Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNote
GEN front intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis
## Part 1: General Introduction
### Outline of Genesis
1. From the Creation to the Tower of Babel
- The account of the creation of the heavens and the earth (1:1–4:26)
- The account of Adam (5:1–6:8)
- The account of Noah (6:9–11:9)
- The account of Shem (11:10–11:26)
- The account of Terah (11:27–11:32)
1. The accounts of the Patriarchs
- The account of Abraham (12:1-25:11)
- The account of Ishmael (25:12–25:18)
- The account of Isaac, focusing on Jacob (25:19–35:29)
- The account of Esau (36:1–37:1)
- The account of Jacob, focusing on Joseph (37:2–50:26)
### What is Genesis about?
Genesis begins with the early years of creation. It tells about God creating heaven, earth, and the first humans. It also tells about the first time humans sinned. This caused humans to be separated from God and to eventually die. Genesis 1-11 briefly tells about other important events that occurred over many hundreds of years. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/death]])
Genesis is also about the beginning of God’s people. Genesis 12-50 tells about how God remained faithful to Abraham and his descendants. Abraham’s descendants became known as the Hebrews and later as the Israelites. These people would worship Yahweh and be his people.
Genesis ends with Abraham’s descendants living in Egypt with the hope of returning one day to the Promised Land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])
### How should the title of this book be translated?
“Genesis” means “beginning,” so translators should express this idea in their title. Titles such as “The Beginning of Things” may be suitable. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
### Who wrote Genesis?
The writers of both the Old and New Testaments presented Moses as being very involved with writing the book of Genesis. Since ancient times, both Jews and Christians have thought that Moses wrote Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy.
## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts
### What are the covenants mentioned in Genesis?
A covenant is a formal, binding agreement between two parties that one or both parties must fulfill.
God made three covenants in Genesis. In the covenant with Adam, God promised to bless Adam and cause him to prosper. Adam was not allowed to eat fruit from the tree of knowledge of good and evil. God promised that Adam would die if he disobeyed what he commanded.
In the covenant with Noah, God promised to never again destroy the world with a flood.
In the covenant with Abraham, God promised to make Abraham’s descendants into a great nation. He also promised to protect them and to give them a land of their own.
### What was God’s purpose for the book of Genesis?
The book of Genesis says that God created a very good world. However, the world became cursed because human beings began to sin. But Genesis shows that God continues to have complete control over the world.
Genesis also describes the start of God’s plan to bless the whole world again. This is shown when God makes a covenant with Abraham. With this covenant, God chose Abraham and his descendants to be his people. God promised to bless the world through Abraham’s descendants.
### What was the custom for inheritance as described by Genesis?
There are several passages in Genesis that show the customs of a father who is about to die passing on a blessing to his son. Abraham blessed his son, Isaac, and made him the ancestor of the people of Israel. However, Ishmael, Abraham’s other son, did not receive that same divine blessing. Likewise, Isaac’s older son Esau did not receive the blessing. Isaac’s younger son, Jacob, received it instead. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]])
Also, it was the custom for a man to divide among his sons his material wealth and land. All his sons received equal portions except the oldest son. The firstborn son received twice as much. His portion was called a double portion. Esau gave up his right to receive the double portion.
### How does Genesis present sin and evil?
Genesis presents sin as doing things that are against God’s word and God’s ways. It presents evil as the opposite of good.
Sin and evil have affected all people. This started when Adam disobeyed God in the Garden of Eden.
## Part 3: Important Translation Issues
### What is one way in which Genesis marks the beginning of important sections?
Genesis uses one Hebrew phrase that the ULT translates as “this is the record of,” “these were the events concerning,” or “these were the descendants of.” The information in these sections may have come from sources much older than Moses. These passages are 2:4; 5:1; 6:9; 10:1; 11:10, 27; 25:12, 19; 36:1, 9; 37:2.
If the translator wants to translate in only two ways, we recommend for most passages a phrase such as, “this is the record about” or “this is information about.” Some passages will be better translated, however, as “These were the descendants of.”
### Why are the beginnings of some narrative sections in Genesis difficult to translate?
Often in Genesis, the author first summarizes what is about to happen. Then in the following verses, the author tells the details of what happened. Probable examples of this style occur in Gen. 1:1, 6:22, 18:1, 21:1 and 22:1.
However, in many languages, it is preferred to write summaries at the end of a narrative. In this case, translators may choose a different approach. For example, in Gen. 1:1 (“In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth”), translators may decide to translate like this: “This is about how God made the heavens and the earth in the beginning.”
### What is the difference between “people,” “peoples,” and “people groups”?
The word “people” refers to all the individuals who belong to a group, such as “the people of Israel.” The word “peoples” (used in the ULT) refers to multiple groups of people. Each people group might speak their own language, have their own customs, and worships their own gods. Some different peoples in the ancient Near East were those of Israel, Egypt, Edom, Moab, and Ammon.
The expression “people groups” (used in the UST) means the same thing as “peoples” in the ULT. The translator should use the most equivalent term that is common in the project language.
### What is the relationship between individuals and peoples that have similar names?
Many individuals in Genesis eventually had large numbers of descendants who were called after their ancestor’s name. For example, Cush was the name of an individual. But, “Cush” also became the name of nation that his descendants formed. They were called “Cushites.” If possible, when translating these names, the translator should make the individual’s name and the nation’s name similar. Examples of this are “Cush” and “Cushite” or “Moab” and “Moabite.” Otherwise, the translator may say, “the descendants of Cush” or “the descendants of Moab.”
### What do the phrases “to this day” or “of today” mean?
These phrases were used by the narrator to refer to the time when he was writing. The translator should be aware that “to this day” and “of today” refer to a time already passed. The translator might decide to say, “to this day, at the time when this is being written,” or, “to this day, at the time of writing.” This Hebrew phrase occurs in Gen. 19:37, 19:38, 22:14, 26:33, 32:32, 35:20, 47:26, 48:18.
GEN 1 intro zb6f 0 # Genesis 01 General Notes
## Structure and formatting
This chapter presents the first account of God creating the world. There is a pattern to this account: “God said ... God saw that it was good ... This was evening and morning, the first day.” Translators should preserve this pattern in their versions.
## Special concepts in this chapter
### The universe
This account of creation is told within the framework of ancient Hebrew ideas about the universe: the earth was resting with water around it and below it. Over the earth was something like a vast dome, called “an expanse between the waters” (1:6), on top of which was more water. Translators should try to keep these original images in their work, even though readers in their project language might have a completely different idea of what the universe is like.
### Evening and morning
Genesis 1 presents the ancient Hebrew idea of a day: it begins with sunset, lasts through the night and continues through the daylight hours until the next sunset. This pattern should be preserved in translation, even if readers in the project language define “day” differently.
## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
### “In the beginning”
Some languages and cultures speak of the world as if it has always existed, as if it had no beginning. But “very long ago” is different from “in the beginning,” and you need to be sure that your translation communicates correctly.
### “God said, ‘Let there be’”
This expression occurs often in this chapter. It can be difficult to translate, because God is not shown as talking to a particular person. If God is talking to a thing, it is something not yet in existence. Translators should find the most natural way in the project language to signal the idea that God spoke things into existence; he created the world and the things in it by simply commanding that they should exist.
GEN 1 1 f2mg 0 In the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth “This is about how God made the heavens and the earth in the beginning.” This statement summarizes the rest of the chapter. Some languages translate it as “A very long time ago God created the heavens and the earth.” Translate it in a way that shows this actually happened and is not just a folk story.
GEN 1 1 d49e 0 In the beginning This refers to the start of the world and everything in it.
GEN 1 1 sk34 0 the heavens and the earth “the sky, the ground, and everything in them”
GEN 1 1 mz2j 0 heavens This refers here to the sky.
GEN 1 2 fn3q 0 without form and empty God had not yet put the world in order.
GEN 1 2 ta3a 0 the deep “the water” or “the deep water” or “the vast water”
GEN 1 2 n2d9 0 the surface of the waters “the surface of the water” or “the water”
GEN 1 3 d7qw figs-imperative 0 Let there be light This is a command. By commanding that light should exist, God made it exist. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]])
GEN 1 4 h2r1 0 God saw the light, that it was good “God considered the light and was pleased with it.” “Good” here means “pleasing” or “suitable.”
GEN 1 4 m8ue 0 divided the light from the darkness “separated the light and the darkness” or “made it light at one time and dark at another.” This refers to God creating the daytime and the night time.
GEN 1 5 gl7g 0 This was evening and morning, the first day God did these things on the first day that the universe existed.
GEN 1 5 jc2d figs-merism 0 evening and morning This refers to the whole day. The writer speaks of the whole day as if it were these two parts. In the Jewish culture, a day begins when the sun sets. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
GEN 1 6 urb3 figs-imperative 0 Let there be an expanse ... let it divide These are commands. By commanding that the expanse should exist and that it divide the waters, God made it exist and divide the waters. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]])
GEN 1 6 t6zc 0 expanse large empty space. The Jewish people thought of this space as being shaped like the inside of dome or the inside of a bowl that is turned upside down.
GEN 1 6 se1i 0 between the waters “in the water”
GEN 1 7 tq7f 0 God made the expanse and divided the waters “In this way God made the expanse and divided the waters.” When God spoke, it happened. This sentence explains what God did when he spoke.
GEN 1 7 mt8y 0 It was so “It happened like that” or “That is what happened.” What God commanded happened just as he said it should. This phrase appears throughout the chapter and has the same meaning wherever it appears.
GEN 1 8 ss9r figs-merism 0 evening and morning This refers to the whole day. The writer speaks of the whole day as if it were these two parts. In the Jewish culture, a day begins when the sun sets. See how you translated this in [Genesis 1:5](../01/05.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
GEN 1 8 s25m 0 the second day This refers to the second day that the universe existed. See how you translated “the first day” in [Genesis 1:5](../01/05.md) and decide if you should translate this the same way.
GEN 1 9 zu6f figs-activepassive 0 Let the waters ... be gathered This can be translated with an active verb. This is a command. By commanding that the waters gather together, God made them gather together. Alternate translation: “Let the waters ... gather” or “Let the waters ... come together” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]])
GEN 1 9 iv2c figs-imperative 0 let the dry land appear The water had covered the land. Now the water would move aside and some of the land would be uncovered. This is a command. By commanding that dry land should appear, God made it appear. Alternate translation: “let dry land become visible” or “let the dry land become clear” or “let the land be uncovered” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]])
GEN 1 9 l151 0 dry land This refers to land that is not covered with water. It does not refer to land that is too dry for farming.
GEN 1 9 ha33 0 It was so “It happened like that” or “That is what happened.” What God commanded happened just as he said it should. This phrase appears throughout the chapter and has the same meaning wherever it appears. See how you translated it in [Genesis 1:7](../01/07.md).
GEN 1 10 g6hl 0 the dry land “earth,” and “the part that was dry ‘earth,’ and”
GEN 1 10 ey94 0 He saw that it was good Here “it” refers to the land and the sea. See how you translated this in [Genesis 1:4](../01/04.md).
GEN 1 11 d9q7 figs-imperative 0 Let the earth sprout vegetation This is a command. By commanding that vegetation should sprout on the earth, God made it sprout. Alternate translation: “Let vegetation sprout up on the earth” or “Let vegetation grow on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]])
GEN 1 11 q5yp 0 vegetation: plants yielding seed and fruit trees bearing fruit “vegetation, each plant that bears seed and each tree that bears fruit” or “vegetation. Let them be plants that produce seeds and fruit trees that produce fruit.” Here “vegetation” is used here as a general term that includes all plants and trees.
GEN 1 11 ssc1 0 plants These are kinds of vegetation that have soft stems, rather than woody stems.
GEN 1 11 v3v1 0 fruit trees bearing fruit whose seed is in the fruit “trees that bear fruit with seeds in them”
GEN 1 11 j3au 0 each according to its own kind The seeds would produce plants and trees that would be like the ones they came from. In this way, the plants and trees would “reproduce themselves” .
GEN 1 11 fx6h 0 It was so “It happened like that” or “That is what happened.” What God commanded happened just as he said it should. This phrase appears throughout the chapter and has the same meaning wherever it appears. See how you translated this in [Genesis 1:7](../01/07.md).
GEN 1 12 d6s3 0 God saw that it was good Here “it” refers to the vegetation, plants, and trees. See how you translated this in [Genesis 1:10](../01/10.md).
GEN 1 13 ch8e figs-merism 0 evening and morning This refers to the whole day. The writer speaks of the whole day as if it were these two parts. In the Jewish culture, a day begins when the sun sets. See how you translated this in [Genesis 1:5](../01/05.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
GEN 1 13 vw3s 0 the third day This refers to the third day that the universe existed. See how you translated “the first day” in [Genesis 1:5](../01/05.md) and decide if you should translate this the same way.
GEN 1 14 sr8w figs-imperative 0 Let there be lights in the sky This is a command. By commanding that lights should exist, God made them exist. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]])
GEN 1 14 g95y 0 lights in the sky “things that shine in the sky” or “things that give light in the sky.” This refers to the sun, moon, and stars.
GEN 1 14 t7b1 0 in the sky “in the expanse of the sky” or “in the large space of the sky”
GEN 1 14 uw3r 0 to divide the day from the night “to separate the day from the night.” This means “to help us tell the difference between day and night.” The sun means it is daytime, and the moon and stars mean it is nighttime.
GEN 1 14 m2r4 figs-imperative 0 let them be as signs This is a command. By commanding that they should serve as signs, God made them serve as signs. Alternate translation: “Let them serve as signs” or “let them show” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]])
GEN 1 14 e4bt 0 signs Here this means something that reveals or points to something.
GEN 1 14 x7vq 0 for seasons, for days and years The sun, moon, and stars show the passing of time. This enables us to know when it is time for events that happen each week, month, or year.
GEN 1 14 ln32 0 seasons times that are set aside for festivals and other things that people do
GEN 1 15 q4ne figs-imperative 0 Let them be lights in the sky to give light upon the earth This is a command. By commanding that they should light the earth, God made them light the earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]])
GEN 1 15 p48m 0 to give light upon the earth “to shine light on the earth” or “to brighten the earth.” The earth does not self-shine but it is lit and so reflects light.
GEN 1 15 y2g4 0 It was so “It happened like that” or “That is what happened.” What God commanded happened just as he said it should. This phrase appears throughout the chapter and has the same meaning. See how you translated this in [Genesis 1:7](../01/07.md).
GEN 1 16 p5cz 0 God made the two great lights “In this way God made the two great lights.” This sentence explains what God did when he spoke.
GEN 1 16 z4uy 0 the two great lights “the two large lights” or “the two bright lights.” The two great lights are the sun and the moon.
GEN 1 16 byf5 figs-personification 0 to rule the day The lights that controlled the day are spoken of as if they were a human ruler that controlled what people do. Alternate translation: “to direct the daytime as a ruler directs a group of people” or “to mark the times of the day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 1 16 ce4u 0 day This refers only to the daylight hours.
GEN 1 16 a3ky 0 the lesser light “the smaller light” or “the dimmer light”
GEN 1 17 n5jb 0 in the sky “in the heavens” or “in the open space of the sky”
GEN 1 18 uz9k 0 to divide the light from the darkness “to separate the light from the darkness” or “to make it light at one time and dark at another.” See how you translated this in [Genesis 1:4](../01/04.md).
GEN 1 18 ugh9 0 God saw that it was good Here “it” refers to the sun, moon, and stars. See how you translated this in [Genesis 1:4](../01/04.md).
GEN 1 19 ds1l figs-merism 0 evening and morning This refers to the whole day. The writer speaks of the whole day as if it were these two parts. In the Jewish culture, a day begins when the sun sets. See how you translated this in [Genesis 1:5](../01/05.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
GEN 1 19 ukw9 0 the fourth day This refers to the fourth day that the universe existed. See how you translated “the first day” in [Genesis 1:5](../01/05.md) and decide if you should translate this the same way.
GEN 1 20 uw3u figs-imperative 0 Let the waters be filled with great numbers of living creatures This is a command. By commanding that living creatures should fill the waters, God made them exist. Some languages may have one word that refers to all kinds of fish and sea animals. Alternate translation: “Let the waters be full of many living things” or “Let many animals that swim live in the oceans” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]])
GEN 1 20 g6cj figs-imperative 0 let birds fly This is a command. By commanding that birds should fly, God made them fly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]])
GEN 1 20 p48l 0 birds “animals that fly” or “flying things”
GEN 1 20 mqw4 0 the expanse of the sky “the open space of the sky” or “the sky”
GEN 1 21 ks9m 0 God created “In this way God created”
GEN 1 21 j9az 0 great sea creatures “large animals that live in the sea”
GEN 1 21 hum1 0 after its kind Living things of the same “kind” are like the ones they came from. See how you translated “kind” in [Genesis 1:11,12](./11.md).
GEN 1 21 p614 0 every winged bird “every flying thing that has wings.” If the word for birds is used, it may be more natural in some languages to simply say “every bird,” since all birds have wings.
GEN 1 21 s322 0 God saw that it was good Here “it” refers to the birds and the fish. See how you translated this in [Genesis 1:4](../01/04.md).
GEN 1 22 y1bp 0 blessed them “blessed the animals that he had made”
GEN 1 22 ti8f figs-doublet 0 Be fruitful and multiply This is God’s blessing. He told the sea animals to produce more sea animals like themselves, so that there would be many of them in the seas. The word “multiply” explains how they are to be “fruitful.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 1 22 e4tn 0 multiply increase greatly in number
GEN 1 22 lm9s figs-imperative 0 Let birds multiply This is a command. By commanding that birds should multiply, God made birds multiply. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]])
GEN 1 22 sg3v 0 birds “animals that fly” or “flying things.” See how you translated this in [Genesis 1:20](../01/20.md).
GEN 1 23 kpz8 figs-merism 0 evening and morning This refers to the whole day. The writer speaks of the whole day as if it were these two parts. In the Jewish culture, a day begins when the sun sets. See how you translated this in [Genesis 1:5](../01/05.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
GEN 1 23 ne8k 0 the fifth day This refers to the fifth day that the universe existed. See how you translated “the first day” in [Genesis 1:5](../01/05.md) and decide if you should translate this the same way.
GEN 1 24 ke21 figs-imperative 0 Let the earth produce living creatures “Let the earth produce living things” or “Let many living animals live on the earth.” This is a command. By commanding that the earth should produce living creatures, God made the earth produce living creatures. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]])
GEN 1 24 x6eu 0 each according to its own kind “so that each kind of animal will produce more of its own kind”
GEN 1 24 m1pi 0 livestock, creeping things, and beasts of the earth This shows that God created all kinds of animals. If your language has another way of grouping all the animals, you can use that, or you can use these groups.
GEN 1 24 g2m4 0 livestock animals that people look after
GEN 1 24 yk9w 0 creeping things “small animals”
GEN 1 24 r6l3 0 beasts of the earth “wild animals” or “dangerous animals”
GEN 1 24 l3v2 0 It was so “It happened like that” or “That is what happened.” What God commanded happened just as he said it should. This phrase appears throughout the chapter and has the same meaning. See how you translated this in [Genesis 1:7](../01/07.md).
GEN 1 25 m7h6 0 God made the beasts “In this way God made the beasts”
GEN 1 25 s88h 0 He saw that it was good Here “it” refers to the living creatures on the earth. See how you translated this in [Genesis 1:4](../01/04.md).
GEN 1 26 x8fd figs-pronouns 0 Let us make The word “us” here refers to God. God was saying what he intended to do. The pronoun “us” is plural. Possible reasons for the plural use are 1) the plural form suggests that God is discussing something with the angels that make up his heavenly court or 2) the plural form foreshadows the later New Testament implications that God exists in the form of the Holy Trinity. Some translate it as “Let me make” or “I will make.” If you do this, consider adding a footnote to say that the word is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
GEN 1 26 xk37 0 man human beings
GEN 1 26 kt75 figs-doublet 0 in our image, after our likeness These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize that God made mankind to be like him. This verse does not tell in what ways God made people to be like himself. God does not have a body, so it does not mean that people would look like God. Alternate translation: “to truly be like us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
GEN 1 26 st51 0 have dominion over “rule over” or “have authority over”
GEN 1 27 qip4 figs-parallelism 0 God created man ... he created him These two sentences mean the same thing and emphasize that God created people in his own image. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
GEN 1 27 r7sx 0 God created man The way that God created man was different from the way he created everything else. Do not specify that he created man by simply speaking, as in the preceding verses.
GEN 1 28 uiq2 0 God blessed them The word “them” refers to the man and woman God had created.
GEN 1 28 tfr1 figs-doublet 0 Be fruitful, and multiply God told the man and the woman to produce more people like themselves so that there would be many of them. The word “multiply” explains how they are to be “fruitful.” See how you translated this in [Genesis 1:22](../01/22.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 1 28 a7nj 0 Fill the earth Fill the earth with people.
GEN 1 30 j3is 0 General Information: God continues speaking.
GEN 1 30 vc53 0 every bird of the heavens “all the birds that fly in the sky”
GEN 1 30 etp6 0 that has the breath of life “that breathes.” This phrase emphasizes that these animals had a different kind of life than the plants. Plants do not breathe, and were to be used as food for the animals. Here “life” means physical life.
GEN 1 30 di9p 0 It was so “It happened like that” or “That is what happened.” What God commanded happened just as he said it should. This phrase appears throughout the chapter and has the same meaning. See how you translated it in [Genesis 1:7](../01/07.md).
GEN 1 31 re3q 0 Behold, it “This is true and important: it”
GEN 1 31 r2m5 0 it was very good Now when God looked at everything he had made, it was “very good. “See how you translated “it was good” in [Genesis 1:10](../01/10.md).
GEN 1 31 stn7 figs-merism 0 evening and morning This refers to the whole day. The writer speaks of the whole day as if it were these two parts. In the Jewish culture, a day begins when the sun sets. See how you translated this in [Genesis 1:5](../01/05.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
GEN 1 31 vqp1 0 the sixth day This refers to the sixth day that the universe existed. See how you translated “the first day” in [Genesis 1:5](../01/05.md) and decide if you should translate this the same way.
GEN 2 intro nfp7 0 # Genesis 02 General Notes
## Structure and formatting
Gen. 2:1-3 ends the first creation account, begun in the previous chapter. The second creation account, beginning in 2:4, is very different, using a more natural, story-telling style instead of following a set formula using repeated phrases. Translators should try to imitate this difference in their versions.
## Special concepts in this chapter
### The second creation account in Gen. 2:4-25
Gen. 2:4-25 presents an account of creation from a different viewpoint than the one given in Gen. 1:1-2:3. This second account should be regarded as filling out the first account, not as conflicting with it.
### Yahweh, the name of God
“Yahweh,” the personal name of God in the Old Testament, appears for the first time in this chapter. Translators must decide how to represent it in their versions. For 2,000 years, it has been traditional for many Christians to represent it with the term “the Lord.” Indeed, it is demanded by Roman Catholics for their Bible versions to continue doing this. Of course, the disadvantage of using “the Lord” is that this is a title for God, not a personal name. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/yahweh]])
Translators who are not producing versions for Roman Catholics can consider transliterating the name “Yahweh,” approximating the name as best as their project languages allow.
Or translators can consider using expressions for the supreme god that might exist in their project languages, such as, “The Great One,” “The Ruler of All,” “The One who Never Sleeps,” etc. Of course, these are descriptive titles, not personal names, so they suffer from the same disadvantages that “the Lord” has.
Translators can also consider pairing a transliteration of “Yahweh” with a meaningful title for the supreme god in the project language. Whatever solution is found should be followed consistently when the name “Yahweh” occurs in the Scriptures.
### The Garden of Eden
This was not a vegetable garden or cultivated field. Instead, it was probably a large area of land with fruit trees and other plants bearing leaves, etc., that were good to eat. A river flowed out from the Garden of Eden, giving the impression that the Garden was a holy place; in the ancient Near East, temples had gardens and waterways. In Rev. 22:1-2, the throne of God in the New Jerusalem is pictured with a river flowing out from it. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])
GEN 2 1 c32g 0 the heavens “the sky” or “the skies”
GEN 2 1 u4a2 0 and all the living things that filled them “and all the many living things that are in them” or “and all the crowds of living things in them”
GEN 2 1 yv5z figs-activepassive 0 were finished This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God had finished creating them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 2 2 hi76 0 On the seventh day God came to the end of his work God did not work at all on the seventh day.
GEN 2 2 qf2n figs-idiom 0 came to the end of This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “had finished” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 2 2 a69h 0 he rested on the seventh day from all his work “on that day he did not work”
GEN 2 3 k8jv 0 God blessed the seventh day Possible meanings are 1) God caused the seventh day to produce good result or 2) God said that the seventh day was good.
GEN 2 3 k5p6 0 sanctified it “set it apart” or “called it his own”
GEN 2 3 dc8y 0 in it he rested from all his work “on it he did not work”
GEN 2 4 br8g 0 General Information: The rest of Genesis 2 tells about how God created people on the sixth day.
GEN 2 4 f65q 0 These were the events concerning the heavens and the earth “This is the account of the heavens and the earth” or “This is the story about the heavens and the earth.” Possible meanings are 1) it is a summary of the events described in Genesis 1:1-2:3 or 2) it introduces the events described in Genesis 2. If possible, translate this so that people can understood it either way.
GEN 2 4 e8kg 0 they were created “Yahweh God created them.” In chapter 1 the writer always speaks of God as “God,” but in chapter 2 he always speaks of God as “Yahweh God.”
GEN 2 4 j1fv 0 on the day that Yahweh God made “when Yahweh God created.” The word “day” refers to the whole time span of the creation, not to just one particular day.
GEN 2 4 rpv8 0 Yahweh This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this.
GEN 2 5 s14i 0 No bush of the field no shrubs growing in the wild that animals might eat
GEN 2 5 rk64 0 no plant of the field no leafy plants like vegetables or greens that both animals and humans can eat
GEN 2 5 ef6d 0 to cultivate to do everything he needed to do so that the plants would grow well
GEN 2 6 xfl8 0 mist Possible meanings are 1) something like dew or morning fog o 2) springs from underground streams.
GEN 2 6 v3yt 0 the whole surface of the ground the entire earth
GEN 2 7 id8h 0 formed man “molded man” or “shaped man” or “created man”
GEN 2 7 dk8k 0 man ... man “a human being ... the human” or “a person ... the person” not specifically a male
GEN 2 7 hjr4 0 his nostrils “his nose”
GEN 2 7 ix5v 0 breath of life “breath that makes things live.” Here “life” refers to physical life.
GEN 2 8 ezu8 0 a garden This could have been an orchard of fruit trees or an area with all kinds of trees.
GEN 2 8 mn4d 0 eastward in the east
GEN 2 9 rq2t 0 the tree of life “the tree that gives people life”
GEN 2 9 ff9d 0 life Here this means “eternal life” or life that does not end.
GEN 2 9 p743 0 the tree of the knowledge of good and evil “the tree that gives people the ability to understand both good and evil” or “the tree that makes people who eat its fruit able to know good things and bad things”
GEN 2 9 rp99 figs-merism 0 good and evil This is a figure of speech that refers to both extremes and everything in between. Alternate translation: “everything, including both good and evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
GEN 2 9 r1nw 0 in the midst of the garden “in the middle of the garden.” The two trees may not have been in the exact center of the garden.
GEN 2 10 qg1f 0 A river went out of Eden to water the garden The garden was in Eden. The river continued to flow outside of Eden. “A river flowed through Eden to water the garden”
GEN 2 11 nw6i translate-names 0 Pishon This is the only time this river is referred to in the Bible. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 2 11 k6gw translate-names 0 the whole land of Havilah “the whole land called Havilah.” It was somewhere in the Arabian Desert. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 2 11 i82f figs-distinguish 0 where there is gold This phrase gives information about Havilah. Some languages would translate it as a separate sentence. Alternate translation: “There is gold in Havilah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
GEN 2 12 x7hc 0 There are also bdellium and the onyx stone The word “there” is placed first in the sentence for emphasis. Alternate translation: “This is also where people can find bdellium and onyx stones”
GEN 2 12 zst7 translate-unknown 0 bdellium This resin comes from a tree and smells nice. A resin is sticky stuff that comes out of some trees and can burn. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
GEN 2 12 eyf8 translate-unknown 0 the onyx stone “onyx stones.” Onyx is a certain kind of beautiful stone. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
GEN 2 13 tr82 translate-names 0 Gihon This is the only mention of this river in the Bible. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 2 13 lzz9 0 flows throughout the whole land of Cush The river did not cover the whole land, but wound through various parts of the land.
GEN 2 13 hc9p 0 the whole land of Cush “the entire land called Cush”
GEN 2 14 trw5 figs-distinguish 0 which flows east of Ashur “which flows in the land east of the city of Ashur.” The Tigris River flows from north to south. The phrase “which flows east of Ashur” gives information about where the Tigris River is. Some languages would translate it as a separate sentence. Alternate translation: “It flows east of Ashur” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
GEN 2 15 js9w 0 the garden of Eden “the garden that was in Eden”
GEN 2 15 e3ky 0 to work it “to cultivate it.” This means to do everything necessary so that the plants will grow well.
GEN 2 15 r7v3 0 to maintain it to guard against anything bad happening in it
GEN 2 16 c3wj 0 From every tree in the garden “The fruit of every tree in the garden”
GEN 2 16 b9cu figs-you 0 you This pronoun is singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
GEN 2 16 e4ij 0 may freely eat “may eat without restriction”
GEN 2 17 ydc7 0 But from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil you may not eat These words complete the command that begins with the words “From every tree in the garden you may freely eat” in verse 15. In some languages, it may be more natural to say what is not permitted and to then say what is permitted, as in the UST.
GEN 2 17 l1vi 0 the tree of the knowledge of good and evil “the tree that gives people the ability to understand both good and evil” or “the tree that makes people who eat its fruit able to know good things and bad things.” See how you translated this in [Genesis 2:9](../02/09.md).
GEN 2 17 up23 0 you may not eat “I will not permit you to eat” or “you must not eat”
GEN 2 18 jeg8 0 I will make him a helper suitable for him “I will make a helper who is just right for him”
GEN 2 19 sb6j 0 every animal of the field and every bird of the sky The phrases “of the field” and “of the sky” tell where the animals and birds are usually found. Alternate translation: “all kinds of animals and birds”
GEN 2 20 f5az 0 all the livestock “all the animals that people look after”
GEN 2 20 l5uf figs-activepassive 0 there was found no helper suitable for him This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “there was no companion that was right for him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 2 21 vnf4 0 caused a deep sleep to fall upon the man “caused the man to sleep intensely.” A deep sleep is a time of sleeping in which a person is not easily disturbed or wakened.
GEN 2 21 m6wd 0 flesh This refers to the soft parts of the body like skin and muscle.
GEN 2 22 i9u8 0 With the rib ... he made a woman “From the rib ... he formed a woman.” The rib was the material God made the woman from.
GEN 2 23 i7j8 0 This time, this one is bone of my bones, and flesh of my flesh “Finally, this one’s bones are like my bones, and her flesh is like my flesh.” After looking among all the animals for a partner and not finding one, he finally saw someone who was like him and could be his partner. The man was probably expressing his feeling of relief and joy.
GEN 2 23 s44p 0 She will be called ‘woman,’ because she was taken out of man The translator may want to write a footnote saying “The Hebrew word for ‘woman’ sounds like the Hebrew word for ‘man.’
GEN 2 24 yx3u 0 General Information: What follows is written by the author. The man did not say these things.
GEN 2 24 v11k 0 Therefore a man “That is why a man”
GEN 2 24 ydt1 0 a man will leave his father and his mother “a man will stop living in his father and mother’s home.” This is about men in general. It does not refer to any particular man at any particular time.
GEN 2 24 tr8p figs-idiom 0 they will become one flesh This idiom speaks of sexual activity as though the bodies that are together become one body. Alternate translation: “their two bodies will become one body” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 2 25 h8mq 0 They were both naked The word “they” refers to the man and the woman that God had created.
GEN 2 25 t8n2 0 naked “not wearing clothing”
GEN 2 25 ir9e 0 but were not ashamed “they were not ashamed about being naked”
GEN 3 intro j7i3 0 # Genesis 03 General Notes
## Structure and formatting
This chapter continues the second creation account that began in Gen. 2:4. But a new section of this account begins in 3:1. The ULT reads, “Now the serpent was more shrewd than any other beast of the field which Yahweh God had made,” because this is how the Scriptures introduce the serpent into the account. However, many languages prefer different ways to introduce new characters or things into stories, for example, “One of the wild animals made by God was the serpent” or “This is about the serpent, one of the wild animals that God had made.”
Scholars typically refer to the events of this chapter as “the fall” or “the fall of man” because sin is introduced into creation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
## Special concepts in this chapter
### Curses
In this chapter, God curses the man, the woman, and the serpent for their sins. In general, cursing is calling down God’s punishment on someone or something. In this chapter, however, it is God himself who is doing the cursing. Of course, he does not call down punishment on the man, the woman, and the serpent from someone else. Instead, he is promising that he himself will punish them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]])
### Serpent
Most scholars believe that the serpent is Satan, even though his name is not used in this chapter. There are other places in Scripture where the serpent is used as an image for Satan. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/satan]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]))
GEN 3 1 m3hl 0 Now The writer is beginning a new part of the story.
GEN 3 1 v5dp 0 more shrewd “more cunning” or “smarter at getting what he wanted by telling lies”
GEN 3 1 bp3b figs-rquestion 0 Has God really said, ‘You ... garden’? The snake is pretending to be surprised that God has made this rule. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “I am surprised that God said, ‘You ... garden.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN 3 1 t1qz figs-you 0 You must not eat The word “you” is plural and refers to the man and the woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
GEN 3 2 k94l 0 We may eat “We are allowed to eat” or “We have permission to eat”
GEN 3 3 ujz2 0 but concerning the fruit ... garden, God said, ‘You may not eat it, nor may you touch it, or you will die These words are the end of Eve’s description of God’s command to them that begins with the words “We may eat” in verse 2. Eve told the serpent what God had permitted them to do first and then what God had told them not to do. Some languages would say what they were told not to do first and then say what they were allowed to do, as in the UST.
GEN 3 3 b76r figs-you 0 You may not ... nor may you ... you will die The word “you” is plural and refers to the man and the woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
GEN 3 3 n3h9 0 You may not eat it “You must not eat it” or “Do not eat it”
GEN 3 3 dhv7 0 nor may you touch it “and you must not touch it” or “and do not touch it”
GEN 3 4 fw9n figs-you 0 You will ... not die These words refer to the man and the woman and so are dual or plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
GEN 3 5 rvj9 figs-you 0 you ... your ... you These words refer to the man and the woman and so are dual or plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
GEN 3 5 k8qs figs-idiom 0 your eyes will be opened “your eyes will open.” This idiom means “you will become aware of things” or “you will understand new things.” This meaning can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “It will be as though your eyes were opened” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 3 5 kv6j figs-merism 0 knowing good and evil Here “good and evil” is a figure of speech that refers to both extremes and everything in between. See how you translated “knowledge of good and evil” in [Genesis 2:9](../02/09.md). Alternate translation: “knowing everything, including both good and evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
GEN 3 6 n2vt 0 it was a delight to the eyes “the tree was delightful to look at” or “it was nice to look at” or “it was very beautiful”
GEN 3 6 sw6q 0 that the tree was desirable to make one wise “she wanted the tree’s fruit because it could make a person wise” or “she wanted its fruit because it could make her understand what was right and wrong just as God does”
GEN 3 7 yn1e 0 The eyes of both of them were opened “Then their eyes opened” or “They became aware” or “They understood.” See how you translated “your eyes will be opened” in [Genesis 3:5](../03/05.md).
GEN 3 7 jp6y 0 sewed put together, probably using vines as thread
GEN 3 7 y6l1 0 fig leaves If people do not know what fig leaves are like, this can be translated as “large leaves from a fig tree” or simply “large leaves.”
GEN 3 7 l856 figs-explicit 0 made coverings for themselves They did this because they were ashamed. This implicit information can be made explicit if needed as in the UST. Alternate translation: “clothed themselves with them because they were ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 3 8 llf2 0 in the cool of the day “at the time of day when a cool breeze blows”
GEN 3 8 gi6e 0 from the presence of Yahweh God “from Yahweh God’s sight” or “so that Yahweh God would not see them” or “from Yahweh God”
GEN 3 9 c8sg 0 Where are you? “Why are you trying to hide from me?” God knew where the man was. When the man answered, he did not say where he was but why he was hiding.
GEN 3 9 ijl7 figs-you 0 you In verses 9 and 11, God was speaking to the man. Languages that have a singular form of “you” would use that here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
GEN 3 10 b8tp 0 I heard you “I heard the sound you were making”
GEN 3 11 ujb1 figs-rquestion 0 Who told you God knew the answer to this question. He asked it in order to force Adam to confess that he had disobeyed God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN 3 11 hny5 figs-rquestion 0 Have you eaten ... from? Again, God knew this had happened. Translate this question in a form that shows God was accusing Adam of disobedience. The sentence can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You must have eaten ... from.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN 3 13 fw79 figs-rquestion 0 What is this you have done? God already knew what the woman had done. When he asked this question, he was giving her the opportunity to tell him about it, and he was expressing his disappointment with what she had done. Many languages use rhetorical questions for scolding or rebuking. If possible, use a form that expresses this disappointment. It can also be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You have done a terrible thing.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN 3 14 w3bn 0 cursed are you alone “you alone are cursed.” The word “curse” is first in Hebrew in order to emphasize the contrast between God’s blessing on the animals and this curse on the serpent. This is a “curse formula,” or the way that curses were expressed. By saying this curse, God made it happen.
GEN 3 14 x1b4 0 all the livestock and all the beasts of the field “all domestic animals and all wild animals”
GEN 3 14 yxn7 0 It is on your stomach that you will go “You will move along the ground on your stomach.” The words “it is upon your stomach” comes first to emphasize the contrast between the way other animals would move along using their legs and the way the serpent would slither along on its stomach. This is also part of the curse formula.
GEN 3 14 p527 0 it is dust that you will eat “you will eat dust.” The words “it is dust” comes first to emphasize the contrast between the plants above the ground that other animals would eat and the dirty food on the ground that the serpent would eat. This is part of the curse formula.
GEN 3 15 gi4d 0 hostility between you and the woman This means that the serpent and the woman would become enemies.
GEN 3 15 p95z 0 seed The word “seed” refers to what a man puts into a woman to cause a baby to grow inside the woman. Like the word “offspring,” it can refer to more than one person. Try to find a word that is singular but can refer to more than one person.
GEN 3 15 iyz4 figs-pronouns 0 He will bruise ... his heel The words “he” and “his” refer to the woman’s descendant. If “seed” was translated as plural, this can be translated as “they will bruise ... their heel”; in this case, consider inserting footnotes to say that the “they” and “their” are used to translate a singular pronoun. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
GEN 3 15 k4z3 0 bruise “crush” or “strike” or “attack”
GEN 3 16 hk7l 0 I will greatly multiply your pain “I will make your pain increase much” or “I will make your pain to be very severe”
GEN 3 16 a74c 0 in having children “in giving birth to children” or “when you give birth to children”
GEN 3 16 rt5m 0 Your desire will be for your husband “You will have a strong desire for your husband.” Possible meanings are 1) “You will want very much to be with your husband” or 2) “You will want to control your husband”
GEN 3 16 mk2u 0 he will rule over you “he will be your master” or “he will control you”
GEN 3 17 vtq5 0 Adam The name Adam is the same as the Hebrew word for “man.” Some translations say “Adam” and some say “the man.” You may use either form as it refers to the same person.
GEN 3 17 f2pb figs-idiom 0 you have listened to the voice of your wife This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “you have obeyed what your wife said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 3 17 jl8p figs-explicit 0 have eaten from the tree You can say what it was that they ate. Alternate translation: “have eaten the fruit of the tree” or “have eaten some of the fruit of the tree” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 3 17 fhp5 0 You may not eat from it “You must not eat from it” or “Do not eat its fruit”
GEN 3 17 rlw9 figs-activepassive 0 cursed is the ground The word “curse” comes first in the sentence to emphasize that the ground, which had been “good” ([Genesis 1:10](../01/10.md)), was now under God’s curse. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I am cursing the ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 3 17 zjr5 0 through painful work “by doing hard work”
GEN 3 17 dg63 figs-metonymy 0 you will eat from it The word “it” refers to the ground and is a metonym for the parts of the plants, which grow in the ground, that people eat. Alternate translation: “you will eat what grows from it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 3 18 zc9v 0 the plants of the field Possible meanings are 1) “the plants that you take care of in your fields” or 2) “the wild plants that grow in the open fields.”
GEN 3 19 kc7j 0 By the sweat of your face “By doing hard work that makes your face sweat”
GEN 3 19 pl6i figs-synecdoche 0 you will eat bread Here the word “bread” is a synecdoche for food in general. Alternate translation: “you will eat food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN 3 19 z9pa 0 until you return to the ground “until you die and your body is put in the ground.” In some cultures, they put the bodies of people who have died in a hole in the ground. Man’s hard work does not end until the time of his death and burial.
GEN 3 19 hc39 0 For dust you are, and to dust you will return “I made you from soil, so your body will become soil again.” Translate both occurrences of “dust” with the same word in order to show that man begins and ends in the same condition.
GEN 3 20 lzl1 0 The man Some translations say “Adam.”
GEN 3 20 qic8 0 called his wife’s name Eve “gave his wife the name Eve” or “named his wife Eve”
GEN 3 20 pn1z 0 Eve Translators may write a footnote saying “The name Eve sounds like the Hebrew word that means ‘living.’”
GEN 3 20 wq8p figs-nominaladj 0 all the living The word “living” refers to people. Alternate translation: “all people” or “all living people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
GEN 3 21 an9a 0 garments of skins “clothing made out of animal skins”
GEN 3 22 ve6w 0 the man Possible meanings are 1) God was referring to one human, the man, or 2) God was referring to humans in general, so this would mean the man and his wife. Even if God was speaking about one person, what he said applied to both of them.
GEN 3 22 gnj9 0 like one of us “like us.” The pronoun “us” is plural. See how you translated “Let us make” in [Genesis 1:26](../01/26.md).
GEN 3 22 x7q6 figs-merism 0 knowing good and evil Here “good and evil” is a figure of speech that refers to both extremes and everything in between. See how you translated “knowledge of good and evil” in [Genesis 2:9](../02/09.md). Alternate translation: “knowing everything, including both good and evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
GEN 3 22 vz41 figs-activepassive 0 he must not be allowed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will not allow him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 3 22 qxt1 0 tree of life “the tree that gives people life.” See how you translated this in [Genesis 2:9](../02/09.md).
GEN 3 23 t7zb 0 the ground from which he had been taken “dirt because he had been taken from dirt.” This does not refer to the particular place on the land that the God took man from.
GEN 3 23 dri1 0 to cultivate This means to what is needed so that plants grow well. See how you translated this in [Genesis 2:5](../02/05.md).
GEN 3 24 lwk4 0 So God drove the man out of the garden “God forced the man to leave the garden.” This refers to the event in [Genesis 3:23](../03/23.md), where it says “Yahweh God sent him out of the garden of Eden.” God did not send the man out a second time.
GEN 3 24 jgc5 0 in order to guard the way to the tree of life “in order to stop people from going to the tree of life”
GEN 3 24 uuj7 0 flaming sword Possible meanings are 1) a sword that had flames coming from it or 2) a fire that was shaped like a sword. Languages that do not have swords could use another weapon such as a spear or arrow.
GEN 4 intro a2f7 0 # Genesis 04 General Notes
## Structure and formatting
Most of the text in this chapter is prose, but 4:23-24 is poetry. If the translator should put these two verses into poetic form, or at least into elegant speech, different from the rest of the chapter.
## Special concepts in this chapter
### Vengeance
The theme of vengeance is important in this chapter. Ancient Hebrew society allowed for people to seek revenge if a relative was murdered. After Cain murdered his brother Abel, he thought that he would be helpless against this danger because he had been driven away from God’s protection. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]])
The theme of vengeance continues with the words of Lamech, who had killed someone for injuring him:
“I have killed a man for wounding me, a young man for bruising me. If Cain is avenged seven times as much, truly Lamech will be avenged seventy-seven times as much” (Gen. 4:23b-24).
GEN 4 1 eg45 figs-euphemism 0 The man knew Eve This is a polite way of saying that the man had sexual relations with Eve. You may need to use another euphemism in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN 4 1 vph2 0 The man “the human being” or “Adam”
GEN 4 1 l6v2 0 I have produced a man The word for “man” typically describes an adult male, rather than a baby or child. If that would cause confusion, it could be translated as “manchild” or “boy” or “baby boy” or “son.”
GEN 4 1 g2tx figs-explicit 0 Cain Translators may want to include a footnote that says “The name Cain sounds like the Hebrew word that means ‘produce.’ Eve named him Cain because she produced him.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 4 2 hv71 0 Then she gave birth We do not know how much time passed between the births of Cain and Abel. They may have been twins, or Abel may have been born after Eve became pregnant again. If possible, use an expression that does not tell how much time passed.
GEN 4 2 bpy1 0 cultivated This means he did everything he needed to do so that the plants would grow well. See how “cultivate” is translated in [Genesis 2:5](../02/05.md).
GEN 4 3 x19b 0 It came about that This phrase is used to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using that method here.
GEN 4 3 pvj2 0 in the course of time Possible meanings are 1) “after some time had passed” or 2) “at the right time”
GEN 4 3 ph1l figs-explicit 0 fruit of the ground This refers to the food that came from plants he had tended. Alternate translation: “crops” or “harvest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 4 4 zq2f figs-explicit 0 some of the fat This refers to the fatty parts of the lambs that he had killed, it was the best part of the animal. Alternate translation: “some of their fat parts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 4 4 mi4f 0 accepted “looked favorably upon” or “was pleased with”
GEN 4 5 rcs4 0 did not accept “did not look favorably upon” or “was not pleased with”
GEN 4 5 dyg6 0 was very angry Some languages have an idiom for anger such as “He burned” or “His anger burned.”
GEN 4 5 bwt7 figs-idiom 0 he scowled This means that the expression on his face showed that he was angry or jealous. Some languages have an idiom that describes what a person’s face looks like when he is angry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 4 6 pu1k figs-rquestion 0 Why are you angry and why are you scowling? God used these rhetorical questions to tell Cain that he was wrong to be angry and scowl. They may also have been intended to give Cain an opportunity to confess that he was wrong. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN 4 7 ln9v figs-rquestion 0 If you ... will you not be accepted? God used this rhetorical question to remind Cain of something Cain should have already known. Alternate translation: “You know that if you do what is right, I will accept you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN 4 7 j7ks figs-personification 0 But if you do not ... you must rule over it God speaks of sin as if it were a person. Alternate translation: “But if you do not do what is right, you will desire to sin even more, and then you will do sinful things. You must refuse to obey it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
GEN 4 7 eqb2 figs-metaphor 0 sin crouches ... to control you Here sin is spoken of as a dangerous wild animal that is waiting for the chance to attack Cain. Alternate translation: “you will become so angry that you will not be able to stop sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 4 7 x8lx 0 sin Languages that do not have a noun that means “sin” could translate this as “your desire to sin” or “the bad things you want to do.”
GEN 4 7 s7tk figs-personification 0 you must rule over it Yahweh speaks of Cain’s desire to sin as if it were a person over whom Cain should rule. Alternate translation: “you must control it so you do not sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
GEN 4 8 n4x9 translate-textvariants 0 Cain spoke to Abel his brother. Some early translations tell explicitly what Cain said to his brother. You may want to do the same if it is present in your national version. Alternate translation: “Cain said to Abel his brother, ‘Let us go into the fields.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 4 8 h58l figs-explicit 0 brother Abel was Cain’s younger brother. Some languages may need to use the word for “younger brother.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 4 8 znp9 figs-idiom 0 rose up against Standing up to fight against a person is an idiom for attacking him. Alternate translation: “attacked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 4 9 rc6x figs-rquestion 0 Where is Abel your brother God knew that Cain had killed Abel, but he asked Cain this question so that Cain would have to answer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN 4 9 r4il figs-rquestion 0 Am I my brother’s keeper? Cain used this rhetorical question so that he would not have to tell the truth. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “I am not my brother’s keeper!” or “You know that taking care of my brother is not my job!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN 4 10 fs9s figs-rquestion 0 What have you done? God uses a rhetorical question to rebuke Cain. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “What you have done is terrible!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN 4 10 epa5 figs-metonymy 0 Your brother’s blood is calling out to me Abel’s blood is a metonym for his death, as if it were a person calling out for God to punish Cain. Alternate translation: “Your brother’s blood is like a person calling out to me to punish the person who killed him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 4 11 xi71 figs-activepassive 0 Now cursed are you from the ground This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I am cursing you so that you will not be able to grow food from the ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 4 11 p2h4 figs-personification 0 which has opened its mouth to receive your brother’s blood God speaks of the earth as if it were a person who could drink Abel’s blood. Alternate translation: “which is soaked with your brother’s blood” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
GEN 4 11 n89j figs-synecdoche 0 from your hand Here Cain is represented by his “hand,” to emphasize that he personally had killed his brother. Alternate translation: “that spilled when you killed him” or “from you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN 4 12 s7z7 0 cultivate This means to do everything necessary to do so that the plants would grow well. See how “cultivate” is translated in [Genesis 2:5](../02/05.md).
GEN 4 12 t858 figs-personification 0 it will not yield to you its strength The ground is personified as if it were a person who loses strength. Alternate translation: “the ground will not produce much food for you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
GEN 4 12 vn98 figs-hendiadys 0 A fugitive and a wanderer You can join these words together. Alternate translation: “A homeless wanderer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])
GEN 4 14 e7mj figs-idiom 0 I will be hidden from your face The term “your face” represents God’s presence. Alternate translation: “I will not be able to speak to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 4 14 qwi8 0 a fugitive and a wanderer See how you translated this in [Genesis 4:12](../04/12.md)
GEN 4 15 zay8 figs-activepassive 0 vengeance will be taken on him sevenfold This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will take vengeance on him seven times” or “I will punish that person seven times as severely as I am punishing you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 4 15 y97q 0 would not attack him “would not kill Cain”
GEN 4 16 f6yy figs-idiom 0 went out from the presence of Yahweh Even though Yahweh is everywhere, this idiom speaks of Cain as though he went far away. Alternate translation: “went away from where Yahweh spoke to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 4 16 rx4d 0 Nod Translators may add a footnote saying “The word Nod means ‘wandering.’”
GEN 4 17 s2i7 figs-euphemism 0 Cain knew his wife This is a polite way of saying that Cain had sexual relations with his wife. You may need to use another euphemism in your language. See how you translated this in [Genesis 4:1](../04/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN 4 17 bf1z 0 He built a city “Cain built a city”
GEN 4 18 n5ni figs-explicit 0 To Enoch was born Irad It is implied that Enoch grew up and married a woman. Alternate translation: “Enoch grew up and married and became the father of a son whom he named Irad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 4 18 l1gq translate-names 0 Irad This is a man’s name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 4 19 bm1j translate-names 0 Adah ... Zillah women’s names (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 4 20 urt3 0 Adah See how you translated this woman’s name in [Genesis 4:19](../04/19.md).
GEN 4 20 ll8c 0 He was the father of those who lived in tents Possible meanings are 1) “He was the first person to live in a tent” or 2) “He and his descendants lived in tents.”
GEN 4 20 fpv4 0 who lived in tents who have livestock people who both live in tents and also take care of animals
GEN 4 21 fv9d 0 He was the father of those who play the harp and pipe Possible meanings are 1) “He was the first person to play the harp and pipe” or 2) “He and his descendants played the harp and pipe.”
GEN 4 22 m5qg 0 Zillah See how you translated this woman’s name in [Genesis 4:19](../04/19.md).
GEN 4 22 n1k8 translate-names 0 Tubal-Cain the name of a man (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 4 22 c64b 0 the forger of tools of bronze and iron “who made tools out of bronze and iron”
GEN 4 22 k7q7 0 iron a very strong metal used to make tools and weapons.
GEN 4 23 p6mu 0 Adah ... Zillah See how you translated these women’s names in [Genesis 4:19](../04/19.md).
GEN 4 23 f7di figs-parallelism 0 listen to my voice ... listen to what I say Lamech said the same thing twice for emphasis. His voice is a synecdoche for his whole person. Alternate translation: “listen carefully to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN 4 23 pa9h figs-parallelism 0 a man for wounding me, a young man for bruising me Lamech killed only one person. These two phrases mean the same thing and are repeated to emphasize the certainty of his action. Alternate translation: “a young man because he hurt me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
GEN 4 24 reh3 figs-activepassive 0 If Cain is avenged seven times, then Lamech Lamech knows that God will avenge Cain seven times. Alternate translation: “Since God will punish anyone who kills Cain seven times, Lamech” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 4 24 w88s figs-activepassive 0 then Lamech will be avenged seventy-seven times This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “whoever kills me, God will punish seventy-seven times” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 4 24 mz2s translate-numbers 0 seventy-seven 77 (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN 4 25 g5y9 figs-euphemism 0 Adam knew his wife This is a polite way of saying that Adam had sexual relations with his wife. You may need to use another euphemism in your language. See how you translated this in [Genesis 4:1](../04/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN 4 25 y7i8 figs-explicit 0 said, “God has given me another son This is the reason that she named him Seth. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “explained, ‘God has given me another child” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 4 25 t9w6 translate-names 0 Seth Translators may add a footnote that says “This name sounds like the Hebrew word that means ‘has given.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 4 26 aua4 figs-explicit 0 A son was born to Seth This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “Seth’s wife bore him a son” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 4 26 i4rs figs-explicit 0 to call on the name of Yahweh This is the first time people called God by the name Yahweh. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “to worship God by using the name Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 5 intro v62r 0 # Genesis 05 General Notes
## Structure and formatting
This chapter provides the first of many lists of descendants in the Bible. This is not a simple list, because the author makes comments about each person. Translators should format this text in the way that is clearest in the project language. Many may choose to introduce each new person in a separate paragraph, as the ULT and UST do.
GEN 5 1 wj9n 0 General Information: This is the beginning of the list of Adam’s descendants.
GEN 5 1 qwp1 figs-pronouns 0 in his own likeness This phrase means that God made mankind to be like him. This verse does not tell in what ways God made people to be like himself. God does not have a body, so it does not mean that people would look like God. See how “after our likeness” is translated in [Genesis 1:26](../01/26.md). Alternate translation: “to truly be like us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
GEN 5 2 j6nz figs-activepassive 0 when they were created This can be made active. Alternate translation: “when he created them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 5 3 zcj2 translate-numbers 0 130 Translators may write the words “one hundred thirty.” (The ULT and the UST use numerals if the number has three or more words; they use words if a number has only one or two words.) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN 5 3 a62w 0 he became the father of a son “he had a son”
GEN 5 3 al1g 0 in his own likeness, after his image These two phrases mean the same thing. They are used as a reminder that God made man in his own image. See how you translated similar phrases in [Genesis 1:26](../01/26.md).
GEN 5 3 t33a 0 Seth See how you translated this name in [Genesis 4:25](../04/25.md).
GEN 5 4 k8qg translate-numbers 0 eight hundred Translators may write the numerals “800.” (The ULT and the UST use numerals if the number has three or more words; they use words if a number has only one or two words.) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN 5 4 y8af 0 He became the father of more sons and daughters “He had more sons and daughters”
GEN 5 5 j99s 0 then he died This phrase will be repeated throughout the chapter. Use the ordinary word for “died.”
GEN 5 5 tw8v translate-numbers 0 Adam lived 930 years “Adam lived nine hundred and thirty years.” People used to live a very long time. Use your ordinary word for “years.” Alternate translation: “Adam lived a total of 930 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN 5 6 r7dg translate-numbers 0 105 years “one hundred and five years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN 5 6 lqy1 0 he became the father of Enosh Here “father” means his actual father, not his grandfather. Alternate translation: “he had his son Enosh”
GEN 5 6 ek6r translate-names 0 Enosh This is the name of a person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 5 7 t48l translate-numbers 0 807 years “eight hundred and seven years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN 5 7 g73m 0 and became the father of more sons and daughters “and had more sons and daughters”
GEN 5 8 sh2z translate-numbers 0 Seth lived 912 years “Seth lived nine hundred and twelve years.” Seth lived a total of 912 years. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN 5 8 wqz6 0 then he died This phrase is repeated throughout the chapter. Use the ordinary word for “died.”
GEN 5 9 qbk4 translate-names 0 General Information: The records in Genesis 5:6-27 have the same format. Translate them according to the notes in [Genesis 5:6-8](./06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN 5 9 es59 translate-numbers 0 ninety years “90 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN 5 10 q4y5 translate-numbers 0 815 years “eight hundred and fifteen years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN 5 11 kjj5 translate-numbers 0 905 years “nine hundred and give years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN 5 12 s2nr translate-names 0 General Information: The records in Genesis 5:6-27 have the same format. Translate them according to the notes in [Genesis 5:6-8](./06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN 5 12 xpk5 translate-numbers 0 seventy years “70 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN 5 13 n3df translate-numbers 0 840 years “eight hundred and forty years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN 5 14 k461 translate-numbers 0 910 years “nine hundred and ten years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN 5 15 bi8l translate-names 0 General Information: The records in Genesis 5:6-27 have the same format. Translate them according to the notes in [Genesis 5:6-8](./06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN 5 18 hfg3 translate-names 0 General Information: The records in Genesis 5:6-27 have the same format. Translate them according to the notes in [Genesis 5:6-8](./06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN 5 21 i3dx 0 he became the father of Methuselah “he had his son Methuselah”
GEN 5 21 se6e translate-names 0 Methuselah This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 5 22 w9tp figs-metaphor 0 Enoch walked with God To walk with someone is a metaphor for being in a close relationship with him. Alternate translation: “Enoch had a close relationship with God” or “Enoch lived in union with God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 5 22 bmi4 0 He became the father of more sons and daughters “He had more sons and daughters”
GEN 5 23 rs6f translate-numbers 0 Enoch lived 365 years “Enoch lived three hundred and sixty-five years.” Enoch lived a total of 365 years. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN 5 24 nyq3 0 then he was gone The word “he” refers to Enoch. He was no longer on earth.
GEN 5 24 lhk8 0 for God took him This means that God took Enoch to be with himself (God).
GEN 5 25 y9rj translate-names 0 General Information: The records in Genesis 5:6-27 have the same format. Translate them according to the notes in [Genesis 5:6-8](./06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN 5 25 nk49 0 Lamech This Lamech is different from the Lamech in [Genesis 4:18](../04/18.md).
GEN 5 28 ljh7 translate-numbers 0 182 years “one hundred and eighty-two years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN 5 28 u994 0 became the father of a son “had a son”
GEN 5 29 fk97 translate-names 0 Noah Translators may want to add a footnote that says: “This name sounds like the Hebrew word that means ‘rest.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 5 29 lr8d figs-doublet 0 from our work and from the painful labor of our hands Lamech says the same thing twice to emphasize how hard the work was. Alternate translation: “from working so hard with our hands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN 5 30 ah2j translate-numbers 0 595 years “five hundred and ninety-five years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN 5 31 kv28 translate-numbers 0 Lamech lived 777 years “Lamech lived seven hundred seventy-seven years.” Lamech lived a total of 777 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN 5 32 z148 0 he became the father of “he had his sons.” This does not tell us whether the sons were born on the same day or in different years.
GEN 5 32 n65e 0 Shem, Ham, and Japheth These sons may not be listed in the order of their birth. There is disagreement about which one was the oldest. Avoid translating this in a way that implies that the list is in the order of their ages.
GEN 6 intro ak78 0 # Genesis 06 General Notes
## Structure and formatting
Beginning in 6:22, the author gives statements summarizing events he tells about again in the text that follows. In the next chapter, the author sometimes gives summary statements that introduce events for the first time. If these statements, and the surrounding events, are not carefully translated, readers can believe that the same events happened twice or three times instead of only one time. Translators should be careful not to give this impression.
GEN 6 1 x6gk 0 It came about This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here.
GEN 6 1 dj4v figs-activepassive 0 daughters were born to them This can be active. Alternate translation: “the women bore daughters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 6 2 l1va 0 sons of God Translators could add a footnote saying: “It is not clear whether this refers to heavenly beings or human beings. In either case, they were beings that God created.” Some believe these words refer to angels who rebelled against God, that is, evil spirits or demons. Others think this may refer to powerful political rulers, and others think this may refer to the descendants of Seth.
GEN 6 3 lz4s 0 My spirit Here Yahweh is talking about himself and his spirit, which is the Spirit of God.
GEN 6 3 et8s 0 flesh This means that they have physical bodies that will one day die.
GEN 6 3 pvv2 translate-numbers 0 They will live 120 years “They will live one hundred and twenty years.” Possible meanings are 1) the normal lifespan of people would decrease to 120 years. Alternate translation: “They will not live more than 120 years” or 2) in 120 years everyone would die. Alternate translation: “They will live only 120 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN 6 4 e44a 0 Giants very tall, large people
GEN 6 4 ih17 0 This happened when “The giants were born because”
GEN 6 4 et78 0 sons of God See how you translated this in [Genesis 6:2](../06/02.md).
GEN 6 4 slb2 0 These were the mighty men of old “These giants were the mighty men who lived long ago” or “These children grew to become the powerful fighters who lived long ago”
GEN 6 4 sk1e 0 mighty men men who are courageous and victorious in battle
GEN 6 4 u34f 0 men of renown “famous men”
GEN 6 5 q6rz 0 every inclination of the thoughts of their hearts “everything their hearts wanted to think about”
GEN 6 5 id88 figs-metonymy 0 the thoughts of their hearts The writer speaks of the heart as if it were the part of the body that thinks. Your language may use a word other than “heart” to talk about the part of people that thinks. Alternate translation: “their inner, secret thoughts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 6 6 mr7b figs-metonymy 0 it grieved him to his heart The writer speaks of the heart as if it were the part of the body that feels sadness. Your language may use a word other than “heart” to talk about the emotions. Alternate translation: “he was very, very sad about it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 6 7 tk23 figs-metaphor 0 I will wipe away mankind ... from the surface of the earth The writer speaks of God killing people as if God were wiping dirt off a flat surface. Alternate translation: “I will destroy mankind ... so that there will not be any people on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 6 7 if98 figs-distinguish 0 I will wipe away mankind whom I have created Some languages would need to translate this as two sentences. Alternate translation: “I created mankind. I will wipe them away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
GEN 6 7 ss97 0 wipe away “completely destroy.” Here “wipe away” is used in a negative sense, for God is talking about destroying the people because of their sin.
GEN 6 8 sc4m figs-idiom 0 Noah found favor in the eyes of Yahweh The phrase “found favor” is an idiom which means to be approved of by someone. Also, the eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: “Yahweh looked favorably on Noah” or “Yahweh was pleased with Noah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 6 9 y7rc 0 General Information: This begins the story of Noah, which continues into chapter 9.
GEN 6 9 nwq5 0 These were the events concerning Noah “This is the account of Noah”
GEN 6 9 eh9u 0 walked with God See how you translated this in [Genesis 5:21](../05/21.md).
GEN 6 10 sf7p 0 Noah became the father of three sons “Noah had three sons” or “Noah’s wife had three sons”
GEN 6 10 kk5r 0 Shem, Ham, and Japheth Translators may add the following footnote: “The sons are not listed in the order in which they were born.”
GEN 6 11 ym2f figs-metonymy 0 The earth Possible meanings are 1) the people who lived on the earth or 2) “The earth itself.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 6 11 cmt9 figs-metaphor 0 was corrupt The people doing what is evil is spoken of as if they were food that has become rotten. Alternate translation: “was rotten” or “was completely evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 6 11 uj42 0 before God Possible meanings are 1) “in God’s sight” or 2) “in the presence of Yahweh” as in [Genesis 4:16](../04/16.md).
GEN 6 11 taq9 figs-metaphor 0 and it was filled with violence The writer speaks of violence as if it were something that could be put into a container and of the earth as a container. Alternate translation: “and there were very many violent people on the earth” or “because it was full of people who did evil things to each other” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 6 12 j3ek 0 behold The word “behold” here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows.
GEN 6 12 ut53 figs-synecdoche 0 all flesh Possible meanings for what “all flesh” represents are 1) all human beings or 2) all physical beings, including humans and animal. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN 6 12 ds5x figs-metaphor 0 had corrupted their way How a person behaves is spoken of as if it were a way or road. Alternate translation: “had stopped living the way God wanted” or “had behaved in an evil way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 6 13 qem8 0 all flesh See how you translated these words in [Genesis 6:12](../06/12.md).
GEN 6 13 hw2i 0 the earth is filled with violence through them “people everywhere on earth are violent”
GEN 6 13 tw4l 0 I will destroy them with the earth “I will destroy both them and the earth” or “I will destroy them when I destroy the earth”
GEN 6 14 c3m5 0 an ark This refers to a very large box that would be able to float on water even in a very bad storm. “a large boat” or “a ship” or “a barge”
GEN 6 14 m88q 0 cypress wood People do not know exactly what kind of tree this was. “wood used for building boats” or “good wood”
GEN 6 14 a94b figs-explicit 0 cover it with pitch The reason for doing this can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “spread pitch on it” or “paint tar on it” or “cover it with pitch to make it waterproof” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 6 14 ryf4 0 pitch This is a thick, sticky or oily liquid that people put on the outside of a boat to stop water from going through gaps in the wood into the boat.
GEN 6 15 cz5l translate-bdistance 0 cubits A cubit was a unit of measure, a little less than half a meter long. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
GEN 6 15 xri9 translate-bdistance 0 three hundred cubits “138 meters.” You may use the Hebrew measuring units from the ULT or the metric units from the UST or your own culture’s units if you know how they compare to the metric units. You may also write a footnote that says: “Three hundred cubits is about 138 meters.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
GEN 6 15 y496 translate-bdistance 0 fifty cubits “twenty-three meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
GEN 6 15 u2h3 translate-bdistance 0 thirty cubits “fourteen meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
GEN 6 16 bv39 0 a roof for the ark This was probably a peaked or slanted roof. Its purpose was to protect everything in the ark from the rain.
GEN 6 16 se34 translate-bdistance 0 cubit A cubit was a little less than half a meter long. See how you translated this in [Genesis 6:15](../06/15.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
GEN 6 16 ml4z 0 a lower, a second, and a third deck “a lower deck, a middle deck, and an upper deck” or “three decks inside”
GEN 6 16 gl2q 0 deck “floor” or “level”
GEN 6 17 f72f 0 Listen God said this in order to emphasize that he would do what he was about to say. “Pay attention” or “Listen to what I am saying”
GEN 6 17 b6s7 figs-go 0 I am about to bring the flood of waters In some languages it may b e better to say “to send” instead of “to bring. It is also possible to avoid the direction and say “to cause.” Alternate translation: “I am about to send a flood of waters” or “I am about to cause a flood” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
GEN 6 17 h8ev figs-synecdoche 0 all flesh Here “flesh” represents all physical beings, including humans and animals. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN 6 17 jv7g figs-metonymy 0 that has in it the breath of life Here “breath” represents life. Alternate translation: “that lives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 6 18 ycd4 0 establish my covenant with you “make a covenant between you and me”
GEN 6 18 uqa9 0 with you with Noah
GEN 6 18 c9jq 0 You will come into the ark “You will enter the ark.” Some translations say “You will go into the ark.”
GEN 6 19 gs78 0 Of every living creature of all flesh, two of every kind you must bring into the ark “You must bring into the ark two of every kind of living creature”
GEN 6 19 x8zw 0 creature an animal God created
GEN 6 19 v6ar 0 all flesh See how you translated these words in [Genesis 6:12](../06/12.md).
GEN 6 20 v1mj 0 after their kind “of each different kind”
GEN 6 20 ua1j 0 creeping thing of the ground This refers to small animals that move on the ground .
GEN 6 20 b3i9 0 two of every sort This refers to two of every kind of bird and animal.
GEN 6 20 f2s1 figs-you 0 to you This refers to Noah and so is singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
GEN 6 20 msl4 0 to keep them alive “so you can keep them alive”
GEN 6 21 w126 figs-you 0 yourself ... you These refer to Noah and are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
GEN 6 21 bbh4 0 food that is eaten “food that people and animals eat”
GEN 6 22 df5r figs-parallelism 0 So Noah did this. According to all that God commanded him, so he did These two sentences mean the same thing. The second sentence explains the first and emphasizes that Noah obeyed God. These parallel sentences can be combined into one. Alternate translation: “So Noah did everything that God commanded him to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
GEN 7 intro n23k 0 # Genesis 07 General Notes
## Structure and formatting
In this chapter, the author continues his pattern of statements that summarize events already described, and of repeating events that have already happened. Again, careful translation is necessary so that readers do not think that the same events happened more than one time in the story. Special attention in this regard should be given to 7:5,10,13, and 17.
## Special concepts in this chapter
### Clean animals and birds
Noah sacrificed to Yahweh some of the “clean” animals and birds that he had with him (8:20). These were animals and birds that the Hebrew people would later consider to be fit to eat and to sacrifice to God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]])
### Water underneath and over the earth
The flood is presented as occurring because of rain pouring out of the sky and because of seawater rising from under the earth. This is because the ancient Hebrews pictured the earth as resting on top of the sea. They also pictured the sky as containing water above the earth that poured down through windows in the sky when God allowed it to rain. Translators should not try to change this picture in order to suit what readers believe about the world. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]])
GEN 7 1 n13c 0 General Information: The events in this chapter take place after Noah built the ark, gathered the food, and put it in the ark.
GEN 7 1 iml7 figs-go 0 Come ... into the ark “Enter ... into the ark.” Many translations read “Go ... into the ark.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
GEN 7 1 lh4z figs-you 0 you The word “you” refers to Noah and is singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
GEN 7 1 jtj5 0 your household “your family”
GEN 7 1 d59a 0 righteous before me This means that God saw Noah as righteous.
GEN 7 1 c6rt 0 in this generation This refers to all the people who were living at that time. Alternate translation: “among all the people who are now living”
GEN 7 2 qv8l figs-go 0 you will bring “take.” Many translations read “you will take.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
GEN 7 2 j5le 0 clean animal This was an animal that God allowed his people to eat and to sacrifice.
GEN 7 2 js39 0 animals that are not clean These were animals that God did not allow people to eat or to sacrifice.
GEN 7 3 t2rp 0 to preserve their offspring “so that they will have offspring that will live” or “so that, after the flood, animals will continue to live”
GEN 7 4 v9e3 0 forty days and forty nights This was a full forty days. It was not a total of eighty days. Alternate translation: “forty days and nights”
GEN 7 4 ss6k 0 living This refers to physical life.
GEN 7 6 a3lu 0 General Information: Verses 6-12 repeat for a second time and give more detail about how Noah went into the ark with his family and the animals in [Genesis 7:1-5](./01.md). This is not a new event.
GEN 7 6 y68j 0 came upon the earth “happened” or “came on the earth”
GEN 7 7 jew8 0 because of the waters of the flood “because of the flood that would come” or “to escape the flood water”
GEN 7 8 z9t2 0 General Information: Verses 6-12 repeat for a second time and give more detail about how Noah went into the ark with his family and the animals in [Genesis 7:1-5](./01.md). This is not a new event.
GEN 7 8 u2ij 0 clean animals These were animals that God allowed people to eat and to give to him as sacrifices.
GEN 7 8 er9l 0 unclean animals These were animals that God did not allow people to eat or to give to him as sacrifices.
GEN 7 9 ib15 0 two by two The animals entered the boat in pairs of one male and one female.
GEN 7 10 z7w9 0 It came about that This phrase is used here to mark an important event in the story: the start of the flood. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here.
GEN 7 10 kkc2 0 after the seven days “after seven days” or “seven days later”
GEN 7 10 uy9m figs-explicit 0 the waters of the flood came upon the earth The implicit information, “it started to rain” can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “it started to rain and the waters of the flood came upon the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 7 11 gsi1 0 General Information: Verses 6-12 repeat for a second time and give more detail about how Noah went into the ark with his family and the animals in [Genesis 7:1-5](./01.md). This is not a new event.
GEN 7 11 ybc8 translate-ordinal 0 In the six hundredth year of Noah’s life “When Noah was 600 years old” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
GEN 7 11 wi34 translate-hebrewmonths 0 the second month, on the seventeenth day of the month Since Moses wrote this book, it is possible he is referring to the second month of the Hebrew calendar. But this is uncertain. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
GEN 7 11 m7m8 0 on the same day This refers to the specific day when the rain began. This phrase emphasizes how all of these major events happened quickly when the time arrived.
GEN 7 11 tw87 0 the fountains of the great deep burst open “water from under the earth rushed up to the earth’s surface”
GEN 7 11 nsh5 0 the great deep This refers to the sea that was thought to be under the earth.
GEN 7 11 qtm7 0 the windows of heaven were opened This refers to rain. It describes the sky as a ceiling that keeps the waters above it from falling down to the earth. When the windows, or doors, in the sky were opened, the water came down through them. Alternate translation: “the sky opened” or “the doors in the sky opened”
GEN 7 12 ri9c 0 rain If your language has a word for a great amount of rain, it would be appropriate here.
GEN 7 13 dh5z 0 General Information: Verses 13-18 repeat for a third time and give more detail about how Noah went into the ark with his family and the animals in [Genesis 7:1-5](./01.md). This is not a new event.
GEN 7 13 yp26 0 On that very same day “On that exact day.” This refers to the day that the rain started. Verses 13-16 tell what Noah did immediately before the rain began.
GEN 7 14 l52z 0 wild animal ... livestock ... creeping thing ... bird These four groups are listed to show that every kind of animal was included. If your language has another way of grouping all the animals, you can use that, or you can use these groups. See how you translated this in [Genesis 1:24](../01/24.md).
GEN 7 14 ayv5 0 creeping thing This refers to animals that crawl on the ground, like rodents, insects, lizards, and snakes.
GEN 7 14 v2bb 0 according to its kind “so that each kind of animal will produce more of its own kind.” See how you translated this in [Genesis 1:24](../01/24.md).
GEN 7 15 i5qf 0 General Information: Verses 13-18 repeat for a third time and give more detail about how Noah went into the ark with his family and the animals in [Genesis 7:1-5](./01.md). This is not a new event.
GEN 7 15 pbr7 figs-metonymy 0 Two of all flesh Here “flesh” represents animals. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 7 15 d2w3 figs-metonymy 0 in which was the breath of life Here “breath” represents life. Alternate translation: “that lived” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 7 15 lgu4 figs-go 0 came to Noah The word “came” can be translated as “went.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
GEN 7 15 uni5 figs-synecdoche 0 of all flesh Here “flesh” represents animals. Alternate translation: “of every kind of animal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN 7 16 j6fz figs-explicit 0 after them The full meaning can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “after they entered the ark” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 7 17 ea6p 0 General Information: Verses 13-18 repeat for a third time and give more detail about how Noah went into the ark with his family and the animals in [Genesis 7:1-5](./01.md). This is not a new event.
GEN 7 17 b3ji 0 the water increased “the water became very deep.” This happened during the forty days while the water kept coming.
GEN 7 17 ww1c 0 lifted the ark “it caused the ark to float”
GEN 7 17 n9ke 0 raised it above the earth “causes the ark to rise up high over the ground” or “he ark floated on top of the deep water”
GEN 7 19 j266 0 The waters rose greatly on the earth “The water totally overwhelmed the earth”
GEN 7 20 k8t7 0 fifteen cubits “six meters.” See how you translated this in [Genesis 6:15](../06/15.md).
GEN 7 21 x8dz 0 moved upon “moved about” or “roamed”
GEN 7 21 hq98 0 all the living creatures that lived in great numbers upon the earth This refers to all the animals that move around on the ground in large groups.
GEN 7 22 wlj2 figs-synecdoche 0 who breathed the breath of life through their noses Here “noses” represent the whole animal or human. Alternate translation: “everyone that breathed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN 7 22 cdp8 figs-metonymy 0 the breath of life The words “breath” and “life” represent the power that causes people and animals to be alive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 7 23 ki1a figs-activepassive 0 So every living thing ... was wiped out If necessary, this can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “So every living thing ... perished” or “So the flood completely destroyed every living thing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 7 23 wvw2 figs-activepassive 0 They were all destroyed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God destroyed them all” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 7 23 pnx5 0 from the earth “so they were no longer on the earth”
GEN 7 23 drq1 0 those with him “the people and animals that were with him”
GEN 7 23 g46l 0 were left “remained” or “lived” or “remained alive”
GEN 8 intro z61w 0 # Genesis 08 General Notes
## Structure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 8:22, which is part of what Yahweh was telling Noah.
## Special concepts in this chapter
### Flood waters
The waters receded after this great flood. Because there was so much water, and it came from God, it is described in a unique way.
### The mountains of Ararat
It is unclear where Ararat was located. Many people believe it is located in the modern country of Turkey.
GEN 8 1 vs3j 0 considered Noah “remembered Noah” or “decided to help Noah”
GEN 8 1 xtv9 0 ark This refers to a very large box that would be able to float on water even in a very bad storm. See how you translated this in [Genesis 6:14](../06/14.md). Alternate translation: “a large boat” or “a ship” or “a barge”
GEN 8 2 zi8q figs-activepassive 0 The fountains of the deep and the windows of heaven were closed “The water stopped coming out of the ground and the rain stopped falling.” This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God closed the fountains of the deep and the windows of heaven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 8 2 p1zi 0 fountains of the deep “water from under the earth.” See how this is translated in [Genesis 7:11](../07/11.md).
GEN 8 2 dh7e 0 the windows of heaven were closed This refers to the rain stopping. It describes the sky as a ceiling that keeps the waters above it from falling down to the earth. When the windows, or doors, in the sky were closed, the water stopped coming through them. See how “the windows of heaven” is translated in [Genesis 7:11](../07/11.md). Alternate translation: “the sky closed” or “the doors in the sky closed”
GEN 8 4 te6b 0 came to rest “landed” or “stopped on solid ground”
GEN 8 4 fi75 translate-hebrewmonths 0 in the seventh month, on the seventeenth day of the month Because Moses wrote this book, it is possible he is referring to the seventh month of the Hebrew calendar, but this is uncertain. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
GEN 8 5 gf1v translate-hebrewmonths 0 tenth month Because Moses wrote this book, it is possible he is referring to the tenth month of the Hebrew calendar, but this is uncertain. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
GEN 8 5 l1gg 0 On the first day of the month “On the first day of the tenth month”
GEN 8 5 yhx2 figs-explicit 0 appeared This can be made more explicit: “appeared above the surface of the water.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 8 6 lmm4 0 It came about This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. Alternate translation: “It happened that”
GEN 8 6 k8bq figs-distinguish 0 It came about ... the window of the ark which he had made The phrase “which he had made” tells about the window. Some languages may need to make this phrase a separate sentence: “Noah had made a window in the boat. It came about after forty days that he opened the window” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
GEN 8 7 rm8x 0 raven a black bird that eats mainly the flesh of dead animals
GEN 8 7 s2vc 0 it flew back and forth This means that the raven kept leaving the boat and returning.
GEN 8 7 dn2u figs-activepassive 0 until the waters were dried up This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “until the wind dried up the waters” or “until the waters dried up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 8 8 f1ln 0 he sent out a dove If you use masculine pronouns for the word “dove,” you may need to insert Noah’s name here to avoid confusion: “Noah sent out a dove.”
GEN 8 9 r2x5 0 to rest her foot “to land” or “to perch.” It means to land on something in order to rest from flying.
GEN 8 9 clq5 0 her foot ... she returned ... and brought her The word “dove” is feminine in the author’s language. You could translate these phrases with the pronouns “its ... it ... it” or “his ... he ... him,” depending on how your language refers to a dove.
GEN 8 9 rst8 0 he ... him If you use masculine pronouns for the word “dove,” you may need to insert Noah’s name here to avoid confusion: “Noah sent out a dove,” “Noah stretched forth his hand,” etc.
GEN 8 10 p48z 0 He waited another seven days “He again waited for seven days”
GEN 8 11 hjg1 0 Look “Pay attention” or “This is important”
GEN 8 11 mc6s 0 a freshly plucked olive leaf “a leaf that she had just plucked from an olive tree”
GEN 8 11 nbw2 0 plucked “broken off”
GEN 8 12 x79p figs-explicit 0 She did not return again to him If people would not understand, you could state the reason explicitly: “She did not return again to him because she found a place to land.” (See:[[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 8 13 ejr2 0 It came about This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here.
GEN 8 13 nhb3 translate-ordinal 0 in the six hundred and first year “when Noah was 601 years old” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
GEN 8 13 k4h8 translate-hebrewmonths 0 the first month, on the first day of the month Since Moses wrote this book it is possible he is referring to the first month of the Hebrew calendar, but this is uncertain. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
GEN 8 13 dvf1 figs-activepassive 0 the waters were dried up from off the earth This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the waters covering the earth dried up” or “the wind dried up the waters covering the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 8 13 uyy6 0 the covering of the ark This refers to a cover that kept the rain water from going into the ark.
GEN 8 13 l4nx 0 behold The word “behold” tells us to pay attention to the important information that comes next.
GEN 8 14 afz6 translate-hebrewmonths 0 In the second month, on the twenty-seventh day of the month “On the twenty seventh day of the second month.” This may refer to the second month of the Hebrew calendar, but this is uncertain. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
GEN 8 14 tn29 0 the earth was dry “the ground was completely dry”
GEN 8 16 k1zj figs-go 0 Go out of “Leave.” Some translations read “Come out.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
GEN 8 17 y1p1 figs-go 0 Take out “Take.” Some translations read “Bring out.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
GEN 8 17 cg9q 0 every living creature of all flesh “every kind of living creature.” See how “all flesh” is translated in [Genesis 6:12](../06/12.md).
GEN 8 17 bv2p figs-doublet 0 be fruitful and multiply This is an idiom. See how this is translated in [Genesis 1:28](../01/28.md). God wanted the humans and animals to reproduce, so there would be many of them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 8 18 e5a9 figs-go 0 Noah went out Some translations read “Noah came out.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
GEN 8 19 g5xb 0 according to their families “in groups of their own kinds”
GEN 8 20 wu8x 0 built an altar to Yahweh “built an altar dedicated to Yahweh” or “built an altar for worshiping Yahweh.” He may have built it with stones.
GEN 8 20 y625 0 clean animals ... clean birds Here “clean” means that God allowed these animals to be used in sacrifice. Some animals were not used for sacrifices and were called “unclean.”
GEN 8 20 t66t 0 offered burnt offerings Noah killed the animals and then completely burned them up as an offering to God. Alternate translation: “burned the animals as offerings to Yahweh”
GEN 8 21 z8wm 0 pleasing aroma This refers to the good smell of the roasted meat.
GEN 8 21 v91q 0 said in his heart Here the word “heart” refers to God’s thoughts and emotions.
GEN 8 21 li87 0 curse the ground “do very serious harm to the earth”
GEN 8 21 t7q2 figs-explicit 0 because of mankind This can be made more explicit: “because mankind is sinful.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 8 21 k2f9 0 the intentions of their hearts is evil from childhood “from their earliest years they tend to do evil things” or “when they are young, they want to do evil things”
GEN 8 21 i5xk 0 the intentions of their hearts Here the word “hearts” refers to people’s thoughts, emotions, desires, and will. Alternate translation: “their tendency” or “their habit”
GEN 8 21 me8a 0 from childhood This refers to an older child. Alternate translation: “from their youth”
GEN 8 22 t468 0 While the earth remains “While the earth lasts” or “As long as the earth exists”
GEN 8 22 mwx9 0 seed time “the season for planting”
GEN 8 22 v7fe figs-merism 0 cold and heat, summer and winter These expressions both refer to two major weather conditions in the year. Translators may use local expressions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
GEN 8 22 wu43 0 summer the hot, dry time of the year
GEN 8 22 t9hn 0 winter the cool, wet or snowy time of the year
GEN 8 22 vy7b figs-doublenegatives 0 will not cease “will not cease to exist” or “will not cease to occur.” This can be expressed in a positive manner. Alternate translation: “will continue” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
GEN 9 intro at1n 0 # Genesis 09 General Notes
## Structure and formatting
Some translations prefer to set apart extended quotations, prayers or songs. The ULT and many other English translations set the lines of 9:6-7, which is the poetic part of the quotation, farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. They also set apart 9:25-27, which contains two quotations.
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 9:6 and 9:25-27.
## Special concepts in this chapter
### Man’s relationship to animals
There is a noticeable shift in man’s relationship with the animals on the earth. Before the flood, there apparently was harmony between man and the animals. After the flood, the animals fear man and man is permitted to eat the animals, something he was not allowed to do previously. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
### Life in the blood
This chapter introduces the concept that there is life in the blood of an animal and in man. In Hebrew thought, blood represents the life present in a living thing. This is an image used throughout Scripture. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/life]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/blood]])
### Covenant with Noah
God made a covenant with Noah. This covenant was an unconditional promise God made to never destroy the whole world with a flood. Rainbows are a perpetual sign of this covenant. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]])
### A father’s nakedness
In Noah’s culture, it was unacceptable to see a father’s nakedness. It was wrong for Ham to show his brothers their father’s nakedness. Ham’s actions were insulting or disrespectful. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
### “Be fruitful, multiply, and fill the earth”
This is a command that God gives. He expects Noah to obey him.
GEN 9 1 bpc9 figs-doublet 0 Be fruitful, multiply, and fill the earth This is God’s blessing. He told Noah and his family to produce more humans like themselves, so that there would be many of them. The word “multiply” explains how they are to be “fruitful.” See how you translated these commands in [Genesis 1:28](../01/28.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 9 2 e28l figs-metaphor 0 The fear of you and the dread of you will be upon every living animal ... and upon all the fish of the sea The writer speaks of fear and dread as if they were physical objects that could be upon the animals. Alternate translation: “Every living animal ... and all the fish of the sea will be dreadfully afraid of you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 9 2 ax85 figs-doublet 0 The fear of you and the dread of you The words “fear” and “dread” mean basically the same thing and emphasize how afraid the animals will be of mankind. Alternate translation: “A dreadful fear of you” or “A terrible fear of you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
GEN 9 2 gm7c 0 every living animal on the earth This is the first of the four categories of animals that the writer lists, and not a summary of the rest of the animals that he mentions next.
GEN 9 2 qqp7 0 bird This is a general term for things that fly. See how you translated this in [Genesis 1:21](../01/21.md).
GEN 9 2 fhz4 0 upon everything that goes low on the ground This includes all types of small animals. See how you translated this in [Genesis 1:25](../01/25.md).
GEN 9 2 g7t3 figs-metonymy 0 They are given into your hand The hand represents control. This can be made active. Alternate translation: “They are given into your control” or “I have put them under your control” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 9 3 gxp7 0 General Information: God continues speaking to Noah and his sons.
GEN 9 4 s9mx 0 life ... blood Translators may add a footnote such as this: “The blood is a symbol for life.” They may also add a footnote that says something like this: “God was commanding people not to eat meat while the blood was still in it. They had to drain out the blood first.”
GEN 9 5 jd7y 0 General Information: God continues speaking to Noah and his sons.
GEN 9 5 t1t8 0 But for your blood This contrasts man’s blood with the blood of animals ([Genesis 9:4](../09/04.md)).
GEN 9 5 w9jw figs-explicit 0 for your blood, the life that is in your blood It is implied that the blood is shed, or poured out, or spilled out. Alternate translation: “if anyone causes your blood to pour out” or “if anyone spills your blood” or “if anyone kills you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 9 5 c5je 0 life This refers to physical life.
GEN 9 5 sp2y 0 I will require payment This payment refers to the death of the murderer, not to money. Alternate translation: “I will require anyone who kills you to pay”
GEN 9 5 f5z4 figs-synecdoche 0 from the hand Here the word “hand” refers to the one who is responsible for something happening. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN 9 5 ihu7 0 From the hand of every animal I will require it “I will require any animal that takes your life to pay”
GEN 9 5 kr1g 0 From the hand of any man, that is, from the hand of one who has murdered his brother, I will require an accounting for the life of that man “I will require anyone who takes the life of another person to pay”
GEN 9 5 hye6 figs-synecdoche 0 From the hand of This phrase refers to the person in a very personal way. Alternate translation: “From that very man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN 9 5 n71j 0 brother Here “brother” is used as a general reference to relatives, such as members of the same tribe, clan, or people group.
GEN 9 6 ghj9 figs-metaphor 0 Whoever sheds man’s blood, by man will his blood be shed The shedding of blood is a metaphor for killing someone. This means that if a person murders someone, someone else must kill the murderer. However, “blood” is very significant in this passage and should be used in the translation if possible. Translate “sheds blood” with words that indicate a major loss of blood that causes death. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 9 6 pnh5 0 for it was in the image of God that he made man “because God made people to be like him” or “because I made people in my own image”
GEN 9 7 r2cz figs-doublet 0 be fruitful and multiply This is God’s blessing. He told Noah and his family to produce more humans like themselves, so that there would be many of them. The word “multiply” explains how they are to be “fruitful.” See how you translated this in [Genesis 1:28](../01/28.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 9 8 ra1n 0 Then God spoke to Noah and to his sons with him God was already speaking to them. This phrase marks a change in what God was going to speak about. Alternate translation: “God continued speaking to Noah and his sons” or “Then God went on to say”
GEN 9 9 cpy2 0 As for me This phrase is used in English to mark the change from God talking about what Noah and his sons must do to talking about what God would do.
GEN 9 9 maf2 0 confirm my covenant with you “make a covenant between you and me.” See how you translated this in [Genesis 6:18](../06/18.md).
GEN 9 11 q967 0 General Information: God continues speaking to Noah and his sons.
GEN 9 11 lay9 0 I hereby confirm my covenant with you “By saying this, I make my covenant with you.” See how similar words are translated in [Genesis 6:18](../06/18.md).
GEN 9 11 zug5 figs-synecdoche 0 all flesh Possible meanings for what “all flesh” represents are 1) all human beings or 2) all physical beings, including humans and animal. See how this is translated in [Genesis 6:12](../06/12.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN 9 11 wr5z 0 Never again will there be a flood to destroy the earth “There will never again be a flood that destroys the earth.” There would be floods, but they would not destroy the whole earth.
GEN 9 12 r1uh 0 sign This means a reminder of something that was promised.
GEN 9 12 tl5l 0 covenant ... for all future generations The covenant applies to Noah and his family and also to all generations that follow.
GEN 9 14 l8xy 0 General Information: God continues speaking to Noah and his sons.
GEN 9 14 s4e4 0 It will come about when “Whenever.” It is something that would happen many times.
GEN 9 14 f9zr figs-activepassive 0 the rainbow is seen It is not clear who will see the rainbow, but because the covenant is between Yahweh and people, if you need to say who it is who will see the rainbow, it would be best to name both Yahweh and people. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “people and I see the rainbow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 9 14 kg5c 0 rainbow the colorful strip of light that appears in the rain when the sun shines from behind the viewer
GEN 9 15 i9p6 0 I will call to mind my covenant This does not mean that God would first forget. Alternate translation: “I will think about my covenant”
GEN 9 15 d7pg 0 me and you The word “you” is plural. God was speaking to Noah and Noah’s sons.
GEN 9 15 lk6n 0 every living creature of all flesh “every kind of living being”
GEN 9 15 vn2n figs-synecdoche 0 all flesh Possible meanings for what “all flesh” represents are 1) all human beings or 2) all physical beings, including humans and animal. See how this is translated in [Genesis 6:12](../06/12.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN 9 16 kbz5 0 General Information: God continues speaking to Noah and his sons.
GEN 9 16 b2e4 0 in order to remember “so that I will remember” or “so that I will think about”
GEN 9 16 kf45 0 between God and every living creature God is speaking here. Alternate translation: “between me and every living creature”
GEN 9 16 m4th 0 every living creature of all flesh “every kind of living being.” See how you translated this in [Genesis 9:15](../09/15.md).
GEN 9 17 x593 0 Then God said to Noah God was already talking to Noah. This phrase marks the final part of what God was saying. Alternate translation: “God finished by saying to Noah” or “So God said to Noah”
GEN 9 18 n7g4 0 General Information: Verses 18-19 introduce the three sons of Noah, who will be an important part of the next story.
GEN 9 18 zxn9 0 father Ham was Canaan’s true father.
GEN 9 20 bvi9 0 farmer person who raises plants for food
GEN 9 21 d5k4 0 became drunk “drank too much wine”
GEN 9 21 e6dg 0 uncovered The text does not specify how much of Noah’s body was uncovered as he lay drunk. His sons’ reactions show us that it was shameful.
GEN 9 22 xd8e 0 his father This refers to Noah.
GEN 9 24 ka8c 0 General Information: In verses 25-27 Noah pronounced a curse on Ham’s son and blessings on Ham’s brothers. What Noah said about them also applied to their descendants, as shown in the UST. Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in Noah’s curse and blessings in verses 25-27.
GEN 9 24 w9sj 0 awoke from his wine He awoke after drinking wine and becoming drunk. He “became sober.”
GEN 9 24 y2mt 0 his youngest son This refers to Ham. Alternate translation: “his youngest son, Ham”
GEN 9 25 tmj7 0 Cursed be Canaan “I curse Canaan” or “May bad things happen to Canaan”
GEN 9 25 p9e7 0 Canaan This was one of Ham’s sons. Alternate translation: “Ham’s son Canaan”
GEN 9 25 kp5y 0 a servant to his brothers’ servants “the lowest servant of his brothers” or “the least important servant of his brothers”
GEN 9 25 ey5x 0 his brothers This could refer either to Canaan’s brothers or to his relatives in general.
GEN 9 26 rx6d 0 General Information: If you can, format these verses as they are formatted here to show your readers that this is poetry.
GEN 9 26 w1a7 0 May Yahweh, the God of Shem, be blessed “Praised be Yahweh, the God of Shem,” or “Yahweh, the God of Shem, is worthy of praise” or “I praise Yahweh, the God of Shem”
GEN 9 27 s54q 0 May Canaan be his servant “And let Canaan be Shem’s servant.” This includes Canaan’s and Shem’s descendants.
GEN 9 27 hh2y 0 May God extend the territory of Japheth Possible meanings are 1) “May God make Japheth’s territory larger” or 2) “May God cause Japheth to have many descendants.”
GEN 9 27 bxj1 0 let him make his home in the tents of Shem “let him leave peacefully with Shem.” This includes Japheth’s and Shem’s descendants.
GEN 9 27 x2sl 0 May Canaan be his servant “Let Canaan be Japheth’s servant.” This includes Canaan’s and Japheth’s descendants.
GEN 10 intro z42v 0 # Genesis 10 General Notes
## Structure and formatting
This chapter begins a genealogical record. It also records the location of ancient people groups.
## Special concepts in this chapter
### Assyria and Nineveh
While these places may be located in the same area as the Assyria mentioned later in Scripture, they are not the same kingdom.
## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
### “Sons were born to”
This is an unusual phrase meaning “were sons of.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 10 1 h24x 0 These were the descendants of the sons of Noah “This is the account of Noah’s sons.” This sentence introduces the account of Noah’s descendants in Genesis 10:1-11:9.
GEN 10 5 w1ea 0 From these the coastland peoples separated and went into their lands “Javan’s sons and descendants separated and moved to the coastlands and islands”
GEN 10 5 pl9t 0 coastland peoples This refers to people who lived along the coast and on the islands.
GEN 10 5 xw9u 0 their lands “their homelands.” These are the places that the people moved to and lived in.
GEN 10 5 nhz9 0 every one with its own language “Each people group spoke its own language” or “The people groups divided themselves according to their languages”
GEN 10 6 s5fj 0 Mizraim Mizraim is the Hebrew name for “Egypt.”
GEN 10 8 f6b4 0 conqueror Possible meanings are 1) “mighty warrior” or 2) “mighty man” or 3) “powerful ruler.”
GEN 10 9 k3vf 0 before Yahweh Possible meanings are 1) “in Yahweh’s sight” or 2) “with Yahweh’s help”
GEN 10 9 ig4i writing-proverbs 0 That is why it is said This introduces a proverb. Your language may introduce proverbs and sayings in a different way. Alternate translation: “This is the reason people say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs]])
GEN 10 10 i218 0 The first centers Possible meanings are 1) the first centers he developed or 2) the important cities.
GEN 10 11 ufj6 0 he went to Assyria “Nimrod went into Assyria”
GEN 10 13 d3j7 0 Mizraim became The list of Noah’s descendants continues.
GEN 10 13 yc8k 0 Mizraim Mizraim was one of Ham’s sons. His descendants became the people of Egypt. Mizraim is the Hebrew name for Egypt.
GEN 10 16 l6at 0 Jebusites ... Amorites ... Girgashites These names refer to larger groups of people that descended from Canaan.
GEN 10 19 h65z 0 border line between one person’s land and another person’s land
GEN 10 19 vy73 figs-explicit 0 from Sidon, in the direction of Gerar, as far as Gaza The direction south can be stated explicitly if needed. Alternate translation: “from Sidon city in the north as far south as Gaza town, which is near Gerar” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 10 19 rp9w figs-explicit 0 as one goes toward Sodom, Gomorrah, Admah, and Zeboyim, as far as Lasha The direction “east” or “inland” can be stated explicitly if needed. Alternate translation: “then east toward Sodom, Gomorrah, Admah, and Zeboyim towns, as far as Lasha” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 10 20 b2zq 0 These were the sons of Ham The word “these” refers to the people and people groups who were listed in verses [Genesis 6-19](./06.md).
GEN 10 20 t4tj 0 by their languages “broken up according to their different languages”
GEN 10 20 w46b 0 in their lands “in their homelands”
GEN 10 24 ns9i 0 Arphaxad Arphaxad was one of Shem’s sons.
GEN 10 25 a5uy 0 Peleg Translators may add a footnote note that says: “The name Peleg means ‘division.’”
GEN 10 25 wad2 figs-activepassive 0 the earth was divided This can be made active. Alternate translation: “the people of the earth divided themselves” or “the people of the earth separated from one another” or “God divided the people of the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 10 26 dqg8 translate-names 0 Joktan Joktan was one of Eber’s sons. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 10 29 n82g 0 All these “These” here refers to the sons of Joktan.
GEN 10 30 s9ds 0 Their territory “The land they controlled” or “The land they lived in”
GEN 10 31 s4mu 0 These were the sons of Shem The word “these” refers to the descendants of Shem ([Genesis 10:21-29](./21.md)).
GEN 10 32 lws8 0 These were the clans This refers back to all the people listed in [Genesis 10:1-31](./01.md).
GEN 10 32 rr78 0 according to “listed by”
GEN 10 32 a96c 0 From these the nations separated and went over the earth “From these clans the nations divided and spread over the earth” or “These clans divided from each other and formed the nations of the earth”
GEN 10 32 bp4b figs-explicit 0 after the flood This can be stated clearly or more explicitly. Alternate translation: “after the flood destroyed the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 11 intro ecl3 0 # Genesis 11 General Notes
## Structure and formatting
This chapter is a story traditionally referred to as the “Tower of Babel.”
This chapter seeks to answer the questions: why do people speak different languages? how did people become so dispersed across the earth? God’s punishment described in this chapter may also explain why the world has racial and ethnic divisions.
## Special concepts in this chapter
### Age of people when they die
After the flood, people began to live shorter lives. This chapter begins to record the shortening of the average lifespan.
## Important figures of speech in this chapter
### Personification
The statement “Yahweh came down to see” is a type of personification. Yahweh always knows what happens on earth. This statement indicates that Yahweh is about to bring judgment on mankind. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]])
## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
### “Let us build ourselves a city and a tower whose top will reach to the sky”
The people were very full of pride and rebelled against God in this action. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 11 1 ar7x 0 Now This word shows that the writer is beginning a new part of the story.
GEN 11 1 gr4c figs-metonymy 0 the whole earth This represents all the people on the earth. Alternate translation: “all the people on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 11 1 y7c6 figs-parallelism 0 used one language and had the same words These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that all people spoke the same language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
GEN 11 2 c5a7 0 they journeyed “they moved around”
GEN 11 2 p5qy 0 in the east Possible meanings are 1) “in the east” or 2) “from the east” or 3) “to the east.” The preferred choice is “in the east” because Shinar is to the east of where scholars believe the ark came to rest.
GEN 11 2 a3c6 0 settled stopped moving from one place to another and began to live at one location
GEN 11 3 mad2 0 Come If your language has a way of urging or commanding people to begin work, like the English “Come on!” you might use it here.
GEN 11 3 z6gz 0 bake them thoroughly People make bricks out of clay and heat them in a very hot oven to make them hard and strong.
GEN 11 3 ihz3 0 tar a thick, sticky, black liquid that comes up from the ground
GEN 11 3 zxv1 0 mortar This is a thick substance made of lime powder, clay, sand, and water used to make stones or bricks stick together.
GEN 11 4 nzr5 0 let us make a name for ourselves “let us make our reputation great”
GEN 11 4 rxx9 0 name reputation
GEN 11 4 ejq9 figs-activepassive 0 we will be scattered This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “we will separate from each other and live in different places” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 11 5 v8n7 0 the descendants of Adam “the people”
GEN 11 5 t6pt figs-explicit 0 came down The information about where he came down from can be made explicit: “came down from heaven.” This does not tell how he came down. Use a general word meaning “came down.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 11 5 b3yl 0 to see “to observe” or “to look more closely”
GEN 11 6 uzm2 0 one people with the same language All the people were one big group and they all spoke the same language.
GEN 11 6 a83e 0 they are beginning to do this Possible meanings are 1) “they have begun to do this,” meaning that they have begun to build the tower but it is not finished, or 2) “this is just the first thing they have done,” meaning that in future they will do greater things.
GEN 11 6 ux98 figs-doublenegatives 0 nothing that they intend to do will be impossible for them This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “anything they intend to do will be possible for them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
GEN 11 7 i5gb 0 Come If your language has a way of urging or commanding people to begin work, like the English “Come on!” you might use it here. See how this is translated in [Genesis 11:3](../11/03.md).
GEN 11 7 i17m figs-pronouns 0 let us go down The word “us” is plural even though it refers to God. Some translate it as “let me go down” or “I will go down.” If you do this, consider adding a footnote to say that the pronoun is plural. See the note on “Let us make” in [Genesis 1:26](../01/26.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
GEN 11 7 d22g figs-explicit 0 confuse their language This means that Yahweh would cause the people all over the earth to stop speaking the same language. Alternate translation: “mix up their language” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 11 7 plc4 figs-explicit 0 so that they may not understand each other This was the purpose of confusing their language. Alternate translation: “so that they will not be able to understand what each other is saying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 11 8 htq4 0 from there “from the city”
GEN 11 9 m76d 0 its name was called Babel, because there Yahweh confused The name “Babel” sounds like the word that means “confused.” Translators may want to add a footnote about this.
GEN 11 9 ppz1 figs-explicit 0 confused the language of the whole earth It means that Yahweh caused the people all over the earth to no longer speak the same language. Alternate translation: “mixed up the language of the whole earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 11 10 jzy8 0 General Information: The rest of this chapter lists the line of Shem’s descendants down to Abram.
GEN 11 10 gq2u 0 These were the descendants of Shem This sentence begins the list of Shem’s descendants.
GEN 11 10 n5un 0 flood This is the flood from Noah’s time when people had become so evil that God sent a worldwide flood to cover the earth.
GEN 11 10 y7s3 0 became the father of Arphaxad “had his son Arphaxad” or “his son Arphaxad was born”
GEN 11 10 b4lz translate-names 0 Arphaxad a man’s name (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 11 10 ty5m translate-numbers 0 a hundred ... two Translators may write the words or the numerals “100” and “2.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN 11 11 ix9y translate-numbers 0 five hundred Translators may write the words or the numeral “500.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN 11 12 i93p 0 he became the father of Shelah “his son Shelah was born”
GEN 11 12 i685 translate-names 0 Shelah This is a man’s name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 11 13 v9kr translate-numbers 0 403 years “four hundred and three years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN 11 14 aht6 translate-names 0 General Information: The records in Genesis 11:12-25 have the same format. See how you translated them in [Genesis 11:12-13](./12.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN 11 16 nh92 translate-names 0 General Information: The records in Genesis 11:12-25 have the same format. See how you translated them [Genesis 11:12-13](./12.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN 11 18 t5j5 translate-names 0 General Information: The records in Genesis 11:12-25 have the same format. See how you translated them in [Genesis 11:12-13](./12.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN 11 20 zj9y translate-names 0 General Information: The records in Genesis 11:12-25 have the same format. See how you translated them in [Genesis 11:12-13](./12.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN 11 22 qv7c translate-names 0 General Information: The records in Genesis 11:12-25 have the same format. See how you translated them in [Genesis 11:12-13](./12.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN 11 24 kk5d translate-names 0 General Information: The records in Genesis 11:12-25 have the same format. See how you translated them in [Genesis 11:12-13](./12.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN 11 26 v3ui 0 Abram, Nahor, and Haran We do not know the birth order of his sons.
GEN 11 27 sx61 translate-names 0 Now these were the descendants of Terah This sentence introduces the account of Terah’s descendants. Genesis 11:27-25:11 tells about Terah’s descendants, particularly his son Abraham. Alternate translation: “This is the account of Terah’s descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 11 28 qu78 translate-names 0 Haran died in the presence of his father Terah This means that Haran died while his father was still living. Alternate translation: “Haran died while his father, Terah, was with him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 11 29 qxs6 0 took wives “married wives”
GEN 11 29 x1m2 translate-names 0 Iskah This is a female name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 11 30 s9v1 0 Now This word is used to introduce new information about Sarai that will become important in later chapters.
GEN 11 30 yps7 figs-euphemism 0 barren This term describes a woman who is physically unable to conceive or bear a child. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN 11 31 cu9g 0 his Here the word “his” refers to Terah.
GEN 11 31 tj9e 0 Sarai his daughter-in-law, his son Abram’s wife “his daughter-in-law Sarai, who was the wife of his son Abram”
GEN 11 31 h4pi 0 Haran ... Haran These are two different names and they are spelled differently in Hebrew. One refers to a person and the other refers to a city. (The “h” sound in the city’s name is louder than the “h” sound in the person’s name.) You might choose to spell them differently in your language to show this.
GEN 11 32 lt94 translate-numbers 0 205 years “two hundred and five years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN 12 intro b9wm 0 # Genesis 12 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter
### Abram
When God said, “Go from your country, and from your relatives,” he established several new people groups. These groups descended from Abram.
### God’s covenant with Abraham
God made a covenant with Abram. This covenant was not conditioned upon anything that Abraham needed to do, but the fulfillment of its promises is conditioned upon the actions of each generation of his descendants. It has not yet been fulfilled in its entirety. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]])
## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
### “They will kill me”
Abram was afraid the Egyptians would see him as a foreigner and upon seeing his beautiful wife, they would try to kill him. This would free Sarai to marry someone else. Apparently, it would have been easy for them to kill a foreigner without punishment. If she was Abram’s sister, they would have shown favor to him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/favor]])
GEN 12 1 k9r8 0 Now This word is used to mark a new part of the story.
GEN 12 1 d1lk 0 Go from your country, and from your relatives “Go from your land, from your family”
GEN 12 2 hc9y figs-metonymy 0 I will make of you a great nation Here “you” is singular and refers to Abram, but Abram represents his descendants. Alternate translation: “I will start a great nation through you” or “I will make your descendants become a great nation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 12 2 q7ai figs-metonymy 0 make your name great The word “name” represents the person’s reputation. Alternate translation: “make you famous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 12 2 jt28 figs-ellipsis 0 you will be a blessing The words “to other people” are understood. Alternate translation: “you will be a blessing to other people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
GEN 12 3 xec4 0 whoever dishonors you I will curse “I will curse whoever treats you in a shameful way” or “if anyone treats you as worthless, I will curse him”
GEN 12 3 cpj9 figs-activepassive 0 Through you will all the families of the earth be blessed This can be made active. Alternate translation: “I will bless all the families of the earth through you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 12 3 xd5b 0 Through you “Because of you” or “Because I have blessed you”
GEN 12 5 lvz6 0 possessions This includes animals and non-living property.
GEN 12 5 nv12 0 the people that they had acquired Possible meanings are 1) “slaves that they had accumulated” or 2) “the people whom they had gathered to be with them.”
GEN 12 6 j4pb figs-explicit 0 Abram passed through the land Only Abram’s name is mentioned because he was the head of the family. God had given him the command to take his family and go there. Alternate translation: “So Abram and his family went through the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 12 6 lgv1 0 the land “the land of Canaan”
GEN 12 6 jvj4 translate-names 0 the oak of Moreh Moreh was probably the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 12 7 v6g3 0 Yahweh, who had appeared to him “Yahweh, because he had appeared to him”
GEN 12 8 ln91 0 he pitched his tent Abram had many people with him as he traveled. People who moved from place to place lived in tents. Alternate translation: “they set up their tents”
GEN 12 8 v6m1 0 called on the name of Yahweh “prayed in the name of Yahweh” or “worshiped Yahweh”
GEN 12 9 vbq7 figs-explicit 0 Then Abram continued journeying You may need to make explicit that he took his tent with him. “Then Abram took his tent and continued journeying.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 12 9 t22q 0 toward the Negev “toward the Negev region” or “toward the south” or “south to the Negev desert”
GEN 12 10 lv6b figs-explicit 0 There was a famine The crops did not grow well that season. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “There was a shortage of food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 12 10 c2c3 0 in the land “in the area” or “in the land where Abram was living”
GEN 12 10 me1z 0 went down into Possible meanings are 1) “went further south” or 2) “went away from Canaan into.” It would be best to translate this using your usual words for going from a higher place to a lower place.
GEN 12 12 hmn5 figs-explicit 0 they will kill me ... you alive The reason they would kill Abram can be made explicit: “they will kill me so that they can marry you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 12 13 sj7i figs-activepassive 0 so that my life will be spared because of you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so that, because of you, they will not kill me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 12 14 stl2 0 It came about that Possible meanings are 1) This phrase is used here to mark where the action starts, and if your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here, or 2) “And that was what happened” .
GEN 12 15 cnd8 0 The princes of Pharaoh saw her “Pharaoh’s officials saw Sarai” or “the king’s officials saw her”
GEN 12 15 n3fw figs-activepassive 0 the woman was taken into Pharaoh’s household This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Pharaoh took her into his household” or “Pharaoh had his soldiers take her into his household” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 12 15 hw84 0 the woman Sarai
GEN 12 15 y2tk figs-euphemism 0 Pharaoh’s household Possible meanings are 1) “Pharoah’s family,” that is, as a wife, or 2) “Pharaoah’s house” or “Pharaoh’s palace,” a euphemism for Pharaoh making her one of his wives. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN 12 16 m9jr 0 for her sake “for Sarai’s sake” or “because of her”
GEN 12 17 kb9r figs-explicit 0 because of Sarai, Abram’s wife This can be made more explicit. Alternate translation: “because Pharaoh intended to take Sarai, Abram’s wife, to be his own wife” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 12 18 r9kt 0 Pharaoh summoned Abram “Pharaoh called Abram” or “Pharaoh ordered Abram to come to him”
GEN 12 18 e9mt figs-rquestion 0 What is this that you have done to me? Pharaoh used this rhetorical question to show how angry he was about what Abram had done to him. It can also be stated as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “You have done a terrible thing to me!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN 12 20 f2i8 0 Then Pharaoh gave orders to his men concerning him “Then Pharaoh directed his officials concerning Abram”
GEN 12 20 edz8 0 they sent him away, along with his wife and all that he had “the officials sent Abram away from Pharoah, with his wife and all his possessions”
GEN 13 intro qch2 0 # Genesis 13 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter
### Abram’s faith
Since the land could not support both Lot’s and Abraham’s family, they each went their own way. Even though good land was not plentiful, Abraham allowed Lot to choose the better land because he trusted in God to fulfill his promises. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]])
### God’s covenant with Abram
God made a covenant with Abram. This covenant was not conditioned upon anything that Abraham needed to do, but the fulfillment of its promises is conditioned upon the actions of each generation of his descendants. It has not yet been fulfilled in its entirety. This chapter continues the covenant which began in the previous chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])
## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
### Built an altar
Abram would have built an altar in order to offer sacrifices to Yahweh. There is an implicit understanding that building an altar was an act of worship. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 13 1 sjz2 0 went up from “left” or “departed from”
GEN 13 1 ige2 figs-explicit 0 went into the Negev The Negev was a desert region in southern Canaan, west of Egypt. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “went back to the Negev desert” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 13 2 bty5 0 Abram was very rich in animals, in silver, and in gold “Abram had many animals, much silver, and much gold”
GEN 13 2 lwq5 0 animals “livestock” or “cattle”
GEN 13 3 rg7d figs-explicit 0 He continued on his journey Abram and his family traveled by stages, going from place to place. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “They continued on their journey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 13 3 vxf3 figs-explicit 0 to the place where his tent had been before Translators may add a footnote that says “See Genesis 12:8.” The time of his travel can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “to the place where he had set up his tent before he went to Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 13 4 h2ad 0 called on the name of Yahweh “prayed in the name of Yahweh” or “worshiped Yahweh.” See how you translated this in [Genesis 12:8](../12/08.md).
GEN 13 5 br4w writing-background 0 Now This word is used to show what follows is background information to help the reader understand the events that follow. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
GEN 13 6 ash5 0 The land was not able to support them There was not enough grazing land and water for all their animals.
GEN 13 6 k6zz 0 their possessions This includes livestock, which need pasture and water.
GEN 13 6 y1wq 0 could not stay together “could not live together”
GEN 13 7 e3n1 0 The Canaanites and the Perizzites were living in the land at that time This is another reason that the land could not support them all.
GEN 13 8 rbt4 0 Let there be no strife between you and me “Let’s not quarrel”
GEN 13 8 l2ht 0 strife arguments or fights
GEN 13 8 ayp5 0 between your herdsmen and my herdsmen “let’s stop the men who take care of our animals from quarreling”
GEN 13 8 l8eq 0 after all, we are family “because we are family”
GEN 13 8 vz47 0 family “kinsmen” or “relatives.” Lot was Abraham’s nephew.
GEN 13 9 n7k3 figs-rquestion 0 Is not the whole land before you? This rhetorical question can be translated as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “The whole land is available for you to use.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN 13 9 av37 0 Go ahead and separate yourself from me Abraham was speaking kindly to Lot and encouraging him to do something that would help them both. “Let’s separate.”
GEN 13 9 flm1 0 If you go to the left, then I will go to the right Possible meanings are 1) “If you go one way, then I will go the other” or 2) “If you go to the north, I will go to the south.” Abram let Lot choose the part of the land he wanted, and Abram would take what remained.
GEN 13 10 v189 0 the whole plain of the Jordan This refers to the general region of the Jordan River.
GEN 13 10 ve9r 0 was well watered “had much water”
GEN 13 10 zs4c 0 like the garden of Yahweh, like the land of Egypt “like the garden of Yahweh or like the land of Egypt.” These were two different places.
GEN 13 10 p9t9 0 the garden of Yahweh This is another name for the garden of Eden.
GEN 13 10 v2iw 0 garden Use the same word for “garden” as you used in [Genesis 2:8](../02/08.md).
GEN 13 10 z1zy 0 This was before Yahweh destroyed Sodom and Gomorrah This anticipates something that would happen later. It is important here because it explains why Lot settled in a region that later was not fertile.
GEN 13 11 c5bb 0 the relatives “the kinsmen” or “the families.” This refers to Lot and Abram with their households.
GEN 13 12 hc2t 0 Abram lived “Abram made his home” or “Abram stayed”
GEN 13 12 cpm2 0 the land of Canaan “the land of the Canaanites”
GEN 13 12 umy1 0 He set up his tents as far away as Sodom Possible meanings are 1) “He set up his tents near Sodom” or 2) “He moved his tents around in an area that reached all the way to Sodom.”
GEN 13 14 y61m 0 after Lot had departed from him “after Lot left Abraham”
GEN 13 17 xil7 0 walk through the length and breadth of the land “walk around all over the whole land”
GEN 13 18 zy7q translate-names 0 Mamre This was the name of the man who owned the oak trees. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 13 18 is6e translate-names 0 Hebron This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 13 18 xw41 0 an altar to Yahweh “an altar for worshiping Yahweh”
GEN 14 intro hz9l 0 # Genesis 14 General Notes
## Structure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 14:19-20.
## Special concepts in this chapter
### Names of places
Sometimes the names of places in Scripture are referred to by the name used during the time of the writer. For example, the location referred to as Dan was not yet known by that name because Dan had not yet come to live there. Moses, the author of Genesis, would have known this location as Dan.
### Melchizedek
Melchizedek was both a priest and a king. Because of this, he parallels the roles of Jesus. Melchizedek is an important figure in the book of Hebrews. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]])
## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
### God Most High
Melchizedek worshiped the God Most High. This is probably a reference to the true and only God who created the heavens and the earth and came to be known as Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]])
GEN 14 1 zbz3 0 It came about This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here.
GEN 14 1 p95i 0 in the days of “in the time of”
GEN 14 1 e5wj translate-names 0 Amraphel ... Arioch ... Kedorlaomer ... Tidal These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 14 1 psb1 translate-names 0 Shinar ... Ellasar ... Elam ... Goiim These are names of places. See how you translated “Shinar” in [Genesis 10:10](../10/10.md) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 14 2 s6jz 0 they made war “they went to war” or “they started a war” or “they prepared for war”
GEN 14 3 pdv2 figs-explicit 0 These latter five kings joined together The information that their armies were with them can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “These latter five kings and their armies joined together” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 14 4 vk6f 0 Twelve years they had served The events in verses 4-7 happened before verse 3. Your language may have a way of showing this.
GEN 14 4 d7j6 translate-names 0 they had served Kedorlaomer They probably had to pay him taxes and serve in his army. Alternate translation: “they had been under the control of Kedorlaomer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 14 4 m72u 0 they rebelled “they refused to serve him” or “they stopped serving him”
GEN 14 5 k2wm 0 came and attacked They did this because the other kings rebelled.
GEN 14 5 k3kf translate-names 0 the Rephaim ... the Zuzites ... the Emites These are the names of people groups. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 14 5 kj3n translate-names 0 Ashteroth Karnaim ... Ham ... Shaveh Kiriathaim These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 14 5 pm1u 0 Ham This name in Hebrew is different from the name of Noah’s son, which is spelled the same way in English.
GEN 14 6 afr4 translate-names 0 the Horites This is the name of a people group. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 14 6 m4dw translate-names 0 Seir ... El Paran These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 14 6 s52t figs-distinguish 0 El Paran, which is near the desert This phrase helps readers understand where El Paran was. It can be translated as a separate sentence if necessary. Alternate translation: “El Paran. El Paran is near the desert” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
GEN 14 7 my4b 0 General Information: Verses 8 and 9 repeats what was said in [Genesis 14:3](../14/03.md) and continues to tell what happened when the kings came together to fight.
GEN 14 7 rck2 figs-go 0 they turned and came The word “they” refers to the four foreign kings who were attacking the region of Canaan. Their names were Amraphel, Arioch, Chedorlaomer, and Tidal. Alternate translation: “they turned and went” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
GEN 14 7 ed6d 0 the Amorites who lived in Hazezon Tamar This phrase tells which Amorite people were defeated. There were other Amorite people who lived in other places.
GEN 14 8 pq4d 0 the king of Bela (also called Zoar) The city of Bela was also called Zoar. This information could also be put at the end of the sentence. “the king of Bela went out and prepared for battle. Bela is also called Zoar.”
GEN 14 8 v7s3 figs-explicit 0 prepared for battle “joined battle” or “drew up battle lines.” Some translators may need to also say that the armies fought, as the UST does in verse 9. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 14 9 uq5u 0 four kings against the five Since the five kings were listed first, some languages might prefer to translate this as “five kings against four.”
GEN 14 10 yn7e writing-background 0 Now This word introduces background information about the valley of Siddim. Your language may have another way of introducing background information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
GEN 14 10 u9qi 0 was full of tar pits “had many tar pits.” These were holes in the ground that had tar in them.
GEN 14 10 f98l 0 tar a thick, sticky, black liquid that comes up from the ground. See how this is translated in [Genesis 11:3](../11/03.md).
GEN 14 10 mp8k figs-synecdoche 0 the kings of Sodom and Gomorrah Here the kings represent themselves and their armies. Alternate translation: the kings of Sodom and Gomorrah and their armies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN 14 10 kj2n figs-metonymy 0 they fell in there Possible meanings are 1) some of their soldiers fell in the tar pits or 2) the kings themselves fell in the tar pits. Since [Genesis 14:17](../14/17.md) says that the king of Sodom went to meet Abram, the first meaning is more likely correct. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 14 10 ern2 0 Those who were left “Those who did not die in battle and did not fall in the pits”
GEN 14 11 rk4u figs-metonymy 0 the goods of Sodom and Gomorrah The words “Sodom” and “Gomorrah” are metonyms for the people who lived in those cities. Alternate translation: “the wealth of the people of Sodom and Gomorrah” or “the property of the people of Sodom and Gomorrah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 14 11 c7vp 0 their provisions “their food and drink”
GEN 14 11 e6qg 0 went their way “they went away”
GEN 14 12 g2sj figs-distinguish 0 they also took Lot, Abram’s brother’s son, who was living in Sodom, along with all his possessions The phrases “Abram’s brother’s son” and “who was living in Sodom” remind the reader of things that were written earlier about Lot. Alternate translation: “they also took Lot, along with all his possessions. Lot was Abram’s brother’s son and was living in Sodom at that time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
GEN 14 13 w39m 0 One who had escaped came “A man escaped from the battle and came”
GEN 14 13 g8u8 writing-background 0 He was living “Abram was living.” This introduces background information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
GEN 14 13 mmt3 0 were all allies of Abram “were treaty-partners with Abram” or “had a peace agreement with Abram”
GEN 14 14 se1t 0 his relative This is a reference to Abram’s nephew Lot.
GEN 14 14 wc3z translate-numbers 0 318 trained men “three hundred and eighteen trained men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN 14 14 llz9 0 trained men “men who were trained to fight”
GEN 14 14 gjn2 0 men who had been born in his house “men who were born in Abram’s household.” They were children of Abram’s servants.
GEN 14 14 a2k3 0 pursued them “chased them”
GEN 14 14 kgi3 0 Dan This is a city in the far north of Canaan, far from Abram’s camp.
GEN 14 15 z2r4 0 He divided his men against them at night and attacked them This probably refers to a battle strategy. “Abram divided the men into several groups, and they attacked their enemies from various directions”
GEN 14 16 fxf4 0 all the possessions This refers to the things that the enemies had stolen from the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah.
GEN 14 16 qp8w 0 his goods “Lot’s property that the enemies had stolen from Lot”
GEN 14 16 gt3k 0 as well as the women and the other people “as well as the women and other people that the four kings had captured”
GEN 14 17 s822 figs-explicit 0 returned The implied information about where he was returning to can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “returned to where he was living” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 14 18 cz1b 0 Melchizedek, king of Salem This is the first time this king is mentioned.
GEN 14 18 hqq1 0 bread and wine People commonly ate bread and wine. See how you translated “bread” in [Genesis 3:19](../03/19.md) and “wine” in [Genesis 9:21](../09/21.md).
GEN 14 19 b6iz 0 He blessed him King Melchizedek blessed Abram.
GEN 14 19 wnf1 figs-activepassive 0 Blessed be Abram by God Most High, Creator of heaven and earth This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “May God Most High, the Creator of heaven and earth, bless Abram” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 14 19 z9ck 0 heaven This refers to the place where God lives.
GEN 14 20 pvn4 0 God Most High, who has given “God Most High, because he has given.” The phrase starting with “who has given” tells us something more about God Most High.
GEN 14 20 hyf9 0 Blessed be God Most High This is a way of praising God. See how you translated “blessed be” in [Genesis 9:26](../09/26.md).
GEN 14 20 me4m 0 into your hand “into your control” or “into your power”
GEN 14 21 yzi9 0 Give me the people The phrase “the people” may refer to the people of Sodom that the enemies had captured. Abram rescued them when he rescued Lot.
GEN 14 22 pw78 0 I have lifted up my hand This means “I have taken an oath” or “I have made a promise.”
GEN 14 24 fd75 0 I will take nothing except what the young men have eaten “I take from you only what my young men have already eaten.” Abram was refusing to accept anything for himself, but acknowledged that the soldiers had eaten some of the supplies during the journey back to Sodom after the battle.
GEN 14 24 xk3g figs-explicit 0 the share of the men that went with me The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “the share of the recovered property that belongs to the men who helped me get it back” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 14 24 dn4x figs-explicit 0 Aner, Eshkol, and Mamre These are the allies of Abram ([Genesis 14:13](../14/13.md)). Because they were Abram’s allies they fought battles alongside him. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “my allies Aner, Eshkol, and Mamre” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 15 intro b77u 0 # Genesis 15 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter
### Inheritance
In the ancient Near East, a person’s children inherited the property and land of their parents. Abraham doubted the fulfillment of God’s covenant because he did not have any children to whom to give his land. This showed a lack of faith. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]],[[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])
### Fulfilling a promise
In the ancient Near East, two people performed a similar sacrifice by dividing animals in half. It was a way to say to the other person, “may this happen to me if I do not fulfill my promise.” The event recorded here indicates that God will fulfill his promise and only he is responsible for bringing it about. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]])
### God’s covenant with Abraham
God made a covenant with Abram. This covenant was not conditioned upon anything that Abraham needed to do, but the fulfillment of its promises is conditioned upon the actions of each generation of his descendants. This covenant has not yet been fulfilled in its entirety.
GEN 15 1 u7m1 0 After these things “These things” refers to when the kings fought and Abram rescued Lot.
GEN 15 1 y6sg figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh came to Abram in a vision, saying, “Fear The idiom “the word of Yahweh came to” is used to introduce a special message from God. Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave a message to Abram in a vision. He said, ‘Fear” or “Yahweh spoke this message to Abram in a vision: ‘Fear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 15 1 f5jx figs-metaphor 0 shield ... reward God used these two metaphors to tell Abram about his character and his relationship to Abram. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 15 1 q9jg figs-metaphor 0 I am your shield Soldiers use a shield to protect themselves from their enemies. Alternate translation: “I will protect you like shield” or “I am your shield to protect you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 15 1 a84d 0 I am ... your very great reward Possible meanings are 1) “I myself will be all that you need” or 2) “I will give you all you need.”
GEN 15 1 d6eq figs-metonymy 0 reward the result of a person’s actions. This seems to be a metonym for the gracious blessing God would give Abram. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 15 3 e54g 0 Abram said, “Since you have given me “Abram continued speaking and said, ‘Since you have given me’”
GEN 15 4 ym81 0 Then, behold The word “behold” emphasizes the fact that the word of Yahweh came to Abraham again.
GEN 15 4 a5xl figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh came to him, saying, “This The idiom “The word of Yahweh came to” is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated this idiom in [Genesis 15:1](./01.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave him a message. He said, ‘This” or “Yahweh spoke this message to him: ‘This” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 15 4 jf7t 0 This man This refers to Eliezer of Damascus.
GEN 15 4 t2nt 0 the one who will come from your own body “the one that you will father” or “your very own son.” Abram’s own son would become his heir.
GEN 15 5 rzc6 0 number the stars “count the stars”
GEN 15 5 s2td 0 So will your descendants be Just as Abram would not be able to count all the stars, he would not be able to count all his descendants because there would be so many.
GEN 15 6 wi6t 0 He believed Yahweh This means he accepted and trusted what Yahweh said was true.
GEN 15 6 vu8m 0 he counted it to him as righteousness “Yahweh counted Abram’s belief as righteousness” or “Yahweh considered Abram righteous because Abram believed him”
GEN 15 7 s8nq 0 I am Yahweh, who brought you out of Ur Yahweh was reminding Abraham of what he had already done so that Abraham would know that Yahweh had the power to give Abram what he promised him.
GEN 15 7 vpc6 0 to inherit it “to receive it” or “so that you will possess it”
GEN 15 8 xgm4 0 how will I know Abram was asking for more proof that Yahweh would give him the land.
GEN 15 11 ej2r 0 the carcasses “the dead bodies of the animals and birds”
GEN 15 11 ld5n 0 Abram drove them away “Abram chased the birds away.” He made sure the birds did not eat the dead animals.
GEN 15 12 mt8x figs-idiom 0 Abram fell sound asleep This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “Abraham slept deeply” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 15 12 s67i 0 a deep and terrifying darkness “an extreme darkness that terrified him”
GEN 15 12 t6p7 0 overwhelmed him “surrounded him”
GEN 15 13 v3tk 0 strangers people who are at home in one place but have to live in another place
GEN 15 13 ayu5 figs-activepassive 0 will be enslaved and oppressed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the owners of that land will enslave your descendants and oppress them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 15 14 u2c1 0 General Information: Yahweh continued to speak to Abram while Abram dreamed.
GEN 15 14 chv9 figs-metonymy 0 I will judge Here “judge” is a metonym for what will happen after God makes the judgment. Alternate translation: “I will punish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 15 14 i1hs figs-explicit 0 that they will serve The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “that your descendants will serve” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 15 14 i716 figs-idiom 0 abundant possessions This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “many possessions” or “great wealth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 15 15 zj2t figs-euphemism 0 you will go to your fathers This is a polite way of saying “you will die.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN 15 15 ce5w figs-synecdoche 0 fathers The word “fathers” is a synecdoche for all ancestors. Alternate translation: “ancestors” or “ancestral fathers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN 15 15 m38i 0 you will be buried in a good old age “you will be very old when you die and your family buries your body”
GEN 15 16 t8tm 0 In the fourth generation Here one generation refers to a lifespan of 100 years. “After four hundred years”
GEN 15 16 kgu5 0 they will come here again “your descendants will come back here.” Abraham’s descendants would come to the land where Abram was then living, the land that Yahweh had promised to give to him.
GEN 15 16 dfh5 0 has not yet reached its limit “is not yet complete” or “will get much worse before I punish them”
GEN 15 17 bak2 0 behold The word “behold” here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows.
GEN 15 17 dq6q 0 a smoking fire pot and a flaming torch passed between the pieces God did this to show Abram that he was making a covenant with him.
GEN 15 17 b8ea 0 passed between the pieces “passed through between the two rows of animal pieces”
GEN 15 18 jca2 0 covenant In this covenant God promises to bless Abram, and he will continue to bless him as long as Abram follows him.
GEN 15 18 n51q 0 I hereby give this land By saying this, God was giving the land to Abram’s descendants. God was doing this then, but the descendants would not go into the land until many years later.
GEN 15 19 z53u translate-names 0 the Kenites, the Kenizzites, the Kadmonites These are the names of groups of people who lived in that land. God would allow Abraham’s descendants to conquer these people and take their land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 15 20 s5a4 translate-names 0 the Hittites, the Perizzites, the Rephaites These are the names of groups of people who lived in that land. God would allow Abraham’s descendants to conquer these people and take their land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 15 21 x8uz translate-names 0 the Amorites, the Canaanites, the Girgashites, and the Jebusites These are the names of groups of people who lived in that land. God would allow Abraham’s descendants to conquer these people and take their land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 16 intro hcf5 0 # Genesis 16 General Notes
## Structure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 16:11-12.
## Special concepts in this chapter
### Plural marriage
Abram married Hagar while he was also married to Sarai. Even though Abram had his wife’s permission, this was an immoral and sinful action. It also showed a lack of faith in God. Sarai quickly became jealous of Hagar. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/jealous]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 16 1 g63i writing-background 0 Now This word is used in English to introduce a new part of the story and background information about Sarai. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
GEN 16 1 qvt5 0 female servant “slave-girl.” This type of slave would serve the woman of the household.
GEN 16 2 mi22 0 from having children “from giving birth to children”
GEN 16 2 g7pn 0 I will have children by her “I will build my family through her”
GEN 16 2 d65g 0 Abram listened to the voice of Sarai “Abram did what Sarai said”
GEN 16 4 r8xr 0 she looked with contempt on her mistress “she despised her mistress” or “she thought that she was more valuable than her mistress”
GEN 16 4 n3w5 0 her mistress Here this refers to Sarai. A mistress has authority over her slave. Alternate translation: “her owner” or “Sarai”
GEN 16 5 zy8r 0 This wrong on me “This injustice against me”
GEN 16 5 cs17 0 is because of you “is your responsibility” or “is your fault”
GEN 16 5 pg3a figs-euphemism 0 I gave my servant woman into your embrace Sarai used the word “embrace” here to refer to him sleeping with her. Alternate translation: “I gave you my servant so that you would sleep with her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN 16 5 da2j figs-activepassive 0 I was despised in her eyes This can be active. Alternate translation: “she hated me” or “she began to hate me” or “she thought she was better than me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 16 5 yn9x 0 Let Yahweh judge between me and you “I want Yahweh to say whether this is my fault or your fault” or “I want Yahweh to decide which one of us is right.” The phrase “to judge between” means to decide which person is right in a dispute between them.
GEN 16 6 xrl3 0 See here “Listen to me” or “Pay attention”
GEN 16 6 dgm6 0 in your power “under your authority”
GEN 16 6 j5i9 0 Sarai dealt harshly with her “Sarai treated Hagar very badly”
GEN 16 6 t433 0 she fled from her “Hagar fled from Sarai”
GEN 16 7 e27g 0 The angel of Yahweh Possible meanings are 1) Yahweh made himself look like an angel or 2) this was one of Yahweh’s angels or 3) this was a special messenger from God (some scholars think it was Jesus). Since the phrase is not well understood, it is best to simply translate it as “the angel of Yahweh” using the normal word that you use for “angel.”
GEN 16 7 w6d6 0 wilderness The wilderness area she went to was a desert. Alternate translation: “desert”
GEN 16 7 y62e 0 Shur This was the name of a place south of Canaan and east of Egypt.
GEN 16 8 mk7v 0 my mistress Here this refers to Sarai. A mistress has authority over her slave. See how “her mistress” is translated in [Genesis 16:4](../16/04.md). Alternate translation: “my owner”
GEN 16 9 rqm5 0 The angel of Yahweh said to her “The angel of Yahweh said to Hagar”
GEN 16 9 r9gt 0 your mistress Sarai. See how “her mistress” is translated in [Genesis 16:4](../16/04.md).
GEN 16 10 km4g 0 the angel of Yahweh See the note about this phrase in [Genesis 16:7](../16/07.md).
GEN 16 10 aa1h 0 the angel of Yahweh said to her, “I When he said “I,” he was referring to Yahweh. When translating what is in the quote, do it as the angel of Yahweh did and use the word “I” when referring to Yahweh.
GEN 16 10 xr66 0 I will greatly multiply your descendants “I will give you very many descendants”
GEN 16 10 sn9f 0 too numerous to count “so many that no one will be able to count them”
GEN 16 11 ee9v 0 The angel of Yahweh See the note about this phrase in [Genesis 16:7](../16/07.md).
GEN 16 11 mj7q 0 Behold “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention”
GEN 16 11 qqh8 0 bear a son “give birth to a son”
GEN 16 11 t29c 0 you will call his name “you will name him.” The word “you” refers to Hagar.
GEN 16 11 x6x4 0 Ishmael, because Yahweh has heard Translators may add a footnote that says “The name ‘Ishmael’ means ‘God has heard.’”
GEN 16 11 xmm5 0 affliction She has been afflicted by distress and suffering.
GEN 16 12 rpu1 figs-metaphor 0 He will be a wild donkey of a man This was not an insult. It may mean that Ishmael would be independent and strong like a wild donkey. Alternate translation: “He will be like a wild donkey among men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 16 12 vyt4 0 He will be hostile against every man “He will be every man’s enemy”
GEN 16 12 j1p2 0 every man will be hostile to him “everyone will be his enemy”
GEN 16 12 q8j2 0 he will live apart from This can also mean “he will live in hostility with.”
GEN 16 12 ihy3 0 his brothers “his relatives” or “the other members of his family”
GEN 16 13 t9b6 0 Yahweh who spoke to her “Yahweh, because he spoke to her”
GEN 16 13 jsy3 figs-rquestion 0 Do I really continue to see, ... me? Hagar used this rhetorical question to express her amazement that she was still alive even after she met God. People expected that if they met God, they would die. Here seeing represents living. Alternate translation: “I am surprised that I am still alive, ... me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 16 14 ez2d translate-names 0 Therefore the well was called Beer Lahai Roi Translators may add a footnote that says “Beer Lahai Roi means ‘the well of the living one who sees me.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 16 14 c8h8 translate-names 0 behold, it is between Kadesh and Bered The word “behold” here draws attention to the fact that the well was in a place that the author and his readers knew. Alternate translation: “in fact, it is between Kadesh and Bered” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 16 15 x6tu figs-explicit 0 Hagar gave birth Hagar’s return to Sarai and Abram is implict. You can make this more explicit. Alternate translation: “So Hagar went back and gave birth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 16 15 g9my 0 named his son, whom Hagar bore “named his son by Hagar” or “named his and Hagar’s son”
GEN 16 16 cdy2 writing-background 0 Abram was This introduces background information about Abram’s age when these things happened. Your language may have a special way to mark background information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
GEN 16 16 e7x4 0 bore Ishmael to Abram This means “gave birth to Abram’s son, Ishmael.” The focus is on Abram having a son.
GEN 17 intro ry14 0 # Genesis 17 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter
### “The father of a multitude of nations”
Abram came to have many descendants. He had so many descendants that many of his immediate descendants became large people groups and nations.
### God’s covenant with Abraham
God made a covenant with Abram. This covenant was not conditioned upon anything that Abraham needed to do, but the fulfillment of its promises is conditioned upon the actions of each generation of his descendants. It has not yet been fulfilled in its entirety. It is important to note in this chapter that Isaac is the son who receives the promises associated with the covenant and not Ishmael. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]])
### Circumcision
Circumcision was an unusual practice in the ancient Near East. It served to separate the Hebrew people from the rest of the world. This chapter records the beginning of this practice among Abraham and his descendants. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/circumcise]])
### Name change
In Scripture, a change in name always occurs at a highly significant point in a person’s life. The beginning of the practice of circumcision was a significant event in the history of the Hebrew people.
GEN 17 1 e289 0 When Abram was ninety-nine years old This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here.
GEN 17 1 j61v 0 God Almighty “the all-powerful God” or “the God who has all power”
GEN 17 1 cp7w figs-metaphor 0 Walk before me Walking is a metaphor for living, and “before me” or “in my presence” here is a metaphor for obedience. Alternate translation: “Live the way I want you to” or “Obey me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 17 2 e6dj 0 Then I will confirm “If you do this, then I will confirm”
GEN 17 2 n6qi 0 I will confirm my covenant “I will give my covenant” or “I will make my covenant”
GEN 17 2 x3wu 0 covenant In this covenant God promises to bless Abram, but he also requires Abram to obey him.
GEN 17 2 qt2p figs-idiom 0 multiply you exceedingly Here “multiply you” is an idiom that means he will give him more descendants. Alternate translation: “greatly increase the number of your descendants” or “give you very many descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 17 3 m64l 0 Abram bowed low with his face to the ground “Abram threw himself face down on the ground” or “Abraham immediately lay down with his face to the ground.” He did this to show that he respected God and would obey him.
GEN 17 4 j6m4 0 As for me God used this phrase to introduce what he would do for Abram as part of his covenant with Abram.
GEN 17 4 x8l2 0 behold, my covenant is with you The word “behold” here says that what comes next is certain: “my covenant is certainly with you.”
GEN 17 4 x5p4 0 the father of a multitude of nations “the father of a great number of nations” or “the one after whom many nations name themselves”
GEN 17 6 qgt7 0 I will make you exceedingly fruitful “I will cause you to have very many descendants”
GEN 17 6 z2ge 0 I will make nations of you “I will cause your descendants to become nations”
GEN 17 6 u97r 0 kings will descend from you “among your descendants there will be kings” or “some of your descendants will be kings”
GEN 17 7 qx71 0 General Information: God continues speaking to Abraham.
GEN 17 7 nr7x 0 throughout their generations “for each generation”
GEN 17 7 pbe9 0 for an everlasting covenant “as a covenant that will last forever”
GEN 17 7 pr1d 0 to be God to you and to your descendants after you “to be your God and your descendants’ God” or “covenant”
GEN 17 8 hur8 0 Canaan, for an everlasting possession “Canaan, as an everlasting possession” or “Canaan, to possess forever”
GEN 17 9 x9sd 0 As for you God uses this phrase to introduce what Abram would have to do as part of God’s covenant with him.
GEN 17 9 x8a9 0 keep my covenant “observe my covenant” or “honor my covenant” or “obey my covenant”
GEN 17 10 jn4e 0 This is my covenant “This is a requirement of my covenant” or “This is part of my covenant.” This sentence introduces the part of the covenant that Abram must do.
GEN 17 10 ib6l figs-activepassive 0 Every male among you must be circumcised This can be stated in an active form. Alternate translation: “You must circumcise every male among you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 17 10 xjr3 0 Every male This refers to human males.
GEN 17 11 j6pm figs-euphemism 0 You must be circumcised in the flesh of your foreskin Some communities may prefer a less descriptive expression such as “You must be circumcised.” If your translation of “be circumcised” already includes the word for “foreskin”, you do not need to repeat it. This can be made active. Alternate translation: “You must circumcise every male among you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 17 11 i3l8 0 the sign of the covenant “the sign that shows that the covenant exists”
GEN 17 11 s7vs 0 the sign Possible meanings are 1) “the sign” or 2) “a sign.” The first means that there was one sign, and the second means that there may have been more than one sign. Here the word “sign” means a reminder of something that God had promised.
GEN 17 12 t92x 0 General Information: God continues speaking to Abraham.
GEN 17 12 xpc8 0 Every male “Every human male”
GEN 17 12 ev7m 0 throughout your people’s generations “in every generation”
GEN 17 12 ed5x figs-activepassive 0 him who is bought with money This refers to slaves. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “any male that you buy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 17 13 fim6 figs-activepassive 0 my covenant will be in your flesh This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you will mark my covenant in your flesh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 17 13 ea1n 0 for an everlasting covenant “as a permanent covenant.” Because it was marked in flesh, no one could easily erase it.
GEN 17 14 lpi7 figs-activepassive 0 uncircumcised male who is not circumcised This can be stated in active form, and you may leave out words that will give wrong meaning in your language. Alternate translation: “male whom you have not circumcised” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 17 14 any2 0 Any uncircumcised male ... foreskin will be cut off from his people Possible meanings are 1) “I will cut off any uncircumcised male ... foreskin from his people” or 2) “I want you to cut off any uncircumcised male ... foreskin from his people.”
GEN 17 14 pi4v figs-euphemism 0 cut off from his people Possible meanings are 1) “killed” or 2) “sent away from the community.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN 17 14 e2n7 0 He has broken my covenant “He has not obeyed the rules of my covenant.” This is the reason that he would be cut off from his people.
GEN 17 15 w67t 0 As for Sarai The words “As for” introduce the next person God talks about.
GEN 17 16 fpk7 0 I will give you a son by her “I will make her bear a son for you”
GEN 17 16 g1ax 0 she will become the mother of nations “she will be the ancestor of many nations” or “her descendants will become nations”
GEN 17 16 tb49 0 Kings of peoples will come from her “Kings of peoples will descend from her” or “Some of her descendants will be kings of peoples”
GEN 17 17 cx58 0 said in his heart “thought to himself” or “said to himself silently”
GEN 17 17 s8rv figs-rquestion 0 Can a child be born to a man who is a hundred years old? Abraham used this rhetorical question because he did not believe that this could happen. Alternate translation: “Surely a man who is a hundred years old cannot father a child!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN 17 17 ewn1 figs-rquestion 0 How can Sarah, who is ninety years old, bear a son? Again Abraham used a rhetorical question because he did not believe this could happen. The phrase “who is ninety years old” tells why Abraham did not believe that Sarah could bear a son. Alternate translation: “Sarah is ninety years old. Could she bear a son?” or “Sarah is ninety years old. Surely she could not bear a son!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
GEN 17 18 bc1n 0 Oh that Ishmael might live before you “Please let Ishmael inherit the covenant that you have made with me” or “Perhaps Ishmael could receive your covenant blessing.” Abraham suggested something that he believed really could happen.
GEN 17 19 q8lt 0 No, but Sarah your wife will bear God said this to correct Abraham’s belief that Sarah could not have a son.
GEN 17 19 u9hq 0 you must name him The word “you” refers to Abraham.
GEN 17 20 l6cf 0 As for Ishmael The words “As for” show that God is switching from talking about the baby that would be born to talking about Ishmael.
GEN 17 20 fvb5 0 Behold “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you”
GEN 17 20 e3g9 figs-idiom 0 will make him fruitful This is an idiom that means “will cause him to have many children.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 17 20 y6m2 0 will multiply him abundantly “I will cause him to have many descendants”
GEN 17 20 ga2d 0 princes “chiefs” or “rulers.” Ishmael’s twelve sons are different from the twelve sons of Jacob who were the fathers of the twelve tribes of Israel.
GEN 17 21 rwv4 0 But my covenant I will establish with Isaac God returns to talking about his covenant with Abraham and emphasizes that he would fulfill his promise with Isaac, not with Ishmael.
GEN 17 22 m8vf 0 When he had finished talking with him “When God had finished talking with Abraham”
GEN 17 22 sw9y 0 God went up from Abraham “God left Abraham”
GEN 17 23 nxp3 0 every male among the men of Abraham’s household “every human male in Abraham’s household” or “every male person in Abraham’s household.” It refers to human males of all ages: babies, boys, and men.
GEN 17 27 rgk6 0 including those born into the household and those bought with money from a foreigner “This includes those who were born in his household and those he had bought from foreigners”
GEN 17 27 a2ym 0 those bought with money from a foreigner This refers to servants or slaves.
GEN 17 27 xq3b figs-activepassive 0 those bought This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “those whom he had bought” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 18 intro ky5w 0 # Genesis 18 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter
### Three men
The three men who visited Abraham were probably angels. This is evident from Abraham’s reaction to them. Also, it appears Abraham knew that he was speaking directly to Yahweh through these men. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/angel]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
### Disbelief
When Sarah heard the news that she was going to have a baby, she laughed in disbelief because she was considered too old to have a baby. She also asked a rhetorical question in order to further show her disbelief. This would have been considered an insult to God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
In his exchange with God, Abraham did not show any sign of unbelief. Instead, he is asking God for mercy because he trusted in the character of God. He does not question God’s power to accomplish things as Sarah had done. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])
## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
### Sarah’s age
It should be apparent that Sarah was physically no longer able to have children because of her age. There is a natural period in a woman’s life when she stops being able to have children. The text assumes the reader understands that Sarah has already experienced this event. In English, this is called “menopause.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 18 1 a3at 0 Mamre This was the name of the man who owned the oak trees.
GEN 18 1 ra4w 0 in the tent doorway “at the opening of the tent” or “at the entrance of the tent”
GEN 18 1 u27f 0 heat of the day “hottest time of day”
GEN 18 2 t35m 0 He looked up and, behold, he saw three men standing “He looked up and saw, and behold, three men were standing”
GEN 18 2 m2pv 0 behold, he saw “he was surprised because he saw”
GEN 18 2 xd3c 0 across from him “nearby” or “there.” They were near him, but far enough away for him to run to them.
GEN 18 2 ygs8 0 bowed This means to bend over to humbly express respect and honor toward someone.
GEN 18 3 cj7j 0 Lord This is a title of respect. Possible meanings are 1) Abraham knew that one of these men was God or 2) Abraham knew that these men came on behalf of God.
GEN 18 3 s5jg figs-idiom 0 if I have found favor in your sight Here “found favor” is an idiom that means be approved of or that the Lord is pleased with him, and “your sight” is a metaphor representing the Lord’s evaluation. Alternate translation: “if you have evaluated me and approve” or “if you are pleased with me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 18 3 i86z figs-you 0 in your sight Abraham is speaking to one of the men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
GEN 18 3 ie2s 0 do not pass by “please do not keep on going past”
GEN 18 3 s6nr 0 your servant “me.” Abraham refers to himself this way in order to show respect to his guest.
GEN 18 4 cs93 figs-activepassive 0 Let a little water be brought This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Let me bring you some water” or “My servant will bring you some water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 18 4 r83u 0 a little water “some water.” Saying “little” was a polite way of showing generosity. Abraham would give them more than enough water.
GEN 18 4 c7uk 0 wash your feet This custom helped tired travelers to refresh themselves after walking long distances.
GEN 18 5 p5cn 0 a little food “some food.” Saying “little” was a polite way of showing generosity. Abraham would give them more than enough food.
GEN 18 5 rmc5 figs-you 0 your ... you Abraham speaks to all three of the men, so “you” and “your” are plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
GEN 18 6 gl4c translate-bvolume 0 three seahs about 22 liters (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]])
GEN 18 6 sbt6 0 bread This bread was probably cooked quickly on a hot stone. It may have been flat or round like small loaves or rolls.
GEN 18 7 s4v8 0 he hurried “the servant hurried”
GEN 18 7 hp5s 0 to prepare it “to cut it up and roast it”
GEN 18 8 k6lz 0 curds This refers to the solid part of fermented milk. It may have been yogurt or cheese.
GEN 18 8 c4vs 0 the calf that had been prepared “the roasted calf”
GEN 18 8 pp29 0 before them “before the three visitors”
GEN 18 9 eq6d 0 They said to him “Then they said to Abraham”
GEN 18 10 gg9j 0 He said, “I will certainly return to you The word “He” refers to the man whom Abraham called “Lord” in [Genesis 18:3](../18/03.md).
GEN 18 10 iwn6 0 in the springtime “when this same season comes next year” or “about this time next year”
GEN 18 10 aas2 0 see The word “see” here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows.
GEN 18 10 qvh9 0 in the tent doorway “at the opening of the tent” or “at the entrance of the tent”
GEN 18 12 u12x figs-rquestion 0 After I am worn-out and my master is old, will I now have this pleasure? You may want to add “of having a baby.” Sarah used this rhetorical question because she did not believe that she could have a child. Alternate translation: “I cannot believe that I will experience the joy of having a child. My master is also too old” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN 18 12 m2nn 0 my master is old This means “since my husband is also old.”
GEN 18 12 qrv3 0 my master This is a title of respect that Sarah gave to her husband Abraham.
GEN 18 13 dfs6 figs-rquestion 0 Why did Sarah laugh and say, ‘Will I really bear a child, when I am old’? God used this rhetorical question to show that he knew what Sarah was thinking and that he was not pleased with it. He repeats Sarah’s rhetorical question ([Genesis 18:12](../18/12.md)) using different words. Alternate translation: “Sarah was wrong to laugh and say, ‘I will not bear a child because I am too old!’”(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN 18 14 i13f figs-123person 0 Is anything too hard for Yahweh? “Is there anything that Yahweh cannot do?” Yahweh speaks of himself as if he were speaking of someone else to remind Abraham that he, Yahweh, is great and can do anything. Alternate translation: “There is nothing that I, Yahweh, cannot do!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN 18 14 rd96 0 At the time appointed by me, in the spring “At the time I have appointed, which is in the spring”
GEN 18 15 fc88 0 Then Sarah denied it and said “The Sarah denied it by saying”
GEN 18 15 c49f 0 He replied “Yahweh replied”
GEN 18 15 pq5b 0 No, you did laugh “Yes, you did laugh.” This means “No, that is not true; you did in fact laugh.”
GEN 18 16 mtk2 0 to see them on their way “to send them on their way” or “to say ‘Farewell’ to them.” It was polite to go some distance with guests as they were leaving.
GEN 18 17 z943 figs-rquestion 0 Should I hide from Abraham what I am about to do God used this rhetorical question to say that he was going to talk to Abraham about something very important and that it was best for him to do so. Alternate translation: “I should not and will not hide from Abraham what I am about to do” or “I should and will tell Abraham what I am about to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN 18 18 e6qk figs-rquestion 0 The rhetorical question that begins with the words “Should I hide” in verse 17 ends here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN 18 18 h854 figs-rquestion 0 since Abraham ... in him? The rhetorical question that begins with the words “Should I hide” in verse 17 ends here. God uses this rhetorical question to say that he was going to talk to Abraham about something very important and that it was best for him to do so. “I should not and will not hide ... since Abraham in him.” or “I should and will tell ... since Abraham in him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN 18 18 q36h 0 since ... him? “This is because ... him”
GEN 18 18 e9uw figs-activepassive 0 all the nations of the earth will be blessed in him This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will bless all the nations of the earth through Abraham” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 18 18 i8b1 0 will be blessed in him “will be blessed because of Abraham” or “will be blessed because I have blessed Abraham.” For translating “in him” see how you translated “through you” in [Genesis 12:3](../12/03.md).
GEN 18 19 pxl9 0 that he may instruct “that he will direct” or “so that he will command”
GEN 18 19 cwm4 figs-123person 0 to keep the way of Yahweh ... Yahweh may bring ... he has said Yahweh is speaking about himself as if he were another person. Alternate translation: “to obey what I, Yahweh, require ... I, Yahweh, may bring ... I have said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN 18 19 ny3x 0 to keep the way of Yahweh “to obey the commands of Yahweh”
GEN 18 19 f8f7 0 to do righteousness and justice “by doing righteousness and justice.” This tells how to keep the way of Yahweh.
GEN 18 19 v4z4 0 so that Yahweh may bring upon Abraham what he has said to him “so that Yahweh may bless Abraham just as he said he would.” This refers to the covenant promise to bless Abraham and make him a great nation.
GEN 18 20 m237 figs-abstractnouns 0 the outcry against Sodom and Gomorrah is so great This can be reworded so that the abstract noun “outcry” is expressed as the verb “accuse.” Alternate translation: “so many people have been accusing the people of Sodom and Gomorrah of doing evil things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
GEN 18 20 jp1b 0 their sin is so serious “they have sinned so much”
GEN 18 21 fb8x 0 I will now go down there “I will now go down to Sodom and Gomorrah”
GEN 18 21 lki8 0 go down there and see “go down there to find out” or “go down there to decide”
GEN 18 21 vp7m figs-abstractnouns 0 see the outcry ... that has come to me Yahweh speaks as if he knew about this matter because he had heard the cries and accusations coming from the people who had suffered. This can be reworded so that the abstract noun “outcry” is expressed as the verb “accuse.” Alternate translation: “as wicked as those who are accusing them say that they are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
GEN 18 21 vp4d 0 If not “If they are not as wicked as the outcry suggests”
GEN 18 22 ms2h 0 turned from there “went out from Abraham’s camp”
GEN 18 22 yxr6 0 Abraham remained standing before Yahweh “Abraham and Yahweh remained together”
GEN 18 23 b62y 0 approached and said “approached Yahweh and said” or “stepped closer to Yahweh and said”
GEN 18 23 g5he figs-metaphor 0 sweep away Abraham speaks of destroying people as if it were sweeping dirt with a broom. Alternate translation: “destroy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 18 23 awu4 0 the righteous with the wicked “the righteous people with the wicked people”
GEN 18 24 pb7k 0 General Information: Abraham continues talking to Yahweh.
GEN 18 24 h4eu 0 Perhaps there are “Suppose there are”
GEN 18 24 dz9j figs-rquestion 0 Will you sweep it away and not spare the place for the sake of the fifty righteous that are there? Abraham was hoping that Yahweh would say, “I will not sweep it away.” Alternate translation: “I think you would not sweep it away. Instead, you would spare the place for the sake of the fifty righteous that are there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN 18 24 h8ks figs-metaphor 0 sweep it away “destroy it.” Abraham speaks of destroying people as if it were sweeping dirt with a broom. Alternate translation: “destroy the people who live there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 18 24 qq2a 0 not spare the place for the sake of the fifty righteous that are there? Abraham was hoping that God would say “I will spare the place for the sake of the fifty righteous people there.”
GEN 18 24 d8ui 0 spare the place “let the people live”
GEN 18 24 zj59 0 for the sake of “because of”
GEN 18 25 rj5a figs-idiom 0 Far be it from you to do such a thing Here “Far be it from you” is an idiom that means the person should never do something like that. Alternate translation: “I would never want you to do something like that” or “You should not want to do something like that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 18 25 re6w 0 such a thing, killing “such a thing as killing” or “such a thing, that is, killing”
GEN 18 25 hqx8 figs-activepassive 0 the righteous should be treated the same as the wicked This can be stated in active from. Alternate translation: “you should treat the righteous the same way you treat the wicked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 18 25 m329 figs-rquestion 0 Will not the Judge of all the earth do what is just? Abraham used this rhetorical question to say what he expected God to do. Alternate translation: “The Judge of all the earth will certainly do what is just!” or “Since you are the Judge of all the earth, you will surely do what is right!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN 18 25 de6w 0 Judge God is often referred to as a judge because he is the one perfect judge who makes the final decisions about what is right or wrong.
GEN 18 27 dsz4 0 Look The phrase “Look” here draws attention to the surprising information that follows.
GEN 18 27 fax5 0 I have undertaken to speak “Pardon me for being so bold as to speak to you” or “Excuse me for daring to speak”
GEN 18 27 snd3 figs-123person 0 to my Lord Abraham shows his respect to Yahweh by speaking to Yahweh as if he were speaking to someone else. Alternate translation: “to you, my Lord” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN 18 27 ew9k figs-metaphor 0 only dust and ashes This metaphor describes Abraham as a human being, who will die and whose body will turn into to dust and ashes. Alternate translation: “only a mortal man” or “as unimportant as dust and ashes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 18 28 ln28 0 five less than fifty righteous “only forty-five righteous people”
GEN 18 28 zqs7 0 for lack of five “if there are five fewer righteous people”
GEN 18 28 n8tk 0 I will not destroy it “I will not destroy Sodom”
GEN 18 29 uj4n 0 He spoke to him “Abraham spoke to Yahweh”
GEN 18 29 hah3 figs-activepassive 0 if there are forty found there This can be translated in active form. You may have to fill in the ellipsis, “righteous people.” Alternate translation: “if you find forty righteous people there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
GEN 18 29 y28t figs-ellipsis 0 for the forty’s sake “for the sake of the forty” or “if I find forty there.” You may have to fill in the ellipsis, “righteous people.” Alternate translation: “for the sake of the forty righteous people” or “if I find forty righteous people there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
GEN 18 29 nup9 0 He replied “Yahweh answered”
GEN 18 29 tyh3 0 I will not do it for the forty’s sake “I will not destroy the cities if I find forty righteous people there”
GEN 18 30 vk5m figs-activepassive 0 thirty will be found there This can be translated in active form. You may have to fill in the ellipsis, “righteous people.” Alternate translation: “you will find thirty righteous people there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
GEN 18 31 kep9 0 Look The phrase “Look” here draws attention to the surprising information that follows.
GEN 18 31 e1em 0 I have undertaken to speak “Pardon me for being so bold as to speak to you” or “Excuse me for daring to speak.” See how this is translated in [Genesis 18:27](../18/27.md).
GEN 18 31 un9p figs-activepassive 0 twenty will be found there This can be translated in active form. You may have to fill in the ellipsis, “righteous people.” Alternate translation: “you will find twenty righteous people there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
GEN 18 31 s4zn figs-ellipsis 0 for the twenty’s sake “for the sake of the twenty” or “if I find twenty there.” You may have to fill in the ellipsis, “righteous people.” Alternate translation: “for the sake of the twenty righteous people” or “if I find twenty righteous people there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
GEN 18 32 a6tx 0 Perhaps ten will be found there “Perhaps you will find ten righteous people there”
GEN 18 32 q1p9 0 Perhaps ten “Perhaps ten righteous people” or “ten good people”
GEN 18 32 ak2y 0 Then he said “And Yahweh answered”
GEN 18 32 d335 0 for the ten’s sake “if I find ten righteous people there”
GEN 18 33 wum8 figs-idiom 0 Yahweh went on his way Here “went on his way” is an idiom that means he left, or he continued his journey. Yahweh appeared to Abraham in human form as a traveler. Alternate translation: “Yahweh departed” or “Yahweh continued on his journey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 19 intro hb2x 0 # Genesis 19 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter
### The evil desires of the Sodomites
The men of Sodom desired to forcibly have sexual relations with the angels who came to the city appearing as men. Such action is known as “rape.” Their desire was viewed as especially evil because Lot was obligated to protect his guests at all costs, even that of sacrificing his own children for his guests. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])
### Hospitality
Hospitality, or being kind to a visitor, was very important in the Ancient Near East. Lot showed his guests loyalty by doing his utmost to protect them from the people of Sodom.
## Important figures of speech in this chapter
### Contrasts
It is probable that Abraham’s faith and actions in chapter 18 are intended to contrast with the actions of the worldly Sodomites. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])
GEN 19 1 uh7h 0 The two angels The two men who have gone to Sodom ([Genesis 18:22](../18/22.md)) are really angels.
GEN 19 1 b4sb 0 the gate of Sodom “the entrance to the city of Sodom.” The city had a wall around it, and people had to go through a gate to get into it. This was a very important place in a city. Important people often spent time there.
GEN 19 1 ny92 0 bowed down with his face to the ground He put his knees on the ground then touched his forehead and nose to the ground.
GEN 19 2 t9qp 0 my masters This was a term of respect Lot used for the angels.
GEN 19 2 egr4 0 I urge you to turn aside into your servant’s house “Please come and stay in your servant’s house”
GEN 19 2 w78p figs-123person 0 your servant’s house Lot refers to himself as their servant in order to show them respect. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN 19 2 sp4m 0 wash your feet People liked to wash their feet after traveling.
GEN 19 2 sb2f 0 rise up early “wake up early”
GEN 19 2 a65m figs-exclusive 0 we will spend the night When the two angels said this, they were referring only to themselves, not to Lot. The two of them planned to spend the night in the square. Some languages would use the exclusive form of “we” here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
GEN 19 2 r62b 0 town square This is a public, outdoor place in the town.
GEN 19 3 vnk8 0 they went with him “they turned and went with him”
GEN 19 4 lc42 0 before they lay down “before the people in Lot’s house lay down to go to sleep”
GEN 19 4 iw1t 0 the men of the city, the men of Sodom “the men of the city, that is, the men of Sodom” or just “the men of the city of Sodom”
GEN 19 4 gyq4 0 the house “Lot’s house”
GEN 19 4 vqe5 0 both young and old “from the youngest to the oldest.” This means “men of all ages” and refers to the men of Sodom who were surrounding Lot’s house.
GEN 19 5 cu4h 0 that came in to you “that went into your house”
GEN 19 5 jfu1 figs-euphemism 0 we may know them These words literally mean “we may know who they are,” but the men meant them as a euphemism for “we may have sexual relations with them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN 19 6 k84s 0 after himself “behind him” or “after he went through”
GEN 19 7 tg28 0 I beg you, my brothers “I plead with you, my brothers”
GEN 19 7 s55m figs-idiom 0 my brothers Lot spoke in a friendly way to the men of the city hoping that they would listen to him. Alternate translation: “my friends” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 19 7 ur1w 0 do not act so wickedly “do not do something so wicked” or “do not do such a wicked thing”
GEN 19 8 bc5c 0 Look “Pay attention” or “Look here”
GEN 19 8 pb1n figs-euphemism 0 who have not known any man This is a polite way of saying that the daughters had not had sexual relations with any man. You may need to use another euphemism in your language. See how you translated similar words in [Genesis 4:1](../04/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN 19 8 jn4w 0 whatever is good in your eyes “whatever you desire” or “whatever you think is right”
GEN 19 8 nig7 figs-synecdoche 0 under the shadow of my roof The two men were guests in Lot’s home, so he needed to protect them. The word “roof” is a synecdoche for the whole house and a metaphor for Lot protecting them. Alternate translation: “into my house, and God expects me to protect them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 19 9 k7mf 0 Stand back! “Step aside!” or “Get out of our way!”
GEN 19 9 sgx9 0 This one came here to live as a foreigner “This one came here as an outsider” or “This foreigner came to live here”
GEN 19 9 ym7y 0 This one “Lot.” The men are speaking to each other. If this would be unclear in your language, you may have the men speak to Lot here, as in UST.
GEN 19 9 c9uq figs-idiom 0 and now The speaker would not expect a foreigner to judge the people of that land. Alternate translation: “but even though he has no good reason to” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 19 9 sa6c figs-idiom 0 he has become our judge Here “has become our judge” is an idiom that means Lot is acting as if he can tell the men what actions are right or wrong. Alternate translation: “he acts as if he has the authority to tell us what is right and what is wrong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 19 9 x79u 0 Now we “Because you are telling us that what we are doing is wrong, we”
GEN 19 9 xi8x figs-idiom 0 we will deal worse with you than with them The men are angry that Lot said, “Do not act so wickedly” ([Genesis 19:7](../19/07.md)), so they are threatening to act more wickedly than Lot had feared at first. Alternate translation: “we will act more wickedly with you than we will with them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 19 9 gdw3 0 They pressed hard against the man, against Lot, and came near to break down the door Possible meanings are 1) “They kept coming closer to the man, to Lot, until they were close enough to break down the door” or 2) they physically pushed Lot up against the wall or door of the house and were about to break the door down.
GEN 19 9 q8f7 0 the man ... Lot This is two ways of referring to Lot.
GEN 19 10 u4re 0 But the men “But Lot’s two guests” or “But the two angels”
GEN 19 10 ri1g figs-explicit 0 the men reached out their hands and brought ... them and shut Your language may need to add that the men opened the door first. Alternate translation: ‘the men opened the door far enough so they could reach out their hands and pull ... them, and then they shut” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 19 11 urq7 figs-metaphor 0 Lot’s visitors struck with blindness the men The phrase “struck with blindness” is a metaphor; the visitors did not physically hit the men. Alternate translation: “Lot’s visitors blinded the men” or “they took away their sight” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 19 11 kg3g figs-merism 0 both young and old “men of all ages.” This merism emphasizes that the visitors blinded all the men. This could indicate social standing rather than age. Alternate translation: “both small and great” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
GEN 19 12 zat4 0 Then the men said “Then the two men said” or “Then the angels said”
GEN 19 12 pl2x 0 Do you have anyone else here? “Are there any other members of your family in the city?” or “Do you have any other family members in this place?”
GEN 19 12 k1l8 0 whoever you have in the city “any other members of your family living in this city”
GEN 19 13 zq54 figs-exclusive 0 we are about to destroy The word “we” here is exclusive. Only the two angels would destroy the city; Lot would not destroy it. If your language has an exclusive form of “we,” use it here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
GEN 19 13 q8rc figs-abstractnouns 0 the accusations against it before Yahweh have become so loud This can be reworded so that the abstract noun “accusations” is expressed as a verb. See how similar words are translated in [Genesis 18:20](../18/20.md). Alternate translation: “so many people have been telling Yahweh that the people of this city are doing evil things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
GEN 19 14 pd6h 0 Lot went out “So Lot left the house”
GEN 19 14 cb3j figs-parallelism 0 his sons-in-law, the men who had promised to marry his daughters The phrase “the men who had promised to marry his daughters” explains what “sons-in-law” means here. Alternate translation: “the men who were going to marry his daughters” or “his daughters’ fiancés” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
GEN 19 15 ch9a 0 When the morning dawned “Just before the sun came up”
GEN 19 15 r4pf 0 Get going “Go now”
GEN 19 15 ta9n figs-activepassive 0 you are not swept away in the punishment of the city This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so Yahweh does not also destroy you when he punishes the people of this city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 19 15 nd8n figs-metaphor 0 not swept away in the punishment God destroying the people of the city is spoken of as if a person were sweeping away dust. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 19 15 s4jw figs-metonymy 0 of the city Here “city” stands for the people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 19 16 jp9l 0 But he lingered “But Lot hesitated” or “But Lot did not start to leave”
GEN 19 16 sa45 0 So the men grabbed “So the two men grabbed” or “So the angels grabbed”
GEN 19 16 jl9w 0 was merciful to him “had compassion on Lot.” Yahweh is described as being “merciful” because he was sparing the lives of Lot and his family instead of destroying them when he destroyed the people of Sodom for the wrong they had done.
GEN 19 17 z72f 0 When they had brought them out “When the two men had brought Lot’s family out”
GEN 19 17 is11 figs-idiom 0 Run for your lives! This is a way of telling them to run so that they do not die. Alternate translation: “Run away and save your lives!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 19 17 wpz3 figs-ellipsis 0 Do not look back The phrase “at the city” is understood. Alternate translation: “Do not look back at the city” or “Do not look back at Sodom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
GEN 19 17 hx63 0 on the plain This means the plain of the Jordan River. This refers to the general region of the Jordan River.
GEN 19 17 n2if figs-ellipsis 0 so you are not swept away It is understood that they would swept away with the people of the city. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “or else God will destroy you along with the people of the city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 19 17 c7y3 figs-metaphor 0 not swept away God destroying the people of the city is spoken of as if a person were sweeping away dust. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 19 19 q7pm figs-idiom 0 Your servant has found favor in your eyes The phrase “found favor” is an idiom which means to be approved of by someone. Here “eyes” are a metonym for sight, and sight is a metaphor representing his evaluation. Alternate translation: “You have been pleased with me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 19 19 zq9l figs-123person 0 Your servant has Lot was showing respect by referring to himself as “your servant.” Alternate translation: “I, your servant, have” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN 19 19 hc7t figs-abstractnouns 0 you have shown me great kindness in saving my life The abstract noun “kindness” can be stated as “kind.” Alternate translation: “you have been very kind to me by saving my life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
GEN 19 19 i5uv figs-personification 0 I cannot escape to the mountains, because the disaster will overtake me, and I will die Being unable to get far enough away from Sodom when God destroys the city is spoken of as if “disaster” is a person that will chase and catch up with Lot. Alternate translation: “My family and I will certainly die when God destroys the people of Sodom, because the mountains are too far away for us to get there safely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
GEN 19 19 q5le figs-explicit 0 my life ... I cannot escape ... overtake me, and I will die It is implied that Lot’s family would die along with him. Alternate translation: “our lives ... we cannot escape ... overtake us, and we will die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 19 20 m8z1 figs-rquestion 0 let me escape there (is it not a little one?), and my life will be saved Lot used this rhetorical question to get the angels to notice that the city really is a small one. Alternate translation: “let me escape there. You can see how small it is. If you let us go there we will live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN 19 20 c93m figs-explicit 0 let me escape there Lot’s full request can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “instead of destroying that city, let me escape there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 19 20 yx21 figs-explicit 0 my life will be saved It is implied that the lives of Lot’s family will be saved along with his. This can also be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so that we will live” or “so that we will survive” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 19 21 x14h 0 I am granting this request also “I will do what you have asked”
GEN 19 22 np4e figs-explicit 0 cannot do anything This can be made more explicit. Alternate translation: “cannot destroy the other cities” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 19 22 y7sj 0 Zoar Translators may add a footnote that says “The name Zoar sounds like the Hebrew word that means ‘little.’ Lot called this town ‘little’ in Genesis 19:20.”
GEN 19 23 z84a figs-explicit 0 The sun had risen upon the earth “The sun had risen over the earth.” The phrase “upon the earth” can be left implicit as it is in the UST where it is not translated. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 19 23 zhv3 figs-explicit 0 when Lot reached Zoar It is implied that Lot’s family is with him. Alternate translation: “when Lot and his family arrived at Zoar” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 19 24 f7cp figs-metonymy 0 Yahweh rained down upon Sodom and Gomorrah sulfur and fire from Yahweh out of the sky The phrase “from Yahweh” stands for God’s power to cause the sulfur and fire to fall on the city. Alternate translation: “Yahweh caused sulfur and fire to fall from the sky onto Sodom and Gomorrah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 19 24 c8se figs-hendiadys 0 sulfur and fire These two words are used together to describe one object. Alternate translation: “burning sulfur” or “fiery rain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])
GEN 19 25 ubh2 0 those cities This refers primarily to Sodom and Gomorrah, but also to three other towns.
GEN 19 25 kx2i 0 the inhabitants of the cities “the people who lived in the cities”
GEN 19 26 pf2p 0 she became a pillar of salt “she became like a statue of salt” or “her body became like a tall stone of salt.” Because she disobeyed the angel who told them not to look back at the city, God caused her to become something like a statue made out of rock salt.
GEN 19 28 zp8y 0 behold The word “behold” draws attention to the surprising information that follows.
GEN 19 28 p62z figs-simile 0 like the smoke of a furnace This shows that it was a very large amount of smoke. Alternate translation: “like the smoke from a very large fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
GEN 19 29 vag9 0 General Information: Verse 29 is a summary of this chapter.
GEN 19 29 tj4d figs-idiom 0 God called Abraham to mind This tells why God rescued Lot. To “call to mind” is a way of saying “remember.” This does not imply that God forgot about Abraham. It means he considered Abraham and had mercy on him. Alternate translation: “God thought about Abraham and had mercy on him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 19 29 h1uq 0 out of the midst of the destruction “away from the destruction” or “away from danger”
GEN 19 30 p16k 0 Lot went up from Zoar to live in the mountains The phrase “went up from” is used because Lot went to a higher elevation in the mountains.
GEN 19 31 me8w figs-nominaladj 0 The firstborn ... the younger Here “firstborn” and “younger” are nominal adjectives that refer to Lot’s two daughters according to their birth order. Alternate translation: “Lot’s first daughter ... Lot’s last daughter” or “The older daughter ... the younger daughter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
GEN 19 31 xk1x figs-euphemism 0 to lie with us These words are a euphemism for sexual relations. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN 19 31 fm8h figs-metonymy 0 according to the way of all the world Here “the world” stands for the people. Alternate translation: “as people everywhere do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 19 32 tlh6 figs-explicit 0 drink wine It can be made explicit that their goal was to get him drunk. Alternate translation: “drink wine until he gets drunk” or “get drunk with wine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 19 32 cr2n figs-euphemism 0 we will lie with him To “lie with” someone is a euphemism for having sexual relations with that person. Alternate translation: “we will have sexual relations with him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN 19 32 j57q figs-metaphor 0 so that we may extend our father’s line This speaks about giving Lot descendants as if his family were a line that they are making longer. Alternate translation: “so that we can bear children who will be our father’s descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 19 33 ufz5 figs-euphemism 0 lay with her father This is probably a euphemism for sexual activity. Alternate translation:”had sexual relations with her father” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN 19 33 r7ai figs-euphemism 0 when she lay down Possible meanings are 1) these words are literal, a complement to “when she got up,” or 2) they are a euphemism for sexual relations. Alternate translation: “when she had sexual relations with him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN 19 34 pyk6 0 Let us make him drink wine ... father’s line See how you translated these phrases in [Genesis 19:32](./32.md).
GEN 19 34 mb9p figs-explicit 0 drink wine It can be made explicit that their goal was to get him drunk. Alternate translation: “drink wine until he gets drunk” or “get drunk with wine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 19 34 qf2v figs-metaphor 0 so that we may extend our father’s line This speaks about giving Lot descendants as if his family were a line that they are making longer. Alternate translation: “so that we can bear children who will be our father’s descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 19 35 hm3h 0 So they made ... or when she got up See how you translated similar phrases in [Genesis 19:33](./33.md).
GEN 19 35 l4nj figs-euphemism 0 lay with him This is probably a euphemism for sexual activity. Alternate translation:”had sexual relations with him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN 19 35 x62y figs-euphemism 0 when she lay down Possible meanings are 1) these words are literal, a complement to “when she got up,” or 2) they are a euphemism for sexual relations. See how these words are translated in [Genesis 19:33](../19/33.md). Alternate translation: “when she had sexual relations with him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN 19 36 bq86 0 were pregnant by their father “became pregnant by their father” or “conceived children with their father”
GEN 19 37 ur5a 0 He became “He is”
GEN 19 37 u4u4 0 the Moabites of today “the Moab people who are now living”
GEN 19 37 lre9 0 of today The word “today” refers to the time when the author of Genesis was living. The author was born and wrote this many years after Lot’s family lived and died.
GEN 19 38 tbc3 translate-names 0 Ben-Ammi This is a male name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 19 38 kpi7 0 the people of Ammon “the descendants of Ammon” or “the Ammon people”
GEN 20 intro m5j1 0 # Genesis 20 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter
### “She is my sister”
Abraham was afraid the people of Gerar would see him as a foreigner and upon seeing his beautiful wife, they would try to kill him. This would free Sarah to marry someone else. Apparently, it would have been easy for them to kill a foreigner without punishment. If she was Abraham’s sister, they would have shown favor to him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/favor]])
## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
### Irony
Abraham believed that the people of Gerar did not fear Yahweh, but when confronted by Yahweh, the king showed that he feared Yahweh. Instead, it was Abraham who did not show any fear of Yahweh when he sinned. This is irony. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fear]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
GEN 20 1 pym2 translate-names 0 Shur This is a desert region on the eastern border of Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 20 2 zga1 0 sent for Sarah and took her “made his men go get Sarah and bring her to him”
GEN 20 3 v444 0 God came to Abimelech “God appeared to Abimelech”
GEN 20 3 tme7 0 Behold “pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important: “
GEN 20 3 x7kr figs-idiom 0 you are a dead man This is a strong way of saying the king will die. Alternate translation: “you will certainly die soon” or “I will kill you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 20 3 l852 0 a man’s wife “a married woman”
GEN 20 4 cxb7 writing-background 0 Now ... her This word is used here to mark a change from the story to information about Abimelech. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
GEN 20 4 nbq2 figs-euphemism 0 Abimelech had not come near her This is a polite way of saying he did not have sex with her. Alternate translation: “Abimelech had not slept with Sarah” or “Abimelech had not touched Sarah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN 20 4 gxv9 figs-metonymy 0 even a righteous nation Here “nation” stands for the people. Abimelech is worried that God will punish not only him, but his people also. Alternate translation: “even a people who are innocent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 20 5 a3jr figs-quotesinquotes 0 Did he not himself say to me, ‘She is my sister?’ Even she herself said, ‘He is my brother.’ This has quotations within a quotation. They can be stated as indirect quotations. Alternate translation: “Did he himself not tell me that she is his sister? Even she herself told me that he is her brother.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
GEN 20 5 c4vt figs-rquestion 0 Did he not himself say to me, ‘She is my sister?’ Abimelech used this rhetorical question to remind God of something God already knew. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Abraham himself told me, ‘She is my sister.’” or “Abraham said that she is his sister.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN 20 5 lx3l figs-rpronouns 0 Did he not himself say ... Even she herself The words “he himself” and “she herself” are used for emphasis to bring attention to Abraham and Sarah and to blame them for what happened. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
GEN 20 5 ey19 figs-metonymy 0 I have done this in the integrity of my heart and the innocence of my hands Here “heart” stands for his thoughts or intentions. Also “hands” stands for his actions. Alternate translation: “I have done this with good intentions and actions” or “I have done this with no evil thoughts or actions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 20 6 b1a5 0 God said to him “God said to Abimelech”
GEN 20 6 r797 figs-metonymy 0 in the integrity of your heart you did this Here “heart” stands for his thoughts or intentions. Alternate translation: “you did this with good intentions” or “you did this without evil intentions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 20 6 fkd2 figs-euphemism 0 to touch her This is a euphemism for having sex with Sarah. Alternate translation: “to sleep with her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN 20 7 x37f 0 the man’s wife “Abraham’s wife”
GEN 20 7 e8qh 0 you will live “I will let you live”
GEN 20 7 nj49 0 all who are yours “all of your people”
GEN 20 8 egv2 0 He told all these things to them “He told them everything that God had told him”
GEN 20 9 vne4 figs-rquestion 0 What have you done to us? Abimelech used this rhetorical question to accuse Abraham. Alternate translation: “You have done something bad to us!” or “Look what you have done to us!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN 20 9 s7b5 figs-exclusive 0 to us The word “us” here is exclusive and does not include Abraham and Sarah. If your language uses an exclusive form of “we” or “us,” use it here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
GEN 20 9 za1f figs-rquestion 0 How have I sinned against you, that you have brought ... sin? Abimelech used this rhetorical question to remind Abraham that he had not sinned against Abraham. Alternate translation: “I have done nothing against you to cause you to bring ... sin.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN 20 9 jp85 figs-metaphor 0 that you have brought on me and on my kingdom a great sin To cause someone to be guilty of sinning is spoken of as if “sin” was a thing that could be placed on a person. Alternate translation: “that you should make me and my kingdom guilty of such a terrible sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 20 9 e4jh figs-metonymy 0 on my kingdom Here “kingdom” stands for the people. Alternate translation: “on the people of my kingdom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 20 9 x8wm 0 You have done to me that which ought not to be done “You should not have done this to me”
GEN 20 10 qyr8 figs-explicit 0 What prompted you to do this thing? “What caused you to do this?” or “Why did you do this?” What Abraham did can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “Why did you tell me that Sarah is your sister?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 20 11 gvr3 figs-quotesinquotes 0 Because I thought, ‘Surely there is no fear of God in this place, and they will kill me because of my wife.’ This is a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “Because I thought that since no one here fears God, someone may kill me so they can take my wife.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
GEN 20 11 nei7 figs-metonymy 0 no fear of God in this place Here “place” refers to the people. Alternate translation: “no one here in Gerar fears God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 20 11 y87a 0 fear of God This means to deeply respect God and show that respect by obeying him.
GEN 20 12 p538 0 Besides, she is indeed my sister “Also, it is true that Sarah is my sister” or “Also, Sarah really is my sister”
GEN 20 12 ml6b 0 the daughter of my father, but not the daughter of my mother “we have the same father, but we have different mothers”
GEN 20 13 ktu6 0 General Information: Verse 13 is a continuation of Abraham’s answer to Abimelech.
GEN 20 13 e2ep figs-metonymy 0 my father’s house Here “house” stands for Abraham’s family. Alternate translation: “my father and the rest of my family” or “my father’s household” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 20 13 jl8s figs-quotesinquotes 0 I said to her, ‘You must show me this faithfulness as my wife: At every place where we go, say about me, “He is my brother.”’ This has quotations within quotations. They can be stated as indirect quotations. Alternate translation: “I said to Sarah that I wanted her to be faithful to me by telling people everywhere we go that I am her brother” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
GEN 20 14 sh8w 0 Abimelech took “Abimelech brought some”
GEN 20 15 d1fq 0 Abimelech said “Abimelech said to Abraham”
GEN 20 15 f45t 0 Look “Pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important”
GEN 20 15 pv15 figs-idiom 0 my land is before you This is a way of saying “I make all of my land available to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 20 15 ch6w 0 Settle wherever it pleases you “Live wherever you want”
GEN 20 16 u7bg translate-numbers 0 a thousand “1,000” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN 20 16 tv82 figs-metaphor 0 It is to cover any offense against you in the eyes of all who are with you Giving money to prove to others that Sarah is innocent is spoken of as if he is placing a cover over an offense so no one can see it. Alternate translation: “I am giving this to him, so that those who are with you will know that you have done nothing wrong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 20 16 gpn5 figs-metaphor 0 in the eyes The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: “in the opinion” or “in the judgement” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 20 16 id4c figs-activepassive 0 before everyone, you are completely made right The passive phrase “made right” can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “everyone will know that you are innocent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 20 18 wr3n 0 completely infertile “totally unable to have children”
GEN 20 18 z9nv figs-explicit 0 because of Sarah, Abraham’s wife The full meaning can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “because Abimelech had taken Abraham’s wife Sarah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 21 intro cru4 0 # Genesis 21 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter
### Sarah’s anger
After Sarah was able to have her own child, and he survived infancy, she began to get angry with Abraham’s other son, Ishmael. He would have been a constant reminder of her own sin. God blessed Ishmael, but he was not able to inherit the promises given to Abraham. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]])
### Abandoning Ishmael
According to the law at this time, Hagar was able to gain her freedom from slavery by abandoning any claim to receive an inheritance. This is why Hagar would have abandoned her son under the tree. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
### Treaty
The Gentile king, Abimelech, made a covenant or treaty with Abraham. It is possible that he did this because he recognized the power of Abraham’s God, but his exact reasons are unknown. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])
GEN 21 1 f988 figs-explicit 0 Yahweh paid attention to Sarah Here the phrase “paid attention to” refers to Yahweh helping Sarah have a baby. Alternate translation: “Yahweh helped Sarah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 21 2 waa9 0 bore a son to Abraham “gave birth to Abraham’s son”
GEN 21 2 xm5n 0 in his old age “when Abraham was very old”
GEN 21 2 ud3d 0 at the set time of which God had spoken to him “at the exact time that God had told him it would happen”
GEN 21 3 gbc9 0 Abraham named his son, the one who had been born to him, whom Sarah bore to him, Isaac “Abraham named his newborn son, the one Sarah gave birth to, Isaac” or “Abraham named their newborn son Isaac”
GEN 21 4 wzz8 0 Abraham circumcised his son Isaac when he was eight days old “When his son Isaac was eight days old, Abraham circumcised him”
GEN 21 4 g3m9 translate-numbers 0 eight days “8 days” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN 21 4 pp61 0 had commanded him “had commanded Abraham to do”
GEN 21 5 j1u3 translate-numbers 0 one hundred “100” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN 21 6 nu7q figs-explicit 0 God has made me laugh Sarah was laughing because she was surprised and happy. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “God has caused me to laugh joyfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 21 6 ns7b figs-explicit 0 every one who hears What people would hear can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “everyone who hears about what God has done for me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 21 7 t9ue figs-rquestion 0 Who would have said to Abraham that Sarah would nurse children This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one would have ever said to Abraham that Sarah will nurse children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN 21 7 hs12 figs-euphemism 0 nurse children This is a polite way of referring to breast-feeding babies. Alternate translation: “feed a baby her own milk” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN 21 8 dp3y figs-euphemism 0 The child grew and ... Isaac was weaned “Wean” here is a polite way of saying the child was finished with breast feeding. Alternate translation: “Isaac grew, and when he no longer needed his mother’s milk, Abraham had a large feast” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN 21 9 mm9v figs-explicit 0 the son of Hagar the Egyptian, whom she had borne to Abraham The name of Hagar’s son can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “Ishmael, the son of Hagar the Egyptian and Abraham” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 21 9 d73k figs-explicit 0 mocking It can be stated explicitly that he was jeering or laughing at Isaac. Alternate translation: “laughing at Isaac” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 21 10 t7tn 0 she said to Abraham “Sarah said to Abraham”
GEN 21 10 y4le 0 Drive out “send away” or “get rid of”
GEN 21 10 n7ry 0 this slave woman and her son This refers to Hagar and Ishmael. Sarah probably did not refer to them by name because she was angry with them.
GEN 21 10 jrm9 0 with my son, with Isaac “with my son Isaac”
GEN 21 11 b5qj 0 This thing was very grievous to Abraham “Abraham was very unhappy about what Sarah said”
GEN 21 11 bb4j figs-explicit 0 because of his son “because it was about his son.” It is implied that this means his son, Ishmael. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 21 12 r6u6 0 Do not be grieved because of the lad, and because of your servant woman “Do not be upset about the boy and your handmaid”
GEN 21 12 t2a7 0 Listen to her words in all she says to you about this matter “Do everything that Sarah says to you about them”
GEN 21 12 wzl5 figs-activepassive 0 it is through Isaac that your descendants will be named The phrase “will be named” means those born through Isaac are the ones God considers to be the descendants that he promised Abraham. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Isaac is the one who will be the forefather of the descendants I promised to give you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 21 13 k7jw figs-metonymy 0 I will also make the son of the servant woman into a nation The word “nation” means God will give him many descendants so that they become a great nation of people. Alternate translation: “I will make the servant woman’s son also become the father of a great nation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 21 14 u9q1 figs-synecdoche 0 took bread Possible meanings are 1) this refers to food in general or 2) this refers to bread specifically. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN 21 14 hbx9 0 a skin of water “a bag of water.” The water container was made out of animal skin.
GEN 21 15 ad5u 0 When the water in the waterskin was gone “When the water bag was empty” or “When they had drank all of the water”
GEN 21 16 z7c3 0 about the distance of a bowshot away This refers to the distance that a person could shoot an arrow with a bow. This is about 100 meters.
GEN 21 16 kuh9 figs-abstractnouns 0 Let me not look upon the death of the child The abstract noun “death” can be stated as “die.” Alternate translation: “I do not want to watch the boy die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
GEN 21 16 i8r8 figs-metonymy 0 she lifted up her voice and wept Here “voice” stands for the sound of her crying. To “life up her voice” means to cry loudly. Alternate translation: “she cried out loudly and wept” or “she wept loudly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 21 17 y2cd figs-metonymy 0 the voice of the lad “the boy’s voice.” Here “voice” stands for the sound of the boy crying or speaking. Alternate translation: “the sound of Ishmael” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 21 17 swz4 0 the angel of God “a messenger from God” or “God’s messenger”
GEN 21 17 nh6r 0 out of heaven Here “heaven” means the place where God lives.
GEN 21 17 usq5 0 What troubles you “What is wrong” or “Why are you crying”
GEN 21 17 bx2t figs-metonymy 0 the voice of the lad where he is Here “voice” stands for the sound of the boy crying or speaking. Alternate translation: “the sound of the boy lying over there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 21 18 n4hf 0 raise up the lad “help the boy stand up”
GEN 21 18 ifp4 figs-metonymy 0 I will make him into a great nation To make Ishmael into a great nation means God will give him many descendants who will become a great nation. Alternate translation: “I will make his descendants become a great nation” or “I will make him become the ancestor of a great nation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 21 19 kqh4 figs-metaphor 0 God opened her eyes, and she saw God making Hagar aware of the well is spoken of as if he literally opened her eyes. Alternate translation: “God caused Hagar to see” or “God showed her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 21 19 l527 0 the skin “the container made of skin” or “the bag”
GEN 21 19 q3fh 0 the lad “the boy” or “Ishmael”
GEN 21 20 i9tw figs-idiom 0 God was with the lad Here the phrase “was with” is an idiom that means God helped or blessed the boy. Alternate translation: “God guided the boy” or “God blessed the boy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 21 20 dwr6 0 became an archer “became very skilled at using a bow and arrows”
GEN 21 21 nwf2 0 got a wife “found a wife”
GEN 21 22 d7es writing-newevent 0 It came about at that time This phrase marks the beginning of a new part of the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
GEN 21 22 sx3y translate-names 0 Phicol This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 21 22 fg4b 0 captain of his army “commander of his army”
GEN 21 22 j5ga 0 his army The word “his” refers to Abimelech.
GEN 21 22 ed3j figs-idiom 0 God is with you in all that you do Here the phrase “is with you” is an idiom that means God helps or blesses Abraham. Alternate translation: “God blesses everything you do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 21 23 s6v8 figs-explicit 0 Now therefore The word “Now” does not mean “at this moment,” but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows. Alternate translation: “Therefore” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 21 23 le59 figs-idiom 0 swear to me here by God This is an idiom meaning to make a solemn oath witnessed by a higher authority, in this instance, God. Alternate translation: “promise me with God as your witness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 21 23 du1c 0 that you will not deal falsely with me “that you will not lie to me”
GEN 21 23 z3n7 figs-doublenegatives 0 will not deal falsely ... with my descendants This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “will deal honestly with me and my descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
GEN 21 23 s3ki figs-abstractnouns 0 Show to me ... covenant faithfulness that I have shown to you The two men had made a covenant with each other. The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be stated as “faithful” or “loyal.” Alternate translation: “Be as faithful to me and to the land as I have been to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
GEN 21 23 cj4i figs-metonymy 0 to the land Here “land” stands for the people. Alternate translation: “to the people of the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 21 24 s11p figs-ellipsis 0 I swear This can be stated with the understood information. Alternate translation: “I swear to be as faithful to you and your people as you have been to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
GEN 21 25 v44s 0 Abraham also complained to Abimelech Possible meanings are 1) Abraham was complaining about what happened or 2) “Abraham also rebuked Abimelech”
GEN 21 25 ph9l 0 concerning a well of water that Abimelech’s servants had seized from him “because Abimelech’s servants had taken one of Abraham’s wells”
GEN 21 25 t12g 0 seized from him “taken from Abraham” or “had taken control of”
GEN 21 26 i3se 0 I have not heard of it until today “This is the first time I have heard about it”
GEN 21 27 ruw8 translate-symaction 0 Abraham took sheep and oxen and gave them to Abimelech This is a sign of friendship and that Abraham agrees to make covenant with Abimelech. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
GEN 21 28 jy7m 0 Abraham set seven female lambs of the flock by themselves “Abraham separated seven female lambs from the flock”
GEN 21 29 tqa1 0 What is the meaning of these seven female lambs that you have set by themselves? “Why have you separated these seven lambs from the flock?”
GEN 21 30 t7mt 0 you will receive “you will take”
GEN 21 30 mf9f figs-synecdoche 0 from my hand Here “hand” stands for Abraham. Alternate translation: “from me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN 21 30 z8ku 0 it may be a witness The word “it” refers to the gift of seven lambs.
GEN 21 30 k965 figs-abstractnouns 0 so that it may be a witness for me The abstract noun “witness” can be stated as “to prove.” Alternate translation: “to prove to everyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
GEN 21 31 fs2d 0 he called that place “Abraham called that place”
GEN 21 31 nln8 0 Beersheba Translators may add a footnote saying “Beersheba can mean either “well of the oath” or “well of seven.”
GEN 21 31 uup5 0 they both “Abraham and Abimelech”
GEN 21 32 nu8h 0 Phicol This is the name of a man. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 21:22](../21/22.md).
GEN 21 33 nb3h translate-unknown 0 a tamarisk tree This is an evergreen tree that can grow in the desert. It can be stated more generally. Alternate translation: “a tree” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
GEN 21 33 hss3 0 the eternal God “the God who lives forever”
GEN 21 34 q54a 0 many days “for a long time”
GEN 22 intro eq6l 0 # Genesis 22 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter
### Sacrificing his son
Although Isaac was not Abraham’s only son, he was the son who was to inherit Abraham’s promised blessings. It is possible this parallels God’s actual sacrifice of his son, Jesus, for the sins of man. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
### Covenant affirmation
After important events, it is common for Scripture to affirm the tenants of a covenant. This serves as a reminder of the covenant and affirms it. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])
## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
### God tests Abraham
Extra care should be taken when translating “testing.” It is best to avoid using the same word used for “tempting” even though they overlap in meaning. This is because Scripture also says God does not tempt anyone. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/test]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tempt]] and [James 2:13](../../jas/02/13.md))
GEN 22 1 v5l5 writing-newevent 0 It came about This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
GEN 22 1 l21s 0 after these things This phrase refers to the events in chapter 21.
GEN 22 1 n2k1 figs-explicit 0 God tested Abraham It is implied that God tests Abraham to learn if Abraham will be faithful to him. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: God tested Abraham’s faithfulness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 22 1 wmg9 0 Here I am “Yes, I am listening” or “Yes, what is it?”
GEN 22 2 riw5 figs-explicit 0 your only son It is implied that God knows that Abraham has another son, Ishmael. This emphasizes that Isaac is the son that God promised to give Abraham. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “your only son whom I have promised” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 22 2 wi8g 0 whom you love This emphasizes Abraham’s love for his son, Isaac.
GEN 22 2 f7eh translate-names 0 the land of Moriah “the land called Moriah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 22 3 t9yx 0 saddled his donkey “loaded his donkey” or “put on his donkey what he needed for the journey”
GEN 22 3 yed4 0 young men “servants”
GEN 22 3 u1yy 0 set out on his journey “started his journey” or “started traveling”
GEN 22 4 rp2j translate-ordinal 0 On the third day The word “third” is the ordinal number for three. Alternate translation: “After traveling for three days” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
GEN 22 4 wqd9 0 saw the place afar off “saw far away the place that God had spoken of”
GEN 22 5 n287 0 young men “servants”
GEN 22 5 fay2 figs-exclusive 0 We will worship The word “we” refers only to Abraham and Isaac, but not to the young men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
GEN 22 5 h4ur 0 come again to you “return to you”
GEN 22 6 hdf8 0 put it on Isaac his son “had Isaac, his son, carry it”
GEN 22 6 kw2g figs-synecdoche 0 He took in his own hand Here “his own hand” emphasizes that Abraham himself carried these things. Alternate translation: “Abraham himself carried” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN 22 6 lj2s figs-synecdoche 0 the fire Here “fire” stands for a pan containing burning coals or a torch or lamp. Alternate translation: “something for starting a fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN 22 6 v6yy 0 they went both of them together “they left together” or “the two of them went together”
GEN 22 7 h248 0 My father This is a loving way for a son to speak to his father.
GEN 22 7 j9ph 0 Here I am “Yes, I am listening” or “Yes, what is it?” See how you translated this in [Genesis 22:1](../22/01.md).
GEN 22 7 vf73 0 my son This is a loving way for a father to speak to his son.
GEN 22 7 m2y2 figs-synecdoche 0 the fire Here “fire” stands for a pan containing burning coals or a torch or lamp. See how you translated this in [Genesis 22:6](../22/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN 22 7 eb9g 0 the lamb for the burnt offering “the lamb that you will give as a burnt offering”
GEN 22 8 w7zp figs-rpronouns 0 God himself Here “himself” emphasizes that it is God who will provide the lamb. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
GEN 22 8 p2wc 0 will provide “will give us”
GEN 22 9 yn6m 0 When they came to the place “When Abraham and Isaac arrived at the place”
GEN 22 9 x21f 0 he bound “he tied up”
GEN 22 9 g9i8 0 on the altar, on top of the wood “on top of the wood that was on the altar”
GEN 22 10 a5eg 0 reached out with his hand and took up the knife “picked up the knife”
GEN 22 11 d82r 0 the angel of Yahweh Possible meanings are 1) Yahweh made himself look like an angel or 2) this was one of Yahweh’s angels or 3) this was a special messenger from God (some scholars think it was Jesus). Since the phrase is not well understood, it is best to simply translate it as “the angel of Yahweh” using the normal word that you use for “angel.” See the note about this phrase in [Genesis 16:7](../16/07.md).
GEN 22 11 yu4c 0 from heaven This refers to the place where God lives.
GEN 22 11 w9zz 0 Here I am “Yes, I am listening” or “Yes, what is it?” See how you translated this in [Genesis 22:1](../22/01.md).
GEN 22 12 m8d6 figs-idiom 0 Do not lay your hand upon the lad, nor do anything to harm him The phrase “Do no lay your hand upon” is a way of saying “do not harm.” God said basically the same thing twice to emphasize that Abraham should not hurt Isaac. Alternate translation: “Do not hurt the boy in any way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
GEN 22 12 n4c5 0 now I know ... from me The words “I” and “me” refer to Yahweh. When translating what is in the quote, do it as the angel of Yahweh did and use the words “I” and “me” when referring to Yahweh.
GEN 22 12 n8sb 0 you fear God This refers to deeply respecting God and showing that respect by obeying him.
GEN 22 12 rcz2 0 seeing that “because I see that”
GEN 22 12 nh8u figs-doublenegatives 0 you have not withheld your son ... from me “you have not held back your son ... from me.” This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “you were willing to offer your son ... to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
GEN 22 12 yqd1 figs-explicit 0 your son, your only son It is implied that God knows that Abraham has another son, Ishmael. This emphasizes that Isaac is the son that God promised to give Abraham. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Genesis 22:2](../22/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 22 13 n7b6 0 behold The word “behold” here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows.
GEN 22 13 qy8n figs-activepassive 0 was a ram caught in the bushes by his horns This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “was a ram whose horns were stuck in the bushes” or “was a ram stuck in the bushes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 22 13 i7l2 0 went and took the ram “Abraham went over to the ram and took it”
GEN 22 14 fk9q 0 will provide ... will be provided Use the same word for “provide” as you used in [Genesis 22:8](../22/08.md).
GEN 22 14 cbx8 0 to this day “even now.” This means even to the time that the author was writing this book.
GEN 22 14 qmx7 figs-activepassive 0 it will be provided This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he will provide” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 22 15 qcn7 0 The angel of Yahweh Possible meanings are 1) Yahweh made himself look like an angel or 2) this was one of Yahweh’s angels or 3) this was a special messenger from God (some scholars think it was Jesus). Since the phrase is not well understood, it is best to simply translate it as “The angel of Yahweh” using the normal word that you use for “angel.” See the note about this phrase in [Genesis 16:7](../16/07.md).
GEN 22 15 aa8z translate-ordinal 0 a second time The word “second” is the ordinal number for two. Alternate translation: “again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
GEN 22 15 e8jz 0 from heaven Here the word “heaven” refers to the place where God lives.
GEN 22 16 t7gg 0 said—this is Yahweh’s declaration “spoke this message from Yahweh” or “declared these words of Yahweh.” This is a formal way of saying that the words that follow come directly from Yahweh.
GEN 22 16 p814 0 by myself I have sworn “I have promised and I am my witness.” To swear means to use the name of something or someone as the basis or power on which the oath is made. There is nothing more powerful for Yahweh to swear by than himself.
GEN 22 16 une6 0 you have done this thing “you obeyed me”
GEN 22 16 jc1a figs-doublenegatives 0 have not withheld your son “have not kept back your son.” This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “were willing to offer your son to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
GEN 22 16 pyp7 figs-explicit 0 your son, your only son It is implied that God knows that Abraham has another son, Ishmael. This emphasizes that Isaac is the son that God promised to give Abraham. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Genesis 22:2](../22/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 22 17 rb7e 0 surely bless “certainly bless”
GEN 22 17 ejb4 0 I will greatly multiply your descendants “I will cause your descendants to increase again and again” or “I will cause your descendants to be very many”
GEN 22 17 aih1 figs-simile 0 as the stars of the heavens, and as the sand which is upon the seashore God compared Abraham’s descendants to the stars and the sand. Just as people cannot count the huge number of stars or the grains of sand, so there would be so many of Abraham’s descendants that people would not be able to count them. Alternate translation: “beyond what you can count” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
GEN 22 17 v86r 0 as the stars of the heavens Here the word “heavens” refers to everything we see above the earth, including the sun, moon, and stars.
GEN 22 17 q7zd figs-synecdoche 0 will possess the gate of their enemies Here “gate” represents the whole city. To “possess the gate of their enemies” means destroying their enemies. Alternate translation: “will completely triumph over their enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 22 18 tq9d 0 General Information: The angel of Yahweh continues speaking to Abraham.
GEN 22 18 u7dd figs-activepassive 0 all the nations of the earth will be blessed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I, the Lord, will bless all the people living everywhere” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 22 18 bl9q figs-metonymy 0 nations of the earth Here “nations” stands for the people of the nations. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 22 18 i6qx figs-metonymy 0 you have obeyed my voice Here “voice” stands for what God said. Alternate translation: “you have obeyed what I said” or “you have obeyed me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 22 19 eb78 figs-explicit 0 Abraham returned Only Abraham was named because he was the father, but it was implied that his son went with him. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “Abraham and his son went back” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 22 19 vx4h 0 young men “servants”
GEN 22 19 e1ck 0 they departed “they left that place”
GEN 22 19 v5yw figs-explicit 0 he lived at Beersheba Only Abraham was mentioned because he was the leader of his family and servants, but it was implied that they were with him. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “Abraham and his people stayed in Beersheba” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 22 20 hai9 writing-newevent 0 It came about after these things “After these events.” The phrase “these things” refers to the events of Genesis 22:1-19. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
GEN 22 20 u5ru figs-activepassive 0 Abraham was told This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “someone told Abraham” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 22 20 a222 0 Milkah has borne children, as well “Milkah has also borne children”
GEN 22 20 i8qv translate-names 0 Milkah This is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 22 21 hd5y 0 They were Uz his firstborn, Buz his brother “The name of his firstborn was Uz, and the names of the rest of his children were Buz his brother”
GEN 22 21 xm6k translate-names 0 Uz ... Buz ... Kemuel ... Aram These are all names of men. Translate this so that it is clear that all of these except Aram are the sons of Nahor and Milkah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 22 22 qg5a translate-names 0 Kesed, Hazo, Pildash, Jidlaph, and Bethuel These are all names of men. Translate this so that it is clear that all of these are the sons of Nahor and Milkah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 22 23 h2fe 0 Bethuel became the father of Rebekah “Later Bethel became the father of Rebekah”
GEN 22 23 xue2 0 These were the eight children that Milkah bore to Nahor, Abraham’s brother “These were the eight children of Milkah and Nahor, Abraham’s brother.” This refers to the children that were listed in [Genesis 22:21-22](./21.md).
GEN 22 24 v3k2 0 His concubine “Nahor’s concubine”
GEN 22 24 td3e translate-names 0 Reumah This is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 22 24 uvx4 0 also bore “also gave birth to”
GEN 22 24 km7f translate-names 0 Tebah, Gaham, Tahash, and Maacah These are all names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 23 intro m5kz 0 # Genesis 23 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter
### Abraham’s character
Abraham’s interaction with the people show that he was greatly respected. This would have been unusual for a foreigner and indicates that Abraham was a man of great character. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
### Burial
Burial was a common practice when Abraham lived, but only the wealthy were able to bury their dead relatives in this way.
GEN 23 1 by7k translate-numbers 0 Sarah lived a hundred and twenty-seven years “Sarah lived 127 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN 23 1 dq7c figs-doublet 0 These were the years of the life of Sarah Some translations do not include this sentence. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
GEN 23 2 bm76 translate-names 0 Kiriath Arba This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 23 2 dik9 0 Abraham mourned and wept for Sarah “Abraham was very sad and cried because Sarah died”
GEN 23 3 r87x 0 rose up and went from his dead wife “got up and left his wife’s body”
GEN 23 3 n5za translate-names 0 the sons of Heth Here “sons” stands for those who descended from Heth. Alternate translation: “the descendants of Heth” or “the Hittites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 23 4 tg1d 0 among you This idea may be expressed in terms of location. “in your country” or “here”
GEN 23 4 llx2 0 Please grant me a property “Sell me some land” or “Allow me to buy a piece of land”
GEN 23 4 ehx7 figs-nominaladj 0 my dead The nominal adjective “dead” can be stated as an adjective or a verb. Alternate translation: “my dead wife” or “my wife who has died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
GEN 23 5 w3ln translate-names 0 The sons of Heth Here “sons” stands for those who descended from Heth. See how you translated this in [Genesis 23:3](../23/03.md). Alternate translation: “The descendants of Heth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 23 6 s243 0 my master This phrase is used to show respect to Abraham.
GEN 23 6 z2xn figs-idiom 0 a prince of God This is an idiom. This probably means “a powerful man” or “a mighty leader.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 23 6 l6my figs-nominaladj 0 your dead The nominal adjective “dead” can be stated as a verb or simply as “wife.” Alternate translation: “your wife who has died” or “your wife” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
GEN 23 6 rh4j 0 the choicest of our tombs “the best of our burial places”
GEN 23 6 u2pe 0 refuse you his tomb “withhold his burial place from you” or “refuse to give to you his tomb”
GEN 23 7 h7w7 writing-symlanguage 0 bowed down This means to bend over or kneel down very low to humbly express respect and honor toward someone. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
GEN 23 7 yw6s 0 to the people of the land, to the sons of Heth “to the sons of Heth who lived in the area”
GEN 23 7 qnd5 translate-names 0 the sons of Heth Here “sons” stands for those who descended from Heth. See how you translated this in [Genesis 23:3](../23/03.md). Alternate translation: “the descendants of Heth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 23 8 z68i figs-nominaladj 0 my dead The nominal adjective “dead” can be stated as a verb or simply as “wife.” Alternate translation: “my wife who has died” or “my wife” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
GEN 23 8 c9j3 translate-names 0 Ephron ... Zohar These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 23 9 t978 0 the cave of Machpelah, which he owns, which is at the end of his field “his cave that is at the end of his field in Machpelah”
GEN 23 9 h3f7 translate-names 0 the cave of Machpelah “the cave in Machpela.” Machpela was the name of an area or region. Ephron owned a field in Machpela and the cave that was in the field. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 23 9 n9as figs-distinguish 0 which he owns This tells something about the cave. Ephron owned the cave. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
GEN 23 9 e8mr figs-distinguish 0 which is at the end of his field This also tells something about the cave. The cave was at the end of Ephron’s field. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
GEN 23 9 xw6j 0 sell it to me publicly “sell it to me in front of you all” or “sell it to me in your presence”
GEN 23 9 h1qr 0 as a property “as a piece of land that I may own and use”
GEN 23 10 idb1 writing-background 0 Now Ephron was sitting among the sons of Heth Here “Now” is used here to mark a change from the story to background information about Ephron. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
GEN 23 10 w16a translate-names 0 Ephron This is the name of a man. See how you translated this in [Genesis 23:8](../23/08.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 23 10 qat3 translate-names 0 the sons of Heth Here “sons” stands for those who descended from Heth. See how you translated this in [Genesis 23:3](../23/03.md). Alternate translation: “the descendants of Heth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 23 10 pmj4 figs-abstractnouns 0 in the hearing of the sons of Heth The abstract noun “the hearing” can be stated as “hear” or “listening.” Alternate translation: “so that all the sons of Heth could hear him” or “while all the sons of Heth were listening” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
GEN 23 10 yq1p figs-distinguish 0 all those who had come into the gate of his city This tells which sons of Heth were listening. Alternate translation: “all those who had gathered at the gate of his city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
GEN 23 10 v5hh 0 gate of his city The city gate was where the leaders of the city would meet to make important decisions.
GEN 23 10 juf1 0 his city “the city where he lived.” This phrase shows that Ephron belonged to that city. It does not mean that he owned it.
GEN 23 11 t9j5 0 my master This phrase is used to show respect to Abraham.
GEN 23 11 zt96 figs-metonymy 0 in the presence of the sons of my people Here “presence” stands for the people serving as witnesses. Alternate translation: “with my fellow countrymen as my witnesses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 23 11 td9w 0 sons of my people This means “my fellow countrymen” or “my fellow Hittites”
GEN 23 11 zdp4 0 my people This phrase shows that Ephron was part of that group of people. It does not mean that he was their leader.
GEN 23 11 eq11 0 I give it to you to bury your dead “I give it to you. Bury your dead”
GEN 23 11 d3q4 figs-nominaladj 0 your dead The nominal adjective “dead” can be stated as a verb or simply as “wife.” Alternate translation: “your wife who has died” or “your wife” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
GEN 23 12 sv7w writing-symlanguage 0 bowed himself down This means to bend over or kneel down very low to humbly express respect and honor toward someone. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
GEN 23 12 g1ce 0 people of the land “people who lived in that area”
GEN 23 13 s7vm figs-abstractnouns 0 in the hearing of the people of the land The abstract noun “the hearing” can be stated as “hear” or “listening” Alternate translation: “so that the people who lived in the area could hear” or “while the people who lived in the area were listening” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
GEN 23 13 d4k3 0 But if you are willing The word “but” shows a contrast. Ephron wanted to give the field to Abraham; Abraham wanted to pay for it. Alternate translation: “No, but if you are willing” or “No, but if you agree with this”
GEN 23 13 t89n 0 I will pay for the field “I will give you money for the field”
GEN 23 13 xai6 figs-nominaladj 0 my dead The nominal adjective “dead” can be stated as a verb or simply as “wife.” Alternate translation: “my wife who has died” or “my wife” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
GEN 23 14 i9a7 translate-names 0 Ephron This is the name of a man. See how you translated this in [Genesis 23:8](../23/08.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 23 15 a9gk 0 Please, my master, listen to me “Hear me, my master” or “Listen to me, kind sir”
GEN 23 15 a6wp 0 my master This phrase is used to show respect to Abraham.
GEN 23 15 v7ic figs-rquestion 0 A piece of land worth four hundred shekels of silver, what is that between me and you? Ephron meant that since he and Abraham were both so wealthy, 400 pieces of silver was a small amount. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “The piece of land is worth only four hundred shekels of silver. For you and me, that is nothing.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN 23 15 pl1v translate-bweight 0 four hundred shekels of silver This is about 4.5 kilograms of silver. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]])
GEN 23 15 vh1v translate-numbers 0 four hundred “400” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN 23 15 v5rr figs-nominaladj 0 Bury your dead The nominal adjective “dead” can be stated as a verb or simply as “wife.” Alternate translation: “Go bury your wife who has died” or “Go bury your wife” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
GEN 23 16 bu12 0 Abraham weighed out to Ephron the amount of silver “Abraham weighed the silver and gave Ephron the amount” or “Abraham counted out to Ephron the amount of silver”
GEN 23 16 af6q 0 the amount of silver that he had spoken “the amount of silver that Ephron had said”
GEN 23 16 k56n figs-abstractnouns 0 in the hearing of the sons of Heth The abstract noun “the hearing” can be stated as “hear” or “listening.” Alternate translation: “so that all the sons of Heth could hear him” or “while all the sons of Heth were listening” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
GEN 23 16 n255 translate-names 0 the sons of Heth Here “sons” stands for those who descended from Heth. See how you translated this in [Genesis 23:3](../23/03.md). Alternate translation: “the descendants of Heth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 23 16 z85u 0 according to the standard measurement of the merchants “using the standard measurement of weight that merchants used.” This can be stated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: “He weighed the silver the same way that the merchants used to weigh it”
GEN 23 17 tt9e translate-names 0 Machpelah Machpela was the name of an area or region. See how you translated this in [Genesis 23:9](../23/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 23 17 x6jb translate-names 0 Mamre This was another name for the city of Hebron. It may have been named after Mamre, the friend of Abraham who lived there. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 23 17 ia83 0 that is, the field, the cave that was in it, and all the trees This phrase explains what the author meant when he wrote “the field of Ephron.” It was not only the field, but also the cave and trees in the field.
GEN 23 17 d6s8 0 passed “became property that belonged”
GEN 23 18 lsx4 0 to Abraham by purchase These words complete the idea that begins with the word “passed” in verse 17. “became Abraham’s possession when he purchased it” or “belonged to Abraham after he bought it”
GEN 23 18 cr5r figs-metonymy 0 in the presence of the sons of Heth Here “presence” stands for the people serving as witnesses. Alternate translation: “with the people of Heth watching as witnesses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 23 18 n2pe translate-names 0 the sons of Heth Here “sons” stands for those who descended from Heth. See how you translated this in [Genesis 23:3](../23/03.md). Alternate translation: “the descendants of Heth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 23 18 g8u6 figs-distinguish 0 all those who had come into the gate of his city This tells which sons of Heth saw Abraham buy the property. See how you translated this in [Genesis 23:10](../23/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
GEN 23 18 ygu6 0 gate of his city The city gate was where the leaders of the city would meet to make important decisions.
GEN 23 18 e2hk 0 his city “the city where he lived.” This phrase shows that Ephron belonged to that city. It does not mean that he owned it.
GEN 23 19 ekx3 0 After this “After he bought the field”
GEN 23 19 fv26 0 the cave of the field “the cave in the field”
GEN 23 19 b38v 0 the field of Machpelah “the field in Machpelah”
GEN 23 19 ey3f 0 that is, Hebron Possible meanings are 1) Mamre was another name for Hebron or 2) Hebron was formerly called Mamre or 3) Mamre was very near the larger city of Hebron, so people usually called it Hebron.
GEN 23 20 cs4e 0 passed to Abraham as a property for a burial place from the sons of Heth “became Abraham’s property for a burial ground when he bought it from the sons of Heth”
GEN 23 20 fx6q translate-names 0 the sons of Heth Here “sons” stands for those who descended from Heth. See how you translated this in [Genesis 23:3](../23/03.md). Alternate translation: “the descendants of Heth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 24 intro t2cz 0 # Genesis 24 General Notes
## Structure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 24:60.
## Special concepts in this chapter
### Intermarriage
Abraham would not allow his son to marry anyone from the people of Canaan. This is because it would cause his son to worship other gods. Intermarriage and worshiping false gods are things that frequently caused Abraham’s descendants to struggle. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]])
### Abraham’s wealth
There are many instances recorded in this chapter which highlight Abraham’s significant wealth. He owned more than 10 camels and had large amounts of gold.
## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
### “Put your hand under my thigh”
Many scholars believe this is a euphemism. Putting one’s hand on a man’s genitals was a way to make an important oath. It represented power and progeny. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN 24 1 swv5 0 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here the author starts to tell a new part of the story.
GEN 24 2 ebr3 translate-symaction 0 Put your hand under my thigh Abraham was about to ask the servant to swear to do something. Putting his hand under Abraham’s thigh would show that he would certainly do what he would swear to do. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
GEN 24 3 f2nf figs-imperative 0 I will make you swear This can be expressed as a command. Alternate translation: “swear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]])
GEN 24 3 a7dx 0 swear by Yahweh The term “swear by” means to use the name of something or someone as the basis or power on which the oath is made. “promise me with Yahweh as your witness”
GEN 24 3 hip1 figs-merism 0 the God of heaven and the God of the earth “the God of heaven and earth.” The words “heaven” and “earth” are used together to mean every thing that God created. Alternate translation: “the God of everything in heaven and earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
GEN 24 3 ren6 0 heaven This refers to the place where God lives.
GEN 24 3 v2r5 0 from the daughters of the Canaanites “from the Canaanite women” or “from the Canaanites.” This refers to Canaanite females.
GEN 24 3 i3p4 figs-synecdoche 0 among whom I make my home “among whom I live.” Here, “I” stands for Abraham and all of his family and servants. Alternate translation: “among whom we live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN 24 4 a5wn figs-imperative 0 But you will go This can be stated as a command. Alternate translation: “Swear that you will go” or “But go” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]])
GEN 24 4 s3ne 0 my relatives “my family”
GEN 24 5 qpu6 0 What if “What should I do if”
GEN 24 5 wkn5 0 will not be willing to follow me “will not follow me” or “refuses to come back with me”
GEN 24 5 b9nk 0 Must I take your son back to the land from which you came “Should I take you son to live in the land from which you came”
GEN 24 6 g1bh 0 Make sure that you do not take my son back there The phrase “Make sure” emphasizes the command that follows. “Be careful not to take my son back there” or “You definitely must not take my son there”
GEN 24 7 b2tf figs-metonymy 0 who took me from my father’s house Here “house” stands for the people in his family. Alternate translation: “who took me from my father and the rest of my family” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 24 7 rg6g 0 promised me with a solemn oath “swore an oath to me”
GEN 24 7 ar65 figs-quotesinquotes 0 saying, ‘To your offspring I will give this land,’ This is a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “saying that he would give this land to my offspring” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
GEN 24 7 a25j 0 he will send his angel The words “he” and “his” refer to Yahweh.
GEN 24 8 w9ll 0 General Information: Verse 8 is a continuation of the instructions Abraham gave his servant.
GEN 24 8 j773 figs-hypo 0 But if the woman is not willing to follow you “But if the woman refuses to come with you.” Abraham was answering the servant’s question from [Genesis 24:5](../24/05.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
GEN 24 8 q3gy figs-metaphor 0 you will be free from this oath of mine “you will be released from the oath you made to me.” Not having to fulfill an oath is spoken of as if the person is free from an object to which he was bound. Alternate translation: “you will not have to do what you swore to me that you would do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 24 9 tty4 translate-symaction 0 put his hand under the thigh of Abraham his master This was to show that he would certainly do what he was swearing to do. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
GEN 24 9 lt8g 0 swore to him “made an oath to him”
GEN 24 9 k6wb 0 concerning this matter “concerning Abraham’s request” or “that he would do what Abraham said”
GEN 24 10 qz3v 0 departed. He also took The sentence starting with “He also took” gives additional information about what the servant took with him on the journey. He gathered them before he departed.
GEN 24 10 t2ji 0 He also took with him all kinds of gifts from his master This means he also took many good things that his master wanted to give to the woman’s family.
GEN 24 10 yq2h 0 departed and went “set out and went” or “he left and went”
GEN 24 10 nmn4 translate-names 0 the city of Nahor Possible meanings are 1) the city where Nahor lived” or 2) “the city called Nahor.” If you can translate it without choosing a meaning, do so. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 24 11 x8ge 0 He made the camels kneel down Camels are tall animals with long legs. He made them bend their legs and lower their bodies to the ground. “He made the camels lie down”
GEN 24 11 c8xs 0 well of water “water well” or “well”
GEN 24 11 n18k 0 draw water “get water”
GEN 24 12 tp8i 0 Then he said “Then the servant said”
GEN 24 12 yyj6 writing-connectingwords 0 grant me success today and show covenant faithfulness to my master Abraham You can state this with the connecting word “by.” This makes clear how the servant wants God to show covenant faithfulness. Alternate translation: “Show covenant faithfulness to my master Abraham by granting me success today” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-connectingwords]])
GEN 24 12 i9ac figs-abstractnouns 0 grant me success “give me success.” The servant wanted to find a good wife for Abraham’s son. The abstract noun “success” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “help me to succeed” or “make me able to do what I have come here to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
GEN 24 12 n4s6 figs-abstractnouns 0 show covenant faithfulness to my master Abraham The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be stated as “faithful.” Alternate translation: “be faithful to the covenant you have with my master Abraham” or “be faithful to my master Abraham” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
GEN 24 13 b9wq 0 Look, here I am standing “You can see me standing here”
GEN 24 13 y2ut 0 the spring of water “the spring” or “the well”
GEN 24 13 v4y7 0 the daughters of the men of the city “the young women of the city”
GEN 24 14 xg68 0 Let it happen like this “Let it happen this way” or “Make this happen”
GEN 24 14 uy2f figs-quotesinquotes 0 When I say to a young woman, ‘Please lower your pitcher so that I may drink,’ This is a quotation within a quotation. This can be expressed with an indirect quote. Alternate translation: “When I ask a young woman to let me have a drink of water from her jar” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
GEN 24 14 z6kj 0 Please lower your pitcher The women carried the pitchers on their shoulder. She would have to lower it to give the man a drink.
GEN 24 14 khg5 0 pitcher a medium-size jar made of clay used for holding and pouring liquids
GEN 24 14 je9p figs-abstractnouns 0 that you have shown covenant faithfulness to my master The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be stated as “been faithful.” Alternate translation: “that you have been faithful to the covenant you have with my master Abraham” or “you have been faithful to my master Abraham” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
GEN 24 15 td2g 0 It came about that This phrase is used here to mark where the action starts. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here.
GEN 24 15 jq3w 0 behold The word “behold” here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows.
GEN 24 15 fm5s 0 pitcher This is a medium-size jar made of clay used for holding and pouring liquids. See how you translated this in [Genesis 24:14](../24/14.md).
GEN 24 15 y3qz 0 Rebekah was born to Bethuel son of Milkah, the wife of Nahor, Abraham’s brother “Rebekah’s father was Bethuel. Bethuel’s parents were Milkah and Nahor. Nahor was Abraham’s brother”
GEN 24 15 y6za translate-names 0 Bethuel Bethuel was Rebekah’s father. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 22:22](../22/22.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 24 15 y7ld translate-names 0 Nahor This is the name of a man. See how you translated his name in [Genesis 11:22](../11/22.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 24 15 xmc5 translate-names 0 Milkah Milkah was Nahor’s wife and Bethuel’s mother. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 11:29](../11/29.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 24 16 s6tm 0 She went down to the spring ... and came up The spring was somewhere lower in elevation than where the servant was standing.
GEN 24 17 lng1 0 to meet her “to meet the young woman”
GEN 24 17 hb32 0 a little drink of water “a little water”
GEN 24 17 tiz4 0 pitcher This is a medium-size jar made of clay used for holding and pouring liquids. See how you translated this in [Genesis 24:14](../24/14.md).
GEN 24 18 dr38 0 my master “sir.” Here the woman uses this term of respect to refer to the man, though she is not his slave.
GEN 24 18 h8xp 0 she quickly let down her pitcher on her hand “she quickly lowered her pitcher.” She was carrying the pitcher on her shoulder. She had to lower it to get water for the servant.
GEN 24 19 jg5k 0 I will draw water “I will get water”
GEN 24 20 n27r 0 So she hurried and emptied her pitcher “So she quickly emptied her pitcher”
GEN 24 20 pkk9 0 the trough “the animals’ water trough.” A trough is a long open container for holding water for animals to drink.
GEN 24 21 ui6c 0 The man “The servant”
GEN 24 21 q4p6 0 watched her “watched Rebekah” or “watched the young woman”
GEN 24 21 b11e figs-metaphor 0 to see Learning something is often spoken of as if it were seeing. Alternate translation: “to know” or “to determine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 24 21 i3b2 figs-explicit 0 had prospered his journey “had fulfilled the purpose of his journey” or “had made his journey successful.” You can make explicit what specifically the servant was trying to determine. Alternate translation: “was showing him the woman who would become Isaac’s wife” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 24 21 x4zm figs-ellipsis 0 or not You can state clearly the understood information. Alternate translation: “or not prospered his journey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
GEN 24 22 slf4 translate-bweight 0 a gold nose ring weighing half a shekel “a gold nose ring that weighed six grams.” The weight indicates the value of the ring. Alternate translation: “an expensive gold nose ring” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]])
GEN 24 22 w1h6 translate-bweight 0 two gold bracelets for her arms weighing ten shekels “two gold bracelets for her arms that weighed 110 grams.” The weight shows their size and value. Alternate translation: “two large gold bracelets for her arms” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]])
GEN 24 23 r4h2 0 Whose daughter are you “Who is your father”
GEN 24 23 e8zs 0 is there room in your father’s house “is there a place in your father’s house”
GEN 24 23 vu7b figs-exclusive 0 for us Apparently other men went on this journey with Abraham’s servant. Here “us” refers to the servant and those traveling with him, but not to those to whom he was speaking. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
GEN 24 23 ij83 0 to spend the night “to stay tonight” or “to stay for the night”
GEN 24 24 qx3y 0 She said “Rebekah said” or “the young woman said”
GEN 24 24 h5cc 0 to him “to the servant”
GEN 24 24 tu27 0 I am the daughter of Bethuel son of Milkah, whom she bore to Nahor “Bethuel is my father, and his parents are Milkah and Nahor”
GEN 24 25 ki2b figs-ellipsis 0 We have plenty of both straw and feed It is understood that the straw and feed are for the camels. You can make clear this understood information. Alternate translation: “We have plenty of straw and feed for the camels” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
GEN 24 25 g1si 0 for you to spend the night “for you to stay tonight” or “where you can stay for the night”
GEN 24 25 j8dw figs-you 0 for you Here “you” refers to the servant and those traveling with him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
GEN 24 26 wj5p 0 the man “the servant”
GEN 24 26 rf3n translate-symaction 0 bowed down This is a sign of humility before God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
GEN 24 27 pf99 figs-abstractnouns 0 has not forsaken his covenant faithfulness and his trustworthiness toward my master “has not stopped showing his covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness to my master.” The abstract nouns “faithfulness” and “trustworthiness” can be stated as “to be faithful and trustworthy.” Alternate translation: “has not stopped being faithful to his covenant and trustworthy toward my master” or “has not stopped being faithful and trustworthy to my master” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
GEN 24 27 eme3 figs-litotes 0 has not forsaken This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “continues to show” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
GEN 24 27 xfl3 0 my master’s relatives “my master’s family” or “my master’s clan”
GEN 24 28 s6bc figs-metonymy 0 ran and told her mother’s household Here “household” stands for all the people living in her mother’s house. Alternate translation: “ran to the house and told her mother and everyone there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 24 28 xw7q 0 all of these things “everything that had just happened”
GEN 24 29 yd93 writing-background 0 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here the author tells background information about Rebekah. The author introduces her brother, Laban, to the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
GEN 24 30 n1zt figs-events 0 When he had seen the nose ring ... and when he had heard the words of Rebekah his sister These things happened before he ran out to the man. This tells why Laban ran out to the man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-events]])
GEN 24 30 si84 figs-quotations 0 when he had heard the words of Rebekah his sister, “This is what the man said to me,” This can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “when he had heard his sister Rebekah tell what the man had said to her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
GEN 24 30 qav2 0 behold, he The word “behold” here adds emphasis to what follows. “it was just as she had said: he”
GEN 24 31 w2vg 0 Come, you “Come in, you” or “Enter, you”
GEN 24 31 rud7 0 you blessed of Yahweh “you whom Yahweh has blessed”
GEN 24 31 tn1r figs-you 0 you Here the word “you” refers to Abraham’s servant. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
GEN 24 31 gk45 figs-rquestion 0 Why are you standing outside? Laban used this question to invite Abraham’s servant into his house. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You do not need to stay outside.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN 24 32 n6xf figs-go 0 So the man came to the house The word “came” can be translated as “went.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
GEN 24 32 h7z7 figs-activepassive 0 he unloaded the camels It is not clear who did this work. This may be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Laban’s servants unloaded the camels” or “the camels were unloaded” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 24 32 hhx8 figs-activepassive 0 The camels were given straw and feed, and water was provided This does not say who did the work. If you state this in active form use “Laban’s servants” as the subject. Alternate translation: “Laban’s servants gave straw and feed to the camels, and they provided water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 24 32 jti6 0 to wash his feet ... him “for Abraham’s servant and the men who were with him to wash their feet”
GEN 24 33 x4b4 0 They set Here, the word “they” refers to Laban’s family members or to the household servants.
GEN 24 33 th5z 0 set food before him “gave food to the servant”
GEN 24 33 d4p6 0 said what I have to say “spoken my words” or “told you why I am here”
GEN 24 35 x58h 0 he has become great Here the word “he” refers to Abraham.
GEN 24 35 w53i 0 become great “become very wealthy”
GEN 24 35 ff88 0 He has given The word “he” refers to Yahweh.
GEN 24 36 l6kq 0 General Information: Abraham’s servant continues speaking to Rebekah’s family.
GEN 24 36 em4l 0 bore a son to my master “gave birth to a son”
GEN 24 36 sw5h 0 he has given ... to him “my master has given ... to his son”
GEN 24 37 bu75 0 My master made me swear, saying “My master made me swear that I would do what he told me to do. He said”
GEN 24 37 gr54 0 from the daughters of the Canaanites This refers to Canaanite females. Alternate translation: “from the Canaanite women” or “from the Canaanites”
GEN 24 37 nd18 figs-synecdoche 0 in whose land I make my home “among whom I live.” Here, “I” stands for Abraham and all of his family and servants. Alternate translation: “among whom we live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN 24 38 ye3t 0 to my relatives “to my own clan”
GEN 24 39 pgj8 0 General Information: Abraham’s servant continues speaking to Rebekah’s family.
GEN 24 39 xvk8 figs-hypo 0 Perhaps the woman will not follow me. This is something that could possibly happen. Alternate translation: “What if the woman will not come back with me?” or “What should I do if the woman will not come back with me?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
GEN 24 40 mp4m figs-metaphor 0 before whom I walk Serving Yahweh is spoken of as if Abraham were walking in Yahweh’s presence. Alternate translation: “whom I serve” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 24 40 uj9t 0 he will prosper your way “he will make your journey successful”
GEN 24 40 f64z 0 family line “family”
GEN 24 41 x3ph figs-hypo 0 But you will be free from my oath if you come to my relatives and they will not give her to you. Then you will be free from my oath This is a hypothetical situation that Abraham did not think was likely to happen. Possible meanings are 1) “There is only one way for you to be free from my oath: if you come to my relatives and they will not give her to you, then you will be free from my oath” or, 2) building on verse 40, “If you go to my father’s family and ask for a girl, you will have done what I told you to do. If they will not give her to you, then you will be free from the oath you swore to me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
GEN 24 41 ijt4 figs-metaphor 0 you will be free from my oath “you will be released from the oath you made to me.” Not having to fulfill an oath is spoken of as if the person is free from an object to which he was bound. Alternate translation: “you will not have to do what you swore to me that you would do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 24 41 wll8 figs-go 0 if you come to my relatives Languages use the words come and go differently. Alternate translation: “if you arrive at my relatives’ home” or “if you go to my relatives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
GEN 24 42 t1j2 0 General Information: Abraham’s servant continues speaking to Rebekah’s family.
GEN 24 42 m7ps 0 the spring “the well”
GEN 24 43 ey1m 0 let the young woman who comes ... the woman to whom I say The servant goes back to stating his request. These are the first two things he has to say about the woman whom he hopes will come.
GEN 24 43 ru4z 0 to draw water “to get water”
GEN 24 43 ays7 0 pitcher This is a medium-size jar made of clay used for holding and pouring liquids. See how you translated this in [Genesis 24:14](../24/14.md).
GEN 24 44 k1f8 0 the woman who says to me, “Drink ... camels” The thought that begins with the words “let the young woman who comes” in verse 43 ends here. This is the third of the three things the servant has to say about the woman whom he hopes will come.
GEN 24 44 t41f 0 let her be the woman The servant finishes his request.
GEN 24 45 jux7 0 General Information: Abraham’s servant continues speaking to Rebekah’s family.
GEN 24 45 w249 figs-metaphor 0 speaking in my heart To pray silently in one’s mind is spoken of as if he were speaking in his heart. The word “heart” refers to his thoughts and his mind. Alternate translation: “praying” or “praying quietly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 24 45 s82z 0 behold, Rebekah came “suddenly Rebekah came” or “I was surprised because I saw Rebekah coming”
GEN 24 45 s4y4 0 pitcher This is a medium-size jar made of clay used for holding and pouring liquids. See how you translated this in [Genesis 24:14](../24/14.md).
GEN 24 45 v94w 0 she went down to the spring The phrase “went down” is used because the spring was somewhere lower than where the servant was standing.
GEN 24 45 r9da 0 spring opening in the ground from which fresh water comes
GEN 24 46 kvw1 0 watered the camels “gave water to the camels”
GEN 24 47 q3rt 0 General Information: Abraham’s servant continues speaking to Rebekah’s family.
GEN 24 47 wg1u 0 The daughter of Bethuel, Nahor’s son, whom Milkah bore to him “My father is Bethuel. His parents are Nahor and Milkah”
GEN 24 47 xxd2 0 ring ... bracelets In this story, all of these items were made of gold. See how you translated these in [Genesis 24:22](../24/22.md).
GEN 24 48 e8rq translate-symaction 0 I bowed down This is a sign of humility before God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
GEN 24 48 h58h 0 led me by the right way “brought me here”
GEN 24 48 zhy2 writing-connectingwords 0 who had led me The connecting word “because” can be used to show this is why the servant worshiped God. Alternate translation: “because Yahweh led me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-connectingwords]])
GEN 24 48 p249 0 my master’s relative This refers to Bethuel, the son of Abraham’s brother Nahor.
GEN 24 49 v7x5 0 General Information: Abraham’s servant continues speaking to Rebekah’s family.
GEN 24 49 u6eh 0 Now therefore “Now.” Here “Now” does not mean “at this moment,” but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows.
GEN 24 49 yac9 figs-explicit 0 if you are prepared to show covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness to my master, tell me How they could show the covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “tell me if you will be faithful and trustworthy to my master by giving Rebekah to be his son’s wife” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 24 49 q5fw figs-you 0 you The word “you” refers to Laban and Bethuel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
GEN 24 49 bf6u figs-abstractnouns 0 faithfulness and trustworthiness These abstract nouns can be stated as “faithful and trustworthy.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
GEN 24 49 r8l1 figs-ellipsis 0 But if not The understood information can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “But if you are not prepared to treat my master with family faithfulness and trustworthiness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
GEN 24 49 yjd9 figs-metaphor 0 so that I may turn to the right hand or to the left Possible meanings are 1) deciding what to do is spoken of as if the person will physically turn one direction or another. Alternate translation: “so that I will know what do” or 2) the servant wants to know if he needs to travel somewhere else. Alternate translation: “so that I may continue on my journey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 24 50 jew5 0 Bethuel This was the father of Laban and Rebekah.
GEN 24 50 x54j 0 The thing has come from Yahweh “Yahweh has caused all of this to happen”
GEN 24 50 e21v figs-idiom 0 we cannot speak to you either bad or good They are saying they do not have the authority to decide whether what God has done is good or bad. Alternate translation: “we dare not judge what Yahweh is doing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 24 51 y3tx 0 Look, Rebekah is “You can see Rebekah here”
GEN 24 51 zkd6 0 Rebekah is before you “Here is Rebekah”
GEN 24 52 f6nn 0 their words “what Laban and Bethuel said”
GEN 24 52 s5s4 translate-symaction 0 he bowed himself down Bowing down before God is an expression of worship to him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
GEN 24 53 c4x7 0 articles of silver and articles of gold “silver and gold items” or “things made of silver and gold”
GEN 24 53 yqa2 0 precious gifts “expensive gifts” or “valuable gifts”
GEN 24 54 w8v9 0 he and the men who were with him “Abraham’s servant and his men”
GEN 24 54 ssz6 0 stayed there overnight “slept there that night”
GEN 24 54 v8m5 0 arose in the morning “got up the next morning”
GEN 24 54 fw75 0 Send me away “Let me leave and return”
GEN 24 55 a6ia 0 a few more days, at least ten “at least ten more days”
GEN 24 55 ce7w 0 After that “Then”
GEN 24 56 pr3s 0 he said “Abraham’s servant said”
GEN 24 56 sl94 0 to them “to Rebekah’s brother and mother”
GEN 24 56 dav8 0 Do not hinder me “Do not delay me” or “Do not make me wait”
GEN 24 56 jnv7 figs-metonymy 0 Yahweh has prospered my way Here “way” stands for a journey. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has caused me to succeed in the purpose my journey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 24 56 g87g 0 Send me on my way “Allow me to leave”
GEN 24 59 qez3 0 So they sent their sister Rebekah “So the family sent Rebekah”
GEN 24 59 e462 0 their sister Rebekah was Laban’s sister. Alternate translation: “their relative” or “Laban’s sister”
GEN 24 59 uvk2 0 her female servant This refers to the female servant who had fed Rebekah when she was a baby, cared for her when she was a child, and still served her.
GEN 24 60 ck3m 0 Our sister Rebekah was not the sister to everyone in her family. But they called her this to show that they loved her. Alternate translation: “Our dear Rebekah”
GEN 24 60 lz94 0 may you be the mother of thousands of ten thousands Here “mother” stands for ancestor. Alternate translation: “may you be the ancestor of millions of people” or “may you have very many descendants”
GEN 24 60 k4au translate-numbers 0 thousands of ten thousands This means a very large number or an uncountable number. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN 24 60 lj6f figs-metonymy 0 may your descendants possess the gate of those who hate them Armies would break through the gate of their enemies’ cities and conquer the people. Alternate translation: “may your descendants completely defeat those who hate them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 24 61 m2sa 0 Then Rebekah arose, and she and her servant girls mounted the camels “Then Rebekah and her servant girls went and got on the camels”
GEN 24 61 s54m 0 Thus the servant took Rebekah, and went his way “In this way Abraham’s servant took Rebekah with him and returned to where he had come from”
GEN 24 62 de8g 0 Now This word marks a change in the story. It was telling about the servant finding a wife, and now it will tell about Isaac.
GEN 24 62 a6ll 0 Beer Lahai Roi This is the name of a water well in the Negev. See how you translated it in [Genesis 16:14](../16/14.md).
GEN 24 63 l5s8 0 Isaac went out to meditate in the field in the evening “One evening Isaac went out to the field to think.” This must have been a long time after the servant and Rebekah left her home since they had to travel a long distance.
GEN 24 63 r5zl 0 When he looked up and saw, behold, there were camels coming! The word “behold” here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows. “When he looked up he was surprised to see camels coming”
GEN 24 64 ct8r 0 Rebekah looked “Rebekah looked up”
GEN 24 64 xm2p 0 she jumped down from the camel “she quickly got off the camel”
GEN 24 65 ai22 translate-symaction 0 So she took her veil, and covered herself “So she covered her face with her veil.” This is a sign of respect and modesty towards the man she will marry. The full meaning of this can be made explicit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 24 65 x2me 0 veil a piece of cloth used to cover a person’s head, shoulders and face
GEN 24 67 c5ut figs-doublet 0 took Rebekah, and she became his wife Both of these phrases mean that Isaac married Rebekah. Alternate translation: “married Rebekah” or “took her as his wife” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
GEN 24 67 h9zw figs-activepassive 0 So Isaac was comforted This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “So Rebekah comforted Isaac” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 25 intro ig86 0 # Genesis 25 General Notes
## Structure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 25:23.
## Special concepts in this chapter
### Polygamy
Abraham married another wife. This was sinful of him. Many other Hebrew leaders came to marry multiple wives. This is known as “polygamy.” It has never been an acceptable practice. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
### Inheritance
In the ancient Near East, inheritance was passed on through the eldest son. Even though Esau and Jacob were twins, it is very important that Esau was born first. It was his birthright to receive his inheritance, but he foolishly gave it up. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/birthright]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]])
## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
### God fulfill’s his promise
God begins to fulfill the promise he gave to Abraham about making his descendants numerous. Many of these children through his concubines would become large people groups. This may not be easy to understand without the remainder of the Old Testament and the history it records. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 25 1 cu8t translate-names 0 General Information: See [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]].
GEN 25 4 rx7z 0 All these This refers to the people named in verses 2-4.
GEN 25 5 l5pw 0 Abraham gave all that he owned to Isaac “Isaac inherited all that Abraham owned.” It was normal for the father to divide his wealth when he was old and not leave that for others to do after he died.
GEN 25 7 wx9m translate-numbers 0 These were the days of the years of Abraham’s life which he lived, 175 years “These were ... he lived, one hundred and seventy-five years.” Abraham lived 175 years. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN 25 8 p4ht figs-doublet 0 Abraham breathed his last and died “Abraham took his last breath and died.” The phrases “breathed his last” and “died” mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “Abraham died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
GEN 25 8 ej3k figs-euphemism 0 breathed his last This is a polite way of saying a person died. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN 25 8 g4ax figs-doublet 0 at a good old age, an old man with a full life These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that Abraham lived a very long time. Alternate translation: “when he had lived a very long time and was very old” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
GEN 25 8 yns7 figs-metaphor 0 an old man with a full life Living a long life is spoken of as if life were a container that becomes full. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 25 8 x8xg figs-idiom 0 he was gathered to his people This means that after Abraham died, his soul went to the same place as his relatives who died before him. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he joined his family members who had already died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 25 9 mwj2 0 the cave of Machpelah, in the field of Ephron Ephron owned a field in Machpelah and the cave that was in that field. Abraham bought the field from Ephron.
GEN 25 9 q9gq translate-names 0 Machpelah Machpelah was the name of an area or region. See how you translated this in [Genesis 23:9](../23/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 25 9 cy2d translate-names 0 Ephron ... Zohar These are names of men. See how you translated these men’s names in [Genesis 23:8](../23/08.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 25 9 s1d5 0 which is near Mamre Machpela was near Mamre.
GEN 25 9 k9tk translate-names 0 Mamre This was another name for the city of Hebron. It may have been named after Mamre, the friend of Abraham who lived there. See how you translated this place name in [Genesis 23:17](../23/17.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 25 10 sbt9 0 This field Abraham had bought “Abraham had bought this field”
GEN 25 10 f1i4 0 sons of Heth “the descendants of Heth” or “the Hittites.” See how you translated this in [Genesis 23:5](../23/05.md).
GEN 25 10 d9zw figs-activepassive 0 Abraham was buried This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “They buried Abraham” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 25 11 qdt2 translate-names 0 Beer Lahai Roi This name means “the well of the living one who sees me.” See how you translated this place name in [Genesis 16:14](../16/14.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 25 12 uwb2 0 Now This word is used in English to introduce a new part of the story and information about Ishmael.
GEN 25 13 gn6t translate-names 0 General Information: See [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]].
GEN 25 16 xgd3 0 These were Ishmael’s sons, and these were their names, by their villages, and by their encampments; twelve princes according to their tribes This can be stated as two sentences. “These were the names of Ishmael’s twelve sons. They led tribes that were named after them, and they each had their own villages and campsites”
GEN 25 16 e5ag translate-numbers 0 twelve “12” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN 25 16 iy7y 0 princes Here the word “princes” means that the men were leaders or rules of the tribes; it does not mean that they were the sons of a king.
GEN 25 17 nem6 translate-numbers 0 These were the years of the life of Ishmael, 137 years “These were ... Ishmael, one hundred and thirty-seven years.” Ishmael lived 137 years. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN 25 17 s1vq figs-doublet 0 breathed his last and died The terms “breathed his last” and “died” mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
GEN 25 17 p7dl figs-idiom 0 was gathered to his people This means that after Ishmael died, his soul went to the same place as his relatives who died before him. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he joined his family members who had already died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 25 18 q1vv 0 They lived “His descendants settled”
GEN 25 18 z9aa 0 from Havilah to Ashhur “between Havilah and Ashhur”
GEN 25 18 pk2r translate-names 0 Havilah Havilah was located somewhere in the Arabian Desert. See how you translated this in [Genesis 2:11](../02/11.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 25 18 ev35 0 as one goes toward “in the direction of”
GEN 25 18 p8m3 0 They lived in hostility with each other Possible meanings are 1) “they did not live in peace together,” or 2) “they lived away from their other relatives.”
GEN 25 19 t67i figs-explicit 0 These were the events concerning Isaac, Abraham’s son This sentence introduces the account of Isaac’s descendants in Genesis 25:19-35:29. Alternate translation: “This is the account of the descendants of Isaac, Abraham’s son” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 25 20 gih8 translate-numbers 0 forty years old “40 years old” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN 25 20 g4lq 0 when he took as his wife Rebekah “when he married Rebekah”
GEN 25 20 xn63 translate-names 0 Bethuel Bethuel was Rebekah’s father. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 22:22](../22/22.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 25 20 dft3 translate-names 0 Paddan Aram This was another name for the region of Mesopotamia, which about the same location as modern Iraq. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 25 21 wr2b 0 she was childless “she was unable to become pregnant”
GEN 25 21 zn2s figs-explicit 0 Rebekah his wife conceived It can be made explicit that Rebekah was pregnant with two babies at the same time: “Rebekah, his wife, became pregnant with twins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 25 22 as86 0 The children struggled together within her “the babies inside her kept bumping against each other” or “The babies pushed against each other within her”
GEN 25 22 gza2 figs-explicit 0 The children ... within her Rebekah was pregnant with twins. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 25 22 u1xs 0 She went to ask Yahweh about this “She went and asked Yahweh about this.” It is not clear where she went. She may have gone somewhere private to pray, or she may have gone somewhere to offer a sacrifice.
GEN 25 23 y9m7 0 said to her “said to Rebekah”
GEN 25 23 m836 writing-poetry 0 Two nations ... serve the younger This is poetic language. If your language has a way to indicate poetry, you could use it here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]])
GEN 25 23 s1wf figs-metonymy 0 Two nations are in your womb Here “two nations” stands for the two children. Each child will be the father of a nation. Alternate translation: “Two nations will come from the twins within you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 25 23 lxl5 figs-metonymy 0 two peoples will be separated from within you Here “two peoples” stands for the two children. Each child will be the father of a people. This can be translated with an active verb. Alternate translation: “when you give birth to these two children they will be rivals” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 25 23 pgz5 0 the older will serve the younger Possible meanings are 1) “the older son will serve the younger son” or 2) “the descendants of the older son will serve the descendants of the younger son.” If possible, translate it so that people could understand either meaning.
GEN 25 24 urq6 0 behold, there “she was surprised to learn that there”
GEN 25 25 wyy1 figs-simile 0 red all over like a hairy garment Possible meanings are 1) his skin was red and he had a lot of hair on his body or 2) he had a lot of red hair on his body. Alternate translation: “red and hairy like a garment made of animal hair” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
GEN 25 25 p7lj 0 Esau Translators may add a footnote that says “The name Esau sounds like the word ‘hairy.’”
GEN 25 26 u57z 0 grasping Esau’s heel “holding the back part of Esau’s foot”
GEN 25 26 gls8 0 Jacob Translators may also add a footnote that says “The name Jacob means ‘he grasps the heel.’”
GEN 25 26 i7ic translate-numbers 0 sixty years old “60 years old” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN 25 27 a46v 0 became a skillful hunter “became good at hunting and killing animals for food”
GEN 25 27 ee9p 0 a quiet man “a peaceful man” or “a less active man”
GEN 25 27 n923 figs-metaphor 0 who spent his time in the tents This speaks about time as if it were a commodity that someone could spend. Alternate translation: “who remained in the tents much of the time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 25 28 t4i8 writing-background 0 Now This word is used to mark a change in focus, shifting from the story to background information about Isaac and Rebekah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
GEN 25 28 yr46 0 Isaac loved Here the word “loved” means “favored” or “preferred.”
GEN 25 28 m6rw 0 because he ate the animals that he had hunted “because he ate the animals that Esau had hunted” or “because he enjoyed eating the wild animal meat that Esau caught”
GEN 25 29 z5en 0 Jacob cooked Since this is the beginning of a story about something that happened one time, some translators may want to start it with a phrase like “One day, Jacob cooked” in a similar manner to the UST.
GEN 25 29 n13g 0 cooked some stew “boiled some food” or “cooked some soup.” This stew was made of boiled lentils ([Genesis 25:34](../25/34.md)).
GEN 25 29 ms24 0 he was weak from hunger “he was weak because he was very hungry” or “he was very hungry”
GEN 25 30 se91 0 I am exhausted “I am weak from hunger” or “I am very hungry”
GEN 25 30 x1uk 0 Edom Translators may add a footnote that says “The name Edom means ‘red.’”
GEN 25 31 nk7u 0 birthright right as firstborn to inherit most of the father’s wealth
GEN 25 32 efr4 figs-hyperbole 0 I am about to die Esau was exaggerating to emphasize how hungry he was. Alternate translation: “I am so hungry I feel like I could die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
GEN 25 32 h8jv figs-rquestion 0 What good is the birthright to me? Esau used a question to emphasize that eating was more important than a birthright. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “My inheritance is no good to me if I die of hunger!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN 25 33 b4qn figs-explicit 0 First swear to me What Jacob wanted Esau to swear can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “First swear to me that you will sell me your birthright” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 25 34 v7ff translate-unknown 0 lentils These are like beans, but their seeds are very small, round, and somewhat flat. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
GEN 25 34 r6tg 0 Esau despised his birthright “Esau showed that he did not value his birthright”
GEN 26 intro cwz4 0 # Genesis 26 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter
### Trust
When things in the land were bad, Isaac did not trust in Yahweh. Instead, he ran to the safety of Egypt. Even when Abraham’s descendants did not trust in Yahweh’s faithfulness to fulfill his covenant, Yahweh remained faithful to his covenant and blessed Isaac. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])
### Wells
In the ancient Near East, wells were very important strategically. Therefore, they were a sign of power and a sign of God’s blessing being upon Isaac.
## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
### “She is my sister”
Isaac was afraid the Egyptians would see him as a foreigner and upon seeing his beautiful wife, they would try to kill him. This would free Rebekah to marry someone else. Apparently, it would have been easy for them to kill a foreigner without punishment. If she was Isaac’s sister, they would have shown favor to him. This is the same thing his father, Abraham, did. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/favor]])
GEN 26 1 n54s 0 Now This word is used here to mark a new part of the story.
GEN 26 1 vwi7 0 a famine happened “there was a famine” or “there was another famine”
GEN 26 1 ags3 figs-explicit 0 in the land You can state explicitly the land to which this refers. Alternate translation: “in the land where Isaac and his family lived” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 26 1 a6wl 0 that had been in the days of Abraham “that had happened during Abraham’s life” or “that had happened while Abraham was alive”
GEN 26 2 p1xe 0 General Information: Yahweh begins to speak to Isaac.
GEN 26 2 t4aj 0 appeared to him “appeared to Isaac”
GEN 26 2 mqf3 figs-idiom 0 Do not go down to Egypt It was common to speak of leaving the promised land as “going down” to another place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 26 3 v9hh 0 for to you and to your descendants, I will give all these lands “for I will give all these lands to you and your descendants”
GEN 26 3 ekq9 0 I will fulfill the oath that I swore to Abraham your father “I will do what I promised Abraham your father I would do”
GEN 26 4 tu5b 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to Isaac.
GEN 26 4 y44e 0 I will multiply your descendants “I will cause you to have very many descendants.”
GEN 26 4 k6jq figs-simile 0 like the stars of heaven This speaks about the number of Isaac’s descendants as if they were the same as the number of stars. See how you translated this in [Genesis 22:17](../22/17.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
GEN 26 4 jm8x 0 heaven This refers to everything we see above the earth, including the sun, moon, and stars.
GEN 26 4 hpl9 figs-activepassive 0 all the nations of the earth will be blessed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will bless all the nations of the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 26 5 nr7e figs-parallelism 0 Abraham obeyed my voice and kept my instructions, my commandments, my statutes, and my laws The phrases “obeyed my voice” and “kept my instructions, my commandments, my statutes, and my laws” mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “Abraham obeyed me and did everything I commanded him to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
GEN 26 5 brk9 figs-synecdoche 0 obeyed my voice Here “voice” stands for Yahweh. Alternate translation: “obeyed me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN 26 6 wr4q figs-explicit 0 So Isaac settled in Gerar Only Isaac is mentioned because he is the leader of the family, but his whole family was with him. Alternate translation: “So Isaac and his family settled in Gerar” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 26 7 rr88 0 He feared to say Here “fear” refers to the unpleasant feeling a person has when there is a threat of harm to himself or others. “He was afraid to say”
GEN 26 7 j128 0 to get Rebekah “in order to take Rebekah”
GEN 26 8 z63l 0 He saw, behold, Isaac The word “behold” shows that what Abimelech saw surprised him. Alternate translation: “And he was surprised to see that Isaac”
GEN 26 8 i16v 0 was caressing Rebekah Possible meanings are 1) he was touching her the way a husband touches his wife or 2) he was laughing and talking with her the way a husband talks with his wife.
GEN 26 9 hv6m figs-metonymy 0 Abimelech called Isaac to him Abimelech probably sent someone to tell Isaac that Abimelech wanted to see him. Alternate translation: “Abimelech sent someone to bring Isaac to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 26 9 aeb1 figs-quotesinquotes 0 Why did you say, ‘She is my sister’? This is a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “Why did you say that she is your sister?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
GEN 26 9 m9n4 0 to get her “so he could take her”
GEN 26 10 t2ul figs-rquestion 0 What is this you have done to us? Abimelech used this question to scold Isaac. Alternate translation: “You should not have done this to us!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN 26 10 s759 figs-euphemism 0 might easily have lain with your wife The word “lain” here is a euphemism for “had sexual relations.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN 26 10 t1mu figs-metaphor 0 you would have brought guilt upon us This speaks about causing someone to be guilty as if “guilt” were an object that is placed on someone. Alternate translation: “you would have caused us to be guilty of taking a man’s wife” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 26 10 l5d1 figs-exclusive 0 upon us Here “us” refers to Abimelech and his people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
GEN 26 11 ztx1 figs-idiom 0 Whoever touches this man Here “touches” means to touch in a harmful way. Alternate translation: “Whoever harms this man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 26 11 fk2l figs-activepassive 0 will surely be put to death Abimelech may have intended to tell someone to kill anyone who might harm Isaac or Rebekah. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will put him to death” or “I will order my men to kill him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 26 12 tl8n 0 General Information: This begins a new part of the story. It changes from telling about Isaac calling Rebekah his sister, and it starts to tell about how Isaac became very rich and the Philistines were jealous of him.
GEN 26 12 f6x6 0 in that land “in Gerar”
GEN 26 12 d294 translate-numbers 0 a hundredfold This means “one hundred times as much as he planted.” It can be translated more generally as “a very large crop.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN 26 13 i68k 0 The man became rich “Isaac became rich” or “He became rich”
GEN 26 13 p5mh 0 grew more and more until he became very great “he gained more and more until he became very wealthy”
GEN 26 14 jv6c figs-explicit 0 sheep This may also include goats. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 26 14 h37m figs-metonymy 0 a large household Here “household” stands for workers or servants. Alternate translation: “many servants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 26 14 f17g 0 The Philistines envied him “The Philistines were jealous of him”
GEN 26 15 rue9 writing-connectingwords 0 Now Here this word does not mean “at this moment.” It is indicating where the action in the story begins. It can be translated with the connecting word “So” to show that this is a result of what happened in [Genesis 26:12-14](./12.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-connectingwords]])
GEN 26 15 xy1c 0 in the days of Abraham his father The phrase “in the days of” stands for a person’s lifetime. Alternate translation: “when Abraham, his father, was living” or “during his father Abraham’s lifetime”
GEN 26 16 f5ia writing-connectingwords 0 Abimelech said Possible meanings are 1) this is another action to force Isaac and his people to leave. Alternate translation: “Then Abimelech said” or “Finally Abimelech said” or 2) Abimelech made this decision because he saw that his people were jealous and acting in a hostile way towards Isaac. Alternate translation: “Therefore Abimelech said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-connectingwords]])
GEN 26 16 e8vy 0 much mightier than we “much stronger than we are”
GEN 26 17 tz3u figs-explicit 0 So Isaac departed Only Isaac is mentioned because he is the leader, but his family and servants went with him. Alternate translation: “So Isaac and his household left” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 26 18 r15b figs-synecdoche 0 Isaac dug out Here “Isaac” stands for Isaac and his servants. Alternate translation: “Isaac and his servants dug out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN 26 18 hly9 0 which they had dug “which Abraham’s servants had dug”
GEN 26 18 c6vy 0 in the days of Abraham his father “during his father Abraham’s lifetime” or “when Abraham, his father, was living”
GEN 26 18 sn3p figs-events 0 The Philistines had stopped them up This was the reason that Isaac dug them out. Possible ways to translate this are: 1) Since this happened first, this sentence can come before the sentence about Isaac digging them out, as in the UST. or 2) This sentence can start with “Isaac did this because the Philistines had stopped them up.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-events]])
GEN 26 18 jfl7 0 had stopped them up “had filled them with earth”
GEN 26 19 b9ic figs-idiom 0 flowing water This phrase refers to a natural spring they uncovered when they were digging a new well. It provided a continuous flow of fresh drinking water. Alternate translation: “fresh water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 26 20 m6un 0 herdsmen men who tended livestock
GEN 26 20 ls3b figs-exclusive 0 This water is ours Here “ours” refers to the herdsmen of Gerar. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
GEN 26 20 nw21 translate-names 0 Esek Translators may also add a footnote that says “The name Esek means ‘quarrel’ or ‘argue.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 26 21 kan5 0 Then they dug “Then Isaac’s servants dug”
GEN 26 21 t12r 0 they quarreled “the herdsmen of Gerar argued with Isaac’s herdsmen”
GEN 26 21 ss3i 0 so he gave it “so Isaac gave it”
GEN 26 21 ny83 translate-names 0 Sitnah Translators may add a footnote that says “The name Sitnah means ‘oppose’ or ‘accuse.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 26 22 gd8u translate-names 0 Rehoboth Translators may add a footnote that says “The name Rehoboth means ‘make room for’ or ‘empty place.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 26 22 kj55 0 us ... we Isaac was speaking about himself and his household.
GEN 26 23 ct3x 0 Isaac went up from there to Beersheba Here “went up” is probably a reference to going north. Say that he departed in the most natural way for your language. Alternate translation: “Isaac left there and went to Beersheba”
GEN 26 24 sq69 0 multiply your descendants “will cause your descendants to increase greatly” or “will cause your descendants to be very many”
GEN 26 24 j1jd figs-explicit 0 for my servant Abraham’s sake “for my servant Abraham” or you can make the full meaning explicit. Alternate translation: “because I promised my servant Abraham that I would do this” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 26 25 g525 figs-explicit 0 Isaac built an altar there You can make explicit why Isaac built an altar. Alternate translation: “Isaac built an altar there to sacrifice to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 26 25 pam6 figs-metonymy 0 called on the name of Yahweh To “call on” means to pray or to worship. Here “name” stands for Yahweh. Alternate translation: “prayed to Yahweh” or “worshiped Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 26 26 k6ep 0 went to him “went to Isaac”
GEN 26 26 ls17 translate-names 0 Ahuzzath This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 26 26 lca7 0 his friend Possible meanings are 1) “Abimelech’s friend” or 2) “Abimelech’s advisor.”
GEN 26 26 mcz9 translate-names 0 Phicol This is the name of a man. See how you translated his name in [Genesis 21:22](../21/22.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 26 28 pw9y 0 they said This refers to Abimelech, Ahuzzath, and Phicol. One of them spoke and the other two agreed with what he said. It does not mean they all spoke at the same time. Alternate translation: “one of them said”
GEN 26 28 pt6d 0 We have clearly seen “We know” or “We are certain”
GEN 26 28 wg9d 0 So let us make a covenant “So we want to make a covenant”
GEN 26 29 b7sa 0 and as we have treated you well This can also be translated as the beginning of a new sentence. “We have done only good to you”
GEN 26 29 qgj3 figs-activepassive 0 you are blessed by Yahweh This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has blessed you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 26 30 ur1a figs-explicit 0 Isaac made a feast for them, and they ate and drank Eating a meal together was a part of making a covenant with one another. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 26 30 wvz4 0 for them Here “them” refers to “Abimelech, Ahuzzath, and Phicol”
GEN 26 30 rb7d 0 they ate Here “they” refers to Isaac, Abimelech, Ahuzzath, and Phicol. Alternate translation: “they all ate”
GEN 26 31 bpu3 0 They rose early “They awoke early”
GEN 26 33 l4xz translate-names 0 He called the well Shibah “So he called the well Shibah.” Translators may add a footnote that says “The name Shibah sounds like the word that means ‘oath.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 26 33 ymy1 0 Beersheba Translators may add a footnote saying “Beersheba can mean either “well of the oath” or “well of seven.” (See note on [Genesis 21:32](../21/32.md))
GEN 26 34 mr5x 0 General Information: Most of Genesis 26 was about Isaac. These verses are about his older son Esau.
GEN 26 34 n2fj translate-numbers 0 forty “40” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN 26 34 f6p7 figs-explicit 0 he took a wife “he married.” You can state explicitly that he married two women. Alternate translation: “he took two wives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 26 34 n6q3 translate-names 0 Judith ... Basemath These are the names of Esau’s wives. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 26 34 vpc3 translate-names 0 Beeri ... Elon These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 26 34 es97 translate-names 0 the Hittite “the descendant of Heth” or “a descendant of Heth.” The Hittite people were the descendants of Heth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 26 35 tfu7 figs-metaphor 0 They brought sorrow to Isaac and Rebekah Here “they” refers to Judith and Basemath. To make someone sorrowful or miserable is spoken of as if “sorrow” were an object that a person could bring to another person. Alternate translation: “They made Isaac and Rebekah sorrowful” or “Isaac and Rebekah were miserable because of them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 27 intro r9m3 0 # Genesis 27 General Notes
## Structure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 27:27-29 and in 27:39-40.
## Special concepts in this chapter
### Blessing
In the ancient Near East, a father’s blessing was very important. This spoken blessing was legally binding. Jacob previously received the birthright from Esau and was guaranteed the double portion of land money that was supposed to be inherited by the older son, Esau. In this chapter, Jacob tricks Isaac into giving him Esau’s blessing. This means that he is to inherit the promises of the covenant Yahweh made with Abraham. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/birthright]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])
GEN 27 1 dk7f figs-metaphor 0 his eyes were dim This speaks about being nearly blind as if the eyes were a lamp and the light has nearly gone out. Alternate translation: “he was nearly blind” or “he was almost blind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 27 1 xl56 0 Here I am “I am here” or “I am listening.” See how you translated this in [Genesis 22:1](../22/01.md).
GEN 27 2 chx2 figs-explicit 0 See here The phrase “see here” adds emphasis to what follows. Alternate translation: “Listen carefully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 27 2 r5ug figs-explicit 0 I do not know the day of my death It is implied that Isaac knows he will die soon. Alternate translation: “I may die any day now” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 27 2 djk1 0 death This refers to physical death.
GEN 27 3 g526 0 General Information: Isaac continues giving instructions to his older son Isaac.
GEN 27 3 dk3j 0 your weapons “your hunting equipment”
GEN 27 3 q9sp figs-explicit 0 your quiver A quiver is a case for holding arrows. Alternate translation: “your quiver of arrows” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 27 3 r6x1 0 hunt game for me “hunt a wild animal for me”
GEN 27 4 z48e figs-explicit 0 Make delicious food for me, the sort that I love The word “delicious” refers to something that tastes very good. Alternate translation: “Cook for me the tasty meat that I love” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 27 4 wt6a 0 bless you In Bible times, a father would often pronounce a formal blessing on his children.
GEN 27 5 xjr9 writing_background 0 This verse is background information for the description of the events that follow. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
GEN 27 5 wkc6 writing-background 0 Now This verse is background information for the description of the events that follow. The word “now” shows that the author is going to begin to talk about Rebekah and Jacob. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
GEN 27 5 f3na 0 Rebekah heard it when Isaac spoke to Esau his son “Rebekah heard Isaac speaking to his son Esau”
GEN 27 5 wpq7 0 to Esau his son Esau was the son of both Isaac and Rebekah. The author calls Esau “his son” to emphasize that Isaac preferred Esau over Isaac.
GEN 27 6 jlu7 writing_background 0 This verse continues the background information that begins with the words “Now Rebekah heard” in verse 5. It is background information for the description of the events that follow. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
GEN 27 6 fr9i writing-connectingwords 0 Rebekah spoke to Jacob This verse continues the background information that begins with the words “Esau went ... bring it back” in verse 5. It is background information for the description of the events that follow. After Esau leaves, Rebekah speaks to Jacob because of what she has heard. “So when Esau went ... bring it back, Rebekah spoke to Jacob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-connectingwords]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing_background]])
GEN 27 6 j6cj 0 to Jacob her son Jacob was the son of both Isaac and Rebekah. The author calls Jacob “her son” here to emphasize that Rebekah preferred Jacob over Esau.
GEN 27 6 yc8h 0 See here The phrase “see here” adds emphasis to what follows. Alternate translation: “Listen carefully”
GEN 27 7 nl2j figs-quotesinquotes 0 ‘Bring me game and make me delicious food, that I may eat it and bless you in the presence of Yahweh before my death.’ These are the words that the author introduces with the words “He said” in verse 6. This is a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. “He told Esau to hunt a wild animal, and to make the tasty meat that he loves. Then before he dies, your father will bless Esau in the presence of Yahweh.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
GEN 27 7 chc2 0 Bring me game “Bring me a wild animal that you hunt and kill”
GEN 27 7 epu1 0 make me delicious food “cook for me the tasty meat that I love.” See how this was translated in [Genesis 27:4](../27/04.md).
GEN 27 7 tq2y 0 bless you in the presence of Yahweh “bless you before Yahweh”
GEN 27 7 ei7n 0 before my death “before I die”
GEN 27 8 f173 0 General Information: Rebekah continues to speak to her younger son Jacob.
GEN 27 8 y3a9 0 Now This does not mean “at this moment,” but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows.
GEN 27 8 g188 figs-metonymy 0 obey my voice as I command you Rebekah said “my voice” to refer to what she was saying. Alternate translation: “obey me and do what I tell you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 27 9 vla2 0 I will make delicious food from them for your father, just like he loves The word “delicious” refers to something that tastes very good. See how a similar sentence was translated in [Genesis 27:4](../27/04.md).
GEN 27 10 jnw9 0 You will take it to your father “Then take it to your father”
GEN 27 10 y1kp 0 so that he may eat it, so that he may bless you “and after he eats it, he will bless you”
GEN 27 10 j39b 0 he may bless you The word “bless” refers to the formal blessing a father pronounces on his children.
GEN 27 10 g1ev 0 before his death “before he dies”
GEN 27 11 qtd3 0 I am a smooth man “I am a man with smooth skin” or “I am not hairy”
GEN 27 12 t3a4 0 I will seem to him as a deceiver “he will think that I am a liar” or “he will know that I am deceiving him”
GEN 27 12 s8h4 figs-metaphor 0 I will bring a curse upon me and not a blessing Being cursed or blessed is spoken of as if a curse and a blessing are objects that are placed on a person. Alternate translation: “Then because of this, he will curse me and not bless me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 27 13 svh3 figs-metaphor 0 My son, let any curse fall on me “let your curse be on me, my son.” Being cursed is spoken of as if the curse were on object that is placed on the person. Alternate translation: “let your father curse me instead of you, my son” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 27 13 yj3y figs-metonymy 0 obey my voice Rebekah said “my voice” to refer to what she was saying. Alternate translation: “obey what I tell you” or “obey me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 27 13 p12u 0 bring them to me “bring me the young goats”
GEN 27 14 fje9 0 made delicious food, just like his father loved The word “delicious” refers to something that tastes very good. See how a similar sentence was translated in [Genesis 27:4](../27/04.md).
GEN 27 16 cd2u 0 She put the skins of the young goats on his hands The goat skins still had the hair on them.
GEN 27 17 zjt6 0 She put the delicious food and the bread that she had prepared into the hand of her son Jacob “She gave to her son Jacob the delicious food and bread which she had prepared”
GEN 27 18 ak4j 0 Here I am “Yes, I am listening” or “Yes, what is it?” See how you translated this in [Genesis 22:1](../22/01.md).
GEN 27 19 rss2 0 I have done as you said to me “I have done what you told me to do”
GEN 27 19 h2fq 0 some of my game The word “game” refers to wild animals that someone hunts and kills. See how “game” was translated in [Genesis 27:3](../27/03.md).
GEN 27 20 rke8 0 He said “Jacob replied”
GEN 27 20 wk6c figs-idiom 0 brought it to me This is an idiom meaning that God caused it to happen. Alternate translation: “helped me to succeed while hunting” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 27 21 jmh1 0 whether you are my true son Esau or not “if you are really my son Esau”
GEN 27 22 zy8a 0 Jacob went over to Isaac his father “Jacob approached Isaac his father”
GEN 27 22 g574 figs-synecdoche 0 The voice is Jacob’s voice Here Issac speaks of Jacob’s voice as representing Jacob. Alternate translation: “You sound like Jacob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN 27 22 yi47 figs-synecdoche 0 but the hands are the hands of Esau Here Issac speaks of Esau’s hands as representing Esau. Alternate translation: “but your hands feel like Esau’s hands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN 27 24 wi51 figs-events 0 He said Isaac asks this question before blessing his son. Alternate translation: “But first Isaac asked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-events]])
GEN 27 25 sqb8 0 eat of your game The word “game” refers to a wild animal that people hunt and kill. See how “game” was translated in [Genesis 27:7](../27/07.md).
GEN 27 25 w6sf 0 he drank “Isaac drank it”
GEN 27 27 tr1w figs-explicit 0 he smelled the smell of his clothes and blessed him It can be made explicit that the clothes smelled like Esau’s clothes. Alternate translation: “he smelled his clothes and they smelled like Esau’s clothes, so Isaac blessed him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 27 27 nr5p 0 he smelled “Isaac smelled”
GEN 27 27 e57u 0 the smell “the scent”
GEN 27 27 t86t 0 blessed him “then he blessed him.” This refers to the formal blessing a father pronounces on his children.
GEN 27 27 m1kb 0 See, the smell of my son The word “see” is used as an emphatic figure of speech to mean “it is true.” Alternate translation: “Truly, the smell of my son”
GEN 27 27 s46h figs-idiom 0 that Yahweh has blessed Here the word “blessed” means that Yahweh has caused good things to happen to the field and it has become fruitful. Alternate translation: “that Yahweh has caused to be very productive” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 27 28 q1wj 0 General Information: This is Isaac’s blessing. He thought he was speaking to Esau, but he was speaking to Jacob.
GEN 27 28 e1me figs-you 0 give you Here “you” is singular and refers to Jacob. But the blessing would also apply to Jacob’s descendants. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN 27 28 v1nn figs-explicit 0 dew of heaven “Dew” is drops of water that form on the plants during the night. This can be made explicit in the translation. Alternate translation: “night mist from heaven to water your crops” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 27 28 wst4 figs-metaphor 0 fatness of the earth Having fertile land is spoken of as if the earth were fat or rich. Alternate translation: “good soil for producing crops” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 27 28 hlu3 figs-explicit 0 plenty of grain and new wine If “grain” and “wine” are unknown, this can be stated more generally. Alternate translation: “plenty of food and drink” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 27 29 z9hr figs-you 0 you ... your Here these pronouns are singular and refer to Jacob. But the blessing also applies to Jacob’s descendants. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN 27 29 i4ct figs-metonymy 0 nations bow down Here “nations” refers to the people. Alternate translation: “people from all nations bow down” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 27 29 qa8g translate-symaction 0 bow down This means to bend over to humbly express respect and honor toward someone. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
GEN 27 29 z1qi 0 Be master over your brothers “Become a master over your brothers”
GEN 27 29 lvg1 figs-synecdoche 0 your brothers ... your mother’s sons Isaac is speaking this blessing directly to Jacob. But, it also applies to Jacob’s descendants who will rule over the descendants of Esau and the descendants of any other of Jacob’s brothers that he may have. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN 27 29 vc3p 0 may your mother’s sons bow down to you “your mother’s sons will bow down to you”
GEN 27 29 af44 figs-activepassive 0 May every one who curses you be cursed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “May God curse everyone who curses you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 27 29 rwr2 figs-activepassive 0 may every one who blesses you be blessed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “May God bless everyone who blesses you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 27 30 dae7 0 had scarcely gone out from the presence of Isaac his father “had just left the tent of Isaac his father”
GEN 27 31 htl4 0 delicious food “tasty meat that I love.” See how this was translated in [Genesis 27:3](../27/03.md).
GEN 27 31 jjd8 figs-123person 0 some of your son’s game Here “your son’s” was a polite way of Esau referring to his own food he prepared. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN 27 31 r39y 0 your son’s game The word “game” refers to wild animals that people hunt to eat. See how “game” was translated in [Genesis 27:7](../27/07.md).
GEN 27 31 p6yp 0 bless me This refers to the formal blessing a father pronounces on his children.
GEN 27 32 qzp4 0 said to him “said to Esau”
GEN 27 33 s8l1 0 Isaac trembled “Isaac began to shake”
GEN 27 33 vrt1 0 hunted this game Game refers to a wild animal that people hunt and kill. See how “game” was translated in [Genesis 27:7](../27/07.md).
GEN 27 34 g5y4 figs-metaphor 0 he cried with a very great and bitter cry Esau’s anguish was similar to the taste of something bitter. Alternate translation: “he cried loudly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 27 35 xrv3 figs-metaphor 0 has taken away your blessing This is a figure of speech meaning Jacob took what was Esau’s. Alternate translation: “I have blessed him instead of you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 27 36 vpk4 figs-rquestion 0 Is he not rightly named Jacob? Esau uses a question to emphasize his anger at Jacob. Alternate translation: “Jacob is certainly the right name for my brother!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN 27 36 rq3b 0 Jacob Translators may also add a footnote that says: “The name Jacob means ‘he grasps the heel.’ In the original language the name ‘Jacob’ also sounds like the word for ‘he deceives.’”
GEN 27 36 s7al figs-metaphor 0 He took away my birthright This speaks about a birthright as if it were an object that a person could take away. Alternate translation: “What was once my birthright is now his because he tricked me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 27 36 d3f1 figs-metaphor 0 now he has taken away my blessing This speaks about a blessing as if it were an object that person could take away. Alternate translation: “now he has tricked you into blessing him instead of me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 27 36 bej9 0 Have you not reserved a blessing for me Esau knows that his father cannot bless him with the same things that he blessed Jacob. Esau is asking if there is anything left to say to him that Isaac did not say while blessing Jacob.
GEN 27 37 z3vr figs-rquestion 0 What more can I do for you, my son? Isaac uses a question to emphasize that there is nothing else he can do. Alternate translation: “There is nothing else I can do for you!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN 27 38 xf7q 0 Have you not even one blessing for me, my father This can be stated in positive form. “My father, do you have one more blessing for me”
GEN 27 39 yu4i 0 said to him “said to Esau”
GEN 27 39 j4p8 0 Look, the place “Pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important: the place”
GEN 27 39 ykr5 figs-metaphor 0 far from the richness of the earth This is a figure of speech referring to the earth’s fertility. Alternate translation: “far from the fertile soil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 27 39 xpl9 figs-explicit 0 dew of the sky above “Dew” is drops of water that form on the plants during the night. This can be made explicit in the translation. Alternate translation: “the night mist from the sky to water your crops” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 27 40 vn48 figs-synecdoche 0 your ... you In 27:39-40 these pronouns are singular and refer to Esau, but what Isaac says also applies to Esau’s descendants (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN 27 40 tzg9 figs-metonymy 0 By your sword you will live Here “sword” stands for violence. Alternate translation: “You will rob and kill people in order to get what you need to live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 27 40 rvk2 figs-metaphor 0 you will shake his yoke from off your neck This speaks about someone having a master as if the master’s control over the person were a yoke that the person had to carry. Alternate translation: “you will free yourself from his control” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 27 41 ajl9 figs-synecdoche 0 Esau said in his heart Here “heart” stands for Esau himself. Alternate translation: “Esau said to himself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN 27 41 f5u3 0 days of mourning for my father are near This refers to a number of days a person grieves when a family member dies.
GEN 27 42 xuy8 figs-activepassive 0 The words of Esau her older son were told to Rebekah This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Someone told Rebekah about Esau’s plan” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 27 42 f45j 0 See “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you”
GEN 27 42 n35u 0 is consoling himself “is making himself feel better”
GEN 27 43 n2yn 0 Now This does not mean “at this moment,” but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows.
GEN 27 43 h9zp 0 flee to Laban “leave here quickly and go to Laban”
GEN 27 44 f6w6 0 for a while “for a period of time”
GEN 27 44 nuh4 0 until your brother’s fury subsides “until you brother calms down”
GEN 27 45 bkx2 figs-metaphor 0 until your brother’s anger turns away from you No longer being angry is spoken of as if the anger turns to a different direction away from the person. Alternate translation: “until he is no longer angry with you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 27 45 s57p figs-rquestion 0 Why should I lose you both in one day? Rebekah uses a question to emphasize her concern. Alternate translation: “I do not want to lose both of you in one day!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN 27 45 b5v1 figs-explicit 0 I lose you both in one day It is implied that if Esau kills Jacob, then they will execute Esau as a murderer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 27 45 mt31 figs-euphemism 0 I lose This is a polite way of referring to her sons dying. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN 27 46 z2lw figs-hyperbole 0 I am weary of life Rebekah is exaggerating to emphasize how upset she is about the Hittite women that Esau married. Alternate translation: “I am terribly upset” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
GEN 27 46 d19k 0 the daughters of Heth “these Hittite women” or “descendants of Heth”
GEN 27 46 ujy2 figs-idiom 0 like these women, some of the daughters of the land The phrase “daughters of the land” means the local females. Alternate translation: “like these women who live in this land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 27 46 z91x figs-rquestion 0 what good will my life be to me? Rebekah uses a question to emphasize how upset she would be if Jacob marries a Hittite woman. Alternate translation: “My life will be awful!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN 28 intro t611 0 # Genesis 28 General Notes
## Structure and formatting
Even though Jacob tricked his father in order to receive Esau’s blessing, the chapter repeats the blessing, ensuring he inherits the blessings promised to Abraham. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]])
## Special concepts in this chapter
### Jacob’s dream
Jacob had a dream or received a vision. The purpose of this dream is to show that, despite Jacob’s sin, God is giving Abraham’s covenant promises to Jacob and his descendants. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]])
### Bethel
This was an important city for Abraham and his descendants. It is possible that there is some theological significance to the city of Bethel.
GEN 28 1 nl2p 0 You must not take “Do not take”
GEN 28 2 jcc6 0 Arise, go “Go right away”
GEN 28 2 ptv8 translate-names 0 Paddan Aram This was another name for the region of Mesopotamia, which about the same location as modern Iraq. See how this was translated in [Genesis 25:20](../25/20.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 28 2 dv3j figs-metonymy 0 house of This refers to a person’s descendants or other relatives. Alternate translation: “family” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 28 2 m29w translate-names 0 Bethuel Bethuel was Rebekah’s father. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 22:22](../22/22.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 28 2 dh9y 0 your mother’s father “your grandfather”
GEN 28 2 fqr7 0 one of the daughters “from the daughters”
GEN 28 2 a74b 0 your mother’s brother “your uncle”
GEN 28 3 u2mm 0 General Information: Isaac continues speaking to Jacob
GEN 28 3 qw5a figs-doublet 0 make you fruitful and multiply you The word “multiply” explains how God would make Jacob “fruitful.” Alternate translation: “give you many children and descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
GEN 28 4 nas7 figs-metaphor 0 May he give you the blessing of Abraham, to you, and to your descendants after you This speaks about blessing someone as if a blessing were an object that a person can give. The abstract noun “the blessing” can be stated as “bless.” Alternate translation: “May God bless you and your descendants as he blessed Abraham” or “May God give to you and your descendants what he promised to Abraham” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
GEN 28 4 eja3 figs-metaphor 0 that you may inherit the land God giving the land of Canaan to Jacob and his descendants is spoken of as if a child were inheriting money or possessions from his father. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 28 4 da2s 0 the land where you have been living “the land where you have been staying”
GEN 28 4 yx4w 0 which God gave to Abraham “which God promised to Abraham”
GEN 28 5 c4ky translate-names 0 Paddan Aram This was another name for the region of Mesopotamia, which about the same location as modern Iraq. See how this was translated in [Genesis 25:20](../25/20.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 28 5 ses3 translate-names 0 Bethuel Bethuel was Rebekah’s father. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 22:22](../22/22.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 28 6 b2pg 0 General Information: The story changes from Jacob to Esau
GEN 28 6 mjy9 writing-background 0 Now This word is used here to mark a change from the story to background information about Esau. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
GEN 28 6 ic25 translate-names 0 Paddan Aram This was another name for the region of Mesopotamia, which about the same location as modern Iraq. See how this was translated in [Genesis 25:20](../25/20.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 28 6 avf6 0 to take a wife “to take a wife for himself”
GEN 28 6 epz3 0 He also saw that Isaac had blessed him “Esau also saw that Isaac had blessed Jacob”
GEN 28 6 xj5i 0 You must not take “Do not take”
GEN 28 6 sp4g 0 women of Canaan “daughters of Canaan” or “Canaanite women”
GEN 28 8 gmv1 0 General Information: This continues the background information about Esau.
GEN 28 8 h454 0 Esau saw “Esau realized”
GEN 28 8 a14e 0 the women of Canaan did not please Isaac his father “his father Isaac did not approve of the women of Canaan”
GEN 28 8 sp9b 0 women of Canaan “daughters of Canaan” or “the Canaanite women”
GEN 28 9 pn6x 0 So he went “Because of that, he went”
GEN 28 9 e5ya 0 besides the wives that he had “in addition to the wives that he already had”
GEN 28 9 l4pn translate-names 0 Mahalath This is the name of one of Ishmael’s daughters. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 28 9 su64 translate-names 0 Nebaioth This is the name of one of Ishmael’s sons. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 28 10 uh6w 0 General Information: The story switches back to Jacob
GEN 28 11 ru38 0 He came to a certain place and stayed there all night, because the sun had set “He came to a certain place and, because the sun had set, he decided to stay for the night”
GEN 28 12 mwk8 0 He dreamed “Jacob had a dream”
GEN 28 12 z48g 0 set up on the earth “with the bottom of it touching the ground”
GEN 28 12 pn7d 0 reached to heaven This refers to the place where God lives.
GEN 28 13 ax75 0 Behold The word “behold” here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows.
GEN 28 13 wwx2 0 Yahweh stood above it Possible meanings are 1) “Yahweh was standing at the top of the stairway” or 2) “Yahweh was standing next to Jacob”
GEN 28 13 a91d 0 Abraham your father Here “father” means “ancestor.” Alternate translation: “Abraham your ancestor” or “Abraham your forefather”
GEN 28 14 j413 0 General Information: God continues to talk to Jacob in a dream.
GEN 28 14 wu5i figs-simile 0 Your descendants will be like the dust of the earth God compares Jacob’s descendants to the dust of the earth to emphasize their huge number. Alternate translation: “You will have more descendants than you can count” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
GEN 28 14 pyi5 figs-metonymy 0 you will spread far out to the west The word “you” is singular and refers to Jacob. Here Jacob represents his descendants. Alternate translation: “your descendants will spread out to the west” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 28 14 fby4 0 you will spread far out This means the people will extend the borders of their land and occupy more territory.
GEN 28 14 hn6s figs-synecdoche 0 to the west, to the east, to the north, and to the south This phrases are used together to mean “all directions.” Alternate translation: “in all directions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN 28 14 i1qm figs-activepassive 0 Through you and through your descendants will all the families of the earth be blessed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will bless all families on the earth through you and your descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 28 15 yb1m 0 Behold, I am “Pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important: I am”
GEN 28 15 n4tr 0 for I will not leave you. I will do all “for I will not leave you until I have done all”
GEN 28 15 gr8q 0 I will keep you “I will keep you safe” or “I will protect you”
GEN 28 15 em1w 0 I will bring you into this land again “I will bring you back to this land”
GEN 28 16 t191 0 awoke out of his sleep “woke up from his sleep”
GEN 28 17 h8p1 figs-doublet 0 the house of God ... the gate of heaven The phrase “the gate of heaven” explains that this place is the entrance to “the house of God” and “the entrance to where God lives.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
GEN 28 17 hc3f figs-metaphor 0 This is the gate of heaven This speaks about the entrance to the place where God lives as if it were a literal kingdom that had a gate that someone has to open to let people in. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 28 18 e2b6 0 pillar This is a memorial pillar, that is, simply a large stone or boulder set up on its end.
GEN 28 18 grd4 translate-symaction 0 poured oil upon the top of it This action symbolizes that Jacob is dedicating the pillar to God. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “poured oil on the top of it in order to dedicate the pillar to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 28 19 hv4e 0 Bethel Translators may also add a footnote that says “The name Bethel means ‘house of God.’”
GEN 28 19 u3i9 translate-names 0 Luz This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 28 20 bas3 0 Connecting Statement: Jacob begins to make a vow to Yahweh.
GEN 28 20 p422 0 vowed a vow “made a vow” or “solemnly promised God”
GEN 28 20 dm3m figs-123person 0 If God will ... clothes to wear Jacob is speaking to God in the third person. This can be stated in the second person. Alternate translation: “If you will ... clothes to wear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN 28 20 ye9d figs-metonymy 0 on this road on which I am walking This stands for Jacob’s journey to find a wife and to return home. Alternate translation: “on this journey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 28 20 vwl3 figs-synecdoche 0 will give me bread to eat Here “bread” stands for food in general. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN 28 21 t1uz 0 Connecting Statement: The vow that began with the words “If God will ... clothes to wear” in verse 20 continues here.
GEN 28 21 my56 figs-123person 0 so that I return safely ... then Yahweh will be my God The vow that began with the words “If God will ... clothes to wear” in verse 20 continues here. Jacob is speaking to God in the third person. This can be stated in the second person. “If you will ... clothes to wear ... so that I return safely ... then you, Yahweh, will be the God that I will worship” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN 28 21 lw1z figs-metonymy 0 to my father’s house Here “house” stands for Jacob’s family. Alternate translation: “to my father and the rest of my family” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 28 22 auv9 0 a sacred stone This means that the stone will mark the place where God appeared to him and it will be a place where people can worship God. Alternate translation: “God’s house” or “God’s place”
GEN 29 intro cbq8 0 # Genesis 29 General Notes
## Structure and formatting
This chapter records the conflict between Jacob’s wives, Rachel and Leah. This account continues into the next chapter.
## Special concepts in this chapter
### Shepherds
Although the exact reasoning for the shepherds’ unwillingness to give water to the sheep is unknown, it is probable they were being lazy. The actions of these shepherds contrast Jacob’s actions.
### Kissing
It was common in the ancient Near East for relatives to greet each other with a kiss. There was nothing sexual about this type of kissing.
### Marriage
It was customary in the ancient Near East for a man to work for a woman’s father in order to earn the right to marry her. It is unknown how common it was for a father to have his younger daughter marry before an older daughter. It was also sinful for Jacob to marry more than one wife. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
GEN 29 1 lq7q 0 the people of the east This means the people of Paddan Aram, which is a land east of the land of Canaan.
GEN 29 2 jxn8 0 and, behold, three flocks of sheep were lying there by it The word “behold” marks the beginning of another event in the larger story. Your language may have a way of doing this.
GEN 29 2 hn73 writing-background 0 For out of that well “For from that well.” This phrase marks a change from the story to background information about how the shepherds watered the flocks. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
GEN 29 2 lfz9 0 they would water “the shepherds would water” or “those taking care of the sheep would water”
GEN 29 2 e7ms figs-idiom 0 the well’s mouth Here “mouth” is a way of referring to an opening. Alternate translation: “the opening of the well” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 29 4 uup8 0 Jacob said to them “Jacob said to the shepherds”
GEN 29 4 th3u 0 My brothers This is a polite way to greet a stranger.
GEN 29 5 l8t8 0 Laban son of Nahor Here “son” refers to a male descendant. Another possible meaning is “Laban the grandson of Nahor.”
GEN 29 6 g1kl 0 and, look there, Rachel his daughter is coming with the sheep “Now look! Rachel his daughter is coming with the sheep”
GEN 29 7 vjn6 0 it is the middle of the day “the sun is still high in the sky” or “the sun is still shining brightly”
GEN 29 7 wsp1 figs-activepassive 0 for the flocks to be gathered together This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “for you to gather the flocks” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 29 7 kul5 figs-explicit 0 to be gathered together This means to gather them together inside a fence for them to stay for the night. The full meaning of this can be made explicit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 29 7 eea1 0 let them graze “let them eat grass in the field”
GEN 29 8 vp42 0 We cannot water them “We have to wait to water them.” This has to do with timing, not permission.
GEN 29 8 w41a figs-activepassive 0 until all the flocks are gathered together This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “until the other shepherds gather their flocks” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 29 8 q2rs figs-idiom 0 from the well’s mouth Here “mouth” is way of referring to an opening. Alternate translation: “from the well” or “from the opening of the well” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 29 8 f3hm 0 and we will water the sheep “then we will water the sheep”
GEN 29 10 lk18 0 his mother’s brother “his uncle”
GEN 29 10 l4ls figs-idiom 0 the well’s mouth Here “mouth” is a way of referring to an opening. Alternate translation: “the well” or “the opening of the well” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 29 11 dr7v 0 Jacob kissed Rachel In ancient Near East, it is common to greet a relative with a kiss. However, it is normally done between men. If your language has an affectionate greeting for a relative, use that. If not, use what is appropriate.
GEN 29 11 bje4 figs-explicit 0 wept loudly Jacob weeps because he is so happy. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 29 12 rxl5 0 her father’s relative “related to her father”
GEN 29 13 vkr1 0 his sister’s son “his nephew”
GEN 29 13 g5et 0 embraced him “hugged him”
GEN 29 13 arl7 0 kissed him In ancient Near East, it is common to greet a relative with a kiss. However, it is normally done between men. If your language has an affectionate greeting for a relative, use that. If not, use what is appropriate.
GEN 29 13 ze3q 0 Jacob told Laban all these things “then Jacob told Laban everything he told Rachel”
GEN 29 14 klc2 figs-metonymy 0 my bone and my flesh This phrase means they are directly related. Alternate translation: “my relative” or “a member of my family” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 29 15 i5a9 figs-rquestion 0 Should you serve me for nothing ... my relative? Laban uses a question to emphasize that he should pay Jacob for working for him. The question can be translated as a statement. This can also be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “It is certainly right that I should pay you for working for me even though you are my relative.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
GEN 29 16 yvd6 writing-background 0 Now Laban had The word “now” is used here to mark a change from the story to background information about Laban and his daughters. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
GEN 29 17 daa9 0 Leah’s eyes were tender Possible meanings are 1) “Leah’s eyes were pretty” or 2) “Leah’s eyes were plain”
GEN 29 18 jsx9 0 Jacob loved Rachel Here the word “loved” refers to a romantic attraction between a man and a woman.
GEN 29 19 d6zk 0 than that I should give her to another man “rather than give her to another man”
GEN 29 20 p6uz 0 and they seemed to him only a few days “but the time seemed to him to be only a few days”
GEN 29 20 p7wx 0 for the love he had for her “on account of the love he had for her” or “because of his love for her”
GEN 29 21 nz7t figs-activepassive 0 Give me my wife, for my days have been completed—so that I may marry her! The phrase “have been completed” can be stated in active form. The statement is emphatic. Alternate translation: Give me my wife, so that I may marry her, for I have completed the length of time that I was to work for you!”Give me Rachel so that I may marry her, for I have worked seven years for you!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 29 22 kln5 figs-metonymy 0 made a feast “prepared a wedding feast.” Most likely Laban had others prepare the feast. Alternate translation: “had others prepare a wedding feast” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 29 23 q4m4 figs-euphemism 0 who went in to her “who had sexual relations with her.” You may need to use other, more polite words here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN 29 24 yic2 writing-background 0 Laban gave his female servant Zilpah ... her servant Here the author gives background information about Laban giving Zilpah to Leah. Most likely he gave Zilpah to Leah before the wedding. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
GEN 29 24 n874 translate-names 0 Zilpah This is the name of Leah’s female servant. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 29 25 m2hu 0 behold, it was Leah “Jacob was surprised to see it was Leah in bed with him.” The word “behold” here shows that Jacob was surprised by what he saw.
GEN 29 25 ji15 figs-rquestion 0 What is this you have done to me? Jacob uses a question to express his anger and surprise. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “I cannot believe you did this to me!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN 29 25 g6rs figs-rquestion 0 Did I not serve you for Rachel? Jacob uses these questions to express his hurt that Laban had tricked him. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “I served you for seven years to marry Rachel!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN 29 26 gfg2 0 It is not our custom to give “In our family we do not give”
GEN 29 27 ly1t 0 Complete the bridal week of this daughter “Finish celebrating Leah’s bridal week”
GEN 29 27 vma8 figs-explicit 0 we will give you the other also The full meaning can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “next week we will give you Rachel also” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 29 28 a6qr 0 Jacob did so, and completed Leah’s week “And Jacob did what Laban asked, and finished celebrating Leah’s bridal week”
GEN 29 29 g7yl translate-names 0 Bilhah This is the name of Rachel’s female servant. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 29 30 zix1 figs-euphemism 0 Jacob went in to Rachel “Jacob had sexual relations with Rachel.” You may need to use other, more polite words here. See how similar words are translated in [Genesis 29:23](../29/23.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN 29 30 q996 0 he loved Rachel This refers to the romantic love between a man and a woman.
GEN 29 31 s19a figs-activepassive 0 Leah was not loved This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Jacob did not love Leah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 29 31 lk3e figs-hyperbole 0 not loved This is an exaggeration to emphasize that Jacob loved Rachel more than Leah. Alternate translation: “loved less than Rachel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
GEN 29 31 t2ud figs-metaphor 0 so he opened her womb God causing Leah to be able to become pregnant is spoken of as if God is opening her womb. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 29 31 snn8 0 was childless “was not able to become pregnant”
GEN 29 32 w9x3 0 Leah conceived and bore a son “Leah became pregnant and gave birth to a son”
GEN 29 32 j9j3 translate-names 0 she called his name Reuben Translators may also add a footnote that says: “The name Reuben means ‘See, a son.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 29 32 p4ip figs-abstractnouns 0 Yahweh has looked upon my affliction Leah was experiencing emotional pain because Jacob had rejected her. The abstract noun “affliction” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “Yahweh saw that I was suffering” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
GEN 29 33 ff7r 0 Then she conceived “Then Leah became pregnant”
GEN 29 33 jl8z 0 bore a son “gave birth to a son”
GEN 29 33 djc1 figs-activepassive 0 Yahweh has heard that I am unloved This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has heard that my husband does not love me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 29 33 dlg9 translate-names 0 she called his name Simeon Translators may also add a footnote that says “The name Simeon means ‘heard.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 29 34 tv8t 0 will my husband be attached to me “my husband will embrace me”
GEN 29 34 q2up 0 I have borne him three sons “I have given birth to three sons for him”
GEN 29 34 bz8c translate-names 0 his name was called Levi Translators may also add a footnote that says “The name Levi means ‘attached.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 29 35 x9x6 0 She conceived again “Leah became pregnant again”
GEN 29 35 acb5 0 bore a son “gave birth to a son”
GEN 29 35 xp9g translate-names 0 she called his name Judah Translators may also add a footnote that says “The name Judah means ‘praise.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 30 intro g8rn 0 # Genesis 30 General Notes
## Structure and formatting
This chapter continues the story of the conflict between Rachel and Leah.
## Special concepts in this chapter
### Women and their children
In the ancient Near East, it was important for a married woman to have many children. If a woman did not have many children, people believed it brought shame upon her. This is one of the reasons why Rachel and Leah were always jealous of each other. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/jealous]])
### Speckled and spotted
Speckled and spotted sheep were considered to be imperfect. Therefore, they were considered to be much less valuable than the spotless sheep. Despite Jacob’s fair offer, Laban once again tried to cheat him out of something he deserved. Jacob anticipated Laban’s cheating.
GEN 30 1 b8mq 0 When Rachel saw that she bore Jacob no children “When Rachel realized that she was unable to become preganant”
GEN 30 1 ct56 figs-hyperbole 0 I will die Rachel is exaggerating to show how upset she is about not having children. Alternate translation: “I will feel completely worthless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
GEN 30 1 v6l6 0 Give me children “Cause me to become pregnant”
GEN 30 2 rs2s figs-metaphor 0 Jacob’s anger burned against Rachel Jacob’s anger is spoken of as if it were a fire. Alternate translation: “Jacob was very angry with Rachel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 30 2 b7dm figs-rquestion 0 Am I in the place of God, who has kept you from having children? This is a rhetorical question that Jacob uses to scold Rachel. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “I am not God! I am not the one who is preventing you from having children!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN 30 3 dh9k 0 She said “Rachel said”
GEN 30 3 y5pn 0 See “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you”
GEN 30 3 rc5q figs-explicit 0 there is my servant Bilhah ... I will have children by her At that time, this was an acceptable way for a barren woman to have children that would legally belong to her. The full meaning of this may be made explicit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 30 3 u6p8 0 Bilhah This is the name of Rachel’s female servant. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 29:29](../29/29.md).
GEN 30 3 fqb3 figs-euphemism 0 Go in to her This is a polite way of talking about sexual relations. You may need to use different words in your language. Alternate translation: “Have sexual relations with her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN 30 3 jt2n figs-idiom 0 on my knees This is a way of saying that the child that Bilhah gives birth to will belong to Rachel. Alternate translation: “for me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 30 3 fu33 0 I will have children by her “and in this way she will cause me to have children”
GEN 30 4 m19u figs-euphemism 0 Jacob went in to her This is a polite way of talking about sexual relations. You may need to use different words in your language. Alternate translation: “Jacob had sexual relations with her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN 30 5 e6rx 0 Bilhah This is the name of Rachel’s female servant. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 29:29](../29/29.md).
GEN 30 5 j1wf 0 bore Jacob a son “gave birth to a son for Jacob”
GEN 30 6 m82y 0 she called his name “Rachel gave him the name”
GEN 30 6 qy9x translate-names 0 called his name Dan Translators may also add a footnote that says “The name Dan means ‘he judged.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 30 7 d11y 0 Bilhah ... conceived again “Bilhah ... became pregnant again”
GEN 30 7 e4tc 0 bore Jacob a second son “gave birth to a second son for Jacob”
GEN 30 8 xbz2 figs-idiom 0 With mighty wrestlings have I wrestled with my sister The phrase “wrestlings have I wrestled” is an idiom used for emphasis. It is also a metaphor that speaks of Rachel’s attempts to have a child like her sister as if she were having a physical fight with Leah. Alternate translation: “I have had a great struggle to have children like my older sister, Leah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 30 8 p9q6 0 have prevailed “I have won” or “I have succeeded”
GEN 30 8 gy77 0 called his name Naphtali Translators may also add a footnote that says “The name Naphtali means ‘my struggle.’”
GEN 30 9 n7if 0 When Leah saw that “When Leah became aware that”
GEN 30 9 ct6f 0 she took Zilpah, her servant, and gave her to Jacob as a wife “she gave Zilpah, her servant, to Jacob as a wife”
GEN 30 9 mw56 0 Zilpah This is the name of Leah’s female servant. See how you translated this in [Genesis 29:24](../29/24.md).
GEN 30 10 pf1k 0 bore Jacob a son “gave birth to a son for Jacob”
GEN 30 11 ml48 0 This is fortunate! “How fortunate!” or “What good luck!”
GEN 30 11 hmk8 0 called his name Gad Translators may also add a footnote that says “The name Gad means ‘fortunate.’”
GEN 30 12 sp7h translate-names 0 Zilpah This is the name of Leah’s female servant. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 29:24](../29/24.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 30 12 cbx9 0 bore Jacob a second son “gave birth to a second son for Jacob”
GEN 30 13 c2du 0 I am happy! “How blessed I am!” or “How happy I am!”
GEN 30 13 i9pt 0 the daughters “the women” or “the young women”
GEN 30 13 q84q translate-names 0 called his name Asher Translators may also add a footnote that says “The name Asher means ‘happy.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 30 14 k7d6 0 Reuben went “Reuben went out”
GEN 30 14 yv13 figs-idiom 0 in the days of wheat harvest Here the phrase “in the days of” is an idiom that refers to the season or time of year. Alternate translation: “at the time of year of the wheat harvest” or “during the wheat harvest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 30 14 t6zn translate-unknown 0 mandrakes This is a fruit that was said to increase fertility and the desire to sleep with one’s lover. Alternate translation: “love fruit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
GEN 30 15 uq87 figs-rquestion 0 Is it a small matter to you ... my husband? “Do you not care ... my husband?” This is a rhetorical question used to scold Rachel. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “It is bad enough ... my husband.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN 30 15 h684 figs-rquestion 0 Do you now want ... too? This is a rhetorical question, used to scold Rachel. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Now you want ... too!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN 30 15 ku4g figs-euphemism 0 Then he will lie with you Here “lie with” is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “Then Jacob will have sexual intercourse with you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN 30 16 y5di figs-euphemism 0 You must come in to me Here “come in to” is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “You must have sexual intercourse with me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN 30 16 c6r1 0 with my son’s mandrakes “for the price of my son’s mandrakes.” See how you translated “mandrake” in [Genesis 30:14](../30/14.md).
GEN 30 17 k8h8 0 she conceived “She became pregnant”
GEN 30 17 ew6t 0 bore Jacob a fifth son “gave birth to a fifth son for Jacob”
GEN 30 18 k9kl figs-metaphor 0 God has given me my wages God rewarding Leah is spoken of as if he were a boss paying wages to someone who works for him. Alternate translation: “God has given my due” or “God has rewarded me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 30 18 n1d3 0 She called his name Issachar Translators may also add a footnote that says: “The name Issachar means ‘there is a reward.’”
GEN 30 19 u4y3 0 Leah conceived again “Leah became pregnant again”
GEN 30 19 i5p8 0 bore a sixth son to Jacob “gave birth to a sixth son for Jacob”
GEN 30 20 my2k 0 She called his name Zebulun Translators may also add a footnote that says: “The name Zebulun means ‘honor.’”
GEN 30 21 glq4 translate-names 0 called her name Dinah This is the name of Leah’s daughter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 30 22 tj2w figs-idiom 0 God called Rachel to mind and listened to her The phrase “call to mind” means to remember. This does not mean God forgot about Rachel. It means he considered her request. Alternate translation: “God considered Rachel and granted to her what she wanted” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 30 23 ql6d figs-metaphor 0 God has taken away my shame God causing Rachel to no longer feel ashamed is spoken of as if “shame” were an object that person could take away from someone else. The abstract noun “shame” can be stated as “ashamed.” Alternate translation: “God has caused me to no longer feel ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
GEN 30 24 lyt5 translate-names 0 She called his name Joseph Translators may also add a footnote that says: “The name Joseph means ‘may he add.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 30 24 lif6 0 Yahweh has added to me another son Rachel’s first sons were through her female servant Bilhah.
GEN 30 25 a2ai 0 After Rachel had borne Joseph “After Rachel gave birth to Joseph”
GEN 30 26 jpd7 0 and let me go “so I can go”
GEN 30 26 n1c9 figs-abstractnouns 0 you know the service I have given you Jacob is reminding Laban of their contract ([Genesis Gen 29:27](../29/26.md)). The abstract noun “service” can be stated as “served.” Alternate translation: “you know that I have served you long enough” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
GEN 30 27 wnz1 0 Laban said to him “Laban said to Jacob”
GEN 30 27 f6ny figs-metaphor 0 If now I have found favor in your eyes The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: “If I have found favor with you” or “If you are pleased with me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 30 27 hl6m figs-idiom 0 found favor This is an idiom that means that someone is approved of by someone else. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 30 27 f5lu 0 wait, because “please stay, because”
GEN 30 27 ww4z 0 I have learned by using divination “I have discovered by my own spiritual and magical practices”
GEN 30 27 nl2u 0 for your sake “because of you”
GEN 30 28 unx9 figs-explicit 0 Name your wages This can be made more explicit. Alternate translation: “Tell me how much I have to pay to keep you here” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 30 29 wk5n 0 Jacob said to him “Jacob said to Laban”
GEN 30 29 va18 0 how your livestock have fared with me “how well your livestock have done since I started taking care of them”
GEN 30 30 wm8b 0 For you had little before I came “your herds were small before I worked for you”
GEN 30 30 cxf4 0 and it has increased abundantly “but now your wealth has greatly increased”
GEN 30 30 yq88 figs-rquestion 0 Now when will I provide for my own household also? “Now when will I take care of my own family?” Jacob uses a question to emphasize that he wants to start providing for his own family. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Now I want to take care of my family!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN 30 31 guq7 figs-explicit 0 What will I pay you “What can I pay you” or “What can I give you.” This can be made more explicit. Alternate translation: “What can I pay you so that you stay and work for me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 30 31 p7p2 writing-connectingwords 0 If you will do this thing for me The connecting word “But” can be used at the beginning to show that what Jacob is about to say contrasts with what he just said. Alternate translation: “But if you will do this thing for me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-connectingwords]])
GEN 30 31 b25k 0 this thing The phrase “this thing” refers to what Jacob will propose in verse 32.
GEN 30 31 b9ys 0 feed your flock and keep it “feed and take care of your flock”
GEN 30 32 d9j2 0 removing from it every speckled and spotted sheep, and every black one among the sheep, and the spotted and speckled among the goats “and remove every sheep with spots, every black sheep, and every goat with spots”
GEN 30 32 nqn7 0 These will be my wages “This will be the cost of keeping me here”
GEN 30 33 rd2c figs-personification 0 My integrity will testify for me later on The word “integrity” means “honesty.” This speaks about integrity as if it were a person who could testify for or against another person. Alternate translation: “And later you will know if I have been honest with you or not” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
GEN 30 33 c2ni figs-activepassive 0 Every one that is not speckled and spotted among the goats, and black among the sheep, if any are found with me, will be considered to be stolen This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “If you find any goats without spots or any sheep that are not black, you can consider them stolen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 30 34 uk57 0 Let it be according to your word “Let it be as you say” or “We will do what you have said”
GEN 30 35 w5h3 0 that were striped and spotted “that had stripes and spots”
GEN 30 35 vgj7 0 that were speckled and spotted “that had spots”
GEN 30 35 yj5c 0 every one that had white in it “every goat that had some white in it”
GEN 30 35 wxg5 0 all the black ones among the sheep “all the black sheep”
GEN 30 35 kx5r figs-metonymy 0 gave them into the hand Here “hand” stands for control or care. Alternate translation: “had his sons take care of them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 30 37 q2ef translate-unknown 0 fresh poplar ... almond ... plane tree These are all trees with white wood. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
GEN 30 37 i1xk 0 peeled white streaks in them, and made the white inner wood appear that was in the sticks “peeled off pieces of bark so that the white wood underneath would show”
GEN 30 38 m1gg 0 the watering troughs long open containers for holding water for animals to drink
GEN 30 39 w5f7 0 The flocks bred “The animals of the flocks conceived” or “The animals mated”
GEN 30 39 u7ap 0 produced striped, speckled, and spotted young “gave birth to babies with stripes and spots”
GEN 30 40 i58f figs-explicit 0 Jacob separated It can be made explicit that this happened over several years. Alternate translation: “During the several years following, Jacob separated” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 30 40 ff1z 0 face toward “look toward”
GEN 30 40 y79l 0 he separated out his flocks for himself alone “he set his flocks apart”
GEN 30 41 l916 figs-synecdoche 0 before the eyes of the flock Here the flock’s “eyes” represent the sheep and emphasize what they see. Alternate translation: “so that the flock could see them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN 30 41 s3qy 0 among the sticks “in front of the sticks”
GEN 30 42 sm36 0 the feebler animals “the weaker animals”
GEN 30 42 z6j6 figs-explicit 0 So the feebler animals were Laban’s, and the stronger were Jacob’s “So the weaker offspring belonged to Laban, while the stronger offspring belonged to Jacob.” You can make this even more explicit. Alternate translation: “So the weaker offspring did not have stripes or spots and so belonged to Laban, while the stronger offspring did have stripes or spots and so belonged to Jacob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 30 43 qp8n 0 The man “Jacob”
GEN 30 43 be3r 0 became very prosperous “greatly prospered” or “became very wealthy”
GEN 31 intro zw5h 0 # Genesis 31 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter
### God’s blessing
When Jacob left Paddam Aram, he left very wealthy. Despite his punishment of exile from Canaan, God still blessed Jacob and his family. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]])
### Household gods
Although a few scholars believe the possession of the household gods was a sign of inheritance, this seems unlikely. It is probable that Rachel believed these idols would bring them “good luck” and would bring them great blessing. This was sinful because they were to trust in Yahweh, who already promised to bless them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
### Irony
Laban’s sons complained that Jacob cheated them out of their father’s possessions. It was their father who tried to cheat Jacob out of what he promised to give Jacob. Jacob treated his brother Esau in the same way. Jacob cheated Esau out of their father’s blessing.
GEN 31 1 q6pl 0 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here the author starts to tell a new part of the story.
GEN 31 1 bae1 0 Jacob heard the words of Laban’s sons, that they said “Jacob heard that Laban’s sons were saying”
GEN 31 1 j4tu figs-hyperbole 0 Jacob has taken away all that was our father’s Laban’s sons were exaggerating because they were angry. Alternate translation: “Everything that Jacob has taken belonged to our father” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
GEN 31 2 dj32 figs-parallelism 0 Jacob saw the look on Laban’s face. He saw that his attitude toward him had changed These two sentences mean basically the same thing. The second explains the look that Jacob saw on Laban’s face. Alternate translation: “Jacob noticed that Laban was no longer pleased with him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
GEN 31 3 dy3j 0 your fathers “your father Isaac and your grandfather Abraham”
GEN 31 4 s242 0 Jacob sent and called Rachel and Leah to the field to his flock “Jacob sent for Rachel and Leah and told them to meet him out in the field with the flocks”
GEN 31 5 zwf5 figs-sentences 0 and said to them You can start a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “He said to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-sentences]])
GEN 31 5 m3hk 0 I see your father’s attitude toward me has changed “I have noticed your father is no longer pleased with me”
GEN 31 6 j527 figs-you 0 You know that it is with all my strength that I have served your father The word “you” here refers to both Rachel and Leah. It also adds emphasis. Alternate translation: “You yourselves know that I have served your father with all my strength” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
GEN 31 7 z2br 0 has deceived me “has lied to me” or “has not treated me fairly”
GEN 31 7 gi9n 0 my wages “what he said he would pay me”
GEN 31 7 j7hr 0 to hurt me Possible meanings are 1) physical harm or 2) to cause Jacob to suffer in any way.
GEN 31 8 czw6 0 The speckled animals “The animals with spots”
GEN 31 8 cah9 0 the flock bore “the flock gave birth to”
GEN 31 8 yfc5 0 The striped “The animals with stripes”
GEN 31 9 z1nb 0 In this way God has taken away the livestock of your father and given them to me “This is how God gave your father’s animals to me”
GEN 31 10 ff24 0 General Information: Jacob continues his story to his wives Leah and Rachel.
GEN 31 10 b7lk 0 Once at the time of breeding season “During the breeding season”
GEN 31 10 g7hi figs-synecdoche 0 mating with the flock Here “flock” represents only the female goats. Alternate translation: “mating with the female goats of the flock” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN 31 10 bp2h 0 were striped, speckled, and spotted “had stripes, little spots, and big spots”
GEN 31 11 sp9t 0 angel of God Possible meanings are 1) God himself appeared as a man or 2) one of God’s messengers appeared. Since the phrase is not well understood, it is best to simply translate it as “the angel of God,” using the normal word that you use for “angel.”
GEN 31 11 t3sj 0 I said “And I answered”
GEN 31 11 z5w7 0 Here I am “Yes, I am listening” or “Yes, what is it?” See how you translated this in [Genesis 22:1](../22/01.md).
GEN 31 12 qi7z 0 General Information: The angel of the Lord continues to talk to Jacob ([Genesis 31:10](../31/10.md)).
GEN 31 12 ta2d figs-idiom 0 Lift up your eyes This is a way of saying “Look up.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 31 12 zf86 figs-synecdoche 0 that are breeding with the flock Here “flock” stands for only the female goats. Alternate translation: “that are breeding with the female goats of the flock” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN 31 12 w88y 0 are striped, speckled, and spotted “have stripes and spots”
GEN 31 13 c737 translate-symaction 0 where you anointed a pillar Jacob poured oil on the pillar to dedicate it to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
GEN 31 13 qa2q 0 the land of your birth “the land where you were born”
GEN 31 14 bwh9 0 Rachel and Leah answered and said to him This does not mean they talked at the same time. It emphasizes they agreed with each other.
GEN 31 14 ir9t figs-rquestion 0 Is there any portion or inheritance for us in our father’s house? Rachel and Leah use a question to emphasize that there is nothing left for their father to give. Alternate translation: “There is absolutely nothing left for us to inherit from our father!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN 31 15 sxw7 figs-rquestion 0 Are we not treated by him as foreigners? They use a question to show their anger about how their father treats them. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Our father treats us like a foreign women instead of daughters!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 31 15 y7ge figs-explicit 0 For he has sold us This can be made more explicit. Alternate translation: “He has sold us for his own gain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 31 15 z4i2 figs-metaphor 0 has also completely devoured our money Laban completely using up the money that he should have given to his daughters is spoken of as if he were a wild beast that ate the money as if it were food. Alternate translation: “he completely used up our money” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 31 16 vbk7 0 are now ours and our children’s “belongs to us and to our children”
GEN 31 16 vi8d 0 Now then Here “Now” does not mean “at this moment,” but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows.
GEN 31 16 g6k9 0 whatever God has said to you, do it “do all that God has told you”
GEN 31 17 vr3n figs-explicit 0 his sons Jacob took all of his children. It only mentions the sons because they are important as his heirs. Alternate translation: “his children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 31 18 n4b2 0 He drove all his livestock “He drove all his cattle.” Here “livestock” is referring to all his domesticate animals.
GEN 31 18 xzk2 0 including the livestock he had acquired in Paddan Aram “and the other herd of cattle which he took ownership of when he was in Paddan Aram”
GEN 31 18 pgg7 0 Then he set out to go to his father Isaac in the land of Canaan “He went to the land of Canaan, where his father Isaac lived”
GEN 31 19 ct6p 0 When Laban had gone to shear his sheep “When Laban had left to cut the wool off of his sheep”
GEN 31 21 rq4h 0 the River This refers to the Euphrates River.
GEN 31 21 e57v 0 headed toward “traveled toward”
GEN 31 21 xdn1 0 the hill country of Gilead “the mountains of Gilead” or “Mount Gilead”
GEN 31 22 w2bp 0 On the third day It was Jewish custom to count the day of departure as day one. Alternate translation: “Two days after they had left”
GEN 31 22 fsz8 figs-activepassive 0 Laban was told This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “someone told Laban” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 31 22 rjd6 figs-explicit 0 that Jacob had fled Only Jacob is mentioned because he is the leader of the family. It can be made explicit that his family went with him. Alternate translation: “that Jacob had fled with his wives and children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 31 23 v1il 0 So he took “So Laban took”
GEN 31 23 c1wi 0 pursued him “chased after Jacob”
GEN 31 23 vs2j 0 for a seven days’ journey Laban spent seven days walking to catch up to Jacob.
GEN 31 23 x5mw 0 He overtook him “He caught up to him”
GEN 31 24 i4gj writing-background 0 Now God came to Laban the Aramean in a dream at night The word “now” is used here to mark a change from the story to background information about Laban. Alternate translation: “That night God came to Laban in a dream” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
GEN 31 24 s2du figs-merism 0 Be careful that you speak to Jacob neither good nor bad The phrase “good nor bad” are used together to mean “anything.” Alternate translation: “Do not say anything to try and stop Jacob from leaving” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
GEN 31 25 c3nf writing-background 0 Laban overtook Jacob. Now Jacob had pitched his tent in the hill country. Laban also camped with his relatives in the hill country of Gilead The word “now” is used here to mark a change from the story to background information about Jacob and Laban. Alternate translation: “When Laban caught up with Jacob, Jacob had set up camp in the hill country. Then Laban and his relatives also camped in the hill country of Gilead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
GEN 31 26 dg9e figs-simile 0 carried away my daughters like prisoners of war Laban speaks about Jacob taking his family with him back to the land of Canaan as if Jacob took them as prisoners after a battle and is forcing them to go with him. Laban is exaggerating because he is angry and is trying to make Jacob feel guilty for what he did. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
GEN 31 27 a98f 0 flee secretly “run away in secret”
GEN 31 27 g8iz 0 with celebration “with joy”
GEN 31 27 bg4p figs-metonymy 0 with tambourine and with harps These instruments stand for music. Alternate translation: “and with music” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 31 27 a23y translate-unknown 0 tambourine a musical instrument with a head like a drum that can be hit and with pieces of metal around the side that sound when the instrument is shaken (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
GEN 31 28 esl3 figs-gendernotations 0 to kiss my grandsons Here “grandsons” would include all grandchildren whether male or female. Alternate translation: “to kiss my grandchildren” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
GEN 31 28 cr1s 0 Now you have done foolishly “You have acted foolishly”
GEN 31 28 y6dz 0 Now This does not mean “at this moment,” but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows.
GEN 31 29 lza8 figs-you 0 It is in my power to do you harm The word “you” is plural and refers to everyone with Jacob. Alternate translation: “I have enough people with me to harm all of you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
GEN 31 29 qs6g figs-merism 0 Be careful that you speak to Jacob neither good nor bad The words “good nor bad” are used together to mean “anything.” See how you translated this in [Genesis 31:24](../31/24.md). Alternate translation: “Do not say anything to try and stop Jacob from leaving” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
GEN 31 30 bz9g figs-you 0 you have gone away This “you” is singular and refers to Jacob. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
GEN 31 30 f8iz figs-metonymy 0 to your father’s house Here “house” stands for family. Alternate translation: “to be home with your father and the rest of your family” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 31 30 e3jc 0 my gods “my idols”
GEN 31 31 qd9f 0 Because I was afraid and thought that you would take your daughters from me by force I left secretly “I left in secret because I was afraid that you would take your daughters from me by force”
GEN 31 32 e35z figs-litotes 0 Whoever has stolen your gods will not continue to live This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “We will kill whoever has stolen your gods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
GEN 31 32 zh3x figs-inclusive 0 In the presence of our relatives The word “our” refers to Jacob’s relatives and includes Laban’s relatives. All the relatives will watch to make sure everything is fair and honest. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
GEN 31 32 l4l6 0 identify whatever with me is yours and take it “look for whatever we have that is yours and take it”
GEN 31 32 mjz6 writing-background 0 For Jacob did not know that Rachel had stolen them This changes from the story to background information about Jacob. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
GEN 31 33 rd4w 0 the two female servants This refers to Zilpah and Bilhah.
GEN 31 33 f3n9 0 he did not find them “he did not find his idols”
GEN 31 34 s5c7 writing-background 0 Now Rachel ... upon them The word “now” is used here to mark a change from the story to background information about Rachel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
GEN 31 34 j5k2 0 saddle a seat placed on the back of an animal so a person can ride on it
GEN 31 35 cd8t 0 my master Calling someone “my master” is a way of honoring them.
GEN 31 35 h3tw 0 that I cannot stand up before you “because I am unable to stand up in your presence”
GEN 31 35 rx2l figs-euphemism 0 for I am having my period This refers to the time of the month when a woman bleeds from her womb. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN 31 36 ka2t 0 He said to him “Jacob said to Laban”
GEN 31 36 wcv8 figs-parallelism 0 What is my offense? What is my sin, that you have hotly pursued after me? The phrases “What is my offense” and “What is my sin” mean basically the same thing. Jacob is asking Laban to tell him what he did wrong. Alternate translation: “What have I done wrong that you should pursue me like this?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
GEN 31 36 rd64 figs-idiom 0 hotly pursued after me Here the word “hotly” means Laban urgently chased Jacob intending to capture him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 31 37 lf9u 0 What have you found of all your household goods? “What have you found that belongs to you?”
GEN 31 37 jgu5 figs-inclusive 0 Set them here before our relatives Here the word “our” refers to Jacob’s relatives and includes Laban’s relatives. Alternate translation: “Lay anything you have found in front of our relatives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
GEN 31 37 q8tg figs-inclusive 0 they may judge between us two Here “two of us” refers to Jacob and Laban. The phrase “to judge between” means to decide which person is right in a dispute. Alternate translation: “they may judge between the two of us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
GEN 31 38 l12d 0 General Information: Jacob continues to speak to Laban.
GEN 31 38 a2zw translate-numbers 0 twenty years “20 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN 31 38 rum5 0 ewes female sheep
GEN 31 38 lk1u 0 have not miscarried This means they have not had a pregnancy end early and unexpectedly with the lamb or kid born dead.
GEN 31 39 kc4z figs-activepassive 0 What was torn by beasts I did not bring to you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “When a wild animal killed one of your animals I did not bring it to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 31 39 ji5d figs-metaphor 0 Instead, I bore the loss of it For Jacob to count Laban’s dead animals as a loss from his own flock is spoken of as if it was a burden he would bear on his shoulders. Alternate translation: “Instead of counting it a loss from your flock, I counted it as a loss from my flock” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 31 40 tf6f figs-metaphor 0 There I was; in the day the heat consumed me, and the frost by night Suffering in the hot and cold temperatures is spoken of as if the temperatures were animals that were eating Jacob. Alternate translation: “I stayed with your flocks even during hottest part of the day and the coldest part of the night” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 31 41 gx9i 0 General Information: Jacob continues to speak to Laban.
GEN 31 41 j81s translate-numbers 0 These twenty years “These last 20 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN 31 41 l5lt translate-numbers 0 fourteen years “14 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN 31 41 w1k8 0 changed my wages ten times “changed what he said he would pay me ten times.” See how you translated “my wages” in [Genesis 31:7](../31/07.md).
GEN 31 42 hcc4 0 Unless the God of my father, the God of Abraham, and the one Isaac fears, had been with me Jacob is referring to the same God not to three different gods. Alternate translation: “If the God of Abraham and Isaac, my father, had not been with me”
GEN 31 42 fy4h 0 the God of my father Here the word “father” refers to his parent, Isaac.
GEN 31 42 v1d1 0 the one Isaac fears Here the word “fears” refers to the “fear of Yahweh,” which means to deeply respect him and show that respect by obeying him.
GEN 31 42 tin2 figs-metonymy 0 empty-handed This stands for having nothing. Alternate translation: “with absolutely nothing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 31 42 eqx1 figs-abstractnouns 0 God has seen my oppression and how hard I worked The abstract noun “oppression” can be stated as “oppressed.” Alternate translation: “God has seen how hard I worked and how you oppressed me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
GEN 31 43 ah9n figs-rquestion 0 But what can I do today to these my daughters, or to their children whom they have borne? Laban uses a question to emphasize that there is nothing he can do. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “But, there is nothing I can do to bring my daughters and grandchildren back with me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN 31 44 pm7d figs-personification 0 let it be for a witness Here the word “witness” does not refer to a person, but it is used figuratively and refers to the covenant that Jacob and Laban are making. The covenant is spoken of as if it were a person who is there when they agree to act peacefully to one another. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
GEN 31 45 q2sh 0 pillar This means that a large stone was simply set up on its end to mark the place where this important event happened.
GEN 31 46 mz54 0 made a pile “stacked them on top of each other”
GEN 31 46 c4fm figs-explicit 0 Then they ate there by the pile Eating a meal together was a part of making the covenant with one another. The full meaning of this may be made explicit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 31 47 grz7 translate-names 0 Jegar Saha Dutha Translators may add a footnote that says: “The name Jegar Saha Dutha means ‘heap of witness’ in Laban’s language.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 31 47 tn6r translate-names 0 Galeed Translators may add a footnote that says: “The name Galeed means ‘heap of witness’ in Jacob’s language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 31 48 y6zl figs-personification 0 This pile is a witness between me and you The stones do not actually bear witness as a person. Alternate translation: “This pile will be a reminder between me and you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
GEN 31 48 f3tt translate-names 0 Galeed Translators may add a footnote that says: “The name Galeed means ‘heap of witness’ in Jacob’s language. See how you translated this in [Genesis 31:47](../31/47.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 31 49 d4iu translate-names 0 Mizpah Translators may add a footnote that says: “The name Mizpah means ‘watchtower.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 31 49 ip35 figs-metonymy 0 when we are out of sight one from another Here “out of sight” stands for no longer being in each other’s presence. Alternate translation: “when we are no longer with each other” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 31 50 e3ip 0 although no one else is with us Here “us” refers to Laban and Jacob. Alternate translation: “even if no one else is there to see us”
GEN 31 50 h365 0 see “look” or “remember” or “pay attention to what i am about to tell you”
GEN 31 52 jh98 figs-personification 0 This pile is a witness, and the pillar is a witness These piles of stones were to act as a remembrance and a boundary marker for Jacob and Laban regarding their peace agreement. They are spoken of as if they are human witnesses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
GEN 31 53 zmt6 0 May the God of Abraham, and the god of Nahor, the gods of their father, judge between us Abraham is Jacob’s grandfather. Nahor is Laban’s grandfather. The father of Abraham and Nahor is Terah. Not all of them worshipped Yahweh.
GEN 31 53 r6hl 0 the Fear of his father Isaac Here the word “Fear” refers to Yahweh, who Isaac deeply respected and showed that respect by obeying him.
GEN 31 54 fmy2 figs-explicit 0 called his relatives to eat a meal Eating a meal together was part of making the covenant with one another. The full meaning of this may be made explicit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 31 55 w76k 0 Early in the morning ... returned home Verse 55 is the first verse of chapter 32 in the original Hebrew text, but the last verse of chapter 31 in most modern Bibles. We suggest that you follow the numbering of Bibles in your national language.
GEN 31 55 kif6 0 blessed This means expressing a desire for positive and beneficial things to happen to someone.
GEN 32 intro udr3 0 # Genesis 32 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter
### Jacob does not trust Yahweh
Jacob does not trust in Yahweh. Instead, he fears that his brother Esau could kill him and his family. He should have known that Yahweh would continue to bless him and protect his family. He should have trusted in Yahweh’s covenant faithfulness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenantfaith]])
### Name change
In Scripture, a change in name always occurs at a highly significant point in a person’s life. The return of Jacob to Canaan was a significant event in the history of the Hebrew people.
## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
### “A man wrestled with him”
Scholars are divided over the identity of the person Jacob wrestled with. It was probably an angel, but some believe he wrestled with Jesus before he came to earth. The translator will probably have difficulty trying to keep ambiguity in identifying this individual because the word “man” usually indicates a normal, living person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 32 2 fr1q 0 Mahanaim Translators may also add a footnote that says “The name Mahanaim means ‘two camps.’”
GEN 32 3 f84p translate-names 0 Seir This is a mountainous area in the region of Edom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 32 4 ayv1 figs-quotesinquotes 0 This is what you will say to my master Esau: This is what your servant Jacob says: ‘I have been ... have delayed my return until now. This has a quotation within a quotation. The direct quotation can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “‘This is what I want you to tell my master Esau. Tell him that I have been ... have delayed my return until now.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
GEN 32 4 n3lr 0 my master Esau Jacob is using polite language and refers to his brother as “my master.”
GEN 32 4 y932 0 your servant Jacob Jacob is using polite language and refers to himself as “your servant.”
GEN 32 5 ne7y figs-quotesinquotes 0 I have oxen ... in your eyes. This continues the quotation within a quotation that begins with the words “I have been” in verse 4. The direct quotation can be stated as an indirect quotation. “This is what I want you to tell my master Esau. Tell him that I have been ... Tell him that I have oxen ... in his eyes.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
GEN 32 5 vi1k figs-idiom 0 that I may find favor in your eyes When a person finds favor in the eyes of another, the second person approves of the first person. Here “eyes” are a metonym for the person seeing something, and seeing a person is a metaphor for deciding whether what that person sees is good or bad. Alternate translation: “that you may approve of me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 32 6 h954 translate-numbers 0 four hundred men “400 men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN 32 7 ra4u 0 afraid This refers to the unpleasant feeling a person has when there is a threat of harm to himself or others.
GEN 32 7 e2dk 0 upset distressed, troubled
GEN 32 8 n1e3 figs-metonymy 0 to one camp and attacks it, then the camp that is left will escape Here “camp” refers to the people. Alternate translation: “to attack the people in one camp, then the people in the other camp will escape” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 32 9 fdw7 figs-explicit 0 God of my father Abraham, and God of my father Isaac, Yahweh This does not refer to different gods, but to the one God they all worship. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, who is God of my grandfather Abraham and my father Isaac” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 32 9 c3nw figs-quotesinquotes 0 Yahweh, who said to me, ‘Return to your country and to your kindred, and I will prosper you,’ This is a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, you who said that I should return to my country and to my kindred, and that you would prosper me,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
GEN 32 9 ah51 0 to your kindred “to your family”
GEN 32 9 v7p9 0 I will prosper you “I will do good for you” or “I will treat you well”
GEN 32 10 i1jg figs-activepassive 0 I am not worthy of all your acts of covenant faithfulness and of all the trustworthiness that you have done for your servant The abstract nouns “faithfulness” and “trustworthiness” can be stated as “faithful” and “loyal.” Alternate translation: “I do not deserve for you to remain faithful to your covenant or for you to be loyal to me, your servant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 32 10 gfq5 0 your servant This is a polite way of saying “me.”
GEN 32 10 ri5t figs-idiom 0 now I have become two camps Here the phrase “I have become” is an idiom meaning what he now possesses. Alternate translation: “and now I have enough people, flocks, and possessions with me to make two camps” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 32 11 b4a5 0 rescue me “save me”
GEN 32 11 b2lt figs-metonymy 0 from the hand of my brother, from the hand of Esau Here the word “hand” refers to power. The two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second clarifies that the brother whom Jacob intended was Esau. Alternate translation: “from the power of my brother, Esau” or “from my brother, Esau” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
GEN 32 11 amt5 0 I am afraid of him, that he will “I am afraid that he will”
GEN 32 12 x5kw figs-quotesinquotes 0 But you said, ‘I will certainly make you prosper. I will make your descendants ... number.’ This is a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “But you said that you would certainly prosper me, and that you would make my descendants ... number” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
GEN 32 12 w429 0 make you prosper “do good to you” or “treat you well”
GEN 32 12 n5pn figs-simile 0 I will make your descendants like the sand of the sea This speaks about the very large number of Jacob’s descendants as if their number will be like the grains of sand on the seashore. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
GEN 32 12 bc4t figs-activepassive 0 which cannot be numbered for their number This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “which no one can count because of their number” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 32 14 zj6f translate-numbers 0 two hundred “200” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN 32 14 a35f translate-numbers 0 twenty “20” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN 32 15 ew39 translate-numbers 0 thirty ... forty ... ten “30 ... 40 ... 10” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN 32 15 k3iy 0 their colts “their young”
GEN 32 16 il9n figs-idiom 0 These he gave into the hand of his servants, every herd by itself Here “into the hand” means to give control over them. Alternate translation: “He divided them into small herds, and gave each of his servants control over one herd” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 32 16 hh9w 0 put a space between each of the herds “let each herd travel at a distance from the other herds”
GEN 32 17 ti5k 0 He instructed “He commanded”
GEN 32 17 h449 figs-quotesinquotes 0 asks you ... that are in front of you?’ This is a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “asks you who your master is, where you are going, and who owns these animals that are ahead of you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
GEN 32 17 lnl5 0 To whom do you belong? “Who is your master?”
GEN 32 17 hl31 0 Whose animals are these that are in front of you? “Who owns these animals that are in front of you?”
GEN 32 18 e7wd figs-quotesinquotes 0 Then you will say, ‘They are your servant Jacob’s. They are a gift sent to my master Esau. See, he is also coming after us.’ This is a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “Then I want you to tell him that all of these things belong to Jacob, his servant, and he his giving them to his master, Esau. And tell him that Jacob is on the way to meet him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
GEN 32 18 i8qf 0 your servant Jacob’s Jacob is referring to himself in a polite way as Esau’s servant.
GEN 32 18 nk58 0 to my master Esau Jacob is referring to Esau is a polite way as his master.
GEN 32 18 a5zw figs-exclusive 0 coming after us Here “us” refers to the servant speaking and the other servants bringing herds to Esau. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
GEN 32 19 mb2s 0 gave instructions to the second group “commanded the second group”
GEN 32 20 l71w 0 You must also say, ‘Your servant Jacob Possible meanings are 1) “You will say also, ‘Your servant Jacob’” or 2) “You will say, ‘Also, Your servant Jacob.’”
GEN 32 20 kth9 0 I will appease him “I will calm him down” or “I will make his anger go away”
GEN 32 20 fz2r 0 he will receive me “he will welcome me kindly”
GEN 32 21 mgp1 figs-metonymy 0 So the gifts went on ahead of him Here “gifts” stands for the servants taking the gifts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 32 21 bet5 figs-rpronouns 0 He himself stayed Here “himself” emphasizes that Jacob did not go with the servants. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
GEN 32 22 ak58 0 his two women servants “his two servant wives.” This means Zilpah and Bilhah.
GEN 32 22 ts8h 0 ford a shallow place in a river that is easy to cross
GEN 32 22 tkp8 translate-names 0 Jabbok This is the name of a river. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 32 23 uu6x 0 all his possessions “all that he had”
GEN 32 24 ui74 0 until daybreak “until dawn”
GEN 32 25 ugk7 figs-activepassive 0 Jacob’s hip was dislocated as he wrestled with him This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The man injured Jacob’s hip as he wrestled with him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 32 25 f6zk 0 hip the place where the upper leg bone connects to the hip
GEN 32 26 wh2x 0 for the dawn is breaking “the sun will rise soon”
GEN 32 26 hd6q 0 bless Here “bless” means to pronounce a formal blessing on someone and to cause good things to happen to that person.
GEN 32 26 pb6k figs-doublenegatives 0 I will not let you go unless you bless me This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “Absolutely not! You must bless me first, then I will let you go” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
GEN 32 28 a2ft translate-names 0 Israel Translators may add a footnote that says “The name Israel means ‘He struggles with God.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 32 28 kel8 0 with men Here “men” means “people” in general.
GEN 32 29 if16 figs-rquestion 0 He said, “Why is it that you ask my name?” “He said, ‘Why would you ask about my name?’” This rhetorical question was meant to shock, rebuke and cause Jacob to ponder over what just happened between him and the other man he just wrestled with. Alternate translation: “Do not ask me for my name!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN 32 30 m49w translate-names 0 Peniel Translators may add a footnote that says: “The name Peniel means ‘the face of God.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 32 30 n4r1 0 face to face Being “face to face” means that two people are seeing each other in person, at a close distance.
GEN 32 30 p6dk figs-activepassive 0 and my life is delivered This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “yet he spared my life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 32 32 v4a5 writing-background 0 That is why to this day This marks a change from the story to background information about the descendants of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
GEN 32 32 n4af 0 to this day This means to the day that the author was writing this.
GEN 32 32 t93f 0 ligaments of the hip This refers to the muscle that connects the thigh bone to the thigh socket.
GEN 32 32 l5px 0 hip joint “thigh socket”
GEN 32 32 j363 0 while dislocating “while striking”
GEN 33 intro tc2t 0 # Genesis 33 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter
### Jacob’s fear
Jacob feared his brother. He showed Esau great respect and sought to protect his family from Esau’s power. He did not fear and trust Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fear]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])
### Favoritism
Jacob showed favoritism towards Rachel and Joseph. He arranged the family according to those he loved the most. Rachel and Joseph were the most protected from a potential attack by Esau. He would have rather had everyone else die, in order to spare their lives. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/favor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 33 1 ck16 0 behold The word “behold” here alerts us to pay attention to a surprising new part of the story.
GEN 33 1 c4ai translate-numbers 0 four hundred men “400 men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN 33 1 lqj5 figs-explicit 0 Jacob divided the children ... female servants This does not mean Jacob divided the children evenly so that each woman had the same amount of children with her. Jacob divided the children so that each one went with his or her mother. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 33 1 h467 0 female servants “servant wives.” This refers to Bilhah and Zilpah.
GEN 33 3 f927 figs-rpronouns 0 He himself went on ahead of them Here “himself” emphasizes that Jacob went alone in front of the others. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
GEN 33 3 prz6 translate-symaction 0 He bowed Here the word “bow” means to bend over to humbly express respect and honor toward someone. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
GEN 33 4 xq93 0 meet him “meet Jacob”
GEN 33 4 ptu7 0 embraced him, hugged his neck, and kissed him This can be translated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: “Esau put his arms around Jacob, hugged him, and kissed him”
GEN 33 4 d91x figs-explicit 0 Then they wept This can be translated more explicitly. Alternate translation: “Then Esau and Jacob cried because they were happy to see each other again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 33 5 bni9 0 he saw the women and the children “he saw the women and children who were with Jacob”
GEN 33 5 n88j figs-123person 0 The children whom God has graciously given your servant The phrase “your servant” is a polite way for Jacob to refer to himself. Alternate translation: “These are the children God has kindly given me, your servant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN 33 6 huv5 0 female servants “servant wives.” This refers to Bilhah and Zilpah.
GEN 33 6 ndg7 translate-symaction 0 bowed down This is a sign of humility and respect before another person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
GEN 33 8 xl2u 0 What do you mean by all these groups that I met? The phrase “all these groups” refers to the groups of servants that Jacob sent to give gifts to Esau. Alternate translation: “Why did you send all of those different groups to meet me?”
GEN 33 8 p6x8 figs-idiom 0 To find favor in the sight of my master The phrase “find favor” is an idiom which means to be approved of by someone. Also, sight represents judgment or evaluation. Alternate translation: “So that you, my master, would be pleased with me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 33 8 b54p figs-123person 0 my master The phrase “my master” is a polite way of referring to Esau. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN 33 9 fvu3 figs-ellipsis 0 I have enough The word “animals” or “property” is understood. Alternate translation: “I have enough animals” or “I have enough property” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
GEN 33 10 c8jk figs-idiom 0 if I have found favor in your eyes The phrase “found favor” is an idiom which means to be approved of by someone. Here “eyes” are a metonym for sight, and sight is a metaphor representing his evaluation. Alternate translation: “if you are pleased with me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 33 10 g919 figs-synecdoche 0 my gift from my hand Here “hand” refers to Jacob. Alternate translation: “this gift that I am giving to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN 33 10 cv9s 0 my hand, for indeed This can be translated as a new sentence: “my hand. For certainly”
GEN 33 10 qp99 figs-simile 0 I have seen your face, and it is like seeing the face of God The meaning of this simile is unclear. Possible meanings are 1) Jacob is happy that Esau has forgiven him like God has forgiven him or 2) Jacob is amazed to see his brother again like he was amazed to see God or 3) Jacob is humbled to be in Esau’s presence like he was humbled to be in God’s presence. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
GEN 33 10 ni5g figs-synecdoche 0 I have seen your face Here “face” stands for Esau. It may be best to translate as “face” because of the importance of the word “face” here with “face of God” and “face to face” in [Genesis 32:30](../32/30.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN 33 11 i3ez figs-activepassive 0 that was brought to you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that my servants brought to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 33 11 c581 0 God has dealt graciously with me “God has treated me very well” or “God has blessed me very much”
GEN 33 11 r6mp 0 Thus Jacob urged him, and Esau accepted it It was customary to refuse a gift first, but then to accept the gift before the giver was offended.
GEN 33 13 j3jv figs-123person 0 My master knows This is a polite and formal way of referring to Esau. Alternate translation: “You, my master, know” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN 33 13 k72p figs-explicit 0 the children are young The meaning can be stated more explicitly. Alternate translation: “the children are too young to travel fast” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 33 13 lzl5 figs-activepassive 0 If they are driven hard even one day This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “If we force them to go too fast even for one day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 33 14 be6w figs-123person 0 Please let my master go on ahead of his servant This is a polite and formal way of Jacob referring to himself. Alternate translation: “My lord, I am your servant. Please go ahead of me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN 33 14 k77x 0 at the pace of the livestock that are before me “at the speed the animals I am looking after can go”
GEN 33 14 he5j translate-names 0 Seir This is a mountainous area in the region of Edom. See how you translated this in [Genesis 32:3](../32/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 33 15 e3u2 figs-rquestion 0 Why do that? Jacob uses a question to emphasize that Esau does not need to leave men. Alternate translation: “Do not do that!” or “You do not need to do that!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN 33 15 rl9k figs-123person 0 my lord This is a polite and formal way of referring to Esau. Alternate translation: “you, my lord” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN 33 17 k3g6 translate-names 0 Succoth Translators may also add a footnote that says, “The name Succoth means ‘shelters.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 33 17 k4xa figs-explicit 0 built himself a house It is implied that the house is also for his family. Alternate translation: “built a house for himself and his family” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 33 17 ykg8 0 for his livestock “for the animals he looked after”
GEN 33 18 yt2u 0 General Information: This starts a new part of the story. The author describes what Jacob did after he rested in Succoth.
GEN 33 18 jve3 0 When Jacob came from Paddan Aram “After Jacob left Paddan Aram”
GEN 33 18 qr2k figs-explicit 0 When Jacob ... he arrived ... He camped This only mentions Jacob because he is the leader of the family. It is implied that his family was with him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 33 18 rx3s 0 He camped near “He set up his camp near”
GEN 33 19 a6wu 0 piece of ground “piece of land”
GEN 33 19 xu69 translate-names 0 Hamor This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 33 19 y9i5 0 Shechem’s father Shechem is the name of a city and the name of a man.
GEN 33 19 kh7z translate-numbers 0 a hundred “100” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN 33 20 ps43 translate-names 0 El Elohe Israel Translators may add a footnote that says: “The name El Elohe Israel means ‘God, the God of Israel.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 34 intro gv6g 0 # Genesis 34 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter
### Israel
Jacob’s name was changed to Israel. It is his descendants who inherited the promised blessings given to him and to Isaac and Abraham. This is the first time his descendants are collectively referred to as the people group Israel. The people group Israel is identified through the covenant of circumcision. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/circumcise]])
## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
### Implicit information
Jacob’s reacted to the rape of Dinah with indifference. This is possibly because she was not a daughter of Rachel. His reaction was both unwise and improper. This action brought shame on the whole family. Therefore, Jacob’s sons corrected this wrong and plotted against Hamor and Shechem.
Shechem raped Dinah, but then he said he loved her. By raping her, he ensured that no one else would want to marry her. This is not love. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/love]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 34 1 g89z 0 Now Here this word is used to mark a new part of the story.
GEN 34 1 q1ki translate-names 0 Dinah This is the name of Leah’s daughter. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 30:21](../30/21.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 34 2 y29n translate-names 0 the Hivite This is the name of a people group. See how you translated the similar word “Hivites” in [Genesis 10:17](../10/17.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 34 2 x58u 0 the prince of the land This is referring to Hamor not Shechem. Also, “prince” here does not mean son of a king. It means Hamor was the leader of the people in that area.
GEN 34 2 hx1e figs-hendiadys 0 He took her and lay with her Possible meanings are 1) “took” and “lay with” are two separate actions. Alternate translation: “he grabbed her and had sexual relations with her” or 2) “took” and “lay with” are a hendiadys, two words used to describe one action, Alternate translation: “raped her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])
GEN 34 2 mrp5 figs-euphemism 0 lay with her This is a polite way of speaking of sexual relations. You may have to use other words in your translation. Alternate translation: “had sexual relations with her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN 34 3 d96a figs-metaphor 0 He was drawn to Dinah “He was very attracted to her.” This speaks about Shechem loving Dinah and wanting to be with her as if something were forcing him to come to Dinah. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “He wanted very much to be with Dinah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 34 3 bz11 0 spoke tenderly to her He tried to convince her that he loved her and that he wanted her to love him also.
GEN 34 5 wy9t writing-background 0 Now Jacob “Now” is used here to mark a change from the story to background information about Jacob. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
GEN 34 5 k25j 0 Jacob heard that he The word “he” refers to Shechem.
GEN 34 5 mp97 0 he had defiled This means that Shechem had greatly dishonored and disgraced Dinah by forcing her to sleep with him.
GEN 34 5 sk45 figs-idiom 0 held his peace This is a way of saying that Jacob did not say or do anything about the matter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 34 6 r1kg 0 Hamor ... went out to Jacob “Hamor ... went to meet Jacob”
GEN 34 7 yd2w 0 The men were offended “The men were very insulted” or “They were shocked”
GEN 34 7 xe5r figs-metonymy 0 he had disgraced Israel Here the word “Israel” refers to every member of Jacob’s family. Israel as a people group was disgraced. Alternate translation: “he had humiliated the family of Israel” or “he had brought shame on the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 34 7 wki8 0 lying with Jacob’s daughter “having sexual relations with Jacob’s daughter”
GEN 34 7 ud6t figs-activepassive 0 for such a thing should not have been done This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “for he should not have done such a terrible thing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 34 8 ud45 0 Hamor spoke with them “Hamor spoke with Jacob and his sons”
GEN 34 8 q43r 0 loves your daughter Here the word “love” refers to romantic love between a man and a woman. Alternate translation: “loves her and wants to marry her”
GEN 34 8 gx32 0 give her to him as a wife In some cultures, the parents decide whom their children will marry.
GEN 34 9 ec6v 0 Intermarry with us To intermarry is to marry a member of a different racial, social, religious or tribal group. Alternate translation: “Allow marriages between your people and ours”
GEN 34 10 pv18 0 the land will be open to you “the land will be available to you”
GEN 34 11 x9iz 0 Shechem said to her father “Shechem said to Dinah’s father Jacob”
GEN 34 11 gev1 figs-idiom 0 Let me find favor in your eyes, and whatever you tell me I will give The phrase “find favor” is an idiom which means to be approved of by someone. Also, the eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: “If you will approve of me, then I will give you whatever you ask” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 34 12 w7wc 0 bride price In some cultures, it is customary for a man to give money, property, cattle, and other gifts to the bride’s family at the time of marriage.
GEN 34 13 h21q figs-abstractnouns 0 The sons of Jacob answered Shechem and Hamor his father with deceit The abstract noun “deceit” can be stated as the verb “lied.” Alternate translation: “But the sons of Jacob lied to Shechem and Hamor when they answered them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
GEN 34 13 uxy5 0 Shechem had defiled Dinah This means that Shechem had greatly dishonored and disgraced Dinah by forcing her to sleep with him. See how you translated “defiled” in [Genesis 34:5](../34/05.md).
GEN 34 14 un4d 0 They said to them “Jacob’s sons said to Shechem and Hamor”
GEN 34 14 yku7 0 We cannot do this thing, to give our sister “We cannot agree to give Dinah in marriage”
GEN 34 14 c7ml figs-exclusive 0 for that would be a disgrace to us “for that would cause us shame.” Here “us” refers to Jacob’s sons and all the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
GEN 34 16 w7nl 0 give our daughters to you ... take your daughters to ourselves This means they will allow a person from Jacob’s family to marry a person who lives in Hamor’s land.
GEN 34 18 vm37 0 Their words pleased Hamor and his son Shechem “Hamor and his son Shechem agreed with what Jacob’s sons said”
GEN 34 19 yza5 0 to do what they said “to become circumcised”
GEN 34 19 vjf5 0 Jacob’s daughter “Jacob’s daughter Dinah”
GEN 34 19 ve5w figs-explicit 0 because he was the most honored person in all his father’s household This can be translated as a new sentence. It can be made explicit that Shechem knew the other men would agree to be circumcised because they greatly respected him. Alternate translation: “Shechem knew all the men in his father’s household would agree with him because he was the most honored among them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 34 20 bl5k 0 the gate of their city It was common for leaders to meet at the city gate to make official decisions.
GEN 34 21 ub3p 0 These men “Jacob, his sons, and the people of Israel”
GEN 34 21 gg84 figs-inclusive 0 peace with us Here “us” includes Hamor, his son and all the people they spoke with at the city gate. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
GEN 34 21 peg8 0 let them live in the land and trade in it “let them live and trade in the land”
GEN 34 21 qgk2 0 for, really, the land is large enough for them Shechem uses the word “really” to add emphasis to his statement. “because, certainly, the land is large enough for them” or “because, indeed, there is plenty of land for them”
GEN 34 21 i8u8 0 take their daughters ... give them our daughters This refers to marriages between the women of one group and the men of the other group. See how you translated similar phrases in [Genesis 34:9](../34/09.md).
GEN 34 22 pyn5 0 General Information: Hamor and Shechem his son continue to talk to the city elders.
GEN 34 22 g2kq 0 Only on this condition will the men agree to live with us and become one people: If every male among us is circumcised, as they are circumcised “Only if every man among us is circumcised, as the men of Israel are circumcised, will they agree to live among us and unite with us as one people”
GEN 34 23 n7gu figs-rquestion 0 Will not their livestock and their property—all their animals be ours? Shechem uses a question to emphasize that Jacob’s livestock and property will belong to the people of Shechem. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “All of their animals and property will be ours.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN 34 24 m2ft figs-activepassive 0 Every male was circumcised This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “So Hamor and Shechem had someone circumcise all the men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 34 25 xfn1 translate-ordinal 0 On the third day “third” is the ordinal number for three. It can be stated without the ordinal number. Alternate translation: “After two days” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
GEN 34 25 w2yp 0 when they were still in pain “when the men of the city were still in pain”
GEN 34 25 usz1 0 each took his sword “took their swords”
GEN 34 25 p39e figs-metonymy 0 they attacked the city Here “city” stands for the people. Alternate translation: “they attacked the people of the city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 34 25 cm25 0 security, and they killed all the males This can be translated as a new sentence. “security. Simeon and Levi killed all the men of the city”
GEN 34 27 jn2q 0 the dead bodies “the dead bodies of Hamor, Shechem, and their men”
GEN 34 27 r6r4 0 looted the city “stole everything in the city that was valuable”
GEN 34 27 dr6w 0 because the people had defiled their sister Shechem alone had defiled Dinah, but Jacob’s sons considered Shechem’s entire family and everyone in the city responsible for this act.
GEN 34 27 gep2 0 had defiled This means that Shechem had greatly dishonored and disgraced Dinah by forcing her to sleep with him. See how you translated “defiled” in [Genesis 34:5](../34/05.md).
GEN 34 28 ikb2 0 They took their flocks “Jacob’s sons took the people’s flocks”
GEN 34 29 u4y1 0 all their wealth “all their possessions and money”
GEN 34 29 lb76 0 All their children and their wives, they captured “They captured all their children and wives”
GEN 34 30 tk7q figs-metaphor 0 brought trouble on me Causing someone to experience trouble is spoken of as if trouble were an object that is brought and placed on a person. Alternate translation: “caused great problems for me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 34 30 g5qj figs-metaphor 0 to make me stink to the inhabitants of the land Causing the people in the surrounding areas to hate Jacob is spoken of as if Jacob’s sons made him smell bad physically. This can be translated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: “You have made me repulsive to the people who live in the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 34 30 di4j figs-synecdoche 0 I am few in number ... against me and attack me, then I will be destroyed, I and my household Here the words “I” and “me” refer to all of Jacob’s household. Jacob only says “I” or “me” since he is the leader. Alternate translation: “My household is small ... against us and attack us, then they will destroy all of us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN 34 30 f8i3 0 gather themselves together against me and attack me “form an army and attack me” or “form an army and attack us”
GEN 34 30 pr2b figs-activepassive 0 then I will be destroyed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they will destroy me” or “they will destroy us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 34 31 l9v7 figs-rquestion 0 Should Shechem have dealt with our sister as with a prostitute? Simeon and Levi use a question to emphasize that Shechem did what was wrong and deserved to die. Alternate translation: “Shechem should not have treated our sister as if she were a prostitute!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN 35 intro r5b3 0 # Genesis 35 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter
### Name change
In Scripture, a change in name always occurs at a highly significant point in a person’s life. The return of Jacob to Canaan was a significant event in the history of the Hebrew people.
### Covenant
The covenant God made with Abraham is repeated here. It indicates that all of Jacob’s descendants will inherit the promises of this covenant. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]])
GEN 35 1 m48u 0 go up to Bethel The phrase “go up” is used because Bethel is higher in elevation than Shechem.
GEN 35 1 a7yt figs-123person 0 Build an altar there to God God speaks about himself in the third person. Alternate translation: “Build an altar there to me, your God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN 35 2 zm9p 0 said to his household “said to his family”
GEN 35 2 s6f2 0 Put away the foreign gods that are among you “Throw away your idols” or “Get rid of your false gods”
GEN 35 2 ke2n 0 purify yourselves, and change your clothes This was the custom of cleansing oneself morally and physically before going to worship God.
GEN 35 2 p78p translate-symaction 0 change your clothes Putting on a new clothes was a sign that they had made themselves clean before approaching God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
GEN 35 3 uv67 0 in the day of my distress “in the time of my distress” or “when I was in trouble”
GEN 35 4 k9aj 0 So they gave “so everyone in Jacob’s household gave” or “so all of his family and servants gave”
GEN 35 4 v6i9 figs-metonymy 0 that were in their hand Here “in their hand” stands for what they own. Alternate translation: “that were in their possession” or “that they had” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 35 4 q9se 0 the rings that were in their ears “their earrings.” Possible meanings are 1) the gold in the earrings could have been used to make more idols or 2) they took these earrings from the city of Shechem after they attacked it and killed all the people. The earrings would have reminded them of their sin.
GEN 35 5 kv2s figs-metaphor 0 God made panic to fall on the cities God causing the people of the cities to be afraid of Jacob and his family is spoken of as if panic were an object that fell on the cities. The abstract noun “panic” can be stated as “afraid.” Alternate translation: “God made the people in the surrounding cities afraid of Jacob and those with him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
GEN 35 5 nn7z figs-metonymy 0 on the cities Here “cities” stands for the people who live in the cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 35 5 gee5 figs-explicit 0 the sons of Jacob It is implied that no one attacked anyone in Jacob’s family. But two of the sons, Simeon and Levi had attacked the Canaanites relatives of Shechem after he seized and slept with Jacob’s daughter. Jacob was afraid they would seek revenge in [Genesis 34:30](../34/30.md). Alternate translation: “Jacob’s family” or “Jacob’s household” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 35 6 ex8u translate-names 0 Luz This is the name of a city. See how you translated this in [Genesis 28:19](../28/19.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 35 7 ku6t translate-names 0 El Bethel Translators may add a footnote that says: “The name El Bethel means ‘God of Bethel.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 35 7 i3c5 0 there God had revealed himself to him “there God made himself known to Jacob”
GEN 35 8 bz6e translate-names 0 Deborah This is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 35 8 xvy6 0 Rebekah’s nurse A nurse is a woman who takes care of another woman’s child. The nurse was highly honored and important to the family.
GEN 35 8 je7d figs-activepassive 0 She was buried down from Bethel This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “They buried her down from Bethel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 35 8 v837 0 down from Bethel The phrase “down from” is used because they buried her in a place that was lower in elevation than Bethel.
GEN 35 8 cv5c translate-names 0 Allon Bakuth Translators may add a footnote that says: “The name Allon Bakuth means ‘Oak tree where there is weeping.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 35 9 sbc1 figs-explicit 0 When Jacob came from Paddan Aram It can be made explicit that they were in Bethel. Alternate translation: “After Jacob left Paddan Aram, and while he was in Bethel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 35 9 x1ha 0 blessed Here “bless” means to pronounce a formal blessing on someone and to cause good things to happen to that person.
GEN 35 10 z15l figs-activepassive 0 but your name will no longer be called Jacob This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “but your name will no longer be Jacob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 35 11 i7mm 0 God said to him “God said to Jacob”
GEN 35 11 z2vl figs-doublet 0 Be fruitful and multiply God told Jacob to produce children so that there would be many of them. The word “multiply” explains how he was to be “fruitful.” See how you translated this in [Genesis 1:22](../01/22.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 35 11 p3b2 figs-metonymy 0 A nation and a company of nations will come from you Here “nation” and “nations” refer to Jacob’s descendants who will establish these nations. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 35 13 ev4e 0 God went up from him Here “went up” is used because where God dwells is typically thought of as being up or above the world. Alternate translation: “God left him”
GEN 35 14 b5hy 0 pillar This is a memorial pillar which was simply a large stone or boulder set up on its end.
GEN 35 14 epr5 translate-symaction 0 He poured out a drink offering over it and poured oil on it This is a sign that he is dedicating the pillar to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
GEN 35 15 j65s 0 Bethel Translators may also add a footnote that says “The name Bethel means ‘house of God.’”
GEN 35 16 ap5k 0 Ephrath This is another name for the town of Bethlehem.
GEN 35 16 vy4h 0 She had hard labor “She was having a very difficult time giving birth to the child”
GEN 35 17 x4mh 0 While she was in hardest labor “When the labor pain was at its worst”
GEN 35 17 s3cm 0 midwife a person who helps a woman when she is giving birth to a child
GEN 35 18 hn3n figs-idiom 0 As she was dying, with her dying breath A “dying breath” is a person’s last breath before he or she dies. Alternate translation: “Just before she died, as she was taking her last breath” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 35 18 dty6 translate-names 0 Ben-Oni Translator may add a footnote that says “The name Ben-Oni means ‘son of my sorrow.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 35 18 d44e 0 Benjamin Translator may add a footnote that says “The name Benjamin means ‘son of the right hand.’” The phrase “right hand” indicates a place of special favor.
GEN 35 19 v664 figs-activepassive 0 was buried This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they buried her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 35 19 cj7f 0 on the way “alongside the road”
GEN 35 20 n32v 0 It is the marker of Rachel’s grave to this day “It marks Rachel’s grave still to this day”
GEN 35 20 lj22 0 to this day “up to the present time.” This means to the time that the author was writing this.
GEN 35 21 iq45 figs-explicit 0 Israel traveled on It is implied that Israel’s family and servants are with him. The full meaning of this information can be made explicit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 35 22 s2bs figs-euphemism 0 lay with This is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “had sexual relations with” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN 35 22 w9fr translate-names 0 Bilhah This is the name of Rachel’s female servant. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 29:29](../29/29.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 35 22 m9qr 0 Now Jacob had twelve sons This sentence begins a new paragraph, which continues into the following verses.
GEN 35 22 lv7q translate-numbers 0 twelve sons “12 sons” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN 35 25 vbv7 translate-names 0 Bilhah This is the name of Rachel’s female servant. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 29:29](../29/29.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 35 26 bk2l translate-names 0 Zilpah This is the name of Leah’s female servant. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 29:24](../29/24.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 35 26 tc13 figs-explicit 0 who were born to him in Paddan Aram It is implied that this does not include Benjamin who was born in the land of Canaan near Bethlehem. It only mentions Paddan Aram since that is where most of them were born. The full meaning of this can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “who were born to him in Paddan Aram, except Benjamin who was born in the land of Canaan” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 35 27 f44e figs-go 0 Jacob came to Isaac Here “came” can be stated as “went.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
GEN 35 27 a58a translate-names 0 Mamre This was another name for the city of Hebron. It may have been named after Mamre, the friend of Abraham who lived there. See how you translated this in [Genesis 13:18](../13/18.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 35 27 bc7q translate-names 0 Kiriath Arba This is the name of a city. See how you translated this in [Genesis 23:2](../23/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 35 28 x251 translate-numbers 0 one hundred eighty years “180 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN 35 29 rk3c figs-doublet 0 Isaac breathed his last and died “Isaac took his last breath and died.” The phrases “breathed his last” and “died” mean basically the same thing. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Genesis 25:8](../25/08.md). Alternate translation: “Isaac died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
GEN 35 29 p3ct figs-euphemism 0 breathed his last This is a polite way of saying a person died. See how you translated this in [Genesis 25:8](../25/08.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN 35 29 fpy4 figs-idiom 0 was gathered to his ancestors This means that after Isaac died, his soul went to the same place as his relatives who died before him. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he joined his family members who had already died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 35 29 bxx8 figs-doublet 0 an old man full of days The phrases “old man” and “full of days” mean basically the same thing. They emphasize that Isaac lived a very long time. Alternate translation: “after he had lived a very long time and was very old” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
GEN 36 intro st7p 0 # Genesis 36 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter
### Esau’s descendants
Esau’s descendants became known as the Edomite people group. They also become a great nation. This nation is prominent in the rest of the Old Testament. God graciously blessed Esau and he had many descendants. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]])
GEN 36 1 zj65 figs-explicit 0 These were the descendants of Esau (also called Edom) “These are the descendants of Esau, who is also called Edom.” This sentence introduces the account of Esau’s descendants in Genesis 36:1-8. Alternate translation: “This is an account of the descendants of Esau, who is also called Edom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 36 2 ac64 translate-names 0 Adah ... Oholibamah These are names of Esau’s wives. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 36 2 hna3 translate-names 0 Elon the Hittite “Elon the descendant of Heth” or “Elon a descendant of Heth.” This is the name of a man. See how you translate this in [Genesis 26:34](../26/34.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 36 2 s9ni translate-names 0 Anah ... Zibeon These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 36 2 hd6t 0 Hivite This refers to a larger group of people. See how you translated it in [Genesis 10:17](../10/17.md).
GEN 36 3 g86y translate-names 0 Nebaioth a man’s name (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 36 3 k2u1 translate-names 0 Basemath This is the name of one of Esau’s wives. See how you translated this in [Genesis 26:34](../26/34.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 36 3 n8tf translate-names 0 Nebaioth This is the name of one of Ishmael’s sons. See how you translated this in [Genesis 28:9](../28/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 36 4 w5z8 translate-names 0 Adah ... Basemath These are names of Esau’s wives. See how you translated these in [Genesis 36:2-3](./02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 36 4 s7t4 translate-names 0 Eliphaz ... Reuel These are names of Esau’s sons. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 36 5 rp9l translate-names 0 Oholibamah These are names of Esau’s wives. See how you translated these in [Genesis 36:2](./02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 36 5 m5u2 translate-names 0 Jeush ... Jalam ... Korah These are names of Esau’s sons. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 36 6 k2ey figs-explicit 0 which he had gathered in the land of Canaan This refers to all of the things that he had accumulated while living in the land of Canaan. Alternate translation: “which he had accumulated while living in the land of Canaan” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 36 6 u7vt figs-idiom 0 went into a land This means to moved to another place and live there. Alternate translation: “went to live in another land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 36 7 y3im 0 their possessions “Esau’s and Jacob’s possessions”
GEN 36 7 kr6m figs-explicit 0 could not support them because of their livestock The land was not large enough to support all of the livestock that Jacob and Esau owned. Alternate translation: “was not big enough to support all of their livestock” or “was not big enough for both Esau’s flocks and Jacob’s flocks” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 36 7 ui47 figs-idiom 0 where they had settled The word “settled” means to move somewhere and live there. Alternate translation: “where they had moved to” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 36 9 yd4a figs-explicit 0 These were the descendants of Esau This sentence introduces the account of Esau’s descendants in Genesis 36:9-43. Alternate translation: “This is an account of the descendants of Esau” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 36 9 vme3 figs-explicit 0 in the hill country of Seir This means that they lived in the hill country of Seir. The full meaning of this may be made explicit. Alternate translation: “who lived in the hill country of Seir” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 36 10 kf9d translate-names 0 Eliphaz ... Reuel These are names of Esau’s sons. See how you translated these names in [Genesis 36:4](../36/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 36 10 b61h translate-names 0 Adah ... Basemath These are names of Esau’s wives. See how you translated these names in [Genesis 36:2-3](./02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 36 11 uw62 translate-names 0 Teman, Omar, Zepho, Gatam, and Kenaz These are names of the sons of Eliphaz. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 36 12 q2xy translate-names 0 Amalek a son of Eliphaz (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 36 12 c8w1 translate-names 0 Timna This is the name of Eliphaz’s concubine. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 36 13 qe6l translate-names 0 Reuel This is the name of a son of Esau. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 36:4](./04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 36 13 eka4 translate-names 0 Nahath ... Zerah ... Shammah ... Mizzah These are names of Reuel’s sons. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 36 13 tv77 translate-names 0 Basemath This is the name of a wife of Esau. See how you translated this in [Genesis 36:3](./03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 36 14 n41e translate-names 0 Oholibamah This is the name of a wife of Esau. See how you translated these in [Genesis 36:2](./02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 36 14 sz5g translate-names 0 Anah ... Zibeon These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 36 14 u6hp translate-names 0 Jeush, Jalam, and Korah These are names of Esau’s sons. See how you translated these names in [Genesis 36:5](./05.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 36 15 zg7m translate-names 0 Eliphaz This is the name of one of Esau’s sons. See how you translated his name in [Genesis 36:4](../36/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 36 15 lut6 translate-names 0 Teman, Omar, Zepho, Kenaz These are names of Eliphaz’s sons. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 36 16 zr8u translate-names 0 Korah, Gatam, and Amalek These are names of Eliphaz’s sons. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 36 16 j4yq translate-names 0 Adah This is the name of one of Esau’s wives. See how you translated her name in [Genesis 36:2](./02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 36 17 ts2e translate-names 0 Reuel This is the name of a son of Esau. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 36:4](./04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 36 17 uk29 translate-names 0 Nahath, Zerah, Shammah, Mizzah These are the names of Reuel’s sons. See how you translated these names in [Genesis 36:13](../36/13.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 36 17 h6as figs-explicit 0 in the land of Edom This means that they lived in the land of Edom. Alternate translation: “who lived in the land of Edom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 36 17 pn88 translate-names 0 Basemath This is the name of a wife of Esau. See how you translated these names in [Genesis 36:3](./03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 36 18 bz8x translate-names 0 Oholibamah This is the name of a wife of Esau. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 36:2](./02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 36 18 lpz9 translate-names 0 Jeush, Jalam, Korah These are the names of Esau’s sons. See how you translated these names in [Genesis 36:5](./05.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 36 18 bs35 translate-names 0 Anah This the name of a man. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 36:2](../36/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 36 20 nf56 0 Seir The word “Seir” is the name of a man and of a country.
GEN 36 20 pj69 0 the Horite The word “Horite” refers to a people group. See how you translated it in [Genesis 14:6](../14/06.md).
GEN 36 20 lrw4 0 the inhabitants of the land “who lived in the land of Seir, which is also called Edom”
GEN 36 20 e8fa translate-names 0 Lotan, Shobal, Zibeon, Anah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 36 21 g54a translate-names 0 Dishon, Ezer, and Dishan These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 36 22 ui8e translate-names 0 Lotan ... Hori and Heman These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 36 22 r36g translate-names 0 Timna This is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 36 23 c6jr translate-names 0 Shobal This is the name of man. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 36:20](../36/20.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 36 23 smz3 translate-names 0 Alvan, Manahath, Ebal, Shepho, and Onam These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 36 24 zng8 translate-names 0 Zibeon This is the name of a man. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 36:20](../36/20.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 36 24 l94x translate-names 0 Aiah and Anah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 36 25 t8gx 0 Anah ... Dishon These are names of men. See how you translated “Anah” in [Genesis 36:20](./20.md).
GEN 36 25 esu6 translate-names 0 Oholibamah This is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 36 26 tb3r translate-names 0 Dishon ... Hemdan, Eshban, Ithran, and Keran These are names of men. See how you translated “Dishon” in [Genesis 36:21](./21.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 36 27 w3mp translate-names 0 Ezer ... Bilhan, Zaavan, and Akan These are names of men. See how you translated “Ezer” in [Genesis 36:20-21](./20.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 36 28 u49l translate-names 0 Dishan ... Uz and Aran These are names of men. See how you translated “Dishan” in [Genesis 36:21](./21.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 36 29 fkl1 translate-names 0 the Horites This is the name of a people group. See how you translated this in [Genesis 14:6](../14/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 36 29 g2zx translate-names 0 Lotan, Shobal, Zibeon, and Anah These are the names of men. See how you translated these names in [Genesis 36:20](./20.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 36 30 cp7f translate-names 0 Dishon, Ezer, Dishan These are the names of men. See how you translated these names in [Genesis 36:21](./21.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 36 30 yki3 figs-explicit 0 in the land of Seir This means that they lived in the land of Seir. Alternate translation: “of those who lived in the land of Seir” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 36 32 v99w translate-names 0 Bela ... Beor These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 36 32 h4lb figs-idiom 0 the name of his city This means that this was the city where he lived. Alternate translation: “the name of the city where he lived” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 36 32 e1xl translate-names 0 Dinhabah This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 36 33 sr5r translate-names 0 Bela ... Jobab ... Zerah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 36 33 cuf9 translate-names 0 Bozrah This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 36 34 d4sk translate-names 0 Jobab This is the name of a man. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 36:33](../36/33.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 36 34 ne5s translate-names 0 Husham This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 36 34 l23l figs-explicit 0 Husham who was of the land of the Temanites This means that Husham lived in the land of the Temanites. Alternate translation: “Husham who lived in the land of the Temanites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 36 34 b498 translate-names 0 Temanites descendants of a man named Teman (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 36 35 ct4x translate-names 0 Husham ... Hadad ... Bedad These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 36 35 ar3g figs-idiom 0 The name of his city This means that this was the city where he lived. Alternate translation: “The name of the city where he lived” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 36 35 i9ul translate-names 0 Avith These are names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 36 36 en7h translate-names 0 Hadad ... Samlah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 36 36 f4j5 translate-names 0 Samlah of Masrekah “Samlah from Masrekah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 36 36 rd2a translate-names 0 Masrekah These are names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 36 37 b1jl translate-names 0 Samlah This is the name of a man. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 36:36](../36/36.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 36 37 hji7 figs-explicit 0 then Shaul of Rehoboth by the river reigned in his place Shaul lived in Rehoboth. Rehoboth was by the Euphrates river. This information may be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “then Shaul reigned in his place. He was from Rehoboth which is by the Euphrates River” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 36 37 c5xx translate-names 0 Shaul This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 36 37 d42q translate-names 0 Rehoboth This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 36 38 c5rd translate-names 0 Shaul ... Baal-Hanan ... Akbor These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 36 39 jf15 translate-names 0 Baal-Hanan ... Akbor ... Hadar ... Matred ... Me Zahab These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 36 39 kk3p figs-idiom 0 The name of his city This means that this was the city where he lived. Alternate translation: “The name of the city where he lived” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 36 39 sz99 translate-names 0 Pau These are names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 36 39 vn2x translate-names 0 Mehetabel This is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 36 39 f6vx 0 the daughter of Matred, the granddaughter of Me Zahab “she was the daughter of Matred, and the granddaughter of Me Zahab”
GEN 36 40 bim6 0 the heads of clans “the leaders of the clans”
GEN 36 40 n8cf figs-explicit 0 according to their clans and their regions, by their names The clans and the regions were named after the heads of the clans. Alternate translation: “the names of their clans and the regions where they lived were named after them. These are their names” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 36 40 yu9e translate-names 0 Timna, Alvah, Jetheth These are names of people groups. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 36 41 q8em translate-names 0 Oholibamah, Elah, Pinon These are names of people groups. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 36 42 f4dx translate-names 0 Kenaz, Teman, Mibzar These are names of people groups. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 36 43 bjb8 translate-names 0 Magdiel, and Iram These are names of people groups. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 36 43 f84q 0 their settlements “their dwelling places” or “the places they lived”
GEN 36 43 zc7w figs-metonymy 0 This was Esau This list is said “to be” Esau, which means that it is the whole list of his descendants. Alternate translation: “This is the list of the descendants of Esau” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 37 intro s17y 0 # Genesis 37 General Notes
## Structure and formatting
This chapter begins to record the account of Jacob’s sons. The rest of the book of Genesis focuses on Jacob’s sons, especially Joseph. This chapter also references Jacob as “Israel” beginning in this chapter.
## Special concepts in this chapter
### Favoritism
Jacob’s favoritism became a great problem for his sons. They are always jealous of Joseph because he is the favorite son. The beautiful garment Jacob gave to Joseph greatly strained the relationship between Joseph and his brothers. Joseph dreams he will rule all of his brothers, even though he is not the oldest son. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/favor]])
### God’s power
The account of Joseph focuses on the power of God. God is able to protect his people despite the evil actions of some. He also is able to continue to bless them despite their circumstances. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]])
GEN 37 1 y34b 0 the land where his father was staying, in the land of Canaan “in the land of Canaan where his father had lived”
GEN 37 2 gx4z figs-synecdoche 0 These were the events concerning Jacob This sentence introduces the account of Jacob’s children in Genesis 37:1-50:26. Here “Jacob” refers to his whole family. Alternate translation: “This is the account of Jacob’s family” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN 37 2 h2a4 translate-numbers 0 seventeen years old “17 years old” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN 37 2 kg73 translate-names 0 Bilhah This is the name of Rachel’s female servant. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 29:29](../29/29.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 37 2 g6zc translate-names 0 Zilpah This is the name of Leah’s female servant. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 29:24](../29/24.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 37 2 gp4s 0 wives These women were servants of Leah and Rachel whom they had given to Jacob to produce children.
GEN 37 2 fj2x 0 an unfavorable report about them “a bad report about his brothers”
GEN 37 3 in67 writing-background 0 Now This word is used here to mark a change from the story to background information about Israel and Joseph. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
GEN 37 3 hu4a 0 loved This refers to brotherly love or love for a friend or family member. This is natural human love between friends or relatives.
GEN 37 3 fd1u figs-idiom 0 of his old age This means that Joseph was born when Israel was an old man. Alternate translation: “who was born when Israel was an old man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 37 3 n9xs 0 He made him “Israel made Joseph”
GEN 37 3 m9ni 0 a beautiful garment “a beautiful robe”
GEN 37 4 ua1k 0 would not speak kindly to him “could not speak in a courteous manner to him”
GEN 37 5 z7xa 0 Joseph dreamed a dream, and he told his brothers about it. They hated him even more This is a summary of the events that will happen in 37:6-11.
GEN 37 5 req1 0 They hated him even more “And Joseph’s brothers hated him even more than they hated him before”
GEN 37 6 c6ln 0 Please listen to this dream which I dreamed “Please listen to this dream that I had”
GEN 37 7 hu4k 0 General Information: Joseph tells his brothers about his dream.
GEN 37 7 zk8j 0 Behold The word “behold” here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows.
GEN 37 7 v7ub figs-inclusive 0 we were The word “we” refers to Joseph and includes all of his brothers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
GEN 37 7 lp7e 0 tying bundles of grain When grain is reaped it is tied into bundles and stacked until it is time to separate the grain from the straw.
GEN 37 7 p45z 0 behold Here the word “behold” here shows that Joseph was surprised by what he saw.
GEN 37 7 yu7f figs-personification 0 my bundle rose and stood upright ... your bundles came around and bowed down Here the bundles of grain are standing and kneeling as if they were people. These bundle represent Joseph and his brothers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
GEN 37 8 yak9 figs-parallelism 0 Will you really reign over us? Will you actually rule over us? Both of these phrases mean basically the same thing. Joseph’s brothers are using questions to mock Joseph. They can be written as statements. Alternate translation: “You will never be our king, and we will never bow down to you!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN 37 8 pjm9 figs-exclusive 0 reign over us The word “us” refers to Joseph’s brothers but not Joseph. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
GEN 37 8 gtl3 0 for his dreams and for his words “because of his dreams and what he said”
GEN 37 9 kyz2 0 He dreamed another dream “Joseph had another dream”
GEN 37 9 tzi7 translate-numbers 0 eleven stars “11 stars” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN 37 10 fqz5 0 his father rebuked him. He said to him “Israel scolded him, saying”
GEN 37 10 c1l9 figs-rquestion 0 What is this dream that you have dreamed? Will your mother ... to the ground to you? Israel uses questions to correct Joseph. This can be written as statements. Alternate translation: “This dream you had is not real. Your mother, brothers, and I will not bow down before you!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN 37 11 r99i 0 jealous This means being angry because someone else is successful or more popular.
GEN 37 11 ml87 figs-idiom 0 kept the matter in mind The means that he kept thinking about the meaning of Joseph’s dream. Alternate translation: “kept thinking about what the dream might mean” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 37 13 is7f figs-rquestion 0 Are not your brothers tending the flock in Shechem? Israel uses a question to begin a conversation. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “You brothers are tending the flock in Shechem.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN 37 13 mkc7 figs-explicit 0 Come Here it is implied that Israel is asking Joseph to prepare himself to leave and go see his brothers. Alternate translation: “Get ready” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 37 13 py59 figs-explicit 0 I am ready He is ready to leave. “I am ready to go” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 37 14 qey4 0 He said to him “Israel said to Joseph”
GEN 37 14 w1ct figs-idiom 0 bring me word Israel wants Joseph to come back and tell him about how his brother and flocks are doing. Alternate translation: “come tell me what you find out” or “give me a report” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 37 14 lr5e 0 out of the Valley “from the Valley”
GEN 37 15 un9m 0 A certain man found Joseph. Behold, Joseph was wandering in a field “A certain man found Joseph wandering in a field”
GEN 37 15 d2cb 0 Behold This marks the beginning of another event in the larger story. It may involve different people than the previous events. Your language may have a way of doing this.
GEN 37 15 s9np 0 What do you seek? “What are you looking for?”
GEN 37 16 a4w2 0 Tell me, please, where “Please tell me where”
GEN 37 16 w68c 0 tending the flock “shepherding their flock”
GEN 37 17 kti6 translate-names 0 Dothan This is the name of a place that is about 22 kilometers from Shechem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 37 18 b5ik 0 They saw him from a distance “Joseph’s brothers saw him while he was far away”
GEN 37 18 j6pl 0 they plotted against him to kill him “they made plans to kill him”
GEN 37 19 e925 0 this dreamer is approaching “here comes the one who has the dreams”
GEN 37 20 gv2f figs-idiom 0 Come now, therefore This wording shows that the brothers acted upon their plans. Alternate translation: “So now” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 37 20 q5ub 0 wild animal “dangerous animal” or “ferocious animal”
GEN 37 20 tf98 0 devoured to eagerly have eaten
GEN 37 20 f645 figs-irony 0 We will see what will become of his dreams His brothers planned to kill him, therefore it is ironic that they would speak of his dream coming true, since he would be dead. Alternate translation: “That way we will make sure his dreams do not come true” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
GEN 37 21 hcd3 0 heard it “heard what they were saying”
GEN 37 21 h7vp figs-metonymy 0 from their hand The phrase “their hand” refers to the brothers’ plan to kill him. Alternate translation: “from them” or “from their plans” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 37 21 tgx9 figs-euphemism 0 Let us not take his life The phrase “take his life” is a euphemism for killing someone. Alternate translation: “Let us not kill Joseph” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN 37 22 ia68 figs-litotes 0 Shed no blood The negation can be placed on the verb. Also, “shedding blood” is a euphemism for killing someone. Alternate translation: “Do not spill any blood” or “Do not kill him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN 37 22 pp4s 0 that he might rescue him This can be translated as a new sentence: “Rueben said this so that he might rescue Joseph”
GEN 37 22 w33s figs-metonymy 0 out of their hand The phrase “their hand” refers to the brothers’ plan to kill him. Alternate translation: “from them” or “from their plans” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 37 22 qi79 0 to bring him back “and return him”
GEN 37 23 avb4 0 It came about that when This phrase is used here to mark an important event in the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here.
GEN 37 23 hk1a 0 they stripped him of his beautiful garment “they tore his beautiful garment off of him”
GEN 37 23 r88s 0 beautiful garment “beautiful robe.” See how you translated this in [Genesis 37:3](../37/03.md).
GEN 37 25 z1zh figs-synecdoche 0 They sat down to eat bread “Bread” represents food in general. Alternate translation: “They sat down to eat food” or “Joseph’s brothers sat down to eat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN 37 25 u8ky figs-metaphor 0 They lifted up their eyes and looked, and, behold, a caravan Here looking up is spoken of as if a person literally lifted up his eyes. Also, the word “behold” is used here to draw the reader’s attention to what the men saw. Alternate translation: “They looked up and they suddenly saw a caravan” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 37 25 vw51 0 bearing carrying
GEN 37 25 ry7t 0 spices seasonings
GEN 37 25 c9x3 0 balm an oily substance with a sweet smell used for healing and protecting skin. “medicine”
GEN 37 25 c48b figs-explicit 0 traveling to carry them down to Egypt “bringing them down to Egypt.” This can be made more explicit. Alternate translation: “bringing them down to Egypt to sell them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 37 26 jqq1 figs-rquestion 0 What profit is it if we kill our brother and cover up his blood? This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “We do not gain a profit by killing our brother and covering up his blood” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN 37 26 t3nl figs-metaphor 0 cover up his blood This is a figure of speech referring to hiding Joseph’s death. Alternate translation: “hide his murder” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 37 27 z5vv 0 to the Ishmaelites “to these men who are descendants of Ishmael”
GEN 37 27 drn8 figs-idiom 0 not lay our hands upon him This means not to harm or injure him. Alternate translation: “not hurt him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 37 27 x3zy figs-metonymy 0 he is our brother, our flesh The word “flesh” is a metonym that stands for a relative. Alternate translation: “he is our blood relative” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 37 27 ih6w 0 His brothers listened to him “Judah’s brothers listened to him” or “Judah’s brothers agreed with him”
GEN 37 28 fs89 0 Midianite ... Ishmaelites Both names refer to the same group of traders that Joseph’s brothers meet.
GEN 37 28 plq1 translate-numbers 0 for twenty pieces of silver “for the price of 20 pieces of silver” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN 37 28 sty7 0 carried Joseph into Egypt “took Joseph to Egypt”
GEN 37 29 u33n 0 Reuben returned to the pit, and, behold, Joseph was not in the pit “Reuben returned to the pit, and was surprised to see that Joseph was not there.” The word “behold” here shows that Reuben was surprised to find out Joseph was gone.
GEN 37 29 q2rx figs-explicit 0 He tore his clothes This is an act of deep distress and grief. This can be written more clearly. Alternate translation: “He was so grieved that he tore his clothes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 37 30 rz5i figs-rquestion 0 The boy is not there! And I, where can I go? Reuben uses questions for emphasis the problem that Joseph was missing. These can be written as statements. Alternate translation: “The boy is gone! I cannot go back home now!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN 37 31 mg6n 0 Joseph’s garment This refers to the beautiful garment that his father made for him.
GEN 37 31 v9ds 0 the blood “the goat’s blood”
GEN 37 32 uw8d 0 they brought it “they brought the garment”
GEN 37 33 jk1r 0 has devoured him “has eaten him”
GEN 37 33 i3f2 figs-activepassive 0 Joseph has certainly been torn to pieces Jacob thinks that a wild animal has torn Joseph’s body apart. Alternate translation: “It has certainly torn Joseph to pieces” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 37 34 br9g figs-explicit 0 Jacob tore his garments This is an act of deep distress and grief. This can be written more clearly. Alternate translation: “Jacob was so grieved that he tore his garments” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 37 34 x4zj figs-explicit 0 put sackcloth upon his loins Here “loins” refers to the middle part of the body or the waist. Alternate translation: “put on sackcloth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 37 35 rd4c figs-metaphor 0 rose up Here the childrens’ coming to their father is spoke of as “rising up.” Alternate translation: “came to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 37 35 inp9 figs-activepassive 0 but he refused to be comforted This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “but he would not let them comfort him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 37 35 qls4 figs-explicit 0 Indeed I will go down to Sheol mourning The means that he be mourning from now until when he dies. Alternate translation: “Indeed when I die and go down to Sheol I will still be mourning” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 37 36 p1k8 0 The Midianites sold him “The Midianites sold Joseph”
GEN 37 36 zpi7 0 the captain of the bodyguard “the leader of the soldiers who guarded the king”
GEN 38 intro m9uv 0 # Genesis 38 General Notes
## Structure and formatting
This chapter focuses on Jacob’s son Judah.
## Special concepts in this chapter
### “Spilling his seed”
Onan was to provide for his brother’s widow and give her an heir. This phrase indicates that he used Tamar to fulfill his own sexual desires rather than help her. This was sinful. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
### God preserves Judah’s line
The Canaanite woman, Tamar, deceived her father-in-law, Judah, into having sexual relations with her. If it had not been for this act, Judah would not have any descendants to carry on his family line. Although her actions were wrong, God used them to protect his people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]])
GEN 38 1 d341 writing-newevent 0 It came about at that time that Judah This introduces a new part of the story that focuses on Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
GEN 38 1 mm6t translate-names 0 a certain Adullamite, whose name was Hirah Hirah is the name of a man who lived in the village of Adullam. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 38 2 g2ep translate-names 0 whose name was Shua Shua is a Canaanite woman who married Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 38 2 ri4x figs-euphemism 0 he went in to her This is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “he had sexual relations with her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN 38 3 tdy5 0 She became pregnant “Judah’s wife became pregnant”
GEN 38 3 b2qs figs-activepassive 0 He was named Er This can be written in active form. Alternate translation: “His father named him Er” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 38 3 uw47 translate-names 0 Er Judah’s son (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 38 4 j52v 0 called his name “named him”
GEN 38 4 d5vx translate-names 0 Onan Judah’s son (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 38 5 qtm2 translate-names 0 Shelah Judah’s son (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 38 5 q8z9 translate-names 0 Kezib This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 38 6 yph1 translate-names 0 Er This is the name of one of Judah’s sons. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 38:3](../38/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 38 7 dn6g figs-idiom 0 was wicked in the sight of Yahweh The phrase “in the sight” refers to Yahweh seeing Er’s wickedness. Alternate translation: “was wicked and Yahweh saw it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 38 7 i5dq figs-explicit 0 Yahweh killed him Yahweh killed him because he was wicked. This can be made clear. Alternate translation: “So Yahweh killed him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 38 8 tk66 translate-names 0 Onan This is the name of one of Judah’s sons. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 38:4](../38/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 38 8 kks8 figs-euphemism 0 Go in to your brother’s wife This is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “Have sexual relations with your brother’s wife” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN 38 8 a6ev 0 Do the duty of a brother-in-law to her This refers to a custom that when the oldest brother dies before he and his wife have a son, the next oldest brother would marry and have sexual relations with the widow. When the widow gave birth to the first son, that son was considered the son of the oldest brother and he would receive the oldest brother’s inheritance.
GEN 38 9 h2uc figs-euphemism 0 he went in to This is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “he had sexual relations with” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN 38 10 d3ql figs-idiom 0 was evil in the sight of Yahweh The phrase “in the sight” refers to Yahweh seeing Onan’s wickedness. Alternate translation: “was evil and Yahweh saw it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 38 10 pa7a figs-explicit 0 Yahweh killed him also Yahweh killed him because what he did was evil. This can be made clear. Alternate translation: “So Yahweh killed him also” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 38 11 w812 0 his daughter-in-law “his oldest son’s wife”
GEN 38 11 tu93 figs-explicit 0 in your father’s house This means her to live in here father’s house. Alternate translation: “and live in your father’s house” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 38 11 xx8w figs-explicit 0 until Shelah, my son, grows up Judah intends for Tamar to marry Shelah when he grows up. Alternate translation: “and when Shelah, my son, grows up, he can marry you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 38 11 e1y2 translate-names 0 Shelah This is the name of one of Judah’s sons. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 38:5](../38/05.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 38 11 ib5z figs-explicit 0 For he feared, “He might also die, just like his brothers Judah feared that if Shelah married Tamar he would also die like his brothers did. Alternate translation: “For he feared, ‘If he marries her he may also die like his brothers did” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 38 12 fpu9 translate-names 0 Shua’s This is the name of a man. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 38:2](../38/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 38 12 ws3g 0 Judah was comforted and “When Judah was no longer grieving, he”
GEN 38 12 f28q 0 his sheepshearers at Timnah “Timnah, where his men were shearing sheep”
GEN 38 12 cx57 translate-names 0 Timnah This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 38 12 gmi5 0 he and his friend Hirah the Adullamite “His friend Hiram, from Adullam, went with him”
GEN 38 12 ep2s translate-names 0 Hirah the Adullamite “Hiram” is the name of a man, and “Adullam” is the name of a village where he lived. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 38:1](../38/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 38 13 pf3r figs-activepassive 0 Tamar was told This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Someone told Tamar” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 38 13 g6yw 0 Look, your father-in-law “Listen.” Here the word “look” is used to get Tamar attention.
GEN 38 13 dt3t 0 your father-in-law “your husband’s father”
GEN 38 14 z7kx translate-names 0 Enaim This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 38 14 l825 0 of her widowhood “that widows wear”
GEN 38 14 z8wu 0 veil a very thin material used to cover a woman’s head and face
GEN 38 14 w9p6 figs-explicit 0 wrapped herself This means that she hid herself with her clothing so that people would not recognize her. Traditionally, part of women’s clothing were large pieces of cloth they wrapped themselves with. Alternate translation: “wrapped herself in her clothing so that people would not recognize her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 38 14 i1it 0 by the road “along the road” or “on the way”
GEN 38 14 ph6r figs-activepassive 0 she had not been given to him as a wife This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Judah had not given her to Shelah as a wife” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 38 15 wl6g 0 When Judah saw her The word “her” here refers to Tamar, but your reader should understand that Judah did not know that the woman he was looking at was Tamar.
GEN 38 15 y8kx figs-explicit 0 because she had covered her face Judah did not think she was a prostitute just because her face was covered but also because she was sitting in the gate. Alternate translation: “because she had covered her head and sat where prostitutes often sat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 38 16 i3uh figs-explicit 0 He went to her by the road Tamar was sitting by the road. Alternate translation: “He went to where she was sitting by the road” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 38 16 q479 0 Come, please “Come with me, please” or “Come now, please”
GEN 38 17 rjw2 0 from the flock “from my flock of goats”
GEN 38 18 dv74 0 seal and cord ... staff A “seal” is similar to a coin with a design engraved on it, used to imprint melted wax. The “cord” was put through the seal so the owner could wear it around his neck. A staff was long wooden stick that helped in walking over rough ground.
GEN 38 18 tz55 figs-euphemism 0 he went in to her This is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “he had sexual relations with her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN 38 18 e1lh figs-activepassive 0 she became pregnant by him This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he caused her to become pregnant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 38 19 t44a 0 veil This was a very thin material used to cover a woman’s head and face. See how you translated these in [Genesis 38:14](../38/14.md).
GEN 38 19 df5s 0 clothing of her widowhood “clothing that widows wear.” See how you translated these in [Genesis 38:14](../38/14.md).
GEN 38 20 ck76 translate-names 0 Adullamite a person who lives in the village of Adullam. See how you translated this in [Genesis 38:1](../38/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 38 20 c471 figs-activepassive 0 receive the pledge This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “take back the pledge”(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 38 20 gj77 figs-synecdoche 0 from the woman’s hand Here “hand” emphasizes that they were in here possession. The woman’s hand refers to the woman. Alternate translation: “from the woman” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN 38 21 yd96 translate-names 0 Adullamite a person who lives in the village of Adullam. See how you translated this in [Genesis 38:1](../38/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 38 21 f9j4 0 the men of the place “some of the men who lived there”
GEN 38 21 wg3u 0 cultic prostitute “prostitute who serves in the temple”
GEN 38 21 tr6j translate-names 0 Enaim This is the name of a place. See how you translated this in [Genesis 38:14](../38/14.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 38 23 wmj7 figs-explicit 0 that we not be put to shame When people found out what had happened they would ridicule Judah and laugh at him. This can be made clear and stated in active form. Alternate translation: “or else people will laugh at us when they find out what happened” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 38 24 n17v writing-newevent 0 It came about This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
GEN 38 24 v2xa figs-activepassive 0 it was told to Judah This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “someone told Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 38 24 ps9t 0 Tamar your daughter-in-law “Tamar, your oldest son’s wife”
GEN 38 24 cli3 figs-activepassive 0 she is pregnant by it Here the word “it” refers to the “prostitution” that she committed. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “it has made her pregnant” or “she is pregnant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 38 24 gs86 0 Bring her here “Bring her out”
GEN 38 24 u7ku figs-activepassive 0 let her be burned This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “we will burn her to death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 38 25 b976 figs-activepassive 0 When she was brought out This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “When they brought her out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 38 25 h9p8 0 her father-in-law “her husband’s father”
GEN 38 25 sd68 0 seal and cords and staff A “seal” is similar to a coin with a design engraved on it, used to make an impression in melted wax. The “cord” was put through the seal so the owner could wear it around his neck. A staff was long wooden stick that helped in walking over rough ground. See how you translated this in [Genesis 38:18](../38/18.md).
GEN 38 26 r4f3 translate-names 0 Shelah This is the name of one of Judah’s sons. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 38:5](../38/05.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 38 26 fdr5 figs-euphemism 0 did not lie with her again This is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “did not have sexual relations with her again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN 38 27 i46v writing-newevent 0 It came about at the time This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
GEN 38 27 aqm9 0 behold The word “behold” alerts us to the surprise that Tamar was carrying twins, which was previously unknown.
GEN 38 28 p9yq 0 It came about as she was giving birth This phrase “It came about” marks an important event in the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here.
GEN 38 28 xui1 0 one put out a hand “one of the babies put out his hand”
GEN 38 28 l4m5 0 midwife This is a person who helps a woman when she is giving birth to a child. See how you translated this in [Genesis 35:17](../35/17.md).
GEN 38 28 qm8p 0 scarlet thread “bright red thread”
GEN 38 28 hph2 0 on his hand “around his wrist”
GEN 38 29 ciu7 0 behold The word “behold” here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows.
GEN 38 29 ra5t figs-explicit 0 How you have broken out! This shows the midwife’s surprise to seeing the second baby come out first. Alternate translation: “So this is how you break your way out first!” or “You have burst out first!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 38 29 n6hp figs-activepassive 0 he was named This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “she named him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 38 29 d8yk translate-names 0 Perez This is the name of a boy. Translators may add a footnote that says: “The name Perez means ‘breaking out.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 38 30 zzy9 translate-names 0 Zerah This is the name of a boy. Translators may add a footnote that says: “The name Zerah means ‘scarlet or bright red.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 39 intro a8n6 0 # Genesis 39 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter
### God’s power
The account of Joseph focuses on the power of God. God is able to protect his people despite the evil actions of some. He also is able to continue to bless them despite their circumstances. This is a sign of Yahweh’s covenant faithfulness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sign]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenantfaith]])
### Joseph’s character
Genesis just recorded a period of time where Joseph’s ancestors and brothers struggled with sin. Joseph’s character in this chapter is upright. He chose to do what was right, even when it could cause him harm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
GEN 39 1 e2vg figs-idiom 0 Joseph was brought down to Egypt Travelling to Egypt is always considered as going “down” in contrast to going “up” to the promised land. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The Ishmaelites had taken Joseph to Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 39 2 f9fl figs-idiom 0 Yahweh was with Joseph This means that Yahweh helped Joseph and was always with him. Alternate translation: “Yahweh guided Joseph and helped him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 39 2 fn2m figs-metaphor 0 He lived in the house Here the author speaks of working in the master’s house as if it were living in the master’s house. Only the most trusted servants were permitted to work in their master’s house. AT : “he worked in the house” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 39 2 j4w7 0 his Egyptian master Joseph was now Potiphar’s slave.
GEN 39 3 xvx7 figs-idiom 0 His master saw that Yahweh was with him This means that the master saw how Yahweh was helping Joseph. Alternate translation: “His master saw that Yahweh was helping him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 39 3 jq22 0 that Yahweh prospered everything that he did “Yahweh caused everything that Joseph did to prosper”
GEN 39 4 hd1r figs-idiom 0 Joseph found favor in his sight “To find favor” means to be approved by someone. The idiom “in his sight” refers to a person’s opinion. Possible meanings are 1) Alternate translation: “Potiphar was pleased with Joseph” or 2) Alternate translation: “Yahweh was pleased with Joseph” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 39 4 wv9x 0 He served Potiphar This means that he was Potiphar’s personal servant.
GEN 39 4 ld27 0 Potiphar made Joseph manager over his house, and everything that he possessed “Potiphar put Joseph in charge of his household and everything that belonged to Potiphar”
GEN 39 4 t3u1 figs-metaphor 0 put under his care When something is “put under someone’s care,” it means that the person is responsible for its care and safe-keeping. Alternate translation: “he had Joseph care for” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 39 5 nr78 0 It came about from the time that he made him manager over his house and over everything he possessed, that Yahweh blessed the Egyptian’s house because of Joseph You may need to use the words “Joseph” and “the Egyptian” before using pronouns to refer to them. “The Egyptian made Joseph manager over his house and over everything he possessed, and it came about from the time that Yahweh blessed the Egyptian’s house because of Joseph”
GEN 39 5 ys1h writing-background 0 It came about This phrase is used here to tell the reader that these two verses are background information for the next event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
GEN 39 5 vv9x 0 he made him manager over his house and over everything he possessed “Potiphar put Joseph in charge of his household and everything that belonged to him”
GEN 39 5 f9hu 0 blessed Here “blessed” means to cause good and beneficial things to happen to the person or thing that is being blessed.
GEN 39 5 c9t1 figs-metaphor 0 The blessing of Yahweh was on Here the author speaks of the blessing that Yahweh gave as if it were a physical covering put over something. Alternate translation: “Yahweh blessed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 39 5 d2m5 figs-explicit 0 everything that Potiphar had in the house and in the field This refers his household and his crops and livestock. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “Potiphar’s household and all of his crops and livestock” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 39 6 cqj8 figs-metaphor 0 Potiphar put everything that he had under Joseph’s care When something is “put under someone’s care,” it means that the person is responsible for its care and safe-keeping. Alternate translation: “So Potiphar put Joseph in charge of everything that he had” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 39 6 hx4p figs-explicit 0 He did not have to think about anything except the food that he ate He did not have to worry about anything in his household; he only had to make decisions about what he wanted to eat. This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “Potiphar only had to think about what he wanted to eat. He did not have to worry about anything else in his house” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
GEN 39 6 ia1m writing-background 0 Now The word “now” marks a break in the story line as the author gives background information about Joseph. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
GEN 39 6 wy9g figs-doublet 0 handsome and attractive Both of the words have same meaning. They refer to Joseph’s pleasing appearance. He was likely good-looking and strong. Alternate translation: “handsome and strong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
GEN 39 7 bu7c writing-newevent 0 It came about after this that “And so.” This phrase is used here to mark a new event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
GEN 39 7 x6db figs-euphemism 0 Lie with me This is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “have sexual relations with me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN 39 8 g7nr 0 Look “Listen.” Joseph uses this word to get Potiphar’s wife’s attention.
GEN 39 8 hl45 figs-doublenegatives 0 my master does not pay attention to what I do in the house “my master has no concern about his household with me in charge.” This can be written in positive form. Alternate translation: “my master trusts me with his household” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
GEN 39 8 v8lh figs-metaphor 0 he has put everything that he owns under my care When something is “put under someone’s care,” it means that the person is responsible for its care and safe-keeping. Alternate translation: “he has put me in charge of everything that belongs to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 39 9 xvi7 figs-metaphor 0 No one is greater in this house than I am Here the author speaks of authority as if it were greatness. Alternate translation: “I have more authority in this house than anyone else” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 39 9 x4sd figs-litotes 0 He has not kept back anything from me but you This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “He has given me everything except you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
GEN 39 9 gk4v figs-rquestion 0 How then can I do this great wickedness and sin against God? Joseph uses a question for emphasis. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “I certainly cannot do such a wicked thing and sin against God.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN 39 10 vm2s figs-explicit 0 She spoke to Joseph day after day This means that she kept asking him to sleep with her. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “She kept on asking Joseph to sleep with her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 39 10 f48l figs-euphemism 0 to lie with her This is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “to have sexual relations with her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN 39 10 c1pu 0 to be with her “to be near her”
GEN 39 11 fgn4 writing-newevent 0 It came about “And so.” This phrase is used here to mark a new event in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
GEN 39 11 uf8u 0 None of the men of the house “None of the other men who worked in the house”
GEN 39 12 x9k8 figs-euphemism 0 Lie with me This is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “Have sexual relations with me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN 39 12 i97q 0 fled, and went outside “and quickly ran outside” or “and quickly ran out of the house”
GEN 39 13 ix34 writing-newevent 0 It came about “Then” The phrase “it came about” is used here to mark the next event in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
GEN 39 13 ufa4 0 had fled outside “had quickly ran out of the house”
GEN 39 14 ikv6 0 the men of her house “the men who worked in her house”
GEN 39 14 tuv8 0 See “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you.”
GEN 39 14 k9h6 figs-euphemism 0 He came in to me to lie with me Here Potiphar’s wife is accusing Joseph of trying to seize her and have sexual relations with her. “He came into my room to have sexual relations with me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN 39 15 n1kg writing-newevent 0 It came about when he heard me scream, that he “When he heard me scream, he.” The phrase “it came about” is used here to mark the next event in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
GEN 39 16 ma4z 0 his master “Joseph’s master.” This refers to Potiphar.
GEN 39 17 xu1x 0 She told him this explanation “She explained it like this”
GEN 39 17 qu1q figs-inclusive 0 brought to us The word “us” refers to Potiphar, his wife, and includes the rest of the household. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
GEN 39 17 s2dj figs-euphemism 0 came in to mock me “came in to make a fool of me.” Here, the word “mock” is a euphemism for “to seize and to sleep with.” Alternate translation: “came into where I was and tried to force me to sleep with him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN 39 18 u1cu writing-newevent 0 It came about that “Then.” Potiphar’s wife uses this phrase to mark the next event in the account she is telling him about Joseph trying to sleep with her. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
GEN 39 18 r27a 0 fled outside “ran quickly out of the house”
GEN 39 19 z9ib writing-newevent 0 It came about that “And so.” This phrase is used here to mark a new event in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
GEN 39 19 nr6k figs-explicit 0 his master “Joseph’s master.” This refers to Potiphar. This information can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “Joseph’s master, Potiphar” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 39 19 clp9 0 heard the explanation his wife told him “heard his wife explain to him.” The word “his” and “him” here refer to Potiphar.
GEN 39 19 wt6m 0 he became very angry “Potiphar became very angry”
GEN 39 20 w9a8 figs-activepassive 0 the place where the king’s prisoners were confined This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the place where the king put his prisoners” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 39 20 w9ky 0 He was there “Joseph stayed there”
GEN 39 21 j7f2 figs-idiom 0 But Yahweh was with Joseph This refers to how Yahweh took care of Joseph and was kind to him. Alternate translation: “But Yahweh was kind to Joseph” or “But Yahweh took care of Joseph” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 39 21 s8kg figs-abstractnouns 0 showed covenant faithfulness to him The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be stated as “faithful” or “faithfully.” Alternate translation: “was faithful to his covenant with him” or “faithfully loved him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
GEN 39 21 wd2i figs-idiom 0 He gave him favor in the sight of the prison warden This means Yahweh caused the prison warden to approve of Joseph and to treat him well. Alternate translation: “Yahweh caused the prison warden to be pleased with Joseph” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 39 21 y3zt 0 the prison warden “the prison manager” or “the man in charge of the prison”
GEN 39 22 wbf9 figs-metaphor 0 gave into Joseph’s hand Here “hand” represents Joseph’s power or trust. Alternate translation: “put Joseph in charge of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 39 22 ma4g 0 Whatever they did there, Joseph was in charge of it “Joseph was in charge of everything they did there”
GEN 39 23 j1y2 figs-idiom 0 because Yahweh was with him This refers to how Yahweh helped Joseph and guided him. Alternate translation: “because Yahweh guided Joseph” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 39 23 kpn2 0 Whatever he did, Yahweh prospered “Yahweh caused everything that Joseph did to prosper”
GEN 40 intro ef8h 0 # Genesis 40 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter
### God’s power
The account of Joseph focuses on the power of God. God is able to protect his people despite the evil actions of some. He also is able to continue to bless them despite their circumstances. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]])
### Interpretation of dreams
The interpretation of dreams was important in the ancient Near East. It was seen as possible only through divine power. Yahweh gave Joseph the power to interpret dreams in order to bring himself glory and to protect Joseph and the Hebrew people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]])
GEN 40 1 nwl6 writing-newevent 0 It came about that This phrase is used here to mark a new event in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
GEN 40 1 bab1 0 the cupbearer This is the person who brought drinks to the king.
GEN 40 1 i7i3 0 king’s baker This is the person who made food for the king.
GEN 40 1 kuf4 0 offended their master “upset their master”
GEN 40 2 ch6u 0 the chief of the cupbearers and the chief of the bakers “the leading cupbearer and the leading baker”
GEN 40 3 xu5i 0 He put them in custody in the house of the captain of the guard “He put them in the prison that was in the house that was overseen by the captain of the guard”
GEN 40 3 ba8g figs-metonymy 0 He put them The king did not put them in prison but rather he commanded for them to be imprisoned. Alternate translation: “He had them put” or “He commanded his guard to put” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 40 3 r4uj figs-activepassive 0 in the same prison where Joseph was confined This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “This was the same prison that Joseph was in” or “This was the same prison Potiphar put Joseph in” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 40 4 zrd7 0 They remained in custody for some time “They remained in prison for a long time”
GEN 40 6 a1d1 0 Joseph came to them “Joseph came to the cupbearer and the baker”
GEN 40 6 yub6 figs-explicit 0 Behold, they were sad The word “behold” here shows that Joseph was surprised by what he saw. Alternate translation: “He was surprised to see that they were sad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 40 7 lc9x 0 Pharaoh’s officials who were with him This refers to the cupbearer and the baker.
GEN 40 7 q9qf 0 in custody in his master’s house “In prison in him master’s house.” “His master” refers to Joseph’s master, the captain of the guard.
GEN 40 8 fin5 figs-rquestion 0 Do not interpretations belong to God? Joseph uses a question for emphasis. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “Interpretations belong to God!” or “It is God who can tell the meaning of dreams!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN 40 8 va6r figs-ellipsis 0 Tell me, please Joseph asks for them to tell him their dreams. Alternate translation: “Tell me the dreams, please” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
GEN 40 9 srp7 0 The chief of the cupbearers The most important person who brings drinks to the king. See how you translated this in [Genesis 40:2](../40/02.md).
GEN 40 9 w5j9 0 In my dream, behold, a vine was in front of me “In my dream, I saw a vine in front of me!” The cupbearer uses word “behold” here to show that he was surprised by what he saw in his dream and to alert Joseph to pay attention.
GEN 40 10 ehe4 0 the clusters of grapes ripened “its clusters ripened into grapes”
GEN 40 11 dy72 figs-explicit 0 squeezed them This means that he squeezed the juice out of them. Alternate translation: “squeezed the juice from them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 40 12 xg18 0 This is the interpretation of it “Here is what the dream means”
GEN 40 12 v4nl 0 The three branches are three days “The three branches represent three days”
GEN 40 13 v3j1 0 Within three days “In three more days”
GEN 40 13 ra1m figs-metaphor 0 will lift up your head Here Joseph speaks of Pharaoh releasing the cupbearer from prison as if Pharaoh were causing him to lift up his head. Alternate translation: “will release you from prison” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 40 13 x76t 0 restore you to your office “will give you back your job”
GEN 40 13 jxm9 0 just as when “just as you did when”
GEN 40 14 vhy3 0 please show kindness to me “please be kind to me”
GEN 40 14 ril5 figs-explicit 0 Mention me to Pharaoh and bring me out of this prison Joseph means for the cupbearer to tell Pharaoh about him so that Pharaoh will release him from prison. Alternate translation: “Help me get out of this prison by telling Pharaoh about me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 40 15 h47u figs-activepassive 0 For indeed I was abducted This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “For indeed people took me” or “For indeed the Ishmaelites took me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 40 15 eec8 0 the land of the Hebrews “the land where the Hebrew people live”
GEN 40 15 ael9 0 Here also have I done nothing that they should put me in this dungeon “and also while I have been here in Egypt, I have done nothing for which I deserved to be put in prison”
GEN 40 16 b5rq 0 the chief of the bakers This refers to the leading person who made food for the king. See how this was translated in [Genesis 40:2](../40/02.md).
GEN 40 16 g1t1 0 I also had a dream, and “I also had a dream, and in my dream,”
GEN 40 16 z4gg 0 behold, three baskets of bread were on my head “there were three baskets of bread on my head!” The baker uses word “behold” here to show that he was surprised by what he saw in his dream and to alert Joseph to pay attention.
GEN 40 17 ya56 0 baked goods for Pharaoh “baked foods for Pharaoh”
GEN 40 18 xb3a 0 This is the interpretation “Here is what the dream means”
GEN 40 18 g2ud 0 The three baskets are three days “The three baskets represent three days”
GEN 40 19 r5pe 0 will lift up your head from you Joseph also used the phrase “will lift up your head” when he spoke to the cupbearer in [Genesis 40:13](../40/13.md). Here it has a different meaning. Possible meanings are 1) “will lift up your head to put a rope around your neck” or 2) “will lift up your head to cut it off.”
GEN 40 19 wcp5 0 flesh Here “flesh” literally means the soft tissue on a person’s body.
GEN 40 20 va7b writing-newevent 0 It came about on the third day that “Afterward, on the third day.” The phrase “it came about” is used here to mark a new event in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
GEN 40 20 dfq1 0 He made a feast “He had a feast”
GEN 40 20 s2fj 0 the chief of the cupbearers This was the leading person who prepared and served drinks to the king. See how these were translated in [Genesis 40:2](../40/02.md).
GEN 40 20 j63e 0 the chief of the bakers This refers to the leading person who made food for the king. See how this was translated in [Genesis 40:2](../40/02.md).
GEN 40 21 i37q figs-metonymy 0 He restored the chief of the cupbearers to his responsibility The chief of the cupbearer’s “responsibility” refers to his job as chief of the cupbearers. Alternate translation: “He gave the chief of the cupbearers his job back” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 40 22 iet6 figs-metonymy 0 But he hanged the chief of the bakers Pharaoh did not personally hang the baker, rather he commanded for him to be hanged. Alternate translation: “But he commanded for the chief of the bakers to be hanged” or “But he commanded his guards to hang the chief of the bakers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 40 22 hh6d figs-explicit 0 just as Joseph had interpreted to them This refers to when Joseph interpreted their dreams. Alternate translation: “just as Joseph had said would happen when he interpreted the two men’s dreams” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 41 intro h6hd 0 # Genesis 41 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter
### God’s power
The account of Joseph focuses on the power of God. God is able to protect his people despite the evil actions of some. He also is able to continue to bless them despite their circumstances. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]])
### Interpretation of dreams
The interpretation of dreams was important in the ancient Near East. It was seen as possible only through divine power. Yahweh gave Joseph the power to interpret dreams in order to bring himself glory and to protect Joseph and the Hebrew people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]])
### Joseph’s character
Genesis just recorded a period of time where Joseph’s ancestors and brothers struggled with sin. Joseph’s character in this chapter is upright. It gained him great favor in the eyes of Pharaoh and helped to save his people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]l, [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])
GEN 41 1 tw22 writing-newevent 0 It came about This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
GEN 41 1 y4mv 0 at the end of two full years Two years passed after Joseph correctly interpreted the dreams of Pharaoh’s cupbearer and baker, who had been in prison with Joseph.
GEN 41 1 l2v3 0 Behold, he stood The word “behold” here marks the beginning of another event in the larger story. Your language may have a way of doing this. Alternate translation: “He was surprised because he was standing”
GEN 41 1 d55g 0 he stood “Pharaoh was standing”
GEN 41 2 n2rr 0 desirable and fat “healthy and fat”
GEN 41 2 ka4y 0 grazed in the reeds “were eating the grass along the side of the river”
GEN 41 2 g7bg 0 reeds tall, thin grasses that grow in wet areas
GEN 41 3 jk79 0 Behold, seven other cows The word “behold” here shows that Pharaoh was again surprised by what he saw.
GEN 41 3 jmx4 0 undesirable and thin “sick and thin”
GEN 41 3 c414 0 bank of the river “beside the river” or “riverside.” This is the higher ground along the edge of a river.
GEN 41 4 k1gu 0 undesirable and thin “weak and skinny.” See how you translated this phrase in [Genesis 41:3](../41/03.md).
GEN 41 4 hp6k 0 desirable and fat “healthy and well-fed.” See how you translated this phrase in [Genesis 41:2](../41/02.md).
GEN 41 4 we5y 0 woke up “awakened”
GEN 41 5 c4an translate-ordinal 0 a second time The word “second” is an ordinal number. Alternate translation: “again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
GEN 41 5 ua5x 0 Behold, seven heads The word “behold” here shows that Pharaoh was surprised by what he saw.
GEN 41 5 h4g3 0 heads of grain The heads are parts of the corn plant on which the seeds grow.
GEN 41 5 cd5d 0 came up on one stalk “grew up on one stem.” The stalk is the thick or tall part of a plant.
GEN 41 5 g3qk 0 on one stalk, wholesome and good “on one stock and they were healthy and beautiful”
GEN 41 6 v7ey figs-activepassive 0 thin and scorched by the east wind This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that were thin and burned because of the hot wind from the east” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 41 6 s21b 0 the east wind Wind from the east blew in from the desert. The heat of the east wind was often very destructive.
GEN 41 6 tvj9 0 sprouted up “grew up” or “developed”
GEN 41 7 r9xp figs-ellipsis 0 The thin heads The words “of grain” are understood. Alternate translation: “The thin heads of grain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
GEN 41 7 v2mi 0 swallowed up “ate.” Pharaoh is dreaming that unhealthy corn could eat healthy corn just like a person eats food.
GEN 41 7 uar4 0 wholesome and full heads “healthy and good heads.” See how you translated a similar phrase in [Genesis 41:5](../41/05.md).
GEN 41 7 e7u2 0 woke up “awakened”
GEN 41 7 s4lc 0 behold The word “behold” here shows that Pharaoh was surprised by what he had seen.
GEN 41 7 eke4 0 it was a dream “he had been dreaming”
GEN 41 8 x955 writing-newevent 0 It came about This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
GEN 41 8 b73z figs-synecdoche 0 his spirit was troubled Here the word “spirit” refers to his inner being or his emotions. Alternate translation: “he was troubled in his inner being” or “he was troubled” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN 41 8 na7t figs-ellipsis 0 He sent and called It is understood that he sent servants. Alternate translation: “He sent his servants to call” or “He sent his servants to summon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
GEN 41 8 jy8h 0 all the magicians and wise men of Egypt Ancient kings and rulers used magicians and wise men as advisers.
GEN 41 9 e1hz 0 chief cupbearer The most important person who brings drinks to the king. See how you translated this in [Genesis 40:2](../40/02.md).
GEN 41 9 wmd3 0 Today I am thinking about my offenses The word “Today” is used for emphasis. His “offenses” are that he should have told Pharaoh something much earlier but he did not. Alternate translation: “I just realized that I forgot to tell you something”
GEN 41 10 a77g figs-123person 0 Pharaoh was angry The cupbearer is referring to Pharaoh in third person. This is a common way for someone with less power to speak to someone with greater power. Alternate translation: “You, Pharaoh, were angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN 41 10 yn3r figs-123person 0 with his servants Here “his” refers to Pharaoh. Here “servants” refers to the cupbearer and the chief baker. Alternate translation: “with us, your servants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN 41 10 e32b 0 put me in custody in the house of the captain of the guard, the chief baker and me “put the chief baker and me in the prison where the captain of the guard was in charge.” Here “house” refers to the prison.
GEN 41 10 iz6m 0 the captain of the guard The soldier in charge of the royal guards. See how you translated this in [Genesis 40:3](../40/03.md).
GEN 41 10 jp2m 0 the chief baker The most important person who made food for the king. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Genesis 40:2](../40/02.md).
GEN 41 11 f7vz 0 We dreamed a dream the same night, he and I “One night we both had dreams”
GEN 41 11 uy9u figs-exclusive 0 We dreamed Here “We” refers to the chief cupbearer and the chief baker. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
GEN 41 11 ku89 0 We dreamed each man according to the interpretation of his dream “Our dreams had different meanings”
GEN 41 12 g7p9 0 General Information: The chief cupbearer continues to speak to Pharaoh.
GEN 41 12 zu8t 0 There was with us there “In prison there was with the chief baker and me”
GEN 41 12 cjy9 0 the captain of the guard The soldier in charge of the royal guards. See how you translated this in [Genesis 40:3](../40/03.md).
GEN 41 12 lrw5 0 We told him and he interpreted for us our dreams “We told him our dreams and he explained their meanings to us”
GEN 41 12 t5dz figs-123person 0 He interpreted for each of us according to his dream Here “his” refers to the cupbearer and baker individually, not to the one interpreting the dream. Alternate translation: “He explained what was going to happen to both of us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN 41 13 p1s7 0 It came about This phrase is used here to mark an important event in the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here.
GEN 41 13 zhk8 0 as he interpreted for us, so it happened “what he explained about the dreams is what later happened”
GEN 41 13 fv56 figs-123person 0 Pharaoh restored me to my post Here the cupbearer uses Pharaoh’s title in speaking to him as a way of honoring him. Alternate translation: “You allowed me to return to my job” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN 41 13 w4yi 0 the other one “the chief baker”
GEN 41 13 fxy2 figs-123person 0 he hanged Here “he” refers to Pharaoh. And, it stands for the soldiers that Pharaoh commanded to hang the chief baker. Alternate translation: “you ordered your soldiers to hang” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 41 14 m2th figs-ellipsis 0 Pharaoh sent and called for It is understood that Pharaoh sent servants. Alternate translation: “Pharaoh sent his servants to get Joseph” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
GEN 41 14 l2yw 0 out of the dungeon “out of the jail” or “out of the prison”
GEN 41 14 gm9k 0 He shaved himself It was common practice to shave both the facial and head hair when preparing to go before Pharaoh.
GEN 41 14 hi7k figs-go 0 came in to Pharaoh Here “came” can be stated as “went.” Alternate translation: “went before Pharaoh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
GEN 41 15 ye9x 0 there is no interpreter for it “no one can explain the meaning”
GEN 41 15 gl3z 0 you can interpret it “you can explain its meaning”
GEN 41 16 fy4i 0 It is not in me “I am not the one who can explain the meaning”
GEN 41 16 sva8 0 God will answer Pharaoh with favor “God will answer Pharaoh favorably”
GEN 41 17 m7d9 0 behold, I stood Pharaoh uses the word “behold” to make Joseph pay attention to surprising information.
GEN 41 17 arm4 0 bank of the Nile This is the higher ground along the edge of the Nile River. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Genesis 41:3](../41/03.md). Alternate translation: “beside the Nile”
GEN 41 18 j94b 0 Behold, seven cows Pharaoh uses the word “Behold” to make Joseph pay attention to surprising information.
GEN 41 18 q5si 0 fat and desirable “well-fed and healthy.” See how you translated this phrase in [Genesis 41:2](../41/02.md).
GEN 41 18 ppr3 0 grazed among the reeds “were eating the grass along the side of the river.” See how you translated a similar phrase in [Genesis 41:2](../41/02.md).
GEN 41 19 m34x 0 Behold, seven other cows Pharaoh uses the word “Behold” to make Joseph pay attention to surprising information.
GEN 41 19 hdi9 0 undesirable, and thin “weak, and skinny.” See how you translated this phrase in [Genesis 41:3](../41/03.md).
GEN 41 19 ls2h figs-abstractnouns 0 such undesirableness The abstract noun “undesirableness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “such ugly cows” or “such worthless looking cows” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
GEN 41 20 hr6a 0 fat cows “well-fed cows.” See how you translated this phrase in [Genesis 41:2](../41/02.md).
GEN 41 21 svd9 figs-activepassive 0 it could not be known that they had eaten them This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one would have been able to tell that the thin cows had eaten the fat cows” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 41 22 jga7 0 General Information: Pharaoh continues telling Joseph his dreams.
GEN 41 22 kz2w figs-explicit 0 I looked in my dream This begins Pharaoh’s next dream after he woke up and went back to sleep. Alternate translation: “Then I dreamed again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 41 22 pj1p 0 behold, seven heads Pharaoh uses the word “Behold” to make Joseph pay attention to surprising information.
GEN 41 22 rt6d figs-ellipsis 0 seven heads The words “of grain” are understood. Alternate translation: “seven heads of grain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
GEN 41 22 p2uk 0 came up upon one stalk “grew up on one stem.” The stalk is the thick or tall part of a plant. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Genesis 41:5](../41/05.md).
GEN 41 23 sy8n 0 withered dead and dried
GEN 41 23 ia4j 0 sprang up “grew up” or “developed”
GEN 41 24 g4ud figs-ellipsis 0 The thin heads The words “of grain” are understood. See how you translated this in [Genesis 41:7](../41/07.md). Alternate translation: “The thin heads of grain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
GEN 41 24 lf37 0 swallowed up “ate.” Pharaoh is dreaming that unhealthy corn could eat healthy corn just like a person eats food. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Genesis 41:7](../41/07.md).
GEN 41 24 zf3j 0 there was none that could “there was not a single one that could” or “none of them could”
GEN 41 25 q6cy figs-explicit 0 The dreams of Pharaoh are the same It is implied that the meanings are the same. Alternate translation: “Both dreams mean the same thing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 41 25 q4kq figs-123person 0 What God is about to do, he has declared to Pharaoh Joseph speaks to Pharaoh in the third person. This is a way of showing respect. It can be stated in the second person. Alternate translation: “God is showing you what he will soon do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN 41 26 xnj6 figs-ellipsis 0 seven good heads The words “of grain” are understood. Alternate translation: “seven good heads of grain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
GEN 41 27 k368 0 General Information: Joseph continues his interpretation of Pharaoh’s dreams
GEN 41 27 is68 0 thin and undesirable cows “skinny and weak cows.” See how you translated a similar phrase in [Genesis 41:3](../41/03.md).
GEN 41 27 rw51 figs-activepassive 0 seven thin heads scorched by the east wind This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “seven thin heads of grain scorched because of the hot wind from the east” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 41 28 ik53 figs-123person 0 That is the thing which I spoke to Pharaoh ... revealed to Pharaoh Joseph speaks to Pharaoh in the third person. This is a way of showing respect. It can be stated in second person. Alternate translation: “These events will happen just as I have told you ... revealed to you, Pharaoh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN 41 28 xq53 0 he has revealed “he has made known”
GEN 41 29 uzi8 0 Look, seven “Pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important: seven”
GEN 41 29 q9lh figs-metaphor 0 seven years of great abundance will come throughout all the land of Egypt This speaks about the years of abundance as if time is something that travels and comes to a place. Alternate translation: “there will be seven years in which there will be plenty of food throughout the land of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 41 30 a869 0 General Information: Joseph continues interpreting Pharaoh’s dreams.
GEN 41 30 y7lx figs-metaphor 0 Seven years of famine will come after them This speaks about the seven years of famine as if they are something that travels and comes to a place. Alternate translation: “Then there will be seven years when there is very little food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 41 30 zb38 figs-parallelism 0 all the abundance will be forgotten ... and the famine will devastate the land Joseph expresses an idea in two ways to emphasize its importance. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
GEN 41 30 gz1x figs-metonymy 0 all the abundance will be forgotten in the land of Egypt Here “land” refers to the people. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the people of Egypt will forget about the years in which there was plenty of food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 41 30 tuu7 figs-metonymy 0 will devastate the land Here “land” refers to the soil, the people, and the entire country. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 41 31 a4xl figs-parallelism 0 The abundance will not be remembered ... because of the famine that will follow Joseph expresses an idea in two ways to emphasize its importance. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
GEN 41 31 qf5c figs-metaphor 0 because of the famine that will follow This speaks about the famine as if it were a thing that travels and follows behind something else. Alternate translation: “because of the time of famine that will happen afterwards” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 41 32 k4qw figs-activepassive 0 That the dream was repeated to Pharaoh is because the matter has been established by God This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God gave you two dreams to show you that he will certainly cause these things to happen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 41 33 i8w9 0 General Information: Joseph continues to address Pharaoh
GEN 41 33 qex3 0 Now This does not mean “at this moment,” but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows.
GEN 41 33 a6dg figs-123person 0 let Pharaoh look Joseph speaks to Pharaoh in third person. This is a way of showing respect. It can be stated in second person. Alternate translation: “You, Pharaoh, should look” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN 41 33 w17p figs-idiom 0 put him over the land of Egypt The phrase “put him over” means to give someone authority. Alternate translation: “give him authority over the kingdom of Egypt” or “put him in charge of the kingdom of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 41 33 t3pi figs-metonymy 0 land of Egypt Here “land” stands for all the people and everything in Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 41 34 vy8h translate-fraction 0 let them take a fifth of the crops of Egypt The word “fifth” is a fraction. Alternate translation: “let them divide the crops of Egypt into five equal parts, then take one of those parts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]])
GEN 41 34 q92v 0 in the seven abundant years “during the seven years in which there is plenty of food”
GEN 41 35 w1if 0 General Information: Joseph continues to counsel Pharaoh
GEN 41 35 ea47 0 Let them gather “Allow the overseers to gather”
GEN 41 35 ru7g figs-metaphor 0 of these good years that are coming This speaks of years as if they are something that travels and comes to a place. Alternate translation: “during the good years that will soon happen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 41 35 rc85 figs-idiom 0 store up grain under the authority of Pharaoh The phrase “under the authority of Pharaoh” means Pharaoh gives them authority. Alternate translation: “use the authority of Pharaoh to store the grain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 41 35 q2j1 figs-metonymy 0 They should preserve it The word “they” refers to the overseers and represents the soldiers that they should command to guard the grain. Alternate translation: “The overseers should leave soldiers there to guard the grain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 41 36 r5dj figs-metonymy 0 The food will be a supply for the land Here “land” refers to the people. Alternate translation: “This food will be for the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 41 36 ytd1 figs-metonymy 0 In this way the land will not be devastated by the famine Here “land” stands for the people. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “This way the people will not starve during the famine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 41 37 d6hd figs-metaphor 0 This advice was good in the eyes of Pharaoh and in the eyes of all his servants The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: “Pharaoh and his servants thought this was a good plan” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 41 37 lvg2 0 his servants This means Pharaoh’s officials.
GEN 41 38 xmh3 0 such a man as this “a man like the one Joseph described”
GEN 41 38 wl54 0 in whom is the Spirit of God “in whom the Spirit of God lives”
GEN 41 39 v53h 0 there is none so discerning “no one else is as capable in making decisions.” See how you translated “discerning” in [Genesis 41:33](../41/33.md).
GEN 41 40 ej2d figs-metonymy 0 You will be over my house Here “house” stands for Pharaoh’s palace and the people in the palace. The phrase “will be over” means Joseph will have authority over. Alternate translation: “You will be in charge of everyone in my palace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 41 40 f76b figs-activepassive 0 according to your word will all my people be ruled This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you will rule over my people and they will do what you command” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 41 40 v1tq 0 Only in the throne Here “throne” stands for Pharaoh’s rule as king. Alternate translation: “Only in my role as king”
GEN 41 41 r2t9 0 See, I have put you The word “See” adds emphasis to what Pharaoh says next. Alternate translation: “Look, I have put you”
GEN 41 41 vl42 figs-idiom 0 I have put you over all the land of Egypt The phrase “put you over” means to give authority. Here “land” refers to the people. Alternate translation: “I put you in charge of everyone in Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 41 42 f9g4 translate-symaction 0 Pharaoh took off his signet ring ... gold chain on his neck All of these actions symbolize that Pharaoh is giving Joseph the authority to do everything that Joseph planned. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
GEN 41 42 i15i 0 signet ring This ring had Pharaoh’s seal engraved on it. This gave Joseph the authority and money needed to carry out his plans.
GEN 41 42 vl94 0 clothes of fine linen “Linen” here is a smooth, strong cloth made from the blue-flowered flax plant.
GEN 41 43 i4am translate-symaction 0 He had him ride in the second chariot which he possessed This act makes clear to the people that Joseph is second only to Pharaoh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
GEN 41 43 u4gp translate-symaction 0 Bend the knee “Bow down and honor Joseph.” To bend the knee and bow down was a sign of honor and respect. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
GEN 41 43 wmr4 figs-idiom 0 Pharaoh put him over all the land The phrase “put you over” means to give authority. Here “land” refers to the people. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Genesis 41:41](../41/41.md). Alternate translation: “I put you in charge of everyone in Egypt”(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 41 44 v9ec 0 I am Pharaoh, and apart from you Pharaoh is emphasizing his authority. Alternate translation: “As Pharaoh, I command that apart from you”
GEN 41 44 els8 figs-metonymy 0 apart from you, no man will lift his hand or his foot in all the land of Egypt Here “hand” and “foot” stand for a person’s actions. Alternate translation: “no person in Egypt will do anything without your permission” or “every person in Egypt must ask your permission before they do anything” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 41 44 y8gj figs-gendernotations 0 no man Here “man” refers to any person in general, whether male or female. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
GEN 41 45 wx8j translate-names 0 Zaphenath-Paneah Translators may add the following footnote: The name Zaphenath-Paneah means “a revealer of secrets.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 41 45 c92a translate-symaction 0 He gave him Asenath, the daughter of Potiphera priest of On, as a wife Priests in Egypt were the highest and most privileged caste. This marriage signifies Joseph’s place of honor and privilege. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
GEN 41 45 g53x translate-names 0 gave him Asenath “Asenath” is the name of the woman whom Pharaoh gave to Joseph as his wife. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 41 45 j862 translate-names 0 daughter of Potiphera “Potiphera” is the father of Asenath. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 41 45 fhe9 translate-names 0 priest of On On is a city, also called Heliopolis, which was “the City of the Sun” and the center of worship of the sun god Ra. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 41 45 rx5u 0 Joseph went out over the land of Egypt Joseph traveled over the land to supervise the preparations for the coming drought.
GEN 41 46 u8rk translate-numbers 0 thirty years old “30 years old” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN 41 46 iwd6 figs-metonymy 0 when he stood before Pharaoh Here “stood before” stands for Joseph starting to serve Pharaoh. Alternate translation: “when he started to serve Pharaoh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 41 46 x22j 0 went throughout all the land of Egypt Joseph is inspecting the country as he prepares to carry out his plans.
GEN 41 47 l6p5 0 In the seven bountiful years “During the seven good years”
GEN 41 47 ye1w 0 the land produced abundantly “the land produced big harvests”
GEN 41 48 m4bl figs-synecdoche 0 He gathered up ... He put Here “He” stands for Joseph’s servants. Alternate translation: “Joseph ordered his servants to gather ... They put” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN 41 49 yr1c figs-metaphor 0 Joseph stored up grain like the sand of the sea This compares the grain to the sand of sea to emphasize its great quantity. Alternate translation: “The grain that Joseph stored was as plentiful as the sand on the seashore” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 41 49 l1uq figs-synecdoche 0 Joseph stored up ... he stopped Here “Joseph” and “he” stand for Joseph’s servants. Alternate translation: “Joseph had his servants store up ... they stopped” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN 41 50 r3fd figs-metaphor 0 before the years of famine came This speaks about years as if they are something that travels and comes to a place. Alternate translation: “before the seven years of the famine began” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 41 50 ut7u translate-names 0 Asenath a woman’s name. See how you translated this in [Genesis 41:45](../41/45.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 41 50 k2hl translate-names 0 daughter of Potiphera “Potiphera” is the father of Asenath. See how you translated this in [Genesis 41:45](../41/45.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 41 50 yb1j translate-names 0 priest of On On is a city, also called Heliopolis, which was “the City of the Sun” and the center of worship of the sun god Ra. See how you translated this in [Genesis 41:45](../41/45.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 41 51 d3cd 0 Manasseh Translators may also add a footnote that says, “The name ‘Manasseh’ means ‘to cause to forget.’”
GEN 41 51 b4g6 0 father’s household This refers to Joseph’s father Jacob and his family.
GEN 41 52 js3c 0 Ephraim Translators may also add a footnote that says, “The name ‘Ephraim’ means ‘to be fruitful’ or ‘to have children.’”
GEN 41 52 l6jr figs-idiom 0 made me fruitful Here “fruitful” means to prosper or to have children. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 41 52 nz8y figs-abstractnouns 0 in the land of my affliction The abstract noun “affliction” can be stated as “I have suffered.” Alternate translation: “in this land where I have suffered” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
GEN 41 54 z4db 0 in all lands In all the surrounding nations beyond Egypt, including the land of Canaan.
GEN 41 54 ixd6 figs-explicit 0 but in all the land of Egypt there was food It is implied that there was food because of Joseph commanded his people to store food during the seven good years. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 41 55 c2ia figs-metonymy 0 When all the land of Egypt was famished Here “land” stands for the people. Alternate translation: “When all the Egyptians were starving” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 41 56 qr6m figs-idiom 0 The famine was over all the face of the whole land The word “face” refers to the surface of the land. Alternate translation: “The famine had spread throughout the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 41 56 fa43 figs-synecdoche 0 Joseph opened all the storehouses and sold to the Egyptians Here “Joseph” stands for Joseph’s servants. Alternate translation: “Joseph had his servants open all the storehouses and sell grain to the Egyptians” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN 41 57 t13u figs-metonymy 0 All the earth was coming to Egypt Here “earth” stands for the people from all regions. Alternate translation: “People were coming to Egypt from all the surrounding regions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 41 57 ci2w 0 in all the earth “throughout the land.” It is likely that all the different trading partners and nations that were part of the Egyptian trading routes effected by the drought came to Egypt for grain.
GEN 42 intro c5l2 0 # Genesis 42 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter
### Famine
Apparently this famine extended beyond Egypt and encompassed the land of Canaan too. Because of Egypt’s size and power, it would not have been unusual for people to go there in times of need. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
### Joseph’s test
Joseph tests his brothers to see if they are good. They treat their brother Benjamin better than they treated Joseph and tried to protect him.
GEN 42 1 c5d3 writing-newevent 0 Now Jacob became The word “Now” marks a new part of the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
GEN 42 1 p1y2 figs-rquestion 0 Why do you look at one another? Jacob uses a question to scold his sons for not doing anything about the grain. Alternate translation: “Do not just sit here!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN 42 2 h23z 0 Go down there It was common to speak of going from Canaan to Egypt as going “down.”
GEN 42 3 vr9m 0 went down It was common to speak of going from Canaan to Egypt as going “down.”
GEN 42 3 i5iq figs-metonymy 0 from Egypt Here “Egypt” refers to the people selling grain. Alternate translation: “from those selling grain in Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 42 4 rt23 figs-explicit 0 Jacob did not send Benjamin, Joseph’s brother, with his brothers Benjamin and Joseph had the same father and mother; their mother was different from the mothers of the other brothers. Jacob did not want to risk sending Rachel’s last son. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 42 5 p382 figs-go 0 The sons of Israel came to buy among those who came The word “came” can be translated as “went.” Also, the words “grain” and “Egypt” are understood. Alternate translation: “The sons of Israel went to by grain along with other people who went to Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
GEN 42 6 e78a writing-background 0 Now Joseph “Now” marks a change from the story to background information about Joseph. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
GEN 42 6 xw5p figs-explicit 0 over the land Here “land” refers to Egypt. Alternate translation: “over Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 42 6 cck6 figs-explicit 0 all the people of the land Here “land” includes Egypt and other surrounding countries. Alternate translation: “all the people of all the nations that came to buy grain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 42 6 bdb9 figs-go 0 Joseph’s brothers came Here “came” can be translated as “went.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
GEN 42 6 s5ws translate-symaction 0 bowed down to him with their faces to the ground This is a way of showing respect. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
GEN 42 7 nq51 0 Joseph saw his brothers and recognized them “When Joseph saw his brothers, he recognized them”
GEN 42 7 cu87 0 he disguised himself to them “he acted like he was not their brother” or “he did not let them know that he was their brother”
GEN 42 7 n3p8 0 Where have you come from? This was not a rhetorical question even though Joseph knew the answer. It was part of his choice to keep his identity from his brothers.
GEN 42 9 dv8w 0 You are spies Spies are people who secretly try to get information about a country to help another country.
GEN 42 9 y5kw figs-explicit 0 You have come to see the undefended parts of the land The full meaning can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “You have come to find out where we are not guarding our land so that you can attack us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 42 10 l89u 0 my master This is a way to refer to someone to honor them.
GEN 42 10 e1z7 figs-123person 0 Your servants have The brothers refer to themselves as “your servants.” This is a formal way of speaking to someone with greater authority. Alternate translation: “We, your servants, have” or “We have” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN 42 12 i9sn 0 He said to them “Joseph said to his brothers”
GEN 42 12 ca6s figs-explicit 0 No, you have come to see the undefended parts of the land The full meaning can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “No, you have come to find out where we are not guarding our land so that you can attack us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 42 13 vj1h translate-numbers 0 twelve brothers “12 brothers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN 42 13 wv8h 0 See, the youngest “Listen to us, the youngest.” The word “See” is used to emphasize what they say next.
GEN 42 13 g7cm 0 the youngest is this day with our father “right now our youngest brother is with our father”
GEN 42 14 ff9z 0 It is what I said to you; you are spies “like I already said, you are spies.” See how you translated “spies” in [Genesis 42:9](../42/09.md).
GEN 42 15 iq1v figs-activepassive 0 By this you will be tested This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “This is how I will test you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 42 15 j3zj 0 By the life of Pharaoh This phrase indicates a solemn oath. Alternate translation: “I swear by the life of Pharaoh”
GEN 42 16 dz9i 0 Send one of yourselves and let him get your brother “Choose one of you to go get your brother”
GEN 42 16 fxw4 0 You will remain in prison “The rest of you will remain in prison”
GEN 42 16 dnr5 figs-activepassive 0 that your words may be tested, whether there is truth in you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so that I may find out if you are telling the truth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 42 17 fat5 0 in custody “in prison”
GEN 42 18 qus3 translate-ordinal 0 on the third day The word “third” is an ordinal number. Alternate translation: “after the second day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
GEN 42 18 gh5e figs-ellipsis 0 Do this and live The understood information can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “If you will do what I say, I will let you live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
GEN 42 18 h8lm 0 fear God This refers to deeply respecting God and showing that respect by obeying him.
GEN 42 19 r62p figs-activepassive 0 let one of your brothers be confined in this prison This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “leave one of your brothers here in prison” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 42 19 s1pk figs-you 0 but you go Here “you” is plural and refers to all the brothers that will not stay in prison. Alternate translation: “but the rest of you go” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
GEN 42 19 f5t4 figs-metonymy 0 carry grain for the famine of your houses Here “houses” stands for families. Alternate translation: “carry grain home to help your family during this famine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 42 20 r5ua figs-activepassive 0 so your words will be verified This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so I may know what you say is true” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 42 20 p88a figs-explicit 0 you will not die This implies that Joseph would have his soldiers execute the brothers if he finds out they are spies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 42 21 s33g figs-synecdoche 0 in that we saw the distress of his soul The word “soul” stands for Joseph. Alternate translation: “because we saw how distressed Joseph was” or “because we saw that Joseph was suffering” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN 42 21 hc4a figs-abstractnouns 0 Therefore this distress has come upon us The abstract noun “distress” can be stated as the verb “suffering.” Alternate translation: “That is why we are suffering like this now” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
GEN 42 22 brj8 figs-rquestion 0 Did I not tell you, ‘Do not sin against the boy,’ but you would not listen? Reuben uses a question to scold his brothers. Alternate translation: “I told you not to hurt the boy, but you would not listen!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN 42 22 n5z3 figs-quotesinquotes 0 Did I not tell you, ‘Do not sin against the boy,’ but This has a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “Did I not tell you not to sin against the boy, but” or “I told you not to harm the boy, but” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
GEN 42 22 eap3 0 Now, see Here “Now” does not mean “at this moment,” but both “Now” and “see” are used to draw attention to the important point that follows.
GEN 42 22 pn25 figs-metonymy 0 his blood is required of us Here “blood” stands for Joseph’s death. His brothers thought Joseph was dead. The phrase “is required of us” means they must be punished for what they did. Alternate translation: “we are getting what we deserve for his death” or “we are suffering for having killed him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 42 23 lqt2 writing-background 0 They did not know ... an interpreter between them This shifts from the main story line to background information that explains why the brothers thought Joseph could not understand them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
GEN 42 23 p4pm 0 an interpreter An “interpreter” is someone who translates what one person says into another language. Joseph placed an interpreter between himself and his brothers to make it seem like he did not speak their language.
GEN 42 24 ciy7 figs-explicit 0 He turned from them and wept It is implied that Joseph wept because he was emotional after hearing what his brothers said. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 42 24 wf1i figs-explicit 0 spoke to them Joseph was still speaking a different language and using the interpreter to speak to his brothers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 42 24 w4b7 figs-synecdoche 0 bound him before their eyes Here the people are represented by their “eyes” to emphasize what they see. Alternate translation: “bound him in their sight” or “bound him as they watched” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN 42 25 y2fl 0 to give them provisions “to give them the supplies they needed”
GEN 42 25 bf12 figs-activepassive 0 It was done for them This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The servants did for them everything that Joseph commanded” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 42 27 gcn4 0 As one of them opened his sack to give his donkey feed in the lodging place, he saw his money. Behold, it was in the opening of his sack “When they stopped at a place for the night, one of the brothers opened his sack to get food for his donkey. In the sack he saw his money!”
GEN 42 27 w3t1 0 Behold The word “behold” here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows.
GEN 42 28 g184 figs-activepassive 0 My money has been put back This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Someone has put my money back” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 42 28 df3i 0 Look at it “Look in my sack!”
GEN 42 28 b9ha figs-metaphor 0 Their hearts sank To become afraid is spoken of as if their heart were sinking. Here “hearts” stands for courage. Alternate translation: “They became very afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 42 30 q8iz 0 lord of the land “the lord of Egypt”
GEN 42 30 d1km 0 spoke roughly “spoke harshly”
GEN 42 30 zie5 0 we were spies Spies are people who secretly try to get information about a country to help another country. See how you translated “spies” in [Genesis 42:9](../42/09.md).
GEN 42 31 i7g6 figs-quotesinquotes 0 We said to him, ‘We are honest men. We are not spies. This has a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. “We told him that we are honest men and not spies.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
GEN 42 32 e88f figs-quotesinquotes 0 We are twelve brothers, sons of our father. One is no longer alive ... land of Canaan.’ The quotation within a quotation that began with the words “We said to him, ‘We are honest men ... not spies. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. “We told him that we are honest men ... not spies. We said that we are twelve brothers, sons of our father, and that one brother is no longer alive ... land of Canaan” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
GEN 42 32 xh3d figs-ellipsis 0 One is no longer alive The word “brother” is understood. Alternate translation: “One brother is no longer alive” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
GEN 42 32 e6lq figs-ellipsis 0 the youngest is this day with our father The word “brother” is understood. Alternate translation: “the youngest brother is with our father right now” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
GEN 42 33 fu6f 0 the lord of the land “The lord of Egypt”
GEN 42 33 a8kj figs-metonymy 0 take grain for the famine in your houses Here “houses” stands for “family.” Alternate translation: “take grain to help your family during the famine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 42 33 gg5l 0 go your way “go home” or “leave”
GEN 42 34 ny2q 0 you will trade in the land “I will allow you to buy and sell in this land”
GEN 42 35 fhb9 0 It came about This phrase is used here to mark an important event in the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here.
GEN 42 35 nu84 0 behold, every “they were surprised because every”
GEN 42 36 y5x1 0 You have bereaved me of my children “you have deprived me of my children” or “you have caused me to lose two of my children”
GEN 42 36 h9h6 0 All these things are against me “all these things hurt me”
GEN 42 37 a4d7 figs-metaphor 0 Put him in my hands This is a request for Reuben to take Joseph with him and to care for him on the journey. Alternate translation: “Put me in charge of him” or “Let me take care of him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 42 38 j7bu 0 My son will not go down with you It was common to use the phrase “go down” when speaking of traveling from Canaan to Egypt. Alternate translation: “My son, Benjamin, will not go with you to Egypt”
GEN 42 38 gb7z figs-you 0 with you Here “you” is plural and refers to Jacob’s older sons. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
GEN 42 38 vm4r figs-explicit 0 For his brother is dead and he alone is left The full meaning can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “For my wife, Rachel, only had two children. Joseph is dead and Benjamin is the only one left” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 42 38 jj7h 0 on the road in which you go “while you a traveling to Egypt and back” or “while you are away.” Here “road” stands for traveling.
GEN 42 38 mk1r figs-idiom 0 then you will bring down my gray hair with sorrow to Sheol To “bring down ... to Sheol” is way of saying they will cause him to die and go to Sheol. He uses the word “down” because it was commonly believed sheol is somewhere underground. Alternate translation: “then you will cause me, an old man, to die of sorrow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 42 38 b5eg figs-synecdoche 0 my gray hair This stands for Jacob and emphasizes his old age. Alternate translation: “me, an old man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN 43 intro b7av 0 # Genesis 43 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter
### Israel’s concern
Israel is concerned over his favored son, Benjamin. He is also confused about the reason the Egyptian official treated them so kindly. This caused him some concern. It is possible he thought his sons were lying to him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/favor]])
GEN 43 1 l7ym figs-ellipsis 0 The famine was severe in the land The word “Canaan” is understood. This information can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “The famine was severe in the land of Canaan” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
GEN 43 2 af37 writing-newevent 0 It came about This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
GEN 43 2 j2pr 0 when they had eaten “when Jacob and his family had eaten”
GEN 43 2 y9y8 0 they had brought “Jacob’s older sons had brought”
GEN 43 2 cwa3 figs-inclusive 0 buy us Here “us” refers to Jacob, his sons, and the rest of the family. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
GEN 43 3 a11c 0 Judah told him “Judah told his father Jacob”
GEN 43 3 xp8m 0 The man This refers to Joseph, but the brothers did not know it was Joseph. They referred to him as “the man” or “the man, the lord of the land” as in [Genesis 42:30](../42/30.md).
GEN 43 3 t3f5 figs-quotesinquotes 0 warned us, ‘You will not see my face unless your brother is with you.’ This has a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “warned us that we would not see his face unless we brought our youngest brother with us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
GEN 43 3 w1ix 0 solemnly warned us “was very serious when he warned us, saying”
GEN 43 3 jb64 figs-synecdoche 0 You will not see my face Judah uses this phrase twice in 43:3-5 to emphasize to his father that they cannot return to Egypt without Benjamin. The phrase “my face” refers to the man, who is Joseph. Alternate translation: “You will not see me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN 43 3 enw5 0 your brother is with you Judah is referring to Benjamin, Rachel’s last born before she died.
GEN 43 5 db22 0 we will not go down It was common to use the phrase “go down” when speaking of traveling from Canaan to Egypt.
GEN 43 6 e9fz 0 Why did you treat me so badly “Why did you cause me so much trouble”
GEN 43 7 q6ea 0 The man asked details “The man asked many questions”
GEN 43 7 x1z8 figs-exclusive 0 about us Here “us” is exclusive and refers to the brothers who went to Egypt and spoke with “the man.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
GEN 43 7 c5sn figs-quotesinquotes 0 He said, ‘Is your father still alive? Do you have another brother?’ This is a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “He asked us directly if our father was still alive and if we had another brother.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
GEN 43 7 g7db 0 We answered him according to these questions “We answered the questions he asked us”
GEN 43 7 j654 figs-rquestion 0 How could we have known that he would say ... down? The sons use a question emphasize that the did not know what the man would tell them to do. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “We did not know he would say ... down!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN 43 7 wzh2 figs-quotesinquotes 0 he would say, ‘Bring your brother down?’ This is a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “he would tell us to bring our brother down to Egypt.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
GEN 43 7 v3xy 0 Bring your brother down It was common to use the word “down” when speaking of traveling from Canaan to Egypt.
GEN 43 8 l94l figs-parallelism 0 We will rise and go that we may live and not die, both we, you, and also our children The phrases “we may live” and “not die” mean the same thing. Judah is emphasizing that they have to buy food in Egypt in order to survive. Alternate translation: “We will go now to Egypt and get grain so our whole family will live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
GEN 43 8 mh3d figs-exclusive 0 We will rise Here “We” refers to the brothers who will travel to Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
GEN 43 8 k6f4 figs-inclusive 0 we may live Here “we” refers to the brothers, Israel, and the whole family. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
GEN 43 8 cpz3 figs-exclusive 0 both we Here “we” refers to the brothers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
GEN 43 8 uy53 figs-you 0 we, you Here “you” is singular and refers to Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
GEN 43 8 tl69 figs-exclusive 0 also our children Here “our” refers to the brothers. This refers to the small children who were most likely to die during a famine. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
GEN 43 9 y9c3 figs-abstractnouns 0 I will be a guarantee for him The abstract noun “guarantee” can be stated as the verb “promise.” Alternate translation: “I will promise to bring him back” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
GEN 43 9 c8cl figs-explicit 0 You will hold me responsible How Jacob will hold Judah responsible can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “You will make me answer to you about what happens to Benjamin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 43 9 bru3 figs-metaphor 0 let me bear the blame This speaks about “blame” as if it were an object that a person has to carry. Alternate translation: “you may blame me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 43 10 c1nb figs-hypo 0 For if we had not delayed Judah is describing something that could have happened in the past but did not. Judah is scolding his father for waiting so long to send his sons to Egypt to get more food. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
GEN 43 10 gig8 0 we would have come back here a second time “we would have returned twice”
GEN 43 11 qd28 0 If it be so, now do this “If this is our only choice, then do it”
GEN 43 11 vqb7 0 Carry down It was common to use the word “down” when speaking of traveling from Canaan to Egypt.
GEN 43 11 dp26 0 balm an oily substance with a sweet smell used for healing and protecting skin. See how you translated this word in [Genesis 37:25](../37/25.md). Alternate translation: “medicine”
GEN 43 11 a7it 0 spices seasonings. See how you translated these words in [Genesis 37:25](../37/25.md).
GEN 43 11 qbj2 translate-unknown 0 pistachio nuts small, green tree nuts (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
GEN 43 11 d1a7 translate-unknown 0 almonds tree nuts with a sweet flavor (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
GEN 43 12 vd8z figs-synecdoche 0 Take double money in your hand Here “hand” stands for the whole person. Alternate translation: “Take double the money with you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN 43 12 wm87 figs-synecdoche 0 The money that was returned in the opening of your sacks, carry again in your hand Here “hand” stands for the whole person. The phrase “that was returned” can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “take back to Egypt the money someone put in your sacks” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 43 13 xn4a 0 Take also your brother “Take also Benjamin”
GEN 43 13 l12h 0 go again “return”
GEN 43 14 e786 figs-abstractnouns 0 May God Almighty give you mercy before the man The abstract noun “mercy” can be stated as the adjective “kind.” Alternate translation: “May God Almighty cause the man to be kind to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
GEN 43 14 vf2h 0 your other brother “Simeon”
GEN 43 14 u7v1 0 If I am bereaved of my children, I am bereaved “If I lose my children, then I lose my children.” This means that Jacob knows he must accept whatever happens to his sons.
GEN 43 15 f3ts figs-synecdoche 0 in their hand they took Here “hand” refers to the entire person. Alternate translation: “they took” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN 43 15 xlh5 0 went down to Egypt It was common to use the phrase “went down” when speaking of traveling from Canaan to Egypt.
GEN 43 16 ld98 0 Benjamin with them “Benjamin with Joseph’s older brothers”
GEN 43 16 w4n3 0 the steward of his house The “steward” was responsible for managing Joseph’s household activities.
GEN 43 17 cfq1 figs-go 0 He brought the men Here “brought” can be translated as “took.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
GEN 43 17 wk2w 0 to Joseph’s house “into Joseph’s house”
GEN 43 18 ft1a 0 The men were afraid “Joseph’s brothers were afraid”
GEN 43 18 rw47 figs-activepassive 0 they were brought to Joseph’s house This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they were going into Joseph’s house” or “the steward was taking them into Joseph’s house” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 43 18 rx9m figs-activepassive 0 It is because of the money that was returned in our sacks the first time we were brought in This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The steward is bringing us into the house because of the money that someone put back in our sacks” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 43 18 tl4h 0 that he may seek an opportunity against us. He might arrest us This can be translated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: “He is waiting for the opportunity to accuse us, so that he might arrest us”
GEN 43 20 pmz6 0 we came down It is common to use the phrase “came down” when speaking of traveling from Canaan to Egypt.
GEN 43 21 y72v 0 Connecting Statement: The brothers continue speaking to the steward of the house.
GEN 43 21 e2g8 0 It came about This phrase is used here to mark an important event in the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here.
GEN 43 21 pjc8 0 when we reached the lodging place “when we came to the place that we were going to stay for the night”
GEN 43 21 nc2k 0 behold The word “behold” here shows that the brothers were surprised by what they saw.
GEN 43 21 hf98 0 every man’s money was in the opening of his sack, our money in full weight “each one of us found the full amount of his money in his sack”
GEN 43 21 be34 figs-synecdoche 0 We have brought it back in our hands Here “hands” stands for the whole person. Alternate translation: “We have brought the money back with us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN 43 22 nd43 figs-synecdoche 0 Other money we have also brought down in our hand to buy food Here “hand” stands for the whole person. Alternate translation: “We have also brought more money to buy food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN 43 22 q64s 0 brought down It common to use the word “down” when speaking of traveling from Canaan to Egypt.
GEN 43 23 g7nj figs-abstractnouns 0 Peace be to you The abstract noun “Peace” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “Relax” or “Calm yourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
GEN 43 23 y651 0 Your God and the God of your father The stewards is not speaking about two different Gods. Alternate translation: “Your God, the God your father worships”
GEN 43 24 wwj3 figs-explicit 0 washed their feet This custom helped tired travelers to refresh themselves after walking long distances. The full meaning of this statement may be made explicit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 43 24 q981 0 feed to their donkeys “Feed” is dry food that is set aside for animals
GEN 43 26 jf2d figs-synecdoche 0 they brought the gifts which were in their hand Here “hand” stands for the entire person. Alternate translation: “the brothers brought the gifts they had with them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN 43 26 a4p7 translate-symaction 0 bowed down before him This is a way of showing honor and respect. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
GEN 43 28 uc51 0 Your servant our father They refer to their father as “Your servant” to show respect. Alternate translation: “Our father who serves you”
GEN 43 28 lk7k translate-symaction 0 They prostrated themselves and bowed down These words basically mean the same thing. They laid down in front of the man to show him respect. Alternate translation: “They bowed down in front of him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
GEN 43 29 ca4h figs-idiom 0 he lifted up his eyes This means “he looked up.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 43 29 vr6v 0 his mother’s son, and he said This can be translated with a new sentence. Alternate translation: “his mother’s son. Joseph said”
GEN 43 29 j5nt figs-rquestion 0 Is this your youngest brother ... me? Possible meanings are 1) Joseph is truly asking a question to confirm that this man is Benjamin, or 2) it is a rhetorical question. Alternate translation: “So this is your youngest brother ... me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN 43 29 en2a 0 my son This is a friendly way one man speaks to another man of lower rank. Alternate translation: “young man”
GEN 43 30 w15d 0 hurried to go out of the room “hurried out of the room”
GEN 43 30 ttv5 figs-idiom 0 for he was deeply moved about his brother The phrase “deeply moved” refers to having a strong feeling or emotion when something important happens. Alternate translation: “for he had strong feelings of compassion for his brother” or “for he had strong feelings of affection for his brother” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 43 31 s76h figs-explicit 0 saying It can be made explicit to whom Joseph is speaking. Alternate translation: “and said to his servants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 43 31 jr7a 0 Serve the food This means to distribute the food so that people may eat.
GEN 43 32 dj49 0 The servants served Joseph by himself and the brothers by themselves. The Egyptians there ate with him by themselves This means that Joseph, the brothers, and the other Egyptians are eating in three different places within the same room. Alternate translation: “The servants served Joseph by himself and the brothers by themselves and the Egyptians, who were eating with him, by themselves”
GEN 43 32 k54i 0 The Egyptians there ate with him by themselves These are probably other Egyptian officials who ate with Joseph, but they still sat separately from him and the Hebrew brothers.
GEN 43 32 bz5r 0 because the Egyptians could not eat bread with the Hebrews, for that is detestable to the Egyptians This can be translated as a new sentence: “They did this because the Egyptians thought it was shameful to eat with the Hebrews”
GEN 43 32 dn35 figs-synecdoche 0 could not eat bread Here “bread” stands for food in general. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN 43 33 uk7w figs-explicit 0 The brothers sat before him It is implied that Joseph had arranged where each brother would sit. You can make clear the implied information. Alternate translation: “The brothers sat across from the man, according to how he arranged their places” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 43 33 v5sa figs-merism 0 the firstborn according to his birthright, and the youngest according to his youth The “firstborn” and the “youngest” are used together to mean all the brothers were sitting in order according to their age. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
GEN 43 33 c4tk 0 The men were astonished together “The men were very surprised when they realized this”
GEN 43 34 nus6 0 But Benjamin’s portion was five times as much as any of his brothers The phrase “five times” can be stated more generally. Alternate translation: “But Benjamin received a portion that was much bigger than what his brothers received”
GEN 44 intro r27n 0 # Genesis 44 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter
### Judah’s sacrifice
Judah is willing to sacrifice himself in order to save Benjamin, the favored son of Jacob. Judah’s descendants will become the leaders of the Israelites and the godliest of the twelve tribes of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/favor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]])
## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
### Joseph’s test
Joseph tests his brothers to see if they are good. They treat their brother Benjamin better than they treated Joseph and tried to protect him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/test]])
GEN 44 1 bf9w 0 General Information: This begins a new event in the story. Most likely this is the next morning after the feast.
GEN 44 1 nsj3 0 steward of his house The “steward” was responsible for managing Joseph’s household activities.
GEN 44 1 md4j 0 every man’s money Their money was silver coins most likely in a small bag.
GEN 44 1 bx7r 0 in his sack’s opening “in his sack”
GEN 44 2 pgt5 0 Put my cup, the silver cup “Put my silver cup”
GEN 44 2 in3i figs-ellipsis 0 in the sack’s opening of the youngest The word “brother” is understood. Alternate translation: “in the youngest brother’s sack” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
GEN 44 3 d7pr 0 The morning dawned “The morning light shown”
GEN 44 3 cwc8 figs-activepassive 0 the men were sent away, they and their donkeys This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they sent the men away, along with their donkeys” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 44 4 d17q figs-rquestion 0 Why have you returned evil for good? This question is used to scold the brothers. Alternate translation: “You have treated us badly, after we were good to you!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN 44 5 kx3l figs-rquestion 0 Is this not the cup from which my master drinks, and the cup that he uses for divination? This question is used to scold the brothers. Alternate translation: “You already know that this is the cup that my master uses for drinking and for fortune telling!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN 44 5 am17 figs-parallelism 0 You have done evil, this thing that you have done This repeats “you have done” for emphasis. Alternate translation: “What you have done is very evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
GEN 44 6 rt6m 0 spoke these words to them “spoke what Joseph told him to say”
GEN 44 7 cd44 figs-metonymy 0 Why does my master speak such words as these? Here “words” stands for what was said. The brothers refer to the steward as “my master.” This is a formal way of speaking to someone with greater authority. It can be stated in the second person. Alternate translation: “Why are you saying this, my master?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN 44 7 zls8 figs-123person 0 Far be it from your servants that they would do such a thing. The brothers refer to themselves as “your servants” and “they.” This is a formal way of speaking to someone with greater authority. Alternate translation: “We would never do such a thing!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN 44 7 uhb8 figs-metaphor 0 Far be it from your servants Something that a person would never do is spoken of as if it were an object that person wants to put very far from himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 44 8 mb88 0 Look, the money “Listen to what we are about to say and you will see that we are speaking the truth: the money”
GEN 44 8 z4pq 0 the money that we found in our sacks’ openings “you know the money that we found in our sacks”
GEN 44 8 cwc6 0 we brought again to you out of the land of Canaan “we brought back to you from Canaan”
GEN 44 8 zeg7 figs-rquestion 0 How then could we steal out of your master’s house silver or gold? The brothers use a question to emphasize that they would not steal from the lord of Egypt. Alternate translation: “So we would never take anything from your master’s house!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN 44 8 pbw8 0 silver or gold These words are used together to mean that they would not steal anything of any value.
GEN 44 9 kpk1 figs-123person 0 With whomever of your servants it is found The brothers refer to themselves as “your servants.” This is a formal way of speaking to someone with greater authority. It can be stated in the first person. Also, “it is found” can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “If you find that one of us has stolen the cup” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 44 9 g5cd figs-123person 0 we also will be my master’s slaves The phrase “my master” refers to the steward. This can be stated in the second person. Alternate translation: “you may take us as your slaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN 44 10 a2vd 0 Now also let it be according to your words “Very well. I will do what you said.” Here “now” does not mean “at this moment,” but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows.
GEN 44 10 abw2 figs-activepassive 0 He with whom the cup is found will be my slave This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “If I find the cup in one of your sacks, that person will be my slave” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 44 11 kv7v 0 brought his sack down “lowered his sack”
GEN 44 12 hf7m figs-ellipsis 0 the oldest ... the youngest The word “brother” is understood. Alternate translation: “the oldest brother ... the youngest brother” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
GEN 44 12 b5xm figs-activepassive 0 youngest, and the cup was found in Benjamin’s sack This can be translated as a new sentence and in active form. Alternate translation: “youngest. The steward found the cup in Benjamin’s sack” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 44 13 v8rl translate-symaction 0 Then they tore their clothes The word “they” refers to the brothers. Tearing clothes was a sign of great distress and sorrow. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
GEN 44 13 mp1k 0 donkey and returned “donkey, and they returned”
GEN 44 14 hjg6 0 He was still there “Joseph was still there”
GEN 44 14 ywn1 translate-symaction 0 they bowed before him “they fell before him.” This is a sign of the brothers wanting the lord to be merciful to them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
GEN 44 15 v25g figs-rquestion 0 Do you not know that a man like me practices divination? Joseph uses a question to scold his brothers. Alternate translation: “Surely you know that a man like me can learn things by magic!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN 44 16 gj3i figs-parallelism 0 What can we say to my master? What can we speak? Or how can we justify ourselves? All 3 questions mean basically the same thing. They use these questions to emphasize that there is nothing they can say to explain what happened. Alternate translation: “We have nothing to say, my master. We cannot speak anything of value. We cannot justify ourselves.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN 44 16 hvc6 figs-123person 0 What can we say to my master ... my master’s slaves Here “my master” refers to Joseph. This is a formal way of speaking to someone with greater authority. It can be stated in second person. Alternate translation: “What can we say to you ... your slaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN 44 16 uek8 0 God has found out the iniquity of your servants Here “found out” does not mean God just found out what the brothers did. It means God is now punishing them for what they did. Alternate translation: “God is punishing us for our past sins”
GEN 44 16 bb9u figs-123person 0 the iniquity of your servants The brothers refer to themselves as “your servants.” This is a formal way of speaking to someone with greater authority. It can be stated in first person. Alternate translation: “our iniquity” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN 44 16 ga33 figs-synecdoche 0 he also in whose hand the cup was found Here “hand” stands for the whole person. Also, “was found” can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the one who had your cup” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 44 17 m8l3 figs-metaphor 0 Far be it from me that I should do so Something that a person would never do is spoken of as if it were an object the person wants put far away from him. Alternate translation: “It is not like me to do something like that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 44 17 v7cp figs-synecdoche 0 The man in whose hand the cup was found Here “hand” stands for the whole person. Also, “was found” can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The man who had my cup” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 44 18 fj99 0 came near to “approached”
GEN 44 18 s63z figs-123person 0 let your servant Judah refers to himself as “your servant.” This is a formal way of speaking to someone with more authority. This can be stated in first person. Alternate translation: “let me, your servant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN 44 18 px7g figs-synecdoche 0 speak a word in my master’s ears The word “ear” is a synecdoche that stands for the whole person. Alternate translation: “speak to you, my master” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN 44 18 jg84 figs-123person 0 in my master’s ears Here “my master” refers to Joseph. This is a formal way of speaking to someone with more authority. This can be stated in second person. Alternate translation: “to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN 44 18 awr9 figs-metaphor 0 do not let your anger burn against your servant Being angry is spoke of as if it were a burning fire. Alternate translation: “please do not be angry with me, your servant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 44 18 na6r figs-explicit 0 for you are just like Pharaoh Judah compares the master to Pharaoh to emphasize the great power that the master has. He is also implying that he does want the master to become angry and execute him. Alternate translation: “for you are as powerful as Pharaoh and could have your soldiers kill me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 44 19 hz8e figs-quotesinquotes 0 My master asked his servants, saying, ‘Do you have a father or a brother?’ This is a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “My master asked us if we have a father or a brother.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
GEN 44 19 ky6j figs-123person 0 My master asked his servants Judah refers to Joseph with the words “my master” and “his.” He also refers to himself and his brothers as “his servants.” Alternate translation: “You, my master, asked us, your servants” or “You asked us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN 44 20 rzw2 0 General Information: Judah continues to speak before Joseph
GEN 44 20 xks4 figs-quotesinquotes 0 We said to my master, ‘We have a father ... his father loves him.’ This is a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “And we said to my master that we have a father ... his father loves him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
GEN 44 20 k9ph 0 his father loves him This refers to love for a friend or family member.
GEN 44 21 g2ys figs-quotesinquotes 0 Then you said to your servants, ‘Bring him down to me that I may see him.’ This is a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “And you said to your servants that we should bring our youngest brother to you so that you may see him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
GEN 44 21 w231 figs-123person 0 Then you said to your servants Judah refers to himself and his brothers as “your servants.” Alternate translation: “Then you said to us, your servants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN 44 21 n4pn figs-explicit 0 Bring him down to me It was common to use the word “down” when speaking of traveling from Canaan to Egypt. Alternate translation: “Bring him to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 44 22 t6fz figs-123person 0 we said to my master Judah refers to Joseph as “my master.” This is a formal way of speaking to someone with greater authority. Alternate translation: “we said to you, my master” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN 44 22 bt2u figs-quotesinquotes 0 After that, we said to my master, ‘The boy cannot ... father would die.’ This is a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “In response, we said to my master that the boy cannot ... father would die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
GEN 44 22 jbh3 figs-explicit 0 his father would die It is implied that their father would die from sorrow. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 44 23 s5na 0 General Information: Judah continues his story to Joseph
GEN 44 23 i4ft figs-quotesinquotes 0 Then you said to your servants, ‘Unless your youngest brother comes down with you, you will not see my face again.’ This is a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “Then you said to your servants that unless our youngest brother comes with us, we would not see you again.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
GEN 44 23 evq7 figs-123person 0 Then you said to your servants Judah refers to himself and his brothers as “your servants.” This is a formal way of speaking to someone with greater authority. Alternate translation: “Then you said to us, your servants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN 44 23 vsx5 0 comes down It was common to use the word “down” when speaking of traveling from Canaan to Egypt.
GEN 44 23 tkh6 figs-synecdoche 0 you will not see my face again Here “face” stands for the whole person. Alternate translation: “you will not see me again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN 44 24 yg64 writing-newevent 0 Then it came about This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
GEN 44 24 sjv1 0 we went up to your servant my father It was common to use the phrase “went up” when speaking of traveling from Egypt to Canaan.
GEN 44 24 j6ab figs-123person 0 we told him the words of my master Judah refers to Joseph as “my master.” Alternate translation: “we told him what you said, my master” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN 44 25 r9xc figs-quotesinquotes 0 Our father said, ‘Go again, buy us some food.’ This is a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “Our father told us to go again to Egypt to buy food for us and our families.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
GEN 44 26 xf8c 0 go down It was common to use the word “down” when speaking of traveling from Canaan to Egypt.
GEN 44 26 uuv6 figs-quotesinquotes 0 Then we said, ‘We cannot go down. If our youngest brother ... is with us.’ This is a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “Then we said to him that we cannot go down to Egypt. We told him that if our youngest brother is with us ... is with us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
GEN 44 26 ka8m figs-synecdoche 0 to see the man’s face Here “face” stands for the whole person. Alternate translation: “to see the man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN 44 27 uzr7 0 General Information: Judah continues his story to Joseph.
GEN 44 27 tq3g 0 Connecting Statement: This is the beginning of a three-level quote.
GEN 44 27 pq3n figs-exclusive 0 said to us Here “us” does not include Joseph. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
GEN 44 27 k115 figs-you 0 You know Here “You” is plural and refers to the brothers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
GEN 44 28 eym1 0 Connecting Statement: The three-level quote that began in verse 27 continues.
GEN 44 28 uw3g figs-activepassive 0 he is torn in pieces This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “a wild animal has torn him to pieces” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 44 29 vv4v 0 Connecting Statement: The three-level quote that began in verse 27 ends here.
GEN 44 29 c679 figs-quotesinquotes 0 Now if you also take this one from me, and harm comes to him, you will bring down my gray hair with sorrow to Sheol The three-level quote that began with the words “Your servant ... said to us, ‘You know ... two sons” in verse 27 and continued with the words “and I said, ‘Surely ... since” in verse 28 ends here. You may need to change one or more of these levels to indirect quotes. “This is what your servant my father said to us: ‘You know that my wife bore me two sons. One of them went out from me and I said that surely he had been torn in pieces, and I have not seen him since. Now if you also take this one from me, and harm comes to him, you will bring down my gray hair with sorrow to Sheol.’” or “Your servant my father told us that we knew that his wife had borne him two sons. One of them went out from him, and he said that surely that son had been torn in pieces, and he has not seen him since. He then said that if we also took this one from him, and harm came to him, we would bring down his gray hair with sorrow to Sheol.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
GEN 44 29 lty3 figs-metaphor 0 harm comes to him Something bad happening to a person is spoken of as if “harm” were something that travels and comes to a person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 44 29 vh67 figs-idiom 0 you will bring down my gray hair with sorrow to Sheol To “bring down ... to Sheol” is way of saying they will cause him to die and go to Sheol. He uses the word “down” because it was commonly believed Sheol is somewhere underground. Alternate translation: “then you will cause me, an old man, to die of sorrow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 44 29 ka8u figs-synecdoche 0 my gray hair This stands for Jacob and emphasizes his old age. Alternate translation: “me, an old man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN 44 30 g959 0 Now This does not mean “at this moment,” but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows.
GEN 44 30 u459 figs-hypo 0 therefore, when I come Judah begins to describe to Joseph a realistic but hypothetical case of what he will expect will happen to Jacob when he returns without Benjamin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
GEN 44 30 xk9l 0 when I come to your servant Here “come” can be translated as “go” or “return.”
GEN 44 30 l7ey 0 the lad is not with us “the boy is not with us”
GEN 44 30 ap7n figs-metaphor 0 since his life is bound up in the boy’s life The father saying he would die if his son died is spoken of as if their two lives were physically bound together. Alternate translation: “since he said he would die if the boy did not come back” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 44 31 l65e 0 Connecting Statement: Judah finishes describing to Joseph the realistic but hypothetical case that began with the words “therefore, when I come” in verse 30.
GEN 44 31 w4hu figs-hypo 0 sorrow to Sheol Judah finishes describing to Joseph the realistic but hypothetical case that began with the words “therefore, when I come” in verse 30. This is what he expects will happen to Jacob when he returns without Benjamin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
GEN 44 31 um5q figs-hypo 0 it will come about Judah is speaking about a hypothetical case in the future as if it would certainly happen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
GEN 44 31 nfb5 figs-idiom 0 Your servants will bring down the gray hair of your servant our father with sorrow to Sheol To “bring down ... to Sheol” is way of saying they will cause him to die and go to Sheol. He uses the word “down” because it was commonly believed Sheol is somewhere underground. Alternate translation: “And we will have caused our old father to die of sorrow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 44 31 kn4x figs-123person 0 Your servants Judah refers to himself and his brothers as “your servants.” This is a formal way of speaking to someone with greater authority. Alternate translation: “And we, your servants” or “And we” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN 44 31 sx7q figs-synecdoche 0 the gray hair of your servant our father Here “gray hair” stands for Jacob and emphasizes his old age. Alternate translation: “our old father” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN 44 32 j35u figs-abstractnouns 0 For your servant became a guarantee for the boy to my father The abstract noun “guarantee” can be stated with the verb “promised.” Alternate translation: “For I promised my father concerning the boy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
GEN 44 32 uz64 figs-123person 0 For your servant Judah refers to himself as “your servant.” Alternate translation: “For I, your servant” or “For I” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN 44 32 ks1n figs-metaphor 0 then I will bear the guilt to my father Being considered guilty is spoken of as if “guilt” were something that a person carries. Alternate translation: “then my father may blame me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 44 33 liw2 0 Now This does not mean “at this moment,” but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows.
GEN 44 33 u7sg figs-123person 0 let your servant Judah refers to himself as “your servant.” This is a formal way of speaking to someone with greater authority. Alternate translation: “let me, your servant” or “let me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN 44 33 vk2u figs-123person 0 to my master Judah refers to Joseph as “my master.” Alternate translation: “to you, my master” or “to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN 44 33 utg6 0 let the boy go up It was going to use the phrase “go up” when speaking about traveling from Egypt to Canaan.
GEN 44 34 p2qk figs-rquestion 0 For how can I go up to my father if the boy is not with me? Judah uses a question to emphasize the grief he would have if Benjamin did not return home. Alternate translation: “I cannot return to my father if the boy is not with me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN 44 34 v8ma figs-metaphor 0 I am afraid to see the evil that would come on my father A person suffering terribly is spoken of as if “evil” were a thing that comes upon a person. Alternate translation: “I am afraid to see how much my father would suffer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 45 intro rm1s 0 # Genesis 45 General Notes
## Structure and formatting
Joseph finally reveals himself to his brothers in this chapter. This chapter forms the conclusion of the story which began in chapter 43.
## Special concepts in this chapter
### God’s power
The account of Joseph focuses on the power of God. God is able to protect his people despite the evil actions of some. He also is able to continue to bless them despite their circumstances. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]])
### Joseph’s character
Genesis just recorded a period of time where Joseph’s ancestors and brothers struggled with sin. Joseph’s character in this chapter is upright. It gained him great favor in the eyes of Pharaoh and helped to save his people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])
GEN 45 1 mrg5 0 could not control himself This means he could not control his emotions. It can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “was about to start crying”
GEN 45 1 rt15 0 by him “near him”
GEN 45 2 f3np figs-metonymy 0 house of Pharaoh Here “house” stands for the people in the Pharaoh’s palace. Alternate translation: “everyone in Pharaoh’s palace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 45 3 kf33 0 shocked in his presence “terrified of him”
GEN 45 4 lxs5 figs-explicit 0 whom you sold into Egypt The meaning can be stated more explicitly. Alternate translation: “whom you sold as a slave to the trader who brought me to Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 45 5 v699 0 Do not be grieved “do not be upset” or “do not be distressed”
GEN 45 5 umb9 figs-explicit 0 that you sold me here The meaning can be stated more explicitly. Alternate translation: “that you sold me as a slave and sent me here to Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 45 5 ir3i figs-metonymy 0 to preserve life Here “life” stands for the people that Joseph saved from dying during the famine. Alternate translation: “so I could save many lives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 45 6 zig1 figs-metonymy 0 there are still five years in which there will be neither plowing nor harvest “there will be five more years without planting or harvesting.” Here “neither plowing nor harvest” stands for the fact that the crops still will not grow because of the famine. Alternate translation: “and the famine will last five more years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 45 7 jf2m 0 to preserve you as a remnant in the earth “so that you and your families would not completely perish from the earth” or “to make sure your descendants would survive”
GEN 45 7 t199 figs-abstractnouns 0 to keep you alive by a great deliverance The abstract noun “deliverance” can be stated as “rescuing.” Alternate translation: “to keep you alive by rescuing you in a mighty way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
GEN 45 8 p1lr figs-metaphor 0 he has made me a father to Pharaoh Joseph advising and helping Pharaoh is spoken of as if Joseph were Pharaoh’s father. Alternate translation: “he has made me a guide to Pharaoh” or “he has made me the chief adviser to Pharaoh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 45 8 kca3 figs-metonymy 0 of all his house Here “house” stands for the people who live in his palace. Alternate translation: “of all his household” or “of all his palace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 45 8 ca6l figs-metonymy 0 ruler of all the land of Egypt Here “land” stands for the people. Alternate translation: “ruler over all the people of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 45 8 lzu8 figs-explicit 0 ruler Here Joseph means that he is ruler in second place to Pharaoh, the king of Egypt. This understood information can be made clear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 45 9 k6hq 0 Connecting Statement: This is the beginning of a three-level quotation.
GEN 45 9 yy9l 0 go up to my father It was common to use the phrase “go up” when speaking about going from Egypt to Canaan. Alternate translation: “go back to my father”
GEN 45 9 sv9l 0 Come down to me It was common to use the phrase “come down” when speaking about going from Canaan to Egypt. Alternate translation: “Come here to me”
GEN 45 10 k7g4 0 Connecting Statement: The three-level quotation that began in verse 9 continues here.
GEN 45 11 igl7 0 Connecting Statement: The three-level quotation that began in verse 9 ends here.
GEN 45 11 y695 0 I will provide ... all that you have The three-level quotation that began with the words “say to him” in verse 9 ends here. You may need to reduce the number of levels by making some levels indirect quotes. “say to him that his son Joseph says that God has made him master of all Egypt, so he must go down to Joseph and not delay. He will live in the land of Goshen, and he will be near Joseph, he and his children and his children’s children, and his flocks and his herds, and all that he has. Joseph will provide for him there, for there are still five years of famine, so that he does not come to poverty, him, his household, and all that he has.” or “say to him, ‘Your son Joseph says that God has made him master of all Egypt, so he must go down to Joseph and not delay. He will live in the land of Goshen, and he will be near Joseph, he and his children and his children’s children, and his flocks and his herds, and all that he has. Joseph will provide for him there, for there are still five years of famine, so that he does not come to poverty, him, his household, and all that he has.’”
GEN 45 11 ez8a figs-metaphor 0 come to poverty This speaks about “poverty” as if it were a destination. Alternate translation: “waste away” or “starve” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 45 12 xp38 figs-synecdoche 0 your eyes see, and the eyes of my brother Benjamin The word “eyes” stands for the entire person. Alternate translation: “All of you and Benjamin can see” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN 45 12 zli9 figs-synecdoche 0 that it is my mouth that speaks to you The word “mouth” stands for the entire person. Alternate translation: “that I, Joseph, am speaking to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN 45 13 azs1 0 about all my honor in Egypt “how the people in Egypt greatly honor me”
GEN 45 13 s2cn 0 my father down here It was common to use the word “down” when speaking of traveling from Canaan to Egypt. Alternate translation: “my father here to me”
GEN 45 14 dzy6 0 He hugged his brother Benjamin’s neck and wept, and Benjamin wept on his neck “Joseph hugged his brother Benjamin, and they both wept”
GEN 45 15 j5kf 0 He kissed all his brothers In ancient Near East, it is common to greet a relative with a kiss. If your language has an affectionate greeting for a relative, use that. If not, use what is appropriate.
GEN 45 15 ups2 0 wept over them This means Joseph was crying while he kissed them.
GEN 45 15 fi2x figs-explicit 0 After that his brothers talked with him Earlier they were too afraid to speak. Now they feel they can speak freely. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “After that his brothers talked freely with him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 45 16 w82u figs-quotesinquotes 0 The news of the matter was told in Pharaoh’s house: “Joseph’s brothers have come.” This is a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. It may also be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Everyone in Pharaoh’s palace heard that Joseph’s brothers had come.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 45 16 m3aj 0 Pharaoh’s house This stands for Pharaoh’s palace.
GEN 45 17 yz9e 0 Connecting Statement: This is the beginning of a two-level quotation.
GEN 45 18 t6en 0 Connecting Statement: The two-level quotation that began in verse 17 ends here.
GEN 45 18 gql9 figs-quotesinquotes 0 Get your father ... fat of the land.’ The two-level quotation that began in verse 17 ends here. This is a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. “Pharaoh told Joseph to tell his brothers, ‘Do this: Load your animals and go to the land of Canaan. Get your father and your households and come to me. I will give you the good of the land of Egypt, and you will eat the fat of the land.’” or “Pharaoh to Joseph to tell his brothers to do this: to load their animals and go to the land of Canaan, and also to get their father and their households and go to him. Pharaoh would give them the good of the land of Egypt, and they would eat the fat of the land.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
GEN 45 18 dd6i 0 I will give you the good of the land of Egypt “I will give you the best land in Egypt”
GEN 45 18 hwn3 figs-metaphor 0 you will eat the fat of the land The best food that a land produces is spoken of as if it were the fat portion of the land. Alternate translation: “you will eat the best food in the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 45 19 sm78 0 General Information: Pharaoh continues to tell Joseph what to tell his brothers.
GEN 45 19 qce4 0 Connecting Statement: This is the beginning of a two-level quotation.
GEN 45 19 ua9u 0 Now This does not mean “at this moment,” but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows.
GEN 45 19 t1m6 figs-activepassive 0 you are commanded This can be stated in active form. You may also need to add the words “to tell them,” which the writer left out of this ellipsis. Alternate translation: “I also command you to tell them” or “also tell them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
GEN 45 19 n72f 0 take carts out “Carts” are wagons with two or four wheels. Animals pull the carts.
GEN 45 20 sdl7 0 Connecting Statement: The two-level quote that began in verse 19 ends here.
GEN 45 20 v1pm figs-quotesinquotes 0 Do not be concerned about your possessions, for the good of all the land of Egypt is yours.’ The two-level quote that began in verse 19 ends here. This is a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. “Now you are commanded to tell them to take carts out of the land of Egypt for their children and for their wives, to get their father, and to come. They are not to be concerned about their possessions, for the good of all the land of Egypt will be theirs.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
GEN 45 21 xs2g 0 gave them provisions for the journey “gave them what they needed for traveling”
GEN 45 22 g75s figs-explicit 0 he gave each man changes of clothing Each man received a set of clothes except for Benjamin who received 5 sets of clothes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 45 22 p9qe translate-numbers 0 three hundred pieces “300 pieces” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN 45 23 rt4v figs-explicit 0 ten donkeys ... and ten female donkeys The donkeys were included as part of the gift. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 45 24 idu3 0 do not quarrel Possible meanings include 1) “do not argue” and 2) “do not become afraid”
GEN 45 25 wlf6 0 went up out of Egypt It was common to use the word “up” when speaking of traveling from Egypt to Canaan.
GEN 45 26 z3lq figs-metonymy 0 he is ruler over all the land of Egypt Here “land of Egypt” stands for the people of Egypt. Alternate translation: “he rules all the people of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 45 26 ry8a figs-synecdoche 0 His heart was astonished Here “heart” stands for the whole person. Alternate translation: “and he was astonished” or “he was very surprised” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN 45 26 vye7 0 he could not believe what they told him “he did not accept that what they said was true”
GEN 45 27 mhh3 0 They told him “They told Jacob”
GEN 45 27 sa3u 0 all the words of Joseph that he had said to them “everything that Joseph had said to them”
GEN 45 27 w59p figs-synecdoche 0 the spirit of Jacob their father revived The word “spirit” stands for the whole person. Alternate translation: “Jacob their father recovered” or “Jacob their father became very excited” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN 46 intro x4fu 0 # Genesis 46 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter
### Going to Egypt
Yahweh allowed Israel to go to Egypt. He was to trust in Yahweh and his covenant faithfulness. God continued to bless them in Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenantfaith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]])
### Shepherds
Because of the regular flooding of the Nile River, Egypt’s economy revolved around farming more than raising animals. Therefore, the Egyptians despised the nomadic lifestyle of shepherds. Joseph’s instructions permitted the Hebrew people to live separately from the Egyptians.
GEN 46 1 wwd6 0 went to Beersheba “came to Beersheba”
GEN 46 2 kz9s 0 Here I am “Yes, I am listening”
GEN 46 3 cmw1 0 to go down to Egypt It was common to use the phrase “go down” when speaking of traveling from Canaan to Egypt.
GEN 46 3 p7pd figs-you 0 I will make you a great nation The “you” is singular and refers to Jacob. Here Jacob refers to his descendants that will become a large nation. Alternate translation: “I will give you many descendants, and they will become a great nation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 46 4 swu1 0 into Egypt “to Egypt”
GEN 46 4 iy6p figs-you 0 I will surely bring you up again The promise was made to Jacob, but the promise would be fulfilled to all of Israel’s descendants. Alternate translation: “I will surely bring your descendants out of Egypt again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 46 4 fyu6 0 bring you up again It was common to use the word “up” when speaking about traveling from Egypt to Canaan.
GEN 46 4 ai3x figs-idiom 0 Joseph will close your eyes with his own hand The phrase “close you eyes with his own hand” is a way of saying that Joseph will be present when Israel dies and it will be Joseph who will close Jacob’s eyelids at the time of his death. Alternate translation: “Joseph will even be present with you at the time of your death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 46 4 tf56 figs-explicit 0 will close your eyes It was a custom to pull down the eyelids when a person died with their eyes open. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 46 5 x9d6 0 rose up from “set out from”
GEN 46 5 ajk2 0 in the carts “Carts” are wagons with two or four wheels. Animals pull the carts. See how you translated “carts” in [Genesis 45:19](../45/19.md).
GEN 46 6 vyr2 0 they had accumulated “they had acquired” or “they had gained”
GEN 46 7 ej4h 0 He brought with him “Jacob brought with him”
GEN 46 7 ebv8 0 his sons’ sons “his grandsons”
GEN 46 7 t8ch 0 his sons’ daughters “his granddaughters”
GEN 46 8 fk8r 0 These were the names This refers to the names of the people that the author is about to list.
GEN 46 8 q7m9 0 of the children of Israel “of Israel’s family members”
GEN 46 9 t2t8 translate-names 0 Hanok, Pallu, Hezron, and Karmi These are all names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 46 10 k7n8 translate-names 0 Jemuel, Jamin, Ohad, Jakin, Zohar, and Shaul These are all names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 46 11 w95q translate-names 0 Gershon, Kohath, and Merari These are all names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 46 12 da1j 0 Er, Onan, Shelah These were the sons of Judah by his wife, Shua. See how you translated these names in [Genesis 38:3-5](../38/03.md).
GEN 46 12 ez5z 0 Perez, and Zerah These were the sons of Judah by his daughter-in-law, Tamar. See how you translated these names in [Genesis 38:29-30](../38/29.md).
GEN 46 12 lq9w translate-names 0 Hezron ... Hamul These are all names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 46 13 fpn8 translate-names 0 Tola, Puah, Lob ... Shimron These are all names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 46 14 irx9 translate-names 0 Sered, Elon ... Jahleel These are all names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 46 15 qn3g translate-names 0 Dinah This is the name of Leah’s daughter. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 30:21](../30/21.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 46 15 qz75 translate-numbers 0 His sons and his daughters numbered thirty-three Here “sons” and “daughters” refer to Jacob’s sons, daughters, and grandchildren related to Leah. Alternate translation: “Altogether he had 33 sons, daughters, and grandchildren” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN 46 16 w97z translate-names 0 Zephon, Haggi, Shuni, Ezbon, Eri, Arodi ... Areli These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 46 17 zz1x translate-names 0 Imnah, Ishvah, Ishvi ... Beriah ... Heber ... Malkiel These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 46 17 awy7 translate-names 0 Serah This is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 46 18 bi7q translate-names 0 Zilpah This is the name of Leah’s female servant. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 29:24](../29/24.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 46 18 d1ie translate-numbers 0 These sons she bore to Jacob—sixteen in all This refers to 16 children, grandchildren, and great-grandchildren that were related to Zilpah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN 46 20 gd14 translate-names 0 Asenath a woman’s name. See how you translated this in [Genesis 41:45](../41/45.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 46 20 au9x translate-names 0 Potiphera a man’s name. See how you translated this in [Genesis 41:45](../41/45.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 46 20 g9su translate-names 0 priest of On On is a city, also called Heliopolis, which was “the City of the Sun” and the center of worship of the sun god Ra. See how you translated this in [Genesis 41:45](../41/45.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 46 21 w67p translate-names 0 Bela, Beker, Ashbel, Gera, Naaman, Ehi, Rosh, Muppim, Huppim, and Ard These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 46 22 t8z2 translate-numbers 0 fourteen in all This refers to the 14 sons and grandsons related to Rachel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN 46 23 gq68 translate-names 0 Hushim This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 46 24 pij4 translate-names 0 Jahziel, Guni, Jezer ... Shillem These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 46 25 d3s4 translate-names 0 Bilhah This is the name of Rachel’s female servant. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 29:29](../29/29.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 46 25 x6pw translate-numbers 0 seven in all This refers to the 7 children and grandchildren related to Bilhah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN 46 26 k6c4 translate-numbers 0 sixty-six “66” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN 46 27 pe1k translate-numbers 0 seventy “70” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN 46 28 af76 0 to show the way before him to Goshen “to show them the way to Goshen”
GEN 46 29 nna1 figs-metonymy 0 Joseph prepared his chariot and went up Here “Joseph” stands for his servants. Alternate translation: “Joseph’s servants prepared his chariot and Joseph went up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 46 29 r3s4 0 went up to meet Israel The phrase “went up” is used because Joseph is traveling to a higher elevation to meet his father. Alternate translation: “went to meet Israel”
GEN 46 29 ju8s 0 hugged his neck, and wept on his neck a long time “put his arms around his father, and wept for a long time”
GEN 46 30 wty1 0 Now let me die “Now I am ready to die” or “Now I will die happy”
GEN 46 30 b5zk figs-synecdoche 0 since I have seen your face, that you are still alive Here “face” stands for the entire person. Jacob was expressing joy at seeing Joseph. Alternate translation: “since I have seen you alive again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN 46 31 k2gt 0 Connecting Statement: This is the beginning of a two-level quotation.
GEN 46 31 nvk6 figs-metonymy 0 his father’s house Here “house” stands for his family. Alternate translation: “his father’s family” or “his father’s household” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 46 31 n1ch 0 I will go up and tell Pharaoh It was common to use the phrase “go up” when referring to someone going to speak with someone with greater authority. Alternate translation: “I will go tell Pharaoh”
GEN 46 32 j12e 0 Connecting Statement: The two-level quotation that began in verse 31 ends here.
GEN 46 32 vgd7 figs-quotesinquotes 0 The men are shepherds ... all that they have The two-level quotation that began with the words “I will go up” in verse 31 ends here. This is a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “I will go up and tell Pharaoh and say that my brothers and my father’s house, who were in the land of Canaan, have come to me. I will tell him that the men are shepherds, for they have been keepers of livestock, and that they have brought their flocks, their herds, and all that they have.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
GEN 46 33 j1xj 0 Connecting Statement: This is the beginning of a two-level quotation.
GEN 46 33 ef4p 0 It will come about This phrase is used here to mark an important event that is about to happen in the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here.
GEN 46 34 nwi4 0 Connecting Statement: The two-level quotation that began in verse 33 ends here.
GEN 46 34 c7ig figs-quotesinquotes 0 you should say, ‘Your servants have been keepers of livestock from our youth until now, both we, and our forefathers.’ The two-level quotation that began with the words “when Pharaoh ... asks” in verse 33 ends here. This is a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. “when Pharaoh ... asks what your occupation is, that you should say that you have been keepers of livestock from your youth until now, both you and your forefathers. Do this” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
GEN 46 34 q7bk figs-123person 0 Your servants Joseph’s family are to refer to themselves as “your servants” when they speak to Pharaoh. This is a formal way of speaking to someone with greater authority. It can be stated in the first person. Alternate translation: “We, your servants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN 46 34 ic29 figs-abstractnouns 0 every shepherd is an abomination to the Egyptians The abstract noun “abomination” can be translated with the adjective “disgusting.” Alternate translation: “Egyptians think shepherds are disgusting” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
GEN 47 intro ep9j 0 # Genesis 47 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter
### Abrahamic covenant
Part of the Abrahamic covenant was that Yahweh would bless those who bless Abraham’s descendants. Since Pharaoh cared for the Hebrew people, Yahweh blessed the Egyptians while the Hebrew people lived in Egypt. The Hebrew people also multiplied greatly as this covenant promised. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]])
### Jacob was not buried in Egypt
In the ancient Near east, a person was typically buried in their hometown. Since Egypt was not the Israelites’ home, Jacob did not wish to be buried in Egypt. This was a lesson to the Israelites that Canaan was their true home, the promised land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])
GEN 47 1 lup6 figs-events 0 Joseph went in and told Pharaoh It is not clear whether Joseph went with his father and family from Canaan to Goshen and then alone from Goshen to see the Pharaoh, back to Goshen for his five brothers, and then back to Pharaoh, as the ULT implies, or whether he brought the five brothers with him the first time he went from Goshen to Pharaoh, as the UST states. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-events]])
GEN 47 2 p3cm figs-events 0 He took five of his brothers and introduced them It is not clear whether Joseph went with his father and family from Canaan to Goshen and then alone from Goshen to see the Pharaoh, back to Goshen for his five brothers, and then back to Pharaoh, as the ULT implies, or whether he brought the five brothers with him the first time he went from Goshen to Pharaoh, as the UST states. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-events]])
GEN 47 3 k8ea 0 Your servants are shepherds “Your servants shepherd flocks”
GEN 47 3 ybw3 figs-123person 0 Your servants Joseph’s brothers refer to themselves as “your servants.” This is a formal way of speaking to someone with more authority. This can be stated in first person. Alternate translation: “We, your servants” or “We” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN 47 3 acn2 0 as our ancestors “both we and our forefathers” or “both we and our ancestors”
GEN 47 4 a2nh 0 We come as temporary residents in the land “We have come to stay for a while in Egypt”
GEN 47 4 ehv5 0 There is no pasture “There is no grass to eat”
GEN 47 4 s7ih 0 now This does not mean “at this moment,” but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows.
GEN 47 6 c9gx 0 The land of Egypt is before you “The land of Egypt is open to you” or “All of the land of Egypt is available to you”
GEN 47 6 ur7y 0 Settle your father and your brothers in the best region, the land of Goshen “Settle your father and your brothers in the land of Goshen, which is the best region”
GEN 47 6 u42c figs-explicit 0 If you know any capable men among them It is implied that they are capable of taking care of animals. Alternate translation: “If you know of any men among them who have great skill taking care of animals” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 47 7 s3k5 0 Jacob blessed Pharaoh Here “blessed” means to express a desire for positive and beneficial things to happen to that person.
GEN 47 8 wx65 0 How long have you lived? “How old are you?”
GEN 47 9 vqc7 translate-numbers 0 The years of my travels are a hundred and thirty The phrase “years of my travels” refers to how long he has lived on the earth traveling from one place to another. Alternate translation: “I have traveled on the earth for 130 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN 47 9 tu4s 0 The years of my life have been few ... not been as long as those of my ancestors Jacob means his life is short compared to the lives of Abraham and Isaac.
GEN 47 9 ak8x 0 painful Jacob has experienced much pain and trouble during his life.
GEN 47 11 mzq5 0 Then Joseph settled his father and his brothers “Then Joseph took care of his father and his brothers and helped them establish where they would live”
GEN 47 11 qaf9 translate-names 0 the land of Rameses This is another name for the land of Goshen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 47 12 jgf9 0 according to the number of their dependents Here, the word “dependents” means the small children in the family. Alternate translation: “according to how many small children were in their families”
GEN 47 13 yc6d 0 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here the author starts to tell a new part of the story.
GEN 47 13 kw4v figs-metonymy 0 The land of Egypt and the land of Canaan This refers to the people living in these lands. Alternate translation: “The people of Egypt and the people of Canaan” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 47 13 gtx9 0 wasted away “became thin and weak”
GEN 47 14 a79v 0 Joseph gathered all the money that was in the land of Egypt and in the land of Canaan, by selling grain to the inhabitants “The people of Egypt and Canaan spent all of their money buying grain from Joseph”
GEN 47 14 u1kv figs-metonymy 0 Joseph gathered ... Joseph brought Most likely Joseph ordered his servants to gather and bring the money. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 47 15 z2fn figs-metonymy 0 When all the money of the lands of Egypt and Canaan was spent Here “lands” stands for the people who live in the lands. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “When the people of Egypt and Canaan used up all their money” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 47 15 qiu6 0 of the lands of Egypt and Canaan “from the land of Egypt and from the land of Canaan”
GEN 47 15 p8d8 figs-rquestion 0 Why should we die in your presence because our money is gone? The people used a question to emphasize how desperate they are to buy food. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Please, do not let us die because we have used up all of our money!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN 47 17 f7im figs-synecdoche 0 He fed them with bread Here “bread” stands for food in general. Alternate translation: “He gave them food” or “He provided them with food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN 47 18 l3sq 0 they came to him “the people came to Joseph”
GEN 47 18 q8xj figs-123person 0 We will not hide from my master The people refer to Joseph as “my master.” This is a formal way of speaking to someone with greater authority. It can be stated in second person. Alternate translation: “We will not hide from you, our master” or “We will not hide from you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN 47 18 vl3p figs-metonymy 0 There is nothing left in the sight of my master Here “sight” stands for Joseph himself. Alternate translation: “We have nothing left to give you, our master” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 47 19 alz2 figs-metonymy 0 Why should we die before your eyes, both we and our land? The word “eyes” refers to Joseph’s sight. The people use a question to emphasize how desperate they are to buy food. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Please do not just watch as we die and our land is ruined!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN 47 19 xwc1 figs-metaphor 0 Why should we die ... both we and our land The land becomes useless and ruined because there is no seed to plant; thus it is spoken of as if the land would die. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 47 20 m6pl 0 In this way, the land became Pharaoh’s “So the land became Pharaoh’s”
GEN 47 22 my2p 0 It was only the land of the priests that Joseph did not buy “But he did not buy the land of the priests”
GEN 47 22 n3w1 figs-activepassive 0 the priests were given an allowance An “allowance” is an amount of money or food that someone regularly gives to another person. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Pharaoh gave the priests a certain amount of food each day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 47 22 c3vq 0 They ate from the allotment which Pharaoh gave them “They ate from what Pharaoh gave them”
GEN 47 23 g4ki 0 and you will plant “that you might sow”
GEN 47 24 m3xp translate-fraction 0 At the harvest, you must give a fifth to Pharaoh, and four parts will be your own The word “fifth” is a fraction. Alternate translation: “At harvest time you will divide the crops into five parts. You will give one part back to Pharaoh for payment and the four parts are for your own” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]])
GEN 47 24 qd1p figs-ellipsis 0 for food for your households and your children You can state clearly the understood information. Alternate translation: “for food for your households and for food for your children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
GEN 47 25 m8l5 figs-idiom 0 May we find favor in your eyes The phrase “find favor” is an idiom which means to be approved of by someone. Also, the eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: “May you be pleased with us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 47 26 rb65 0 in the land of Egypt “over the land of Egypt” or “throughout the land of Egypt”
GEN 47 26 k76z 0 to this day This means to the time that the author was writing this.
GEN 47 26 e9nv 0 one-fifth See how you translated “a fifth” in [Genesis 47:24](../47/24.md).
GEN 47 27 w2lx figs-doublet 0 They were fruitful and multiplied greatly The word “multiplied” explains how they were “fruitful.” Alternate translation: “They had very many children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
GEN 47 27 jw6i figs-idiom 0 were fruitful Here “fruitful” means to prosper or to have children. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 47 28 d2ji translate-numbers 0 seventeen years “17 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN 47 28 cq8w translate-numbers 0 so the years of Jacob’s life were one hundred forty-seven years “so Jacob lived to be 147 years old” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN 47 29 h7ri figs-metaphor 0 When the time approached for Israel to die This speaks about time as if it travels and comes to a place. Alternate translation: “When it was almost time for Israel to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 47 29 p6yl figs-metonymy 0 If now I have found favor in your eyes Here “eyes” is a metonym for sight, and “sight” stands for thoughts or opinions. Alternate translation: “If I have found favor with you” or “If I have pleased you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 47 29 zwh5 0 now This does not mean “at this moment,” but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows.
GEN 47 29 utx5 figs-idiom 0 found favor This means that someone is approved of by someone else. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 47 29 sfx8 translate-symaction 0 put your hand under my thigh This act is a sign of making a serious promise. See how you translated this in [Genesis 24:2](../24/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
GEN 47 29 a37l figs-abstractnouns 0 show me faithfulness and trustworthiness The abstract nouns “faithfulness” and “trustworthiness” can be translated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “treat me in a faithful and trustworthy manner” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
GEN 47 29 u82i 0 Please do not bury me in Egypt The word “please” adds emphasis to this request.
GEN 47 30 mbz5 figs-euphemism 0 When I sleep with my fathers Here “sleep” is a polite way to refer to dying. Alternate translation: “When I die and join my family members who died before me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN 47 31 pw9e 0 Swear to me “Promise me” or “Make an oath to me”
GEN 47 31 p35p 0 swore to him “promised him” or “made an oath to him”
GEN 48 intro sm2c 0 # Genesis 48 General Notes
## Structure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 48:15-16, and in 58:20.
## Special concepts in this chapter
### Blessing
The blessing of Jacob is given to Joseph, and his sons Manasseh and Ephraim. It is probably distinct from inheriting the promises Yahweh gave to Abraham because Scripture talks about all of Israel’s descendants inheriting those promises. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]])
GEN 48 1 fzl8 writing-newevent 0 It came about This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
GEN 48 1 th1g 0 one said to Joseph “someone said to Joseph”
GEN 48 1 ncd4 0 Look, your father “Listen, your father.” Here the word “look” is used to get Joseph’s attention.
GEN 48 1 haa1 0 So he took “So Joseph took”
GEN 48 2 jt59 figs-activepassive 0 When Jacob was told This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “When someone told Jacob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 48 2 q2vl 0 your son Joseph has arrived to see you “your son Joseph has come to you”
GEN 48 2 pyg7 figs-metaphor 0 Israel gathered strength and sat up in bed Here the author speaks of Israel struggling to sit up in bed as if he were gathering “strength” as someone gathers actual things. Alternate translation: “Israel made a great effort to sit up in bed” or “Israel struggled as he sat up in bed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 48 3 fs4l translate-names 0 Luz This is the name of a city. See how you translated the name of this city in [Genesis 28:19](../28/19.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 48 3 p7zc 0 in the land of Canaan. He blessed me This can be translated with the new sentence starting in a different place. Alternate translation: “in the land of Canaan, and he blessed me”
GEN 48 3 ctg7 0 blessed This refers to God pronouncing a formal blessing on someone.
GEN 48 4 llq8 0 and said to me This can be translated with the new sentence starting in a different place. Alternate translation: “And he said to me”
GEN 48 4 a6k7 figs-quotesinquotes 0 said to me, ‘Behold, I will make you fruitful, and multiply you. I will make of you an assembly of nations. I will give this land to your descendants as an everlasting possession.’ This is a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “said to me that he would make me fruitful and multiply me. And, he said that he would make me an assembly of nations and he would give this land to my descendants as an everlasting possession.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
GEN 48 4 j6vg 0 Behold God used the word “behold” here to alert Jacob to pay attention to what he was about to tell him.
GEN 48 4 j6ua figs-doublet 0 I will make you fruitful, and multiply you The phrase “multiply you” explains how God would make Jacob “fruitful.” Alternate translation: “I will give you very many descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 48 4 u2iy figs-metonymy 0 I will make of you an assembly of nations Here “you” refers to Jacob, but it stands for Jacob’s descendants. Alternate translation: “I will make your descendants into many nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 48 4 nwj2 0 an everlasting possession “a permanent possession”
GEN 48 5 xs2x 0 Now This does not mean “at this moment,” but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows.
GEN 48 5 y3v7 0 Ephraim and Manasseh will be mine Ephraim and Manasseh each will receive a portion of land just like Joseph’s brothers.
GEN 48 6 a5iu 0 they will be listed under the names of their brothers in their inheritance Possible meanings are 1)the rest of Joseph’s children would inherit land as part of the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh or 2) Joseph will be given separate land from Ephraim and Manasseh and Joseph’s other children will inherit that land. Alternate translation: “as for their inheritance, you will list them under the names of their brothers”
GEN 48 7 kg2u 0 Ephrath This is another name for the town of Bethlehem. See how you translated the name of this city in [Genesis 35:16](../35/16.md).
GEN 48 8 drw1 0 Whose are these? “Whose sons are these?”
GEN 48 9 dr78 0 bless A father would often pronounce a formal blessing on his children or grandchildren.
GEN 48 10 k75z writing-background 0 Now Israel’s eyes ... could not see The word “Now” is used here to mark a change from the story to background information about Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
GEN 48 10 t7x3 0 he kissed them “Israel kissed them”
GEN 48 11 jtm9 figs-synecdoche 0 to see your face again Here “face” stands for the whole person. Alternate translation: “to see you again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN 48 12 ne7g translate-symaction 0 between Israel’s knees When Joseph placed his sons on Israel’s lap or knees it was a sign that Israel was adopting them. This gave the children special inheritance rights from Jacob. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
GEN 48 12 sca4 translate-symaction 0 then he bowed with his face to the earth Joseph bowed down to show honor to his father. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
GEN 48 13 fgl8 translate-symaction 0 Manasseh in his left hand toward Israel’s right hand Joseph places the boys so that Israel will put his right hand on Manasseh. Manasseh was the oldest brother and the right hand was the sign he would receive the greater blessing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
GEN 48 14 fm1u translate-symaction 0 his right hand and laid it upon Ephraim’s head Placing the right hand on Ephraim’s head was the sign that he would receive the greater blessing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
GEN 48 15 g5ng figs-synecdoche 0 Israel blessed Joseph Here “Joseph” also stands for Ephraim and Manasseh. Since Joseph is the father, he is the only one mentioned here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN 48 15 nw5z figs-metaphor 0 The God before whom my fathers Abraham and Isaac walked Serving God is spoken of as if it were walking before God. Alternate translation: “The God who my grandfather Abraham and father Isaac served” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 48 15 r9ve figs-explicit 0 who has cared for me God has taken care of Israel like a shepherd takes care of his sheep. Alternate translation: “who has cared for me like a shepherd cares for his animals” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 48 16 hs6i 0 the angel Possible meanings are 1) this refers to the angel that God sent to protect Jacob or 2) this refers to God who appeared in angel form to protect Jacob.
GEN 48 16 i8qg 0 protected me “delivered me”
GEN 48 16 dd6n figs-metonymy 0 May my name be named in them, and the name of my fathers Abraham and Isaac Here “name” stands for the person. The phrase “my name be named in them” is an idiom that means a person is remembered because of another person. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “May people remember Abraham, Isaac, and me because of Ephraim and Manasseh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 48 16 tm7y figs-metonymy 0 May they grow into a multitude on the earth Here “they” refers to Ephraim and Manasseh, but it stands for their descendants. Alternate translation: “May they have many descendants who will live all over the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 48 18 bj69 translate-symaction 0 Put your right hand upon his head The right hand was the sign of the greater blessing which the oldest son was supposed to receive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
GEN 48 19 utt2 figs-metonymy 0 He also will become a people, and he also will be great Here “He” refers to Manasseh, but it stands for his descendants. Alternate translation: “Your older son will have many descendants, and they will become a great people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 48 20 bb6k 0 that day with these words “that day, saying”
GEN 48 20 ip5g 0 The people of Israel will pronounce blessings by your names saying “The people of Israel will speak your names when they are blessing others”
GEN 48 20 vs1f figs-quotesinquotes 0 by your names saying, ‘May God make you like Ephraim and like Manasseh’ This is a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “by your names. They will ask God to make others like Ephraim and like Manasseh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
GEN 48 20 aaz4 0 like Ephraim and like Manasseh Israel saying Ephraim’s name first is another way he indicates that Ephraim will be greater than Manasseh.
GEN 48 20 py5z figs-metaphor 0 Israel put Ephraim before Manasseh Giving Ephraim the greater blessing and making him more important than Manasseh is spoken of as if Israel physically put Ephraim in front of Manasseh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 48 21 vk8j figs-you 0 will be with you ... bring you back ... your fathers Here “you” and “your” are plural and refer to all the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
GEN 48 21 p9kl figs-idiom 0 will be with you This is an idiom that means God will help and bless the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “God will help you” or “God will bless you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 48 21 ild4 figs-go 0 will bring you back Here “bring” can be translated as “take.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
GEN 48 21 w4x7 0 land of your fathers “land of your ancestors”
GEN 48 22 m9zy figs-metaphor 0 To you, as one who is above your brothers, I give to you the mountain slope Possible meanings are 1) Joseph having more honor and authority than his brothers is spoken of as if he were physically above them. Alternate translation: “To you, who is greater than your brothers, I give the mountain slope” or 2) Jacob means he is giving more land to Joseph than he is giving to Joseph’s brothers. Alternate translation: “To you, I give one more ridge than I give your brothers. I give to you the mountain slope” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 48 22 e2r2 figs-you 0 To you Here “you” is singular and refers to Joseph. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
GEN 48 22 q143 figs-metonymy 0 the mountain slope that I took from the Amorites with my sword and my bow Here “sword” and “bow” stands for fighting in battle. Alternate translation: “the portion of land I fought for and took from the Amorites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 49 intro lp3i 0 # Genesis 49 General Notes
## Structure and formatting
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 49:1-27.
## Special concepts in this chapter
### Prophecies
These statements made by Jacob to his sons are probably prophecies. These prophecies are concerned with the descendants of each of Jacob’s sons who would become the twelve tribes of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])
## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
### “The scepter will not depart from Judah”
This prophecy indicates Judah will be the ruling tribe of Israel. The future kings of Israel all come from the tribe of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
### “I buried Leah”
Since Moses wrote the book of Genesis, this is an editorial comment he makes in the text as the narrator.
GEN 49 1 zs4v writing-poetry 0 General Information: This begins Jacob’s final blessings to his sons. This continues through [Genesis 49:27](../49/27.md). Jacob’s blessings are written in poetic form. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]])
GEN 49 2 n3y4 figs-parallelism 0 Assemble yourselves and listen, you sons of Jacob. Listen to Israel, your father Both sentences say the same thing for emphasis. Alternate translation: “Come and listen carefully to your father” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
GEN 49 2 j4es figs-123person 0 you sons of Jacob. Listen to Israel, your father Jacob is referring to himself in the third person. It can be stated in the first person. Alternate translation: “my sons. Listen to me, your father” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN 49 3 n7ub figs-parallelism 0 my firstborn, my might, and the beginning of my strength The phrases “my firstborn, my might” and “the beginning of my strength” mean the same thing. The words “might” and “strength” stand for Jacob’s ability to produce children. The words “firstborn” and “beginning” mean that Reuben is his first child. Alternate translation: “my first child after I became a man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
GEN 49 3 s34g 0 outstanding in dignity, and outstanding in power This can be stated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: “You are first in honor and power” or “You surpass everyone else in honor and power”
GEN 49 4 ch7w figs-simile 0 Uncontrollable as rushing water Jacob compares Reuben to water in a strong current to emphasize that he cannot control his anger and he is not stable. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
GEN 49 4 n314 0 you will not have the preeminence “you shall not be first among your brothers”
GEN 49 4 cbc3 figs-metonymy 0 because you went up to your father’s bed. Then you defiled it; you went up to my couch Here “bed” and “couch” stand for Jacob’s concubine, Bilhah. Jacob is referring to when Reuben slept with Bilhah ([Genesis 35:22](../35/22.md)). Alternate translation: “because you went to my bed and slept with Bilhah my concubine. You have shamed me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 49 4 r7nh figs-parallelism 0 you went up to your father’s bed ... you went up to my couch Both statements mean the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
GEN 49 5 lxj9 0 Simeon and Levi are brothers This does not just mean they are brothers by birth. Jacob is emphasizing that they worked together to kill the people of Shechem.
GEN 49 5 xhz7 0 Weapons of violence are their swords “They use their swords to hurt and to kill people”
GEN 49 6 p25e figs-synecdoche 0 O my soul ... my heart Jacob uses the words “soul” and “heart” to refer to himself and is saying that other people,and perhaps God also, honor him so much that he does not wish to join with those who make plans to do evil. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN 49 6 dh2g figs-parallelism 0 do not come into their council; do not join in their meetings These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Jacob combines them to emphasize that he does not want to participate in their wicked plans. Alternate translation: “I certainly will not join with them to make any plans” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
GEN 49 6 mfx3 0 they hamstrung oxen This refers to Simeon and Levi crippling oxen just for fun.
GEN 49 6 m9vp 0 hamstrung This refers to cutting the sinews of an animal’s leg so that it cannot walk.
GEN 49 7 t851 figs-metaphor 0 May their anger be cursed, for it was fierce—and their fury, for it was cruel God cursing Simeon and Levi is spoken of as if God were cursing their anger and fury. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The Lord says, ‘I will curse them because of their fierce anger and their cruel fury” or “I, the Lord, will curse them because of their fierce anger and their cruel fury” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 49 7 e2ns 0 May their anger be cursed In prophecy, the prophet will often speak the words of God as if God himself were speaking. This emphasizes how closely united the prophet and God are.
GEN 49 7 vx1u figs-ellipsis 0 their fury, for it was cruel The words “I will curse” are understood. Alternate translation: “I will curse their fury, for it was cruel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
GEN 49 7 bl42 figs-metonymy 0 I will divide them in Jacob and scatter them in Israel The word “I” refers to God. The word “them” refers to Simeon and Levi but they are a metonym standing for their descendants. The words “Jacob” and “Israel” are a metonym standing for all people of Israel. Alternate translation: “I will divide their descendants and scatter them among all the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
GEN 49 8 lk4j figs-parallelism 0 your brothers will praise you ... Your father’s sons will bow down before you These two statements mean the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
GEN 49 8 n457 writing-connectingwords 0 will praise you. Your hand The second sentence states the reason for the first sentence. This can be made clear with “for” or “because.” Alternate translation: “will praise you. For your hand” or “will praise you because your hand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-connectingwords]])
GEN 49 8 al75 figs-idiom 0 Your hand will be on the neck of your enemies This is a way of saying “You will conquer your enemies.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 49 8 yjj7 translate-symaction 0 bow down This means to bend over to humbly express respect and honor toward someone. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
GEN 49 9 f58g figs-metaphor 0 Judah is a lion’s cub Jacob speaks about Judah as if he were a lion’s cub. Jacob is emphasizing Judah’s strength. Alternate translation: “Judah is like a young lion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 49 9 hzl6 0 My son, you have gone up from your victims “You, my son, have come back from eating your prey”
GEN 49 9 tf4l figs-simile 0 like a lioness Jacob also compares Judah to a female lion. The lioness is the primary hunter and protector of her cubs. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
GEN 49 9 xsu7 figs-rquestion 0 Who would dare to awaken him? Jacob uses a question to emphasize how terrifying Judah is to other people. Alternate translation: “No one wants to wake him up.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN 49 10 eev8 figs-metonymy 0 The scepter will not depart from Judah, nor the ruler’s staff from between his feet The “scepter” and the “staff” are long decorated sticks that kings carried. Here they are metonymies that stand for the power to rule. And, “Judah” stands for his descendants. Alternate translation: “The power to rule will always be with the descendants of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
GEN 49 10 p8q1 0 until Shiloh comes. The nations will obey him Possible meanings are 1) “Shiloh” means “tribute.” Alternate translation: “until the nations obey him and bring him tribute” or 2) “Shiloh” refers to the city of Shiloh. Alternate translation: “until the ruler comes to Shiloh. Then the nations will obey him” Many people consider this a prophecy about the Messiah, who is a descendant of King David. David is a descendant of Judah.
GEN 49 10 i8y2 figs-metonymy 0 The nations will obey him Here “nations” refer to the people. Alternate translation: “The people of the nations will obey him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 49 11 bgs1 figs-parallelism 0 Binding his donkey ... to the choice vine Both statements mean the same thing. It is implied that the vines are so full of grapes that the master does not mind that his donkey eats some of them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 49 11 h3ji 0 his ... he Possible meanings for all occurrences of “his” or “he” are 1) they refer to Judah’s descendants. Alternate translation: “their ... they” or 2) they refer to the ruler in [Genesis 49:10](../49/10.md), which may refer to the Messiah.
GEN 49 11 m97e figs-parallelism 0 he has washed ... in the blood of grapes Both statements mean the same thing. It implies that there are so many grapes that they can wash their clothes in the juice. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 49 11 g59h figs-pastforfuture 0 he has washed Often in prophecy events that will happen in the future are described as something that has already happened in the past. This emphasizes that this event will certainly happen. Alternate translation: “they will wash” or “he will wash” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
GEN 49 11 c5rw figs-metaphor 0 the blood of grapes This speaks about the grape juice as if it were blood. This emphasizes how red the juice is. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 49 12 y4wg figs-simile 0 His eyes will be as dark as wine This refers to the color of a person’s eyes to the red color of wine. Possible meanings are 1) dark eyes imply healthy eyes or 2) people eyes will be red from drinking too much of wine. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 49 12 va4p figs-simile 0 his teeth as white as milk This compare the color of the person’s teeth to the white color of milk. This implies that there will be so many healthy cows they will have much milk to drink. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 49 13 d53q figs-metonymy 0 Zebulun will live This refers to the descendants of Zebulun. Alternate translation: “The descendants of Zebulun will live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 49 13 jb4b figs-metonymy 0 He will be a harbor Here “He” stands for sea towns that the people of Zebulun will inhabit or build. These cities will provide shelter for ships. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 49 13 rl71 0 harbor a part of the sea that is next to land and is a safe place for ships
GEN 49 14 v1n4 figs-metaphor 0 Issachar is a strong donkey Jacob speaks about Issachar and his descendants as if they are a donkey. This emphasizes that they will work very hard. Alternate translation: “The descendants of Issachar will be like a strong donkey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 49 14 yd1r 0 Issachar is Often in prophecy events that will happen in the future are described as something that is already happening. This emphasizes that the event will certainly happen. It can be stated in the future tense. Alternate translation: “Issachar will be” or “The descendants of Issachar will be”
GEN 49 14 n39a figs-metaphor 0 lying down between the sheepfolds Possible meanings are 1) “lying down between the packs they were carrying” or 2) “lying down between two sheep pens.” Either way, Jacob speaks about Issachar’s descendants as if they are donkeys that have worked hard and are lying down to rest. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 49 15 u9r3 figs-metonymy 0 He sees ... He will These words refer to the descendants of Issachar (verse 14). Alternate translation: “They see ... They will” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 49 15 fp1p 0 a good resting place and the pleasant land “a resting place that is good and that the land is pleasant”
GEN 49 15 r8tu figs-idiom 0 He will bend his shoulder to the burden The phrase “bend his shoulder to the burden” is a way of saying “work very hard to carry the load” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 49 15 vc3z 0 become a servant for the task “will work for others as slaves”
GEN 49 16 p8vr figs-metonymy 0 Dan will judge his people Here “Dan” stands for his descendants. Alternate translation: “The descendants of Dan will judge their people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 49 16 qup4 0 his people Possible meanings for “his people” are 1) “the people of Dan” or 2) “the people of Israel”
GEN 49 17 wp5h figs-metaphor 0 Dan will be a snake beside the road Jacob speaks about Dan and his descendants as if they were snakes. Though a snake is small, it can bring down a rider off his horse. So Dan, though a small tribe, is very dangerous to its enemies. Alternate translation: “The descendants of Dan will be like a snake beside the road” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 49 18 b7p5 0 I wait for your salvation, Yahweh The abstract noun “salvation” can be translated as “save.” Alternate translation: “I wait for you, Yahweh, to save me”
GEN 49 18 z88u 0 I wait The word “I” refers to Jacob.
GEN 49 19 c2sc figs-metonymy 0 Gad ... attack him, but he Here “Gad” stands for his descendants. Alternate translation: “The descendants of Gad ... attack them, but they” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 49 19 m5nv figs-synecdoche 0 at their heels Here “heels” stands for the raiders who are running away from the descendants of Gad. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN 49 20 v9mh figs-metonymy 0 Asher’s food ... and he Here “Asher” stands for his descendants. Alternate translation: “Asher’s descendants’ food ... and they” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 49 20 fx3w figs-idiom 0 food will be rich Here “rich” is a way of saying “delicious.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 49 21 y5rq figs-metonymy 0 Naphtali is ... he will Here “Naphtali” stands for his descendants. Alternate translation: “The descendants of Naphtali are ... they will” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 49 21 tc9d figs-metaphor 0 Naphtali is a doe let loose Jacob speaks about the descendants of Naphtali as if they were a female deer that is free to run. This may emphasize that they will be swift messengers. Alternate translation: “The descendants of Naphtali will be like deer set free” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 49 21 g69w figs-metaphor 0 have beautiful fawns A “fawn” is a baby deer. The meaning of the Hebrew word is unclear. Some versions translate it as “have beautiful words” or “speak beautiful things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 49 22 np8b figs-metonymy 0 Joseph is a fruitful bough Here “Joseph” is a metonym that stands for his descendants. Jacob speaks about them as if they were a tree branch that produces a lot of fruit. This emphasizes that they will greatly increase in number. Alternate translation: “The descendants of Joseph are a fruitful bough” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 49 22 ka7p 0 bough a main branch of a tree
GEN 49 22 pvd6 figs-metaphor 0 whose branches climb over the wall Branches that grow and extend over a wall are spoken of as if they were climbing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 49 24 r5uu 0 General Information: Jacob continues to bless Joseph and his descendants.
GEN 49 24 u5f5 figs-metonymy 0 his bow will remain steady The person holding the bow steady is spoken of as if the bow itself will remain steady. It is implied he is holding it steady as he aims at his enemy. Alternate translation: “he will hold his bow steady as he aims at his enemy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 49 24 a3qh figs-metonymy 0 his bow ... his hands Here “his” refers to Joseph who stands for his descendants. Alternate translation: “their bow ... their hands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 49 24 u5ku figs-synecdoche 0 his hands will be skillful Here the whole person is represented by the “hands” since they are used to hold the bow. Alternate translation: “his arms will remain strong as he aims his bow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN 49 24 qq1e figs-metonymy 0 the hands of the Mighty One The “hands” are expressing the power of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “the power of the Mighty One” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 49 24 biy5 figs-metonymy 0 because of the name of the Shepherd Here “name” refers to the entire person. Alternate translation: “because of the Shepherd” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 49 24 u61z figs-metaphor 0 the Shepherd Jacob speak of Yahweh as if he were a “Shepherd.” This emphasizes that Yahweh guides and protects his people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 49 24 rg4s figs-metaphor 0 the Rock Jacob speaks of Yahweh as if he were a “Rock” that people can climb upon to find safety from enemies. This emphasizes that Yahweh protects his people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 49 25 x55h 0 General Information: Jacob continues to bless Joseph and his descendants ([Genesis 49:22-23](./22.md)).
GEN 49 25 hrc4 figs-metonymy 0 help you ... bless you Here “you” refers to Joseph who stands for his descendants. Alternate translation: “help your descendants ... bless them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 49 25 ds53 figs-metonymy 0 blessings of the sky Here “sky” stands for the rain that helps the crops to grow. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 49 25 e3jd figs-metonymy 0 blessings of the deep that lies beneath Here “deep” stands for the water underneath the ground that supplies rivers and wells. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 49 25 dg7w figs-metonymy 0 blessings of the breasts and womb Here “breasts and womb” stand for the ability for a mother to have children and feed them milk. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 49 26 gm81 0 General Information: Jacob continues to bless Joseph and his descendants.
GEN 49 26 zta3 0 the ancient mountains The meaning of the original language is not certain. Some Bible translations have “my ancestors” instead of “ancient mountains.”
GEN 49 26 n5wp 0 May they be on the head of Joseph Here “they” refers to the blessings of his father.
GEN 49 26 q7ri figs-metaphor 0 upon the crown of the head of the prince of his brothers Jacob desires for these blessings to be passed on to even the most important of his descendants. Alternate translation: “on the head of the most important of Joseph’s descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 49 26 k1ak 0 prince of his brothers “most important of his brothers”
GEN 49 27 bv1t figs-metonymy 0 Benjamin is a hungry wolf Here “Benjamin” is a metonym that stands for his descendants. Jacob speaks about Benjamin’s descendants as if they were a hungry wolf. This emphasizes that they will be fierce warriors. Alternate translation: “The descendants of Benjamin will be like hungry wolves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 49 28 r8a3 0 These are the twelve tribes of Israel “These” refers to the sons Jacob mentioned in 49:1-27. Each son became the leader of his own tribe.
GEN 49 28 lr9f 0 when he blessed them Here the word “blessed” refers to the speaking of formal blessings.
GEN 49 28 jm87 0 Each one he blessed with an appropriate blessing “He gave each son a fitting blessing”
GEN 49 29 fvw5 0 he instructed them “he commanded them”
GEN 49 29 ta6p figs-euphemism 0 I am about to go to my people This is a polite way of saying he is about to die. Alternate translation: “I am about to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 49 29 a84e figs-euphemism 0 go to my people Jacob is referring to where his inner man will go when he dies. He expects to join Abraham and Isaac in the afterlife. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 49 29 gjm3 translate-names 0 Ephron the Hittite This is the name of a man. “Hittite” means “descendent of Heth.” See how you translated this in [Genesis 23:8](../23/08.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 49 30 d85j translate-names 0 Machpelah Machpelah was the name of an area or region. See how you translated this in [Genesis 23:9](../23/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 49 30 n89d translate-names 0 Mamre This was another name for the city of Hebron. It may have been named after Mamre, the friend of Abraham who lived there. See how you translated this in [Genesis 13:18](../13/18.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 49 31 kz7r 0 General Information: Jacob continues speaking to his sons.
GEN 49 32 fac4 figs-explicit 0 in it were purchased The purchase can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “in it were purchased by Abraham” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 49 32 e1hm 0 from the people of Heth “from the Hittites”
GEN 49 33 jq2w 0 finished these instructions to his sons “finished instructing his sons” or “finished commanding his sons”
GEN 49 33 xwq5 0 he pulled his feet into the bed Jacob was sitting on the bed. Now, Jacob turns and puts his feet in the bed so he can lie down.
GEN 49 33 m28w figs-euphemism 0 breathed his last This is a polite way of saying a person died. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN 49 33 p5pu figs-euphemism 0 went to his people After Jacob died, his inner man went to the same place as his relatives who died before him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 50 intro di45 0 # Genesis 50 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter
### Embalming
Embalming was practiced in Egypt on very important people when they died. They removed the liquids from the body then wrapped it in an attempt to preserve the body from decay.
### Joseph’s character
Joseph’s character was so upright that Pharaoh’s officials went with him to Canaan to bury Jacob. This was a very large funeral procession. He also learned lessons from earlier in his life and unified his family. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])
GEN 50 1 b6bk figs-idiom 0 that he collapsed on the face of his father The term “he collapsed” is an idiom for being overcome. Alternate translation: “that he fell on his father in grief” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 50 2 a9rq 0 his servants the physicians “his servants who took care of dead bodies”
GEN 50 2 f9rl figs-euphemism 0 to embalm his father To “embalm” is a special way of preserving a dead body before it is buried. Alternate translation: “to prepare his father’s body for burial” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
GEN 50 3 k3hl translate-numbers 0 They took forty days “They took 40 days” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN 50 3 f2gd translate-numbers 0 seventy days “70 days” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN 50 4 g586 0 Connecting Statement: A three-level quotation is introduced with the words “Joseph spoke ... saying.” The second level begins with the words “If now I have found favor in your eyes, please speak to Pharaoh, saying.”
GEN 50 4 my64 0 days of weeping “days of mourning him” or “days of weeping for him”
GEN 50 4 u1ns figs-metonymy 0 Joseph spoke to the house of Pharaoh Here “house of Pharaoh” stands for the officials that make up Pharaoh’s royal court. Alternate translation: “Joseph spoke to Pharaoh’s officials” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 50 4 a4vt figs-idiom 0 If now I have found favor in your eyes The phrase “find favor” is an idiom which means to be approved of by someone. Also, the eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: “If I have found favor with you” or “If you are pleased with me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 50 5 id8m 0 Connecting Statement: The three-level quotation that began with the words “Joseph spoke ... saying” in verse 4 continues. The second level of that quotation, which began with the words “If now I have found favor in your eyes, please speak to Pharaoh, saying” in verse 4 continues.
GEN 50 5 lj73 figs-quotesinquotes 0 My father made me swear, saying, “See, I am about to die. Bury me in my tomb that I dug for myself in the land of Canaan. There you will bury me.” Now let me go up ... I will return. This is the second level of the three-level quotation that begins with the words “If now I have” in verse 4. It contains a quote within it. This embedded quote can be translated as an indirect quote. “My father made me swear, saying that he was about to die and that I was to bury him in his tomb that he dug for himself in the land of Canaan. I was to bury him there. Now let me go up ... I will return.” The entire second-level quotation can also be translated as an indirect quote. “If now I have found favor in your eyes, please speak to Pharaoh and tell him that my father made me swear, saying that he was about to die and that I was to bury him in his tomb that he dug for himself in the land of Canaan. I was to bury him there. Now let me go up ... I will return.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
GEN 50 5 ebi8 0 See, I am about to die ... you will bury me This is the third level of the three-level quotation that begins with the words “If now I have” in verse 4.
GEN 50 5 c9ec 0 See, I am about to die “See, I am dying”
GEN 50 5 fsn1 0 let me go up It was common to use the phrase “go up” when speaking of traveling from Egypt to Canaan.
GEN 50 6 lw5a figs-explicit 0 Pharaoh answered It is implied that the members of the court spoke to Pharaoh, and now Pharaoh is replying to Joseph. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
GEN 50 6 r63u 0 as he made you swear “as you swore to him”
GEN 50 7 l6vl 0 Joseph went up It was common to use the phrase “went up” when speaking of traveling from Egypt to Canaan.
GEN 50 7 b8t6 0 All the officials ... the elders ... the senior officials All of Pharaoh’s most important leaders attended the burial procession.
GEN 50 7 dt27 0 the elders of his household Here “household” refers to Pharaoh’s royal court.
GEN 50 8 c423 figs-events 0 with all Joseph’s household and his brothers, and his father’s household This can be translated as a new sentence: “Joseph’s household, his brothers, and his father’s household also went with him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-events]])
GEN 50 9 skq7 figs-metonymy 0 Chariots Here this stands for the men riding in the chariots. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 50 9 fl9t 0 It was a very large group of people “It was a very large gathering”
GEN 50 10 g71k 0 When they came The word “they” refers to the participants in the burial procession.
GEN 50 10 b54f translate-names 0 floor of Atad Possible meanings are 1) the word “Atad” means “thorn” and it may refer to a place where large amounts of thorns grew, or 2) it may be the name of the person who owns the threshing floor. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 50 10 d971 0 they mourned with very great and grievous sorrow “they were extremely sad and they mourned very much”
GEN 50 10 p63w translate-numbers 0 a seven-day “a 7-day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN 50 11 er7s translate-names 0 in the floor of Atad Possible meanings are 1) “on the threshing floor that belonged to a man named Atad” or “in the threshing floor at a place called Atad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 50 11 c318 0 This is a very sad occasion for the Egyptians “The mourning of the Egyptians is very great”
GEN 50 11 rj7q translate-names 0 Abel Mizraim The translator can add a footnote that says: “The name Abel Mizraim means “the mourning of Egypt.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 50 12 fj26 0 So his sons “So Jacob’s sons”
GEN 50 12 fj1d 0 just as he had instructed them “just as he had directed them”
GEN 50 13 xv7j 0 His sons carried him “His sons took his body”
GEN 50 13 wfc9 translate-names 0 Machpelah Machpela was the name of an area or region. See how you translated this in [Genesis 23:9](../23/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 50 13 c6qt translate-names 0 Mamre This was another name for the city of Hebron. It may have been named after Mamre, the friend of Abraham who lived there. See how you translated this in [Genesis 13:18](../13/18.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 50 13 zfv9 translate-names 0 Ephron the Hittite This is the name of a man. “Hittite” means “descendent of Heth.” See how you translated this in [Genesis 23:8](../23/08.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 50 14 d43t 0 Joseph returned into Egypt “Joseph returned to Egypt”
GEN 50 14 jv7b 0 all who had accompanied him “all who had come with him”
GEN 50 15 dn26 figs-metaphor 0 What if Joseph holds on to anger against us Here anger is spoken of as if it was something physical that Joseph could hold in his hands. Alternate translation: “What if Joseph is actually still angry with us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 50 15 q73l figs-metaphor 0 wants to repay us in full for all the evil we did to him Avenging oneself against someone who harmed him is spoken of as if the person were paying they other person what they are owed. Alternate translation: “wants revenge for the evil thing we did to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
GEN 50 16 j5db 0 Connecting Statement: A three-level quotation begins with the words “Your father gave.”
GEN 50 16 c5nj 0 Your father gave instructions before he died, saying Jacob was the father of all the brothers. Here they say “your father” to emphasize that Joseph needs to pay attention to what his father said. Alternate translation: “Before our father died he said”
GEN 50 17 dl1v 0 Connecting Statement: The three-level quotation that begins with the words “Your father gave” in verse 16 ends here.
GEN 50 17 f2jh figs-quotesinquotes 0 Tell Joseph this, “Please forgive the transgression of your brothers and their sin when they did evil to you.” The three-level quotation that begins with the words “Your father gave” in verse 16 ends here. This is the second-level quotation, and it contains a third-level quotation that can be stated as an indirect quotation. “Tell Joseph to please forgive your transgression and your sin when you did evil to him.” Both the second- and third-level quotations can be translated as indirect quotations. “Your father instructed us before he died to tell you to please forgive our transgression and our sin when we did evil to you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
GEN 50 17 syf6 0 and their sin when they did evil to you “for the wicked things they did to you”
GEN 50 17 aq9q 0 Now This does not mean “at this moment,” but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows.
GEN 50 17 l42j figs-123person 0 please forgive the servants of the God of your father The brothers are referring to themselves as “the servants of the God of your father.” This can be stated in first person. Alternate translation: “please forgive us, the servants of the God of our father” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
GEN 50 17 lhx9 0 Joseph wept when they spoke to him “Joseph wept when he heard this message”
GEN 50 18 j51r translate-symaction 0 lay facedown before him They lay down with their faces toward the ground. This is a sign of humility and respect for Joseph. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
GEN 50 19 cg1g figs-rquestion 0 Am I in the place of God? Joseph uses a question to comfort his brothers. Alternate translation: “I am not in the place of God.” or “I am not God.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
GEN 50 20 b3wy 0 you meant to harm me “you intended to do evil against me”
GEN 50 20 wpc2 0 God meant it for good “God intended it for good”
GEN 50 21 e3i8 0 So now do not be afraid “So do not fear me”
GEN 50 21 f6mv 0 I will provide for you and your little children “I will always make sure you and your children have enough to eat”
GEN 50 21 b3l1 figs-synecdoche 0 He comforted them in this way and spoke kindly to their hearts Here “hearts” refers to the brothers. Alternate translation: “He comforted them by speaking kindly to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
GEN 50 22 by3m translate-numbers 0 one hundred ten years “110 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN 50 23 fc5c 0 Ephraim’s children to the third generation “Ephraim’s children and grandchildren”
GEN 50 23 rf1x translate-names 0 Machir This is the name of Joseph’s grandson. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
GEN 50 23 vve4 figs-idiom 0 who were placed on the knees of Joseph This expression means that Joseph adopted these children of Machir as his own children. This means they would have special inheritance rights from Joseph. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
GEN 50 24 j3ki figs-metonymy 0 surely come to you In [Genesis 50:24/26](./24.md) the word “you” refers to Joseph’s brothers, but it also stands for their descendants. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
GEN 50 24 ya3x figs-events 0 lead you up out of this land to the land It was common to use the word “up” when speaking of traveling from Egypt to Canaan. Alternate translation: “bring you out of this land and take you to the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-events]])
GEN 50 26 ej21 translate-numbers 0 110 years “one hundred and ten years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
GEN 50 26 g2xq 0 They embalmed him To “embalm” is a special way of preserving a dead body before it is buried. See how you translated “embalmed” in [Genesis 50:1](../50/01.md).
GEN 50 26 mv4x figs-activepassive 0 he was placed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they placed him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
GEN 50 26 h19n 0 in a coffin “in a chest” or “in a case.” This is a box a dead person is placed in.