DCS-Mirror
/
unfoldingWord_en_tn
mirror of https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_tn
2
0
Fork 0
Files Issues Releases Wiki Activity See in Reader

Merge NateKreider-tc-create-1 into master by NateKreider (#3347)

This commit is contained in:
NateKreider 2023-06-26 11:00:05 +00:00
parent c0b2363876
commit fdaa1adc18
1 changed files with 26 additions and 33 deletions
Show Stats Download Patch File Download Diff File Expand all files Collapse all files

59
tn_HOS.tsv
View File

@ -137,13 +137,12 @@ front:intro k6lu 0 # Introduction to Hosea\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction
4:19 kwi7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The wind will wrap her up in its wings 0 Here “wind” represents God’s judgment and anger against the nation of Israel.
5:intro cz2x 0 # Hosea 5 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter continues using the poetic form exclusively.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\nThe author uses Ephraim and Israel interchangeably. They both refer to the northern kingdom of Israel. Judah is also mentioned and refers to the southern kingdom of Judah. Benjamin is part of the southern kingdom of Judah. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\nThis chapter is full of metaphors and similes. The writer uses these figures of speech to show how Yahweh will treat his people for not obeying his instructions. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]])
5:1 qy78 Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nYahweh is talking about Israel.
5:1 i4kf rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names You have been a snare at Mizpah and a net spread over Tabor 0 A snare and a net are both objects used to catch prey. In this case, the priests and the royal household had devised ways to keep the people away from Yahweh, while enticing them into idolatry. Mizpah and Tabor were places for idol worship in the land of Israel. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
5:2 e4c5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The rebels stand deep in slaughter 0 Here “rebels” refers to all of those people who had turned away from Yahweh, and “deep in slaughter” could refer to the murder of innocent people, or to the slaughter of animals offered to pagan idols.
5:2 z7ql The rebels 0 The translator can represent this as “You rebels,” because God is really talking to the rebellious people of Israel.
5:2 u6yj in slaughter 0 Some modern versions interpret the Hebrew expression as standing for wickedness.
5:2 ncj1 I will punish all of them 0 The translator can represent this as “I will punish all of you.”
5:3 ki2p 0 # General Information:\n\nYahweh is talking about Israel.
5:3 b88u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche I know Ephraim, and Israel is not hidden from me 0 Here, “Ephraim” and “Israel” both refer to the whole northern kingdom of Israel, and represent the people who live there. Here God says that he knows what they are like and what they are doing. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
5:3 b88u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche I know Ephraim, and Israel is not hidden from me 0 Here, “Ephraim” and “Israel” both refer to the whole northern kingdom of Israel, and represent the people who live there.
5:3 vw9u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile Ephraim, now you have become like a prostitute 0 Ephraim is presented in terms of a prostitute because the people have become unfaithful to God, as a prostitute is faithful to no man.
5:4 xz8q for the mind of adultery is in them 0 This means they have the desire to be unfaithful to God. They want to worship idols.
5:4 hh5e to turn to God … they do not know Yahweh 0 The translator can represent this as “to turn to me … they do not know me,” or “to turn to me … they do not know me, Yahweh.”
@ -202,28 +201,27 @@ front:intro k6lu 0 # Introduction to Hosea\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction
6:11 c9zv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive For you also, Judah, a harvest has been appointed 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I have set a time of harvest for you also, Judah”
6:11 nid7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor harvest 0 Here “harvest” represents God’s final judgment on Israel and Judah.
6:11 hag4 fortunes 0 prosperity and security
7:intro yc44 0 # Hosea 7 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter continues using poetic forms to speak of Yahweh’s anger over the sin of the people. The people are not seeking Yahweh; they are seeking other gods and looking for salvation from other nations like Egypt and Assyria. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Baking\n\nBaking of bread is an extended metaphor in this chapter. Yahweh uses various aspects of this activity to show his displeasure with their sins. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Israel and Ephraim\n\nThis chapter begins by using two different names for the same group of people: Israel and Ephraim. It also mentions Samaria, which was the capital of the northern kingdom of Israel.
7:intro yc44 0 # Hosea 7 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter continues using poetic forms to speak of Yahweh’s anger over the sin of the people. The people are not seeking Yahweh; they are seeking other gods and looking for salvation from other nations like Egypt and Assyria. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Baking\n\nBaking of bread is an extended metaphor in this chapter. Yahweh uses various aspects of this activity to show his displeasure with their sins. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n
7:1 wc7w 0 # General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking.
7:1 l8yq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I want to heal Israel 0 Making Israel obedient to God again and receivers of his blessing is spoken of as if it were healing.
7:1 u93n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit for they practice deceit 0 The people are selling and buying products dishonestly.
7:1 u8xl marauding band 0 This is a group of people who are attacking other people without cause.
7:2 t9av rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor their deeds surround them 0 The people’s evil deeds are probably spoken of here as if they were other people ready to accuse them of their crimes.
7:2 h9mh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche they are before my face 0 Here God is represented by his “face” which emphasizes his presence and awareness. Alternate translation: “and I see it all”
7:3 aq6w 0 # General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking. The Hebrew text is not clear in various places. However, many people interpret it as describing the royal officials as being unfaithful to God, and also as planning to assassinate the king, and then carrying out their plans. This seems to have happened more than once. These crimes are mentioned as illustrations of the wickedness into which the nation has sunk.
7:4 ccn2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor They are all adulterers 0 The people committed spiritual adultery by worshiping idols and being unfaithful to Yahweh. They were probably also being unfaithful to their husbands or wives by sleeping with other people.
7:4 q95b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile like an oven heated by the baker 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. This means the people had strong desires to do evil. Alternate translation: “like an oven which the baker heats” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
7:4 q95b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive like an oven heated by the baker 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. This means the people had strong desires to do evil. Alternate translation: “like an oven which the baker heats”
7:4 pvh6 kneading of the dough 0 This is a part of the process of making bread.
7:5 h9ht On the day of our king 0 This is perhaps a festival held by the king.
7:5 zte7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom He reached out with his hand 0 This probably means to unite or join with someone. It may mean that the king joins with his officials to mock things or people that should not be mocked, even God himself.
7:6 h4zw 0 # General Information:\n\nThe court officials’ plotting is described. Their anger is what motivates them to kill their king.
7:6 wuv9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile For with hearts like an oven 0 This means like a fire burns in an oven, these people have strong evil desires within them. The people’s desires are represented by their “hearts.” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
7:6 wuv9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile For with hearts like an oven 0 This means like a fire burns in an oven, these people have strong evil desires within them.
7:6 ml3f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Their anger smolders 0 The word “smolders” means something is burning slowly without a flame. Alternate translation: “Their anger grows slowly and quietly”
7:6 ydy1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile it burns high like a flaming fire 0 The intensity of their anger is spoken of as if it was a very hot fire. Alternate translation: “it gets very intense”
7:7 b2nn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile They all are as hot as an oven 0 This compares their anger to the heat that comes from an oven.
7:7 z8ny rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor they devour those who rule over them 0 This seems to mean that the court officials kill their kings.
7:8 a6qy 0 # General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking.
7:8 lqx6 Ephraim mixes himself among the peoples 0 This is probably a reference to the efforts made by the northern kingdom’s kings to ally themselves with other nations for protection against attack.
7:8 q1ji rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Ephraim is a flat cake that has not been turned over 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Here “Ephraim” refers to the northern kingdom of Israel. The nation is weak, as flat bread that has not been doubled over in the oven by the baker for more strength. Alternate translation: “The people of Ephraim are like a cake that no one has turned over” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
7:8 q1ji rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Ephraim is a flat cake that has not been turned over 0 Here “Ephraim” refers to the northern kingdom of Israel. Alternate translation: “The people of Ephraim are like a cake that no one has turned over”
7:9 qt4k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Gray hairs are sprinkled on him 0 Here “gray hairs” represent old age.
7:9 qta1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor but he does not know it 0 However, this “old age” is clearly a way of saying that the northern kingdom is getting weaker and weaker, because the nation does not know it is “old.”
7:10 i323 0 # General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking.
@ -260,18 +258,17 @@ front:intro k6lu 0 # Introduction to Hosea\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction
8:7 ehs7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom The standing grain has no heads 0 Here “head” refers to the part of the plant where the grain is. A stalk with no head has nothing to give to the farmer. In the same way, Israel’s actions will result in nothing good.
8:7 m4n5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor If it does come to maturity, foreigners will devour it 0 If any of Israel’s actions do happen to result in something good, Israel’s enemies will come and take it from them.
8:8 vk5d 0 # General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking.
8:8 qfd6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Israel is swallowed up 0 “swallowed” means to be defeated and taken into exile. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The enemies of Israel have taken the Israelites away to other lands” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
8:8 qfd6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Israel is swallowed up 0 Here, “swallowed” means to be defeated and taken into exile. Alternate translation: “The enemies of Israel have taken the Israelites away to other lands”
8:9 byr1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile like a wild donkey all alone 0 People often think of donkeys as being stubborn. This means the people of Israel refused to listen to Yahweh but instead went to the people of Assyria for help.
8:9 s8b5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Ephraim has hired lovers for herself 0 Ephraim’s alliances with other nations are spoken of as if they had paid them to become prostitutes for Ephraim. Alternate translation: “The people of Israel have tried to pay other nations to protect them”
8:10 inw9 because of the oppression of the king of princes 0 That is, because the Assyrian king, also called “the Great King,” will make the people suffer.
8:11 m4nc 0 # General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking.
8:12 ww4c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo I could write down my law for them ten thousand times, but they would 0 Yahweh is describing a hypothetical situation. Here “ten thousand times” is an exaggeration that means no matter how many times he gave the people the law, they would still refuse to obey him. Alternate translation: “Even if I wrote down my law for them very many times, they would” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
8:12 ww4c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo I could write down my law for them ten thousand times, but they would 0 Yahweh is describing a hypothetical situation. Alternate translation: “Even if I wrote down my law for them very many times, they would”
8:12 x66d rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers ten thousand 0 “10,000”
8:13 gmz3 0 # General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking.
8:13 fl3w They will return to Egypt 0 Because of their sin, God will send his people away as slaves to the Egyptians.
9:intro lkm6 0 # Hosea 9 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThe chapter is written in poetic form to speak of Yahweh’s displeasure with Israel’s sins. He is showing the many ways in which they do not honor him. The priests and kings do not understand how they have totally broken their covenant with Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Exile\n\nBecause the covenant has been broken, the people will be exiled into another land. This actually shows the mercy of God toward his people. He did not destroy them; he simply moved them to another place. However, this chapter goes into detail about many parts of their society to show how far they have moved away from truly worshiping Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Change in speaker\n\nIn verse 16, Yahweh is speaking; but in verse 17, Hosea starts speaking. There is a change in pronouns; the use of “my God” must imply that someone other than Yahweh is speaking.
9:1 fz5r 0 # General Information:\n\nHosea the prophet is speaking.
9:2 f2gu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification But the threshing floor and the winepress will not feed them 0 This describes the threshing floor and the winepress as if they were humans that can feed someone. This means that the harvest will not provide enough grain for threshing to meet the needs of the people, and that it will not provide the grapes for pressing to make enough wine. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
9:2 nt1h the new wine will fail them 0 There will not be enough grape juice to make wine with.
9:3 c8av 0 # General Information:\n\nHosea the prophet is speaking.
9:3 sdu7 Yahweh’s land 0 This expression signals that Yahweh continues to view the land of Israel as his property, not the property of the Israelites.
@ -290,7 +287,7 @@ front:intro k6lu 0 # Introduction to Hosea\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction
9:7 j1km 0 # General Information:\n\nHosea the prophet is speaking.
9:7 g5su rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism The days for punishment are coming; the days for retribution are coming 0 Hosea says these two similar phrases to emphasize that Yahweh will soon judge the people of Israel for their evil deeds.
9:7 k43u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism The prophet is a fool, and the inspired man is insane 0 These phrases mean basically the same thing. This could mean: (1) that the people regarded the prophets as madmen or (2) that the prophets had become crazy because of the sins that the people had committed.
9:7 ns2q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet The prophet is a fool, and the inspired man is insane 0 Here “prophet” and “inspired man” both mean a person who claims to receive messages from God. It is implied that these people are false prophets and only thought they received messages from God. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
9:7 ns2q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet The prophet is a fool, and the inspired man is insane 0 Here “prophet” and “inspired man” both mean a person who claims to receive messages from God.
9:7 dpe1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet because of your great iniquity and great hostility 0 The phrases “great iniquity” and “great hostility” share similar meanings. The iniquity of the people manifested itself in hostility towards Yahweh and his prophets.
9:8 s6hc 0 # General Information:\n\nHosea the prophet is speaking.
9:8 y37a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The prophet is the watchman for my God over Ephraim 0 A “watchman” watches outside his city to see if danger is coming. The prophet warning the people when they are sinning and are in danger of having his God punish them is spoken of as if he were a watchman for the city. Alternate translation: “The prophet is like a watchman for God over Ephraim”
@ -301,7 +298,7 @@ front:intro k6lu 0 # Introduction to Hosea\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction
9:9 s4cm They have deeply corrupted themselves as in the days of Gibeah 0 “The people of Israel have sinned and become very corrupt as they did at Gibeah long ago.” This is probably a reference to the shocking actions of the tribe of Benjamin recounted in Judges 19–21.
9:10 hd75 0 # General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking.
9:10 rt26 When I found Israel 0 This refers to when Yahweh first started his relationship with the people of Israel by claiming them as his own special people.
9:10 hf2a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism it was like finding grapes in the wilderness. Like the very first fruit of the season on the fig tree 0 Both of these statements emphasize situations that are pleasing to a person. This means Yahweh was very happy when his relationship with the people of Israel started. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
9:10 hf2a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism it was like finding grapes in the wilderness. Like the very first fruit of the season on the fig tree 0 Both of these statements emphasize situations that are pleasing to a person. This means Yahweh was very happy when his relationship with the people of Israel started.
9:10 d3sn rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Baal Peor 0 This is the name of a mountain in the land of Moab where the false god Baal was worshiped.
9:11 hbj9 0 # General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking.
9:11 p7n6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile their glory will fly away like a bird 0 The people of Ephraim, or the northern kingdom of Israel, will lose everything that makes other nations respect them. Their glory will quickly disappear, as a bird flies away. Alternate translation: “their glory will be like a bird that flies away from them”
@ -323,7 +320,7 @@ front:intro k6lu 0 # Introduction to Hosea\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction
10:1 z9ge a luxuriant vine 0 This vine produces more fruit than normal.
10:1 b9ev As his fruit increased … As his land produced more 0 Both of these mean as the people prospered and grew stronger and richer.
10:2 d7xd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Their heart is deceitful 0 The “heart” refers to the whole person, emphasizing their emotions and desires. Alternate translation: “They are deceitful”
10:2 qaa1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy now they must bear their guilt 0 Here “guilt” is a metonym for the punishment that is associated with it. This punishment is spoken of as if it was a heavy load for them to carry. Alternate translation: “now is the time that Yahweh will punish them for their sins” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
10:2 qaa1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy now they must bear their guilt 0 Here “guilt” is a metonym for the punishment that is associated with it. Alternate translation: “now is the time that Yahweh will punish them for their sins”
10:3 wu2z 0 # General Information:\n\nHosea is speaking about Israel.
10:3 c5c6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion and a king—what could he do for us? 0 The people wills say that their kings could not have helped them. Alternate translation: “Even if we had a king now, he could not help us.”
10:4 kw7e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom They speak empty words 0 Here “empty words” refers to lies. Alternate translation: “They speak lies”
@ -332,7 +329,6 @@ front:intro k6lu 0 # Introduction to Hosea\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction
10:5 yyw7 0 # General Information:\n\nHosea is speaking about Israel.
10:5 ete5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Beth Aven 0 This was a city on the border between the northern kingdom of Israel and the tribe of Benjamin in the southern kingdom. See how you translated this in [Hosea 4:15](../04/15.md).
10:6 w5gu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive They will be carried to Assyria 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The Assyrians will carry them away”
10:6 lfq9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet Ephraim will be disgraced, and Israel will be ashamed of its idol 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “And the people of Israel will be very ashamed because they had worshiped idols” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
10:6 uvj4 its idol 0 Many versions interpret the Hebrew word in this passage as “advice,” “plans,” or “intentions.”
10:7 a35s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Samaria’s king will be destroyed 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The Assyrians will destroy the king of Samaria”
10:7 ci5d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile like a chip of wood on the surface of the water 0 This means the king of Samaria will be as helpless as a small piece of wood that waves of the water toss back and forth.
@ -341,23 +337,23 @@ front:intro k6lu 0 # Introduction to Hosea\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction
10:9 qgp5 0 # General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking.
10:9 v7l6 days of Gibeah 0 This is probably a reference to the shocking actions of the tribe of Benjamin recounted in Judges 19–21. See how you translated this in [Hosea 9:9](../09/09.md).
10:9 xx8q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor there you have remained 0 This passage probably means that the people of the present time continue to act in the same ways that their ancestors did at Gibeah. Alternate translation: “and you think just as they did”
10:9 b6a6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Will not war overtake the sons of wrong in Gibeah? 0 Yahweh uses a question to emphasize that those in Gibeah who do wrong will certainly have to endure war. And this speaks of the people having to endure war when their enemies come as if war were a person that would catch up with them. Alternate translation: “War will certainly come on those who do wrong in Gibeah.” or “Enemies will certainly attack those who do wrong in Gibeah.” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
10:9 b6a6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Will not war overtake the sons of wrong in Gibeah? 0 Yahweh uses a question to emphasize that those in Gibeah who do wrong will certainly have to endure war. Alternate translation: “War will certainly come on those who do wrong in Gibeah”
10:9 k8hf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom the sons of wrong 0 Here “son of” is an idiom that means “having the characteristic of.” Alternate translation: “those who do wrong” or “the evildoers”
10:10 gmp6 0 # General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking.
10:10 uf9g double iniquity 0 This refers to the many sins of Israel.
10:11 bf8z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Ephraim is a trained heifer that loves to thresh 0 A heifer loves to thresh because they can walk around freely without a yoke. Yahweh means that he has allowed the people of Israel to be free and have a pleasant life.
10:11 n6vd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I will put a yoke on her fair neck. I will put a yoke on Ephraim 0 Here “yoke” refers to suffering and slavery. Yahweh has been kind to the people of Israel, but the people have been unfaithful to him. So he will punish them and send them away as slaves.
10:11 cp1r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Judah will plow; Jacob will pull the harrow by himself 0 Here “Judah” refers to the people of the southern kingdom and “Jacob” is the people of the northern kingdom. This means God will cause difficult times for both kingdoms. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
10:11 cp1r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Judah will plow; Jacob will pull the harrow by himself 0 Here “Judah” refers to the people of the southern kingdom. This means God will cause difficult times for both kingdoms.
10:11 g2e2 harrow 0 a tool used to smooth the land and cover the seeds after plowing
10:12 uye7 0 # General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking.
10:12 t19e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Sow righteousness for yourselves, and reap the fruit of covenant faithfulness 0 Righteousness and covenant faithfulness are spoken of as if they were crops that could be sown and harvested. The abstract nouns “righteousness” and “faithfulness” can be stated as “right” and “faithful.” Alternate translation: “Plow, now, and do what is right, and you will reap the fruit of faithful love” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
10:12 t19e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Sow righteousness for yourselves, and reap the fruit of covenant faithfulness 0 Righteousness and covenant faithfulness are spoken of as if they were crops that could be sown and harvested.
10:12 fvl9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Break up your unplowed ground 0 When the ground is “unplowed” it is not ready to be planted. Yahweh means he wants the people to repent so they can start doing what is right.
10:13 q9as rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor You have plowed wickedness; you reaped injustice 0 Wickedness and injustice are spoken of as if they were crops that could be sown and harvested.
10:13 nsy5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor You have eaten the fruit of deception 0 The result of deception are spoken of as if they were a food that could be eaten. Alternate translation: “You now suffer the consequences of having deceived each other”
10:14 yp1i It will be as Shalman destroyed Beth Arbel on a day of battle 0 The coming war is being compared to a battle long ago.
10:14 fc5f rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Shalman 0 This is the name of a king who destroyed the city of Beth Arbel around 740 BC. His army murdered women and children in the attack.
10:14 ist7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Beth Arbel 0 This is likely the name of a city of the tribe of Naphtali.
10:15 wql9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy So it will happen to you, Bethel, because of your great wickedness 0 Here “Bethel” represents the people who live there. The prophet addresses the people of Bethel as if they were there listening to him. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
10:15 wql9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy So it will happen to you, Bethel, because of your great wickedness 0 Here “Bethel” represents the people who live there.
11:intro b7ac 0 # Hosea 11 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter continues using the poetic form to communicate about Yahweh’s relationship to the northern kingdom of Israel.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Metaphor\n\nThis chapter contains an extended metaphor of Israel as a male child in the care of Yahweh, his parent. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n### Rhetorical question\n\nYahweh uses rhetorical questions to show his disappointment and anger at Israel’s persistent rejection of him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
11:1 h8vd 0 # General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking of caring for Israel like a parent cares for a child.
11:1 w4nm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor When Israel was a young man 0 Yahweh is speaking about the people of Israel as if they were a young man. Yahweh is referring to when he first started his relationship with the nation.
@ -388,28 +384,26 @@ front:intro k6lu 0 # Introduction to Hosea\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction
11:11 b5jk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile They will come trembling like a bird … like a dove 0 They will come home quickly as a bird returns to its nest. “Trembling” may refer to the fluttering of a bird’s wings. It may also signal the people’s feelings of humility and reverence for God
11:11 kmq4 the declaration of Yahweh 0 “what Yahweh has declared” or “what Yahweh has solemnly said.” See how you translated this in [Hosea 2:13](../02/13.md).
11:12 i52h 0 # General Information:\n\nYahweh is talking about Israel and Judah.
11:12 mtk3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Ephraim surrounds me with falsehood, and the house of Israel with deceit 0 Lies and deceitful acts are spoken of as if they were objects that the people of the northern kingdom surrounded Yahweh with. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
11:12 csf5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy But Judah is still going about with me 0 Here “Judah” refers to the people who live there. This speaks of being loyal to God as “going about” with him. However, many versions have different interpretations of this difficult passage. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
11:12 csf5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy But Judah is still going about with me 0 Here “Judah” refers to the people who live there.
12:intro z7s4 0 # Hosea 12 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Jacob\n\nThere is a parallel between Jacob and the northern kingdom of Israel. In the same way that Jacob returned to Yahweh, the northern kingdom should repent of their idolatry and turn back to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]])
12:1 k8wj 0 # General Information:\n\nHosea the prophet is speaking.
12:1 ec28 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Ephraim feeds on the wind 0 Here “Ephraim” represents all the people of Israel. Also “wind” represents something that is useless or temporary. The people of Israel doing things that will not help them is spoken of as if they eat the wind. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
12:1 g9zd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy follows after the east wind 0 East winds were very hot and destructive to the land. Here it represents anything that is destructive. The people doing things that will destroy themselves is spoken of as if they are following the east wind. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
12:1 ec28 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Ephraim feeds on the wind 0 Here “Ephraim” represents all the people of Israel. Also “wind” represents something that is useless or temporary.
12:1 g9zd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy follows after the east wind 0 East winds were very hot and destructive to the land. Here it represents anything that is destructive.
12:1 ij53 carry olive oil to Egypt 0 The people of Israel sent olive oil as a present to the king of Egypt to try and persuade him to help them.
12:2 evm4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Yahweh also has a lawsuit against Judah 0 Yahweh stating that the people of Judah have sinned against him and broken his covenant is spoken of as if Yahweh were accusing them in court. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Hosea 4:1](../04/01.md).
12:2 j5y6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet against Judah … punish Jacob for what he has done … repay him for his deeds 0 Here “Judah” and “Jacob” both represent the people of Judah. Alternate translation: “against the people of Judah … punish them for what they have done … repay them for their deeds” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
12:2 w5u6 lawsuit 0 This is a complaint by one person against another person in a court of law. See how you translated this in [Hosea 2:2](../02/02.md).
12:3 dr1v 0 # General Information:\n\nHosea the prophet is speaking about Jacob the ancestor of the Israelites.
12:3 v8bh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit In the womb Jacob grasped his brother by the heel 0 Jacob wanted to take his brother’s place as the firstborn, so he tried to keep his brother from being born first.
12:4 s9n9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit He struggled with the angel and won 0 Jacob fought with an angel so that the angel would bless him.
12:5 j2gg 0 # General Information:\n\nHosea the prophet is speaking.
12:5 cy44 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive is his name to be called on 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Here “name” represents the entire character of God. Alternate translation: “is his name to which we pray” or “is his name by which we worship him” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
12:5 cy44 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive is his name to be called on 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “is his name to which we pray”
12:6 guk8 Keep covenantal faithfulness and justice 0 This refers to obeying God’s law and doing what is right.
12:7 h5jj 0 # General Information:\n\nHosea the prophet is speaking about Israel.
12:7 n12e false scales 0 The merchants use scales that do not accurately measure the weight of the money or products they are buying or selling.
12:7 qvm9 they love to defraud 0 The merchants cheat their customers by lying to them and taking more money than they should.
12:8 bm7n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism I have certainly become very rich; I have found wealth for myself 0 These two phrases mean the same thing and mean that the people of Ephraim consider themselves to be very prosperous.
12:8 p9bb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I have found wealth 0 Becoming wealthy by trading is spoken of as finding wealth. Alternate translation: “I have made much money”
12:8 p94j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet they will not find any iniquity in me, anything that would be sin 0 These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize that the people of Ephraim consider themselves to be blameless. Learning that someone has sinned is spoken of as finding sin in that person. Alternate translation: “they will not discover that I have done anything sinful” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
12:8 p94j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet they will not find any iniquity in me, anything that would be sin 0 These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize that the people of Ephraim consider themselves to be blameless. Alternate translation: “they will not discover that I have done anything sinful”
12:9 p92t 0 # General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking to the people of Israel.
12:9 a7dd I am Yahweh your God from the land of Egypt 0 This could mean: (1) “I am Yahweh your God, who brought your ancestors from the land of Egypt” or (2) “I have been your God ever since you were in the land of Egypt” or (3) “I became your God when you were in the land of Egypt”
12:9 g5yk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy I will again make you live in tents 0 This could mean: (1) Yahweh is threatening to force the people of Israel from their homes and make them live in tents. So, here to “live in tents” would represent being sent into exile, or (2) it is a promise that after their exile the people will live in tents again, and Yahweh will take care of them as he did when the Israelites left Egypt. So, here “to live in tents” would represent a return to an ideal situation when Yahweh took care of his people.
@ -439,7 +433,7 @@ front:intro k6lu 0 # Introduction to Hosea\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction
13:7 x7c5 0 # General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking.
13:7 tq4b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile like a lion … like a leopard 0 These are wild animals that attack and kill other animals. Yahweh continues to say that he will destroy his people for their sins.
13:8 y1e5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile as a bear … as a lion … as a wild beast 0 These are wild animals that attack and kill other animals. Yahweh continues to say that he will destroy his people for their sins.
13:8 ft6g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis as a bear that is robbed of her cubs 0 The words “would attack” are left out because they are understood. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “like a bear would attack an animal that takes her cubs” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
13:8 ft6g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis as a bear that is robbed of her cubs 0 The words “would attack” are left out because they are understood. Alternate translation: “like a bear would attack an animal that takes her cubs”
13:8 bl6f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis as a lion 0 The words “would devour them” are left out because they are understood. Alternate translation: “as a lion would devour them”
13:9 jdv7 0 # General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking.
13:9 k6kg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion who will be able to help you? 0 Yahweh uses a question to emphasize that no one will be able to help the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “there will be no on able to help you.”
@ -450,9 +444,9 @@ front:intro k6lu 0 # Introduction to Hosea\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction
13:13 ba82 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Pains of childbirth will come on him 0 Here Yahweh speaks of the suffering the people of Israel will suffer as if it were the pains of child birth.
13:13 b6hn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor but he is an unwise son, for when it is time to be born, he does not come out of the womb 0 Yahweh now describes the people of Israel as the baby to which the mother is giving birth. The baby is unwise because it does not want to be born. The people do not want to repent and obey Yahweh.
13:14 yv5m 0 # General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking.
13:14 q1qb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Will I rescue them from the hand of Sheol? Will I rescue them from death? 0 Yahweh uses these questions to tell the people of Israel that he is not going to save them from dying. He will certainly punish them. Alternate translation: “I will certainly not rescue them from death and from going down to Sheol.” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
13:14 iq7j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification Where, death, are your plagues? Where, Sheol, is your destruction? 0 Yahweh speaks to “death” and “Sheol” as if they were people. Yahweh uses questions to say that he will destroy the people soon. Alternate translation: “Now I will cause plagues and let the people of Israel die. I will destroy them and send them to Sheol.” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
13:14 zq3t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Compassion is hidden from my eyes 0 Not to think about having compassion is spoken of as if compassion were hidden so that it cannot be seen. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **compassion**, you can express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “I have no compassion for them” or “I will not be compassionate towards them” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
13:14 q1qb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Will I rescue them from the hand of Sheol? Will I rescue them from death? 0 Yahweh uses these questions to tell the people of Israel that he is not going to save them from dying. He will certainly punish them. Alternate translation: “I will certainly not rescue them from death and from going down to Sheol”
13:14 iq7j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification Where, death, are your plagues? Where, Sheol, is your destruction? 0 Yahweh speaks to “death” and “Sheol” as if they were people. Alternate translation: “Now I will cause plagues and let the people of Israel die. I will destroy them and send them to Sheol”
13:14 zq3t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Compassion is hidden from my eyes 0 Not to think about having compassion is spoken of as if compassion were hidden so that it cannot be seen. Alternate translation: “I have no compassion for them” or “I will not be compassionate towards them”
13:15 w2sd 0 # General Information:\n\nHosea the prophet is speaking.
13:15 r777 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor his brothers 0 This expression seems to stand for the nations around the northern kingdom, especially Judah, the southern kingdom.
13:15 nj8n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor an east wind will come; the wind of Yahweh 0 A wind from the east was very hot and destructive. Here it refers to the armies from the east that Yahweh will send to destroy the people of Israel.
@ -467,15 +461,14 @@ front:intro k6lu 0 # Introduction to Hosea\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction
14:1 x5ih 0 # General Information:\n\nHosea the prophet is speaking.
14:1 e3je rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor for you have fallen because of your iniquity 0 Sinning is spoken of here as if it were falling.
14:2 bl3b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Take with you words 0 This probably means words of confession and praise. Alternate translation: “Confess your sins”
14:2 xcc8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the fruit of our lips 0 What a person says is called the fruit of his lips. Modern versions have different translations of this difficult passage. Alternate translation: “our words and songs of praise”
14:3 r5m5 0 # General Information:\n\nHosea is speaking
14:3 xvt4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche to the work of our hands 0 Here people are represented by their “hands” to refer to the people making things. Alternate translation: “to the idols we made”
14:3 y9ak the fatherless person 0 This expression stands perhaps for the entire nation. It indicates God’s enormous compassion for his people.
14:3 mh3w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns finds compassion 0 Here the act of God having compassion is spoken of as if it were an object that someone experiencing that compassion had found. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **compassion**, you can express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “finds one who is compassionate”
14:3 mh3w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns finds compassion 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **compassion**, you can express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “finds one who is compassionate”
14:4 j8i4 0 # General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking.
14:4 x6kz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I will heal their turning away 0 Stopping the people from turning away from God is spoken of as if he were healing them.
14:4 e5gg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor their turning away 0 The failure of the people to obey God is spoken of as if they had physically turned away from him.
14:5 akq8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile I will be like the dew to Israel; he will blossom like the lily 0 God is spoken of as if he were dew that brought needed moisture to plants, and Israel is spoken of as if it were one person, and as if he were a flower that could blossom. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
14:5 akq8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile I will be like the dew to Israel; he will blossom like the lily 0 God is spoken of as if he were dew that brought needed moisture to plants, and Israel is spoken of as if it were one person, and as if he were a flower that could blossom.
14:5 s2km rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile take root like a cedar in Lebanon 0 The picture of Israel in the form of a plant is continued here, but this time in the form of a tall cedar tree in Lebanon, which was known for such trees.
14:6 pa2f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile His branches will spread out … like the cedars in Lebanon 0 This passage continues the same image.
14:7 ia8e 0 # General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking.
@ -486,6 +479,6 @@ front:intro k6lu 0 # Introduction to Hosea\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction
14:8 v7m9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile a cypress whose leaves are always green 0 A cypress is a tree whose leaves stay green all year. This represents Yahweh and his blessings on Israel.
14:8 dja4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor from me comes your fruit 0 Here “fruit” represents every good thing that comes from Yahweh.
14:9 sr4g 0 # General Information:\n\nHosea the prophet is speaking.
14:9 rmk6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Who is wise that he may understand these things? Who understands these things so that he may know them? 0 The prophet uses these questions to say that wise people will understand and listen to what has been said to them. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
14:9 rmk6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Who is wise that he may understand these things? Who understands these things so that he may know them? 0 The prophet uses these questions to say that wise people will understand and listen to what has been said to them.
14:9 y4up rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor For the ways of Yahweh are right, and the righteous will walk in them 0 Yahweh’s commandments are spoken of as ways to walk in.
14:9 ilu4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor stumble 0 Disobeying Yahweh is spoken of as if it were stumbling while walking.

1 Reference ID Tags SupportReference Quote Occurrence Note
137 4:19 kwi7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The wind will wrap her up in its wings 0 Here “wind” represents God’s judgment and anger against the nation of Israel.
138 5:intro cz2x 0 # Hosea 5 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter continues using the poetic form exclusively.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\nThe author uses Ephraim and Israel interchangeably. They both refer to the northern kingdom of Israel. Judah is also mentioned and refers to the southern kingdom of Judah. Benjamin is part of the southern kingdom of Judah. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\nThis chapter is full of metaphors and similes. The writer uses these figures of speech to show how Yahweh will treat his people for not obeying his instructions. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]])
139 5:1 qy78 Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nYahweh is talking about Israel.
5:1 i4kf rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names You have been a snare at Mizpah and a net spread over Tabor 0 A snare and a net are both objects used to catch prey. In this case, the priests and the royal household had devised ways to keep the people away from Yahweh, while enticing them into idolatry. Mizpah and Tabor were places for idol worship in the land of Israel. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
140 5:2 e4c5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The rebels stand deep in slaughter 0 Here “rebels” refers to all of those people who had turned away from Yahweh, and “deep in slaughter” could refer to the murder of innocent people, or to the slaughter of animals offered to pagan idols.
141 5:2 z7ql The rebels 0 The translator can represent this as “You rebels,” because God is really talking to the rebellious people of Israel.
142 5:2 u6yj in slaughter 0 Some modern versions interpret the Hebrew expression as standing for wickedness.
143 5:2 ncj1 I will punish all of them 0 The translator can represent this as “I will punish all of you.”
144 5:3 ki2p 0 # General Information:\n\nYahweh is talking about Israel.
145 5:3 b88u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche I know Ephraim, and Israel is not hidden from me 0 Here, “Ephraim” and “Israel” both refer to the whole northern kingdom of Israel, and represent the people who live there. Here God says that he knows what they are like and what they are doing. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) Here, “Ephraim” and “Israel” both refer to the whole northern kingdom of Israel, and represent the people who live there.
146 5:3 vw9u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile Ephraim, now you have become like a prostitute 0 Ephraim is presented in terms of a prostitute because the people have become unfaithful to God, as a prostitute is faithful to no man.
147 5:4 xz8q for the mind of adultery is in them 0 This means they have the desire to be unfaithful to God. They want to worship idols.
148 5:4 hh5e to turn to God … they do not know Yahweh 0 The translator can represent this as “to turn to me … they do not know me,” or “to turn to me … they do not know me, Yahweh.”
201 6:11 c9zv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive For you also, Judah, a harvest has been appointed 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I have set a time of harvest for you also, Judah”
202 6:11 nid7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor harvest 0 Here “harvest” represents God’s final judgment on Israel and Judah.
203 6:11 hag4 fortunes 0 prosperity and security
204 7:intro yc44 0 # Hosea 7 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter continues using poetic forms to speak of Yahweh’s anger over the sin of the people. The people are not seeking Yahweh; they are seeking other gods and looking for salvation from other nations like Egypt and Assyria. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Baking\n\nBaking of bread is an extended metaphor in this chapter. Yahweh uses various aspects of this activity to show his displeasure with their sins. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Israel and Ephraim\n\nThis chapter begins by using two different names for the same group of people: Israel and Ephraim. It also mentions Samaria, which was the capital of the northern kingdom of Israel. # Hosea 7 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter continues using poetic forms to speak of Yahweh’s anger over the sin of the people. The people are not seeking Yahweh; they are seeking other gods and looking for salvation from other nations like Egypt and Assyria. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Baking\n\nBaking of bread is an extended metaphor in this chapter. Yahweh uses various aspects of this activity to show his displeasure with their sins. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n
205 7:1 wc7w 0 # General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking.
206 7:1 l8yq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I want to heal Israel 0 Making Israel obedient to God again and receivers of his blessing is spoken of as if it were healing.
207 7:1 u93n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit for they practice deceit 0 The people are selling and buying products dishonestly.
208 7:1 u8xl marauding band 0 This is a group of people who are attacking other people without cause.
209 7:2 t9av rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor their deeds surround them 0 The people’s evil deeds are probably spoken of here as if they were other people ready to accuse them of their crimes.
210 7:2 h9mh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche they are before my face 0 Here God is represented by his “face” which emphasizes his presence and awareness. Alternate translation: “and I see it all”
7:3 aq6w 0 # General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking. The Hebrew text is not clear in various places. However, many people interpret it as describing the royal officials as being unfaithful to God, and also as planning to assassinate the king, and then carrying out their plans. This seems to have happened more than once. These crimes are mentioned as illustrations of the wickedness into which the nation has sunk.
211 7:4 ccn2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor They are all adulterers 0 The people committed spiritual adultery by worshiping idols and being unfaithful to Yahweh. They were probably also being unfaithful to their husbands or wives by sleeping with other people.
212 7:4 q95b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive like an oven heated by the baker 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. This means the people had strong desires to do evil. Alternate translation: “like an oven which the baker heats” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. This means the people had strong desires to do evil. Alternate translation: “like an oven which the baker heats”
213 7:4 pvh6 kneading of the dough 0 This is a part of the process of making bread.
214 7:5 h9ht On the day of our king 0 This is perhaps a festival held by the king.
215 7:5 zte7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom He reached out with his hand 0 This probably means to unite or join with someone. It may mean that the king joins with his officials to mock things or people that should not be mocked, even God himself.
216 7:6 h4zw 0 # General Information:\n\nThe court officials’ plotting is described. Their anger is what motivates them to kill their king.
217 7:6 wuv9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile For with hearts like an oven 0 This means like a fire burns in an oven, these people have strong evil desires within them. The people’s desires are represented by their “hearts.” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) This means like a fire burns in an oven, these people have strong evil desires within them.
218 7:6 ml3f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Their anger smolders 0 The word “smolders” means something is burning slowly without a flame. Alternate translation: “Their anger grows slowly and quietly”
219 7:6 ydy1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile it burns high like a flaming fire 0 The intensity of their anger is spoken of as if it was a very hot fire. Alternate translation: “it gets very intense”
220 7:7 b2nn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile They all are as hot as an oven 0 This compares their anger to the heat that comes from an oven.
221 7:7 z8ny rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor they devour those who rule over them 0 This seems to mean that the court officials kill their kings.
222 7:8 a6qy 0 # General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking.
223 7:8 lqx6 Ephraim mixes himself among the peoples 0 This is probably a reference to the efforts made by the northern kingdom’s kings to ally themselves with other nations for protection against attack.
224 7:8 q1ji rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Ephraim is a flat cake that has not been turned over 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Here “Ephraim” refers to the northern kingdom of Israel. The nation is weak, as flat bread that has not been doubled over in the oven by the baker for more strength. Alternate translation: “The people of Ephraim are like a cake that no one has turned over” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) Here “Ephraim” refers to the northern kingdom of Israel. Alternate translation: “The people of Ephraim are like a cake that no one has turned over”
225 7:9 qt4k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Gray hairs are sprinkled on him 0 Here “gray hairs” represent old age.
226 7:9 qta1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor but he does not know it 0 However, this “old age” is clearly a way of saying that the northern kingdom is getting weaker and weaker, because the nation does not know it is “old.”
227 7:10 i323 0 # General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking.
258 8:7 ehs7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom The standing grain has no heads 0 Here “head” refers to the part of the plant where the grain is. A stalk with no head has nothing to give to the farmer. In the same way, Israel’s actions will result in nothing good.
259 8:7 m4n5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor If it does come to maturity, foreigners will devour it 0 If any of Israel’s actions do happen to result in something good, Israel’s enemies will come and take it from them.
260 8:8 vk5d 0 # General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking.
261 8:8 qfd6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Israel is swallowed up 0 “swallowed” means to be defeated and taken into exile. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The enemies of Israel have taken the Israelites away to other lands” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) Here, “swallowed” means to be defeated and taken into exile. Alternate translation: “The enemies of Israel have taken the Israelites away to other lands”
262 8:9 byr1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile like a wild donkey all alone 0 People often think of donkeys as being stubborn. This means the people of Israel refused to listen to Yahweh but instead went to the people of Assyria for help.
263 8:9 s8b5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Ephraim has hired lovers for herself 0 Ephraim’s alliances with other nations are spoken of as if they had paid them to become prostitutes for Ephraim. Alternate translation: “The people of Israel have tried to pay other nations to protect them”
264 8:10 inw9 because of the oppression of the king of princes 0 That is, because the Assyrian king, also called “the Great King,” will make the people suffer.
265 8:11 m4nc 0 # General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking.
266 8:12 ww4c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo I could write down my law for them ten thousand times, but they would 0 Yahweh is describing a hypothetical situation. Here “ten thousand times” is an exaggeration that means no matter how many times he gave the people the law, they would still refuse to obey him. Alternate translation: “Even if I wrote down my law for them very many times, they would” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) Yahweh is describing a hypothetical situation. Alternate translation: “Even if I wrote down my law for them very many times, they would”
267 8:12 x66d rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers ten thousand 0 “10,000”
268 8:13 gmz3 0 # General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking.
269 8:13 fl3w They will return to Egypt 0 Because of their sin, God will send his people away as slaves to the Egyptians.
270 9:intro lkm6 0 # Hosea 9 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThe chapter is written in poetic form to speak of Yahweh’s displeasure with Israel’s sins. He is showing the many ways in which they do not honor him. The priests and kings do not understand how they have totally broken their covenant with Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Exile\n\nBecause the covenant has been broken, the people will be exiled into another land. This actually shows the mercy of God toward his people. He did not destroy them; he simply moved them to another place. However, this chapter goes into detail about many parts of their society to show how far they have moved away from truly worshiping Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Change in speaker\n\nIn verse 16, Yahweh is speaking; but in verse 17, Hosea starts speaking. There is a change in pronouns; the use of “my God” must imply that someone other than Yahweh is speaking.
271 9:1 fz5r 0 # General Information:\n\nHosea the prophet is speaking.
9:2 f2gu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification But the threshing floor and the winepress will not feed them 0 This describes the threshing floor and the winepress as if they were humans that can feed someone. This means that the harvest will not provide enough grain for threshing to meet the needs of the people, and that it will not provide the grapes for pressing to make enough wine. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
272 9:2 nt1h the new wine will fail them 0 There will not be enough grape juice to make wine with.
273 9:3 c8av 0 # General Information:\n\nHosea the prophet is speaking.
274 9:3 sdu7 Yahweh’s land 0 This expression signals that Yahweh continues to view the land of Israel as his property, not the property of the Israelites.
287 9:7 j1km 0 # General Information:\n\nHosea the prophet is speaking.
288 9:7 g5su rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism The days for punishment are coming; the days for retribution are coming 0 Hosea says these two similar phrases to emphasize that Yahweh will soon judge the people of Israel for their evil deeds.
289 9:7 k43u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism The prophet is a fool, and the inspired man is insane 0 These phrases mean basically the same thing. This could mean: (1) that the people regarded the prophets as madmen or (2) that the prophets had become crazy because of the sins that the people had committed.
290 9:7 ns2q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet The prophet is a fool, and the inspired man is insane 0 Here “prophet” and “inspired man” both mean a person who claims to receive messages from God. It is implied that these people are false prophets and only thought they received messages from God. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) Here “prophet” and “inspired man” both mean a person who claims to receive messages from God.
291 9:7 dpe1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet because of your great iniquity and great hostility 0 The phrases “great iniquity” and “great hostility” share similar meanings. The iniquity of the people manifested itself in hostility towards Yahweh and his prophets.
292 9:8 s6hc 0 # General Information:\n\nHosea the prophet is speaking.
293 9:8 y37a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The prophet is the watchman for my God over Ephraim 0 A “watchman” watches outside his city to see if danger is coming. The prophet warning the people when they are sinning and are in danger of having his God punish them is spoken of as if he were a watchman for the city. Alternate translation: “The prophet is like a watchman for God over Ephraim”
298 9:9 s4cm They have deeply corrupted themselves as in the days of Gibeah 0 “The people of Israel have sinned and become very corrupt as they did at Gibeah long ago.” This is probably a reference to the shocking actions of the tribe of Benjamin recounted in Judges 19–21.
299 9:10 hd75 0 # General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking.
300 9:10 rt26 When I found Israel 0 This refers to when Yahweh first started his relationship with the people of Israel by claiming them as his own special people.
301 9:10 hf2a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism it was like finding grapes in the wilderness. Like the very first fruit of the season on the fig tree 0 Both of these statements emphasize situations that are pleasing to a person. This means Yahweh was very happy when his relationship with the people of Israel started. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) Both of these statements emphasize situations that are pleasing to a person. This means Yahweh was very happy when his relationship with the people of Israel started.
302 9:10 d3sn rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Baal Peor 0 This is the name of a mountain in the land of Moab where the false god Baal was worshiped.
303 9:11 hbj9 0 # General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking.
304 9:11 p7n6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile their glory will fly away like a bird 0 The people of Ephraim, or the northern kingdom of Israel, will lose everything that makes other nations respect them. Their glory will quickly disappear, as a bird flies away. Alternate translation: “their glory will be like a bird that flies away from them”
320 10:1 z9ge a luxuriant vine 0 This vine produces more fruit than normal.
321 10:1 b9ev As his fruit increased … As his land produced more 0 Both of these mean as the people prospered and grew stronger and richer.
322 10:2 d7xd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Their heart is deceitful 0 The “heart” refers to the whole person, emphasizing their emotions and desires. Alternate translation: “They are deceitful”
323 10:2 qaa1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy now they must bear their guilt 0 Here “guilt” is a metonym for the punishment that is associated with it. This punishment is spoken of as if it was a heavy load for them to carry. Alternate translation: “now is the time that Yahweh will punish them for their sins” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) Here “guilt” is a metonym for the punishment that is associated with it. Alternate translation: “now is the time that Yahweh will punish them for their sins”
324 10:3 wu2z 0 # General Information:\n\nHosea is speaking about Israel.
325 10:3 c5c6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion and a king—what could he do for us? 0 The people wills say that their kings could not have helped them. Alternate translation: “Even if we had a king now, he could not help us.”
326 10:4 kw7e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom They speak empty words 0 Here “empty words” refers to lies. Alternate translation: “They speak lies”
329 10:5 yyw7 0 # General Information:\n\nHosea is speaking about Israel.
330 10:5 ete5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Beth Aven 0 This was a city on the border between the northern kingdom of Israel and the tribe of Benjamin in the southern kingdom. See how you translated this in [Hosea 4:15](../04/15.md).
331 10:6 w5gu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive They will be carried to Assyria 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The Assyrians will carry them away”
10:6 lfq9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet Ephraim will be disgraced, and Israel will be ashamed of its idol 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “And the people of Israel will be very ashamed because they had worshiped idols” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
332 10:6 uvj4 its idol 0 Many versions interpret the Hebrew word in this passage as “advice,” “plans,” or “intentions.”
333 10:7 a35s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Samaria’s king will be destroyed 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The Assyrians will destroy the king of Samaria”
334 10:7 ci5d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile like a chip of wood on the surface of the water 0 This means the king of Samaria will be as helpless as a small piece of wood that waves of the water toss back and forth.
337 10:9 qgp5 0 # General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking.
338 10:9 v7l6 days of Gibeah 0 This is probably a reference to the shocking actions of the tribe of Benjamin recounted in Judges 19–21. See how you translated this in [Hosea 9:9](../09/09.md).
339 10:9 xx8q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor there you have remained 0 This passage probably means that the people of the present time continue to act in the same ways that their ancestors did at Gibeah. Alternate translation: “and you think just as they did”
340 10:9 b6a6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Will not war overtake the sons of wrong in Gibeah? 0 Yahweh uses a question to emphasize that those in Gibeah who do wrong will certainly have to endure war. And this speaks of the people having to endure war when their enemies come as if war were a person that would catch up with them. Alternate translation: “War will certainly come on those who do wrong in Gibeah.” or “Enemies will certainly attack those who do wrong in Gibeah.” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) Yahweh uses a question to emphasize that those in Gibeah who do wrong will certainly have to endure war. Alternate translation: “War will certainly come on those who do wrong in Gibeah”
341 10:9 k8hf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom the sons of wrong 0 Here “son of” is an idiom that means “having the characteristic of.” Alternate translation: “those who do wrong” or “the evildoers”
342 10:10 gmp6 0 # General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking.
343 10:10 uf9g double iniquity 0 This refers to the many sins of Israel.
344 10:11 bf8z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Ephraim is a trained heifer that loves to thresh 0 A heifer loves to thresh because they can walk around freely without a yoke. Yahweh means that he has allowed the people of Israel to be free and have a pleasant life.
345 10:11 n6vd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I will put a yoke on her fair neck. I will put a yoke on Ephraim 0 Here “yoke” refers to suffering and slavery. Yahweh has been kind to the people of Israel, but the people have been unfaithful to him. So he will punish them and send them away as slaves.
346 10:11 cp1r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Judah will plow; Jacob will pull the harrow by himself 0 Here “Judah” refers to the people of the southern kingdom and “Jacob” is the people of the northern kingdom. This means God will cause difficult times for both kingdoms. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) Here “Judah” refers to the people of the southern kingdom. This means God will cause difficult times for both kingdoms.
347 10:11 g2e2 harrow 0 a tool used to smooth the land and cover the seeds after plowing
348 10:12 uye7 0 # General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking.
349 10:12 t19e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Sow righteousness for yourselves, and reap the fruit of covenant faithfulness 0 Righteousness and covenant faithfulness are spoken of as if they were crops that could be sown and harvested. The abstract nouns “righteousness” and “faithfulness” can be stated as “right” and “faithful.” Alternate translation: “Plow, now, and do what is right, and you will reap the fruit of faithful love” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) Righteousness and covenant faithfulness are spoken of as if they were crops that could be sown and harvested.
350 10:12 fvl9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Break up your unplowed ground 0 When the ground is “unplowed” it is not ready to be planted. Yahweh means he wants the people to repent so they can start doing what is right.
351 10:13 q9as rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor You have plowed wickedness; you reaped injustice 0 Wickedness and injustice are spoken of as if they were crops that could be sown and harvested.
352 10:13 nsy5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor You have eaten the fruit of deception 0 The result of deception are spoken of as if they were a food that could be eaten. Alternate translation: “You now suffer the consequences of having deceived each other”
353 10:14 yp1i It will be as Shalman destroyed Beth Arbel on a day of battle 0 The coming war is being compared to a battle long ago.
354 10:14 fc5f rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Shalman 0 This is the name of a king who destroyed the city of Beth Arbel around 740 BC. His army murdered women and children in the attack.
355 10:14 ist7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Beth Arbel 0 This is likely the name of a city of the tribe of Naphtali.
356 10:15 wql9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy So it will happen to you, Bethel, because of your great wickedness 0 Here “Bethel” represents the people who live there. The prophet addresses the people of Bethel as if they were there listening to him. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) Here “Bethel” represents the people who live there.
357 11:intro b7ac 0 # Hosea 11 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter continues using the poetic form to communicate about Yahweh’s relationship to the northern kingdom of Israel.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Metaphor\n\nThis chapter contains an extended metaphor of Israel as a male child in the care of Yahweh, his parent. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n### Rhetorical question\n\nYahweh uses rhetorical questions to show his disappointment and anger at Israel’s persistent rejection of him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
358 11:1 h8vd 0 # General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking of caring for Israel like a parent cares for a child.
359 11:1 w4nm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor When Israel was a young man 0 Yahweh is speaking about the people of Israel as if they were a young man. Yahweh is referring to when he first started his relationship with the nation.
384 11:11 b5jk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile They will come trembling like a bird … like a dove 0 They will come home quickly as a bird returns to its nest. “Trembling” may refer to the fluttering of a bird’s wings. It may also signal the people’s feelings of humility and reverence for God
385 11:11 kmq4 the declaration of Yahweh 0 “what Yahweh has declared” or “what Yahweh has solemnly said.” See how you translated this in [Hosea 2:13](../02/13.md).
386 11:12 i52h 0 # General Information:\n\nYahweh is talking about Israel and Judah.
387 11:12 mtk3 csf5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Ephraim surrounds me with falsehood, and the house of Israel with deceit But Judah is still going about with me 0 Lies and deceitful acts are spoken of as if they were objects that the people of the northern kingdom surrounded Yahweh with. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) Here “Judah” refers to the people who live there.
11:12 csf5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy But Judah is still going about with me 0 Here “Judah” refers to the people who live there. This speaks of being loyal to God as “going about” with him. However, many versions have different interpretations of this difficult passage. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
388 12:intro z7s4 0 # Hosea 12 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Jacob\n\nThere is a parallel between Jacob and the northern kingdom of Israel. In the same way that Jacob returned to Yahweh, the northern kingdom should repent of their idolatry and turn back to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]])
389 12:1 k8wj 0 # General Information:\n\nHosea the prophet is speaking.
390 12:1 ec28 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Ephraim feeds on the wind 0 Here “Ephraim” represents all the people of Israel. Also “wind” represents something that is useless or temporary. The people of Israel doing things that will not help them is spoken of as if they eat the wind. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) Here “Ephraim” represents all the people of Israel. Also “wind” represents something that is useless or temporary.
391 12:1 g9zd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy follows after the east wind 0 East winds were very hot and destructive to the land. Here it represents anything that is destructive. The people doing things that will destroy themselves is spoken of as if they are following the east wind. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) East winds were very hot and destructive to the land. Here it represents anything that is destructive.
392 12:1 ij53 carry olive oil to Egypt 0 The people of Israel sent olive oil as a present to the king of Egypt to try and persuade him to help them.
393 12:2 evm4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Yahweh also has a lawsuit against Judah 0 Yahweh stating that the people of Judah have sinned against him and broken his covenant is spoken of as if Yahweh were accusing them in court. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Hosea 4:1](../04/01.md).
12:2 j5y6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet against Judah … punish Jacob for what he has done … repay him for his deeds 0 Here “Judah” and “Jacob” both represent the people of Judah. Alternate translation: “against the people of Judah … punish them for what they have done … repay them for their deeds” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
394 12:2 w5u6 lawsuit 0 This is a complaint by one person against another person in a court of law. See how you translated this in [Hosea 2:2](../02/02.md).
395 12:3 dr1v 0 # General Information:\n\nHosea the prophet is speaking about Jacob the ancestor of the Israelites.
396 12:3 v8bh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit In the womb Jacob grasped his brother by the heel 0 Jacob wanted to take his brother’s place as the firstborn, so he tried to keep his brother from being born first.
397 12:4 s9n9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit He struggled with the angel and won 0 Jacob fought with an angel so that the angel would bless him.
398 12:5 j2gg 0 # General Information:\n\nHosea the prophet is speaking.
399 12:5 cy44 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive is his name to be called on 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Here “name” represents the entire character of God. Alternate translation: “is his name to which we pray” or “is his name by which we worship him” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “is his name to which we pray”
400 12:6 guk8 Keep covenantal faithfulness and justice 0 This refers to obeying God’s law and doing what is right.
401 12:7 h5jj 0 # General Information:\n\nHosea the prophet is speaking about Israel.
402 12:7 n12e false scales 0 The merchants use scales that do not accurately measure the weight of the money or products they are buying or selling.
403 12:7 qvm9 they love to defraud 0 The merchants cheat their customers by lying to them and taking more money than they should.
404 12:8 bm7n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism I have certainly become very rich; I have found wealth for myself 0 These two phrases mean the same thing and mean that the people of Ephraim consider themselves to be very prosperous.
405 12:8 p9bb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I have found wealth 0 Becoming wealthy by trading is spoken of as finding wealth. Alternate translation: “I have made much money”
406 12:8 p94j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet they will not find any iniquity in me, anything that would be sin 0 These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize that the people of Ephraim consider themselves to be blameless. Learning that someone has sinned is spoken of as finding sin in that person. Alternate translation: “they will not discover that I have done anything sinful” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize that the people of Ephraim consider themselves to be blameless. Alternate translation: “they will not discover that I have done anything sinful”
407 12:9 p92t 0 # General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking to the people of Israel.
408 12:9 a7dd I am Yahweh your God from the land of Egypt 0 This could mean: (1) “I am Yahweh your God, who brought your ancestors from the land of Egypt” or (2) “I have been your God ever since you were in the land of Egypt” or (3) “I became your God when you were in the land of Egypt”
409 12:9 g5yk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy I will again make you live in tents 0 This could mean: (1) Yahweh is threatening to force the people of Israel from their homes and make them live in tents. So, here to “live in tents” would represent being sent into exile, or (2) it is a promise that after their exile the people will live in tents again, and Yahweh will take care of them as he did when the Israelites left Egypt. So, here “to live in tents” would represent a return to an ideal situation when Yahweh took care of his people.
433 13:7 x7c5 0 # General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking.
434 13:7 tq4b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile like a lion … like a leopard 0 These are wild animals that attack and kill other animals. Yahweh continues to say that he will destroy his people for their sins.
435 13:8 y1e5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile as a bear … as a lion … as a wild beast 0 These are wild animals that attack and kill other animals. Yahweh continues to say that he will destroy his people for their sins.
436 13:8 ft6g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis as a bear that is robbed of her cubs 0 The words “would attack” are left out because they are understood. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “like a bear would attack an animal that takes her cubs” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) The words “would attack” are left out because they are understood. Alternate translation: “like a bear would attack an animal that takes her cubs”
437 13:8 bl6f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis as a lion 0 The words “would devour them” are left out because they are understood. Alternate translation: “as a lion would devour them”
438 13:9 jdv7 0 # General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking.
439 13:9 k6kg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion who will be able to help you? 0 Yahweh uses a question to emphasize that no one will be able to help the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “there will be no on able to help you.”
444 13:13 ba82 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Pains of childbirth will come on him 0 Here Yahweh speaks of the suffering the people of Israel will suffer as if it were the pains of child birth.
445 13:13 b6hn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor but he is an unwise son, for when it is time to be born, he does not come out of the womb 0 Yahweh now describes the people of Israel as the baby to which the mother is giving birth. The baby is unwise because it does not want to be born. The people do not want to repent and obey Yahweh.
446 13:14 yv5m 0 # General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking.
447 13:14 q1qb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Will I rescue them from the hand of Sheol? Will I rescue them from death? 0 Yahweh uses these questions to tell the people of Israel that he is not going to save them from dying. He will certainly punish them. Alternate translation: “I will certainly not rescue them from death and from going down to Sheol.” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) Yahweh uses these questions to tell the people of Israel that he is not going to save them from dying. He will certainly punish them. Alternate translation: “I will certainly not rescue them from death and from going down to Sheol”
448 13:14 iq7j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification Where, death, are your plagues? Where, Sheol, is your destruction? 0 Yahweh speaks to “death” and “Sheol” as if they were people. Yahweh uses questions to say that he will destroy the people soon. Alternate translation: “Now I will cause plagues and let the people of Israel die. I will destroy them and send them to Sheol.” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) Yahweh speaks to “death” and “Sheol” as if they were people. Alternate translation: “Now I will cause plagues and let the people of Israel die. I will destroy them and send them to Sheol”
449 13:14 zq3t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Compassion is hidden from my eyes 0 Not to think about having compassion is spoken of as if compassion were hidden so that it cannot be seen. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **compassion**, you can express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “I have no compassion for them” or “I will not be compassionate towards them” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) Not to think about having compassion is spoken of as if compassion were hidden so that it cannot be seen. Alternate translation: “I have no compassion for them” or “I will not be compassionate towards them”
450 13:15 w2sd 0 # General Information:\n\nHosea the prophet is speaking.
451 13:15 r777 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor his brothers 0 This expression seems to stand for the nations around the northern kingdom, especially Judah, the southern kingdom.
452 13:15 nj8n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor an east wind will come; the wind of Yahweh 0 A wind from the east was very hot and destructive. Here it refers to the armies from the east that Yahweh will send to destroy the people of Israel.
461 14:1 x5ih 0 # General Information:\n\nHosea the prophet is speaking.
462 14:1 e3je rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor for you have fallen because of your iniquity 0 Sinning is spoken of here as if it were falling.
463 14:2 bl3b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Take with you words 0 This probably means words of confession and praise. Alternate translation: “Confess your sins”
14:2 xcc8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the fruit of our lips 0 What a person says is called the fruit of his lips. Modern versions have different translations of this difficult passage. Alternate translation: “our words and songs of praise”
464 14:3 r5m5 0 # General Information:\n\nHosea is speaking
465 14:3 xvt4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche to the work of our hands 0 Here people are represented by their “hands” to refer to the people making things. Alternate translation: “to the idols we made”
466 14:3 y9ak the fatherless person 0 This expression stands perhaps for the entire nation. It indicates God’s enormous compassion for his people.
467 14:3 mh3w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns finds compassion 0 Here the act of God having compassion is spoken of as if it were an object that someone experiencing that compassion had found. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **compassion**, you can express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “finds one who is compassionate” If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **compassion**, you can express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “finds one who is compassionate”
468 14:4 j8i4 0 # General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking.
469 14:4 x6kz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I will heal their turning away 0 Stopping the people from turning away from God is spoken of as if he were healing them.
470 14:4 e5gg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor their turning away 0 The failure of the people to obey God is spoken of as if they had physically turned away from him.
471 14:5 akq8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile I will be like the dew to Israel; he will blossom like the lily 0 God is spoken of as if he were dew that brought needed moisture to plants, and Israel is spoken of as if it were one person, and as if he were a flower that could blossom. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) God is spoken of as if he were dew that brought needed moisture to plants, and Israel is spoken of as if it were one person, and as if he were a flower that could blossom.
472 14:5 s2km rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile take root like a cedar in Lebanon 0 The picture of Israel in the form of a plant is continued here, but this time in the form of a tall cedar tree in Lebanon, which was known for such trees.
473 14:6 pa2f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile His branches will spread out … like the cedars in Lebanon 0 This passage continues the same image.
474 14:7 ia8e 0 # General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking.
479 14:8 v7m9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile a cypress whose leaves are always green 0 A cypress is a tree whose leaves stay green all year. This represents Yahweh and his blessings on Israel.
480 14:8 dja4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor from me comes your fruit 0 Here “fruit” represents every good thing that comes from Yahweh.
481 14:9 sr4g 0 # General Information:\n\nHosea the prophet is speaking.
482 14:9 rmk6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Who is wise that he may understand these things? Who understands these things so that he may know them? 0 The prophet uses these questions to say that wise people will understand and listen to what has been said to them. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) The prophet uses these questions to say that wise people will understand and listen to what has been said to them.
483 14:9 y4up rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor For the ways of Yahweh are right, and the righteous will walk in them 0 Yahweh’s commandments are spoken of as ways to walk in.
484 14:9 ilu4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor stumble 0 Disobeying Yahweh is spoken of as if it were stumbling while walking.