if Yahweh kept him hidden in a quiver. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	49	2	kax8			0	quiver	a case used to carry arrows
ISA	49	3	ka59			0	General Information:	Yahweh’s servant continues speaking.
ISA	49	3	l2za			0	He said	“Yahweh said”
ISA	49	3	uwn2			0	You are my servant, Israel	“You are my servant, whom I call Israel”
ISA	49	5	x2r8			0	General Information:	Yahweh’s servant continues speaking.
ISA	49	5	ic46	figs-activepassive		0	that Israel would be gathered to him	This part of the sentence means the same as the part before it. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “to bring the people of Israel back to himself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	49	5	p83j	figs-metaphor		0	I am honored in the eyes of Yahweh	The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has honored me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	49	6	n48v	figs-metaphor		0	I will make you a light to the Gentiles	The servant bringing Yahweh’s message to the Gentiles and helping them to understand it is spoken of as if Yahweh made the servant a light that shines among the Gentiles. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Isaiah 42:6](../42/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	49	6	v7h2	figs-metaphor		0	to the ends of the earth	The places on the earth that are very far away are spoken of as if they were the places where the earth ends. This phrase also forms a merism and refers to everywhere in between the ends. AT “to all the farthest places of the earth” or “to the entire earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
ISA	49	7	u1wg			0	Redeemer	See how you translated this word in [Isaiah 41:14](../41/14.md).
ISA	49	7	qz3u	figs-activepassive		0	to the one whose life is despised, hated by the nations, and a slave of rulers	Here the word “life” represents the person. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “to the one whom people despised, whom the nations hated and held as slaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	49	7	ec8d			0	Holy One of Israel	See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 1:4](../01/04.md).
ISA	49	8	j5i7	figs-parallelism		0	At a time I decide to show my favor I will answer you, and in a day of salvation I will help you	These two clauses mean basically the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	49	8	k1c2			0	I will answer you	Here “you” refers to Yahweh’s servant.
ISA	49	8	x79w	figs-abstractnouns		0	in a day of salvation	The word “salvation” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “when the time comes for me to save you” (See:[[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA	49	8	l69w	figs-metonymy		0	give you as a covenant for the people	Here the word “covenant” is a metonym for the one who establishes or mediates a covenant. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Isaiah 42:6](../42/06.md). Alternate translation: “make you be the mediator of a covenant with the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	49	8	p7as	figs-metonymy		0	to rebuild the land	Here the word “land” represents the cities in the land that had been destroyed. Alternate translation: “to rebuild the ruined places in the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	49	8	d3pr	figs-metaphor		0	to reassign the desolate inheritance	Yahweh speaks of the land as if it were an inheritance that the people of Israel received as a permanent possession. It is implied that the servant is to reassign the land to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “to reassign the desolate land to the people of Israel as their inheritance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	49	9	c25s			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to his servant.
ISA	49	9	zkr5	figs-metaphor		0	They will graze along the roads, and on all the bare slopes will be their pasture	Yahweh speaks of the people living freely and prosperously as if they were sheep that had plenty of pasture in which to graze. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	49	10	sqc7			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking.
ISA	49	10	qew7			0	They will not	Here “they” refers to God’s people.
ISA	49	10	pc41	figs-hendiadys		0	nor will the heat or sun beat on them	Here the word “heat” describes the word “sun.” The people suffering from the sun’s heat is spoken of as if the heat struck them. Alternate translation: “nor will they suffer from the sun’s heat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	49	10	j8sr	figs-123person		0	for he who has mercy on them … he will guide them	Yahweh speaks of himself in the third person. He speaks of protecting the people and caring for them as if he were their shepherd. Alternate translation: “I, the one who has mercy on them … I will guide them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	49	11	y1fv	figs-metaphor		0	I will make all my mountains into a road, and make my highways level	Yahweh speaks of guiding his people safely and removing obstacles from their path as if he turned mountains into roads and level highways. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	49	12	xd2x	translate-names		0	the land of Sinim	The location of this place is uncertain, but it may refer to a region in the southern part of Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	49	13	y77d	figs-apostrophe		0	Sing, heavens, and be joyful, earth; break into singing, you mountains!	Isaiah turns his attention from the people of Israel and speaks to the heavens, earth, and mountains as if they were people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
ISA	49	14	hil4	figs-personification		0	But Zion said	The word “Zion” is another name for Jerusalem. Isaiah speaks of the city as if it were a woman who complains that Yahweh has forgotten her. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
ISA	49	15	sx95	figs-rquestion		0	Can a woman forget her baby, nursing at her breast, so she does not have compassion on the son she has borne?	Yahweh uses a question to help his people understand that he will never forget about them or stop caring for them. Alternate translation: “A woman would not forget her nursing baby or stop caring for the son she bore.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	49	16	f8l6	figs-personification		0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to Zion. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
ISA	49	16	z9g7	figs-metaphor		0	I have inscribed your name on my palms	Yahweh speaks of his unwavering devotion to Zion as if he had written her name on the palms of his hands. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	49	16	fmu4	figs-metaphor		0	your walls are continually before me	Yahweh speaks of always thinking about Zion as if her walls were always before him. The word “walls” is a metonym for the city. Alternate translation: “I am continually thinking about your walls” or “I am always thinking about you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	49	17	i85i	figs-metaphor		0	Your children are hurrying back	Yahweh speaks of the people who are returning to live in Jerusalem as if they were the city’s children. Alternate translation: “Your inhabitants are hurrying back” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	49	18	r9kr	figs-metaphor		0	you will surely wear them like jewelry, and you will put them on like a bride	Yahweh speaks of the inhabitants of Zion as if they were jewelry that the city wears to show her beauty and joy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	49	18	ha7m	figs-ellipsis		0	you will put them on like a bride	The last part of the phrase can be clarified from the previous line. Alternate translation: “you will put them on, like a bride wears jewelry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
ISA	49	19	e1i6	figs-personification		0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to Zion as if it were a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
ISA	49	19	y3yt	figs-doublet		0	Though you were a waste and desolate	The words “a waste” and “desolate” mean basically the same thing and emphasize that the enemy has destroyed Zion and left it empty. Alternate translation: “Though you were completely desolate” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
ISA	49	19	ppl1	figs-metaphor		0	those who devoured you	The enemy destroying Zion is spoken of as if they had devoured it. Alternate translation: “those who destroyed you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	49	20	th6g	figs-metaphor		0	The children born during the time of your bereavement	Yahweh speaks of the time when the people of Jerusalem were in exile as if the city was bereaved of her children. Those who were born while the people were in exile are spoken of as the city’s children. Alternate translation: “Those who will inhabit you, who were born while the people were in exile” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	49	20	u1bw			0	The place is too cramped for us	This means that there will be so many people that the city will be too small for them all to live in it.
ISA	49	21	bh2w	figs-personification		0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to Zion as if it were a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
ISA	49	21	pik2	figs-metaphor		0	Who has borne these children for me?	Zion speaks of the people who are returning to inhabit the city as if those people were her children. Zion’s question expresses her surprise that so many children now belong to her. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	49	21	ppt4	figs-metaphor		0	I was bereaved and barren, exiled and divorced	Zion describes herself as a woman incapable of having more children. She indicates the reasons for her great surprise. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	49	21	y88k			0	I was bereaved and barren	“I was mourning over my dead children and unable to have more”
ISA	49	21	k6i8			0	exiled and divorced	“I was sent away, without a husband”
ISA	49	21	h2kt	figs-rquestion		0	Who has raised these children? Look, I was left all alone; where did these come from?	Again, Zion uses questions to expresses her surprise. Alternate translation: “Look, I was left all alone; now all of these children that I did not raise have come to me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	49	22	d1yu	figs-personification		0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to Zion as if it were a woman. He explains how she is able to have so many children. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
ISA	49	22	wx99	figs-parallelism		0	I will raise my hand to the nations; I will raise my signal flag to the peoples	These two clauses mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “I will raise my hand and signal with a flag for the people of the nations to come” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	49	22	ps5y	figs-metaphor		0	They will bring your sons in their arms and carry your daughters on their shoulders	Yahweh speaks of the people who will inhabit Jerusalem as if they were the city’s children. He also speaks of the people of other nations helping the Israelites to return to Jerusalem as if they were carrying the Israelites. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	49	23	xx8n	figs-personification		0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to Zion as if it were a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
ISA	49	23	q6dc	figs-metaphor		0	Kings will be your foster fathers, and their queens your nursemaids	Yahweh speaks of the people who will inhabit Zion as if they were the city’s children. The terms “foster fathers” and “nursemaids” refer to men and women who become responsible for the care of children. Alternate translation: “The kings and queens of other nations will provide for your inhabitants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	49	23	w8ev			0	they will bow down to you with their faces to the earth and lick the dust of your feet	These phrases describe gestures that people used to express complete submission to a superior.
ISA	49	23	fx8v	figs-idiom		0	lick the dust of your feet	This could mean: (1) that this is a literal expression of submission where the person licks the dust off of a superior’s foot or from the ground at the superior’s foot or (2) that this is an idiom that describes a person prostrating himself before a superior. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA	49	23	j5gn	figs-activepassive		0	will not be put to shame	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “will not be ashamed” or “will not be disappointed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	49	24	nrw9	figs-personification		0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to Zion as if it were a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
ISA	49	24	w2vc	figs-rquestion		0	Can the spoils be taken from the warrior, or captives be rescued from the fierce?	Isaiah uses a question to express the difficulty of taking anything from a mighty soldier or a very strong warrior. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “A person cannot take the spoils from a warrior or rescue captives from fierce soldiers.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	49	24	c5s2			0	spoils	valuable items taken from the losers in a battle
ISA	49	25	kqr1	figs-activepassive		0	the captives will be taken away from the warrior, and spoils will be rescued	Yahweh says that he will do what is usually impossible for people to do. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will take the captives from the warrior, and I will rescue the spoils” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	49	25	zzu8	figs-metaphor		0	I will … save your children	Yahweh speaks of the people who will inhabit Zion as if they were the city’s children. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	49	26	mu96			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to Zion as if it were a person.
ISA	49	26	qp7y	figs-metaphor		0	I will feed your oppressors with their own flesh	This could mean: (1) the oppressors will be so hungry that they will eat the flesh of their friends who have died. Alternate translation: “I will cause your oppressors to eat their own flesh” or (2) Yahweh speaks of the oppressors fighting against and destroying themselves as if they were eating themselves. Alternate translation: “I will cause your oppressors to destroy themselves, as if they were eating their own flesh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	49	26	l5ym	figs-metaphor		0	they will get drunk on their own blood, as if it were wine	This could mean: (1) the oppressors will be so thirsty that they drink the blood of their friends who have died. Alternate translation: “they will drink their friends’ blood and be like weak people who are drunk on wine” or (2) Yahweh speaks of the oppressors fighting against and destroying themselves as if they were drinking their own blood. Alternate translation: “they will shed so much of their friends’ blood that it will be as though they were getting drunk with wine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	50	intro	w2ie			0		# Isaiah 50 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>Many scholars believe that there are four songs or poems which Isaiah records about the Messiah. Isaiah 50:4-9 is the third of these songs. They are often called the “servant songs” because they focus on the Messiah being a servant. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Rhetorical Questions<br>There are many rhetorical questions in this chapter. These questions prove Yahweh’s point and are intended to convince the readers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	50	1	ca66	figs-metaphor		0	Where is the certificate of divorce with which I divorced your mother?	Yahweh speaks of Zion as if the city were the mother of the people who lived there and of sending the people into exile as if he were divorcing their mother. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	50	1	dz6i	figs-rquestion		0	Where is the certificate of divorce with which I divorced your mother?	Yahweh asks this rhetorical question so that the people would produce “the certificate of divorce,” which would provide the reason Yahweh sent them into exile. Alternate translation: “Show me the certificate of divorce with which I divorced your mother.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	50	1	wz9n	figs-metaphor		0	To which of my creditors did I sell you?	Yahweh speaks of sending the people into exile as if he were selling them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	50	1	krc1	figs-rquestion		0	To which of my creditors did I sell you?	Yahweh asks this question to emphasize that he did not sell them because he owed a debt to a creditor. It is implied that this is what the people had thought. Alternate translation: “I did not sell you because I owed a debt to someone.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	50	1	k7at	figs-metaphor		0	you were sold because of your sins, and because of your rebellion, your mother was sent away	Yahweh gives the reason for sending the people into exile, which he speaks of as if he had sold them and divorced their mother. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I sold you because of your sins, and I divorced your mother because of your rebellion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	50	2	ait1			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
ISA	50	2	ie1n	figs-parallelism		0	Why did I come but there was no one there? Why did I call but no one answered?	These two sentences mean basically the same thing. Yahweh uses questions to emphasize that the people are in exile because they did not respond to him, not because he was unwilling to save them. Alternate translation: “When I came to you, you should have been there, but you were not. When I called you, you should have answered, but you did not.” or “When I came to speak to you, you did not respond to me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	50	2	s2sd	figs-parallelism		0	Was my hand too short to ransom you? Was there no power in me to rescue you?	Yahweh uses two similar questions to rebuke the people for believing that he was not strong enough to rescue them. Alternate translation: “My hand was certainly not too short for me to ransom you, and I had the power to rescue you!” or “I certainly have the power to rescue you from your enemies.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	50	2	cv6g	figs-metonymy		0	Was my hand too short	Here the word “hand” represents Yahweh’s power. Yahweh not being strong enough is spoken of as if his hand were short. Alternate translation: “Was I not strong enough” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	50	2	lz41			0	Was there no power in me	“Did I not have the power”
ISA	50	2	cl62	figs-metaphor		0	I make the rivers a desert	Yahweh speaks of drying up the rivers as if he were turning them into a desert. Alternate translation: “I make the rivers as dry as a desert” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	50	2	d3r6			0	their fish die for lack of water and rot	“their fish die and rot for lack of water.” The word “their” refers to the sea and the rivers.
ISA	50	3	y7n5	figs-metaphor		0	I clothe the sky with darkness; I cover it with sackcloth	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Yahweh speaks of causing the sky to become dark as if he were clothing it with sackcloth. Alternate translation: “I make the sky dark, as if it were wearing dark sackcloth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	50	4	ww6d			0	General Information:	Yahweh’s servant begins to speak.
ISA	50	4	ahs2	figs-metonymy		0	The Lord Yahweh has given me a tongue as one of those who are taught	The word “tongue” represents what he says. This could mean: (1) Yahweh has enabled him to speak as one who has learned to speak skillfully. Alternate translation: “The Lord Yahweh has enabled me to be a skillful speaker” or (2) Yahweh has taught him what to say. Alternate translation: “The Lord Yahweh has enabled me to speak what he has taught me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	50	4	zzf8	figs-synecdoche		0	he awakens my ear to hear	Here “my ear” refers to Yahweh’s servant. Yahweh enabling him to hear and understand what Yahweh teaches him is spoken of as if Yahweh awakened his ear from sleep. Alternate translation: “he has enabled me to understand what he says” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	50	4	v3ta	figs-simile		0	like those who are taught	The servant compares himself with a student who learns from his teacher. This could mean: (1) “like one who learns from his teacher” or (2) “like one whom he has taught” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	50	5	m5ss			0	General Information:	The servant of Yahweh continues speaking.
ISA	50	5	z5m7	figs-metaphor		0	The Lord Yahweh has opened my ear	Yahweh enabling his servant to hear and understand is spoken of as if Yahweh opened his ear. Alternate translation: “The Lord Yahweh has enabled me to hear and understand him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	50	5	hk16	figs-parallelism		0	I was not rebellious, nor did I turn away backward	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Disobeying what Yahweh said is spoken of as if it were turning one’s back toward him. This can be stated in positive terms. Alternate translation: “I obeyed what he said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	50	6	f2mw	figs-metaphor		0	I gave my back to those who beat me, and my cheeks to those who plucked out my beard	Allowing people to beat him and pluck out his beard is spoken of as if it were giving his back and cheeks to them. Alternate translation: “I allowed people to beat me on my back and to pluck out my beard from my cheeks” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	50	6	s9l3	figs-synecdoche		0	I did not hide my face from acts of shame and spitting	Hiding one’s face means to protect oneself. Alternate translation: “I did not defend myself when they mocked me and spat on me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	50	7	h78s			0	General Information:	Yahweh’s servant continues speaking.
ISA	50	7	e3bh	figs-activepassive		0	therefore I am not disgraced	Even though the servant has been mistreated, he will not be ashamed because he has obeyed Yahweh. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “therefore I will not be ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	50	7	y168	figs-synecdoche		0	so I have made my face like flint	Here “my face” refers to the servant. The servant being steadfastly determined to obey Yahweh is spoken of as if his face were as hard as flint. Alternate translation: “so I am absolutely determined” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	50	7	di16	figs-activepassive		0	for I know that I will not be put to shame	The servant looks to the future with confidence, secure in Yahweh’s calling. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “for I know that my enemies will not be able to make me feel shame” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	50	8	bbf6			0	General Information:	Yahweh’s servant continues speaking.
ISA	50	8	fkm8	figs-rquestion		0	Who will oppose me? Let us stand … Who is my accuser? Let him come	The servant uses these questions to emphasize that there is no one who can legitimately accuse him of wrong. Alternate translation: “If anyone would oppose me, let us stand … If anyone would accuse me, let him come” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	50	9	ti2t	figs-rquestion		0	Who will declare me guilty?	The servant uses this question to assert that no one can declare him guilty. Alternate translation: “There is no one who can declare me guilty.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	50	9	yj3u	figs-metaphor		0	they will all wear out like a garment; the moth will eat them up	There being no one left to accuse the servant of being guilty is spoken of as if the accusers were garments that wear thin and are eaten by moths. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	50	10	r1ep			0	General Information:	The servant continues speaking to the people of Israel.
ISA	50	10	mki5	figs-rquestion		0	Who among you fears Yahweh? Who obeys the voice of his servant? Who walks in deep darkness without light? He should … his God.	The servant uses these questions to identify those to whom he is speaking. Alternate translation: “If someone among you fears Yahweh and obeys the voice of his servant, but he walks in deep darkness without light, then he should … his God.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	50	10	k89u	figs-metonymy		0	obeys the voice of his servant	Here the word “voice” represents what the servant says. Alternate translation: “obeys his servant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	50	10	v35n	figs-metaphor		0	walks in deep darkness without light	The servant speaks of people who are suffering and feel helpless as if they were walking in a very dark place. Alternate translation: “is suffering and feels helpless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	50	10	kt5t	figs-parallelism		0	trust in the name of Yahweh and lean on his God	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Here the word “name” represents Yahweh himself. Trusting in God is spoken of as if it were leaning on him. Alternate translation: “trust in Yahweh, his God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	50	11	w57f	figs-metaphor		0	all you who light fires … flames that you have ignited	This continues the metaphor from the previous verse of people who walk in darkness. Here people who try to live according to their own wisdom instead of trusting in Yahweh are spoken of as if they lit their own fires and carried about torches in order to see in the dark. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	50	11	ftd9	figs-euphemism		0	You will lie down in a place of pain	Here to “lie down” refers to dying. Dying painfully is spoken of as if it were lying down in a place where they will experience pain. Alternate translation: “You will die with great suffering” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	51	intro	lu7c			0		# Isaiah 51 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Rhetorical Questions<br>There are many rhetorical questions in this chapter. These questions prove Yahweh’s point and are intended to convince the readers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])<br><br>### Awake<br>In this chapter the author uses sleeping as a metaphor for sin. The people are told to “awake,” meaning they are to repent and return to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]])
ISA	51	1	amf7			0	Listen to me	Here the word “me” refers to Yahweh.
ISA	51	1	uux8	figs-metaphor		0	look at the rock … and to the quarry	Looking at something represents thinking about it. Alternate translation: “think about the rock … and the quarry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	51	1	xs1b	figs-metaphor		0	the rock from which you were chiseled and to the quarry from which you were cut	God speaks of the nation of Israel as if it were a building made of stones and as if their ancestors were a rock or quarry from which God cut them. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “your ancestors, who are like a rock from which you were chiseled and a quarry from which you were cut” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	51	1	c1ct	figs-activepassive		0	the rock from which you were chiseled	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the rock from which I chiseled you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	51	1	p5bj			0	chiseled	“cut with a chisel” or “cut”
ISA	51	1	hik7	figs-activepassive		0	the quarry from which you were cut	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the quarry from which I cut you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	51	2	hqq2			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
ISA	51	2	g6rc	figs-metonymy		0	Abraham, your father	God speaks of their ancestor as if he were their father. Alternate translation: “Abraham, your forefather” or “Abraham, your ancestor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	51	2	tb8v	figs-metonymy		0	Sarah, who bore you	God speaks of Abraham’s wife as if she were their mother and had given birth to them. Alternate translation: “Abraham’s wife, Sarah, of whom you are all descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	51	2	sx5w	figs-explicit		0	when he was a lone individual	This means when he did not have any children yet. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “when he had no children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	51	2	n1fl	figs-metonymy		0	made him many	God speaks of Abraham’s descendants being many as if Abraham were many. Alternate translation: “made his descendants many” or “made him have many descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	51	3	s9mz	figs-metonymy		0	Yahweh will comfort Zion	The city of Zion, which is also called Jerusalem, here represents the people of Zion. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will comfort the people of Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	51	3	cg58	figs-metonymy		0	he will comfort all her waste places	Here “waste places” represents the people who live in those desolate areas. Alternate translation: “he will comfort the people who live in all her waste places” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	51	3	puy1	figs-personification		0	her waste places … her wilderness … her desert plains	The word “her” refers to Zion. Cities are often spoken of as if they were women. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
ISA	51	3	v86m			0	waste places	places that have been destroyed
ISA	51	3	s4bj	figs-parallelism		0	her wilderness he made like Eden, and her desert plains … like the garden of Yahweh	These phrases mean that God will make the empty places in Israel beautiful. In prophecy, events that will happen in the future are often described as being in the past. This emphasizes that they will certainly happen. Alternate translation: “he will make her wilderness like Eden and her desert plains … like the garden of Yahweh (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
ISA	51	3	mwq3	figs-doublet		0	joy and gladness will be found in her	Joy and gladness mean the same thing. Being found there represents being there. Alternate translation: “there will be joy and gladness in Zion again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	51	4	yie3			0	General Information:	Yahweh speaks to the people of Israel.
ISA	51	4	r699	figs-parallelism		0	Be attentive to me … listen to me	These two phrases mean the same thing. Together they strengthen the command to listen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	51	4	lwr6	figs-metaphor		0	I will make my justice to be a light for the nations	Here God’s justice represents his law, and a light represents knowledge of what is right. This means the people of the nations will understand and obey God’s law. Alternate translation: “my law will teach the nations what is right” or “the nations will know my law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	51	5	tw5t	figs-metaphor		0	My righteousness is near	The idea of “near” represents “soon.” God’s righteousness being near represents him soon showing his righteousness. He will do this by fulfilling his promises and saving people. Alternate translation: “I will soon show my righteousness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	51	5	g33w	figs-metaphor		0	my salvation will go out	God speaks of saving people as if his salvation were a thing that could go out to them. Alternate translation: “I will save people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	51	5	m98k	figs-metonymy		0	my arm will judge the nations	Here God’s arm represents his power, and judging represents ruling. Alternate translation: “I will rule the nations with my power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	51	5	lfq1	figs-metonymy		0	the coastlands	This refers to the people who live on the coasts of distant lands across the sea. Alternate translation: “the people who live on the coastlands” or “the people who live in the lands across the sea” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	51	5	nf7a	figs-metonymy		0	for my arm they will eagerly wait	Here God’s arm represents what he will do. Here it refers to him saving people. Alternate translation: “they will eagerly wait for me to do something” or “they will eagerly wait for me to save them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	51	6	w2kt			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
ISA	51	6	qs6h	figs-metaphor		0	Lift up your eyes to the sky	Lifting the eyes represents looking at something above. Alternate translation: “Look up at the sky” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	51	6	d7zs	figs-simile		0	like smoke … like a garment … like flies	All of these refer to things that quickly and easily disappear or become useless. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	51	6	qh98	figs-metonymy		0	my salvation will continue forever	God’s “salvation” here represents the result of his salvation, which is freedom. Alternate translation: “I will save you, you will be free forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	51	6	s7yc	figs-metonymy		0	my righteousness will never stop working	God’s “righteousness” here represents him ruling righteously. Alternate translation: “my righteous rule will never end” or “I will rule righteously forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	51	7	x85p			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
ISA	51	7	xj59	figs-metaphor		0	who have my law in your heart	Having God’s law in the heart represents knowing God’s law and wanting to obey it. Alternate translation: “who know and honor my law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	51	7	bh59	figs-activepassive		0	nor be disheartened by their abuse	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “and do not lose your courage when they hurt you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	51	8	n35v	figs-metaphor		0	For the moth will eat them up like a garment, and the worm will eat them like wool	God speaks of people who abuse those who are righteous as if they were wool garments, and of their being destroyed as if insects ate them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	51	8	zf7f	figs-metonymy		0	my righteousness will be forever	God’s “righteousness” here represents him ruling righteously. Alternate translation: “my righteous rule will be forever” or “I will rule righteously forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	51	8	s8ph	figs-metonymy		0	and my salvation to all generations	God’s “salvation” here represents the result of his salvation, which is freedom. Being “to all generations” represents lasting forever. Alternate translation: “I will save you, and you will be free forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	51	9	jyd6	figs-personification		0	Awake, awake, clothe yourself with strength, arm of Yahweh	People urgently ask Yahweh’s arm to help them as if his arm were a person. If it would be odd to speak to the arm, this can be addressed directly to Yahweh instead. Alternate translation: “Awake, awake, Yahweh, and clothe your arm with strength” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
ISA	51	9	hn8n	figs-synecdoche		0	Awake, awake … arm of Yahweh	People speak as if Yahweh’s arm were asleep because it has not been helping them. Here the “arm of Yahweh” represents Yahweh, specifically him helping people. The word “Awake” is repeated to show that they need God’s help urgently. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
ISA	51	9	ms86	figs-metaphor		0	clothe yourself with strength	Strength is spoken of as if it were some kind of clothing that people would wear to strengthen themselves in battle. Alternate translation: “make yourself strong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	51	9	ff4z	figs-rquestion		0	Is it not you who crushed Rahab, you who pierced the monster?	The speaker uses a question to emphasize Yahweh’s power to do mighty things. Alternate translation: “It is you who crushed Rahab, you who pierced the monster.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	51	9	rg6x	figs-parallelism		0	Rahab … the monster	Rahab was the name of this mythological serpent in the sea. Rahab can symbolize either the nation of Egypt or evil and chaos. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	51	10	auk6	figs-rquestion		0	Did you not dry up the sea … for the redeemed to pass through?	Again, the speaker uses questions to emphasize Yahweh’s power to do mighty things. This refers to Yahweh opening the Red Sea for the Israelites to cross and escape the army of Egypt. Alternate translation: “You dried up the sea … for the redeemed to pass through.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	51	11	vt9l			0	General Information:	This is very similar to [Isaiah 35:10](../35/10.md).
ISA	51	11	f427	figs-nominaladj		0	The ransomed of Yahweh	To “ransom” means to “rescue.” This refers to people whom Yahweh has rescued. Alternate translation: “Those whom Yahweh has rescued” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
ISA	51	11	r918	figs-synecdoche		0	with gladness forever on their heads	This uses a person’s head to mean the person as a whole. Alternate translation: “they will be glad forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	51	11	ew9a	figs-doublet		0	gladness and joy … sorrow and mourning	The words “gladness” and “joy” mean basically the same thing, as do “sorrow” and “mourning.” Together they emphasize the intensity of these emotions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
ISA	51	11	r6hp	figs-personification		0	gladness and joy will overtake them	This speaks of the people being overwhelmed by gladness and joy by giving these emotions the human quality of being able to overtake someone. Alternate translation: “they will be overwhelmed by joy and gladness” or “they will be extremely glad and joyful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
ISA	51	11	b5dr	figs-personification		0	sorrow and mourning will flee away	This speaks of the people no longer being sorrowful and mourning by speaking of these emotions as if they could run away. Alternate translation: “they will no longer be sorrowful and mourning” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
ISA	51	12	r4xy			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
ISA	51	12	x91f			0	I, I, am he	The word “I” is repeated for emphasis. If this is unnatural in your language, the repetition does not need to be used. Alternate translation: “I am he”
ISA	51	12	rzu7	figs-rquestion		0	Why are you afraid of men … like grass?	This rhetorical question emphasizes that people who have the Lord’s protection should not be afraid of human beings. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “Do not be afraid of men … like grass.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	51	12	rjp1	figs-simile		0	who are made like grass	This phrase compares men to grass to emphasize that their lives are short and that they die quickly. Alternate translation: “who live and die quickly like grass” or “who will wither and disappear like grass” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	51	12	q2ck	figs-activepassive		0	who are made like	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “who are like” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	51	13	mp7z			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
ISA	51	13	ht5l	figs-rquestion		0	Why have you forgotten Yahweh … earth?	Yahweh uses a question to emphasize that they should not forget Yahweh. This may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “You should not have forgotten Yahweh … earth.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	51	13	q4ec			0	Maker	See how you translated this name for Yahweh in [Isaiah 17:7](../17/07.md).
ISA	51	13	ysh5	figs-metaphor		0	who stretched out the heavens	“who spread out the sky.” This speaks of Yahweh having created the heavens as if he had stretched them out in the same way one would stretch out a large garment. Alternate translation: “who stretched out the heavens like a garment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	51	13	nx9y			0	the foundations of the earth	The word “foundation” normally refers to a stone structure that gives support to a building from underneath. Here it describes a similar structure that was thought to support and hold the earth in place. See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 24:18](../24/18.md).
ISA	51	13	e7k3			0	the hot fury of the oppressor when he decides to destroy	“the oppressor’s hot fury when he decides to cause destruction”
ISA	51	13	mu4c	figs-idiom		0	hot fury	Here the word “hot” means “strong” or “great.” Alternate translation: “great fury” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA	51	13	f7jc	figs-rquestion		0	Where is the fury of the oppressor?	Yahweh uses a question to emphasize that the people should not fear those who want to oppress them. Their oppressors are no longer a threat to them. This may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “The fury of the oppressor is not a threat!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	51	14	n7t8			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
ISA	51	14	wg9n	figs-metonymy		0	The one who is bent down	This refers to the people of Israel who are slaves of the Babylonians. This phrase describes how they work. Alternate translation: “The slave” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	51	14	kmy1	figs-metonymy		0	the pit	This refers to Sheol. Alternate translation: “the pit of Sheol” or “the grave” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	51	14	y1k4	figs-synecdoche		0	nor will he lack bread	Here “bread” represents food in general. This can be written in positive form. Alternate translation: “nor will he be without food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	51	15	i14u	figs-metaphor		0	who churns up the sea	This speaks of Yahweh causing the sea to move and the waves to rise and fall as if he were stirring the sea as one stirs the contents of a bowl with a large spoon. Alternate translation: “who causes the sea to churn” or “who makes the sea move up and down” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	51	15	mi1u			0	Yahweh of hosts	See how you translated this name for Yahweh in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md).
ISA	51	16	m5qe	figs-metaphor		0	I have placed my words in your mouth	This speaks of Yahweh telling Isaiah what to say as if his words were a physical object Yahweh had placed in Isaiah’s mouth. Alternate translation: “I have told you what to say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	51	16	s6rx	figs-metonymy		0	I have covered you in the shadow of my hand	Yahweh’s “hand” refers to his power. This speaks of Yahweh protecting Isaiah as if his hand were covering him to protect him. Alternate translation: “my power has kept you safe” or “I have protected you and kept you safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	51	16	vnh9	figs-metaphor		0	that I may plant the heavens	The word “plant” means to establish something in the ground. Here Yahweh firmly establishing the heavens is spoken of as if the heavens were a tent that he would spread out and firmly set it in place with tent pegs. Alternate translation: “that I may establish the heavens” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	51	16	fa33			0	lay the foundations of the earth	The word “foundation” normally refers to a stone structure that gives support to a building from underneath. Here it describes a similar structure that was thought to support and hold the earth in place. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Isaiah 24:18](../24/18.md).
ISA	51	17	x64l	figs-metonymy		0	Awake, awake, stand up, Jerusalem	Here “Jerusalem” represents the people who live there. Yahweh speaks to the people of Jerusalem as if they were there listening to him. Alternate translation: “Awake, awake, stand up, you people of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
ISA	51	17	pj9b			0	Awake, awake, stand up	“Be alert and arise.” The repetition of the word “awake” emphasizes the urgency of the call to arouse the people of Israel. It is not used to wake them from literal sleep.
ISA	51	17	efp6	figs-metaphor		0	you who have drunk out of the hand of Yahweh … from the cup of staggering	Yahweh speaks of having punished his people as if he had forced them to drink from a bowl that was filled with his anger. And when they drank from the bowl of his anger, they staggered as if they had drank a lot of wine. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	51	17	r4ck			0	down to the dregs	The word “dregs” means the solid pieces at the very bottom of a container that has a liquid in it. Alternate translation: “down to the very bottom”
ISA	51	17	k9wd	figs-synecdoche		0	out of the hand of Yahweh	Here Yahweh is referred to by his hand to emphasize that he is the one who gave the bowl to his people. Alternate translation: “that he gave to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	51	17	uw6s			0	from the cup of staggering	“from the cup that caused you to stagger as if you were drunk on wine”
ISA	51	17	ca4r			0	staggering	not walking straight, or stumbling while walking
ISA	51	18	qz3k	figs-parallelism		0	There is no one … to guide her; there is no one … to take her by the hand	These two clauses have the same meaning and can be combined. This speaks of Jerusalem being helpless as if the city were a drunk woman without a son to help her walk safely. Alternate translation: “You have no one to help you! You are like a drunk old woman without a son to take her by the hand and guide her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	51	19	k1we			0	General Information:	Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Israel.
ISA	51	19	h1j1	figs-rquestion		0	who will grieve with you?…Who will comfort you?	Isaiah uses questions to emphasize that now there is no one to weep with them or comfort them. These questions may be written as statements. Alternate translation: “but there is no one to grieve with you … There is no one to comfort you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	51	19	a7nx			0	These two troubles	The two troubles refer to the following two phrases: “desolation and destruction” and “the famine and the sword.”
ISA	51	19	mi81	figs-doublet		0	desolation and destruction	These words have similar meanings and emphasize the destruction of the land caused by the opposing army. Alternate translation: “your enemies have left your city empty and ruined” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
ISA	51	19	b3y4	figs-metonymy		0	the famine and the sword	The words “famine” and “sword” describe the trouble that will come upon the people. The “sword” refers to “war.” Alternate translation: “many of you have died from hunger and war” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	51	20	sgk9	figs-hyperbole		0	they lie at every street corner	This is generalization. Many children will lie in the street, but not necessarily on every street corner. Alternate translation: “they lie on the street” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
ISA	51	20	jt6u	figs-simile		0	like an antelope in a net	This speaks of the children being exhausted and helpless as if they were an antelope caught in a trap. Alternate translation: “they are helpless, like an antelope caught in a net” or “as helpless as a trapped antelope” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	51	20	ead6	translate-unknown		0	antelope	This is an animal, similar to a deer, that has horns and runs very fast. Alternate translation: “deer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
ISA	51	20	le4u	figs-metaphor		0	they are filled with the anger of Yahweh, the rebuke of your God	The “anger of Yahweh” refers to Yahweh punishing his people because of his anger against them. This speaks of the people having been severely punished as if they had become full of Yahweh’s anger. Also, the word “rebuke” can be written as a verb. Alternate translation: “they have been severely punished by Yahweh because he was angry with them and rebuked them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA	51	21	nr5x			0	General Information:	Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Israel.
ISA	51	21	icr5	figs-synecdoche		0	you oppressed one and drunken one	Yahweh uses the word “one” here to refer to all of the oppressed people. Alternate translation: “you oppressed people and drunken people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	51	21	j17a	figs-metaphor		0	drunken one, but not drunk with wine	This speaks of the people acting drunk because they are suffering as if they have become drunk from being forced to drink the bowl of Yahweh’s anger. Alternate translation: “you who are drunk from drinking the wine of the bowl of Yahweh’s anger” or “you who act drunk, because you have suffered greatly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	51	22	rfp2	figs-metaphor		0	See, I have taken the cup of staggering from your hand—the bowl, which is the cup of my anger—so that	This speaks of Yahweh no longer being angry with his people as if his anger were the contents of a cup that he was taking away from them. Alternate translation: “I will no longer be angry with you. See, it is like I have taken away from you the cup that made you stagger, that is, the cup that was full of my anger, so that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	51	22	y2ud			0	See	This is used to draw the listeners’ attention to what is said next. Alternate translation: “Listen”
ISA	51	22	hi9q	figs-metonymy		0	the cup of staggering	The word “cup” refers to what is in the cup. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Isaiah 51:17](../51/17.md). Alternate translation: “the cup of the wine that makes people stagger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	51	22	t4db	figs-metaphor		0	the bowl, which is the cup of my anger	Yahweh speaks of having punished people as if he had forced them to drink from a bowl that was filled with his anger. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Isaiah 51:17](../51/17.md). Alternate translation: “the bowl which is filled with my anger” or “the cup which is filled with my anger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	51	23	q5ky			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
ISA	51	23	qgu7	figs-metaphor		0	I will put it into the hand of your tormentors	This speaks of Yahweh punishing their enemies as if he were going to force them to drink from the cup filled with his anger. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	51	23	wu8d	figs-explicit		0	I will put it into the hand of your tormentors	It is implied that by putting the cup of his anger in their hand Yahweh will be forcing them to drink what is in the cup. Alternate translation: “I will force your tormentors to drink from the wine of the bowl of my anger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	51	23	t6ks			0	your tormentors	The word “tormentors” may be expressed with a verb. Alternate translation: “those who have tormented you” or “those who have caused you to suffer”
ISA	51	23	xv84	figs-simile		0	you made your back like the ground and like the street for them to walk on	This compares the way their enemies walked on their back to the way people walk on the street. Alternate translation: “you lay in the streets so your enemies could walk on your backs” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	52	intro	ac65			0		# Isaiah 52 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>The prophecies of this chapter occur after the exile in Babylon and are not in reference to the people contemporary to Isaiah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])<br><br>There is an important teaching or prophecy about the Messiah beginning in this chapter and continues through the next chapter. This prophesy begins in 52:13 and scholars usually note that it portrays the Messiah as a “suffering servant.” (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])
ISA	52	1	rzb3	figs-metaphor		0	Awake, awake	This word is repeated for emphasis and shows urgency. Isaiah trying to arouse the people is spoken of as if he were trying to wake them up from sleep. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	52	1	vfg8	figs-metaphor		0	put on your strength	Being strong again is spoken of as if strength were clothing that a person puts on. Alternate translation: “be strong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	52	1	p8u4	figs-metonymy		0	Zion … Jerusalem	Both of these refer to the people who live in Jerusalem. Isaiah is speaking to the people as if they were there listening to him. Alternate translation: “people of Zion … people of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
ISA	52	1	w8h9	figs-nominaladj		0	the uncircumcised or the unclean	These nominal adjectives can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “Those who are uncircumcised or those who are unclean” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
ISA	52	1	z2jx	figs-metaphor		0	the unclean	This refers to unclean people. A person who God considers spiritually unacceptable or defiled is spoken of as if the person were physically unclean. Alternate translation: “those who are not acceptable to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	52	1	wn2c	figs-metonymy		0	enter you	Here “you” refers to Jerusalem which represents the people who live there. It is understood that the uncircumcised and unclean people would enter the city to attack the people. Alternate translation: “enter your city to attack you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
ISA	52	2	l1h5			0	General Information:	Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Israel.
ISA	52	2	r7rx	figs-metonymy		0	Shake yourself off from the dust; arise and sit, Jerusalem	Here “Jerusalem” represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “People of Jerusalem, sit up and shake the dirt off of yourself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	52	2	wey6	figs-metonymy		0	take off the chain from your neck, captive	It is implied that the people of Jerusalem were wearing chains because they were slaves while exiled in Babylon. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	52	2	vg9w	figs-idiom		0	daughter of Zion	This is an idiom. The “daughter” of a city means the people of the city. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “people of Zion” or “people who live in Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA	52	3	f28v	figs-metaphor		0	You were sold for nothing, and you will be redeemed without money	This speaks about Yahweh as if he were the owner of the people of Israel. Since he is the rightful owner he can give them away or take them back whenever he wants. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I sold you for nothing, and I will redeem you without money” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	52	4	bae3			0	In the beginning	Here “beginning” refers to the start of Israel’s history as they were first becoming a people.
ISA	52	4	kvl7			0	went down to … Egypt	“went to … Egypt.” It was common to use the phrase “went down” when speaking of traveling from Canaan to Egypt.
ISA	52	4	jx27	figs-metonymy		0	Assyria has oppressed them	Assyria refers to the people of Assyria. Alternate translation: “the people of Assyria have treated them badly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	52	5	v517	figs-rquestion		0	Now what do I have here … seeing that my people are taken away for nothing?	Yahweh uses a question to make the people pay attention to what he is about to say. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Now look at what is happening … my people are again taken away for nothing.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	52	5	h4tq	figs-123person		0	this is Yahweh’s declaration	Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Translate as in [Isaiah 30:1](../30/01.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
ISA	52	5	b5in	figs-activepassive		0	seeing that my people are taken away for nothing	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I see the enemy taking my people away for nothing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	52	5	pw1c	figs-metaphor		0	for nothing	This could mean: (1) “for nothing” means the Babylonians took the people unjustly and without cause or (2) this continues the metaphor from [Isaiah 52:3](../52/03.md) where Yahweh is spoken of as if he owned the people of Israel and could give them away for nothing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	52	5	zer1			0	Those who rule over them mock	This refers to the Babylonians who have conquered the people. However, some versions have, “Those who rule over them wail.” For these versions, this passage refers to the leaders of the Israelites in captivity.
ISA	52	5	fb49	figs-metonymy		0	my name is blasphemed continually all day long	Here “name” represents Yahweh’s reputation. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “those who watch the enemy take away my people are continually saying evil things about me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	52	6	b17m	figs-metonymy		0	Therefore my people will know my name	Here “name” represents Yahweh’s reputation. Alternate translation: “Therefore my people will truly know who I am” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	52	7	g5yf			0	General Information:	Isaiah is speaking to the people of Israel.
ISA	52	7	gt18	figs-synecdoche		0	How beautiful on the mountains are the feet of the messenger who brings good news	Here “feet” represents a messenger who is walking. Alternate translation: “It is beautiful to see a messenger coming over the mountains to announce good news” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	52	7	r7l9	figs-metonymy		0	to Zion	Here “Zion” represents the people of Zion. Alternate translation: “to the people of Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	52	8	w7al	figs-idiom		0	raise their voices	This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “shout loudly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA	52	8	pq5s	figs-synecdoche		0	every eye of theirs	Here “eye” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “every one of them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	52	9	ne24			0	General Information:	Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Israel.
ISA	52	9	d43j	figs-personification		0	you ruins of Jerusalem	Isaiah speaks of the ruins of Jerusalem as if they were a person that could rejoice. This represents the people of Jerusalem who were defeated. Alternate translation: “you people who live among the ruins of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
ISA	52	9	r2fs	figs-metonymy		0	he has redeemed Jerusalem	Here “Jerusalem” represents the people. Alternate translation: “he has redeemed the people of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	52	10	j5iq	figs-metonymy		0	bared his holy arm	Here “arm” represents Yahweh’s power. Yahweh showing all the people of the nations that he is holy and powerful is spoken of as if Yahweh were a warrior who removed his cloak, baring his arms for battle. Alternate translation: “showed his holiness and mighty power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	52	10	w6qd	figs-metonymy		0	all the nations; all the earth	Here “nations” and “earth” represent the people of all the nations all over the earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	52	11	vdv5			0	General Information:	Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Israel.
ISA	52	11	yq7w			0	Leave, leave	This word is repeated to emphasize that the people must indeed leave, although not necessarily right away.
ISA	52	11	dd7u	figs-explicit		0	go out from there	It is assumed knowledge that the people of Israel were slaves in Babylon. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “go out from the land where you are slaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	52	11	bel2	figs-metaphor		0	touch nothing unclean	Something that Yahweh has stated is unfit to touch or eat is spoken of as if it were physically unclean. Alternate translation: “touch nothing that is unacceptable to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	52	11	mu7x			0	leave from her midst	Here “her” represents Babylon.
ISA	52	12	vxi2	figs-metaphor		0	Yahweh will go before you; and the God of Israel will be your rearguard	Yahweh protecting his people from their enemies is spoken of as if he were the warriors who go ahead of the people and the warriors who stay behind the people to protect them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	52	13	iaj3	figs-activepassive		0	he will be high and lifted up, and he will be exalted	This can be stated in active form. These two phrases “high and lifted up” and “will be exalted” have basically the same meaning and emphasize that Yahweh will honor his servant. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Isaiah 33:10](../33/10.md). Alternate translation: “I will give my servant the greatest honor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	52	14	xyv2	figs-explicit		0	his appearance was so disfigured beyond that of any man	It is implied that the servant is disfigured because enemies beat him very badly. The full meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: “his enemies beat his body so badly that he did not even look like a human anymore” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	52	15	z9hw			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking about his servant.
ISA	52	15	qs33	figs-metaphor		0	my servant will sprinkle many nations	The servant causing the people of the nations to be acceptable to Yahweh is spoken of as if the servant were a priest who sprinkles the blood of a sacrifice to make someone or something acceptable to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	52	15	g9pf			0	will sprinkle	The Hebrew word translated “sprinkle” here can also be translated as “surprise” or “startle,” which some versions of the Bible do.
ISA	52	15	vtr9	figs-metonymy		0	many nations	Here “nations” represents the people of the nations. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	52	15	ccn8	figs-idiom		0	kings will shut their mouths	The phrase “shut their mouths” is an idiom. Alternate translation: “kings will stop talking” or “kings will be silent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA	52	15	r1l5	figs-activepassive		0	that which they had not been told	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that which no one had told them” or “something no one had told them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	53	intro	znn5			0		# Isaiah 53 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>In this chapter there is an important teaching or prophecy about the Messiah and his life and ministry. It begins in 52:13 and scholars usually note that it portrays the Messiah as a “suffering servant.” (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Atonement<br>This chapter prophesies about the death of Christ for sin. Most scholars believe it teaches that Christ was a righteous man who died for the sins of mankind. This is usually referred to as the atonement. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/atonement]])
ISA	53	1	l33i	figs-pastforfuture		0	General Information:	Isaiah continues describing Yahweh’s servant. Here Isaiah describes events that will happen in the future as if they happened in the past. This emphasizes that they certainly will happen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
ISA	53	1	yul6	figs-exclusive		0	Who has believed what they heard from us	What Isaiah just found out is so amazing that he wonders if the exiles will believe it. The “we” includes him and those in exile. Alternate translation: “It is hard for anyone to believe what we have heard” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	53	1	vlz4	figs-metonymy		0	to whom has the arm of Yahweh been revealed?	Arm refers to God’s power. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has revealed his power to people.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	53	2	v5vm	figs-simile		0	For he grew up before Yahweh like a sapling	Here “he” refers to God’s servant whom Isaiah compares to a very young tree. This emphasizes that he will appear weak. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	53	2	a2he	figs-metaphor		0	out of parched earth	“parched earth” is hard and dry ground that will not allow plants to grow and represents where the servant of Yahweh will come. Alternate translation: “out of an impossible situation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	53	3	t4ar			0	General Information:	Isaiah continues describing Yahweh’s servant ([Isaiah 53:1-2](./01.md)).
ISA	53	3	xp3g	figs-activepassive		0	He was despised and rejected by people	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People considered him as nothing and rejected him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	53	3	bkb5			0	a man of sorrows	“a man knowing all kinds of sadness”
ISA	53	3	j3j9	figs-metonymy		0	from whom men hide their faces	“Face” represents a person’s attention or fellowship. Hiding one’s face means to turn away from someone. Alternate translation: “from whom people turn away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	53	3	tj7i	figs-activepassive		0	he was despised	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they considered him to be worthless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	53	4	u1xa			0	General Information:	Isaiah continues describing Yahweh’s servant ([Isaiah 53:1-2](./01.md)).
ISA	53	4	ypj5	figs-metaphor		0	he has borne our sicknesses and carried our sorrows	To “bear” or carry an abstraction like sickness and sorrow represents taking it up. Alternate translation: “he has taken our sicknesses and sorrows upon himself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	53	4	xe8d	figs-activepassive		0	yet we thought he was being punished by God, struck by God, and afflicted	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “yet we thought God was punishing and afflicting him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	53	5	x4y1			0	General Information:	Isaiah continues describing Yahweh’s servant ([Isaiah 53:1-2](./01.md)).
ISA	53	5	wc4p	figs-parallelism		0	But he was pierced because of our rebellious deeds; he was crushed because of our sins	These two phrases share similar meanings and emphasize that the servant suffered because of the people’s sins. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God allowed the enemy to stab him and kill him because of our sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	53	5	u45c	figs-explicit		0	The punishment for our peace was on him	This refers to peace with God. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “He accepted this punishment so we could live in harmony” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	53	5	t2bv	figs-activepassive		0	with his wounds we are healed	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he healed us by his suffering of the wounds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	53	6	vh4t			0	General Information:	Isaiah continues describing Yahweh’s servant ([Isaiah 53:1-2](./01.md)).
ISA	53	6	gyq2	figs-simile		0	We all like sheep have gone astray	Sheep often leave the path on which the shepherd leads them. Isaiah means that we do what we want instead of what God commands. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	53	6	yd6v	figs-metaphor		0	the iniquity of us all	Our “iniquity” here represents the guilt for our sin. Alternate translation: “the guilt for the sin of every one of us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	53	7	u5pf			0	General Information:	Isaiah continues describing Yahweh’s servant ([Isaiah 53:1-2](./01.md)).
ISA	53	7	qk3r	figs-activepassive		0	He was oppressed	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “They treated him harshly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	53	7	h2l8	figs-metonymy		0	he did not open his mouth	“Mouth” represents what a person says. Opening one’s mouth means to speak. Alternate translation: “he did not protest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	53	7	ref7	figs-simile		0	as a lamb that is led to the slaughter, and as a sheep that before its shearers is silent	Isaiah compares the servant to a lamb and a sheep to emphasize that he will remain silent as people harm and humiliate him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	53	7	j5bv	figs-simile		0	as a lamb that is led to the slaughter	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “just as a lamb is silent as a person slaughters it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	53	8	e1nv			0	General Information:	Isaiah continues describing Yahweh’s servant ([Isaiah 53:1-2](./01.md)).
ISA	53	8	nfv9	figs-activepassive		0	By coercion and judgment he was condemned	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “They treated him harshly, judged him, and condemned him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	53	8	yy4i			0	coercion	The Hebrew word translated here as “coercion” is interpreted by some versions as “arrest.” For these versions, the thought is that the Servant will be arrested and then judged and condemned.
ISA	53	8	nqw6	figs-rquestion		0	who from that generation thought anymore about him?	This question emphasizes that no one thinks about him. Alternate translation: “no one from his generation cared what happened to him.” or “no one among his contemporaries cared what happened to him.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	53	8	e9ga			0	who from that generation thought anymore about him?	Many versions interpret this passage in Hebrew differently: “Who can say anything about his descendants?” or “Who can say anything about his fate?”
ISA	53	8	d1b3	figs-activepassive		0	But he was cut off from the land of the living	“Cut off” here refers to death. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “But he died” or “But death took him away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA	53	8	j24p			0	of my people	“of the people of Israel”
ISA	53	9	y3uz	figs-metonymy		0	nor had there been any deceit in his mouth	“Mouth” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “nor did he deceive anyone when he spoke” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	53	10	mv7x			0	General Information:	Isaiah continues describing Yahweh’s servant ([Isaiah 53:1-2](./01.md)).
ISA	53	10	db99	figs-metaphor		0	he will see his offspring	Here, “offspring” means those people that Yahweh has forgiven because of the servant’s sacrifice. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	53	10	zq6y	figs-idiom		0	he will prolong his days	This speaks of making him live for more time. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will make his servant live again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA	53	10	q44m	figs-activepassive		0	Yahweh’s purpose will be accomplished through him	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will accomplish his purpose through his servant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	53	11	y6hr	figs-metonymy		0	After the suffering of his life	Here “his life” refers to the servant. Alternate translation: “After the servant has suffered” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	53	11	z63d	figs-metaphor		0	he will see light	Many versions understand “light” here to stand for life. That is, the servant will become alive again. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	53	11	kq9w			0	My righteous servant	Here “my” refers to Yahweh.
ISA	53	11	q1ts	figs-metaphor		0	he will bear their iniquities	The word “bear” means carry. This could mean: (1) “their iniquities” is a metonym representing the punishment for their sins. Alternate translation: “he will take their punishment” or “he will be punished for their sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])or (2) “their iniquities” is a metonym representing their guilt. Alternate translation: “he will take their guilt upon himself” or “he will be guilty for their sins”
ISA	53	12	y3y2			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues describing his servant.
ISA	53	12	p84g	figs-parallelism		0	Therefore will I give him his portion among the multitudes, and he will divide the spoils with the many	These two clauses mean basically the same thing. “Portion” and “spoils” refer to a king after a victorious battle sharing the plunder or rewards with his army. This means God will greatly honor his servant because of his sacrifice. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	53	12	q68p			0	the multitudes	Many versions interpret this expression as “the many” or “the strong.”
ISA	53	12	tiu1	figs-metonymy		0	because he exposed himself to death	“Exposed” means to be vulnerable or unprotected. The servant of Yahweh put himself in a situation where he would die. Alternate translation: “he willingly accepted the possibility of death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	53	12	ih2g	figs-activepassive		0	was numbered with the transgressors	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “allowed people to treat him as a criminal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	54	intro	yq8q			0		# Isaiah 54 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh’s covenant faithfulness<br>This chapter focuses on Yahweh’s faithfulness to fulfill his covenants. It references several different covenant promises in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenantfaith]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]])
ISA	54	1	z782	figs-metaphor		0	you barren woman … children of the married woman	Yahweh telling the people of Jerusalem to rejoice because there will be many people living in Jerusalem again is spoken of as if Yahweh were telling a barren women she is going to have many children. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	54	1	qza5	figs-parallelism		0	break into joyful singing and cry aloud, you who have never been in birth labor	This statement means the same thing as the first part of the sentence. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	54	1	zw4s	figs-pastforfuture		0	For the children of the desolate one are more	An event that will happen in the future is spoken of as if it happened in the past. This emphasizes that the event will certainly happen. Alternate translation: “For the children of the desolate woman will be more” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
ISA	54	1	vf4r			0	the desolate one	Here “desolate” means that the woman’s husband had rejected and abandoned her
ISA	54	2	j53q			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Jerusalem.
ISA	54	2	u8qg	figs-metaphor		0	Make your tent larger … strengthen your stakes	This continues the metaphor that began in [Isaiah 54:1](../54/01.md). Yahweh telling the people of Jerusalem to prepare because Yahweh will greatly increase their people is spoken of as if he is telling a woman to make her tent bigger to make room for many children. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	54	3	a221	figs-you		0	For you will spread out	Here “you” is singular and refers to the barren woman. She represents herself and all of her descendants. Alternate translation: “For you and your descendants will spread out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	54	3	b8xu	figs-metonymy		0	will conquer nations	Here “nations” represents the people. Alternate translation: “will conquer the people of other nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	54	4	xjp6			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Jerusalem.
ISA	54	4	zk1l	figs-metaphor		0	you will forget the shame of your youth and the disgrace of your abandonment	Yahweh telling the people that in the future they will not even think about the shame they experienced when their enemies defeated them is spoken of as if Yahweh were telling a woman that she will no longer think about the shame she experienced from being unable to have children and having her husband abandon her. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	54	5	yck3			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Jerusalem.
ISA	54	5	r46e	figs-metaphor		0	For your Maker is your husband	Yahweh loving and taking care of his people is spoken of as if he were their husband. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	54	5	baj2			0	Maker	See how you translated this in [Isaiah 17:7](../17/07.md).
ISA	54	5	qmd4			0	Yahweh of hosts	See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:24](../01/24.md).
ISA	54	5	um8u			0	The Holy One of Israel	See how you translated this in [Isaiah 5:16](../05/16.md).
ISA	54	5	nkc4			0	Redeemer	See how you translated this in [Isaiah 41:14](../41/14.md).
ISA	54	5	zf3w	figs-activepassive		0	he is called the God of the whole earth	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he is the God of the whole earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	54	6	mj4h	figs-metaphor		0	Yahweh has called you back as a wife … like a woman married young and rejected	Yahweh sending his people away into exile then bringing them back is spoken of as if Yahweh were a husband who had rejected his wife but now accepts her. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	54	6	c9rt	figs-metonymy		0	grieved in spirit	Here “spirit” represents a person’s inner being. Alternate translation: “grieved” or “made sad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	54	7	n9cy			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Jerusalem.
ISA	54	8	w36x	figs-metaphor		0	In a flood of anger	Yahweh being very angry is spoken of as if his anger were a flood that overwhelms people. Alternate translation: “When I was very angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	54	8	lz5y	figs-idiom		0	I hid my face from you	Here “hid my face” is an idiom that means God abandoned his people and let them suffer. Alternate translation: “I abandoned you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA	54	8	ued4	figs-abstractnouns		0	but with everlasting covenant faithfulness	The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be stated as “faithful.” See how you translated “covenant faithfulness” in [Isaiah 16:5](../16/05.md). Alternate translation: “but because I always am faithful to my covenant with you” or “but because I am always faithful to do what I promise to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA	54	8	r671	figs-123person		0	says Yahweh, the one who rescues you	Here Yahweh speaks about himself in the third person. It can be stated in first person. Alternate translation: “that is what I, Yahweh, your rescuer, say to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
ISA	54	9	xuf9	figs-explicit		0	the waters of Noah	This refers to the flood that Yahweh caused during the time of Noah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	54	10	z7di	figs-hypo		0	Though the mountains may fall and the hills be shaken, yet my steadfast love	Yahweh describes a hypothetical condition to explain what would happen even if those conditions were met. Alternate translation: “Even if the mountains fell and the hills shook, my steadfast love” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
ISA	54	10	n2al	figs-activepassive		0	the hills be shaken	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the hills may shake” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	54	10	g8ib	figs-metaphor		0	my steadfast love will not turn away from you	Yahweh continuing to love his people is spoken of as if his love would not turn away from the people. Alternate translation: “I will not stop loving you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	54	10	e3aj	figs-metaphor		0	nor will my covenant of peace be shaken	Yahweh not canceling his covenant with the people is spoken of as if his covenant were an object that would not be shaken. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “and I will not cancel my covenant of peace” or “and I will surely give you peace as I promised in my covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	54	10	h5qq	figs-123person		0	says Yahweh, who has mercy on you	Here Yahweh speaks about himself in the third person. It can be stated in first person. Alternate translation: “that is what I, Yahweh, who acts mercifully, say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
ISA	54	11	m1w7			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Jerusalem.
ISA	54	11	dx8e	figs-apostrophe		0	Afflicted one	Here Yahweh speaks to the city of Jerusalem as if it were listening to him. Here Jerusalem represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “You afflicted people of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	54	11	n2mb	figs-metaphor		0	storm-driven	Yahweh speaks of the people as if they were blown around and damaged by the winds and storms. This means the people were hurt and without stability. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	54	11	dk4c			0	uncomforted one	“without comfort”
ISA	54	11	r3g9			0	I will set your pavement in turquoise … lay your foundations with sapphires	Yahweh describes in ideal terms how he will restore Jerusalem and cause it to be beautiful again. Although the language may be exaggerated, you should translate this just as Yahweh described it.
ISA	54	11	ih34	translate-unknown		0	turquoise … sapphires	These are precious gemstones. Turquoise is light blue-to-green, sapphires are typically dark blue. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
ISA	54	12	v6lh			0	I will make … beautiful stones	Yahweh describes in ideal terms how he will restore Jerusalem and cause it to be beautiful again. Although the language may be exaggerated, you should translate this just as Yahweh described it.
ISA	54	12	d32a	translate-unknown		0	rubies	These precious gemstones are red to pink. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
ISA	54	13	via6			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Jerusalem.
ISA	54	13	zt6p	figs-activepassive		0	Then all your children will be taught by Yahweh	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “And Yahweh will teach all your children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	54	13	e6ul	figs-123person		0	by Yahweh	Yahweh speaks of himself in the third person. It can be stated in first person. Alternate translation: “by me, Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
ISA	54	14	e2ru	figs-abstractnouns		0	In righteousness you will be established	The abstract noun “righteousness” can be stated as the adjective “right.” This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will cause you to be strong again because you will do what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	54	14	rk6l			0	it will not come near to you	No one in the city or outsiders will ever terrify the inhabitants of Jerusalem again.
ISA	54	15	h4z4			0	General Information:	Yahweh continue speaking to the people of Jerusalem.
ISA	54	15	hxz5	figs-idiom		0	stirs up trouble	This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “causes trouble” or “troubles you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA	54	15	ii4x	figs-idiom		0	will fall in defeat	This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “you will defeat them in battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA	54	17	x962			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Jerusalem.
ISA	54	17	thu4	figs-metonymy		0	No weapon that is formed against you will succeed	Enemies not succeeding against Yahweh’s people is spoken of as if their weapons would not succeed against Yahweh’s people. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Enemies may form weapons to attack you but they will not defeat you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	54	17	f69n	figs-metaphor		0	This is the heritage of the servants of Yahweh	The reward that Yahweh will give to those who serve him is spoken of as if the reward were something they would inherit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	54	17	b727	figs-123person		0	this is Yahweh’s declaration	Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Translate as in [Isaiah 30:1](../30/01.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
ISA	55	intro	c34c			0		# Isaiah 55 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Gentiles<br>Many scholars believe this chapter prophesies that Gentiles will be able to come to a saving faith in Yahweh. At this time, the Israelites believed that only an Israelite could be saved. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])
ISA	55	1	vge8	figs-metaphor		0	General Information:	Yahweh speaks of blessing the people freely as if he were selling food and drink to needy people for free. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	55	1	y9kd			0	Connecting Statement:	Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Jerusalem in exile through Isaiah.
ISA	55	1	g9yx			0	Come … Come	The repetition of this word four times adds a sense of urgency to the invitation.
ISA	55	1	wtd4	figs-irony		0	buy wine and milk without money and without cost	There is a sense of irony in this statement since a person usually has to use money to buy something. This emphasizes Yahweh’s amazing grace in giving these things freely. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
ISA	55	2	c9ai			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Jerusalem.
ISA	55	2	ha8z	figs-rquestion		0	Why do you weigh out … bread, and why do you labor … satisfy?	Yahweh asks these questions to rebuke the people. He speaks of the people seeking happiness apart from Yahweh as if they were purchasing things to eat that were not food and working for things that could not satisfy them. Alternate translation: “You should not weigh out silver … bread, and you should not labor … satisfy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	55	2	wil6	figs-explicit		0	weigh out silver	This refers to counting silver coins in order to pay someone for something. Alternate translation: “pay money” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	55	2	ua4a	figs-synecdoche		0	for what is not bread	Here the word “bread” represents food in general. It is implied that the people were buying things to eat that were not really food. Alternate translation: “for things to eat that are not really food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	55	2	l8h1	figs-metaphor		0	eat what is good, and delight yourselves in fatness	The people trusting Yahweh for blessing and happiness is spoken of as if they are eating good food that is making them happy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	55	2	b221	figs-idiom		0	in fatness	The word “fatness” refers to meat that has plenty of fat on it and is an idiom for fine food. Alternate translation: “with the best foods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA	55	3	npj6	figs-metaphor		0	Turn your ears	Listening to or paying attention to someone is spoken of as if it were turning one’s ears to someone. Alternate translation: “Pay attention” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	55	4	lar1			0	I have placed him	This could mean: (1) this refers to what Yahweh did for King David in the past or (2) it refers to what God will do through one of David’s descendants.
ISA	55	5	leh9			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Jerusalem.
ISA	55	5	pxt4			0	the Holy One of Israel	See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:4](../01/04.md).
ISA	55	6	qi9x	figs-activepassive		0	Seek Yahweh while he may be found	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Seek Yahweh while you can still find him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	55	7	c3wy	figs-nominaladj		0	Let the wicked leave his path	The word “wicked” refers to wicked people. Yahweh speaks of wicked people no longer sinning as if they were to stop walking along a path that they had been traveling. Alternate translation: “Let wicked people change the way they live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	55	7	y63b	figs-ellipsis		0	the man of sin his thoughts	The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “let the sinful man leave his thoughts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
ISA	55	7	wj8e			0	his thoughts	This could mean: (1) “the way he thinks” or (2) “his plans”
ISA	55	7	h5ht			0	he will pity him	“Yahweh will pity him”
ISA	55	7	mq71	figs-ellipsis		0	to our God	The verb may be supplied from the first phrase in this sentence. Alternate translation: “let him return to our God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
ISA	55	8	faw8			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Jerusalem.
ISA	55	9	gd6x	figs-metaphor		0	for as the heavens are higher than the earth, so are my ways higher than your ways, and my thoughts than your thoughts	Yahweh speaks of the things that he does and how he thinks as being far superior to or higher than what people do and think, just like the sky is much higher than the earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	55	10	i9uz			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Jerusalem.
ISA	55	10	i7ei			0	For as the rain and snow … do not return there	This is likely a description of the rain and snow evaporating.
ISA	55	11	xj89	figs-personification		0	so also my word … it will achieve the purpose for which I sent it	Yahweh speaks of his word as if it were a person whom he sends out as his messenger to accomplish a task. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	55	11	mi1p	figs-synecdoche		0	my word will be that goes from my mouth	Here the word “mouth” represents Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “the word that I speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	55	11	q6s2	figs-explicit		0	it will not return to me empty	Here the description of the word returning to Yahweh means that it has completed the task that Yahweh had sent it to complete. That it will not return “empty” means that it will not fail to accomplish its task. Alternate translation: “it will not fail to complete its task” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	55	12	z72i			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Jerusalem.
ISA	55	12	eni2	figs-activepassive		0	be led along peacefully	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will lead you along peacefully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	55	12	w3uy	figs-personification		0	the mountains and the hills will break out in joyful shouts before you, and all the trees of the fields will clap their hands	Yahweh speaks of the mountains, hills, and trees as if they were people with voices and hands, celebrating as Yahweh rescues his people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
ISA	55	13	a7v2	translate-unknown		0	Instead of the thornbushes, the cypress will grow; and instead of the brier, the myrtle tree will grow	The words “thornbushes” and “brier” refer to species of plants that have sharp thorns growing on them. The words “cypress” and “myrtle” refer to species of evergreen trees. The thorny plants symbolize desolation, while the evergreens symbolize life and prosperity. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
ISA	55	13	l82f	figs-metonymy		0	for his name	Here the word “name” represents Yahweh’s fame. Alternate translation: “for his fame” or “for his honor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	55	13	pj5z	figs-metaphor		0	that will not be cut off	Something ceasing to exist is spoken of as if it were cut off, as a branch is cut off of a tree or a piece of fabric is cut off of clothing. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that will never end” or “that will last forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	56	intro	y2w8			0		# Isaiah 56 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Gentiles<br>Many scholars believe this chapter prophesies that Gentiles will be able to come to a saving faith in Yahweh. At this time, the Israelites believed that only an Israelite could be saved. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Beasts<br>The Israelites are compared to beasts and dogs in this chapter. This would have been very offensive to them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	56	1	f7bp	figs-activepassive		0	for my salvation is near, and my righteousness is about to be revealed.	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will soon save you and show you that I am righteous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	56	2	v4ay	figs-idiom		0	who holds it tightly	Here “holds it tightly” is an idiom that means to continue to observe something. Alternate translation: “who is careful to always do this” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA	56	2	cv9i	figs-synecdoche		0	keeps his hand from doing any evil	Here the “hand” represents the whole person and emphasizes the person’s actions or behaviors. Alternate translation: “does not do evil things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	56	3	f7kq	figs-metaphor		0	See, I am a dry tree	This means eunuchs may have thought they could not be a part of God’s people because they were deformed by castration (and for this reason could not have children). Israelites did not practice castration; foreigners did, sometimes for punishment. Eunuchs who had accepted the Hebrew faith knew that normally they were not allowed to worship in the temple (Deut. 23:1). The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	56	5	l1fz	figs-doublet		0	in my house and within my walls	These two phrases mean the same thing. Alternate translation: “inside the walls of my temple” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
ISA	56	5	hk5n	figs-activepassive		0	that will never be cut off	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that will never end” or “that will never be forgotten” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	56	6	avp4	figs-metonymy		0	who love the name of Yahweh	Yahweh’s “name” represents himself. Alternate translation: “who love Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	56	7	ub9a			0	holy mountain	See how you translated this in [Isaiah 11:9](../11/09.md).
ISA	56	7	i34j	figs-activepassive		0	will be accepted on my altar	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will accept on my altar” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	56	7	w7t2	figs-activepassive		0	my house will be called a house of prayer	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “my house will be a house of prayer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	56	9	v1f8	figs-metaphor		0	All you wild beasts of the field, come and devour, all you beasts in the forest	God is calling armies of other nations by comparing them to animals to come and attack the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	56	10	m4qm			0	All their watchmen are blind	This means Israel’s leaders cannot or perhaps do not want to see what is going on in society.
ISA	56	10	tz9w	figs-metaphor		0	They are all silent dogs	The leaders are supposed to open their mouths and warn the people, but they do not. Comparing someone to a dog in this society is a great insult. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	56	10	r63i			0	They dream, and lying down they love to sleep	This means the leaders are not bringing God’s word of warning to Israel but prefer their own comfort.
ISA	56	11	tzq4			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues describing the evil leaders of his people.
ISA	56	11	ub1k	figs-metaphor		0	The dogs have big appetites	Yahweh continues comparing Israel’s bad leaders to dogs. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	57	intro	miv3			0		# Isaiah 57 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Child sacrifice<br>This chapter references the killing of children. Some religions in the ancient Near East practiced the sacrificing of their children. This was considered evil by Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Mocking<br>The people abandoned the worship of Yahweh in favor of other gods. When they needed help, he tells them to ask these false gods. This is mocking the power of the false gods and shows the people the uselessness of their worship of these gods. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]])
ISA	57	1	r38x	figs-abstractnouns		0	the people of covenant faithfulness	The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be stated as “faithful.” See how you translated “covenant faithfulness” in [Isaiah 16:5](../16/05.md). Alternate translation: “the people who are faithful to the covenant” or “the people who are faithful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA	57	1	mfl3	figs-euphemism		0	are gathered away … is gathered away	“die and go away … dies and goes away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
ISA	57	1	u6v1	figs-activepassive		0	that the righteous is gathered away from the evil	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that the righteous people die, and Yahweh takes them away from all that is evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	57	2	zn46			0	He enters into peace	“The righteous enter into peace”
ISA	57	2	gu23	figs-euphemism		0	they rest	they die (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
ISA	57	2	h6t8			0	those who walk in their uprightness	“those who have done what is right”
ISA	57	3	xix7			0	But come here	God is calling all of the unfaithful people to come before him so he can judge them in a strong contrast to the promises for the righteous that came before.
ISA	57	3	r3tv	figs-metaphor		0	sons of the sorceress	This is a strong insult against the people who practice sorcery because sorcery and magic includes idolatry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	57	3	z4xi			0	children of the adulterer and the woman who has prostituted herself	This refers to actual and spiritual adultery. They have abandoned the worship of God and now worship other gods and idols along with actual prostitution in pagan Canaanite ceremonies.
ISA	57	4	wik1	figs-rquestion		0	Whom are you merrily mocking? Against whom are you opening the mouth and sticking out the tongue?	Yahweh uses questions to scold the people who are mocking him through false worship. Alternate translation: “You are mocking me and making fun of me by opening your mouth wide and sticking out the tongue!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	57	4	mbu5	figs-rquestion		0	Are you not children of rebellion, children of deceit?	Yahweh uses another question to scold the people. This does not refer to their birth but to their spiritual state. Alternate translation: “You are children of rebellion, children of deceit!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	57	5	xfv6			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to the unfaithful people of Israel.
ISA	57	5	zeb6	figs-explicit		0	You heat yourselves … under the rocky overhangs	All of these actions are associated with worshiping idols. The oaks were sacred trees to the Canaanites. People thought such activity would increase fertility for people and the land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	57	6	db7z			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to the unfaithful people of Israel.
ISA	57	6	yy1r	figs-activepassive		0	that have been assigned to you	This can be stated in active form. The exact meaning in Hebrew is unclear. Alternate translation: “that is your lot” or “that is your inheritance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	57	6	r76w	figs-rquestion		0	In these things should I take pleasure?	Yahweh uses a question to scold the people. Alternate translation: “Certainly, these things do not please me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	57	7	mdj3			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to the unfaithful people of Israel.
ISA	57	7	h9pb	figs-euphemism		0	You prepared your bed	This refers to sleeping with prostitutes as a part of worshiping false gods. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
ISA	57	7	er5k	figs-explicit		0	on a high mountain	People often went on top of hills and mountains to worship false gods. They thought those were the best places for worship. This might even refer to Jerusalem, too. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	57	8	bg7e			0	You made a covenant with them	“You made a contract with them”
ISA	57	9	qkt8			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to the unfaithful people of Israel.
ISA	57	9	ek3t	figs-hyperbole		0	you went down to Sheol	The people did not literally go to Sheol, the world of the dead. Instead, Yahweh is indicating by exaggeration that the people were willing to go anywhere to find new gods to worship. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
ISA	57	10	yn3i	figs-metaphor		0	You found life in your hand	After trying so hard, the idolators found they still had strength to keep going. Here “hand” equals “strength” or “capacity.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	57	11	gqf9			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to the unfaithful people of Israel.
ISA	57	11	r1q1	figs-rquestion		0	Whom are you worried about? Whom do you fear so much that has caused you to act so deceitfully … about me?	Yahweh uses these questions to scold the people. Alternate translation: “You must really fear these idols for you to act so deceitfully … about me!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	57	11	wq9h	figs-doublet		0	so much that you would not remember me or think about me	These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that, although the people should have remembered Yahweh, they did not. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
ISA	57	12	cld8	figs-irony		0	I will proclaim all your righteous acts and tell all that you have done	Yahweh is being sarcastic, calling their evil deeds so-called righteousness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
ISA	57	13	may9			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to the unfaithful people of Israel.
ISA	57	13	c5vg	figs-irony		0	let your collection of idols rescue you	Yahweh is mocking the people and their idols. He tells the idols to save the people though he knows they cannot. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
ISA	57	13	vdx1	figs-parallelism		0	the wind will carry them all away, a breath will carry them all away	This is saying the same thing in two ways to emphasize that idols are helpless and worthless. Alternate translation: “the wind, or even a breath, will blow them away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	57	13	s4h7			0	holy mountain	The “holy mountain” is Mount Zion, in Jerusalem. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 11:9](../11/09.md).
ISA	57	14	d8ms	figs-metaphor		0	Build, build! Clear a way! Remove all the stumbling blocks from the path of my people	Yahweh is emphatic and urgent that a clear and level road be available for the people to return to him and free of obstacles to worshiping Yahweh. This echoes [Isaiah 40:3](../40/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	57	15	nf35			0	For this is what the high and elevated One says	The words “high” and “elevated” have basically the same meaning here and emphasize Yahweh being exalted. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 6:1](../06/01.md) and [Isaiah 33:10](../33/10.md). See how you translated a similar phrase in [Isaiah 52:13](../52/13.md).
ISA	57	15	y31b	figs-parallelism		0	to revive the spirit of the humble ones, and to revive the heart of the contrite ones	These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that Yahweh will strengthen and encourage those who humble themselves before him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	57	15	z6yj	figs-metonymy		0	spirit … heart	Here these refer to a person’s thoughts and emotions, not the spirit and heart literally. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	57	16	h42q			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
ISA	57	17	kl3t	figs-idiom		0	I hid my face	This means God gave up on his people and no longer helped or blessed them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA	57	17	n312	figs-metonymy		0	he went backward in the way of his heart	This means the Israelites kept rejecting the true God for false ones. Here “backward” and “way” are location words representing motivations and feelings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	57	18	p57m			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking.
ISA	57	18	utk3			0	his ways	“their ways.” Here “his” refers to the people of Israel.
ISA	57	18	kfr6			0	comfort and console those who mourn for him	“I will soothe and calm those who feel sad for the people’s suffering because of their sinful behavior”
ISA	57	19	u422	figs-metonymy		0	I create the fruit of the lips	Here “fruit of the lips” refers to what a person says. Alternate translation: “I cause them to praise and thank me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	57	19	nl5v			0	Peace, peace, to those who are far off	“I have made peace with them who are far off.” The word “Peace” is repeated for emphasis.
ISA	57	20	w5a6	figs-simile		0	But the wicked are like the tossing sea … mire and mud	This compares the wicked to rough water on the shore that makes the water dirty. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	58	intro	wkw6			0		# Isaiah 58 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Fasting<br>The practice of fasting became more common after the exile. This was intended to bring people into a right relationship with God by creating a designated time to concentrate on him. It may have been believed that Yahweh heard people better when they fasted. The significance of fasting is derived from the faster’s attitude of repentance and faith in Yahweh and not the practice itself. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “Yet they seek me daily”<br>The people did not truly seek Yahweh every day. They practiced the outward aspects of the Jewish religion, but their hearts were far from Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	58	1	akw2	figs-simile		0	Lift up your voice like a trumpet	This means shout loudly. Here “your” refers to Isaiah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
ISA	58	1	dw8k	figs-parallelism		0	Confront my people with their rebellion, and the house of Jacob with their sins	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Together they strengthen the urgency to confront Yahweh’s people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	58	3	c1tq	figs-rquestion		0	‘Why have we fasted,’ they say, ‘but you do not see it? Why have we humbled ourselves, but you do not notice?’	The people of Israel use questions to complain to God because they feel he is ignoring them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	58	4	tg4q			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel by answering their challenging question.
ISA	58	4	vt4a			0	Look	“Behold!” or “Pay attention.” Yahweh confronts their questioning by telling them to pay attention.
ISA	58	4	i2t9	figs-metonymy		0	fist of wickedness	“wicked fist.” This shows that they fight viciously. “Fist” represents anger that is physically violent. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	58	5	wb5r	figs-rquestion		0	Is this really the kind of fast that I would want … under himself?	Yahweh uses a question to scold the people. They act like they are humble before God, but they are hurting other people. Alternate translation: “This is not the kind of fast I want … under himself.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	58	5	acf6	figs-simile		0	A day for anybody to humble himself, for him to bow down his head like a reed	This means the person is bowing down, but he is not truly humble. “A reed” represents a weak plant that bends easily. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	58	5	bg7s	figs-rquestion		0	Do you really call this a fast, a day that pleases Yahweh?	Yahweh uses a question to scold the people. Alternate translation: “Surely you do not think this kind of fast pleases me!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	58	6	xbv6			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
ISA	58	6	ba3r	figs-rquestion		0	Is not this the fast that I choose … break every yoke?	Yahweh uses a question to teach the people about the kind of fast that pleases him. Alternate translation: “This is the fast that I choose … break every yoke.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	58	6	d4hx	figs-metonymy		0	To release wicked bonds, to undo the ropes of the yoke, to set the crushed ones free, and to break every yoke	All of these phrases mean they should help those people whom the wicked are hurting and oppressing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	58	7	mv38	figs-rquestion		0	Is it not to … your house?	Yahweh uses another question to teach the people. Alternate translation: “It is to … your house.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	58	7	g6ne	figs-idiom		0	break your bread	This phrase represents starting the meal by the host tearing the loaf of bread apart. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA	58	8	dpx1			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
ISA	58	8	pk9d	figs-idiom		0	Then your light would be broken open like the sunrise	“Break open” here is an idiom that means when a light begins to shine brightly. This means that if they help people in need, their deeds will be like lights others will see, as when the sun comes up after a dark night. Or the light may refer to the light of the Lord, shining on them and blessing them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	58	8	n7u7	figs-metaphor		0	your healing would quickly sprout up	This means God will bless and restore them quickly, as a wound heals quickly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	58	8	jj59			0	your righteousness would go before you, and the glory of Yahweh would be your rearguard	This refers to the time when God protected the people of Israel as they escaped from Egypt. This means God will again protect them from their enemies if they will do what is right.
ISA	58	8	qu5x			0	your righteousness	This expression in Hebrew can also be interpreted as the one who gives righteousness or even victory. In this context, this expression would refer to God. A few modern versions have this interpretation.
ISA	58	9	sym6			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
ISA	58	10	c9f8	figs-metaphor		0	then your light will rise in the darkness, and your darkness will be like the noonday	“Your light” represents the acts of kindness that will be examples to everyone, and the “darkness,” the bad deeds, will be overcome by their good deeds. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	58	11	g6up			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
ISA	58	11	n3uj	figs-metaphor		0	satisfy you in regions where there is no water	“Water” represents all they need for an abundant life even when their surroundings do not have enough. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	58	11	spd1	figs-simile		0	You will be like a watered garden	“A watered garden” represents abundance and plenty so they will have all they need. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	58	11	e2u3	figs-simile		0	like a spring of water, whose waters never fail	“A spring of water” represents a source of abundance in a land where water is precious. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	58	12	ue2m			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
ISA	58	12	a2lt	figs-activepassive		0	you will be called	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people will call you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	58	13	ha7a			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
ISA	58	13	dvf4	figs-synecdoche		0	you turn back your feet from traveling on the Sabbath day, and from doing your own pleasure on my holy day	Here the people are represented by their “feet.” God did not allow long travels or work on the day of rest. Alternate translation: “you stop traveling and doing what you want to do on the Sabbath, my holy day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	58	14	md3q			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
ISA	58	14	gl7b	figs-metaphor		0	I will make you ride on the heights of the earth	This refers to God exalting the nation in reputation and power in response to living righteously. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	58	14	g7g6	figs-synecdoche		0	for the mouth of Yahweh has spoken	The word “mouth” symbolizes what Yahweh says. Alternate translation: “for Yahweh has spoken it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	59	intro	ag3n			0		# Isaiah 59 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh’s deliverance<br>When Israel was conquered, they were being punished for their sin. Yahweh is strong enough to deliver them, but he did not because he desired to refine them through the experience of the exile. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
ISA	59	1	pss8			0	Look	“Behold!” or “You should know!” Yahweh tells the people to pay attention.
ISA	59	1	q7gn	figs-metonymy		0	Yahweh’s hand is not so short	“Hand” represents power and ability. A “short” hand does not have power and ability. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is fully able” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	59	2	d3ku	figs-you		0	your … you	These plural pronouns refer to the people of Israel as a single group. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
ISA	59	2	b6lq	figs-personification		0	your sins have made him hide his face from you	“Face” represents being present and looking upon. Alternate translation: “your sins have made him turn away from you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
ISA	59	3	a5my			0	General Information:	Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Israel.
ISA	59	3	brc4	figs-metonymy		0	For your hands are stained with blood and your fingers with sin	Here “hands” and “fingers” refers to their actions. This means they are guilty of doing violent and sinful things. “Your” is plural. Alternate translation: “For you have committed violent sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
ISA	59	3	h19x	figs-metonymy		0	Your lips speak lies and your tongue speaks maliciously	The parts of the body that make speech represent what people say. Alternate translation: “You speak lies and malicious things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	59	4	a81n	figs-metaphor		0	they conceive trouble and give birth to sin	“Conceiving” and “giving birth” emphasize how carefully they plan to do sinful things. Here “they” still refers to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “they work hard to do sinful things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	59	5	nqx3			0	General Information:	Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Israel about the evil they do using the metaphors of poisonous snakes and spider’s webs.
ISA	59	5	a5v3	figs-metaphor		0	They hatch eggs of a poisonous snake	Eggs of a poisonous snake hatch into more dangerous snakes. “Poisonous snakes” represents evil the people do that harms more and more. Alternate translation: “They make evil that spreads out to make more evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	59	5	np5s	figs-metaphor		0	weave a spider’s web	This represents the deeds of the people that are useless. Alternate translation: “produce things and activities that are useless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	59	5	ntp8	figs-metaphor		0	Whoever eats of their eggs dies, and if an egg is crushed, it hatches into a poisonous snake	Eating a poisonous egg will kill the one that eats it and represents self-destruction. Breaking the egg allows the young poisonous snake to hatch and represents spreading destruction. Alternate translation: “The activities they do will destroy them and will spread destruction to others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	59	5	zj3v	figs-activepassive		0	if an egg is crushed	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “if someone crushes an egg” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	59	6	njm8	figs-metaphor		0	Their webs cannot be used for garments, nor can they cover themselves with their works	This means their sinful deeds cannot be covered and hidden, just as a web cannot serve as clothing and cover someone. Alternate translation: “Their evil deeds will be exposed as useless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	59	6	r1fj	figs-activepassive		0	Their webs cannot be used for garments	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “They cannot clothe themselves with their webs” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	59	6	q53u	figs-metonymy		0	deeds of violence are in their hands	“Hands” represents the ability and power to do these things and therefore their responsibility. Alternate translation: “they are fully responsible for the violence they do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	59	7	u2rk			0	General Information:	Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Israel.
ISA	59	7	l2vv	figs-synecdoche		0	Their feet run to evil	Here people are represented by their “feet.” This speaks of them doing something quickly as their feet running to it. Alternate translation: “They are quick to do evil things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	59	7	k2ys	figs-metaphor		0	are their roads	“roads” represents their way of life. Alternate translation: “are all they do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	59	8	i53h	figs-metaphor		0	there is no justice in their paths	“paths” represents their way of life. Alternate translation: “they never do what is just” or “everything they do is unjust” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	59	8	lc94	figs-metaphor		0	They have made crooked paths	“Crooked paths” represents the way of life that is corrupt. Alternate translation: “They say and do dishonest things. They are devious” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	59	9	yen4			0	General Information:	Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Israel.
ISA	59	9	ps1q	figs-exclusive		0	justice is far from us	Here “us” refers to Isaiah and the people of Israel. “Far” represents that justice is gone and difficult to get. Alternate translation: “justice is gone and very difficult to get” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	59	9	ir1h	figs-parallelism		0	We wait for light, but see darkness; we look for brightness, but we walk in darkness	Each of these phrases means that the people are waiting for God’s goodness, but it seems like he has abandoned them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	59	10	bg1w	figs-simile		0	We grope for the wall like the blind … like dead men	This means that because God is not coming to them, they feel helpless, not finding the right path and despairing of the future, with no hope for a vibrant life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	59	11	wv6x			0	General Information:	Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Israel.
ISA	59	11	jgk8	figs-simile		0	We growl like bears and moan like doves	These refer to the sounds the people made because they were distressed and mourning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	59	12	ihk9			0	General Information:	Isaiah continues speaking.
ISA	59	12	c6ut	figs-exclusive		0	our many transgressions	Here “our” refers to Isaiah and the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
ISA	59	12	dxj1	figs-you		0	before you	Here “you” refers to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
ISA	59	12	ujp4	figs-personification		0	our sins testify against us	Isaiah describes the sins as a person who goes before God to declare that the people are guilty. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
ISA	59	12	w614	figs-metaphor		0	for our transgressions are with us	“With us” represents being aware of them. Alternate translation: “for we are aware of our transgressions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	59	14	shd5			0	General Information:	Isaiah continues speaking.
ISA	59	14	wi7i	figs-activepassive		0	Justice is driven back	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The people drive justice back” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	59	14	e1d8	figs-personification		0	Justice … righteousness … truth … right	These are ideas that Isaiah describes as acting like persons. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA	59	15	g3ak	figs-personification		0	Trustworthiness	Isaiah describes this idea as acting like a person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA	59	16	j6z8			0	General Information:	Isaiah continues speaking.
ISA	59	16	qym5			0	He saw that there was no man, and wondered that there was no one to intervene.	“Yahweh was appalled that no one came to help those who were suffering.” or “Yahweh was astonished that no one came to help those who were suffering.”
ISA	59	16	ngp8	figs-metonymy		0	Therefore his own arm brought salvation for him	Yahweh’s “arm” represents his ability and power. Alternate translation: “Yahweh used his own power to save the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	59	16	cty4	figs-personification		0	his righteousness sustained him	“Righteousness” here is a quality that acts like a person. The word can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “he did right as he always would do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA	59	17	c6gq	figs-metaphor		0	He put on righteousness as a breastplate and a helmet of salvation upon his head. He clothed himself with garments of vengeance and wore zeal as a mantle	“breastplate,” “helmet,” “garments,” and “mantle” are clothing for war and fighting. Isaiah describes Yahweh as putting these on to punish his people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	59	17	c42q			0	mantle	a loose, flowing robe
ISA	59	18	s3p1			0	He repaid them	Isaiah is describing a future event as if it happened in the past. This means that it will certainly happen.
ISA	59	19	hr5t			0	General Information:	Isaiah continues speaking.
ISA	59	19	j5p8	figs-metonymy		0	fear the name of Yahweh	Here “name” refers to Yahweh’s reputation and character. Alternate translation: “fear Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	59	19	a6vs	figs-merism		0	from the west … from the sun’s rising	Isaiah combines these words to mean people in all places of the world. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
ISA	59	19	s4n5	figs-simile		0	for he will come as a rushing stream	Narrow valleys in Judah were dry most of the year until a sudden, heavy rain turned them into fast-moving water. When that happened there was a lot of noise and wind. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	59	19	v9b2	figs-activepassive		0	driven by the breath of Yahweh	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “which the breath of Yahweh drives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	59	20	sbk2	figs-123person		0	this is Yahweh’s declaration	Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Translate as in [Isaiah 30:1](../30/01.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
ISA	59	21	yj33			0	my words which I have put in your mouth	“the message I have given you to speak”
ISA	60	intro	w59w			0		# Isaiah 60 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Israel’s restoration<br>This chapter pictures a time when Israel will be fully restored to Yahweh. They will be everything Yahweh intended them to be. All the nations will look to Israel and acknowledge her special relationship to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]])
ISA	60	1	z5e6			0	General Information:	Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Israel.
ISA	60	1	dli2	figs-metaphor		0	Arise, shine; for your light has come, and the glory of Yahweh has risen on you	This refers to the glorious things Yahweh has done for the inhabitants of Jerusalem. They are now to show that glory through what they do and say and have hope in the future. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	60	2	u9cn			0	General Information:	Isaiah is speaking to the people of Israel. He continues the metaphor about “light” ([Isaiah 60:1](../60/01.md)).
ISA	60	2	ty2x	figs-parallelism		0	Though darkness will cover the earth, and thick darkness the nations	Both of these phrases mean the same thing and are combined for emphasis. They refer to “spiritual darkness.” This means all the other people of the world will not know Yahweh or how to please him. This is a metaphor for divine judgment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	60	2	kp9c	figs-metaphor		0	yet Yahweh will arise upon you	This means the light of God’s presence will appear for the people of Israel, and it will show the way they should go. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	60	2	s5ca	figs-activepassive		0	his glory will be seen on you	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the people of the nations will see his glory on you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	60	4	x1z5			0	General Information:	Here Yahweh begins speaking.
ISA	60	4	ex8l			0	They all gather themselves	“They” refers to the rest of the people of Israel who will come together to return to Jerusalem.
ISA	60	4	b3v9	figs-activepassive		0	your daughters will be carried in their arms	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they will carry your daughters in their arms” or “they will carry your daughters on their hips” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	60	5	ku6b	figs-parallelism		0	Then you will look and be radiant, and your heart shall rejoice and overflow	These phrases share similar meanings and emphasize that they will be very happy because of what will happen in Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	60	5	rnt2			0	the abundance of the sea	This refers to the riches and goods that will come to Jerusalem by way of shipping, perhaps from along the Mediterranean Sea.
ISA	60	5	dn2d	figs-metaphor		0	be poured out to you	This describes that the abundance will be like water that gushes out. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	60	6	s2i2			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
ISA	60	6	sn7y			0	the dromedaries	“the young camels”
ISA	60	6	vu2u	translate-names		0	Ephah	an area in Arabia (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	60	7	g7av	translate-names		0	Kedar … Nebaioth	These are the names of areas in Arabia. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	60	7	vl7c	figs-activepassive		0	All the flocks of Kedar will be gathered together to you	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The people of Kedar will gather their flocks for you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	60	7	pi4p			0	the rams of Nebaioth will serve your needs	This refers to their need for sacrifices.
ISA	60	7	ec9a			0	they will be acceptable offerings on my altar	“I, Yahweh, will accept them on my altar”
ISA	60	8	tl1p			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
ISA	60	8	af2u	figs-rquestion		0	Who are these who fly along like a cloud, and like the doves to their shelters?	Yahweh uses questions and poetic images to draw attention here. He compares the sails of the ships to clouds and doves. This is also a picture of the Israelites returning to the country where they belong. Alternate translation: “Look, I see something like clouds moving quickly and like doves returning to their shelters.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	60	9	vl72	figs-metonymy		0	The coastlands	This refers to the people who live on the coastlands and describes the area of coastlands as if it was people looking out. Alternate translation: “The people from the coastlands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
ISA	60	9	liy6			0	the ships of Tarshish	This expression usually means large merchant ships suitable for long voyages.
ISA	60	9	z7pl			0	Holy One of Israel	See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:4](../01/04.md).
ISA	60	9	ywq6			0	he has honored you	“Yahweh has honored you, the people of Israel”
ISA	60	10	cy6u			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
ISA	60	11	eas5	figs-activepassive		0	they will not be shut day or night	Here “day” and “night” together mean “all the time.” This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one will ever shut them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
ISA	60	11	c5un	figs-activepassive		0	so that the wealth of the nations may be brought, with their kings being led	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so that the people of the nations may bring their wealth, along with their kings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	60	12	q5kz			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
ISA	60	12	hdc5	figs-activepassive		0	those nations will be completely destroyed	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will completely destroy the people of those nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	60	13	v72j			0	The glory of Lebanon	This refers to Lebanon being famous for its beautiful trees, especially cypress and cedar. The exact identification of all the trees is not known.
ISA	60	13	e35k	figs-metonymy		0	the place of my feet	This refers to Yahweh’s temple. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	60	14	py1v			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
ISA	60	14	gb24			0	Holy One of Israel	See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:4](../01/04.md).
ISA	60	15	ihk5			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
ISA	60	15	an1x			0	with no one passing through you	“with everyone avoiding your land” or “with all the foreigners avoiding your land”
ISA	60	16	njt8	figs-metaphor		0	You will also drink the milk of the nations, and will nurse at the breast of kings	This refers to the wealth and plenty that will be drained from foreign nations. Both clauses repeat the same idea for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	60	16	ygm4			0	Redeemer	See how you translated this in [Isaiah 41:14](../41/14.md).
ISA	60	16	fef8			0	the Mighty One of Jacob	See how you translated this in [Isaiah 49:26](../49/26.md).
ISA	60	17	dg7a			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
ISA	60	17	uwa8	figs-ellipsis		0	instead of wood, bronze, and instead of stones, iron	Yahweh will give more valuable building materials to them now. Alternate translation: “instead of wood, I will bring bronze, and instead of stones, I will bring iron” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
ISA	60	17	nbx6	figs-personification		0	I will appoint peace as your governors, and justice your rulers	Yahweh describes “peace” and “justice” as human rulers. This means there will be complete peace and justice in the land of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
ISA	60	18	f499	figs-activepassive		0	Violence will no longer be heard in your land	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “There will no longer be reports of violence in your land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	60	18	ik17	figs-metonymy		0	but you will call your walls Salvation, and your gates Praise	The physical objects have the names of spiritual qualities. The city of Jerusalem will be a safe place, and the people there will praise Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	60	19	wq86			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
ISA	60	20	l1pb	figs-parallelism		0	for Yahweh will be your everlasting light	Both verses repeat this same idea for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	60	20	d6du	figs-metaphor		0	Your sun will no longer set, nor will your moon withdraw and disappear	The moon will not literally disappear. This exaggeration is saying that the light of the sun and the moon will be much less bright than the light of Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
ISA	60	21	ppu9			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel.
ISA	60	21	h3th	figs-parallelism		0	the branch of my planting, the work of my hands	These phrases mean approximately the same and are repeated for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	60	21	eqv7	figs-metaphor		0	the branch of my planting	Yahweh is comparing the people to young shoots coming up that he planted as if he was a gardener. Yahweh has placed his people in the land of Israel. This gives hope to the people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	60	21	w3n1	figs-metaphor		0	the work of my hands	Yahweh compares the people of Israel to something made by the skill of his handicraft. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	60	21	sit8	figs-activepassive		0	that I may be glorified	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so that all people may glorify me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	60	22	zuc9	translate-numbers		0	a thousand	“1,000” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
ISA	61	intro	vsb3			0		# Isaiah 61 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>The first part of this chapter is probably a prophecy about the coming Messiah and not Isaiah because this was different than the message Isaiah delivered. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Restoration<br>This chapter prophesies concerning a future time of peace and restoration. It is unlikely to have been fulfilled in Isaiah’s day. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]])
ISA	61	1	s7f8			0	The Spirit of the Lord Yahweh is on me	“Spirit” here is the Holy Spirit of Yahweh who compels or motivates the person. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 11:2](../11/02.md) or in [Isaiah 42:1](../42/01.md).
ISA	61	1	xr6t			0	the afflicted	This refers to poor people, those in great sorrow, or oppressed people who have problems they cannot overcome by themselves.
ISA	61	1	n6cg	figs-parallelism		0	liberty to the captives, and the opening of the prison for those who are bound	These two phrases mean the same thing. They state that God will certainly give freedom to captives. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	61	2	gds9			0	General Information:	Isaiah continues speaking.
ISA	61	2	pj2e	figs-metonymy		0	the year of Yahweh’s favor, the day of vengeance	Both of these phrases refer to the same span of time. “Year” and “day” are both specific examples that represent the greater whole. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	61	2	b53s			0	year of Yahweh’s favor	“time when Yahweh will act kindly toward his people”
ISA	61	3	c4hv			0	General Information:	Isaiah continues speaking.
ISA	61	3	d5cz			0	to give … to give	Isaiah repeats this for emphasis.
ISA	61	3	a7bm			0	a turban	“a headdress” or “a beautiful head covering.” This is a long piece of cloth that is wrapped around the head.
ISA	61	3	qss6	figs-metonymy		0	oil of joy … a mantle of praise	People put oil on themselves and dressed in beautiful, long robes during times of celebration and joy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	61	3	x9dy			0	in place of a spirit of dullness	“in place of sadness” or “in place of mourning”
ISA	61	3	s3uu	figs-metaphor		0	oaks of righteousness, the planting of Yahweh	This means Yahweh has caused the people to be strong and sturdy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	61	3	d2mz	figs-activepassive		0	that he may be glorified	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so that the people’s lives may glorify him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	61	4	k3bl	figs-parallelism		0	General Information:	Isaiah continues speaking using parallelisms in each line. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	61	6	zly8	figs-parallelism		0	General Information:	Yahweh’s servant continues speaking to the people of Israel with each line a parallelism. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	61	6	r8ff	figs-activepassive		0	You will be called	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People will call you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	61	7	x7le			0	you will have double	This probably refers to a double portion of land.
ISA	61	7	wxd5	figs-123person		0	they will rejoice over their share … they will … their land … will be theirs	This still refers to the people of Israel. This can be stated in second person. Alternate translation: “you will rejoice over your share … you will … your land … will be yours” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
ISA	61	9	p3mg	figs-parallelism		0	Their descendants will be known among the nations, and their offspring among the peoples	These two clauses mean the same thing. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People from other nations will know their descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	61	9	kx41	figs-ellipsis		0	their offspring among the peoples	This clause assumes the same verb as the previous one. Alternate translation: “their offspring will be known among the peoples” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
ISA	61	10	w34d			0	I will greatly rejoice in Yahweh	“I” refers to the people of God speaking as one person whom Yahweh has restored.
ISA	61	10	u9w7	figs-metaphor		0	clothed me with the garments of salvation; he has clothed me with the robe of righteousness	The people of God speaking as one person now have salvation and righteousness as their distinct appearance visible to all. “Garments” and “robe” are clothing that everyone can see. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	61	10	k3wx	figs-simile		0	as a bridegroom adorns himself with a turban, and as a bride adorns herself with her jewels	This comparison emphasizes that the speaker is extremely happy, joyful, celebrating. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	61	10	j7bv			0	turban	See how you translated this in [Isaiah 61:3](../61/03.md).
ISA	61	11	q4ad	figs-parallelism		0	For as the earth produces its sprouting plants, and as the garden makes its planting grow	This is saying the same thing in two ways. The fact that whatever God says he will do is certainly going to happen is compared to the fact that seeds sprout after planting. Alternate translation: “Just as seeds sown in a garden sprout from the soil and grow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	61	11	zgl9	figs-metaphor		0	righteousness and praise to sprout up	This expression describes these virtues as growing from seed like plants do. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	62	intro	q3u6			0		# Isaiah 62 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Restoration<br>This chapter prophesies concerning a future time of peace and restoration. It is unlikely to have been fulfilled in Isaiah’s day. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]])
ISA	62	1	dja1	figs-parallelism		0	For Zion’s sake I will not be silent, and for Jerusalem’s sake I will not be quiet	Both of these statements mean the same thing. Here “Zion” and “Jerusalem” both represent the people who live in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “For the sake of the people of Jerusalem I will not be silent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	62	1	b9bc			0	I will not be silent	It is most likely that “I” refers to Isaiah.
ISA	62	1	q71s	figs-simile		0	until her righteousness proceeds brightly, and her salvation as a burning torch	Both clauses reassure the people that God will eventually come and save the people of Israel and that it will be as apparent as light is. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	62	3	qm2v	figs-parallelism		0	You will also be a crown of beauty in the hand of Yahweh, and a turban of kingship in the hand of your God	These mean the same thing and are combined for emphasis. They say that Jerusalem will become a royal city under the power and authority of God. Yahweh’s hand is a metonym for his power and authority. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	62	4	dd4g	figs-parallelism		0	It will no more … will it be said, “Desolate.”	These mean the same thing are combined for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	62	4	uk2d	figs-activepassive		0	It will no more be said of you	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People will no longer say about you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	62	4	rz8n	figs-activepassive		0	nor of your land any longer will it be said	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “nor will people any longer say about your land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	62	4	s67z	figs-metaphor		0	your land will be married	This means Yahweh will love the people of Israel and will always be with them as is a husband. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	62	5	fh9p	figs-simile		0	as a young man marries a young woman, so your sons will marry you	Here “sons” refers to the people of Israel and “you” refers to Judah, the land of Israel. This means the people will take possession of the land as a man takes possession of his young wife. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	62	5	pn1w	figs-simile		0	as a bridegroom rejoices over his bride, your God will rejoice over you	This emphasizes God’s happiness about his relationship with his people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	62	6	me2g			0	I have put	Here “I” may refer to Isaiah or to Yahweh.
ISA	62	6	yi1t	figs-metaphor		0	watchmen on your walls	This refers to prophets, officials, or possibly angels, who are constantly praying for the people of Jerusalem like watchmen who constantly guard the city. See how you translated “watchmen” in [Isaiah 52:8](../52/08.md) and [Isaiah 56:10](../56/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	62	6	v43n	figs-litotes		0	they are not silent day or night	This means they are continually pleading to Yahweh or calling to each other. Alternate translation: “they are earnestly praying to Yahweh throughout the entire day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
ISA	62	7	b9v2			0	Do not allow him to rest	Here “him” refers to Yahweh.
ISA	62	8	bnu9	figs-metonymy		0	by his right hand and by the arm of his strength	The right hand and arm represent power and authority. Alternate translation: “by his power and authority” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	62	8	tb4w			0	Surely I will no longer give your grain as food for your enemies	This means Yahweh will not let enemies conquer the people of Israel and take their grain anymore. Perhaps enemies took the grain in the past as a tax or to feed their own armies.
ISA	62	8	jw3p	figs-parallelism		0	I will no longer give your grain as food for your enemies … Foreigners will not drink your new wine	These statements are set together for emphasis and completion. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	62	9	lt1b	figs-parallelism		0	those who harvest the grain … those who pick the grapes	These statements are set together for emphasis and completion. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	62	10	f159			0	Come through, come through the gates	The phrase “come through” is repeated to show urgency.
ISA	62	10	m5im	figs-metonymy		0	Build it, build the highway	The word “build” is repeated to emphasize that Yahweh urgently wants the road prepared. The “highway” represents the way the people can return. This is similar to [Isaiah 40:3](../40/03.md) and [Isaiah 57:14](../57/14.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	62	10	dxb2	figs-synecdoche		0	Gather out the stones	“Take the stones out of the road to make it smooth.” Stones represent all the obstacles to quick travel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	62	10	cv7h	figs-metonymy		0	Raise up a signal flag for the nations	A signal flag represents something to draw the attention of others. This means Yahweh is calling the people of the other nations to take notice of the land of Israel and to see what Yahweh has accomplished as he said he would. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	62	11	u2wh			0	Look	“Take notice!”
ISA	62	11	e6rw	figs-metaphor		0	the ends of the earth	The places on the earth that are very far away are spoken of as if they were the places where the earth ends. This phrase also forms a merism and refers to everywhere in between the ends. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 40:28](../40/28.md). AT “the farthest places of the earth” or “the entire earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
ISA	62	11	sa9m	figs-idiom		0	the daughter of Zion	“Daughter” represents the people of Jerusalem (Zion). See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:8](../01/08.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA	62	11	n3g6	figs-parallelism		0	See, his reward is with him, and his recompense is going before him	These clauses represent the same idea for emphasis. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Isaiah 40:10](../40/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	62	12	q31l	figs-activepassive		0	you will be called	This can be stated actively, “they will call you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	63	intro	g5yz			0		# Isaiah 63 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Imagery<br>The imagery of judgment in this chapter is intended to be rather vivid. The translator should avoid euphemisms, if possible. Overall, this chapter prophesies a day of great judgment and God’s wrath. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wrath]])
ISA	63	1	qz61	figs-rquestion		0	Who is this who comes from Edom … Bozrah	Isaiah speaks as a watchman using the question and answer format to present this information about Yahweh’s judgment on Edom, an enemy of Israel. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “I, Yahweh, am coming from Edom, clothed in red from Bozrah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	63	1	vv2a	translate-names		0	Bozrah	This is the capital city of Edom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	63	1	j2ug			0	It is I	Here “I” refers to Yahweh.
ISA	63	2	tzm5	figs-rquestion		0	Why are your clothes red, and why … winepress?	This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “The red on your clothing looks makes you look like you have been treading on grapes in a winepress.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	63	2	nmf4			0	winepress	A winepress is a low place carved out of rock in the ground where workers step on the grapes to crush them with their feet, in order to remove the grape juice.
ISA	63	3	ky69	figs-metaphor		0	I have trodden grapes	Here “I” refers to Yahweh. This imagery refers to Yahweh destroying his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	63	4	ebb5			0	the day of vengeance	“the time of vengeance” or “the time for vengeance”
ISA	63	4	z515			0	vengeance	Yahweh will punish in an appropriate way to bring about justice. His kind of vengeance differs from man’s vengeance.
ISA	63	4	p1bl	figs-metonymy		0	the year for my redemption	Here “year” refers to a specific time appointed by Yahweh for restoring Israel. Alternate translation: “the time for my redemption” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	63	5	jj1f			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking.
ISA	63	5	f8a2	figs-metonymy		0	but my own arm	Here “arm” represents power. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	63	6	xdg5	figs-metaphor		0	made them drunk in my wrath	This means Yahweh made them stunned and senseless by his full wrath and punishment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	63	6	v3ih	figs-metaphor		0	I poured out their blood	Here “blood” represents the life of Yahweh’s enemies that was gushing out so they would die. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	63	7	e55q	figs-abstractnouns		0	I will tell of the acts of Yahweh’s covenant faithfulness	The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be stated as “faithfully” or “faithful.” See how you translated “covenant faithfulness” in [Isaiah 16:5](../16/05.md). Alternate translation: “I will tell about how God has acted faithfully to his covenant” or “I will tell about all the faithful things God has done for his people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ISA	63	7	d6e5			0	I will tell	Here “I” refers to Isaiah.
ISA	63	7	x88u	figs-exclusive		0	done for us	Here “us” refers to Isaiah and the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
ISA	63	9	gd1d			0	Through all their suffering	“Through all our suffering.” Here “their” refers to the people of Israel. Isaiah included himself as a member of the people.
ISA	63	9	xq2j			0	he suffered too	Here “he” refers to Yahweh.
ISA	63	9	zj13			0	the angel from his presence	This is a representative who is sent from God’s presence.
ISA	63	9	cf9k	figs-metaphor		0	he lifted them up and carried them	This refers to when God protected and saved the people of Israel from the Egyptians many years earlier. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	63	10	trm9			0	But they rebelled	“but we rebelled.” Here “they” refers to the people of Israel. Isaiah included himself as a member of the people.
ISA	63	10	ff3h			0	his Holy Spirit	“Yahweh’s Holy Spirit”
ISA	63	11	tt31			0	They said	“we said.” Here “they” refers to the people of Israel. Isaiah included himself as a member of the people.
ISA	63	11	xc8g	figs-explicit		0	who brought them up out of the sea	The story of Yahweh miraculously splitting the waters of the Sea of Reeds so that the Israelites could cross and escape the Egyptians is assumed knowledge. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	63	11	gjt5	figs-metaphor		0	the shepherds of his flock	Leaders are sometimes referred to as “shepherds.” Alternate translation: “the leaders of his people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	63	12	iq2k			0	General Information:	The people of Israel continue speaking.
ISA	63	12	zbm6	figs-metonymy		0	who made his glorious power go with the right hand of Moses	Here “right hand” represents the power of Yahweh through Moses. This means it was God’s power that enabled Moses to divide the water of the Reed Sea. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	63	13	ymx4	figs-simile		0	Like a horse running on flat land, they did not stumble	This means that the people of Israel were sure-footed as horses in open country on their travels toward Israel from Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	63	14	d9fd			0	General Information:	The people of Israel continue speaking.
ISA	63	14	vw1c	figs-simile		0	As the cattle that go down into the valley … rest	This image pictures cattle going into a valley where there is green grass and water and emphasizes that God led the people of Israel and took care of them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	63	14	mt35	figs-metonymy		0	to make yourself a name of praise	Here “name of praise” refers to honor and one’s reputation. Alternate translation: “to make sure you have an honored reputation for yourself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	63	15	fet4			0	General Information:	The people of Israel continue speaking.
ISA	63	15	z3pw	figs-rquestion		0	Where are your zeal and your mighty acts?	The writer uses a question to express deep emotion and concern because it seems God is not helping them. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “We do not see your zeal and your mighty acts!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	63	15	ul1l	figs-activepassive		0	Your pity and your compassionate actions are kept from us	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “You keep your pity and compassion from us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	63	16	sb9w	figs-synecdoche		0	though Abraham does not know us, and Israel does not recognize us	These ancestors of the nation of Israel would not able to identify their descendants because they changed so much. “Abraham” and “Israel” represent the people from the distant past. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	63	16	n4aq			0	Israel	This refers to the name also called “Jacob.”
ISA	63	17	h7k1			0	General Information:	The people of Israel continue speaking.
ISA	63	17	w2gk	figs-rquestion		0	Yahweh, why do you make us wander from your ways and harden our hearts, so we do not obey you?	Here the writer uses a question to express a complaint of the people to God. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, you have made us wander from your ways and become stubborn so that we do not obey you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	63	17	dfb6	figs-metaphor		0	why do you make us wander from your ways	To not do what Yahweh commands is spoken of as if a person wanders off of the correct path. Alternate translation: “why do you make do what is wrong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	63	17	pqt9	figs-metaphor		0	harden our hearts	This means to become resistant to Yahweh’s teaching by refusing to listen and obey. Here “heart” represents their motives, feelings and desires. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	63	18	ka89			0	General Information:	The people of Israel continue speaking.
ISA	63	19	j3dn	figs-activepassive		0	who were never called by your name	This can be stated in active form. The word “name” refers to a family relationship. Alternate translation: “who never belonged to your family” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	63	19	kcq5			0	We have become … called by your name	Some modern versions interpret this passage differently: “We are like the people over whom you have not ruled, like those who have not been called by your name.”
ISA	64	intro	pn57			0		# Isaiah 64 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Repentance<br>This chapter records the repentance of the righteous remnant of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/remnant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])
ISA	64	1	k72d			0	General Information:	The people of Israel continue speaking to Yahweh ([Isaiah 63:11](../63/11.md)).
ISA	64	1	vzg6	figs-hypo		0	Oh, if you had	Isaiah introduces this desire for Yahweh’s presence in their past history with a strong exclamation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
ISA	64	1	ea39	figs-metaphor		0	if you had split open the heavens	If Yahweh had shown himself very dramatically by tearing open the sky. The words “split open” refer to ripping a piece of cloth apart. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	64	1	gnw8	figs-hypo		0	mountains would have shaken	The mountains would have trembled as in an earthquake. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
ISA	64	2	re9g	figs-simile		0	as when fire kindles the brushwood, or the fire makes water boil	This possibly emphasizes how easily God’s presence would have caused the mountains and the people to tremble. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
ISA	64	3	r6lb			0	General Information:	The people of Israel continues speaking to Yahweh.
ISA	64	4	ien9	figs-synecdoche		0	nor eye seen	Here the “eye” refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “nor has anyone seen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	64	5	w5xb			0	General Information:	The people of Israel continue speaking to Yahweh.
ISA	64	5	e2mb	figs-idiom		0	call to mind	This is an idiom that means “remember.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA	64	6	y1pd			0	General Information:	The people of Israel continue speaking to Yahweh.
ISA	64	6	r68s	figs-simile		0	all our righteous deeds are like a menstrual rag	A “menstrual rag” is a cloth that a woman uses during the time of month when she bleeds from her womb. This means all their attempts to please God fail. This sentence was meant to be shocking. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	64	6	pe9q	figs-simile		0	We have all withered like leaves	Isaiah compares the people of Israel to leaves that dry up when dead. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	64	6	zx8k	figs-simile		0	our iniquities, like the wind, carry us away	This means their sins, as a community, are the reason for their failure. Isaiah compares the iniquities to the wind as the force for their suffering Yahweh’s punishment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	64	7	j4vi	figs-idiom		0	you have hidden your face from us	This means God gave up on his people and let them suffer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA	64	7	bhp2	figs-metonymy		0	in the hand of our iniquities	Here the word “hand” is a metonym for the power of those who are punishing the people for their iniquities. Alternate translation: “as you punish us for our iniquities” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	64	8	shy2			0	General Information:	The people of Israel continue speaking to Yahweh.
ISA	64	8	j691	figs-metaphor		0	we are the clay. You are our potter; and we all are the work of your hand	This means God created the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	64	9	jl2l	figs-idiom		0	call to mind	This refers to remembering the past. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA	64	9	i877	figs-personification		0	look at us all	Isaiah asks Yahweh to pay attention to their situation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
ISA	64	10	ie3k			0	General Information:	The people of Israel continue speaking to Yahweh.
ISA	64	10	gfj3			0	Your holy cities have become a wilderness	This emphasizes that the cities have been destroyed and no one lives there.
ISA	64	11	ev92	figs-activepassive		0	Our holy and beautiful temple, where our fathers praised you, has been destroyed by fire	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The enemy has destroyed our holy and beautiful temple, where our fathers praised you, by fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	64	12	x5p8	figs-rquestion		0	How can you still hold back, Yahweh? How can you remain silent and continue to humiliate us?	They use questions to express their frustration because God has not yet come to help them. Alternate translation: “Please do not hold back, Yahweh! Please do not remain silent and continue to humiliate us!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	65	intro	mm3j			0		# Isaiah 65 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>This chapter is Yahweh’s response to the repentance of the people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Judgment and hope<br>This chapter records that Yahweh’s judgment on the people must come. Despite this, there is hope that in the end, Yahweh will make all things new and restore them to himself. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/hope]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]])
ISA	65	1	fu52			0	I was ready	Here “I” refers to Yahweh.
ISA	65	2	k5z1	figs-idiom		0	I have spread out my hands all day to a stubborn people	“Spreading out my hands” here is a person’s gesture to show imploring or a strong request. Alternate translation: “I have continually begged a stubborn people to receive my help” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ISA	65	3	t8a2			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking about the people of Israel.
ISA	65	3	y6w2	figs-explicit		0	in gardens … on brick tiles	These refer to Canaanite places for worshiping idols. Their sacred altars were made of bricks, which Yahweh forbid for his altars. Yahweh’s altars were made of stone. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	65	4	ga3p	figs-explicit		0	sit among the graves and keep watch all night	This is a reference to consulting the dead, a practice that Yahweh prohibited. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	65	4	u4tg	figs-explicit		0	eat pork	Yahweh did not allow the people of Israel to eat meat from pigs. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	65	5	yf6i			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to and about the people of Israel.
ISA	65	5	yf97	figs-metaphor		0	These things are smoke in my nose	Yahweh compares these people who are continually annoying him to smoke that irritates a person’s breathing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	65	5	kfu5	figs-metaphor		0	a fire that burns all day long	Yahweh compares the people of Israel to a slow-burning fire that sends out smoke without stopping as it irritates. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	65	6	s3ji			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking about the people of Israel.
ISA	65	6	e8dl			0	Look, it is written	“Take notice and pay attention”
ISA	65	6	ju68	figs-idiom		0	into their laps	This means God will punish them to the fullest extent. This expression compares Yahweh punishing the people to dumping on their legs as they are sitting. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	65	8	u28s	figs-metaphor		0	As when juice is found in a cluster of grapes	Yahweh compares the people of Israel to a cluster of grapes that still has some good juice in it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	65	8	p137	figs-activepassive		0	when juice is found in a cluster	This can be stated in an active way. Alternate translation: “when you find juice in a cluster” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	65	8	y5df	figs-litotes		0	I will not ruin them all	This can be expressed positively. Alternate translation: “I will spare some of them who are righteous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	65	9	v8br			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking.
ISA	65	9	vkn1			0	my mountains	This refers to the highest locations of Jerusalem and all of Judea.
ISA	65	10	pzz2	translate-names		0	Sharon	This was a fertile grazing area. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	65	10	gc1h	translate-names		0	Valley of Achor	This is the name of a valley that possibly ran from Jerusalem to south of Jericho. This was also a fertile grazing area. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	65	11	mw8c			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking.
ISA	65	11	cm1c			0	holy mountain	See how you translated this in [Isaiah 11:9](../11/09.md).
ISA	65	11	h947			0	who prepare a table … and fill wine glasses of mixed wine	People would bring food and drink and place it in front of the idol as part of their worship.
ISA	65	11	crn4			0	mixed wine	wine mixed with spices
ISA	65	11	u2ws			0	Fortune … Destiny	These are names of false gods. They are also called “Gad” and “Meni.”
ISA	65	12	cb1l			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to those in Israel who worship idols.
ISA	65	12	kk9r	figs-synecdoche		0	appoint you for the sword	“The sword” represents various weapons of war that Yahweh will use to punish those who do not respond to Yahweh’s call. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	65	12	ah6h	figs-parallelism		0	when I called, you did not answer; when I spoke, you did not listen	Both clauses mean the same and are repeated for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	65	13	eb2d			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to those in Israel who worship idols.
ISA	65	13	hu21	figs-parallelism		0	Look, my servants	“Take notice and pay attention” Yahweh repeats this for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	65	14	l9nc	figs-parallelism		0	but you will cry because of the pain of the heart, and will wail because of the crushing of the spirit	These clauses mean the same and the repetition is for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	65	14	l647	figs-metaphor		0	crushing of the spirit	This expression compares the feeling of terrible disappointment and sorrow to something becoming deformed due to high pressure. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	65	15	mbr1			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking to those in Israel who worship idols.
ISA	65	16	x8rm	figs-activepassive		0	will be blessed by me, the God of truth	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I, the God who always speaks the truth, will bless him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	65	16	b3zy	figs-activepassive		0	the former troubles will be forgotten … will be hidden	These clauses can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they will forget the former troubles, for these troubles will be out of my memory” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	65	16	xcx8	figs-idiom		0	they will be hidden from my eyes	“hidden from my eyes” represents the attention and memory of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “I will not even think about them again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
ISA	65	17	ru1m			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking.
ISA	65	17	au5p			0	For see	“Notice! Pay attention!”
ISA	65	17	dn4a	figs-merism		0	new heavens and a new earth	Both are extremes that also represent everything between. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
ISA	65	17	v792	figs-parallelism		0	the former things will not be remembered or be brought to mind	Both of these clauses mean the same thing and are combined for emphasis. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you will not even think about what happened in the past” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	65	18	cdz7	figs-you		0	But you will be glad	Here “you” refers to all of God’s servants. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
ISA	65	19	wla8	figs-activepassive		0	weeping and cries of distress will no longer be heard in her	You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “no one will hear weeping and cries of distress any longer in her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	65	20	n372			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking about his faithful people.
ISA	65	20	ars5	translate-numbers		0	one hundred years	“100 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
ISA	65	20	qsz1	figs-activepassive		0	will be considered a young person	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people will consider him a young person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	65	20	fte4	figs-activepassive		0	will be considered cursed	This can be stated this in active form. Alternate translation: “people will consider this person as cursed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	65	22	x44j			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking about his faithful people.
ISA	65	22	t1rr			0	for as the days of trees will be the days of my people	“for my people will live as long as trees live”
ISA	65	23	ea83	figs-activepassive		0	they are the children of those blessed by Yahweh	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they are the children of those whom Yahweh blessed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	65	24	y69k			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking about his faithful people.
ISA	65	25	pu4h			0	holy mountain	See how you translated this in [Isaiah 11:9](../11/09.md).
ISA	66	intro	d1a4			0		# Isaiah 66 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 66:1-17, 21-24.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### In the end<br>In the end, Yahweh will enact his perfect justice. This is the true hope of this world. The new heaven and the new earth are an important part of this. In the end, this will be the perfect creation of Yahweh and will last forever. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/hope]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]])
ISA	66	1	ym2c	figs-metaphor		0	Heaven is my throne, and the earth is my footstool	Yahweh compares heaven to a throne and the earth to a footstool to emphasize how great he is. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	66	1	fgf8	figs-rquestion		0	Where then is the house you will build for me? Where is the place where I may rest?	Yahweh uses questions to emphasize that humans cannot build a place for him to dwell. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	66	2	h4r7			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking.
ISA	66	2	z6n3	figs-synecdoche		0	My hand has made all these things	Yahweh is represented by his hand which emphasizes his power and authority. Alternate translation: “I have made all these things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	66	2	js74	figs-123person		0	this is Yahweh’s declaration	Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Translate as in [Isaiah 30:1](../30/01.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
ISA	66	2	d8bv			0	the broken and contrite in spirit	Here “broken” and “contrite” refers to a person who is truly humble and who suffers for his faith.
ISA	66	3	us65			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking.
ISA	66	3	r9v8	figs-parallelism		0	He who slaughters … also blesses wickedness	These four clauses all describe different ways evil people act and come to the same meaning for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	66	3	k536			0	They have chosen their own ways	“They have chosen to do evil things that violate the ways of Yahweh”
ISA	66	4	m1x2			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking about the wicked people.
ISA	66	4	l9qg	figs-metaphor		0	what was evil in my sight	Here sight represents judgment or evaluation. Alternate translation: “what I consider to be evil” or “what is evil in my judgement” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	66	5	ssi3	figs-activepassive		0	May Yahweh be glorified	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Glorify Yahweh” or “May Yahweh glorify himself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	66	5	x6r8	figs-activepassive		0	but they will be put to shame	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “but I will put them to shame” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	66	6	ksm5			0	General Information:	Yahweh describes the punishment for the hypocrisy of the worshipers.
ISA	66	6	ym61	figs-metonymy		0	A sound of battle tumult	The sound represents the real fighting that is going on in the temple as Yahweh is carrying out the punishment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	66	7	a59i			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking.
ISA	66	7	iy8c	figs-metaphor		0	Before she goes into labor, she gives birth; before pain is upon her, she gave birth to a son	Yahweh speaks about Zion as if it were a woman who is about to give birth. Although Zion was destroyed and the people no longer lived there, Yahweh promises that without delay and with little effort an entire nation will come from her. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	66	8	mnx2	figs-rquestion		0	Who has heard of such a thing? Who has seen such things? Will a land be born in one day? Can a nation be established in one moment?	Yahweh uses questions to emphasize how unique this event will be. The series of questions builds tension until Zion is finally mentioned. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
ISA	66	9	prd7			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking about Jerusalem as if it were a mother ([Isaiah 66:7-8](./07.md)).
ISA	66	9	ykq2	figs-rquestion		0	Do I bring a baby to the birth opening … born?	Yahweh uses questions to emphasize that he will not fail to fulfill his promises to the people of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	66	10	jpw5			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking about Jerusalem as if it were a mother and the inhabitants of Jerusalem as if they were newly born children ([Isaiah 66:7-8](./07.md)).
ISA	66	11	m27u	figs-metaphor		0	For you will nurse and be satisfied; with her breasts you will be comforted	This means Jerusalem will be a place of safety and comfort for God’s people. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “For she will satisfy you with her milk; she will comfort you with her breasts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	66	12	di1p			0	General Information:	Yahweh continues speaking about Jerusalem as if it were a mother ([Isaiah 66:7-8](./07.md)).
ISA	66	12	j2n7	figs-simile		0	like a river … like an overflowing stream	This means God will cause the people of the nations to bring a very large amount of riches, which will be permanent like a river and abundant. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	66	12	l5d2	figs-metaphor		0	You will nurse at her side, be carried in her arms, and be dandled on her knees	This means Jerusalem will be a place of safety and comfort for God’s people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	66	12	u5js	figs-activepassive		0	be carried in her arms, and be dandled on her knees	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “she will carry you in her arms and bounce you on her knees with delight” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	66	13	w86z	figs-activepassive		0	so I will comfort you, and you will be comforted in Jerusalem	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so I will comfort you in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	66	14	rk3u			0	General Information:	Isaiah is speaking to God’s faithful people.
ISA	66	14	fy26	figs-synecdoche		0	your bones will sprout	“Bones” refers to the whole body. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	66	14	pe4z	figs-simile		0	will sprout like the tender grass	“Tender grass” grows fast and strong and compares to the health and vigor of God’s faithful people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	66	14	gt3n	figs-activepassive		0	The hand of Yahweh will be made known to his servants	Here “hand” refers to his power. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will reveal his power to his servants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	66	15	akv1			0	General Information:	Isaiah continues speaking to God’s faithful people.
ISA	66	15	cfq3	figs-metaphor		0	coming with fire	Yahweh’s appearances in the Old Testament are often accompanied by fire that represents Yahweh’s anger and judgment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ISA	66	15	b53l	figs-simile		0	like the windstorm	Storms represent Yahweh’s powerful actions to make his judgment effective. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ISA	66	16	dhc5	figs-synecdoche		0	with his sword	“Sword” is one weapon that represents all of warfare and killing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ISA	66	16	bx7h	figs-activepassive		0	Those killed by Yahweh will be many	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will kill many people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ISA	66	17	b5sf			0	General Information:	Isaiah continues speaking.
ISA	66	17	rj5b			0	They consecrate themselves	“They” are those who worship Yahweh but go against his laws.
ISA	66	17	nv79	figs-explicit		0	enter the gardens	This is a place where people would go to worship idols. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ISA	66	17	jx7b			0	the one in the middle	This describes the leader of those of go to worship idols.
ISA	66	17	bs95	figs-123person		0	this is Yahweh’s declaration	Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Translate as in [Isaiah 30:1](../30/01.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
ISA	66	18	nhd3			0	For I know	Here “I” refers to Yahweh.
ISA	66	18	ej4u			0	their deeds … their thoughts	Here “their” refers to the worshipers that are hypocrites whom Yahweh has described before.
ISA	66	19	k1r5	translate-names		0	Put … Lud … Tubal … Javan	These are names of areas that are far from the land of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
ISA	66	20	m4dq			0	They will bring	Here “they” refers to the foreigners who survived and witnessed to the nations. They will return to Jerusalem with exiled Israelites.
ISA	66	20	lip4			0	holy mountain	See how you translated this in [Isaiah 11:9](../11/09.md).
ISA	66	22	g5ni			0	the new heavens and the new earth	See how you translated this in [Isaiah 65:17](../65/17.md).
ISA	66	24	ju6e			0	General Information:	Yahweh finishes speaking.
ISA	66	24	ivj5			0	They will go out	Here “they” refers to all the people, the faithful Israelites and foreigners, who come to worship Yahweh.
ISA	66	24	a8i9	figs-parallelism		0	the worms … and the fire	Both clauses describe the same idea to emphasize Yahweh’s punishment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ISA	66	24	le39	figs-metonymy		0	the worms that eat them	The worms represent the horror of decay and rot that are Yahweh’s punishment on the wicked. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	66	24	md8u	figs-metonymy		0	the fire that consumes	Fire also represents Yahweh’s judgment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ISA	66	24	t9vq	figs-litotes		0	will not be quenched	This can be expressed positively. Alternate translation: “will burn forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
ISA	66	24	e7xk	figs-metonymy		0	all flesh	This expression represents all created living beings that shrink from the dead. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])