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@ -3739,57 +3739,150 @@ front:intro spe4 0 # Introduction to Proverbs\n\n## Part 1: General Introduct
29:27 du2b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession אִ֣ישׁ עָ֑וֶל 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **man** who is characterized by **injustice**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “is an unjust man”
29:27 u4xh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession יְשַׁר־דָּֽרֶךְ 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **way** that is characterized by being **upright**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “is one whose way is upright”
29:27 fcfv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דָּֽרֶךְ 1 Here, Solomon uses **way** to refer to how people behave. See how you translated this use of **way** in [1:15](../01/15.md).
30:intro aud8 0 # Proverbs 30 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 30 is a chapter in Proverbs attributed to Agur, who is a person otherwise unknown.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Agur\n\nHis full title is Agur, Son of Jakeh. Agur comes from a Hebrew word that means “gatherer” and so some scholars believe this is not a real name, but possibly a way of referring to Solomon as a gatherer of proverbs. However, it is still prudent to simply use this as a name.\n\n### Three things and four\n\nFrom verses 15 through 32, the author uses a specific technique to explain some things. He says there are three things and even four and lists items that exemplify a feature like “small and yet wise.” The numbering is not meant to be so literal, but as a memory device that introduces the items. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]])\n\n### Themes\n\nThere are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])
30:1 u8l9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Agur … Jakeh … Ithiel … Ucal 0 These are the names of men.
30:1 ic3d the utterance 0 Alternate translation: “the message”
30:1 y7qf to Ithiel, to Ithiel and Ucal 0 Alternate translation: “to Ithiel—that is, to Ithiel and Ucal”
30:2 n4d9 Surely 0 Alternate translation: “Certainly” or “There is no doubt that”
30:2 ij38 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns I do not have the understanding of a human being 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **understanding**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “I do not understand anything the way human beings are supposed to understand them”
30:3 ln5f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns nor do I have knowledge of the Holy One 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **knowledge**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “nor do I really know anything about the Holy One”
30:4 kw1a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Who has … down? Who has … hands? Who has … cloak? Who has … earth? 0 The writer asks these questions to get the reader thinking about how much greater Yahweh is than people. Alternate translation: “No person has ever … down. No person has ever … hands. No person has ever … cloak. No person has ever … earth.” or “Who has … down? Who has … hands? Who has … cloak? Who has … earth? No one has ever done any of these things.”
30:4 bz7z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor gathered up the wind in the hollow of his hands 0 The writer speaks of the wind as if it were something that a person could catch and hold in his hand. Alternate translation: “has caught the wind in his hands”
30:4 g4i7 the hollow of his hands 0 the way his hands are shaped when he is scooping up, for example, water or sand. “his cupped hands”
30:4 rce5 has established all the ends of the earth 0 Alternate translation: “has set up the limits for where the earth ends” or “has marked the boundaries for the ends of the earth”
30:4 jv39 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony Surely you know! 0 The writer uses irony to show that neither he nor the reader know any person who can do what the “who” in the earlier questions can do. Alternate translation: “I do not think you really know anyone who can do those things.”
30:5 mna2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor is tested 0 Words are spoken of as if they were metals that need someone to clean the bad parts out of them. Alternate translation: “is like a precious metal from which someone has removed all the useless material”
30:5 u15z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he is a shield to those who take refuge in him 0 The word “shield” is a metaphor for something that protects a person. Alternate translation: “he protects those who come and ask him to protect them”
30:6 lu63 add to his words 0 say more than he has said
30:6 e39x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive you will be proved to be 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “he will prove that you are”
30:8 v3d5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Put vanity and lies far away from me 0 This could mean: (1) “Do not allow people to speak vanity and lies to me” or (2) “Do not allow me to speak vanity and lies”
30:8 jw32 vanity 0 false, useless words
30:8 wk6q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Give me neither poverty nor riches 0 The writer speaks as if “poverty” and “riches” were physical objects that someone could give to another. They are also abstract nouns that can be stated as “poor” and “rich.” Alternate translation: “Do not allow me to be either very poor or very rich”
30:9 vrk2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo if I have too much, I might deny you and say 0 This describes a hypothetical situation that has not happened but is possible if the writer becomes rich.
30:9 t24i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo if I become poor, I might steal and profane 0 This describes a hypothetical situation that has not happened but is possible if the writer becomes poor.
30:9 f4ah I might steal and profane the name of my God 0 Alternate translation: “I might make people who know that I have stolen things think that there is no God” or “I might harm God’s reputation by stealing”
30:10 rz4a slander 0 speak falsely about another person with the desire to harm him
30:10 ycc9 he will curse 0 Alternate translation: “the servant will curse”
30:10 u5fu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive you will be held guilty 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “people will hold you guilty”
30:11 sz6e a generation that curses … and does not bless 0 Alternate translation: “a generation of people who curse … and do not bless”
30:12 h8cq a generation that is 0 Alternate translation: “a generation of people that are”
30:12 dp6p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor is pure in their own eyes 0 The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: “considers themselves pure” or “believes they are pure”
30:12 fyp5 filth 0 This should be translated with a polite term that includes human or animal vomit and waste.
30:13 ey4d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy eyes are raised up … their eyelids lifted up 0 This describes people who think that they are better than other people. Their eyes show that they are proud, and the way they look at others shows that they think they are better than those other people.
30:14 zca7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor There is a generation whose teeth are swords, and their jawbones are like knives, so they may devour the poor … and the needy 0 The people of the generation who speak very harmful things is spoken of as if they were wild animals with teeth and jawbones made of swords and knives, and they eat the poor and needy.
30:14 z22j jawbones 0 the bones of the face where teeth grow
30:15 yr92 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The leech has two daughters 0 This is an example of something that always wants more. Alternate translation: “Greed has two daughters”
30:15 ik61 leech 0 a type of worm that attaches itself to the skin and sucks blood
30:15 n8v6 0 Another possible meaning is “and they are both named Give Me.” Alternate translation: “Give and give”
30:15 xlu4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes are never satisfied 0 This can be stated positively. Alternate translation: “always want more”
30:16 d8p5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification land that is never satisfied with water 0 Land that is no longer producing food because there has been no rain is spoken of as if it were a person who does not have enough water to drink.
30:17 hr1j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns scorns obedience to a mother 0 The word “obedience” is a metonym for the mother herself. It is also an abstract noun that can be stated as “obey.” Alternate translation: “considers his mother worthless and will not obey her”
30:17 pr2u his eyes … the vultures 0 The writer says that the person will die by giving two pictures of what happens to people who die away from where people live.
30:17 l9a8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive his eyes will be pecked out by the ravens of the valley 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the ravens of the valley will peck out his eyes”
30:17 x3vs ravens 0 large, shiny, black birds that eat plants and dead animals
30:17 sxz9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive he will be eaten by the vultures 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the vultures will eat him”
30:17 k8je vultures 0 any one of several large birds that eat dead animals and have small, featherless heads
30:19 u9rp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor in the heart of the sea 0 The “heart” refers to the middle. Alternate translation: “in the middle of the sea” or “on the open sea”
30:20 h26k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism she eats and she wipes her mouth 0 This seems to be both a euphemism and a metaphor for committing adultery and then taking a bath.
30:21 s3e3 Under three things the earth trembles, and under four it cannot bear up 0 The use of the numbers “three” and “four” here is a poetic device. “There are some things that make the earth tremble, that it cannot endure. Four of these are:”
30:22 xv9v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive a fool when he is filled with food 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “a fool who has had enough to eat”
30:23 dwd5 takes the place of her mistress 0 rules the household
30:26 p11p rock badgers 0 an animal with small, rounded ears, short legs, and no tail
30:28 l4zb lizard 0 a small reptile that has four legs, a long, slender body, and a tail
30:33 nj7p butter 0 Animal milk that someone has stirred and made thick.
30:intro aud8 0 # Proverbs 30 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\n7. Sayings from Agur (30:1–33)\n * Agur’s confession and prayer (30:1–9)\n * Seven numerical sayings (30:10–31)\n * Concluding warning (30:32–33)\n\nChapter 30 is the chapter in this book written by Agur, who is only mentioned here in the Bible.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Numerical sayings\n\nIn [Proverbs 30:10](../30/10.md)–[31](../30/31.md), Agur uses a rhetorical device in which he names a number that should be sufficient to illustrate his point and then increases that number by one for emphasis. If your language does not use numbers in this way, then consider more natural ways to express emphasis. Although he does not state the number of illustrations in [30:10](../30/10.md)–[14](../30/14.md), he does state the number of illustrations for the sayings in [30:15](../30/15.md)–[16](../30/16.md), [18](../30/18.md)–[19](../30/19.md), [21](../30/21.md)–[23](../30/23.md), [24](../30/24.md)–[28](../30/28.md), and [29](../30/29.md)–[31](../30/31.md).\n
30:1 jqfo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy דִּבְרֵ֤י 1 See how you translated the same use of **words** in [1:6](../0106.md).
30:1 u8l9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אָג֥וּר & יָקֶ֗ה & לְ⁠אִֽיתִיאֵ֑ל לְ⁠אִ֖יתִיאֵ֣ל וְ⁠אֻכָֽל 1 **Agur**, **Jakeh**, **Ithiel**, and **Ucal** are names of men.
30:1 ic3d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַ⁠מַּ֫שָּׂ֥א 1 The word **oracle** refers to a message that Yahweh reveals to prophets so that they can tell it to other people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the message from Yahweh”
30:1 yzki rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַ֭⁠גֶּבֶר 1 Here, **the strong man** refers to **Agur**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Agur, the strong man,”
30:1 y7qf rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants לְ⁠אִֽיתִיאֵ֑ל לְ⁠אִ֖יתִיאֵ֣ל וְ⁠אֻכָֽל 1 All Hebrew manuscripts read **to Ithiel, to Ithiel and Ucal**. The ULT follows that reading. Other ancient translations of this text read “I am weary, O God. I am worn out and weary, O God,” which is based on a possible meaning of the Hebrew words. If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT.
30:1 zvvl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet לְ⁠אִֽיתִיאֵ֑ל לְ⁠אִ֖יתִיאֵ֣ל 1 Here, the writer repeats the name **Ithiel** to emphasize to whom this **declaration** was first given. If your language does not use repetition to do this, you could use one phrase and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “to Ithiel, indeed, to Ithiel”
30:2 g9do rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole בַ֣עַר אָנֹכִ֣י מֵ⁠אִ֑ישׁ וְ⁠לֹֽא־בִינַ֖ת אָדָ֣ם לִֽ⁠י 1 Agur says these two clauses as extreme statements for emphasis. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “I feel like I am more stupid than a man, and that the understanding of mankind is not mine”
30:2 xxr1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks 1 [30:2](../30/02.md)–[33](../30/33.md) is a long quotation of what Agur said. If it would be helpful in your language, you could indicate this with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation.
30:2 s1ds rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism בַ֣עַר אָנֹכִ֣י מֵ⁠אִ֑ישׁ וְ⁠לֹֽא־בִינַ֖ת אָדָ֣ם לִֽ⁠י 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “I am more stupid than a man, yes, the understanding of mankind in not mine”
30:2 n4d9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מֵ⁠אִ֑ישׁ & אָדָ֣ם 1 In this verse, **man** refers to people in general, not to a specific **man**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “than any person … any person”\n
30:2 ij38 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בִינַ֖ת 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **understanding** in [1:2](../01/02.md).
30:3 n0bf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole וְ⁠לֹֽא־לָמַ֥דְתִּי חָכְמָ֑ה וְ⁠דַ֖עַת קְדֹשִׁ֣ים אֵדָֽע 1 Agur says these two clauses as extreme statements for emphasis. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “And I feel like I have not learned wisdom, nor the knowledge of holy ones do I know”
30:3 ln5f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חָכְמָ֑ה וְ⁠דַ֖עַת 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **wisdom** in [1:2](../01/02.md) and **knowledge** in [1:4](../01/04.md).
30:3 tu4c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit קְדֹשִׁ֣ים 1 Here, **holy ones** could refer to: (1) Yahweh as the Holy One, in which case the plural form is used to emphasize his greatness. Alternate translation: “the Holy One” (2) heavenly beings, including God and angels. Alternate translation: “holy beings”
30:4 kw1a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion מִ֤י עָלָֽה־שָׁמַ֨יִם ׀ וַ⁠יֵּרַ֡ד מִ֤י אָֽסַף־ר֨וּחַ ׀ בְּ⁠חָפְנָ֡י⁠ו מִ֤י צָֽרַר־מַ֨יִם ׀ בַּ⁠שִּׂמְלָ֗ה מִ֭י הֵקִ֣ים כָּל־אַפְסֵי־אָ֑רֶץ 1 In this verse, the writer uses the question form four times to emphasize how much greater Yahweh is than people. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “Surely, no human has ascended to heaven and descended! Surely, no one but Yahweh has gathered the wind in the hollow of his hands! Surely, no one but Yahweh has wrapped waters in the cloak! Surely, no one but Yahweh has raised up all the ends of the earth!”
30:4 vyhb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עָלָֽה־שָׁמַ֨יִם ׀ וַ⁠יֵּרַ֡ד 1 Here, Agur speaks of someone going to the place where God dwells and returning from there as if **heaven** were a place that someone could go up to or come down from. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “has gone to and returned from the place where Yahweh dwells”
30:4 bz7z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִ֤י אָֽסַף־ר֨וּחַ ׀ בְּ⁠חָפְנָ֡י⁠ו 1 Here, Agur speaks of controlling **the wind** as if it were something that a person could catch and hold in the palm of one’s hand. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Who has controlled the wind”
30:4 rdh7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּ⁠חָפְנָ֡י⁠ו 1 Here, the word translated **hollow** refers to the palm of someone’s hand. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Win the palms of his hands”
30:4 g4i7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִ֤י צָֽרַר־מַ֨יִם ׀ בַּ⁠שִּׂמְלָ֗ה 1 Here, Agur speaks of storing rainwater in clouds as if the **waters** were something that a person could wrap inside a **cloak**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. If a translation is available in your language, see the similar use of **waters** in [Job 26:8](../job/26/08.md). Alternate translation: “Who has stored the water in clouds”
30:4 rce5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִ֭י הֵקִ֣ים כָּל־אַפְסֵי־אָ֑רֶץ 1 Here, Agur speaks of setting the boundaries of the dry land on **the earth** as if the **ends of the earth** were something that a person could raise **up**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “has set up the limits for where the land ends” or “has marked the boundaries for the ends of the earth”
30:4 jv39 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony מַה־שְּׁמ֥⁠וֹ וּ⁠מַֽה־שֶּׁם־בְּ֝נ֗⁠וֹ כִּ֣י תֵדָֽע 1 Agur uses irony to emphasize that no one knows of any person who can do those things described earlier in the verse because such a person does not exist. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Surely, none of you know the name of someone who has done this or the name of his son because such a person does not exist!”
30:5 mna2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor צְרוּפָ֑ה 1 Here, Agur refers to what **God** says being true as if his sayings were metal that someone had melted and removed unwanted material from. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the phrase “refined gold” in [8:19](../08/19.md). Alternate translation: “is proven to be true”\n
30:5 u15z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מָגֵ֥ן ה֝֗וּא 1 Here, Agur speaks of **God** protecting people as if he were a **shield**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he is a protector”
30:5 bk39 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לַֽ⁠חֹסִ֥ים בּֽ⁠וֹ 1 Here, Agur speaks of people trusting **God** to protect them as if he were a shelter in which people **take refuge**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “for those who rely on him to protect them”
30:6 lu63 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אַל־תּ֥וֹסְףְּ עַל־דְּבָרָ֑י⁠ו 1 Here, Agur refers to someone claiming God said something that he did not say as if that person were adding more **words** to what God has said. Here, **words** refers to what is said, as in [1:23](../01/23.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Do not claim that God has said something that he did not really say”
30:6 e39x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְ⁠נִכְזָֽבְתָּ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and he show you to be a liar”\n
30:7-9 c3af rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שְׁ֭תַּיִם שָׁאַ֣לְתִּי מֵ⁠אִתָּ֑⁠ךְ 1 These three verses are a prayer that Agur prays to Yahweh. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Two things I ask from you, O Yahweh”
30:7 tafl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youformal מֵ⁠אִתָּ֑⁠ךְ 1 If your language has a formal form of **you** that it uses to address a superior respectfully, you may wish to use that form for **you**. Alternatively, it might be more appropriate in your culture to address God using a familiar form, such as friends would use with one another. Use your best judgment about which form to use.
30:7 qapv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative אַל־תִּמְנַ֥ע 1 This is an imperative, but it communicates a polite request rather than a command. Use a form in your language that communicates a polite request. It may be helpful to add an expression such as “please” to make this clear. Alternate translation: “please do not withhold”
30:7 bl08 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis אַל־תִּמְנַ֥ע 1 Agur is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “do not withhold these two things I am asking for”
30:8 jw32 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative שָׁ֤וְא ׀ וּֽ⁠דְבַר־כָּזָ֡ב הַרְחֵ֬ק מִמֶּ֗⁠נִּי 1 This is an imperative clause, but it communicates a polite request rather than a command. Use a form in your language that communicates a polite request. It may be helpful to add an expression such as “please” to make this clear. Alternate translation: “Please put far away from me emptiness and the word of a lie”
30:8 v3d5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שָׁ֤וְא ׀ וּֽ⁠דְבַר־כָּזָ֡ב הַרְחֵ֬ק מִמֶּ֗⁠נִּי 1 Here, Agur speaks of **Emptiness** and **the word of a lie** as if they were objects that could be **put far away from** a person. He means that he wants God to prevent him from acting or speaking with **Emptiness and the word of a lie**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Keep me from acting with emptiness and speaking the word of a lie”
30:8 l4b4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שָׁ֤וְא 1 **Emptiness** here refers to dishonesty or deception. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Dishonesty”
30:8 gaz6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וּֽ⁠דְבַר־כָּזָ֡ב 1 Here, Agur is using the possessive form to describe a **word** that is **a lie**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “and a lying word”
30:8 d5rz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּֽ⁠דְבַר 1 See how you translated the same use of **word** in [12:25](../12/25.md).
30:8 sgbl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative רֵ֣אשׁ וָ֭⁠עֹשֶׁר אַל־תִּֽתֶּן־לִ֑⁠י הַ֝טְרִיפֵ֗⁠נִי לֶ֣חֶם חֻקִּֽ⁠י 1 These two clauses are imperative clauses, but they communicate polite requests rather than commands. Use a form in your language that communicates polite requests. It may be helpful to add expressions such as “please” to make this clear. Alternate translation: “Please do not give to me poverty or riches; please cause me to receive the bread of my portion”
30:8 wk6q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor רֵ֣אשׁ וָ֭⁠עֹשֶׁר אַל־תִּֽתֶּן־לִ֑⁠י 1 Here, Agur speaks of being poor or rich as if **poverty** and **riches** were physical objects that someone could **give** to someone else. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Do not allow me to be poor or rich”
30:8 aclk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession לֶ֣חֶם חֻקִּֽ⁠י 1 This could refer to: (1) an amount of **bread** that Yahweh has allotted for him. Alternate translation: “the bread you have apportioned for me” (2) the amount of **bread** Agur needs to live. Alternate translation: “the bread I need”
30:8 yrwv rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast הַ֝טְרִיפֵ֗⁠נִי 1 This clause is a strong contrast to the previous clause. In your translation, indicate this strong contrast in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “rather, cause me to receive” or “cause me to receive instead”\n
30:8 rcu0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לֶ֣חֶם 1 See how you translated the same use of **bread** in [9:5](../09/05.md).
30:9 vrk2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo פֶּ֥ן אֶשְׂבַּ֨ע 1 Agur uses this expression to introduce an imaginary situation to help explain why he asked God not to allow him to become rich in the previous verse. Use a natural method in your language for introducing an imaginary situation. Alternate translation: “Suppose I be satiated”
30:9 bdye rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֶשְׂבַּ֨ע 1 Here, **satiated** refers to having too much food and possessions. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I possess to much”
30:9 n7qo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְ⁠כִחַשְׁתִּי֮ 1 Agur is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and I deny Yahweh”
30:9 xxn5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations וְ⁠אָמַ֗רְתִּי מִ֥י יְה֫וָ֥ה 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “and ask who Yahweh is.”\n
30:9 ezw1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion מִ֥י יְה֫וָ֥ה 1 Agur is using the question form to emphasize what might happen to him if he became too rich. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “I don’t know Yahweh!”
30:9 t24i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo וּ⁠פֶֽן־אִוָּרֵ֥שׁ 1 Agur uses this expression to introduce an imaginary situation to help explain why he asked God not to allow him to become poor in the previous verse. Use a natural method in your language for introducing an imaginary situation. Alternate translation: “And suppose I become dispossessed”
30:9 j98a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אִוָּרֵ֥שׁ 1 Here, **dispossessed** refers to someone becoming so poor that he loses everything that he owns. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I become so poor that I own nothing”
30:9 xqc4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וְ֝⁠תָפַ֗שְׂתִּי 1 Here, **and** introduces the result of stealing. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate results. Alternate translation: “and so I seize”\n
30:9 f4ah rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ֝⁠תָפַ֗שְׂתִּי 1 Here, Agur speaks of disgracing **the name of my God** as if **the name** were an object that someone could violently **seize** and hurt. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and I might disgrace”
30:9 jw37 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שֵׁ֣ם 1 Here, **name** refers to a person’s reputation. See how you translated the same use of **name** in [22:1](../22/01.md).
30:10 rz4a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun עֶ֭בֶד אֶל־אדנ⁠ו & יְקַלֶּלְ⁠ךָ֥ 1 Here, **a slave**, **his**, and **he** refer to slaves in general, not a specific **slave**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any slave to that slave’s master … that slave curse you”
30:10 u5fu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְ⁠אָשָֽׁמְתָּ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and people consider you to be guilty”
30:10 hgia rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠אָשָֽׁמְתָּ 1 Agur implies that this person is **guilty** of slandering. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and you be found guilty of slander”
30:11 wosm 0 [30:11](../30/11.md)–[14](../30/14.md) is the first of six numerical sayings in this chapter, even though this saying does not state the number of illustrations. See the discussion of this in the [General Notes](../30/intro.md) for this chapter.
30:11 sz6e rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns דּ֭וֹר אָבִ֣י⁠ו יְקַלֵּ֑ל & אִ֝מּ֗⁠וֹ 1 In this verse, the words **generation**, **it**, and **its** are singular in form, but they refer to some people as a group. If it would be helpful in your language, you could say this plainly. Alternate translation: “There is a group of people, those people curse their fathers … their mothers”
30:11 uvoz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism אָבִ֣י⁠ו יְקַלֵּ֑ל וְ⁠אֶת־אִ֝מּ֗⁠וֹ לֹ֣א יְבָרֵֽךְ 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could combine these clauses and express the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “it regularly curses its father and mother”
30:12 h8cq rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns דּ֭וֹר & בְּ⁠עֵינָ֑י⁠ו וּ֝⁠מִ⁠צֹּאָת֗⁠וֹ לֹ֣א רֻחָֽץ 1 See how you translated the same use of **generation** and **its** in the previous verse.
30:12 dp6p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor טָה֣וֹר 1 Here, Agur speaks of people being innocent of doing anything wrong as if those people were **clean*. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “innocent”
30:12 fyp5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּ⁠עֵינָ֑י⁠ו 1 See how you translated the same use of **eyes** in [3:4](../03/04.md).
30:12 i97l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וּ֝⁠מִ⁠צֹּאָת֗⁠וֹ לֹ֣א רֻחָֽץ 1 Here, Agur speaks of people being guilty of doing something wrong as if those people were **not washed* and as if the wrong things they did were **excrement**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “but it is guilty of doing bad things” or “but it is guilty, as if it has not washed off its excrement”
30:12 z5g7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive לֹ֣א רֻחָֽץ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “someone has not washed it”
30:13 zjg2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns דּ֭וֹר & עֵינָ֑י⁠ו וְ֝⁠עַפְעַפָּ֗י⁠ו 1 See how you translated the same use of **generation** and **its** in [30:11](../30/11.md).
30:13 oe7q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations מָה־רָמ֣וּ עֵינָ֑י⁠ו וְ֝⁠עַפְעַפָּ֗י⁠ו יִנָּשֵֽׂאוּ 1 Here, **how** indicates that what follows is an exclamation that emphasizes the pride of this **generation**. Use an exclamation that would communicate that meaning in your language. Alternate translation: “its eyes are so raised up, and their eyelids are so lifted up”
30:13 ey4d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy רָמ֣וּ עֵינָ֑י⁠ו וְ֝⁠עַפְעַפָּ֗י⁠ו יִנָּשֵֽׂאוּ 1 Here, Agur refers to pride as **eyes** that **are raised up** and **eyelids ** that **are lifted up**, which is are characteristic facial expressions of proud people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “proud they are, and they are arrogant”\n
30:13 n5qc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet רָמ֣וּ עֵינָ֑י⁠ו וְ֝⁠עַפְעַפָּ֗י⁠ו יִנָּשֵֽׂאוּ 1 The phrases **eyes are raised up** and **eyelids are lifted up** mean similar things. Agur is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “how completely proud they are”
30:14 zfyg rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns דּ֤וֹר & שִׁנָּי⁠ו֮ & מְֽתַלְּעֹ֫תָ֥י⁠ו 1 See how you translated the same use of **generation** and **its** in [30:11](../30/11.md).
30:14 zca7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor חֲרָב֣וֹת שִׁנָּי⁠ו֮ וּֽ⁠מַאֲכָל֪וֹת מְֽתַלְּעֹ֫תָ֥י⁠ו לֶ⁠אֱכֹ֣ל 1 Here, Agur refers to people who oppress **afflicted ones** and **needy ones** as if they were wild animals that are **devouring** those people by using **teeth** or **fangs** that are dangerous like **swords** or **knives**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “it cruelly oppresses” or “it is oppresses others like a wild animal that uses sword-like teeth or knife-like fangs to consume”
30:14 yrgm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet חֲרָב֣וֹת שִׁנָּי⁠ו֮ וּֽ⁠מַאֲכָל֪וֹת מְֽתַלְּעֹ֫תָ֥י⁠ו 1 The phrases **its teeth are swords** and **its fangs are knives** mean the same thing. Agur is using the two phrases together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “its teeth are very sharp”
30:14 z22j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet עֲנִיִּ֣ים מֵ⁠אֶ֑רֶץ וְ֝⁠אֶבְיוֹנִ֗ים מֵ⁠אָדָֽם 1 The phrases **afflicted ones from the earth** and **needy ones from man** mean the same thing. Agur is using the two phrases together for emphasis. Here, **afflicted ones** and **needy ones** both refer to poor people. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “poor people from the world”\n
30:14 ak2i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מֵ⁠אָדָֽם 1 Here, **man** refers to all people in general, not a specific **man**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “from mankind” or “from all human beings”
30:15 yr92 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לַֽ⁠עֲלוּקָ֨ה ׀ שְׁתֵּ֥י בָנוֹת֮ 1 Here, Agur speaks of a greedy person as if that person were a **leech** and as if what that person demands from others were **Two daughters**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “Greedy people always say” or “Greedy people are like a leech with two daughters”
30:15 ik61 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown לַֽ⁠עֲלוּקָ֨ה 1 A **leech** is a type of worm that attaches itself to the skin of a person or animal in order to suck blood. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of animal, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “are for the blood-sucking animal”
30:15 n8v6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַ֤ב ׀ הַ֥ב 1 This could refer to: (1) the names of the **Two daughters**. Alternate translation: “they are named Give and Give” (2) what the **Two daughters** say. Alternate translation: “they say, ‘Give! Give!’”
30:15 vfbh שָׁל֣וֹשׁ הֵ֭נָּה לֹ֣א תִשְׂבַּ֑עְנָה אַ֝רְבַּ֗ע לֹא־אָ֥מְרוּ הֽוֹן 1 The second half of [30:15](../30/15.md) and all of [30:16](../30/16.md) are the second of six numerical sayings in this chapter. See the discussion of numerical sayings in the [General Notes](../30/intro.md) for this chapter.
30:15 fs7c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism שָׁל֣וֹשׁ הֵ֭נָּה לֹ֣א תִשְׂבַּ֑עְנָה אַ֝רְבַּ֗ע לֹא־אָ֥מְרוּ הֽוֹן 1 To make a comprehensive statement, Agur is using a rhetorical device in which the speaker names a number that should be sufficient to illustrate his point and then increases that number by one for emphasis. Since the meaning of both clauses is the same, you could also combine them into one clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “These four things are absolutely never satisfied”\n
30:15 xlu4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes לֹ֣א תִשְׂבַּ֑עְנָה 1 Agur is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, **not**, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning, as in the UST.
30:16 lw63 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun וְ⁠עֹ֪צֶ֫ר רָ֥חַם אֶ֭רֶץ לֹא־שָׂ֣בְעָה מַּ֑יִם וְ֝⁠אֵ֗שׁ 1 Here, **the womb**, **a land**, and **a fire** refer to these things in general, not specific things. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “and the closure of any womb, any land not satisfied with water, and any fire”
30:16 ljob rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠עֹ֪צֶ֫ר 1 Here, Agur refers to a woman being unable to bear children as if her **womb** were closed. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and the barrenness of”
30:16 s1n2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche רָ֥חַם 1 Here, **womb** refers to the whole person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a woman”
30:16 d8p5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification אֶ֭רֶץ לֹא־שָׂ֣בְעָה מַּ֑יִם 1 Here, Agur speaks of **land** that does not have enough **water** to grow crops as if it were a person who does not have enough water to drink. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a land that never gets enough water to grow crops”
30:16 nzw6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וְ֝⁠אֵ֗שׁ לֹא־אָ֥מְרָה הֽוֹן 1 Here, Agur speaks of **fire** requiring fuel to keep burning as if it were a person who never says **Enough**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and a fire that never stops needing fuel to keep burning”
30:17 fjs9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis עַ֤יִן ׀ תִּֽלְעַ֣ג לְ⁠אָב֮ 1 Agur is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “Concerning an eye that mocks a father”
30:17 mp0r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche עַ֤יִן & יִקְּר֥וּ⁠הָ & וְֽ⁠יֹאכְל֥וּ⁠הָ 1 Although **eye** here refers to the whole person, **it** refers to the eyes of that person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “A person … will peck that person’s eyes out and … will eat those eyes”
30:17 ebva rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לְ⁠אָב֮ & אֵ֥ם 1 Here, Agur implies that these people are the **father** and **mother** of the person who **mocks** and **shows contempt**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “that person’s father … to that person’s mother”
30:17 pr2u rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown עֹרְבֵי־נַ֑חַל & נָֽשֶׁר 1 Both **ravens** and **vulture** refer to large birds that eat dead animals. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of birds, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “birds that scavenge in the valley … other birds that scavenge” or “scavengers … scavengers”
30:17 x3vs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יִקְּר֥וּ⁠הָ עֹרְבֵי־נַ֑חַל 1 Since **ravens** and vultures usually eat dead animals, Agur implies here that this person will be killed before the birds eat him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “that person will die and the ravens of the valley will peck that person’s eyes out”
30:17 v4cm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification בְנֵי־נָֽשֶׁר 1 Here, Agur refers to young vultures as if they were **sons** from the **vulture** family. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the young vultures”
30:18 uc6s 0 [30:18](../30/18.md)–[19](../30/19.md) is the third of six numerical sayings in this chapter. See the discussion of numerical sayings in the [General Notes](../30/intro.md) for this chapter.
30:18 qiou rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism שְׁלֹשָׁ֣ה הֵ֭מָּה נִפְלְא֣וּ מִמֶּ֑⁠נִּי וְ֝אַרְבָּעָ֗ה 1 To make a comprehensive statement, Agur is using a rhetorical device in which the speaker names a number that should be sufficient to illustrate his point and then increases that number by one for emphasis. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar use of **Three things** and **four** in [30:15](../30/15.md). Alternate translation: “These four things are absolutely too wonderful for me”
30:19 sfu5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דֶּ֤רֶךְ & דֶּ֥רֶךְ & דֶּֽרֶךְ & וְ⁠דֶ֖רֶךְ 1 In this verse, **way** refers to the manner of doing something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the manner of … the manner of … the manner of … and the manner of”
30:19 xz6u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun הַ⁠נֶּ֨שֶׁר & נָחָ֗שׁ & אֳנִיָּ֥ה & יָ֑ם & גֶּ֣בֶר בְּ⁠עַלְמָֽה 1 These phrases refer to these things or people in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any eagle … any snake … any ship … any sea … any young man with any young woman”
30:19 uq9f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession דֶּ֤רֶךְ הַ⁠נֶּ֨שֶׁר ׀ בַּ⁠שָּׁמַיִם֮ 1 Here, Agur is using the possessive form to describe **the way** that **the eagle** flies **in the sky**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the way that the eagle flies in the sky”
30:19 cbhz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession דֶּ֥רֶךְ נָחָ֗שׁ עֲלֵ֫י צ֥וּר 1 Here, Agur is using the possessive form to describe **the way** that **a snake** slithers **on a rock**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the way that a snake slithers on a rock”
30:19 o1yf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession דֶּֽרֶךְ־אֳנִיָּ֥ה 1 Here, Agur is using the possessive form to describe **the way** that **a ship** sails **in the heart of the sea**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the way that a ship sails”
30:19 u9rp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְ⁠לֶב־יָ֑ם 1 See how you translated this phrase in [23:34](../23/34.md).
30:19 crfk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְ⁠דֶ֖רֶךְ גֶּ֣בֶר בְּ⁠עַלְמָֽה 1 Here, Agur is using the possessive form to describe **the way** that **a young man** interacts **with a young woman**. This could refer to: (1) a young married couple’s loving relationship, which could include sexual relations. Alternate translation: “and the way that a young man lovingly interacts with a young woman” (2) sexual relations. Alternate translation: “and the way that a young man is sexually intimate with a young woman”
30:20 n764 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דֶּ֥רֶךְ 1 See how you translated the same use of **way** in the previous verse.
30:20 p03b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אִשָּׁ֗ה & אָ֭כְלָה וּ⁠מָ֣חֲתָה פִ֑י⁠הָ 1 Here, **a woman**, **she**, and **her** refer to a type of women in general, not a specific **woman**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any woman … that woman eats and wipes her mouth”
30:20 h26k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אָ֭כְלָה וּ⁠מָ֣חֲתָה פִ֑י⁠הָ 1 Agur is referring to an adulterous **woman** easily committing **adultery** as if she were eating. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “she commits adultery easily” or “she is like a woman who eats and wipes her mouth”
30:20 l56j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations וְ֝⁠אָמְרָ֗ה לֹֽא־פָעַ֥לְתִּי אָֽוֶן 1 It may be more natural in your language to have an indirect quotation here. Alternate translation: “and says that she has not done iniquity”
30:20 hzha rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns אָֽוֶן 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **iniquity** in [6:12](../06/12.md).
30:21 uf9l 0 [30:21](../30/20.md)–[23](../30/23.md) is the fourth of six numerical sayings in this chapter. See the discussion of numerical sayings in the [General Notes](../30/intro.md) for this chapter.
30:21 s3e3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism תַּ֣חַת שָׁ֭לוֹשׁ רָ֣גְזָה אֶ֑רֶץ וְ⁠תַ֥חַת אַ֝רְבַּ֗ע לֹא־תוּכַ֥ל שְׂאֵֽת 1 To make a comprehensive statement, Agur is using a rhetorical device in which the speaker names a number that should be sufficient to illustrate his point and then increases that number by one for emphasis. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Since the meaning of both clauses is similar, you could also combine them into one clause. See how you translated the similar use of **three things** and **four** in [30:15](../30/15.md). Alternate translation: “Under these four things the earth truly shakes”
30:21 n302 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole תַּ֣חַת שָׁ֭לוֹשׁ רָ֣גְזָה & וְ⁠תַ֥חַת אַ֝רְבַּ֗ע & שְׂאֵֽת 1 Agur says **quakes** and **hold up** here as extreme statements to emphasize how intolerable the things in the following verses are for **the earth**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “Because of three things … shudder, and because of four … to endure”
30:21 ix9o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אֶ֑רֶץ & לֹא־תוּכַ֥ל 1 Here, **the earth** and **it** refer to the people who live on **the earth**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the people on the earth … they are not able”
30:22 cxju rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole תַּֽחַת 1 See how you translated **under** in the previous verse.
30:22 xv9v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun עֶ֭בֶד כִּ֣י יִמְל֑וֹךְ וְ֝⁠נָבָ֗ל כִּ֣י יִֽשְׂבַּֽע 1 Here, **a slave**, **he**, and **a worthless one** refer types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use different expressions. Alternate translation: “any slave when that slave becomes king, and any worthless one when that person is satisfied with”
30:22 ugx5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יִֽשְׂבַּֽע 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “he gets enough”
30:22 gj88 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לָֽחֶם 1 See how you translated the same use of **bread** in [9:5](../09/05.md).
30:23 xpoc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole תַּ֣חַת 1 See how you translated **under** in [30:21](../30/21.md).
30:23 gbdb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun שְׂ֭נוּאָה כִּ֣י תִבָּעֵ֑ל וְ֝⁠שִׁפְחָ֗ה כִּֽי־תִירַ֥שׁ גְּבִרְתָּֽ⁠הּ 1 Here, **a hated woman**, **she**, and **a female servant**, and **her** refer to types of women in general, not specific women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use different expressions. Alternate translation: “any hated woman when that woman is married, and any female servant when that servant dispossesses her mistress”
30:23 tg9h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive כִּ֣י תִבָּעֵ֑ל 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “when someone marries her”
30:23 dwd5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit תִירַ֥שׁ גְּבִרְתָּֽ⁠הּ 1 Here, **dispossesses** refers to **a female servant** replacing her master’s wife as the lead woman of the household. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “she becomes her master’s wife in place of her mistress”
30:24 ts97 0 [30:24](../30/24.md)–[28](../30/28.md) is the fifth of six numerical sayings in this chapter. See the discussion of numerical sayings in the [General Notes](../30/intro.md) for this chapter.
30:24 z1xp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession קְטַנֵּי־אָ֑רֶץ 1 Here, Agur is using the possessive form to describe **small things** that exist on**the earth**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “are smalls things that exist on the earth”
30:24 lb0n rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry חֲכָמִ֥ים מְחֻכָּמִֽים 1 Here, **wise things being made wise** is an emphatic construction that uses a verb and its object that come from the same root. You may be able to use the same construction in your language to express the meaning here. Alternatively, your language may have another way of showing the emphasis.
30:25 d6lq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification עַ֣ם 1 Here, Agur refers to the whole species of **ants** as if they were a group of **people**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “are a species”
30:25 d14d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠יָּכִ֖ינוּ בַ⁠קַּ֣יִץ לַחְמָֽ⁠ם 1 See how you translated the similar phrase “prepares its bread in the summer” in [6:8](../06/08.md).
30:26 p11p rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown שְׁ֭פַנִּים 1 **Rock badgers** are small animals also called hyraxes that live in the cracks between rocks in the wilderness. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of animal, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “Small mammals that living among rocks”
30:26 m0h5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification עַ֣ם 1 See how you translated the same use of **people** in the previous verse.
30:26 miwy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun בַ⁠סֶּ֣לַע בֵּיתָֽ⁠ם 1 Although **house** and **the cliff** are singular, they refer to these things in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “their houses in the cliffs”
30:26 h4yr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification בֵּיתָֽ⁠ם 1 Here, Agur refers to the places where **Rock badgers** live as if those places were houses like humans live in. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “their dwelling places” or “their holes”
30:27 oauj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לָ⁠אַרְבֶּ֑ה & כֻּלּֽ⁠וֹ 1 Here, **the locust** and **it** represent locusts in general, not one particular **locust**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “for locusts … every one of them”
30:27 e63o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וַ⁠יֵּצֵ֖א חֹצֵ֣ץ 1 Here, Agur speaks of the orderly ways that locusts travel as if they were an army with soldiers who **go out divided into groups**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “but … move together in an organized manner” or “but … march ahead like ranks of soldiers”
30:28 l4zb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun שְׂ֭מָמִית & וְ֝⁠הִ֗יא & מֶֽלֶךְ 1 Here, **a lizard**, **it**, and **the king** represent lizards and kings in general, not one particular **lizard** or **king**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any lizard … yet any lizard … any king”
30:28 k92l rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown שְׂ֭מָמִית 1 A **lizard** is a small animal that crawls on the ground and can hide in houses. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of animal, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “a small crawling animal”
30:29 ofrb 0 [30:29](../30/29.md)–[31](../30/31.md) is the sixth of six numerical sayings in this chapter. See the discussion of numerical sayings in the [General Notes](../30/intro.md) for this chapter.
30:29 xyv8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism שְׁלֹשָׁ֣ה הֵ֭מָּה מֵיטִ֣יבֵי צָ֑עַד וְ֝⁠אַרְבָּעָ֗ה מֵיטִ֥בֵי לָֽכֶת 1 To make a comprehensive statement, Agur is using a rhetorical device in which the speaker names a number that should be sufficient to illustrate his point and then increases that number by one for emphasis. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Since the meaning of both clauses is the same, you could also combine them into one clause. See how you translated the similar use of **Three things** and **four** in [30:15](../30/15.md). Alternate translation: “These four things truly walk well”
30:29 vzhc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מֵיטִ֣יבֵי צָ֑עַד & מֵיטִ֥בֵי לָֽכֶת 1 The phrases **doing well of step** and **doing well of walking** both refer to animals or people who walk impressively. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “walk in an impressive manner … stride in a stately manner”
30:30 kr3o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לַ֭יִשׁ & וְ⁠לֹא־יָ֝שׁ֗וּב 1 Here, **a lion** and **it** refer to lions in general, not a specific **lion**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any lion … and that lion will not turn away”
30:30 jbsk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit גִּבּ֣וֹר בַּ⁠בְּהֵמָ֑ה 1 Here, **mighty among the animals** refers to being the mightiest animal among them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the mightiest animal”
30:30 iyck rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ⁠לֹא־יָ֝שׁ֗וּב מִ⁠פְּנֵי 1 Here, **turn away from the face** means “does not run away from” because one would have to **turn** one’s face away from the **face** of someone in order to run away from that person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and it will not run away from”
30:31 eunr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun זַרְזִ֣יר מָתְנַ֣יִם אוֹ־תָ֑יִשׁ וּ֝⁠מֶ֗לֶךְ אַלְק֥וּם עִמּֽ⁠וֹ 1 Here, **one girded of loans**, **a male goat**, **a king**, and **one** refer to animals or people in general, not specific animals or people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “those girded of loins, or any male goat, and any king against whom any person does not rise up”
30:31 f30z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom זַרְזִ֣יר מָתְנַ֣יִם 1 Many scholars believe that this is an idiom that refers to a rooster that struts proudly. Roosters are male birds that walk around in a proud manner. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of bird, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “strutting roosters” or “a male bird that struts proudly”
30:31 mnr8 אַלְק֥וּם עִמּֽ⁠וֹ 1 Some scholars believe that the phrase translated as **against whom one does not rise up** could also be translated as “whose army is with him.” If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT.\n
30:32 uf0a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְ⁠הִתְנַשֵּׂ֑א 1 Here, Agur speaks of someone honoring himself as if he were **lifting up* himself for everyone to see. If it would be helpful in your language, you cold express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “by honoring yourself”\n
30:32 pa5v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יָ֣ד לְ⁠פֶֽה 1 Here, Agur uses the phrase **a hand be to mouth** to refer to tell someone to stop doing something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “stop doing those things”
30:33 bu1w rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֤י 1 **For** here introduces the reason for obeying the command stated in the previous verse. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate reason. Alternate translation: “Stop doing these things because”
30:33 nj7p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִ֪יץ חָלָ֡ב י֘וֹצִ֤יא חֶמְאָ֗ה וּֽ⁠מִיץ־אַ֭ף י֣וֹצִיא דָ֑ם וּ⁠מִ֥יץ אַ֝פַּ֗יִם י֣וֹצִיא רִֽיב 1 Here, Agur mentions three cause-and-effect relationships in order to teach that doing what he described in the previous verse will have bad results. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a simile. Alternate translation: “just like the squeezing of milk brings out butter, and the squeezing of the nose brings out blood, and the squeezing of nostrils brings out strife, so does doing these things cause bad things to happen”
30:33 j0ly rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown מִ֪יץ חָלָ֡ב י֘וֹצִ֤יא חֶמְאָ֗ה 1 Here, Agur refers to stirring liquid milk until it thickens into a solid substance called **butter**. If your readers would not be familiar with milk or the process for making **butter**, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “stirring some liquids causes them to harden”
30:33 br10 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּ⁠מִ֥יץ אַ֝פַּ֗יִם 1 Here, **squeezing of nostrils** refers to making people angry. The word nostrils means “anger” by association with the way that a person who is angry breathes heavily through his nose, causing his nostrils to open wide. Your language and culture may also associate anger with a particular part of the body. If so, you could use an expression involving that part of the body in your translation. You could also use plain language. Alternate translation: “and making people foam at the mouth” or “and angering people”\n
30:33 fect rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor י֣וֹצִיא רִֽיב 1 Here, Agur refers to causing people to argue as if **strife** were an object that someone **brings out**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “causes strife between people”
30:33 qnrg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רִֽיב 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **strife** in [16:28](../16/28.md).
31:intro dd9p 0 # Proverbs 31 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 31 begins with 9 verses from King Lemuel. The last portion of this chapter is a poem about a godly wife. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]])\n\n### King Lemuel\n\nThis person is unknown in Scripture, other than here. It is important to recognize that the words in this chapter are words of his mother addressed to him. They are formed like advice of a mother to her son.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### An acrostic poem\n\nVerse 10 through 31 is tightly formed as a poem in the original language. There are 22 lines in the Hebrew language that each begin with a successive letter of the alphabet. However, each language will have a different set of letters. Therefore, it is important to realize this was a single composition with a single theme of a noble or godly wife.\n\n### Themes\n\nThere are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])
31:2 ag7f my son … son of my womb … son of my vows 0 The speaker wants the hearer to notice carefully and to respect the one who is talking to him.
31:2 ye5f son of my womb 0 The womb is a synecdoche for the person. It is best to use a polite term for the body part in which babies grow before they are born.

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