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Philippians TN proofreading edits through end of chapter 2 (#2248) 

Reviewed-on: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_tn/pulls/2248
Co-authored-by: Grant_Ailie <grant_ailie@noreply.door43.org>
Co-committed-by: Grant_Ailie <grant_ailie@noreply.door43.org>
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Grant_Ailie 2022-02-10 21:53:39 +00:00
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@ -117,81 +117,80 @@ PHP 1 29 qous figs-activepassive ὑμῖν ἐχαρίσθη τὸ 1 If it wou
PHP 1 30 x4z3 figs-abstractnouns τὸν αὐτὸν ἀγῶνα ἔχοντες 1 having the same struggle which you saw in me, and now you hear in me If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **struggle** by using a verb phrase, as the UST does, or by expressing the idea behind this word in some other way that would be clear in your language. Alternate translation: “as you contend with people who oppose you in the same way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 1 30 cewf figs-metaphor τὸν αὐτὸν ἀγῶνα ἔχοντες, οἷον εἴδετε ἐν ἐμοὶ 1 Here, the word **struggle** is a figurative way of referring to the conflict that Paul and the Philippian believers had with people who opposed them because of their faith. Paul speaks of it here as if it were a military battle or an athletic competition. If this would be unclear in your language you could state this in plain language. Alternate translation: “as you experience the same opposition from people that you saw that I experienced” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PHP 1 30 hnec figs-idiom εἴδετε ἐν ἐμοὶ, καὶ νῦν ἀκούετε ἐν ἐμοί 1 Here, the phrase **in me**, that occurs twice, refers both times to what Paul is experiencing. If this would be unclear in your language you can express this in a way that is understandable in your language. Alternate translation: “you saw me experience and now hear that I am experiencing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PHP 2 intro ixw8 0 # Philippians 2 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations, like the ULT, set apart the lines of verses 6-11. These verses describe the example of Christ. They teach important truths about the person of Jesus.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Practical instructions<br><br>In this chapter Paul gives many practical instructions to the church in Philippi.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “If there is any”<br><br>This appears to be a type of hypothetical statement. However, it is not a hypothetical statement, because it expresses something that is true. The translator may also translate this phrase as “Since there is.”
PHP 2 1 v4ns grammar-connect-words-phrases οὖν 1 The word **Therefore** indicates that what follows is the natural result or conclusion to what preceded it. Use the most natural word or phrase in your language to show this relationship. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
PHP 2 intro ixw8 0 # Philippians 2 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations, like the ULT, set apart the lines of verses 6-11. These verses describe the example of Christ. They teach important truths about the person of Jesus.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Practical instructions<br><br>In this chapter Paul gives many practical instructions to the church in Philippi.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “if there is any”<br><br>This appears to be a type of hypothetical statement. However, it is not a hypothetical statement, because it expresses something that is true. The translator may also translate this phrase as “Since there is.”
PHP 2 1 v4ns grammar-connect-words-phrases οὖν 1 The word **Therefore** indicates that what follows is the natural result or conclusion to what preceded it. Use the most natural form in your language to show this relationship. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
PHP 2 1 b1q7 figs-explicit εἴ τις…παράκλησις ἐν Χριστῷ, εἴ τι παραμύθιον ἀγάπης, εἴ τις κοινωνία Πνεύματος, εἴ τις σπλάγχνα καὶ οἰκτιρμοί 1 If there is any encouragement in Christ The phrase **if there is any**, which occurs one time in this verse, and the phrase **if any**, which occurs three times in this verse, appear to be hypothetical statements. However, they are not, because they each express things which are true. If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the meaning of these phrases explicitly. Alternate translation: “because of the encouragement which comes from Christ, because there is comfort from his love, because of the fellowship of the Spirit, because you have affections and compassions” or “since Christ has encouraged you, since there is comfort from his love, since there is fellowship in the Spirit, since you have affections and compassions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])<br>
PHP 2 1 xye5 figs-abstractnouns εἴ τις…παράκλησις ἐν Χριστῷ 1 Connecting Statement: If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **encouragement** by using a verbal form of this word. Alternate translation: “if Christ encourages you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 2 1 b1q7 figs-explicit εἴ τις…παράκλησις ἐν Χριστῷ 1 If there is any encouragement in Christ The phrase **if there is any encouragement in Christ** appears to be a hypothetical statement. However, it is not, because it expresses something that is true. If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the meaning of this phrase explicitly. Alternate translation: “because Christ encourages you” or “since Christ has encouraged you” or “because you are encouraged by being in Christ” or “since you are encouraged because of your union with Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])<br>
PHP 2 1 k1b2 εἴ τι παραμύθιον ἀγάπης 1 if any comfort of love Here, **love** probably refers to Christ’s love for the Philippians. Alternate translation: “if his love has given you any comfort” or “if his love for you has comforted you in any way”
PHP 2 1 del5 figs-ellipsis εἴ τι παραμύθιον ἀγάπης, εἴ τις κοινωνία Πνεύματος, εἴ τις σπλάγχνα καὶ οἰκτιρμοί 1 In the three occurrences of the phrase **if any** in this verse, the words “there is” are implied and can be supplied in your translation if omitting them would be unclear. Alternate translation: “if there is any comfort from love, if there is any fellowship of the Spirit, if there is any affections and compassions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PHP 2 1 m209 2 The phrase **if any** which occurs three times in this verse, appears to be a type of hypothetical statement. However, it is not, because it expresses something that is true. If it would be clearer in your language you may translate this phrase as “Since there is” or something similar. Alternate translation: (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 2 1 d63e figs-abstractnouns εἴ τι παραμύθιον ἀγάπης 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract nouns **comfort** and **love** by using them in a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “if Christ’s love for you has comforted you” or “if being loved by Christ has comforted you” or “if Christ’s love comforts you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 2 1 n82s εἴ τις…παράκλησις ἐν Χριστῷ 1 Connecting Statement: In the original language that Paul wrote this letter in the word **encouragement** could mean **encouragement** or it could mean “exhortation”, depending on the context it was used in. Here, the word encouragement could refer to: (1) “encouragement” (2) “exhortation” Alternate translation: “if there is any exhortation in Christ” (3) both the idea of “encouragement” and “exhortation” at the same time. Alternate translation: “if there is any encouragement and exhortation in Christ”
PHP 2 1 dapb figs-explicit εἴ τις…παράκλησις ἐν Χριστῷ 1 Connecting Statement: Here, the phrase, **encouragement in Christ** probably means the encouragement which Christ gives to believers because they are in union with him. If it would be clearer in your language, you could say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “because of the encouragement which comes from Christ” or “if Christ encourages you” or “because you are encouraged by being in Christ” or “since you are encouraged because of your union with Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 2 1 k1b2 figs-explicit εἴ τι παραμύθιον ἀγάπης 1 if any comfort of love Here, **love** probably refers to Christ’s love for the Philippians. Alternate translation: “if his love has given you any comfort” or “if his love for you has comforted you in any way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 2 1 del5 figs-ellipsis εἴ τι παραμύθιον ἀγάπης, εἴ τις κοινωνία Πνεύματος, εἴ τις σπλάγχνα καὶ οἰκτιρμοί 1 In the three occurrences of the phrase **if any** in this verse, the words “there is” are implied and can be supplied in your translation, if omitting them would be unclear. Alternate translation: “if there is any comfort from love, if there is any fellowship of the Spirit, if there is any affections and compassions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PHP 2 1 d63e figs-abstractnouns εἴ τι παραμύθιον ἀγάπης 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the ideas behind the abstract nouns **comfort** and **love** by using verbal forms of these words and/or using them in a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “if Christ’s love for you has comforted you” or “if being loved by Christ has comforted you” or “if Christ’s love comforts you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 2 1 ub8e figs-explicit εἴ τι παραμύθιον ἀγάπης<br> 1 The phrase **comfort of love** refers to the comfort which the Philippian believers received from Christ’s love. If it would be clearer in your language consider stating this explicitly. Alternate translation: “if you have received any comfort from Christ’s love” or “if Christ’s love comforts you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 2 1 m84k εἴ τις κοινωνία Πνεύματος 1 if any fellowship of the Spirit The phrase **fellowship of the Spirit** could refer to: (1) the Holy Spirit giving the Philippian Christians fellowship with each other. Alternate translation: “if the Spirit has produced any fellowship among you” or “if the Spirit has given you fellowship with each other” (2) the Philippian Christians fellowship with the Holy Spirit. Alternate translation: “if you have fellowship with the Spirit” (3) both the Holy Spirit giving the Philippian Christians fellowship with each other and to their having fellowship with the Holy Spirit. Alternate translation: “if you have any fellowship with the Spirit and the Spirit has produced in you any fellowship with each other”
PHP 2 1 quhq figs-abstractnouns εἴ τις κοινωνία Πνεύματος 1 if any fellowship of the Spirit If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **fellowship** by using it in a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “if the Spirit has produced any fellowship among you” or “if the Spirit has given you fellowship with each other” or see UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 2 1 l2px figs-abstractnouns εἴ τις σπλάγχνα καὶ οἰκτιρμοί 1 if any affections and compassions If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract nouns **affections** and **compassions** by using them in a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “if you feel any affection and compassion for one another” or “if you have any affection and compassion for each other” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 2 2 j5v2 πληρώσατέ μου τὴν χαρὰν 1 Alternate translation: “make me very happy”
PHP 2 1 u3dz figs-explicit σπλάγχνα καὶ οἰκτιρμοί 1 if any affections and compassions The phrase **if any affections and compassions** probably refers to the Philippian believers affection and compassion toward each other. If it would be clearer in your language consider stating this explicitly. Alternate translation: “if you have any affection and compassion toward one another” or see UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 2 2 j5v2 figs-abstractnouns πληρώσατέ μου τὴν χαρὰν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **joy**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **joy** by using an adjective or verb. Alternate translation: “make me overflow with happiness” or see UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 2 2 jxq2 τὸ αὐτὸ φρονῆτε 1 fulfill my joy Alternate translation: “you think together as one”
PHP 2 2 ve0w τὴν αὐτὴν ἀγάπην ἔχοντες 1 Alternate translation: “have love for each other” or “love one another”
PHP 2 2 yo7j σύνψυχοι 1 Alternate translation: “be one in spirit” or “be one in heart and will”
PHP 2 2 ve0w figs-abstractnouns τὴν αὐτὴν ἀγάπην ἔχοντες 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **love** you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **love** with an adjective or verb. Alternate translation: “love each other” or see UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 2 2 yo7j figs-idiom σύνψυχοι 1 Paul asking the Philippian believers to be **united in soul** is a figurative way of asking them to be unified and agree about what is important. If this would be misunderstood in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “be one in spirit” or “be one in heart and will” or “agree about what is important” or “be unified” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PHP 2 2 b8gz τὸ ἓν φρονοῦντες 1 Alternate translation: “be concerned about the same things”
PHP 2 3 p0v0 μηδὲν κατ’ ἐριθείαν 1 Alternate translation: “Do not be selfishly ambitious” or “Never try to make yourselves more important than others” or “Do not do anything with an attitude of self-importance”
PHP 2 3 y1le μηδὲ κατὰ κενοδοξίαν 1 Alternate translation: “or with empty pride”
PHP 2 3 xmey figs-abstractnouns μηδὲ κατὰ κενοδοξίαν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **conceit** by using an adjective or some other way. Alternate translation: “or with prideful motives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 2 3 kzj6 figs-abstractnouns ἀλλὰ τῇ ταπεινοφροσύνῃ ἀλλήλους ἡγούμενοι ὑπερέχοντας ἑαυτῶν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **humility** by using an adjective or some other way. Alternate translation: “but rather act in a humble way by considering others more important than yourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 2 4 ezk6 μὴ τὰ ἑαυτῶν ἕκαστος σκοποῦντες, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὰ ἑτέρων ἕκαστοι 1 each one not considering the things of himself, but also the things of each other Alternate translation: “each of you caring not only about what you need, but also about what others need”
PHP 2 4 nowd figs-explicit ἕκαστος 1 The phrase **each one** here means “each person”. If it would be clearer in your language consider saying this explicitly. Alternate translation: “each of you” or “everyone of you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 2 4 nowd figs-explicit ἕκαστος 1 The phrase **each one** here means “each person” and refers to the Philippian believers. If it would be clearer in your language consider stating this explicitly. Alternate translation: “everyone of you” or “each of you” or see UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 2 4 ob45 μὴ…σκοποῦντες 1 Alternate translation: “not thinking about”
PHP 2 4 l3q0 figs-pronouns ἑαυτῶν 1 Here, the reflexive pronoun **themselves** is plural in form. If your language has a plural form for this pronoun, consider using it here. Alternate translation: “of yourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
PHP 2 4 qmzl figs-rpronouns ἑαυτῶν 1 Here, the reflexive pronoun **themselves** refers back to **each one**. Alternate translation: “of yourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
PHP 2 4 l3q0 figs-pronouns ἑαυτῶν 1 Here, the reflexive pronoun **themselves** is plural in form in the original language that Paul wrote this letter in. If your language has a plural form for this pronoun, consider using it here. Alternate translation: “of yourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
PHP 2 4 qmzl figs-rpronouns ἑαυτῶν 1 Here, the reflexive pronoun **themselves** refers back to **each one** at the beginning of the verse. Alternate translation: “of yourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
PHP 2 5 pqdc τοῦτο φρονεῖτε ἐν ὑμῖν, ὃ καὶ ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ 1 Alternate translation: “Have the same attitude that Christ Jesus had”
PHP 2 5 rh98 figs-abstractnouns τοῦτο φρονεῖτε ἐν ὑμῖν, ὃ καὶ ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ 1 Have this attitude in you which also was in Christ Jesus If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **attitude** with a verb such as “think.” Alternate translation: “Think about one another the way Christ Jesus thought of people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 2 5 tdb2 figs-yousingular ὑμῖν 1 See how you translated **you** in the previous verses. In this letter, with one exception, the words **you** and **your** are plural and refer to the Philippian Christians. If your language uses different forms to show when “you” and “your” refer to one person and when they refer to more than one person, use the plural form that would be appropriate in your language in this occurrence and all other occurrences of “you” and “your” in this letter, except for in [4:3](../04/3.md). A note will discuss the one exception in [4:3](../04/3.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
PHP 2 5 kwoe figs-yousingular τοῦτο φρονεῖτε 1 This is a command or instruction to all of the Philippian Christians. Use the most natural form in your language to give direction to a group of people. Alternate translation: “Everyone of you have this attitude” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
PHP 2 5 acmu figs-explicit ὃ καὶ ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ 1 Here, the phrase **attitude…in Christ Jesus** means the attitude and disposition which existed in Christ Jesus and therefore characterized his behavior. The phrase **this attitude…which also was in Christ Jesus** therefore refers to the attitude or way of thinking that belonged to Christ Jesus. Alternate translation: “which also belonged to Christ Jesus” or “which Christ Jesus also had” or “which Christ Jesus also displayed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 2 6 hs4q ἐν μορφῇ Θεοῦ ὑπάρχων 1 existing in the form of God Alternate translation: “though everything that is true of God was true of him”
PHP 2 6 xo2l ἐν μορφῇ Θεοῦ ὑπάρχων 1 The phrase **existing in the form of God** means that Jesus had the very nature of God. It does not mean that Jesus only appeared to be God but was not. This phrase is saying that Jesus was fully God. The rest of this verse, and the next two verses, explain that Jesus, while being fully God, humbled himself and acted as a servant in obedience to God. Avoid any translation that would suggest that Jesus was not fully God. Alternate translation: “being fully God”
PHP 2 6 els2 ἁρπαγμὸν 1 did not consider being equal with God something to be grasped Alternate translation: “something to be held onto” or “something to be retained”
PHP 2 5 acmu figs-explicit τοῦτο φρονεῖτε ἐν ὑμῖν, ὃ καὶ ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ 1 Here, the phrase **Have this attitude in you which was also in Christ Jesus** means to have the same attitude and disposition which existed in Christ Jesus and therefore characterized his behavior. The phrase **this attitude…which also was in Christ Jesus** therefore refers to the attitude or way of thinking that belonged to Christ Jesus. If your readers would misunderstand this phrase consider stating it explicitly. Alternate translation: “Have the same attitude which belonged to Christ Jesus” or “Have the same attitude which Christ Jesus also had” or “Have the same attitude which Christ Jesus also displayed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 2 6 xo2l ἐν μορφῇ Θεοῦ ὑπάρχων 1 The phrase **existing in the form of God** means that Jesus had the very nature of God. It does not mean that Jesus only appeared to be God but was not. This phrase is saying that Jesus was fully God. The rest of this verse, and the next two verses, explain that Jesus, while being fully God, humbled himself and acted as a servant in obedience to God. Avoid any translation that would suggest that Jesus was not fully God. Alternate translation: “being fully God” or “though everything that is true of God is true of him”
PHP 2 6 kd1l οὐχ…ἡγήσατο 1 Alternate translation: “did not think” or “did not regard”
PHP 2 7 x5rt grammar-connect-logic-contrast ἀλλὰ 1 The word **Instead** introduces a contrast between the preceding clause in [2:6](../02/6.md) and what is expressed about Jesus in this verse and the next two verses. The contrast is made between the choice of hanging onto divine rights and privileges or choosing to surrender them. The rest of this verse, as well as the following two verses, explain how Jesus gave up many of his divine rights and privileges to act as a servant. Alternate translation: “On the contrary” or “Rather” of “But” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
PHP 2 7 kvjd writing-pronouns ἀλλὰ ἑαυτὸν ἐκένωσεν 1 Here, the pronoun **he** refers to Jesus. Alternate translation: “Instead, Jesus emptied himself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
PHP 2 6 els2 ἁρπαγμὸν 1 did not consider being equal with God something to be grasped Alternate translation: “something to be held onto” or “something to be retained”
PHP 2 7 x5rt grammar-connect-logic-contrast ἀλλὰ 1 The word **Instead** introduces a contrast between the preceding clause in [2:6](../02/6.md) and what is expressed about Jesus in this verse and the next two verses. The contrast is made between the option of hanging onto divine rights and privileges and Jesus choice to surrender them. Choose the best form in your language to show the contrast that **Instead** expresses here. Alternate translation: “On the contrary” or “Rather” of “But instead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
PHP 2 7 kvjd writing-pronouns ἀλλὰ ἑαυτὸν ἐκένωσεν 1 Here, the pronoun **he** refers to Jesus. If your readers would misunderstand this, consider the best way to express the meaning of **he** to show that it refers to Jesus. Alternate translation: “Instead, Jesus emptied himself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
PHP 2 7 c64i figs-rpronouns ἑαυτὸν ἐκένωσεν 1 Here, the reflexive pronoun **himself** refers to Jesus and is used to emphasize the fact that Jesus freely and intentionally chose to empty himself of divine rights and privileges. Consider the best way, in your language, to express the emphatic element of this pronoun. Alternate translation: “he willingly set aside divine privileges” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
PHP 2 7 yu25 figs-metaphor ἑαυτὸν ἐκένωσεν 1 he emptied himself Here, Paul saying that Christ **emptied himself** is figurative and not literal. By using this phrase, Paul is vividly expressing that Christ chose to give up many of his divine rights and privileges when he became human. The phrase **emptied himself** is a figurative way of saying that Jesus chose to give up divine privileges and honors. Paul expresses this in a metaphorical way in order to more vividly make his point. If this would be unclear in your language consider using a similar expression that would be clear in your language or use plain language. Alternate translation: “he gave up divine rights and privileges” or “he willingly set aside divine privileges” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PHP 2 7 s95d ἑαυτὸν ἐκένωσεν, μορφὴν δούλου λαβών 1 The phrase **having taken the form of a servant** modifies the phrase **he emptied himself** by explaining just how Jesus emptied himself, namely by acting as a servant. Consider the best way, in your language, to show the connection between these two phrases. Alternate translation: “Jesus emptied himself by acting as a servant” or “he emptied himself by becoming a servant”
PHP 2 7 r5dn μορφὴν δούλου λαβών 1 The phrase **having taken the form of a servant** means that Jesus acted as a servant while on earth. It does not mean that Jesus simply appeared to be a servant.
PHP 2 7 qetl ἐν ὁμοιώματι ἀνθρώπων γενόμενος 1 The phrase **having been born in the likeness of men** means that Jesus became a human being. It does not mean that Jesus only appeared to be human. Rather, it means that Jesus who always existed as God, chose to take on a human body and therefore he appeared on earth in human form. Alternate translation: “having become a human being” or see UST.
PHP 2 7 tc8n figs-gendernotations ἐν ὁμοιώματι ἀνθρώπων 1 in the likeness of men Here, the word **men** is emphasizing the idea of Jesus’ humanity rather than his gender. The word **men** is plural in form to emphasize the idea that Jesus resembled humanity in general. If your language has a way of expressing this emphasis on Jesus’ humanity, consider the most clear way to express this. Alternate translation: “in the likeness of human beings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
PHP 2 7 yu25 figs-metaphor ἑαυτὸν ἐκένωσεν 1 he emptied himself Here, Paul saying that Christ **emptied himself** is figurative and not literal. By using this phrase, Paul is vividly expressing that Christ chose to give up many of his divine rights and privileges when he became human. The phrase **emptied himself** is a figurative way of saying that Jesus chose to give up divine privileges and honors. Paul expresses this in a metaphorical way in order to more vividly make his point. If this would be misunderstood in your language, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture or use plain language. Alternate translation: “he gave up divine rights and privileges” or “he willingly set aside divine privileges” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PHP 2 7 r5dn μορφὴν δούλου λαβών 1 The phrase **having taken the form of a servant** means that Jesus acted as a servant while on earth. It does not mean that Jesus simply appeared to be a servant. If this would be misunderstood by your readers consider using an equivalent expression from your language or state this in plain language. Alternative translation, “and acted as a servant” or see UST.
PHP 2 7 qetl ἐν ὁμοιώματι ἀνθρώπων γενόμενος 1 The phrase **having been born in the likeness of men** means that Jesus became a human being. It does not mean that Jesus only appeared to be human. Rather, it means that Jesus who always existed as God, chose to take on a human body and appear on earth in human form. If your readers would misunderstand this consider saying this in plain language. Alternate translation: “having become a human being” or see UST.
PHP 2 7 tc8n figs-gendernotations ἐν ὁμοιώματι ἀνθρώπων 1 in the likeness of men Here, the word **men** is emphasizing the idea of Jesus’ humanity rather than his gender. The word **men** is plural in form to emphasize the idea that Jesus resembled humanity in general. Consider the best way in your language to express this emphasis on Jesus’ humanity. Alternate translation: “in the likeness of human beings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
PHP 2 7 uizd καὶ σχήματι εὑρεθεὶς ὡς ἄνθρωπος 1 The phrase **having been found in appearance as a man** does not mean that Jesus appeared to be a man but was not. Rather, this phrase continues the thought of the the previous phrase **having been born in the likeness of men** and means that Jesus became a human being and therefore was fully human in appearance. The phrase **in appearance**, points out that Jesus was fully human in appearance but also indicates that while being fully human, Jesus was distinct from the rest of humanity because he retained his full deity while being human; and therefore was both human and divine at the same time. Alternate translation: “and while being found in the form of a human being” or see UST.
PHP 2 7 jmr8 figs-gendernotations ἄνθρωπος 1 Here, the word **man** is emphasizing the idea of Jesus’ humanity rather than his gender. If your language has a way of expressing this emphasis on Jesus’ humanity, consider using the term that would most clearly express this. Alternate translation: “a human being” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
PHP 2 8 t8a6 ἐταπείνωσεν ἑαυτὸν, γενόμενος ὑπήκοος μέχρι θανάτου 1 having become obedient to the point of death The phrase **having become** could be: (1) introducing the way Jesus **humbled himself**, namely that he humbled himself by becoming **obedient to the point of death**. Alternate translation: “Jesus humbled himself by becoming obedient to the point of dying” or “Jesus humbled himself this way, by obeying to the point of death” (2) explaining what the phrase **he humbled himself** refers to. If this is how this phrase is being used then **having become** is clarifying that **he humbled himself** by **death on a cross**. Alternate translation: “he humbled himself, specifically, by being obeying to the point of death”
PHP 2 8 ttys figs-rpronouns ἑαυτὸν 1 The word **himself** is a reflexive pronoun which refers to Jesus. The reflexive pronoun **himself** is used here to emphasize Jesus’ action of humbling himself. Consider the best way, in your language, to express the emphatic element of this pronoun. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
PHP 2 8 r5f0 figs-abstractnouns γενόμενος ὑπήκοος μέχρι θανάτου 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **obey** with a verb such as “obeying”. Alternate translation: “having obeyed to the point of death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 2 8 hi57 figs-abstractnouns θανάτου δὲ σταυροῦ 1 even death on a cross If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **death** with a verb such as “dying”. Alternate translation: “even to dying on a cross” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 2 8 flk2 θανάτου δὲ σταυροῦ 1 The word **even** combined with the repetition of the word **death** emphasize that dying on a cross was considered extremely humiliating. Paul’s readers would have been familiar with crucifixion and understood that it was very humiliating. This phrase emphasizes that Jesus’ death on the cross showed the great extent of his humility and obedience. Think about the best way, in your language, to show the emphatic nature of this phrase. Alternate translation: “even to death on a cross” or “even as so far as dying on a cross” or “even to the extent of dying on a cross”
PHP 2 9 f3ek grammar-connect-logic-result διὸ 1 The word **Therefore** introduces the result of Jesus humbling himself. How Jesus humbled himself is described in [2:6-8](../2/6-8.md). What follows the word **Therefore** is the result of what Jesus did in [2:6-8](../2/6-8.md). The word **Therefore** shows the reason and result relationship between what comes before this word and what follows it. Choose the best way in your language to express the reason and result relationship expressed by the word **Therefore**. Alternate translation: “Because of this” or “Because Jesus acted this way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
PHP 2 7 jmr8 figs-gendernotations ἄνθρωπος 1 Here, the word **man** is emphasizing the idea of Jesus’ humanity rather than his gender. If your language has a way of expressing this emphasis on Jesus’ humanity, consider using the term that would most clearly express this. See how you translated the word **men** earlier in this verse. Alternate translation: “a human being” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
PHP 2 8 t8a6 ἐταπείνωσεν ἑαυτὸν, γενόμενος ὑπήκοος μέχρι θανάτου 1 having become obedient to the point of death The phrase **having become** clarifies or introduces the way that Jesus **humbled himself**. Choose the most natural form in your language to express this meaning. Alternate translation: “Jesus humbled himself by becoming obedient to the point of dying” or “Jesus humbled himself this way, by obeying to the point of death” or “Jesus humbled himself, specifically, by obeying God to the point of death”
PHP 2 8 ttys figs-rpronouns ἑαυτὸν 1 The word **himself** is a reflexive pronoun which refers to Jesus. The reflexive pronoun **himself** is used here to emphasize Jesus’ action of humbling himself. Consider the best way in your language to express the emphatic element of this pronoun. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
PHP 2 8 r5f0 figs-abstractnouns γενόμενος ὑπήκοος μέχρι θανάτου, θανάτου δὲ σταυροῦ 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the two occurrences in this verse of the abstract noun **death** with a verb such as “dying”. Alternate translation: “having become obedient to the point of dying, even dying on a cross” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 2 8 flk2 θανάτου δὲ σταυροῦ 1 The phrase **even death on a cross** emphasizes that dying on a cross was very humiliating. By using the word **even** and repeating the word **death** Paul is emphasizing the great extent of Jesus’ humility and obedience. Think about the best way in your language to show the emphasis of the phrase **even death on a cross**. Alternate translation: “even so far as dying on a cross” or “even to the extent of dying on a cross”
PHP 2 9 f3ek grammar-connect-logic-result διὸ 1 The word **Therefore** introduces the result of Jesus humbling himself. How Jesus humbled himself is described in [2:6-8](../2/6-8.md). What follows the word **Therefore** is the result of what Jesus humbling himself. The word **Therefore** shows the reason and result relationship between what comes before this word and what follows it. Choose the form in your language that best expresses the reason and result relationship expressed by the word **Therefore**. Alternate translation: “Because of this” or “Because Jesus acted this way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
PHP 2 9 wmvd αὐτὸν ὑπερύψωσεν 1 Alternate translation: “greatly honored him”
PHP 2 9 qsy9 καὶ ἐχαρίσατο αὐτῷ τὸ ὄνομα τὸ ὑπὲρ πᾶν ὄνομα 1 above every name Alternate translation: “and gave him the position that was higher than any other position”
PHP 2 9 mvb7 figs-metonymy τὸ ὄνομα τὸ ὑπὲρ πᾶν ὄνομα 1 the name that is above every name Here, **name** is a metonym that refers to status or position. Alternate translation: “the position that is above every other position” or “the rank that is above every other rank” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PHP 2 10 b3ai grammar-connect-logic-result ἵνα 1 The phrase **so that** connects this verse with the preceding verse, [2:9](../02/9.md), and shows that this verse and the next verse are the result of [2:9](../02/9.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
PHP 2 10 tk45 figs-idiom ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι Ἰησοῦ, πᾶν γόνυ κάμψῃ 1 at the name of Jesus every knee would bend Here, every knee bending is an idiomatic way of saying that Jesus will be worshiped and honored. If this would be clear in your language consider using this expression but if it would not be clear in your language consider using an equivalent expression to communicate the the idea of worship. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PHP 2 10 xz1u figs-metonymy ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι Ἰησοῦ, πᾶν γόνυ κάμψῃ 1 at the name of Jesus every knee would bend Here, **at the name of** is a metonym for the person, telling who it is they will worship. Alternate translation: “every person will worship Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PHP 2 10 ec1a ὀνόματι 1 See how you translated **name** in [2:9](../02/9.md).
PHP 2 10 xn7a ἐπουρανίων καὶ ἐπιγείων καὶ καταχθονίων 1 The phrase **in heaven and on earth and under the earth** literally means “of heavenly things and of earthly things and of things under the earth” or “of heavenly beings and of earthly beings and of beings under the earth”. This phrase refers to all beings, including human beings and angels. This phrase emphasizes that all beings everywhere will bow in reverence to Jesus. Alternate translation: “every being in heaven, and on earth, and under the earth”
PHP 2 11 xy4f figs-metonymy πᾶσα γλῶσσα ἐξομολογήσηται 1 every tongue Here, Paul uses the word **tongue** figuratively to represent the mouth and what comes out of the mouth. Paul is figuratively describing what is said by associating it with the the tongue. If this is not clear in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “every mouth will declare” or “every being will say” or “everyone will say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PHP 2 9 mvb7 figs-metonymy τὸ ὄνομα τὸ ὑπὲρ πᾶν ὄνομα 1 the name that is above every name Here, **name** is a metonym that refers to the status or position associated with someones name. Alternate translation: “the position that is above every other position” or “the position that was higher than any other position” or “the rank that is above every other rank” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PHP 2 10 b3ai grammar-connect-logic-result ἵνα 1 The phrase **so that** connects this verse with the preceding verse, [2:9](../02/9.md), and shows that this verse and the next verse are the result of [2:9](../02/9.md). Use the most natural form in your language to show this connection. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
PHP 2 10 tk45 figs-idiom ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι Ἰησοῦ, πᾶν γόνυ κάμψῃ 1 at the name of Jesus every knee would bend Here, every knee bending is an idiomatic way of saying that Jesus will be worshiped and honored. If this would be clear in your language consider using this expression but if it would be misunderstood in your language consider using an equivalent expression to communicate the the idea of worship. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PHP 2 10 xz1u figs-metonymy ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι Ἰησοῦ, πᾶν γόνυ κάμψῃ 1 at the name of Jesus every knee would bend Here, **name** is a metonym for the person, telling who it is they will worship. Alternate translation: “before the person of Jesus” or “every person and being will worship Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PHP 2 10 xn7a ἐπουρανίων καὶ ἐπιγείων καὶ καταχθονίων 1 The phrase **in heaven and on earth and under the earth** literally means “of heavenly things and of earthly things and of things under the earth” or “of heavenly beings and of earthly beings and of beings under the earth”. This phrase refers to all beings, including human beings and angels. This phrase emphasizes that all beings everywhere will bow in reverence to Jesus. Consider the best way to express this in your language. Alternate translation: “every being in heaven, and on earth, and under the earth”
PHP 2 11 xy4f figs-metonymy πᾶσα γλῶσσα ἐξομολογήσηται 1 every tongue Here, Paul uses the word **tongue** figuratively to represent the mouth and what comes out of the mouth. Paul is figuratively describing what is said by associating it with the the tongue. If this is not clear in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or use plain language. Alternate translation: “every mouth will declare” or “every being will say” or “everyone will say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PHP 2 11 mr2i grammar-connect-logic-goal εἰς δόξαν Θεοῦ Πατρὸς 1 to the glory of God the Father Here, the word **to** expresses result. Alternate translation: “with the result that God the Father will be honored” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
PHP 2 12 jnp3 grammar-connect-words-phrases ὥστε 1 Connecting Statement: The phrase **So then** shows that [2:5-11](../2/5-11.md) is logically connected to [2:12-18](../2/12-18.md). The phrase **So then** introduces this section [2:12-18](../2/12-18.md) in which Paul gives practical directions regarding how the Philippian Christians should apply what Paul wrote about in [2:5-11](../2/5-11.md). The phrase **So then** shows that what follows it is the desired result of what precedes it in [2:5-11](../2/5-11.md). Consider the best word or phrase, in your language, to express the meaning of this phrase. Alternate translation: “Therefore” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
PHP 2 12 e359 ἀγαπητοί μου 1 my beloved Here, the word **beloved** refers to the Christians in Philippi. Paul uses this word to express how much he loves the Christians in Philippi. Consider the using an equivalent phrase in your language that would express love and affection. Alternate translation: “my dear fellow believers”
PHP 2 12 c1ix ὡς ἐν τῇ παρουσίᾳ μου 1 in my presence “when I am there with you”
PHP 2 12 u5ng ἐν τῇ ἀπουσίᾳ μου 1 in my absence “when I am not there with you”
PHP 2 12 j897 figs-abstractnouns μετὰ φόβου καὶ τρόμου τὴν ἑαυτῶν σωτηρίαν κατεργάζεσθε 1 work out your own salvation with fear and trembling The abstract noun **salvation** can be expressed with a phrase about God saving people. If using the abstract noun **salvation** would not make sense in your language consider another way to express this idea such as using a verbal form, an adverb, or an adjective to describe God’s saving work. Alternate translation: “with fear and trembling, continue to work hard to do what is proper for those whom God saves” or “with awe and reverence for God, work to do good things as those whom God has saved” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 2 12 cm1s figs-doublet μετὰ φόβου καὶ τρόμου 1 with fear and trembling Paul uses the words **fear** and **trembling** together to show the attitude of reverence that people should have for God. Consider the best way to express this idea in your language. These words have very similar meanings so you may express them as one idea or translate them as two separate expressions. Consider what would be most clear in your language. Alternate translation: “with awe and reverence for God” or “with deep reverence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PHP 2 13 fc9l ἐνεργῶν 1 In the original language Paul wrote this letter in, the word **working** expresses continuous action and highlights the ongoing nature of God’s work in believers. Consider the best way to express the continuous nature of this word in your language. Alternate translation: “continually working”
PHP 2 13 wgc1 figs-yousingular Θεὸς γάρ ἐστιν ὁ ἐνεργῶν ἐν ὑμῖν 1 The word **you** is plural and refers to the Philippian believers. See how you translated **you** in the previous verses. In this letter, with one exception, the words **you** and **your** are plural and refer to the Philippian Christians. If your language uses different forms to show when “you” and “your” refer to one person and when they refer to more than one person, use the plural form that would be appropriate in your language in this occurrence and all other occurrences of “you” and “your” in this letter, except for in [4:3](../04/3.md). Alternate translation: “For God is working in the hearts of each of you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
PHP 2 11 equs figs-abstractnouns εἰς δόξαν Θεοῦ Πατρὸς 1 to the glory of God the Father If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **glory**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **glory** by using a verbal form of this word or in some other way. Alternate translation: See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 2 12 jnp3 grammar-connect-words-phrases ὥστε 1 Connecting Statement: The phrase **So then** shows that [2:5-11](../2/5-11.md) is logically connected to [2:12-18](../2/12-18.md). The phrase **So then** introduces this section [2:12-18](../2/12-18.md) in which Paul gives practical directions regarding how the Philippian Christians should apply what Paul wrote about in [2:5-11](../2/5-11.md). The phrase **So then** shows that what follows it is the desired result of what preceded it in [2:5-11](../2/5-11.md). Use the most natural form in your language to show this relationship. Alternate translation: “Therefore” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
PHP 2 12 e359 ἀγαπητοί μου 1 my beloved Here, the word **beloved** refers to the believers in Philippi. Paul uses this word to express how much he loves the believers in Philippi. If this would be misunderstood in your language, you could use an equivalent phrase in your language that expresses love and affection. Alternate translation: “my dear fellow believers”
PHP 2 12 c1ix ὡς ἐν τῇ παρουσίᾳ μου 1 in my presence Alternate translation: “when I am there with you”
PHP 2 12 u5ng ἐν τῇ ἀπουσίᾳ μου 1 in my absence Alternate translation: “when I am not there with you”
PHP 2 12 j897 figs-abstractnouns μετὰ φόβου καὶ τρόμου τὴν ἑαυτῶν σωτηρίαν κατεργάζεσθε 1 work out your own salvation with fear and trembling If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **salvation**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **salvation** by using a verbal form of this word or expressing it in some other way which describes God’s saving work. Alternate translation: “with fear and trembling, continue to work hard to do what is proper for those whom God saves” or “with awe and reverence for God, work to do good things as those whom God has saved” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 2 12 cm1s figs-doublet μετὰ φόβου καὶ τρόμου 1 with fear and trembling Paul uses the words **fear** and **trembling** together to show the attitude of reverence that people should have for God. Consider the best way to express this idea in your language. These words have very similar meanings, so you can express them as one idea or translate them as two separate expressions. Alternate translation: “with awe and reverence for God” or “with deep reverence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PHP 2 13 fc9l ἐνεργῶν 1 In the original language that Paul wrote this letter in, the word **working** expresses continuous action and emphasizes the ongoing nature of God’s work in believers. Consider the best way to express the continuous nature of this word in your language. Alternate translation: “continually working”
PHP 2 13 qy5x figs-extrainfo ἐν ὑμῖν 1 The phrase **in you** could refer to: (1) God working individually within the heart of each of the Philippian believers. See UST. (2) God working among the Philippian believers as a whole. Alternate translation: “among you” (3) both option one and two simultaneously. Alternate translation: “in and among you”. If your language allows you to keep the object of God’s work ambiguous, as it is in the ULT, this is the preferable option. If your language does not allow for this, choose one of the options above. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]])
PHP 2 13 m6b8 καὶ τὸ θέλειν, καὶ τὸ ἐνεργεῖν, ὑπὲρ τῆς εὐδοκίας 1 both to will and to work for his good pleasure Alternate translation: “to enable you to both desire to do, and to do, the things which him happy” or “so that you will want to do what pleases him, and will be able to do what pleases him”
PHP 2 14 gy6p figs-yousingular πάντα ποιεῖτε χωρὶς γογγυσμῶν καὶ διαλογισμῶν 1 The phrase **Do all things without** is a command or instruction to all of the Philippian Christians. Use the most natural form in your language to give direction to a group of people. Alternate translation: “Every one of you, make sure that you do not complain or argue in anything you do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
PHP 2 15 z2lz figs-doublet ἄμεμπτοι καὶ ἀκέραιοι 1 blameless and pure The words **blameless** and **pure** are very similar in meaning and are used together to emphasize the idea of living a morally pure life. You may translate these words individually, as the ULT does, or combine them together into one idea and express their meaning together as a single expression. Consider what would be most clear in your language. Alternate translation: “completely innocent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PHP 2 15 sp0g τέκνα Θεοῦ 1 The phrase **children of God** refers to Christians. This phrase does not refer to biological children. Consider the best way to express this idea in your language. Alternate translation: “God’s spiritual children” or “spiritual children of God”
PHP 2 15 naly figs-abstractnouns ἄμωμα 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **blemish** with an adjective such as “faultless” or “unstained” or by using a verbal phrase that would express the idea of not doing or participating in evil. Alternate translation: “faultless” or “unstained” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 2 15 im15 ἄμωμα 1 The phrase **without blemish** means to be free from flaws or defects. Here, the phrase **without blemish** specifically means to be free from moral flaws or corruption. Consider using an equivalent phrase from your language that would make sense in this context or use plain language. Alternate translation: “who abstain from all evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 2 15 jb7y figs-doublet μέσον γενεᾶς σκολιᾶς καὶ διεστραμμένης 1 in the world, in the midst of a crooked and depraved generation The words **crooked** and **depraved** are used together to emphasize the idea of extreme sinfulness. These two words are very similar in meaning. You may translate these words individually, as the ULT does, or combine them together into one idea and express their meaning together as a single expression. Consider what would be most clear in your language. Alternate translation: “among people who are very sinful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PHP 2 15 f957 figs-explicit ἐν οἷς φαίνεσθε ὡς φωστῆρες ἐν κόσμῳ 1 Here, the word **world** refers to the people living in the world. If this would be unclear in your language, consider stating this using an equivalent expression from your language or use plain language. Alternate translation: “among whom you shine as lights before the people of the world, in the midst of an evil generation” or “among whom you shine as lights, as you live in the midst of the crooked and perverse people of this world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 2 15 p71u figs-metaphor φαίνεσθε ὡς φωστῆρες ἐν κόσμῳ 1 you shine as lights in the world Here, the word light represents truth and living in a righteous way that points to what is true and good. Light, is often used metaphorically in the Bible to represent truth and righteous living that aligns with truth. In the Bible, light is often contrasted with darkness, which represents falsehood and living according to it. To **shine as lights in the world** means to live in a way that helps people see God’s truth and character. If this would not be clear in your language, consider using an equivalent expression from your language that would clearly express the idea behind this phrase. Alternate translation: “you will be examples of God’s goodness and truth in the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PHP 2 15 z2lz figs-doublet ἄμεμπτοι καὶ ἀκέραιοι 1 blameless and pure The words **blameless** and **pure** are very similar in meaning and are used together to emphasize the idea of living a morally pure life. You may translate these words individually, as the ULT does, or combine them together into one idea and express their meaning together as a single expression. Consider what would be most natural in your language. Alternate translation: “completely innocent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PHP 2 15 sp0g figs-metaphor τέκνα Θεοῦ 1 The phrase **children of God** is a metaphorical way of describing people who have entered into a father-child relationship with God by putting their faith and trust in Jesus. Here, the word **children** does not refer to those who are young, but only to the relationship that people have at any age to their father. If you translate **children** using a literal term, choose a word that can refer to people of any age in relation to their father. Alternate translation: “God’s spiritual children” or “spiritual children of God” (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor)
PHP 2 15 im15 figs-explicit ἄμωμα 1 The phrase **without blemish** means to be free from flaws or defects. Here, the phrase **without blemish** specifically means to be free from moral flaws or corruption. Consider using an equivalent phrase from your language that would be understood in this context or use plain language. Alternate translation: “who abstain from all evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 2 15 jb7y figs-doublet μέσον γενεᾶς σκολιᾶς καὶ διεστραμμένης 1 in the world, in the midst of a crooked and depraved generation The words **crooked** and **depraved** are used together to emphasize the idea of extreme sinfulness. These two words are very similar in meaning. You may translate these words individually, as the ULT does, or combine them together into one idea and express their meaning together as a single expression. Consider what would be most natural in your language. Alternate translation: “among people who are very sinful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PHP 2 15 f957 figs-metonymy ἐν οἷς φαίνεσθε ὡς φωστῆρες ἐν κόσμῳ 1 Paul is figuratively describing people by associating them with the world in which they live. If this would be misunderstood in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or use plain language. Alternate translation: “among whom you shine as lights before the people in the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PHP 2 15 p71u figs-metaphor φαίνεσθε ὡς φωστῆρες ἐν κόσμῳ 1 you shine as lights in the world Here, the word **lights** represents truth and living in a righteous way that points to what is true and good. Light, is often used metaphorically in the Bible to represent truth and righteous living that aligns with truth. In the Bible, light is often contrasted with darkness, which represents falsehood and living according to it. To **shine as lights in the world** means to live in a way that helps people see God’s truth and character. If this would be misunderstood in your language use an equivalent expression from your language or express this using plain language. Alternate translation: “you will be examples of God’s goodness and truth in the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PHP 2 16 u3qb λόγον ζωῆς ἐπέχοντες 1 holding forth the word of life Here, **holding forth** could mean: (1) holding out to others the word of life. Alternate translation: “holding out the word of life” or “offering the word of life” (2) holding firmly to the word of life. Alternate translation: “holding tightly to the word of life” or “holding firmly to the word of life”
PHP 2 16 cher λόγον ζωῆς ἐπέχοντες 1 The phrase **holding forth the word of life** continues the thought from the previous verse and shows in more detail how Christians can become **blameless and pure, children of God** who **shine as lights in the world**. Consider the best way to show this connection in your language. Alternate translation: “as you hold forth the word of life”
PHP 2 16 eq86 figs-explicit λόγον ζωῆς 1 the word of life The phrase **word of life** refers to the the good news about Jesus. If this would be unclear in your language consider translating this phrase in plain language. Alternate translation: “the message that gives life” or “the life giving gospel” or “the life giving message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
@ -217,37 +216,41 @@ PHP 2 17 otjn χαίρω καὶ συνχαίρω πᾶσιν ὑμῖν 1 Alt
PHP 2 17 s1j9 χαίρω καὶ συνχαίρω πᾶσιν ὑμῖν 1 The phrase **I rejoice and rejoice with you all** is Paul’s summary of his attitude toward his hard work and suffering on behalf of the Philippians which he described in [2:16](../2/16.md) and in this verse.
PHP 2 18 bicj figs-explicit τὸ…αὐτὸ 1 The phrase **in the same manner** refers to the Philippian Christians rejoicing in the same manner that Paul said he would rejoice in previous verse [2:17](../02/17.md). If this would be unclear in your language consider stating this explicitly. Alternate translation: “in the same way that I rejoice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 2 18 dr9c figs-yousingular καὶ ὑμεῖς χαίρετε καὶ συνχαίρετέ μοι 1 Connecting Statement: The phrases **you also rejoice** and **rejoice with me** are both commands or instructions given to all of the Philippian Christians. Use the most natural form in your language to give direction to a group of people. Alternate translation: “I urge each of you to rejoice, and also to rejoice with me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
PHP 2 19 gml9 figs-abstractnouns ἐλπίζω δὲ ἐν Κυρίῳ Ἰησοῦ 1 Now I hope in the Lord Jesus If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **hope** with a verb form such as “hoping”. Alternate translation: See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 2 19 gml9 figs-abstractnouns ἐλπίζω δὲ ἐν Κυρίῳ Ἰησοῦ 1 Now I hope in the Lord Jesus If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **hope**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **hope** with a verb form such as “hoping.” Alternate translation: See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 2 19 pq9g translate-names Τιμόθεον 1 Timothy is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
PHP 2 19 uvzh figs-ellipsis κἀγὼ εὐψυχῶ 1 Here, the word **also** indicates that there is an ellipsis in the words that follow it. The word **also** expresses and implies that if Paul was able to send Timothy to the Philippian Christians, that they would be encouraged by news of Paul also. If this would be unclear in your language consider stating this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I, as well as you, might be encouraged” or see UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PHP 2 20 d9mw οὐδένα γὰρ ἔχω ἰσόψυχον 1 For I have no one like-minded Alternate translation: “For I have no one else who loves you like I do, except Timothy”
PHP 2 21 b922 figs-explicit οἱ πάντες γὰρ τὰ ἑαυτῶν ζητοῦσιν, οὐ τὰ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 For they all Here, the words **they** and **their** refer to a group of people Paul does not feel he can trust to send to Philippi. If this would be unclear in your language consider stating that explicitly. Alternate translation: “All the other people I might send to you seek what they want and not the things Jesus Christ wants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 2 21 ycle figs-abstractnouns τὰ ἑαυτῶν ζητοῦσιν, οὐ τὰ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 Alternate translation: “what they care about and not what Jesus Christ cares about” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 2 22 gm8i figs-simile ὡς πατρὶ τέκνον 1 as a child with his father, he served with me Sons try to follow and imitate their fathers and often want to work alongside their fathers as they work. Paul was not Timothy’s biological father but uses this simile to illustrate how Timothy worked alongside him as a spiritual son so that together they advanced the gospel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PHP 2 22 clvw figs-abstractnouns τὴν δὲ δοκιμὴν αὐτοῦ γινώσκετε 1 If it would be clearer in your language you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **worth** with an adjective such as “valuable.” Alternate translation: “But you know how valuable Timothy is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 2 22 xdn5 figs-metonymy εἰς τὸ εὐαγγέλιον 1 in the gospel Here, **the gospel** means the work of advancing the gospel. If this would be unclear in your language consider stating this explicitly. Alternate translation: “in gospel work” or “in working to advance the gospel” or “in the work of the gospel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PHP 2 21 b922 figs-explicit οἱ πάντες γὰρ τὰ ἑαυτῶν ζητοῦσιν, οὐ τὰ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 For they all Here, the words **they** and **their** refer to a group of people Paul does not think he can trust to help the believers in Philippi. If this would be misunderstood in your language consider stating that explicitly. Alternate translation: “All the other people I might send to you seek what they want and not the things Jesus Christ wants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 2 22 gm8i figs-simile ὡς πατρὶ τέκνον, σὺν ἐμοὶ ἐδούλευσεν εἰς τὸ εὐαγγέλιον 1 as a child with his father, he served with me The point of this comparison is that children learn from their fathers and try to follow and imitate them as they work alongside them. Paul was not Timothy’s biological father but he uses this simile to illustrate how Timothy worked alongside him and learned from him as together they advanced the gospel. If this would be misunderstood in your language, you could use an equivalent comparison or express this meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “he learned from me and imitated me as he served with me in the gospel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
PHP 2 22 clvw figs-abstractnouns τὴν δὲ δοκιμὴν αὐτοῦ γινώσκετε 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **worth** with an adjective such as “valuable” or in some other way. Alternate translation: “But you know how valuable Timothy is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 2 22 xdn5 figs-metonymy εἰς τὸ εὐαγγέλιον 1 in the gospel Here, **the gospel** means the work of advancing the gospel. If this would be misunderstood in your language consider stating this explicitly. Alternate translation: “in gospel work” or “in working to spread the gospel” or “in the work of telling people the good news about Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PHP 2 24 yn62 πέποιθα…ἐν Κυρίῳ, ὅτι καὶ αὐτὸς ταχέως ἐλεύσομαι 1 I am confident in the Lord that I myself will also come soon Alternate translation: “I am sure, if it is the Lord’s will, that I will also come soon”
PHP 2 24 l7mv πέποιθα 1 The phrase **I trust** expresses a stronger idea of confidence than the phrase **I hope** in verse 23. Make sure that your translation reflects this.
PHP 2 24 qqpo figs-explicit ὅτι καὶ αὐτὸς ταχέως ἐλεύσομαι. 1 Here, the word **also** expresses that Paul was confident that he would be able to visit the Philippian Christians, in addition to sending Timothy to them. If this would be unclear in your language consider stating this explicitly. Alternate translation: “that I myself, in addition to Timothy, will also come soon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 2 24 qqpo figs-explicit ὅτι καὶ αὐτὸς ταχέως ἐλεύσομαι. 1 Here, the word **also** expresses that Paul was confident that he would be able to visit the Philippian Christians, in addition to sending Timothy to them. If this would be misunderstood in your language consider stating this explicitly. Alternate translation: “that I myself, in addition to Timothy, will also come soon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 2 24 wbpc figs-go ὅτι καὶ αὐτὸς ταχέως ἐλεύσομαι 1 Your language may say “go” instead of **come** in contexts such as this. Alternate translation: “that I myself will also go soon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
PHP 2 25 k4wz translate-names Ἐπαφρόδιτον 1 Epaphroditus This is the name of a man sent by the Philippian church to minister to Paul in prison. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
PHP 2 25 csw5 figs-metaphor ἀδελφὸν…μου 1 Here, the phrase **my brother** does not mean that Epaphroditus was Paul’s biological brother. Rather, Paul calls Epaphroditus his **brother** because they were both members of God’s spiritual family through their faith in Jesus Christ. If this would be unclear in your language consider stating this explicitly. Alternate translation: “my spiritual brother” or “my brother in Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PHP 2 25 c3ce figs-metaphor συνστρατιώτην 1 fellow worker and fellow soldier Here, the phrase **fellow soldier** does not mean that Epaphroditus and Paul were actual soldiers in a military. What Paul means is that he and Epaphroditus were spiritual soldiers fighting together for God in the spiritual battle against Satan and evil. If this would be unclear in your language you could express this explicitly or modify the phrase **fellow soldier** to further explain what Paul means here. Alternate translation: “fellow believer who works and struggles along with us” or “fellow soldier of God” or “fellow warrior of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PHP 2 25 c3ce figs-metaphor συνστρατιώτην 1 fellow worker and fellow soldier Here, the phrase **fellow soldier** does not mean that Epaphroditus and Paul were actual soldiers in a military. What Paul means is that he and Epaphroditus were spiritual soldiers fighting together for God in the spiritual battle against Satan and evil. If this would be misunderstood in your language you could express this explicitly or modify the phrase **fellow soldier** to further explain what Paul means or you could express the meaning of **fellow soldier** by turning it into a simile as the UST does. Alternate translation: “fellow believer who works and struggles along with us” or “fellow soldier of God” or “fellow warrior for God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PHP 2 25 qsd6 ὑμῶν…ἀπόστολον καὶ λειτουργὸν τῆς χρείας μου 1 your messenger and minister for my needs Alternate translation: “who brings your messages to me and helps me in my need”
PHP 2 26 gxn9 ἐπιποθῶν ἦν πάντας ὑμᾶς, καὶ ἀδημονῶν 1 he is longing to be with you all and he is distressed Alternate translation: “he has wanted to be with you all and is deeply concerned”
PHP 2 26 wdvh ἐπειδὴ ἐπιποθῶν ἦν πάντας ὑμᾶς, καὶ ἀδημονῶν διότι ἠκούσατε ὅτι ἠσθένησεν 1 In this verse all three uses of the pronoun **he** refer to Epaphroditus. If this would be unclear in your language consider clarifying this in your translation. Alternate translation: “seeing that Epaphroditus has been longing to be with you all and is distressed because you heard that he was sick” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
PHP 2 26 wdvh writing-pronouns ἐπειδὴ ἐπιποθῶν ἦν πάντας ὑμᾶς, καὶ ἀδημονῶν διότι ἠκούσατε ὅτι ἠσθένησεν 1 In this verse all three uses of the pronoun **he** refer to Epaphroditus. If this would be misunderstood in your language consider clarifying this in your translation in a way that would be natural. Alternate translation: “seeing that Epaphroditus has been longing to be with you all and is distressed because you heard that he was sick” or see UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
PHP 2 27 d3ou καὶ γὰρ ἠσθένησεν παραπλήσιον θανάτῳ, ἀλλὰ ὁ Θεὸς ἠλέησεν αὐτόν, οὐκ αὐτὸν δὲ μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐμέ, ἵνα μὴ λύπην ἐπὶ λύπην σχῶ 1 Here, the pronoun **he** refers to Epaphroditus as well as both uses of the pronoun **him**. If this would be unclear in your language consider clarifying this in your translation. Alternate translation: “For indeed Epaphroditus was sick nearly to death. But God had mercy on him, and not on him only, but also on me, so that I might not have sorrow upon sorrow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
PHP 2 27 rl0m figs-abstractnouns ἠσθένησεν παραπλήσιον θανάτῳ 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **death** with an adjective such as “dying”. Alternate translation: “he was sick nearly to the point of dying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 2 27 n0zd figs-abstractnouns ἀλλὰ ὁ Θεὸς ἠλέησεν 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **mercy** with an adjective such as “merciful”. Alternate translation: “but God was merciful to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 2 27 ioqq figs-explicit λύπην ἐπὶ λύπην 1 If the expression **sorrow upon sorrow** would be unclear in your language consider using an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning of this phrase explicitly. Alternate translation: “sorrow added to sorrow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 2 27 rl0m figs-abstractnouns ἠσθένησεν παραπλήσιον θανάτῳ 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **death** with an adjective such as “dying” or with a verbal form such as **died** as the UST does. Alternate translation: “he was sick nearly to the point of dying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 2 27 n0zd figs-abstractnouns ἀλλὰ ὁ Θεὸς ἠλέησεν αὐτόν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **mercy**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **mercy** with an adjective such as “merciful” or in some other way. Alternate translation: “but God was merciful to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 2 27 ioqq figs-explicit λύπην ἐπὶ λύπην 1 If the expression **sorrow upon sorrow** would be misunderstood in your language consider using an equivalent expression or state the meaning of this phrase explicitly. Alternate translation: “sorrow added to sorrow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 2 27 dzgz λύπην ἐπὶ λύπην 1 The expression **sorrow upon sorrow** could mean: (1) adding the sorrow of Epaphroditus’ death to the sorrow of Epaphroditus’ sickness. Alternate translation: “the sorrow of Epaphroditus’ death added to the sorrow of his sickness” (2) adding the sorrow of Epaphroditus’ death to the sorrow of Paul’s imprisonment. Alternate translation: “the sorrow of Epaphroditus’ death added to the sorrow of my imprisonment”
PHP 2 28 kt1d writing-pronouns σπουδαιοτέρως οὖν ἔπεμψα αὐτὸν, ἵνα ἰδόντες αὐτὸν πάλιν, χαρῆτε κἀγὼ ἀλυπότερος ὦ 1 Here, both occurrences of the pronoun **him** refer to Epaphroditus. If this would be unclear in your language consider clarifying this in your translation. Alternate translation: “Therefore, I sent Epaphroditus all the more eagerly, so that, having seen him again, you might rejoice, and I might be free from pain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
PHP 2 28 y5gc κἀγὼ ἀλυπότερος ὦ 1 and I might be free from pain Alternate translation: “and I might be less anxious” or “and I might be less concerned about you”
PHP 2 29 y95x figs-yousingular προσδέχεσθε οὖν αὐτὸν 1 Therefore welcome him The word **welcome** is a command or instruction to all of the Philippian Christians. Use the most natural form in your language to give direction to a group of people. Alternate translation: “I exhort each of you to welcome” or “each of you welcome” or “all of you welcome” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
PHP 2 29 qx14 figs-abstractnouns ἐν Κυρίῳ μετὰ πάσης χαρᾶς 1 in the Lord with all joy If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **joy** with an adverb such as “joyfully” as the UST does or you can use a verbal form of this word such as “rejoicing”. Alternate translation: “Therefore, welcome him in the Lord with rejoicing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 2 28 kt1d writing-pronouns σπουδαιοτέρως οὖν ἔπεμψα αὐτὸν, ἵνα ἰδόντες αὐτὸν πάλιν, χαρῆτε κἀγὼ ἀλυπότερος ὦ 1 Here, both occurrences of the pronoun **him** refer to Epaphroditus. If this would be misunderstood in your language, consider clarifying who **him** is referring to in a way that would be natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Therefore, I sent Epaphroditus all the more eagerly, so that, having seen him again, you might rejoice, and I might be free from pain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
PHP 2 28 y5gc figs-abstractnouns κἀγὼ ἀλυπότερος ὦ 1 and I might be free from pain Here, when Paul refers to **pain** he is referring to emotional pain. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **pain**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **pain** with an adjective such as “anxious” or “concerned” or in some other way. Alternate translation: “and I might be less anxious” or “and I might be less concerned about you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 2 29 y95x figs-yousingular προσδέχεσθε…αὐτὸν 1 Therefore welcome him The word **welcome** is a command or instruction to all of the Philippian Christians. Use the most natural form in your language to give direction to a group of people. Alternate translation: “I exhort each of you to welcome him” or “each of you welcome him” or “all of you welcome him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
PHP 2 29 qx14 figs-abstractnouns ἐν Κυρίῳ μετὰ πάσης χαρᾶς 1 in the Lord with all joy If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **joy**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **joy** with an adverb such as “joyfully”, as the UST does, or you can use a verbal form of this word such as “rejoicing.” Alternate translation: “Therefore, welcome him in the Lord with rejoicing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 2 29 l59w figs-yousingular ἐντίμους ἔχετε 1 The phrase **hold in honor** is a command or instruction to all of the Philippian Christians. Use the most natural form in your language to give direction to a group of people. Alternate translation: “I exhort each of you to hold in honor” or “each of you honor” or “all of you honor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
PHP 2 30 ns1y writing-pronouns ὅτι διὰ τὸ ἔργον Χριστοῦ μέχρι θανάτου ἤγγισεν, παραβολευσάμενος τῇ ψυχῇ, ἵνα ἀναπληρώσῃ τὸ ὑμῶν ὑστέρημα, τῆς πρός με λειτουργίας 1 he came near even to death Here, the pronouns **he** and **him** refer to Epaphroditus. If this would be unclear in your language consider clarifying this in your translation. Alternate translation: “since for the sake of the work of Christ, Epaphroditus came near even to death, risking his life so that he might make up your lack of service to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
PHP 2 30 g98z ἵνα ἀναπληρώσῃ τὸ ὑμῶν ὑστέρημα, τῆς πρός με λειτουργίας 1 he might make up your lack of service to me The **lack of service** Paul speaks of here is the inability of the Philippian believers to be present with him in prison. By sending Epaphroditus to Paul, the Philippian believers ministered to his needs through Epaphroditus and so Epaphroditus supplied what they could not. Alternate translation: “so that he might supply what you could not give me” or “so that he might make up for what you could not give”
PHP 2 29 lk2b figs-abstractnouns ἐντίμους ἔχετε 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **honor**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **honor** with a verbal form of **honor** as the UST does, or in some other way. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 2 30 ns1y writing-pronouns ὅτι διὰ τὸ ἔργον Χριστοῦ μέχρι θανάτου ἤγγισεν, παραβολευσάμενος τῇ ψυχῇ, ἵνα ἀναπληρώσῃ τὸ ὑμῶν ὑστέρημα, τῆς πρός με λειτουργίας 1 he came near even to death Here, the pronouns **he** and **him** refer to Epaphroditus. If this would be misunderstood by your readers consider clarifying this in a way that would be natural in your language. Alternate translation: “since for the sake of the work of Christ, Epaphroditus came near even to death, risking his life so that he might make up your lack of service to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
PHP 2 30 vj8b figs-possession διὰ τὸ ἔργον Χριστοῦ 1 he came near even to death In the phrase **the work of Christ** Paul is using the possessive form to describe work that is done for Christ. It this would be misunderstood by your readers you can state this in some other way. Alternate translation: “for the sake of working for Christ” or “as a result of working for Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
PHP 2 30 nhja figs-abstractnouns διὰ τὸ ἔργον Χριστοῦ 1 he came near even to death If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **work**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **work** with a verbal form such as “working.” Alternate translation: “for the sake of working for Christ” or “as a result of working for Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 2 30 ffly figs-abstractnouns μέχρι θανάτου ἤγγισεν 1 he came near even to death If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **death** you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **death** with an adjective such as “dying” or with a verbal form such as **died**, as the UST does. Alternate translation: “he was close to dying” or “he came close to dying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 2 30 kjti figs-abstractnouns παραβολευσάμενος τῇ ψυχῇ 1 he came near even to death If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **life** you could express the idea behind the phrase **having risked his life** in some other way. Alternate translation: “He ran the risk of dying” or “He risked dying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 2 30 x4rl figs-abstractnouns ἵνα ἀναπληρώσῃ τὸ ὑμῶν ὑστέρημα, τῆς πρός με λειτουργίας 1 he came near even to death If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **service** you could express the idea behind the word **service** by using a verb form such as “serve.” Alternate translation: “so that he might make up for your not being able to serve me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 2 30 g98z figs-explicit ἵνα ἀναπληρώσῃ τὸ ὑμῶν ὑστέρημα, τῆς πρός με λειτουργίας 1 he might make up your lack of service to me The **lack of service** Paul speaks of here is the inability of the Philippian believers to be present with him in prison. By sending Epaphroditus to Paul, the Philippian believers ministered to Paul’s needs through Epaphroditus, and so Epaphroditus supplied what they could not. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “so that he might supply what you could not give me” or “so that he might make up for what you could not give” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 3 intro btx3 0 # Philippians 3 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>In verses 4-8, Paul lists how he qualifies for being considered a righteous Jew. In every way, Paul was an exemplary Jew. But he contrasts this with the greatness of knowing Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Dogs<br><br>The people of the ancient Near East used dogs as an image to refer to people in a negative way. Not all cultures use the term “dogs” in this way.<br><br>### Resurrected Bodies<br><br>We know very little about what people will be like in heaven. Paul teaches here that Christians will have some kind of glorious body and will be free from sin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Prize<br><br>Paul uses an extended illustration to describe the Christian life. The goal of the Christian life is attempting to grow to be like Christ until a person dies. We can never achieve this goal perfectly, but we must strive for it.
PHP 3 1 zu9l figs-gendernotations ἀδελφοί 1 brothers Although the term **brothers** is masculine, Paul is using the word here in a spiritual sense to include both men and women who believe in Jesus. See how you translated this word in [Philippians 1:12](../01/12.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
PHP 3 1 ymm2 figs-yousingular χαίρετε ἐν Κυρίῳ 1 rejoice in the Lord The word **rejoice** is a command or instruction to all of the Philippian Christians. Use the most natural form in your language to give direction to a group of people. Alternate translation: “I exhort each of you to rejoice in the Lord” or “each of you rejoice in the Lord” or “all of you rejoice in the Lord” (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular)

1 Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNote
117 PHP 1 30 x4z3 figs-abstractnouns τὸν αὐτὸν ἀγῶνα ἔχοντες 1 having the same struggle which you saw in me, and now you hear in me If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **struggle** by using a verb phrase, as the UST does, or by expressing the idea behind this word in some other way that would be clear in your language. Alternate translation: “as you contend with people who oppose you in the same way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
118 PHP 1 30 cewf figs-metaphor τὸν αὐτὸν ἀγῶνα ἔχοντες, οἷον εἴδετε ἐν ἐμοὶ 1 Here, the word **struggle** is a figurative way of referring to the conflict that Paul and the Philippian believers had with people who opposed them because of their faith. Paul speaks of it here as if it were a military battle or an athletic competition. If this would be unclear in your language you could state this in plain language. Alternate translation: “as you experience the same opposition from people that you saw that I experienced” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
119 PHP 1 30 hnec figs-idiom εἴδετε ἐν ἐμοὶ, καὶ νῦν ἀκούετε ἐν ἐμοί 1 Here, the phrase **in me**, that occurs twice, refers both times to what Paul is experiencing. If this would be unclear in your language you can express this in a way that is understandable in your language. Alternate translation: “you saw me experience and now hear that I am experiencing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
120 PHP 2 intro ixw8 0 # Philippians 2 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations, like the ULT, set apart the lines of verses 6-11. These verses describe the example of Christ. They teach important truths about the person of Jesus.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Practical instructions<br><br>In this chapter Paul gives many practical instructions to the church in Philippi.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “If there is any”<br><br>This appears to be a type of hypothetical statement. However, it is not a hypothetical statement, because it expresses something that is true. The translator may also translate this phrase as “Since there is.” # Philippians 2 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations, like the ULT, set apart the lines of verses 6-11. These verses describe the example of Christ. They teach important truths about the person of Jesus.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Practical instructions<br><br>In this chapter Paul gives many practical instructions to the church in Philippi.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “if there is any”<br><br>This appears to be a type of hypothetical statement. However, it is not a hypothetical statement, because it expresses something that is true. The translator may also translate this phrase as “Since there is.”
121 PHP 2 1 v4ns grammar-connect-words-phrases οὖν 1 The word **Therefore** indicates that what follows is the natural result or conclusion to what preceded it. Use the most natural word or phrase in your language to show this relationship. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) The word **Therefore** indicates that what follows is the natural result or conclusion to what preceded it. Use the most natural form in your language to show this relationship. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
122 PHP 2 1 b1q7 figs-explicit εἴ τις…παράκλησις ἐν Χριστῷ, εἴ τι παραμύθιον ἀγάπης, εἴ τις κοινωνία Πνεύματος, εἴ τις σπλάγχνα καὶ οἰκτιρμοί 1 If there is any encouragement in Christ The phrase **if there is any**, which occurs one time in this verse, and the phrase **if any**, which occurs three times in this verse, appear to be hypothetical statements. However, they are not, because they each express things which are true. If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the meaning of these phrases explicitly. Alternate translation: “because of the encouragement which comes from Christ, because there is comfort from his love, because of the fellowship of the Spirit, because you have affections and compassions” or “since Christ has encouraged you, since there is comfort from his love, since there is fellowship in the Spirit, since you have affections and compassions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])<br>
123 PHP 2 1 xye5 figs-abstractnouns εἴ τις…παράκλησις ἐν Χριστῷ 1 Connecting Statement: If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **encouragement** by using a verbal form of this word. Alternate translation: “if Christ encourages you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
124 PHP 2 1 b1q7 n82s figs-explicit εἴ τις…παράκλησις ἐν Χριστῷ 1 If there is any encouragement in Christ Connecting Statement: The phrase **if there is any encouragement in Christ** appears to be a hypothetical statement. However, it is not, because it expresses something that is true. If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the meaning of this phrase explicitly. Alternate translation: “because Christ encourages you” or “since Christ has encouraged you” or “because you are encouraged by being in Christ” or “since you are encouraged because of your union with Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])<br> In the original language that Paul wrote this letter in the word **encouragement** could mean **encouragement** or it could mean “exhortation”, depending on the context it was used in. Here, the word encouragement could refer to: (1) “encouragement” (2) “exhortation” Alternate translation: “if there is any exhortation in Christ” (3) both the idea of “encouragement” and “exhortation” at the same time. Alternate translation: “if there is any encouragement and exhortation in Christ”
125 PHP 2 1 k1b2 dapb figs-explicit εἴ τι παραμύθιον ἀγάπης εἴ τις…παράκλησις ἐν Χριστῷ 1 if any comfort of love Connecting Statement: Here, **love** probably refers to Christ’s love for the Philippians. Alternate translation: “if his love has given you any comfort” or “if his love for you has comforted you in any way” Here, the phrase, **encouragement in Christ** probably means the encouragement which Christ gives to believers because they are in union with him. If it would be clearer in your language, you could say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “because of the encouragement which comes from Christ” or “if Christ encourages you” or “because you are encouraged by being in Christ” or “since you are encouraged because of your union with Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
126 PHP 2 1 del5 k1b2 figs-ellipsis figs-explicit εἴ τι παραμύθιον ἀγάπης, εἴ τις κοινωνία Πνεύματος, εἴ τις σπλάγχνα καὶ οἰκτιρμοί εἴ τι παραμύθιον ἀγάπης 1 if any comfort of love In the three occurrences of the phrase **if any** in this verse, the words “there is” are implied and can be supplied in your translation if omitting them would be unclear. Alternate translation: “if there is any comfort from love, if there is any fellowship of the Spirit, if there is any affections and compassions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) Here, **love** probably refers to Christ’s love for the Philippians. Alternate translation: “if his love has given you any comfort” or “if his love for you has comforted you in any way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
127 PHP 2 1 m209 del5 figs-ellipsis εἴ τι παραμύθιον ἀγάπης, εἴ τις κοινωνία Πνεύματος, εἴ τις σπλάγχνα καὶ οἰκτιρμοί 2 1 The phrase **if any** which occurs three times in this verse, appears to be a type of hypothetical statement. However, it is not, because it expresses something that is true. If it would be clearer in your language you may translate this phrase as “Since there is” or something similar. Alternate translation: (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) In the three occurrences of the phrase **if any** in this verse, the words “there is” are implied and can be supplied in your translation, if omitting them would be unclear. Alternate translation: “if there is any comfort from love, if there is any fellowship of the Spirit, if there is any affections and compassions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
128 PHP 2 1 d63e figs-abstractnouns εἴ τι παραμύθιον ἀγάπης 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract nouns **comfort** and **love** by using them in a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “if Christ’s love for you has comforted you” or “if being loved by Christ has comforted you” or “if Christ’s love comforts you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the ideas behind the abstract nouns **comfort** and **love** by using verbal forms of these words and/or using them in a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “if Christ’s love for you has comforted you” or “if being loved by Christ has comforted you” or “if Christ’s love comforts you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
129 PHP 2 1 ub8e figs-explicit εἴ τι παραμύθιον ἀγάπης<br> 1 The phrase **comfort of love** refers to the comfort which the Philippian believers received from Christ’s love. If it would be clearer in your language consider stating this explicitly. Alternate translation: “if you have received any comfort from Christ’s love” or “if Christ’s love comforts you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
130 PHP 2 1 m84k εἴ τις κοινωνία Πνεύματος 1 if any fellowship of the Spirit The phrase **fellowship of the Spirit** could refer to: (1) the Holy Spirit giving the Philippian Christians fellowship with each other. Alternate translation: “if the Spirit has produced any fellowship among you” or “if the Spirit has given you fellowship with each other” (2) the Philippian Christians fellowship with the Holy Spirit. Alternate translation: “if you have fellowship with the Spirit” (3) both the Holy Spirit giving the Philippian Christians fellowship with each other and to their having fellowship with the Holy Spirit. Alternate translation: “if you have any fellowship with the Spirit and the Spirit has produced in you any fellowship with each other”
131 PHP 2 1 quhq figs-abstractnouns εἴ τις κοινωνία Πνεύματος 1 if any fellowship of the Spirit If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **fellowship** by using it in a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “if the Spirit has produced any fellowship among you” or “if the Spirit has given you fellowship with each other” or see UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
132 PHP 2 1 l2px figs-abstractnouns εἴ τις σπλάγχνα καὶ οἰκτιρμοί 1 if any affections and compassions If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract nouns **affections** and **compassions** by using them in a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “if you feel any affection and compassion for one another” or “if you have any affection and compassion for each other” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
133 PHP 2 2 1 j5v2 u3dz figs-explicit πληρώσατέ μου τὴν χαρὰν σπλάγχνα καὶ οἰκτιρμοί 1 if any affections and compassions Alternate translation: “make me very happy” The phrase **if any affections and compassions** probably refers to the Philippian believers affection and compassion toward each other. If it would be clearer in your language consider stating this explicitly. Alternate translation: “if you have any affection and compassion toward one another” or see UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
134 PHP 2 2 j5v2 figs-abstractnouns πληρώσατέ μου τὴν χαρὰν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **joy**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **joy** by using an adjective or verb. Alternate translation: “make me overflow with happiness” or see UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
135 PHP 2 2 jxq2 τὸ αὐτὸ φρονῆτε 1 fulfill my joy Alternate translation: “you think together as one”
136 PHP 2 2 ve0w figs-abstractnouns τὴν αὐτὴν ἀγάπην ἔχοντες 1 Alternate translation: “have love for each other” or “love one another” If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **love** you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **love** with an adjective or verb. Alternate translation: “love each other” or see UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
137 PHP 2 2 yo7j figs-idiom σύνψυχοι 1 Alternate translation: “be one in spirit” or “be one in heart and will” Paul asking the Philippian believers to be **united in soul** is a figurative way of asking them to be unified and agree about what is important. If this would be misunderstood in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “be one in spirit” or “be one in heart and will” or “agree about what is important” or “be unified” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
138 PHP 2 2 b8gz τὸ ἓν φρονοῦντες 1 Alternate translation: “be concerned about the same things”
139 PHP 2 3 p0v0 μηδὲν κατ’ ἐριθείαν 1 Alternate translation: “Do not be selfishly ambitious” or “Never try to make yourselves more important than others” or “Do not do anything with an attitude of self-importance”
140 PHP 2 3 y1le μηδὲ κατὰ κενοδοξίαν 1 Alternate translation: “or with empty pride”
141 PHP 2 3 xmey figs-abstractnouns μηδὲ κατὰ κενοδοξίαν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **conceit** by using an adjective or some other way. Alternate translation: “or with prideful motives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
142 PHP 2 3 kzj6 figs-abstractnouns ἀλλὰ τῇ ταπεινοφροσύνῃ ἀλλήλους ἡγούμενοι ὑπερέχοντας ἑαυτῶν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **humility** by using an adjective or some other way. Alternate translation: “but rather act in a humble way by considering others more important than yourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
143 PHP 2 4 ezk6 μὴ τὰ ἑαυτῶν ἕκαστος σκοποῦντες, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὰ ἑτέρων ἕκαστοι 1 each one not considering the things of himself, but also the things of each other Alternate translation: “each of you caring not only about what you need, but also about what others need”
144 PHP 2 4 nowd figs-explicit ἕκαστος 1 The phrase **each one** here means “each person”. If it would be clearer in your language consider saying this explicitly. Alternate translation: “each of you” or “everyone of you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) The phrase **each one** here means “each person” and refers to the Philippian believers. If it would be clearer in your language consider stating this explicitly. Alternate translation: “everyone of you” or “each of you” or see UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
145 PHP 2 4 ob45 μὴ…σκοποῦντες 1 Alternate translation: “not thinking about”
146 PHP 2 4 l3q0 figs-pronouns ἑαυτῶν 1 Here, the reflexive pronoun **themselves** is plural in form. If your language has a plural form for this pronoun, consider using it here. Alternate translation: “of yourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) Here, the reflexive pronoun **themselves** is plural in form in the original language that Paul wrote this letter in. If your language has a plural form for this pronoun, consider using it here. Alternate translation: “of yourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
147 PHP 2 4 qmzl figs-rpronouns ἑαυτῶν 1 Here, the reflexive pronoun **themselves** refers back to **each one**. Alternate translation: “of yourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) Here, the reflexive pronoun **themselves** refers back to **each one** at the beginning of the verse. Alternate translation: “of yourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
148 PHP 2 5 pqdc τοῦτο φρονεῖτε ἐν ὑμῖν, ὃ καὶ ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ 1 Alternate translation: “Have the same attitude that Christ Jesus had”
149 PHP 2 5 rh98 figs-abstractnouns τοῦτο φρονεῖτε ἐν ὑμῖν, ὃ καὶ ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ 1 Have this attitude in you which also was in Christ Jesus If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **attitude** with a verb such as “think.” Alternate translation: “Think about one another the way Christ Jesus thought of people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 2 5 tdb2 figs-yousingular ὑμῖν 1 See how you translated **you** in the previous verses. In this letter, with one exception, the words **you** and **your** are plural and refer to the Philippian Christians. If your language uses different forms to show when “you” and “your” refer to one person and when they refer to more than one person, use the plural form that would be appropriate in your language in this occurrence and all other occurrences of “you” and “your” in this letter, except for in [4:3](../04/3.md). A note will discuss the one exception in [4:3](../04/3.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
150 PHP 2 5 kwoe figs-yousingular τοῦτο φρονεῖτε 1 This is a command or instruction to all of the Philippian Christians. Use the most natural form in your language to give direction to a group of people. Alternate translation: “Everyone of you have this attitude” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
151 PHP 2 5 acmu figs-explicit ὃ καὶ ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ τοῦτο φρονεῖτε ἐν ὑμῖν, ὃ καὶ ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ 1 Here, the phrase **attitude…in Christ Jesus** means the attitude and disposition which existed in Christ Jesus and therefore characterized his behavior. The phrase **this attitude…which also was in Christ Jesus** therefore refers to the attitude or way of thinking that belonged to Christ Jesus. Alternate translation: “which also belonged to Christ Jesus” or “which Christ Jesus also had” or “which Christ Jesus also displayed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) Here, the phrase **Have this attitude in you which was also in Christ Jesus** means to have the same attitude and disposition which existed in Christ Jesus and therefore characterized his behavior. The phrase **this attitude…which also was in Christ Jesus** therefore refers to the attitude or way of thinking that belonged to Christ Jesus. If your readers would misunderstand this phrase consider stating it explicitly. Alternate translation: “Have the same attitude which belonged to Christ Jesus” or “Have the same attitude which Christ Jesus also had” or “Have the same attitude which Christ Jesus also displayed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
152 PHP 2 6 hs4q xo2l ἐν μορφῇ Θεοῦ ὑπάρχων 1 existing in the form of God Alternate translation: “though everything that is true of God was true of him” The phrase **existing in the form of God** means that Jesus had the very nature of God. It does not mean that Jesus only appeared to be God but was not. This phrase is saying that Jesus was fully God. The rest of this verse, and the next two verses, explain that Jesus, while being fully God, humbled himself and acted as a servant in obedience to God. Avoid any translation that would suggest that Jesus was not fully God. Alternate translation: “being fully God” or “though everything that is true of God is true of him”
PHP 2 6 xo2l ἐν μορφῇ Θεοῦ ὑπάρχων 1 The phrase **existing in the form of God** means that Jesus had the very nature of God. It does not mean that Jesus only appeared to be God but was not. This phrase is saying that Jesus was fully God. The rest of this verse, and the next two verses, explain that Jesus, while being fully God, humbled himself and acted as a servant in obedience to God. Avoid any translation that would suggest that Jesus was not fully God. Alternate translation: “being fully God”
PHP 2 6 els2 ἁρπαγμὸν 1 did not consider being equal with God something to be grasped Alternate translation: “something to be held onto” or “something to be retained”
153 PHP 2 6 kd1l οὐχ…ἡγήσατο 1 Alternate translation: “did not think” or “did not regard”
154 PHP 2 7 6 x5rt els2 grammar-connect-logic-contrast ἀλλὰ ἁρπαγμὸν 1 did not consider being equal with God something to be grasped The word **Instead** introduces a contrast between the preceding clause in [2:6](../02/6.md) and what is expressed about Jesus in this verse and the next two verses. The contrast is made between the choice of hanging onto divine rights and privileges or choosing to surrender them. The rest of this verse, as well as the following two verses, explain how Jesus gave up many of his divine rights and privileges to act as a servant. Alternate translation: “On the contrary” or “Rather” of “But” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) Alternate translation: “something to be held onto” or “something to be retained”
155 PHP 2 7 kvjd x5rt writing-pronouns grammar-connect-logic-contrast ἀλλὰ ἑαυτὸν ἐκένωσεν ἀλλὰ 1 Here, the pronoun **he** refers to Jesus. Alternate translation: “Instead, Jesus emptied himself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) The word **Instead** introduces a contrast between the preceding clause in [2:6](../02/6.md) and what is expressed about Jesus in this verse and the next two verses. The contrast is made between the option of hanging onto divine rights and privileges and Jesus choice to surrender them. Choose the best form in your language to show the contrast that **Instead** expresses here. Alternate translation: “On the contrary” or “Rather” of “But instead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
156 PHP 2 7 kvjd writing-pronouns ἀλλὰ ἑαυτὸν ἐκένωσεν 1 Here, the pronoun **he** refers to Jesus. If your readers would misunderstand this, consider the best way to express the meaning of **he** to show that it refers to Jesus. Alternate translation: “Instead, Jesus emptied himself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
157 PHP 2 7 c64i figs-rpronouns ἑαυτὸν ἐκένωσεν 1 Here, the reflexive pronoun **himself** refers to Jesus and is used to emphasize the fact that Jesus freely and intentionally chose to empty himself of divine rights and privileges. Consider the best way, in your language, to express the emphatic element of this pronoun. Alternate translation: “he willingly set aside divine privileges” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
158 PHP 2 7 yu25 figs-metaphor ἑαυτὸν ἐκένωσεν 1 he emptied himself Here, Paul saying that Christ **emptied himself** is figurative and not literal. By using this phrase, Paul is vividly expressing that Christ chose to give up many of his divine rights and privileges when he became human. The phrase **emptied himself** is a figurative way of saying that Jesus chose to give up divine privileges and honors. Paul expresses this in a metaphorical way in order to more vividly make his point. If this would be unclear in your language consider using a similar expression that would be clear in your language or use plain language. Alternate translation: “he gave up divine rights and privileges” or “he willingly set aside divine privileges” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) Here, Paul saying that Christ **emptied himself** is figurative and not literal. By using this phrase, Paul is vividly expressing that Christ chose to give up many of his divine rights and privileges when he became human. The phrase **emptied himself** is a figurative way of saying that Jesus chose to give up divine privileges and honors. Paul expresses this in a metaphorical way in order to more vividly make his point. If this would be misunderstood in your language, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture or use plain language. Alternate translation: “he gave up divine rights and privileges” or “he willingly set aside divine privileges” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
159 PHP 2 7 s95d r5dn ἑαυτὸν ἐκένωσεν, μορφὴν δούλου λαβών μορφὴν δούλου λαβών 1 The phrase **having taken the form of a servant** modifies the phrase **he emptied himself** by explaining just how Jesus emptied himself, namely by acting as a servant. Consider the best way, in your language, to show the connection between these two phrases. Alternate translation: “Jesus emptied himself by acting as a servant” or “he emptied himself by becoming a servant” The phrase **having taken the form of a servant** means that Jesus acted as a servant while on earth. It does not mean that Jesus simply appeared to be a servant. If this would be misunderstood by your readers consider using an equivalent expression from your language or state this in plain language. Alternative translation, “and acted as a servant” or see UST.
160 PHP 2 7 r5dn qetl μορφὴν δούλου λαβών ἐν ὁμοιώματι ἀνθρώπων γενόμενος 1 The phrase **having taken the form of a servant** means that Jesus acted as a servant while on earth. It does not mean that Jesus simply appeared to be a servant. The phrase **having been born in the likeness of men** means that Jesus became a human being. It does not mean that Jesus only appeared to be human. Rather, it means that Jesus who always existed as God, chose to take on a human body and appear on earth in human form. If your readers would misunderstand this consider saying this in plain language. Alternate translation: “having become a human being” or see UST.
161 PHP 2 7 qetl tc8n figs-gendernotations ἐν ὁμοιώματι ἀνθρώπων γενόμενος ἐν ὁμοιώματι ἀνθρώπων 1 in the likeness of men The phrase **having been born in the likeness of men** means that Jesus became a human being. It does not mean that Jesus only appeared to be human. Rather, it means that Jesus who always existed as God, chose to take on a human body and therefore he appeared on earth in human form. Alternate translation: “having become a human being” or see UST. Here, the word **men** is emphasizing the idea of Jesus’ humanity rather than his gender. The word **men** is plural in form to emphasize the idea that Jesus resembled humanity in general. Consider the best way in your language to express this emphasis on Jesus’ humanity. Alternate translation: “in the likeness of human beings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
PHP 2 7 tc8n figs-gendernotations ἐν ὁμοιώματι ἀνθρώπων 1 in the likeness of men Here, the word **men** is emphasizing the idea of Jesus’ humanity rather than his gender. The word **men** is plural in form to emphasize the idea that Jesus resembled humanity in general. If your language has a way of expressing this emphasis on Jesus’ humanity, consider the most clear way to express this. Alternate translation: “in the likeness of human beings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
162 PHP 2 7 uizd καὶ σχήματι εὑρεθεὶς ὡς ἄνθρωπος 1 The phrase **having been found in appearance as a man** does not mean that Jesus appeared to be a man but was not. Rather, this phrase continues the thought of the the previous phrase **having been born in the likeness of men** and means that Jesus became a human being and therefore was fully human in appearance. The phrase **in appearance**, points out that Jesus was fully human in appearance but also indicates that while being fully human, Jesus was distinct from the rest of humanity because he retained his full deity while being human; and therefore was both human and divine at the same time. Alternate translation: “and while being found in the form of a human being” or see UST.
163 PHP 2 7 jmr8 figs-gendernotations ἄνθρωπος 1 Here, the word **man** is emphasizing the idea of Jesus’ humanity rather than his gender. If your language has a way of expressing this emphasis on Jesus’ humanity, consider using the term that would most clearly express this. Alternate translation: “a human being” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) Here, the word **man** is emphasizing the idea of Jesus’ humanity rather than his gender. If your language has a way of expressing this emphasis on Jesus’ humanity, consider using the term that would most clearly express this. See how you translated the word **men** earlier in this verse. Alternate translation: “a human being” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
164 PHP 2 8 t8a6 ἐταπείνωσεν ἑαυτὸν, γενόμενος ὑπήκοος μέχρι θανάτου 1 having become obedient to the point of death The phrase **having become** could be: (1) introducing the way Jesus **humbled himself**, namely that he humbled himself by becoming **obedient to the point of death**. Alternate translation: “Jesus humbled himself by becoming obedient to the point of dying” or “Jesus humbled himself this way, by obeying to the point of death” (2) explaining what the phrase **he humbled himself** refers to. If this is how this phrase is being used then **having become** is clarifying that **he humbled himself** by **death on a cross**. Alternate translation: “he humbled himself, specifically, by being obeying to the point of death” The phrase **having become** clarifies or introduces the way that Jesus **humbled himself**. Choose the most natural form in your language to express this meaning. Alternate translation: “Jesus humbled himself by becoming obedient to the point of dying” or “Jesus humbled himself this way, by obeying to the point of death” or “Jesus humbled himself, specifically, by obeying God to the point of death”
165 PHP 2 8 ttys figs-rpronouns ἑαυτὸν 1 The word **himself** is a reflexive pronoun which refers to Jesus. The reflexive pronoun **himself** is used here to emphasize Jesus’ action of humbling himself. Consider the best way, in your language, to express the emphatic element of this pronoun. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) The word **himself** is a reflexive pronoun which refers to Jesus. The reflexive pronoun **himself** is used here to emphasize Jesus’ action of humbling himself. Consider the best way in your language to express the emphatic element of this pronoun. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
166 PHP 2 8 r5f0 figs-abstractnouns γενόμενος ὑπήκοος μέχρι θανάτου γενόμενος ὑπήκοος μέχρι θανάτου, θανάτου δὲ σταυροῦ 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **obey** with a verb such as “obeying”. Alternate translation: “having obeyed to the point of death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the two occurrences in this verse of the abstract noun **death** with a verb such as “dying”. Alternate translation: “having become obedient to the point of dying, even dying on a cross” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
167 PHP 2 8 hi57 flk2 figs-abstractnouns θανάτου δὲ σταυροῦ 1 even death on a cross If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **death** with a verb such as “dying”. Alternate translation: “even to dying on a cross” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) The phrase **even death on a cross** emphasizes that dying on a cross was very humiliating. By using the word **even** and repeating the word **death** Paul is emphasizing the great extent of Jesus’ humility and obedience. Think about the best way in your language to show the emphasis of the phrase **even death on a cross**. Alternate translation: “even so far as dying on a cross” or “even to the extent of dying on a cross”
168 PHP 2 8 9 flk2 f3ek grammar-connect-logic-result θανάτου δὲ σταυροῦ διὸ 1 The word **even** combined with the repetition of the word **death** emphasize that dying on a cross was considered extremely humiliating. Paul’s readers would have been familiar with crucifixion and understood that it was very humiliating. This phrase emphasizes that Jesus’ death on the cross showed the great extent of his humility and obedience. Think about the best way, in your language, to show the emphatic nature of this phrase. Alternate translation: “even to death on a cross” or “even as so far as dying on a cross” or “even to the extent of dying on a cross” The word **Therefore** introduces the result of Jesus humbling himself. How Jesus humbled himself is described in [2:6-8](../2/6-8.md). What follows the word **Therefore** is the result of what Jesus humbling himself. The word **Therefore** shows the reason and result relationship between what comes before this word and what follows it. Choose the form in your language that best expresses the reason and result relationship expressed by the word **Therefore**. Alternate translation: “Because of this” or “Because Jesus acted this way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
PHP 2 9 f3ek grammar-connect-logic-result διὸ 1 The word **Therefore** introduces the result of Jesus humbling himself. How Jesus humbled himself is described in [2:6-8](../2/6-8.md). What follows the word **Therefore** is the result of what Jesus did in [2:6-8](../2/6-8.md). The word **Therefore** shows the reason and result relationship between what comes before this word and what follows it. Choose the best way in your language to express the reason and result relationship expressed by the word **Therefore**. Alternate translation: “Because of this” or “Because Jesus acted this way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
169 PHP 2 9 wmvd αὐτὸν ὑπερύψωσεν 1 Alternate translation: “greatly honored him”
170 PHP 2 9 qsy9 mvb7 figs-metonymy καὶ ἐχαρίσατο αὐτῷ τὸ ὄνομα τὸ ὑπὲρ πᾶν ὄνομα τὸ ὄνομα τὸ ὑπὲρ πᾶν ὄνομα 1 above every name the name that is above every name Alternate translation: “and gave him the position that was higher than any other position” Here, **name** is a metonym that refers to the status or position associated with someones name. Alternate translation: “the position that is above every other position” or “the position that was higher than any other position” or “the rank that is above every other rank” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
171 PHP 2 9 10 mvb7 b3ai figs-metonymy grammar-connect-logic-result τὸ ὄνομα τὸ ὑπὲρ πᾶν ὄνομα ἵνα 1 the name that is above every name Here, **name** is a metonym that refers to status or position. Alternate translation: “the position that is above every other position” or “the rank that is above every other rank” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) The phrase **so that** connects this verse with the preceding verse, [2:9](../02/9.md), and shows that this verse and the next verse are the result of [2:9](../02/9.md). Use the most natural form in your language to show this connection. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
172 PHP 2 10 b3ai tk45 grammar-connect-logic-result figs-idiom ἵνα ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι Ἰησοῦ, πᾶν γόνυ κάμψῃ 1 at the name of Jesus every knee would bend The phrase **so that** connects this verse with the preceding verse, [2:9](../02/9.md), and shows that this verse and the next verse are the result of [2:9](../02/9.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) Here, every knee bending is an idiomatic way of saying that Jesus will be worshiped and honored. If this would be clear in your language consider using this expression but if it would be misunderstood in your language consider using an equivalent expression to communicate the the idea of worship. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
173 PHP 2 10 tk45 xz1u figs-idiom figs-metonymy ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι Ἰησοῦ, πᾶν γόνυ κάμψῃ 1 at the name of Jesus every knee would bend Here, every knee bending is an idiomatic way of saying that Jesus will be worshiped and honored. If this would be clear in your language consider using this expression but if it would not be clear in your language consider using an equivalent expression to communicate the the idea of worship. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) Here, **name** is a metonym for the person, telling who it is they will worship. Alternate translation: “before the person of Jesus” or “every person and being will worship Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
174 PHP 2 10 xz1u xn7a figs-metonymy ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι Ἰησοῦ, πᾶν γόνυ κάμψῃ ἐπουρανίων καὶ ἐπιγείων καὶ καταχθονίων 1 at the name of Jesus every knee would bend Here, **at the name of** is a metonym for the person, telling who it is they will worship. Alternate translation: “every person will worship Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) The phrase **in heaven and on earth and under the earth** literally means “of heavenly things and of earthly things and of things under the earth” or “of heavenly beings and of earthly beings and of beings under the earth”. This phrase refers to all beings, including human beings and angels. This phrase emphasizes that all beings everywhere will bow in reverence to Jesus. Consider the best way to express this in your language. Alternate translation: “every being in heaven, and on earth, and under the earth”
175 PHP 2 10 11 ec1a xy4f figs-metonymy ὀνόματι πᾶσα γλῶσσα ἐξομολογήσηται 1 every tongue See how you translated **name** in [2:9](../02/9.md). Here, Paul uses the word **tongue** figuratively to represent the mouth and what comes out of the mouth. Paul is figuratively describing what is said by associating it with the the tongue. If this is not clear in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or use plain language. Alternate translation: “every mouth will declare” or “every being will say” or “everyone will say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PHP 2 10 xn7a ἐπουρανίων καὶ ἐπιγείων καὶ καταχθονίων 1 The phrase **in heaven and on earth and under the earth** literally means “of heavenly things and of earthly things and of things under the earth” or “of heavenly beings and of earthly beings and of beings under the earth”. This phrase refers to all beings, including human beings and angels. This phrase emphasizes that all beings everywhere will bow in reverence to Jesus. Alternate translation: “every being in heaven, and on earth, and under the earth”
PHP 2 11 xy4f figs-metonymy πᾶσα γλῶσσα ἐξομολογήσηται 1 every tongue Here, Paul uses the word **tongue** figuratively to represent the mouth and what comes out of the mouth. Paul is figuratively describing what is said by associating it with the the tongue. If this is not clear in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “every mouth will declare” or “every being will say” or “everyone will say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
176 PHP 2 11 mr2i grammar-connect-logic-goal εἰς δόξαν Θεοῦ Πατρὸς 1 to the glory of God the Father Here, the word **to** expresses result. Alternate translation: “with the result that God the Father will be honored” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
177 PHP 2 12 11 jnp3 equs grammar-connect-words-phrases figs-abstractnouns ὥστε εἰς δόξαν Θεοῦ Πατρὸς 1 Connecting Statement: to the glory of God the Father The phrase **So then** shows that [2:5-11](../2/5-11.md) is logically connected to [2:12-18](../2/12-18.md). The phrase **So then** introduces this section [2:12-18](../2/12-18.md) in which Paul gives practical directions regarding how the Philippian Christians should apply what Paul wrote about in [2:5-11](../2/5-11.md). The phrase **So then** shows that what follows it is the desired result of what precedes it in [2:5-11](../2/5-11.md). Consider the best word or phrase, in your language, to express the meaning of this phrase. Alternate translation: “Therefore” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **glory**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **glory** by using a verbal form of this word or in some other way. Alternate translation: See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
178 PHP 2 12 e359 jnp3 grammar-connect-words-phrases ἀγαπητοί μου ὥστε 1 my beloved Connecting Statement: Here, the word **beloved** refers to the Christians in Philippi. Paul uses this word to express how much he loves the Christians in Philippi. Consider the using an equivalent phrase in your language that would express love and affection. Alternate translation: “my dear fellow believers” The phrase **So then** shows that [2:5-11](../2/5-11.md) is logically connected to [2:12-18](../2/12-18.md). The phrase **So then** introduces this section [2:12-18](../2/12-18.md) in which Paul gives practical directions regarding how the Philippian Christians should apply what Paul wrote about in [2:5-11](../2/5-11.md). The phrase **So then** shows that what follows it is the desired result of what preceded it in [2:5-11](../2/5-11.md). Use the most natural form in your language to show this relationship. Alternate translation: “Therefore” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
179 PHP 2 12 c1ix e359 ὡς ἐν τῇ παρουσίᾳ μου ἀγαπητοί μου 1 in my presence my beloved “when I am there with you” Here, the word **beloved** refers to the believers in Philippi. Paul uses this word to express how much he loves the believers in Philippi. If this would be misunderstood in your language, you could use an equivalent phrase in your language that expresses love and affection. Alternate translation: “my dear fellow believers”
180 PHP 2 12 u5ng c1ix ἐν τῇ ἀπουσίᾳ μου ὡς ἐν τῇ παρουσίᾳ μου 1 in my absence in my presence “when I am not there with you” Alternate translation: “when I am there with you”
181 PHP 2 12 j897 u5ng figs-abstractnouns μετὰ φόβου καὶ τρόμου τὴν ἑαυτῶν σωτηρίαν κατεργάζεσθε ἐν τῇ ἀπουσίᾳ μου 1 work out your own salvation with fear and trembling in my absence The abstract noun **salvation** can be expressed with a phrase about God saving people. If using the abstract noun **salvation** would not make sense in your language consider another way to express this idea such as using a verbal form, an adverb, or an adjective to describe God’s saving work. Alternate translation: “with fear and trembling, continue to work hard to do what is proper for those whom God saves” or “with awe and reverence for God, work to do good things as those whom God has saved” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) Alternate translation: “when I am not there with you”
182 PHP 2 12 cm1s j897 figs-doublet figs-abstractnouns μετὰ φόβου καὶ τρόμου μετὰ φόβου καὶ τρόμου τὴν ἑαυτῶν σωτηρίαν κατεργάζεσθε 1 with fear and trembling work out your own salvation with fear and trembling Paul uses the words **fear** and **trembling** together to show the attitude of reverence that people should have for God. Consider the best way to express this idea in your language. These words have very similar meanings so you may express them as one idea or translate them as two separate expressions. Consider what would be most clear in your language. Alternate translation: “with awe and reverence for God” or “with deep reverence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **salvation**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **salvation** by using a verbal form of this word or expressing it in some other way which describes God’s saving work. Alternate translation: “with fear and trembling, continue to work hard to do what is proper for those whom God saves” or “with awe and reverence for God, work to do good things as those whom God has saved” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
183 PHP 2 13 12 fc9l cm1s figs-doublet ἐνεργῶν μετὰ φόβου καὶ τρόμου 1 with fear and trembling In the original language Paul wrote this letter in, the word **working** expresses continuous action and highlights the ongoing nature of God’s work in believers. Consider the best way to express the continuous nature of this word in your language. Alternate translation: “continually working” Paul uses the words **fear** and **trembling** together to show the attitude of reverence that people should have for God. Consider the best way to express this idea in your language. These words have very similar meanings, so you can express them as one idea or translate them as two separate expressions. Alternate translation: “with awe and reverence for God” or “with deep reverence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
184 PHP 2 13 wgc1 fc9l figs-yousingular Θεὸς γάρ ἐστιν ὁ ἐνεργῶν ἐν ὑμῖν ἐνεργῶν 1 The word **you** is plural and refers to the Philippian believers. See how you translated **you** in the previous verses. In this letter, with one exception, the words **you** and **your** are plural and refer to the Philippian Christians. If your language uses different forms to show when “you” and “your” refer to one person and when they refer to more than one person, use the plural form that would be appropriate in your language in this occurrence and all other occurrences of “you” and “your” in this letter, except for in [4:3](../04/3.md). Alternate translation: “For God is working in the hearts of each of you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]]) In the original language that Paul wrote this letter in, the word **working** expresses continuous action and emphasizes the ongoing nature of God’s work in believers. Consider the best way to express the continuous nature of this word in your language. Alternate translation: “continually working”
185 PHP 2 13 qy5x figs-extrainfo ἐν ὑμῖν 1 The phrase **in you** could refer to: (1) God working individually within the heart of each of the Philippian believers. See UST. (2) God working among the Philippian believers as a whole. Alternate translation: “among you” (3) both option one and two simultaneously. Alternate translation: “in and among you”. If your language allows you to keep the object of God’s work ambiguous, as it is in the ULT, this is the preferable option. If your language does not allow for this, choose one of the options above. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]])
186 PHP 2 13 m6b8 καὶ τὸ θέλειν, καὶ τὸ ἐνεργεῖν, ὑπὲρ τῆς εὐδοκίας 1 both to will and to work for his good pleasure Alternate translation: “to enable you to both desire to do, and to do, the things which him happy” or “so that you will want to do what pleases him, and will be able to do what pleases him”
187 PHP 2 14 gy6p figs-yousingular πάντα ποιεῖτε χωρὶς γογγυσμῶν καὶ διαλογισμῶν 1 The phrase **Do all things without** is a command or instruction to all of the Philippian Christians. Use the most natural form in your language to give direction to a group of people. Alternate translation: “Every one of you, make sure that you do not complain or argue in anything you do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
188 PHP 2 15 z2lz figs-doublet ἄμεμπτοι καὶ ἀκέραιοι 1 blameless and pure The words **blameless** and **pure** are very similar in meaning and are used together to emphasize the idea of living a morally pure life. You may translate these words individually, as the ULT does, or combine them together into one idea and express their meaning together as a single expression. Consider what would be most clear in your language. Alternate translation: “completely innocent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) The words **blameless** and **pure** are very similar in meaning and are used together to emphasize the idea of living a morally pure life. You may translate these words individually, as the ULT does, or combine them together into one idea and express their meaning together as a single expression. Consider what would be most natural in your language. Alternate translation: “completely innocent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
189 PHP 2 15 sp0g figs-metaphor τέκνα Θεοῦ 1 The phrase **children of God** refers to Christians. This phrase does not refer to biological children. Consider the best way to express this idea in your language. Alternate translation: “God’s spiritual children” or “spiritual children of God” The phrase **children of God** is a metaphorical way of describing people who have entered into a father-child relationship with God by putting their faith and trust in Jesus. Here, the word **children** does not refer to those who are young, but only to the relationship that people have at any age to their father. If you translate **children** using a literal term, choose a word that can refer to people of any age in relation to their father. Alternate translation: “God’s spiritual children” or “spiritual children of God” (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor)
190 PHP 2 15 naly im15 figs-abstractnouns figs-explicit ἄμωμα 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **blemish** with an adjective such as “faultless” or “unstained” or by using a verbal phrase that would express the idea of not doing or participating in evil. Alternate translation: “faultless” or “unstained” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) The phrase **without blemish** means to be free from flaws or defects. Here, the phrase **without blemish** specifically means to be free from moral flaws or corruption. Consider using an equivalent phrase from your language that would be understood in this context or use plain language. Alternate translation: “who abstain from all evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
191 PHP 2 15 im15 jb7y figs-doublet ἄμωμα μέσον γενεᾶς σκολιᾶς καὶ διεστραμμένης 1 in the world, in the midst of a crooked and depraved generation The phrase **without blemish** means to be free from flaws or defects. Here, the phrase **without blemish** specifically means to be free from moral flaws or corruption. Consider using an equivalent phrase from your language that would make sense in this context or use plain language. Alternate translation: “who abstain from all evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) The words **crooked** and **depraved** are used together to emphasize the idea of extreme sinfulness. These two words are very similar in meaning. You may translate these words individually, as the ULT does, or combine them together into one idea and express their meaning together as a single expression. Consider what would be most natural in your language. Alternate translation: “among people who are very sinful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
192 PHP 2 15 jb7y f957 figs-doublet figs-metonymy μέσον γενεᾶς σκολιᾶς καὶ διεστραμμένης ἐν οἷς φαίνεσθε ὡς φωστῆρες ἐν κόσμῳ 1 in the world, in the midst of a crooked and depraved generation The words **crooked** and **depraved** are used together to emphasize the idea of extreme sinfulness. These two words are very similar in meaning. You may translate these words individually, as the ULT does, or combine them together into one idea and express their meaning together as a single expression. Consider what would be most clear in your language. Alternate translation: “among people who are very sinful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) Paul is figuratively describing people by associating them with the world in which they live. If this would be misunderstood in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or use plain language. Alternate translation: “among whom you shine as lights before the people in the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
193 PHP 2 15 f957 p71u figs-explicit figs-metaphor ἐν οἷς φαίνεσθε ὡς φωστῆρες ἐν κόσμῳ φαίνεσθε ὡς φωστῆρες ἐν κόσμῳ 1 you shine as lights in the world Here, the word **world** refers to the people living in the world. If this would be unclear in your language, consider stating this using an equivalent expression from your language or use plain language. Alternate translation: “among whom you shine as lights before the people of the world, in the midst of an evil generation” or “among whom you shine as lights, as you live in the midst of the crooked and perverse people of this world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) Here, the word **lights** represents truth and living in a righteous way that points to what is true and good. Light, is often used metaphorically in the Bible to represent truth and righteous living that aligns with truth. In the Bible, light is often contrasted with darkness, which represents falsehood and living according to it. To **shine as lights in the world** means to live in a way that helps people see God’s truth and character. If this would be misunderstood in your language use an equivalent expression from your language or express this using plain language. Alternate translation: “you will be examples of God’s goodness and truth in the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PHP 2 15 p71u figs-metaphor φαίνεσθε ὡς φωστῆρες ἐν κόσμῳ 1 you shine as lights in the world Here, the word light represents truth and living in a righteous way that points to what is true and good. Light, is often used metaphorically in the Bible to represent truth and righteous living that aligns with truth. In the Bible, light is often contrasted with darkness, which represents falsehood and living according to it. To **shine as lights in the world** means to live in a way that helps people see God’s truth and character. If this would not be clear in your language, consider using an equivalent expression from your language that would clearly express the idea behind this phrase. Alternate translation: “you will be examples of God’s goodness and truth in the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
194 PHP 2 16 u3qb λόγον ζωῆς ἐπέχοντες 1 holding forth the word of life Here, **holding forth** could mean: (1) holding out to others the word of life. Alternate translation: “holding out the word of life” or “offering the word of life” (2) holding firmly to the word of life. Alternate translation: “holding tightly to the word of life” or “holding firmly to the word of life”
195 PHP 2 16 cher λόγον ζωῆς ἐπέχοντες 1 The phrase **holding forth the word of life** continues the thought from the previous verse and shows in more detail how Christians can become **blameless and pure, children of God** who **shine as lights in the world**. Consider the best way to show this connection in your language. Alternate translation: “as you hold forth the word of life”
196 PHP 2 16 eq86 figs-explicit λόγον ζωῆς 1 the word of life The phrase **word of life** refers to the the good news about Jesus. If this would be unclear in your language consider translating this phrase in plain language. Alternate translation: “the message that gives life” or “the life giving gospel” or “the life giving message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
216 PHP 2 17 s1j9 χαίρω καὶ συνχαίρω πᾶσιν ὑμῖν 1 The phrase **I rejoice and rejoice with you all** is Paul’s summary of his attitude toward his hard work and suffering on behalf of the Philippians which he described in [2:16](../2/16.md) and in this verse.
217 PHP 2 18 bicj figs-explicit τὸ…αὐτὸ 1 The phrase **in the same manner** refers to the Philippian Christians rejoicing in the same manner that Paul said he would rejoice in previous verse [2:17](../02/17.md). If this would be unclear in your language consider stating this explicitly. Alternate translation: “in the same way that I rejoice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
218 PHP 2 18 dr9c figs-yousingular καὶ ὑμεῖς χαίρετε καὶ συνχαίρετέ μοι 1 Connecting Statement: The phrases **you also rejoice** and **rejoice with me** are both commands or instructions given to all of the Philippian Christians. Use the most natural form in your language to give direction to a group of people. Alternate translation: “I urge each of you to rejoice, and also to rejoice with me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
219 PHP 2 19 gml9 figs-abstractnouns ἐλπίζω δὲ ἐν Κυρίῳ Ἰησοῦ 1 Now I hope in the Lord Jesus If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **hope** with a verb form such as “hoping”. Alternate translation: See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **hope**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **hope** with a verb form such as “hoping.” Alternate translation: See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
220 PHP 2 19 pq9g translate-names Τιμόθεον 1 Timothy is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
221 PHP 2 19 uvzh figs-ellipsis κἀγὼ εὐψυχῶ 1 Here, the word **also** indicates that there is an ellipsis in the words that follow it. The word **also** expresses and implies that if Paul was able to send Timothy to the Philippian Christians, that they would be encouraged by news of Paul also. If this would be unclear in your language consider stating this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I, as well as you, might be encouraged” or see UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
222 PHP 2 20 d9mw οὐδένα γὰρ ἔχω ἰσόψυχον 1 For I have no one like-minded Alternate translation: “For I have no one else who loves you like I do, except Timothy”
223 PHP 2 21 b922 figs-explicit οἱ πάντες γὰρ τὰ ἑαυτῶν ζητοῦσιν, οὐ τὰ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 For they all Here, the words **they** and **their** refer to a group of people Paul does not feel he can trust to send to Philippi. If this would be unclear in your language consider stating that explicitly. Alternate translation: “All the other people I might send to you seek what they want and not the things Jesus Christ wants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) Here, the words **they** and **their** refer to a group of people Paul does not think he can trust to help the believers in Philippi. If this would be misunderstood in your language consider stating that explicitly. Alternate translation: “All the other people I might send to you seek what they want and not the things Jesus Christ wants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
224 PHP 2 21 22 ycle gm8i figs-abstractnouns figs-simile τὰ ἑαυτῶν ζητοῦσιν, οὐ τὰ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ ὡς πατρὶ τέκνον, σὺν ἐμοὶ ἐδούλευσεν εἰς τὸ εὐαγγέλιον 1 as a child with his father, he served with me Alternate translation: “what they care about and not what Jesus Christ cares about” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) The point of this comparison is that children learn from their fathers and try to follow and imitate them as they work alongside them. Paul was not Timothy’s biological father but he uses this simile to illustrate how Timothy worked alongside him and learned from him as together they advanced the gospel. If this would be misunderstood in your language, you could use an equivalent comparison or express this meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “he learned from me and imitated me as he served with me in the gospel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
225 PHP 2 22 gm8i clvw figs-simile figs-abstractnouns ὡς πατρὶ τέκνον τὴν δὲ δοκιμὴν αὐτοῦ γινώσκετε 1 as a child with his father, he served with me Sons try to follow and imitate their fathers and often want to work alongside their fathers as they work. Paul was not Timothy’s biological father but uses this simile to illustrate how Timothy worked alongside him as a spiritual son so that together they advanced the gospel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **worth** with an adjective such as “valuable” or in some other way. Alternate translation: “But you know how valuable Timothy is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
226 PHP 2 22 clvw xdn5 figs-abstractnouns figs-metonymy τὴν δὲ δοκιμὴν αὐτοῦ γινώσκετε εἰς τὸ εὐαγγέλιον 1 in the gospel If it would be clearer in your language you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **worth** with an adjective such as “valuable.” Alternate translation: “But you know how valuable Timothy is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) Here, **the gospel** means the work of advancing the gospel. If this would be misunderstood in your language consider stating this explicitly. Alternate translation: “in gospel work” or “in working to spread the gospel” or “in the work of telling people the good news about Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PHP 2 22 xdn5 figs-metonymy εἰς τὸ εὐαγγέλιον 1 in the gospel Here, **the gospel** means the work of advancing the gospel. If this would be unclear in your language consider stating this explicitly. Alternate translation: “in gospel work” or “in working to advance the gospel” or “in the work of the gospel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
227 PHP 2 24 yn62 πέποιθα…ἐν Κυρίῳ, ὅτι καὶ αὐτὸς ταχέως ἐλεύσομαι 1 I am confident in the Lord that I myself will also come soon Alternate translation: “I am sure, if it is the Lord’s will, that I will also come soon”
228 PHP 2 24 l7mv qqpo figs-explicit πέποιθα ὅτι καὶ αὐτὸς ταχέως ἐλεύσομαι. 1 The phrase **I trust** expresses a stronger idea of confidence than the phrase **I hope** in verse 23. Make sure that your translation reflects this. Here, the word **also** expresses that Paul was confident that he would be able to visit the Philippian Christians, in addition to sending Timothy to them. If this would be misunderstood in your language consider stating this explicitly. Alternate translation: “that I myself, in addition to Timothy, will also come soon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 2 24 qqpo figs-explicit ὅτι καὶ αὐτὸς ταχέως ἐλεύσομαι. 1 Here, the word **also** expresses that Paul was confident that he would be able to visit the Philippian Christians, in addition to sending Timothy to them. If this would be unclear in your language consider stating this explicitly. Alternate translation: “that I myself, in addition to Timothy, will also come soon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
229 PHP 2 24 wbpc figs-go ὅτι καὶ αὐτὸς ταχέως ἐλεύσομαι 1 Your language may say “go” instead of **come** in contexts such as this. Alternate translation: “that I myself will also go soon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
230 PHP 2 25 k4wz translate-names Ἐπαφρόδιτον 1 Epaphroditus This is the name of a man sent by the Philippian church to minister to Paul in prison. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
231 PHP 2 25 csw5 figs-metaphor ἀδελφὸν…μου 1 Here, the phrase **my brother** does not mean that Epaphroditus was Paul’s biological brother. Rather, Paul calls Epaphroditus his **brother** because they were both members of God’s spiritual family through their faith in Jesus Christ. If this would be unclear in your language consider stating this explicitly. Alternate translation: “my spiritual brother” or “my brother in Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
232 PHP 2 25 c3ce figs-metaphor συνστρατιώτην 1 fellow worker and fellow soldier Here, the phrase **fellow soldier** does not mean that Epaphroditus and Paul were actual soldiers in a military. What Paul means is that he and Epaphroditus were spiritual soldiers fighting together for God in the spiritual battle against Satan and evil. If this would be unclear in your language you could express this explicitly or modify the phrase **fellow soldier** to further explain what Paul means here. Alternate translation: “fellow believer who works and struggles along with us” or “fellow soldier of God” or “fellow warrior of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) Here, the phrase **fellow soldier** does not mean that Epaphroditus and Paul were actual soldiers in a military. What Paul means is that he and Epaphroditus were spiritual soldiers fighting together for God in the spiritual battle against Satan and evil. If this would be misunderstood in your language you could express this explicitly or modify the phrase **fellow soldier** to further explain what Paul means or you could express the meaning of **fellow soldier** by turning it into a simile as the UST does. Alternate translation: “fellow believer who works and struggles along with us” or “fellow soldier of God” or “fellow warrior for God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
233 PHP 2 25 qsd6 ὑμῶν…ἀπόστολον καὶ λειτουργὸν τῆς χρείας μου 1 your messenger and minister for my needs Alternate translation: “who brings your messages to me and helps me in my need”
234 PHP 2 26 gxn9 ἐπιποθῶν ἦν πάντας ὑμᾶς, καὶ ἀδημονῶν 1 he is longing to be with you all and he is distressed Alternate translation: “he has wanted to be with you all and is deeply concerned”
235 PHP 2 26 wdvh writing-pronouns ἐπειδὴ ἐπιποθῶν ἦν πάντας ὑμᾶς, καὶ ἀδημονῶν διότι ἠκούσατε ὅτι ἠσθένησεν 1 In this verse all three uses of the pronoun **he** refer to Epaphroditus. If this would be unclear in your language consider clarifying this in your translation. Alternate translation: “seeing that Epaphroditus has been longing to be with you all and is distressed because you heard that he was sick” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) In this verse all three uses of the pronoun **he** refer to Epaphroditus. If this would be misunderstood in your language consider clarifying this in your translation in a way that would be natural. Alternate translation: “seeing that Epaphroditus has been longing to be with you all and is distressed because you heard that he was sick” or see UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
236 PHP 2 27 d3ou καὶ γὰρ ἠσθένησεν παραπλήσιον θανάτῳ, ἀλλὰ ὁ Θεὸς ἠλέησεν αὐτόν, οὐκ αὐτὸν δὲ μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐμέ, ἵνα μὴ λύπην ἐπὶ λύπην σχῶ 1 Here, the pronoun **he** refers to Epaphroditus as well as both uses of the pronoun **him**. If this would be unclear in your language consider clarifying this in your translation. Alternate translation: “For indeed Epaphroditus was sick nearly to death. But God had mercy on him, and not on him only, but also on me, so that I might not have sorrow upon sorrow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
237 PHP 2 27 rl0m figs-abstractnouns ἠσθένησεν παραπλήσιον θανάτῳ 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **death** with an adjective such as “dying”. Alternate translation: “he was sick nearly to the point of dying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **death** with an adjective such as “dying” or with a verbal form such as **died** as the UST does. Alternate translation: “he was sick nearly to the point of dying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
238 PHP 2 27 n0zd figs-abstractnouns ἀλλὰ ὁ Θεὸς ἠλέησεν ἀλλὰ ὁ Θεὸς ἠλέησεν αὐτόν 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **mercy** with an adjective such as “merciful”. Alternate translation: “but God was merciful to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **mercy**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **mercy** with an adjective such as “merciful” or in some other way. Alternate translation: “but God was merciful to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
239 PHP 2 27 ioqq figs-explicit λύπην ἐπὶ λύπην 1 If the expression **sorrow upon sorrow** would be unclear in your language consider using an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning of this phrase explicitly. Alternate translation: “sorrow added to sorrow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) If the expression **sorrow upon sorrow** would be misunderstood in your language consider using an equivalent expression or state the meaning of this phrase explicitly. Alternate translation: “sorrow added to sorrow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
240 PHP 2 27 dzgz λύπην ἐπὶ λύπην 1 The expression **sorrow upon sorrow** could mean: (1) adding the sorrow of Epaphroditus’ death to the sorrow of Epaphroditus’ sickness. Alternate translation: “the sorrow of Epaphroditus’ death added to the sorrow of his sickness” (2) adding the sorrow of Epaphroditus’ death to the sorrow of Paul’s imprisonment. Alternate translation: “the sorrow of Epaphroditus’ death added to the sorrow of my imprisonment”
241 PHP 2 28 kt1d writing-pronouns σπουδαιοτέρως οὖν ἔπεμψα αὐτὸν, ἵνα ἰδόντες αὐτὸν πάλιν, χαρῆτε κἀγὼ ἀλυπότερος ὦ 1 Here, both occurrences of the pronoun **him** refer to Epaphroditus. If this would be unclear in your language consider clarifying this in your translation. Alternate translation: “Therefore, I sent Epaphroditus all the more eagerly, so that, having seen him again, you might rejoice, and I might be free from pain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) Here, both occurrences of the pronoun **him** refer to Epaphroditus. If this would be misunderstood in your language, consider clarifying who **him** is referring to in a way that would be natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Therefore, I sent Epaphroditus all the more eagerly, so that, having seen him again, you might rejoice, and I might be free from pain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
242 PHP 2 28 y5gc figs-abstractnouns κἀγὼ ἀλυπότερος ὦ 1 and I might be free from pain Alternate translation: “and I might be less anxious” or “and I might be less concerned about you” Here, when Paul refers to **pain** he is referring to emotional pain. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **pain**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **pain** with an adjective such as “anxious” or “concerned” or in some other way. Alternate translation: “and I might be less anxious” or “and I might be less concerned about you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
243 PHP 2 29 y95x figs-yousingular προσδέχεσθε οὖν αὐτὸν προσδέχεσθε…αὐτὸν 1 Therefore welcome him The word **welcome** is a command or instruction to all of the Philippian Christians. Use the most natural form in your language to give direction to a group of people. Alternate translation: “I exhort each of you to welcome” or “each of you welcome” or “all of you welcome” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]]) The word **welcome** is a command or instruction to all of the Philippian Christians. Use the most natural form in your language to give direction to a group of people. Alternate translation: “I exhort each of you to welcome him” or “each of you welcome him” or “all of you welcome him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
244 PHP 2 29 qx14 figs-abstractnouns ἐν Κυρίῳ μετὰ πάσης χαρᾶς 1 in the Lord with all joy If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **joy** with an adverb such as “joyfully” as the UST does or you can use a verbal form of this word such as “rejoicing”. Alternate translation: “Therefore, welcome him in the Lord with rejoicing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **joy**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **joy** with an adverb such as “joyfully”, as the UST does, or you can use a verbal form of this word such as “rejoicing.” Alternate translation: “Therefore, welcome him in the Lord with rejoicing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
245 PHP 2 29 l59w figs-yousingular ἐντίμους ἔχετε 1 The phrase **hold in honor** is a command or instruction to all of the Philippian Christians. Use the most natural form in your language to give direction to a group of people. Alternate translation: “I exhort each of you to hold in honor” or “each of you honor” or “all of you honor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
246 PHP 2 30 29 ns1y lk2b writing-pronouns figs-abstractnouns ὅτι διὰ τὸ ἔργον Χριστοῦ μέχρι θανάτου ἤγγισεν, παραβολευσάμενος τῇ ψυχῇ, ἵνα ἀναπληρώσῃ τὸ ὑμῶν ὑστέρημα, τῆς πρός με λειτουργίας ἐντίμους ἔχετε 1 he came near even to death Here, the pronouns **he** and **him** refer to Epaphroditus. If this would be unclear in your language consider clarifying this in your translation. Alternate translation: “since for the sake of the work of Christ, Epaphroditus came near even to death, risking his life so that he might make up your lack of service to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **honor**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **honor** with a verbal form of **honor** as the UST does, or in some other way. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
247 PHP 2 30 g98z ns1y writing-pronouns ἵνα ἀναπληρώσῃ τὸ ὑμῶν ὑστέρημα, τῆς πρός με λειτουργίας ὅτι διὰ τὸ ἔργον Χριστοῦ μέχρι θανάτου ἤγγισεν, παραβολευσάμενος τῇ ψυχῇ, ἵνα ἀναπληρώσῃ τὸ ὑμῶν ὑστέρημα, τῆς πρός με λειτουργίας 1 he might make up your lack of service to me he came near even to death The **lack of service** Paul speaks of here is the inability of the Philippian believers to be present with him in prison. By sending Epaphroditus to Paul, the Philippian believers ministered to his needs through Epaphroditus and so Epaphroditus supplied what they could not. Alternate translation: “so that he might supply what you could not give me” or “so that he might make up for what you could not give” Here, the pronouns **he** and **him** refer to Epaphroditus. If this would be misunderstood by your readers consider clarifying this in a way that would be natural in your language. Alternate translation: “since for the sake of the work of Christ, Epaphroditus came near even to death, risking his life so that he might make up your lack of service to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
248 PHP 2 30 vj8b figs-possession διὰ τὸ ἔργον Χριστοῦ 1 he came near even to death In the phrase **the work of Christ** Paul is using the possessive form to describe work that is done for Christ. It this would be misunderstood by your readers you can state this in some other way. Alternate translation: “for the sake of working for Christ” or “as a result of working for Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
249 PHP 2 30 nhja figs-abstractnouns διὰ τὸ ἔργον Χριστοῦ 1 he came near even to death If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **work**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **work** with a verbal form such as “working.” Alternate translation: “for the sake of working for Christ” or “as a result of working for Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
250 PHP 2 30 ffly figs-abstractnouns μέχρι θανάτου ἤγγισεν 1 he came near even to death If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **death** you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **death** with an adjective such as “dying” or with a verbal form such as **died**, as the UST does. Alternate translation: “he was close to dying” or “he came close to dying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
251 PHP 2 30 kjti figs-abstractnouns παραβολευσάμενος τῇ ψυχῇ 1 he came near even to death If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **life** you could express the idea behind the phrase **having risked his life** in some other way. Alternate translation: “He ran the risk of dying” or “He risked dying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
252 PHP 2 30 x4rl figs-abstractnouns ἵνα ἀναπληρώσῃ τὸ ὑμῶν ὑστέρημα, τῆς πρός με λειτουργίας 1 he came near even to death If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **service** you could express the idea behind the word **service** by using a verb form such as “serve.” Alternate translation: “so that he might make up for your not being able to serve me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
253 PHP 2 30 g98z figs-explicit ἵνα ἀναπληρώσῃ τὸ ὑμῶν ὑστέρημα, τῆς πρός με λειτουργίας 1 he might make up your lack of service to me The **lack of service** Paul speaks of here is the inability of the Philippian believers to be present with him in prison. By sending Epaphroditus to Paul, the Philippian believers ministered to Paul’s needs through Epaphroditus, and so Epaphroditus supplied what they could not. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “so that he might supply what you could not give me” or “so that he might make up for what you could not give” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
254 PHP 3 intro btx3 0 # Philippians 3 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>In verses 4-8, Paul lists how he qualifies for being considered a righteous Jew. In every way, Paul was an exemplary Jew. But he contrasts this with the greatness of knowing Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Dogs<br><br>The people of the ancient Near East used dogs as an image to refer to people in a negative way. Not all cultures use the term “dogs” in this way.<br><br>### Resurrected Bodies<br><br>We know very little about what people will be like in heaven. Paul teaches here that Christians will have some kind of glorious body and will be free from sin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Prize<br><br>Paul uses an extended illustration to describe the Christian life. The goal of the Christian life is attempting to grow to be like Christ until a person dies. We can never achieve this goal perfectly, but we must strive for it.
255 PHP 3 1 zu9l figs-gendernotations ἀδελφοί 1 brothers Although the term **brothers** is masculine, Paul is using the word here in a spiritual sense to include both men and women who believe in Jesus. See how you translated this word in [Philippians 1:12](../01/12.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
256 PHP 3 1 ymm2 figs-yousingular χαίρετε ἐν Κυρίῳ 1 rejoice in the Lord The word **rejoice** is a command or instruction to all of the Philippian Christians. Use the most natural form in your language to give direction to a group of people. Alternate translation: “I exhort each of you to rejoice in the Lord” or “each of you rejoice in the Lord” or “all of you rejoice in the Lord” (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular)