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Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNote
JOL front intro aq5w 0 # Introduction to Joel<br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of the Book of Joel<br><br>1. The land ruined; the day of Yahweh is coming (1:1–2:11)<br> * Locusts and drought (1:1–20)<br> * The day of Yahweh (2:1–11)<br>1. Yahweh restores his people (2:12-32)<br> * The people should turn to Yahweh, for he will pity them (2:12–27)<br> * The Spirit of Yahweh, wonders, and salvation (2:28–32)<br>1. Yahweh will judge the nations (3:1-21)<br> * Yahweh judges the nations (3:1–16)<br> * Yahweh dwells in Zion (3:17–21)<br><br>### What is the Book of Joel about?<br><br>The main idea in the Book of Joel is “the day of Yahweh.” This expression is found five times (1:15, 2:1, 2:11, 2:21, 3:14).<br><br>The people of Israel looked forward to “the day of Yahweh” as a day that Yahweh would judge the nations around them. But Joel warns that Yahweh would also judge Israel for being unfaithful to him. After judging them, Yahweh will restore his people.<br><br>Joel’s message applies to the people of God in the church age. For Yahweh says, “I will pour out my Spirit on all flesh” and “everyone who calls on Yahweh will be saved” (2:28 and 2:32, quoted by Peter in Acts 2:17 and 2:21).<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>The traditional title of this book is “The Book of Joel” or just “Joel.” Translators may also call it the “The Book about Joel” or “The Sayings of Joel.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>### Who wrote the Book of Joel?<br><br>This book contains the prophecies of an Israelite named Joel, son of Pethuel. The book does not tell when Joel prophesied.<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### What is the meaning of the locust attacks in Joel 1 and 2, and of the drought in Joel 2?<br><br>Locust attacks occurred often in the ancient Near East. Certain kinds of grasshoppers would come in countless numbers. There would be so many that they would darken the sky like a black cloud that blocked the sunlight. They often came after a long period of no rain. They came down on whatever crops were surviving in the fields and stripped them bare of their leaves. The locusts could not be stopped and caused terrible damage. For this reason, locust attacks served as a powerful image of military attacks in the Old Testament. In Chapters 1 and 2, Joel described locust attacks using military terms. He may have been speaking of enemy invaders coming and destroying the land its people.<br><br>There are various names for locusts in the original language of the Old Testament. It is uncertain whether these refer to different kinds of locusts or to the same kind of locust in different stages of growth. For this reason, versions of the Bible differ in how they translate these terms.<br><br>Joel also described a drought in Chapter 2. It might have been a real lack of rain. Or Joel may have been speaking of either enemy invaders or Yahweh himself coming to punish his people and the other nations.<br><br>Translators should simply translate the locust attacks and drought as Joel described them and not worry about the various possible meanings.<br><br>### What did Joel prophesy about the future for God’s people?<br><br>Joel prophesied that God will defeat Israel’s enemies, rebuild the city of Jerusalem, and rule as victorious king over the whole world. At the same time, God will give his Spirit to all his people, and they will receive messages from him in dreams and visions. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holyspirit]])<br><br>## Part 3: Important Translation Issues<br><br>### How should one translate the poetry of the Book of Joel?<br><br>All of the text in the Book of Joel is poetry. The ULT presents it in this way. The UST, however, presents the text as prose. Translators may choose to use prose in their versions. Translators who want to translate the book as poetry should read about poetry and parallelism. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
JOL 1 intro q2ev 0 # Joel 1 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Joel is written in poetic form and with striking imagery. The ULT is written in poetic form, but the UST has been transferred to a prose form. If possible, use the poetic form to communicate the meaning of this book in order to stay closer to the original meaning of the text.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Locusts<br>This book starts very dramatically with the imagery of the locusts and the devastation they produce. There are five different kinds of locusts that appear to come and they progressively destroy the vegetation including the crops, vineyards and even the trees of the whole land of Israel.<br><br>It was common for farmers in the ancient Near East to experience large locust swarms that would come and eat all crops in their fields. Joel might be describing such attacks in this first chapter. Because Joel uses military terms and images to describe these locust attacks, his descriptions might represent enemy invaders who would come and destroy the land its people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])<br><br>Translators should translate simply, presenting the scenes of locusts as Joel describes them, and not worry about the various possible meanings.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Rhetorical Questions<br>The author also uses rhetorical questions that communicate surprise and alarm. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JOL 1 1 qry6 figs-parallelism 0 General Information: God speaks through Joel to the people of Israel using poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
JOL 1 1 er8g figs-idiom דְּבַר־יְהוָה֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר הָיָ֔ה אֶל־יוֹאֵ֖ל 1 the word of Yahweh that came to Joel This idiom is used to announce that God gave messages to Joel. Alternate translation: “the message Yahweh gave to Joel” or “the message Yahweh spoke to Joel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
JOL 1 1 qwp8 יְהוָה֙ 1 Yahweh This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this.
JOL 1 1 m5wr translate-names פְּתוּאֵֽל 1 Pethuel Joel’s father (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
JOL 1 2 t74n figs-rquestion הֶ⁠הָ֤יְתָה זֹּאת֙ בִּֽ⁠ימֵי⁠כֶ֔ם וְ⁠אִ֖ם בִּ⁠ימֵ֥י אֲבֹֽתֵי⁠כֶֽם 1 Has anything like this happened in your days or in the days of your ancestors? Joel is preparing the elders to listen to what he has to say. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “Nothing like this has ever happened before either to you or to your ancestors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JOL 1 3 vge5 figs-ellipsis וּ⁠בְנֵי⁠הֶ֖ם לְ⁠ד֥וֹר אַחֵֽר 1 their children the next generation You may need to fill in the words that have been left out. Alternate translation: “let their children tell the generation after them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
JOL 1 4 m68u translate-unknown הָֽ⁠אַרְבֶּ֔ה 1 the swarming locust large groups of insects like grasshoppers that fly together and eat large areas of food crops (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
JOL 1 4 ny2z הַ⁠גָּזָם֙…הָֽ⁠אַרְבֶּ֔ה…הַ⁠יָּ֑לֶק…הֶ⁠חָסִֽיל 1 swarming locust … great locust … grasshopper … caterpillar These are, respectively, an adult locust that can fly, a locust too large to fly easily, a locust with wings too young to fly, and a newborn locust that has not yet developed wings. Use names that would be understood in your language.
JOL 1 5 zk2a 0 General Information: God warns the people of Israel about the coming locust army.
JOL 1 5 l1nq figs-parallelism שִׁכּוֹרִים֙ וּ⁠בְכ֔וּ וְ⁠הֵילִ֖לוּ כָּל־שֹׁ֣תֵי יָ֑יִן 1 you drunkards, and weep! Wail, all you drinkers of wine If your language has only one word for “weep” and “wail,” you can combine the lines: “you people who love wine should cry out in sorrow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
JOL 1 6 qm8j figs-metaphor גוֹי֙ 1 a nation The locust swarm is like an invading army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JOL 1 6 jn1q שִׁנָּי⁠ו֙ שִׁנֵּ֣י 1 His teeth … he has the teeth The locusts are like a nation which is like one person. You can refer to the nation as “it,” or to the locusts as “they,” or to the invader as one person.
JOL 1 6 mpz6 figs-parallelism שִׁנָּי⁠ו֙ שִׁנֵּ֣י אַרְיֵ֔ה וּֽ⁠מְתַלְּע֥וֹת לָבִ֖יא לֽ⁠וֹ 1 His teeth are the teeth of a lion, and he has the teeth of a lioness. These two lines share similar meanings. The reference to the locusts’ teeth being as sharp as lions’ teeth emphasize how fierce they are as they eat all of the crops of the land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JOL 1 6 aj1z אַרְצִ֔⁠י 1 my land Yahweh’s land
JOL 1 7 sxr3 שָׂ֤ם…חָשֹׂ֤ף חֲשָׂפָ⁠הּ֙ 1 He has made … He has stripped The locusts are like a nation which is like one person. You can refer to the nation as “it,” or to the locusts as “they,” or to the invader as one person.
JOL 1 7 hi96 גַּפְנִ⁠י֙…וּ⁠תְאֵנָתִ֖⁠י 1 my vineyard … my fig tree Yahweh’s vineyard and fig tree
JOL 1 7 k8l9 לְ⁠שַׁמָּ֔ה 1 desolate empty and without life
JOL 1 10 zn6h figs-metaphor אָבְלָ֖ה אֲדָמָ֑ה 1 the ground is mourning Here the land is spoken of as if it were a person. These words could also be seen as a metonym for the people who are mourning or even as hyperbole, that the famine is so bad that even things that are not alive are mourning. Alternate translation: “the farmers are mourning” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
JOL 1 10 j565 figs-activepassive שֻׁדַּ֣ד דָּגָ֔ן 1 the grain has been destroyed This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the locusts have destroyed all of the grain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
JOL 1 11 eeq1 translate-unknown שְׂעֹרָ֑ה 1 barley a type of grass, like wheat, whose seeds can be used to make bread (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
JOL 1 12 pk4b הוֹבִ֔ישָׁה 1 withered dried up and died
JOL 1 12 r11a translate-unknown וְ⁠הַ⁠תְּאֵנָ֖ה…מּ֞וֹן…וְ⁠תַפּ֗וּחַ 1 fig … pomegranate … apple different types of fruit (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
JOL 1 13 uv6d 0 General Information: God speaks to the priests in Israel
JOL 1 13 w9cv מִנְחָ֥ה וָ⁠נָֽסֶךְ 1 the grain offering and the drink offering regular offerings in the temple
JOL 1 14 z8ne בֵּ֖ית יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֵי⁠כֶ֑ם 1 the house of Yahweh your God the temple in Jerusalem
JOL 1 15 q895 0 General Information: This is what God is telling the priests to say.
JOL 1 15 u6hs figs-abstractnouns וּ⁠כְ⁠שֹׁ֖ד מִ⁠שַׁדַּ֥י יָבֽוֹא 1 With it will come destruction from the Almighty If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **destruction**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “destroy.” You may need to make explicit what it is the Almighty will destroy. Alternate translation: “On that day the Almighty will destroy his enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JOL 1 16 yv6d figs-ellipsis הֲ⁠ל֛וֹא נֶ֥גֶד עֵינֵ֖י⁠נוּ אֹ֣כֶל נִכְרָ֑ת מִ⁠בֵּ֥ית אֱלֹהֵ֖י⁠נוּ שִׂמְחָ֥ה וָ⁠גִֽיל 1 Has not food been cut off from before our eyes, and joy and gladness from the house of our God? It is certain that destruction will come from the Almighty because these things have already happened. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “We know this is true because we have already seen the Almighty cut off our supply of food, and he has cut off joy and gladness from the house of our God.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
JOL 1 16 r8wr figs-synecdoche נֶ֥גֶד עֵינֵ֖י⁠נוּ 1 from before our eyes “from us.” This refers to all of the nation of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
JOL 1 16 f1eb figs-ellipsis מִ⁠בֵּ֥ית אֱלֹהֵ֖י⁠נוּ שִׂמְחָ֥ה וָ⁠גִֽיל 1 joy and gladness from the house of our God You may need to fill in the ellipsis. Alternate translation: “joy and gladness have been cut off from the house of our God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
JOL 1 16 ppt5 figs-doublet שִׂמְחָ֥ה וָ⁠גִֽיל 1 joy and gladness These two words mean basically the same thing. Together they emphasize that there is no kind of joyful activity happening at the temple. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
JOL 1 17 y7su מֶגְרְפֹ֣תֵי⁠הֶ֔ם 1 clods lumps of dirt
JOL 1 18 ul6j נֶּאֶנְחָ֣ה 1 groan make a deep sound because of pain
JOL 1 20 n9lf אֲפִ֣יקֵי 1 brooks small streams
JOL 2 intro j2gp 0 # Joel 2 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter continues in the poetic form with striking imagery of armies and soldiers.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Locusts<br><br>This book starts very dramatically with the imagery of the locusts and the devastation they produce. There are five different kinds of locusts that appear to come and progressively destroy the vegetation including the crops, vineyards and even the trees of Israel.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>This chapter uses simile to a great extent as Joel tries to describe this army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])<br><br>### Metaphor<br>The drought, or severe lack of rain, Joel describes is probably a real drought. It might also be a picture of either enemy invaders or of Yahweh himself coming to punish his people and the other nations. Translators should translate simply, presenting the scenes of locusts and drought as Joel describes them, and not worry about the various possible meanings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JOL 2 1 m7i5 תִּקְע֨וּ שׁוֹפָ֜ר…וְ⁠הָרִ֨יעוּ֙ 1 Blow the trumpet … sound an alarm Joel is emphasizing the importance of calling Israel together in preparation for the destruction that is coming.
JOL 2 2 qmb9 figs-doublet י֧וֹם חֹ֣שֶׁךְ וַ⁠אֲפֵלָ֗ה 1 day of darkness and gloom The words “darkness” and “gloom” share similar meanings and emphasize that the darkness will be very dark. Both words refer to a time of disaster or divine judgment. Alternate translation: “day that is full of darkness” or “day of terrible judgment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JOL 2 2 st7t וַ⁠אֲפֵלָ֗ה 1 gloom total or partial darkness
JOL 2 2 pcr6 figs-doublet י֤וֹם עָנָן֙ וַ⁠עֲרָפֶ֔ל 1 day of clouds and thick darkness This phrase means the same thing as, and intensifies the idea of the previous phrase. Like that phrase, both “clouds” and “thick darkness” refer to divine judgment. Alternate translation: “day full of dark storm clouds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JOL 2 2 h3d1 figs-simile כְּ⁠שַׁ֖חַר פָּרֻ֣שׂ עַל־הֶֽ⁠הָרִ֑ים עַ֚ם רַ֣ב וְ⁠עָצ֔וּם 1 Like the dawn that spreads on the mountains, a large and mighty army is approaching When direct sunlight shines on a mountain at dawn, it begins at the top and spreads to the bottom. When an army comes over a mountain range, it comes over the top and spreads out as it comes down. Alternate translation: “A large, mighty army comes over the mountains into the land. They spread over the land like the light from the rising sun” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
JOL 2 2 ekb8 figs-metaphor עַ֚ם רַ֣ב וְ⁠עָצ֔וּם 1 a large and mighty army The words “large” and “mighty” share similar meanings here and emphasize that the army will be very strong. The word **army** could possibly be: (1) a metaphor for a swarm of locusts or (2) referring to a human army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
JOL 2 3 fly5 figs-metaphor לְ⁠פָנָי⁠ו֙ אָ֣כְלָה אֵ֔שׁ 1 A fire is consuming everything in front of it A fire destroys everything as it moves, and the “army” ([Joel 2:2](../02/02.md)), whether of humans or of locusts, destroys everything as it moves. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JOL 2 3 z5iu figs-metaphor וְ⁠אַחֲרָ֖י⁠ו תְּלַהֵ֣ט לֶֽהָבָ֑ה 1 behind it a flame is burning After a wall of flame goes through dry land and burns the dryest and smallest fuel, there will still be flames as the larger and less dry fuel burns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JOL 2 3 yne4 figs-simile כְּ⁠גַן־עֵ֨דֶן הָ⁠אָ֜רֶץ 1 land is like the garden of Eden The garden of Eden was a beautiful place, and the land was beautiful. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
JOL 2 4 ztn5 figs-simile כְּ⁠מַרְאֵ֥ה סוּסִ֖ים מַרְאֵ֑⁠הוּ 1 The army’s appearance is like horses The head of a locust looks like a small horse head. The army is fast, and horses are fast. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
JOL 2 4 fdt4 translate-unknown סוּסִ֖ים 1 horses A large, strong, fast animal with four legs. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
JOL 2 4 myc3 figs-simile וּ⁠כְ⁠פָרָשִׁ֖ים כֵּ֥ן יְרוּצֽוּ⁠ן 1 they run like horsemen Men riding horses move quickly, and the army moves quickly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
JOL 2 5 m6fl יְרַקֵּד֔וּ⁠ן 1 jump A horse jumps or leaps as it runs quickly.
JOL 2 5 n75f figs-simile כְּ⁠ק֣וֹל מַרְכָּב֗וֹת…כְּ⁠קוֹל֙ לַ֣הַב אֵ֔שׁ…כְּ⁠עַ֣ם עָצ֔וּם עֱר֖וּךְ מִלְחָמָֽה 1 a noise like that of chariots … like the noise of fiery flames … like a mighty army ready for battle These sounds would have been very frightening to Joel’s readers. If your readers will not understand what these sound like, you might be able to use a more general phrase: “a noise that frightens everyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
JOL 2 7 e5ge figs-personification כְּ⁠גִבּוֹרִ֣ים יְרֻצ֔וּ⁠ן כְּ⁠אַנְשֵׁ֥י מִלְחָמָ֖ה יַעֲל֣וּ חוֹמָ֑ה 1 They run like mighty warriors … climb the walls like soldiers The army of locusts acts as real soldiers do. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
JOL 2 7 d4kv חוֹמָ֑ה 1 walls walls around the cities
JOL 2 8 yt67 וּ⁠בְעַ֥ד הַ⁠שֶּׁ֛לַח יִפֹּ֖לוּ 1 they break through the defenses they overcome the soldiers defending the city.
JOL 2 10 iu1h figs-personification לְ⁠פָנָי⁠ו֙ רָ֣גְזָה אֶ֔רֶץ רָעֲשׁ֖וּ שָׁמָ֑יִם 1 The earth shakes in front of them, the heavens tremble Joel speaks of the earth and heavens as if they were people who are shaking with fear. This can be translated as either a hyperbole, that the army is so frightening that even things that are not alive are afraid, or as metonymy, that the earth and the heavens are metonyms for the beings who live there. Alternate translation: “Everyone on earth and in the heavens is very afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
JOL 2 10 lm84 figs-hyperbole שֶׁ֤מֶשׁ וְ⁠יָרֵ֨חַ֙ קָדָ֔רוּ וְ⁠כוֹכָבִ֖ים אָסְפ֥וּ נָגְהָֽ⁠ 1 the sun and the moon are darkened, and the stars stop shining This exaggeration claims that there are so many locusts that people cannot see the sun, moon, or stars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
JOL 2 11 mi1t וַֽ⁠יהוָ֗ה נָתַ֤ן קוֹל⁠וֹ֙ 1 Yahweh raises his voice “Yahweh speaks loudly” to give commands.
JOL 2 11 tzv4 figs-hendiadys גָד֧וֹל…וְ⁠נוֹרָ֥א מְאֹ֖ד 1 great and very terrible In this phrase both descriptions mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “greatly terrible” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])
JOL 2 11 vht4 figs-rquestion וּ⁠מִ֥י יְכִילֶֽ⁠נּוּ 1 Who can survive it? If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one will be strong enough to survive Yahweh’s judgment.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JOL 2 12 d1i9 figs-metonymy שֻׁ֥בוּ עָדַ֖⁠י בְּ⁠כָל־לְבַבְ⁠כֶ֑ם 1 Return to me with all your heart The heart is a metonym for what the person thinks and loves. Alternate translation: “Turn away from your sins and be totally devoted to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JOL 2 13 d1sf figs-metonymy וְ⁠קִרְע֤וּ לְבַבְ⁠כֶם֙ וְ⁠אַל־בִּגְדֵי⁠כֶ֔ם 1 Tear your heart and not only your garments The heart is a metonym for what the person thinks and loves. Tearing one’s clothes is an outward act of shame or repentance. Alternate translation: “Change your way of thinking; do not just tear your garments” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JOL 2 13 wfp5 figs-abstractnouns וְ⁠רַב־חֶ֔סֶד 1 abundant in covenant faithfulness If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “faithful” or “faithfully.” Alternate translation: “always faithful to his covenant” or “always loves faithfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JOL 2 13 e3gw וְ⁠נִחָ֖ם עַל 1 turn from stop
JOL 2 14 a2av figs-rquestion יָשׁ֣וּב וְ⁠נִחָ֑ם וְ⁠הִשְׁאִ֤יר אַֽחֲרָי⁠ו֙ בְּרָכָ֔ה מִנְחָ֣ה וָ⁠נֶ֔סֶךְ לַ⁠יהוָ֖ה אֱלֹהֵי⁠כֶֽם 1 Will he perhaps turn … God? If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “Perhaps Yahweh will turn from his anger … God.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JOL 2 14 xys3 וְ⁠הִשְׁאִ֤יר אַֽחֲרָי⁠ו֙ בְּרָכָ֔ה מִנְחָ֣ה וָ⁠נֶ֔סֶךְ 1 leave a blessing behind him, a grain offering and a drink offering “leave behind him a blessing—that is, a grain offering and a drink offering.” The blessing is that plenty of grain and grapes will ripen, and so the people will be able to offer grain and drink offerings.
JOL 2 16 jzj1 מֵ⁠חֻפָּתָֽ⁠הּ 1 bridal chambers rooms, usually in the parents’ houses, where brides would wait for their wedding ceremonies
JOL 2 17 fek9 וְ⁠אַל־תִּתֵּ֨ן נַחֲלָתְ⁠ךָ֤ לְ⁠חֶרְפָּה֙ 1 do not make your inheritance into an object of scorn Alternate translation: “do not allow your inheritance to become people whom the other nations regard as worthless”
JOL 2 17 kqr6 figs-metaphor נַחֲלָתְ⁠ךָ֤ 1 your inheritance Here the people of Israel are spoken of as God’s inheritance. Alternate translation: “your special people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JOL 2 17 ey9s figs-rquestion לָ֚⁠מָּה יֹאמְר֣וּ בָֽ⁠עַמִּ֔ים אַיֵּ֖ה אֱלֹהֵי⁠הֶֽם 1 Why should they say among the nations, ‘Where is their God?’ If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “Other nations should not be able to say, ‘Their God does not help them.’” or “Other nations should not be able to say that the God of Israel has abandoned his people.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JOL 2 18 xeg7 לְ⁠אַרְצ֑⁠וֹ 1 his land Alternate translation: “the nation of Israel”
JOL 2 18 im7l עַמּֽ⁠וֹ 1 his people Alternate translation: “the people of Israel”
JOL 2 19 lu18 הִנְ⁠נִ֨י 1 Look Alternate translation: “Pay attention to what I am about to say”
JOL 2 19 jde5 וּ⁠שְׂבַעְתֶּ֖ם אֹת֑⁠ 1 You will be satisfied with them Alternate translation: “You will have all you need of them”
JOL 2 19 tqc6 חֶרְפָּ֖ה 1 a disgrace Alternate translation: “unworthy of respect”
JOL 2 20 khh7 הַ⁠צְּפוֹנִ֞י…הַ⁠קַּדְמֹנִ֔י…הָ⁠אַֽחֲר֑וֹן 1 northern … eastern … western These directions are from the perspective of people living in the land of Israel.
JOL 2 20 v9xy הַ⁠יָּם֙ הַ⁠קַּדְמֹנִ֔י 1 the eastern sea the Dead Sea
JOL 2 20 ue9y הַ⁠יָּ֣ם הָ⁠אַֽחֲר֑וֹן 1 the western sea the Mediterranean Sea
JOL 2 20 k6n8 הִגְדִּ֖יל לַ⁠עֲשֽׂוֹת 1 he has done great things That is, Yahweh has done great things. Another possible meaning is that the writer speaks of the invading army, “it has done very bad things.”
JOL 2 21 g3z3 figs-apostrophe אַל־תִּֽירְאִ֖י אֲדָמָ֑ה 1 Do not fear, land Joel speaks to the people of the land as if he were speaking to the land itself. Alternate translation: “Do not be afraid, you people of the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
JOL 2 22 n9lm figs-apostrophe אַל־תִּֽירְאוּ֙ בַּהֲמ֣וֹת שָׂדַ֔י 1 Do not fear, beasts of the field Joel speaks to people who own livestock as if he were speaking to the animals themselves. Alternate translation: “Do not be afraid, you people who own livestock” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
JOL 2 22 t5ty figs-metonymy דָשְׁא֖וּ נְא֣וֹת מִדְבָּ֑ר 1 the pastures of the wilderness will sprout The pastures are a metonym for the plants that grow in the pastures. Alternate translation: “plants good for food will sprout in the pastures in the wilderness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JOL 2 23 xlq6 נָתַ֥ן…וַ⁠יּ֣וֹרֶד לָ⁠כֶ֗ם גֶּ֛שֶׁם 1 he will … bring down showers for you Alternate translation: “he will … cause much rain to fall so that you will live well”
JOL 2 23 vnx8 מוֹרֶ֥ה וּ⁠מַלְק֖וֹשׁ 1 autumn rain and the spring rain the first rains of the rainy season in early December and the last rains in April and May
JOL 2 24 gw97 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh begins a long speech to the Israelites.
JOL 2 24 p8u1 הַ⁠יְקָבִ֖ים 1 vats large containers for liquids
JOL 2 25 k6bd אֶת־הַ⁠שָּׁנִ֔ים אֲשֶׁר֙ אָכַ֣ל הָֽ⁠אַרְבֶּ֔ה 1 the years of crops that the swarming locust has eaten Alternate translation: “the crops that you took care of for years and that the swarming locusts have eaten”
JOL 2 25 e81a הָֽ⁠אַרְבֶּ֔ה הַ⁠יֶּ֖לֶק וְ⁠הֶ⁠חָסִ֣יל וְ⁠הַ⁠גָּזָ֑ם 1 swarming locust … the great locust, the devouring locust, and the destroying locust These are, respectively, an adult locust that can fly, a locust too large to fly easily, a locust with wings too young to fly, and a newborn locust that has not yet developed wings. Use names that would be understood in your language. See how you translated this in [Joel 1:4](../01/04.md).
JOL 2 26 jy17 figs-metonymy וְ⁠הִלַּלְתֶּ֗ם אֶת־שֵׁ֤ם יְהוָה֙ 1 praise the name of Yahweh The name is a metonym for the person, specifically his reputation. Alternate translation: “praise Yahweh” or “praise Yahweh because everyone knows he is good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JOL 2 26 x2qr figs-123person שֵׁ֤ם יְהוָה֙ אֱלֹ֣הֵי⁠כֶ֔ם אֲשֶׁר־עָשָׂ֥ה עִמָּ⁠כֶ֖ם לְ⁠הַפְלִ֑יא 1 the name of Yahweh … who has done wonders Yahweh speaks of himself by name to show that he will certainly do as he has said. Alternate translation: “my name … because I have done wonders” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
JOL 2 28 p6xw וְ⁠הָיָ֣ה אַֽחֲרֵי־כֵ֗ן אֶשְׁפּ֤וֹךְ 1 It will come about afterward that I Alternate translation: “This is what I will do after that: I”
JOL 2 28 mc8b figs-metaphor אֶשְׁפּ֤וֹךְ אֶת־רוּחִ⁠י֙ עַל־כָּל־בָּשָׂ֔ר 1 I will pour out my Spirit on all flesh Yahweh speaks of the Spirit as if he were speaking of water. AT” “I will give my Spirit generously to all flesh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JOL 2 28 ny8x figs-synecdoche כָּל־בָּשָׂ֔ר 1 all flesh Here “flesh” represents people. Alternate translation: “all people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
JOL 2 30 fxj8 figs-metonymy דָּ֣ם וָ⁠אֵ֔שׁ וְ⁠תִֽימֲר֖וֹת עָשָֽׁן 1 blood, fire, and pillars of smoke “blood” is symbolizing the death of people. Alternate translation: “death, fire and pillars of smoke” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JOL 2 31 e1db הַ⁠שֶּׁ֨מֶשׁ֙ יֵהָפֵ֣ךְ לְ⁠חֹ֔שֶׁךְ 1 The sun will turn into darkness Alternate translation: “The sun will no longer give light”
JOL 2 31 fc5h figs-metonymy וְ⁠הַ⁠יָּרֵ֖חַ לְ⁠דָ֑ם 1 the moon into blood Here the word “blood” refers to the color red. You can supply the verb for this phrase. Alternate translation: “the moon will turn red like blood” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
JOL 2 32 w6nv וְ⁠הָיָ֗ה כֹּ֧ל 1 It will be that everyone Alternate translation: “This is what will happen: everyone”
JOL 2 32 t1vg figs-metonymy כֹּ֧ל אֲשֶׁר־יִקְרָ֛א בְּ⁠שֵׁ֥ם יְהוָ֖ה יִמָּלֵ֑ט 1 everyone who calls on the name of Yahweh will be saved The name is a metonym for the person. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will save everyone who calls on his name” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
JOL 2 32 k5zj figs-doublet בְּ⁠הַר־צִיּ֨וֹן וּ⁠בִ⁠ירוּשָׁלִַ֜ם 1 on Mount Zion and in Jerusalem These refer to the same place. Alternate translation: “on Mount Zion in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
JOL 2 32 j194 figs-ellipsis וּ⁠בַ֨⁠שְּׂרִידִ֔ים אֲשֶׁ֥ר יְהוָ֖ה קֹרֵֽא 1 among the survivors, those whom Yahweh calls The phrase “there will be” is understood from earlier in the sentence. It can be repeated here. Alternate translation: “among the survivors there will be those whom Yahweh calls” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
JOL 2 32 e73u 1 survivors people who live through a terrible event like a war or a disaster
JOL 3 intro jcn7 0 # Joel 3 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>There is a change in focus in this chapter from the people of Israel to her enemies. The events of this chapters also contain many prophecies about the events of the end of this world. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Israel<br>The mention of Israel in this chapter is probably a reference to the people of Judah and not the northern kingdom of Israel. It is also possible this is a reference to the people of Israel as a whole.
JOL 3 1 nha5 כִּ֗י הִנֵּ֛ה 1 Behold Alternate translation: “Listen” or “Pay attention”
JOL 3 1 zy3s figs-doublet בַּ⁠יָּמִ֥ים הָ⁠הֵ֖מָּה וּ⁠בָ⁠עֵ֣ת הַ⁠הִ֑יא 1 in those days and at that time The phrase “at that time” means the same thing as and intensifies the phrase “in those days.” Alternate translation: “in those very days” or “at that very time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
JOL 3 1 c3ys אֲשֶׁ֥ר אָשִׁ֛יב אֶת־שְׁב֥וּת יְהוּדָ֖ה וִ⁠ירוּשָׁלִָֽם 1 when I return the exiles of Judah and Jerusalem Alternate translation: “When I send the exiles back to Judah and Jerusalem”
JOL 3 2 xs2u עֵ֖מֶק יְהֽוֹשָׁפָ֑ט 1 Valley of Jehoshaphat Jehoshaphat, whose name means “Yahweh judges,” was king of Judah before Joel lived. There is no known place with this name. It would be best to translate this as the name of a valley that people named after the man Jehoshaphat.
JOL 3 2 idt3 figs-doublet עַמִּ֨⁠י וְ⁠נַחֲלָתִ֤⁠י יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ 1 my people and my inheritance Israel These two phrases emphasize how Yahweh views Israel as his own precious people. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel, who are my inheritance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
JOL 3 3 z4y6 figs-explicit וַ⁠יִּתְּנ֤וּ הַ⁠יֶּ֨לֶד֙ בַּ⁠זּוֹנָ֔ה וְ⁠הַ⁠יַּלְדָּ֛ה מָכְר֥וּ בַ⁠יַּ֖יִן וַ⁠יִּשְׁתּֽוּ 1 traded a boy for a prostitute, and sold a girl for wine so they could drink These are examples of the kinds of things they did and do not indicate what they did to two particular children. Alternate translation: “and did things like trading a boy for a prostitute and selling a girl for wine, so they could drink” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JOL 3 4 qj6v figs-rquestion וְ֠⁠גַם מָה־אַתֶּ֥ם לִ⁠י֙ צֹ֣ר וְ⁠צִיד֔וֹן וְ⁠כֹ֖ל גְּלִיל֣וֹת פְּלָ֑שֶׁת 1 why are you angry at me … Philistia? Yahweh is encouraging the people of Judah, who can hear him, by scolding the people of Tyre, Sidon, and Philistia, who cannot hear him, as if they can. The names of the towns are metonyms for the people who live in the towns. These words can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “you have no right to be angry at me … Philistia.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JOL 3 4 xaa9 figs-rquestion הַ⁠גְּמ֗וּל אַתֶּם֙ מְשַׁלְּמִ֣ים עָלָ֔⁠י 1 Will you repay me? “Will you get revenge on me?” God uses this question to make the people think about what they are doing. Alternate translation: “You think you can get revenge on me, but you cannot.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
JOL 3 4 ns7f figs-synecdoche קַ֣ל מְהֵרָ֔ה אָשִׁ֥יב גְּמֻלְ⁠כֶ֖ם בְּ⁠רֹאשְׁ⁠כֶֽם 1 I will immediately return your retribution on your own head Here the word “head” refers to the person. Yahweh will make them suffer the pain they wanted him to suffer. Alternate translation: “I will cause you to suffer the retribution that you tried to put on me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
JOL 3 4 wdm3 גְּמֻלְ⁠כֶ֖ם 1 retribution Alternate translation: “revenge” or “payback”
JOL 3 7 sum8 הִנְ⁠נִ֣י 1 Look Alternate translation: “Pay attention” or “Listen”
JOL 3 7 dc6d figs-explicit מִן־הַ֨⁠מָּק֔וֹם אֲשֶׁר־מְכַרְתֶּ֥ם אֹתָ֖⁠ם שָׁ֑מָּ⁠ה 1 out of the place where you sold them The people of Israel will leave the places where they were slaves and come back to the land of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JOL 3 7 uh32 וַ⁠הֲשִׁבֹתִ֥י גְמֻלְ⁠כֶ֖ם 1 return payment Alternate translation: “give back what you deserve”
JOL 3 8 pww6 figs-metonymy וּ⁠מָכַרְתִּ֞י אֶת־בְּנֵי⁠כֶ֣ם וְ⁠אֶת־בְּנֽוֹתֵי⁠כֶ֗ם בְּ⁠יַד֙ בְּנֵ֣י יְהוּדָ֔ה 1 I will sell your sons and your daughters, by the hand of the people of Judah The hand can be a metonym for the power the hand exercises or a synecdoche for the person. Alternate translation: “I will have the people of Judah sell your sons and your daughters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
JOL 3 8 t9jc translate-names לִ⁠שְׁבָאיִ֖ם 1 Sabeans the people of the land of Sabea (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
JOL 3 9 d6ny הָעִ֨ירוּ֙ הַ⁠גִּבּוֹרִ֔ים 1 rouse the mighty men Alternate translation: “make the mighty men ready for action”
JOL 3 10 t93c figs-parallelism כֹּ֤תּוּ אִתֵּי⁠כֶם֙ לַֽ⁠חֲרָב֔וֹת וּ⁠מַזְמְרֹֽתֵי⁠כֶ֖ם לִ⁠רְמָחִ֑ים 1 Beat your plowshares into swords and your pruning knives into spears These two phrases share similar meanings. Both of them instruct the people to turn their farming tools into weapons. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
JOL 3 10 ze4m אִתֵּי⁠כֶם֙ 1 plowshares tools that are used to break up the soil in order to plant crops
JOL 3 10 epv7 וּ⁠מַזְמְרֹֽתֵי⁠כֶ֖ם 1 pruning knives knives that are used to cut off small branches
JOL 3 11 rp2a figs-irony ע֣וּשׁוּ וָ⁠בֹ֧אוּ כָֽל־הַ⁠גּוֹיִ֛ם מִ⁠סָּבִ֖יב וְ⁠נִקְבָּ֑צוּ שָׁ֕מָּ⁠ה 1 Hurry and come … together there These words continue the ironic call to battle that begins in [Joel 3:9](../03/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
JOL 3 11 p5mc figs-explicit וְ⁠נִקְבָּ֑צוּ 1 gather yourselves together The purpose of the gathering is for battle. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “gather yourselves together for battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
JOL 3 11 e3ig הַֽנְחַ֥ת יְהוָ֖ה גִּבּוֹרֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 Yahweh, bring down your mighty warriors This could mean: (1) Joel is telling the people of Judah that this is what they are to “proclaim among the nations” ([Joel 3:9](../03/09.md)) or (2) Joel interrupts the words of Yahweh and prays a short prayer.
JOL 3 12 b1jw 0 General Information: Yahweh finishes the speech he began in [Joel 2:25](../02/25.md), promising good things for the people of Israel.
JOL 3 12 ul2y הַ⁠גּוֹיִ֔ם…אֶת־כָּל־הַ⁠גּוֹיִ֖ם מִ⁠סָּבִֽיב 1 Let the nations wake themselves … all the surrounding nations The words “the nations” and “the surrounding nations” refer to the same nations, those that surround Judah. Yahweh will judge them in the Valley of Jehoshaphat for what they have done to Jerusalem.
JOL 3 12 pq55 עֵ֖מֶק יְהֽוֹשָׁפָ֑ט 1 Valley of Jehoshaphat Jehoshaphat, whose name means “Yahweh judges,” was king of Judah before Joel lived. There is no known place with this name. It would be best to translate this as the name of a valley that people named after the man Jehoshaphat. See how you translated this in [Joel 3:2](../03/02.md).
JOL 3 13 hq7f figs-metaphor שִׁלְח֣וּ מַגָּ֔ל…מָ֣לְאָה גַּ֔ת 1 Put in the sickle … the winepress is full Possible meanings are that Yahweh speaks of completely destroying the nations as if: (1) he were harvesting all the grapes and all the grain or (2) he were harvesting quickly, while the grain and grapes are ripe. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JOL 3 13 iw8d figs-metaphor שִׁלְח֣וּ מַגָּ֔ל כִּ֥י בָשַׁ֖ל קָצִ֑יר 1 Put in the sickle, for the harvest is ripe Yahweh speaks of making war against the nations as if he were using a sharp tool to harvest a field of ripe crops. If your readers will not understand the word “sickle,” you may use the word for any sharp tool that your people use for harvesting. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JOL 3 13 i8r2 figs-metaphor שִׁלְח֣וּ מַגָּ֔ל 1 Put in the sickle “Swing the sickle to cut the grain.” This is a metaphor for a soldier using a sword to kill people, but it is best to use the word for a sharp tool used in harvesting. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JOL 3 13 zx33 מַגָּ֔ל 1 sickle a long curved knife that people use for cutting grain
JOL 3 13 rua7 בָשַׁ֖ל קָצִ֑יר 1 the harvest is ripe Alternate translation: “the grain is ready to be harvested”
JOL 3 13 tz4a figs-metaphor בֹּ֤אֽוּ רְדוּ֙ כִּֽי־מָ֣לְאָה גַּ֔ת 1 Come, crush the grapes, for the winepress is full Yahweh speaks of the nations as if they were many grapes in a winepress, ready for people to crush them by stepping on them. Alternate translation: “Come, completely destroy the nations, for they are many, and they are helpless to resist you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JOL 3 13 haw5 figs-metaphor הֵשִׁ֨יקוּ֙ הַ⁠יְקָבִ֔ים כִּ֥י רַבָּ֖ה רָעָתָֽ⁠ם 1 The vats overflow, for their wickedness is enormous Yahweh speaks of the nations’ wickedness as if it were the juice that flows from the winepress into storage containers, and more juice flows into the vats than they can contain. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JOL 3 14 y2ge הֲמוֹנִ֣ים הֲמוֹנִ֔ים 1 a tumult, a tumult A tumult is noise caused by a large crowd. This is repeated to show that it will be very noisy from all the people.
JOL 3 14 r3ir בְּ⁠עֵ֖מֶק הֶֽ⁠חָר֑וּץ…בְּ⁠עֵ֖מֶק הֶ⁠חָרֽוּץ 1 Valley of Judgment … Valley of Judgment This phrase is repeated to show that the judgment will certainly happen.
JOL 3 14 fq2i figs-abstractnouns בְּ⁠עֵ֖מֶק הֶֽ⁠חָר֑וּץ 1 Valley of Judgment There is no known place with this name. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **judgment**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “judge.” Alternate translation: “Valley Where Yahweh Judges” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
JOL 3 16 fj29 1 General Information: Yahweh begins speaking in verse 17.
JOL 3 16 fe1r figs-parallelism וַ⁠יהוָ֞ה מִ⁠צִּיּ֣וֹן יִשְׁאָ֗ג וּ⁠מִ⁠ירוּשָׁלִַ֨ם֙ יִתֵּ֣ן קוֹל֔⁠וֹ 1 Yahweh will roar from Zion, and raise his voice from Jerusalem Both phrases mean Yahweh will shout with a loud, clear and powerful voice from Jerusalem. If your language only has one word for speaking very loudly, this can be used as one phrase. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will shout from Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
JOL 3 16 yr8u figs-metaphor וַ⁠יהוָ֞ה…יִשְׁאָ֗ג 1 Yahweh will roar This could mean: (1) “Yahweh will roar like a lion” or (2) “Yahweh will roar like thunder.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JOL 3 16 lf34 figs-hyperbole וְ⁠רָעֲשׁ֖וּ שָׁמַ֣יִם וָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ 1 The heavens and earth will shake Joel speaks of the heavens and earth as if they were people who are shaking with fear. This can be translated as either a hyperbole, that Yahweh’s roar is so frightening that even things that are not alive are afraid, or as metonymy, that the heavens and earth are metonyms for the beings who live there. Alternate translation: “Everyone in the heavens and on the earth is very afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JOL 3 16 vd5q וְ⁠רָעֲשׁ֖וּ 1 will shake This word is the past form of the word translated “tremble” in [Joel 2:10](../02/10.md).
JOL 3 16 lr5v figs-metaphor וַֽ⁠יהוָה֙ מַֽחֲסֶ֣ה לְ⁠עַמּ֔⁠וֹ וּ⁠מָע֖וֹז לִ⁠בְנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל 1 Yahweh will be a shelter for his people, and a fortress for the people of Israel Both of these phrases mean Yahweh will protect his people. A fortress is a strong shelter used to protect people during war. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will be a strong fortress for his people, the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
JOL 3 17 isx1 וִֽ⁠ידַעְתֶּ֗ם 1 So you will know Alternate translation: “When I do these things, you will know”
JOL 3 18 y22f וְ⁠הָיָה֩ בַ⁠יּ֨וֹם הַ⁠ה֜וּא…הֶ⁠הָרִ֣ים 1 It will come about on that day that the mountains “This is what will happen on that day: the mountains” Translate “It will come about” as in [Joel 2:28](../02/28.md).
JOL 3 18 m6v9 figs-hyperbole יִטְּפ֧וּ הֶ⁠הָרִ֣ים עָסִ֗יס 1 the mountains will drip with sweet wine “sweet wine will drip from the mountains.” This is an exaggeration to show that the land is very fertile. Alternate translation: “On the mountains there will be vineyards that produce plenty of sweet wine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
JOL 3 18 yj7w figs-metaphor וְ⁠הַ⁠גְּבָעוֹת֙ תֵּלַ֣כְנָה חָלָ֔ב 1 the hills will flow with milk “milk will flow from the hills.” The land being very fertile is spoken of as if the hills would flow with milk. Alternate translation: “on the hills your cattle and goats will produce plenty of milk” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
JOL 3 18 l5yu וְ⁠כָל־אֲפִיקֵ֥י יְהוּדָ֖ה יֵ֣לְכוּ מָ֑יִם 1 all the brooks of Judah will flow with water Alternate translation: “water will flow through all the brooks of Judah”
JOL 3 18 k6qq וְ⁠הִשְׁקָ֖ה אֶת־נַ֥חַל הַ⁠שִּׁטִּֽים 1 water the Valley of Shittim Alternate translation: “will send water to the Valley of Shittim”
JOL 3 18 f69l translate-names הַ⁠שִּׁטִּֽים 1 Shittim This is the name of a place on the east side of the Jordan River. It means “Acacia Trees.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
JOL 3 19 la92 מִצְרַ֨יִם֙ לִ⁠שְׁמָמָ֣ה תִֽהְיֶ֔ה 1 Egypt will become an abandoned devastation Alternate translation: “Everyone will leave Egypt and no one will live there”
JOL 3 19 au36 וֶ⁠אֱד֕וֹם לְ⁠מִדְבַּ֥ר שְׁמָמָ֖ה תִּֽהְיֶ֑ה 1 Edom will become an abandoned wilderness Alternate translation: “Everyone will leave Edom and it will look like no people have ever lived there”
JOL 3 19 c2r8 מֵֽ⁠חֲמַס֙ בְּנֵ֣י יְהוּדָ֔ה 1 because of the violence done to the people of Judah Alternate translation: “because of the violent things Egypt and Edom did to the people of Judah”
JOL 3 19 t6ay figs-metonymy אֲשֶׁר־שָׁפְכ֥וּ דָם־נָקִ֖יא בְּ⁠אַרְצָֽ⁠ם 1 because they shed innocent blood in their land The word “they” refers to “Edom” and “Egypt” and is a metonym for the people of Egypt and Edom. The words “innocent blood” are a metonym for innocent people whom they have killed. Alternate translation: “because the people of Egypt and the people of Edom killed innocent people in the land of the people of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
JOL 3 20 gi4z figs-activepassive וִ⁠יהוּדָ֖ה לְ⁠עוֹלָ֣ם תֵּשֵׁ֑ב 1 Judah will be inhabited forever If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people will live in Judah forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
JOL 3 20 f72t figs-activepassive וִ⁠ירוּשָׁלִַ֖ם לְ⁠ד֥וֹר וָ⁠דֽוֹר 1 Jerusalem will be inhabited from generation to generation If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “generation after generation, people will live in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
JOL 3 21 dj9s figs-metonymy וְ⁠נִקֵּ֖יתִי דָּמָ֣⁠ם לֹֽא־נִקֵּ֑יתִי 1 I will avenge their blood that I have not yet avenged Blood is a metonym for death. Alternate translation: “I will punish the enemies who killed the people of Israel and still have not been punished” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1 Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNote
2 JOL front intro aq5w 0 # Introduction to Joel<br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of the Book of Joel<br><br>1. The land ruined; the day of Yahweh is coming (1:1–2:11)<br> * Locusts and drought (1:1–20)<br> * The day of Yahweh (2:1–11)<br>1. Yahweh restores his people (2:12-32)<br> * The people should turn to Yahweh, for he will pity them (2:12–27)<br> * The Spirit of Yahweh, wonders, and salvation (2:28–32)<br>1. Yahweh will judge the nations (3:1-21)<br> * Yahweh judges the nations (3:1–16)<br> * Yahweh dwells in Zion (3:17–21)<br><br>### What is the Book of Joel about?<br><br>The main idea in the Book of Joel is “the day of Yahweh.” This expression is found five times (1:15, 2:1, 2:11, 2:21, 3:14).<br><br>The people of Israel looked forward to “the day of Yahweh” as a day that Yahweh would judge the nations around them. But Joel warns that Yahweh would also judge Israel for being unfaithful to him. After judging them, Yahweh will restore his people.<br><br>Joel’s message applies to the people of God in the church age. For Yahweh says, “I will pour out my Spirit on all flesh” and “everyone who calls on Yahweh will be saved” (2:28 and 2:32, quoted by Peter in Acts 2:17 and 2:21).<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>The traditional title of this book is “The Book of Joel” or just “Joel.” Translators may also call it the “The Book about Joel” or “The Sayings of Joel.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>### Who wrote the Book of Joel?<br><br>This book contains the prophecies of an Israelite named Joel, son of Pethuel. The book does not tell when Joel prophesied.<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### What is the meaning of the locust attacks in Joel 1 and 2, and of the drought in Joel 2?<br><br>Locust attacks occurred often in the ancient Near East. Certain kinds of grasshoppers would come in countless numbers. There would be so many that they would darken the sky like a black cloud that blocked the sunlight. They often came after a long period of no rain. They came down on whatever crops were surviving in the fields and stripped them bare of their leaves. The locusts could not be stopped and caused terrible damage. For this reason, locust attacks served as a powerful image of military attacks in the Old Testament. In Chapters 1 and 2, Joel described locust attacks using military terms. He may have been speaking of enemy invaders coming and destroying the land its people.<br><br>There are various names for locusts in the original language of the Old Testament. It is uncertain whether these refer to different kinds of locusts or to the same kind of locust in different stages of growth. For this reason, versions of the Bible differ in how they translate these terms.<br><br>Joel also described a drought in Chapter 2. It might have been a real lack of rain. Or Joel may have been speaking of either enemy invaders or Yahweh himself coming to punish his people and the other nations.<br><br>Translators should simply translate the locust attacks and drought as Joel described them and not worry about the various possible meanings.<br><br>### What did Joel prophesy about the future for God’s people?<br><br>Joel prophesied that God will defeat Israel’s enemies, rebuild the city of Jerusalem, and rule as victorious king over the whole world. At the same time, God will give his Spirit to all his people, and they will receive messages from him in dreams and visions. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holyspirit]])<br><br>## Part 3: Important Translation Issues<br><br>### How should one translate the poetry of the Book of Joel?<br><br>All of the text in the Book of Joel is poetry. The ULT presents it in this way. The UST, however, presents the text as prose. Translators may choose to use prose in their versions. Translators who want to translate the book as poetry should read about poetry and parallelism. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
3 JOL 1 intro q2ev 0 # Joel 1 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Joel is written in poetic form and with striking imagery. The ULT is written in poetic form, but the UST has been transferred to a prose form. If possible, use the poetic form to communicate the meaning of this book in order to stay closer to the original meaning of the text.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Locusts<br>This book starts very dramatically with the imagery of the locusts and the devastation they produce. There are five different kinds of locusts that appear to come and they progressively destroy the vegetation including the crops, vineyards and even the trees of the whole land of Israel.<br><br>It was common for farmers in the ancient Near East to experience large locust swarms that would come and eat all crops in their fields. Joel might be describing such attacks in this first chapter. Because Joel uses military terms and images to describe these locust attacks, his descriptions might represent enemy invaders who would come and destroy the land its people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])<br><br>Translators should translate simply, presenting the scenes of locusts as Joel describes them, and not worry about the various possible meanings.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Rhetorical Questions<br>The author also uses rhetorical questions that communicate surprise and alarm. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
4 JOL 1 1 qry6 figs-parallelism 0 General Information: God speaks through Joel to the people of Israel using poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
5 JOL 1 1 er8g figs-idiom דְּבַר־יְהוָה֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר הָיָ֔ה אֶל־יוֹאֵ֖ל 1 the word of Yahweh that came to Joel This idiom is used to announce that God gave messages to Joel. Alternate translation: “the message Yahweh gave to Joel” or “the message Yahweh spoke to Joel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
6 JOL 1 1 qwp8 יְהוָה֙ 1 Yahweh This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this.
7 JOL 1 1 m5wr translate-names פְּתוּאֵֽל 1 Pethuel Joel’s father (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
8 JOL 1 2 t74n figs-rquestion הֶ⁠הָ֤יְתָה זֹּאת֙ בִּֽ⁠ימֵי⁠כֶ֔ם וְ⁠אִ֖ם בִּ⁠ימֵ֥י אֲבֹֽתֵי⁠כֶֽם 1 Has anything like this happened in your days or in the days of your ancestors? Joel is preparing the elders to listen to what he has to say. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “Nothing like this has ever happened before either to you or to your ancestors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
9 JOL 1 3 vge5 figs-ellipsis וּ⁠בְנֵי⁠הֶ֖ם לְ⁠ד֥וֹר אַחֵֽר 1 their children the next generation You may need to fill in the words that have been left out. Alternate translation: “let their children tell the generation after them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
10 JOL 1 4 m68u translate-unknown הָֽ⁠אַרְבֶּ֔ה 1 the swarming locust large groups of insects like grasshoppers that fly together and eat large areas of food crops (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
11 JOL 1 4 ny2z הַ⁠גָּזָם֙…הָֽ⁠אַרְבֶּ֔ה…הַ⁠יָּ֑לֶק…הֶ⁠חָסִֽיל 1 swarming locust … great locust … grasshopper … caterpillar These are, respectively, an adult locust that can fly, a locust too large to fly easily, a locust with wings too young to fly, and a newborn locust that has not yet developed wings. Use names that would be understood in your language.
12 JOL 1 5 zk2a 0 General Information: God warns the people of Israel about the coming locust army.
13 JOL 1 5 l1nq figs-parallelism שִׁכּוֹרִים֙ וּ⁠בְכ֔וּ וְ⁠הֵילִ֖לוּ כָּל־שֹׁ֣תֵי יָ֑יִן 1 you drunkards, and weep! Wail, all you drinkers of wine If your language has only one word for “weep” and “wail,” you can combine the lines: “you people who love wine should cry out in sorrow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
14 JOL 1 6 qm8j figs-metaphor גוֹי֙ 1 a nation The locust swarm is like an invading army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
15 JOL 1 6 jn1q שִׁנָּי⁠ו֙ שִׁנֵּ֣י 1 His teeth … he has the teeth The locusts are like a nation which is like one person. You can refer to the nation as “it,” or to the locusts as “they,” or to the invader as one person.
16 JOL 1 6 mpz6 figs-parallelism שִׁנָּי⁠ו֙ שִׁנֵּ֣י אַרְיֵ֔ה וּֽ⁠מְתַלְּע֥וֹת לָבִ֖יא לֽ⁠וֹ 1 His teeth are the teeth of a lion, and he has the teeth of a lioness. These two lines share similar meanings. The reference to the locusts’ teeth being as sharp as lions’ teeth emphasize how fierce they are as they eat all of the crops of the land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
17 JOL 1 6 aj1z אַרְצִ֔⁠י 1 my land Yahweh’s land
18 JOL 1 7 sxr3 שָׂ֤ם…חָשֹׂ֤ף חֲשָׂפָ⁠הּ֙ 1 He has made … He has stripped The locusts are like a nation which is like one person. You can refer to the nation as “it,” or to the locusts as “they,” or to the invader as one person.
19 JOL 1 7 hi96 גַּפְנִ⁠י֙…וּ⁠תְאֵנָתִ֖⁠י 1 my vineyard … my fig tree Yahweh’s vineyard and fig tree
20 JOL 1 7 k8l9 לְ⁠שַׁמָּ֔ה 1 desolate empty and without life
21 JOL 1 10 zn6h figs-metaphor אָבְלָ֖ה אֲדָמָ֑ה 1 the ground is mourning Here the land is spoken of as if it were a person. These words could also be seen as a metonym for the people who are mourning or even as hyperbole, that the famine is so bad that even things that are not alive are mourning. Alternate translation: “the farmers are mourning” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
22 JOL 1 10 j565 figs-activepassive שֻׁדַּ֣ד דָּגָ֔ן 1 the grain has been destroyed This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the locusts have destroyed all of the grain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
23 JOL 1 11 eeq1 translate-unknown שְׂעֹרָ֑ה 1 barley a type of grass, like wheat, whose seeds can be used to make bread (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
24 JOL 1 12 pk4b הוֹבִ֔ישָׁה 1 withered dried up and died
25 JOL 1 12 r11a translate-unknown וְ⁠הַ⁠תְּאֵנָ֖ה…מּ֞וֹן…וְ⁠תַפּ֗וּחַ 1 fig … pomegranate … apple different types of fruit (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
26 JOL 1 13 uv6d 0 General Information: God speaks to the priests in Israel
27 JOL 1 13 w9cv מִנְחָ֥ה וָ⁠נָֽסֶךְ 1 the grain offering and the drink offering regular offerings in the temple
28 JOL 1 14 z8ne בֵּ֖ית יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֵי⁠כֶ֑ם 1 the house of Yahweh your God the temple in Jerusalem
29 JOL 1 15 q895 0 General Information: This is what God is telling the priests to say.
30 JOL 1 15 u6hs figs-abstractnouns וּ⁠כְ⁠שֹׁ֖ד מִ⁠שַׁדַּ֥י יָבֽוֹא 1 With it will come destruction from the Almighty If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **destruction**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “destroy.” You may need to make explicit what it is the Almighty will destroy. Alternate translation: “On that day the Almighty will destroy his enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
31 JOL 1 16 yv6d figs-ellipsis הֲ⁠ל֛וֹא נֶ֥גֶד עֵינֵ֖י⁠נוּ אֹ֣כֶל נִכְרָ֑ת מִ⁠בֵּ֥ית אֱלֹהֵ֖י⁠נוּ שִׂמְחָ֥ה וָ⁠גִֽיל 1 Has not food been cut off from before our eyes, and joy and gladness from the house of our God? It is certain that destruction will come from the Almighty because these things have already happened. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “We know this is true because we have already seen the Almighty cut off our supply of food, and he has cut off joy and gladness from the house of our God.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
32 JOL 1 16 r8wr figs-synecdoche נֶ֥גֶד עֵינֵ֖י⁠נוּ 1 from before our eyes “from us.” This refers to all of the nation of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
33 JOL 1 16 f1eb figs-ellipsis מִ⁠בֵּ֥ית אֱלֹהֵ֖י⁠נוּ שִׂמְחָ֥ה וָ⁠גִֽיל 1 joy and gladness from the house of our God You may need to fill in the ellipsis. Alternate translation: “joy and gladness have been cut off from the house of our God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
34 JOL 1 16 ppt5 figs-doublet שִׂמְחָ֥ה וָ⁠גִֽיל 1 joy and gladness These two words mean basically the same thing. Together they emphasize that there is no kind of joyful activity happening at the temple. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
35 JOL 1 17 y7su מֶגְרְפֹ֣תֵי⁠הֶ֔ם 1 clods lumps of dirt
36 JOL 1 18 ul6j נֶּאֶנְחָ֣ה 1 groan make a deep sound because of pain
37 JOL 1 20 n9lf אֲפִ֣יקֵי 1 brooks small streams
38 JOL 2 intro j2gp 0 # Joel 2 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter continues in the poetic form with striking imagery of armies and soldiers.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Locusts<br><br>This book starts very dramatically with the imagery of the locusts and the devastation they produce. There are five different kinds of locusts that appear to come and progressively destroy the vegetation including the crops, vineyards and even the trees of Israel.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>This chapter uses simile to a great extent as Joel tries to describe this army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])<br><br>### Metaphor<br>The drought, or severe lack of rain, Joel describes is probably a real drought. It might also be a picture of either enemy invaders or of Yahweh himself coming to punish his people and the other nations. Translators should translate simply, presenting the scenes of locusts and drought as Joel describes them, and not worry about the various possible meanings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
39 JOL 2 1 m7i5 תִּקְע֨וּ שׁוֹפָ֜ר…וְ⁠הָרִ֨יעוּ֙ 1 Blow the trumpet … sound an alarm Joel is emphasizing the importance of calling Israel together in preparation for the destruction that is coming.
40 JOL 2 2 qmb9 figs-doublet י֧וֹם חֹ֣שֶׁךְ וַ⁠אֲפֵלָ֗ה 1 day of darkness and gloom The words “darkness” and “gloom” share similar meanings and emphasize that the darkness will be very dark. Both words refer to a time of disaster or divine judgment. Alternate translation: “day that is full of darkness” or “day of terrible judgment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
41 JOL 2 2 st7t וַ⁠אֲפֵלָ֗ה 1 gloom total or partial darkness
42 JOL 2 2 pcr6 figs-doublet י֤וֹם עָנָן֙ וַ⁠עֲרָפֶ֔ל 1 day of clouds and thick darkness This phrase means the same thing as, and intensifies the idea of the previous phrase. Like that phrase, both “clouds” and “thick darkness” refer to divine judgment. Alternate translation: “day full of dark storm clouds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
43 JOL 2 2 h3d1 figs-simile כְּ⁠שַׁ֖חַר פָּרֻ֣שׂ עַל־הֶֽ⁠הָרִ֑ים עַ֚ם רַ֣ב וְ⁠עָצ֔וּם 1 Like the dawn that spreads on the mountains, a large and mighty army is approaching When direct sunlight shines on a mountain at dawn, it begins at the top and spreads to the bottom. When an army comes over a mountain range, it comes over the top and spreads out as it comes down. Alternate translation: “A large, mighty army comes over the mountains into the land. They spread over the land like the light from the rising sun” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
44 JOL 2 2 ekb8 figs-metaphor עַ֚ם רַ֣ב וְ⁠עָצ֔וּם 1 a large and mighty army The words “large” and “mighty” share similar meanings here and emphasize that the army will be very strong. The word **army** could possibly be: (1) a metaphor for a swarm of locusts or (2) referring to a human army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
45 JOL 2 3 fly5 figs-metaphor לְ⁠פָנָי⁠ו֙ אָ֣כְלָה אֵ֔שׁ 1 A fire is consuming everything in front of it A fire destroys everything as it moves, and the “army” ([Joel 2:2](../02/02.md)), whether of humans or of locusts, destroys everything as it moves. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
46 JOL 2 3 z5iu figs-metaphor וְ⁠אַחֲרָ֖י⁠ו תְּלַהֵ֣ט לֶֽהָבָ֑ה 1 behind it a flame is burning After a wall of flame goes through dry land and burns the dryest and smallest fuel, there will still be flames as the larger and less dry fuel burns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
47 JOL 2 3 yne4 figs-simile כְּ⁠גַן־עֵ֨דֶן הָ⁠אָ֜רֶץ 1 land is like the garden of Eden The garden of Eden was a beautiful place, and the land was beautiful. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
48 JOL 2 4 ztn5 figs-simile כְּ⁠מַרְאֵ֥ה סוּסִ֖ים מַרְאֵ֑⁠הוּ 1 The army’s appearance is like horses The head of a locust looks like a small horse head. The army is fast, and horses are fast. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
49 JOL 2 4 fdt4 translate-unknown סוּסִ֖ים 1 horses A large, strong, fast animal with four legs. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
50 JOL 2 4 myc3 figs-simile וּ⁠כְ⁠פָרָשִׁ֖ים כֵּ֥ן יְרוּצֽוּ⁠ן 1 they run like horsemen Men riding horses move quickly, and the army moves quickly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
51 JOL 2 5 m6fl יְרַקֵּד֔וּ⁠ן 1 jump A horse jumps or leaps as it runs quickly.
52 JOL 2 5 n75f figs-simile כְּ⁠ק֣וֹל מַרְכָּב֗וֹת…כְּ⁠קוֹל֙ לַ֣הַב אֵ֔שׁ…כְּ⁠עַ֣ם עָצ֔וּם עֱר֖וּךְ מִלְחָמָֽה 1 a noise like that of chariots … like the noise of fiery flames … like a mighty army ready for battle These sounds would have been very frightening to Joel’s readers. If your readers will not understand what these sound like, you might be able to use a more general phrase: “a noise that frightens everyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
53 JOL 2 7 e5ge figs-personification כְּ⁠גִבּוֹרִ֣ים יְרֻצ֔וּ⁠ן כְּ⁠אַנְשֵׁ֥י מִלְחָמָ֖ה יַעֲל֣וּ חוֹמָ֑ה 1 They run like mighty warriors … climb the walls like soldiers The army of locusts acts as real soldiers do. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
54 JOL 2 7 d4kv חוֹמָ֑ה 1 walls walls around the cities
55 JOL 2 8 yt67 וּ⁠בְעַ֥ד הַ⁠שֶּׁ֛לַח יִפֹּ֖לוּ 1 they break through the defenses they overcome the soldiers defending the city.
56 JOL 2 10 iu1h figs-personification לְ⁠פָנָי⁠ו֙ רָ֣גְזָה אֶ֔רֶץ רָעֲשׁ֖וּ שָׁמָ֑יִם 1 The earth shakes in front of them, the heavens tremble Joel speaks of the earth and heavens as if they were people who are shaking with fear. This can be translated as either a hyperbole, that the army is so frightening that even things that are not alive are afraid, or as metonymy, that the earth and the heavens are metonyms for the beings who live there. Alternate translation: “Everyone on earth and in the heavens is very afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
57 JOL 2 10 lm84 figs-hyperbole שֶׁ֤מֶשׁ וְ⁠יָרֵ֨חַ֙ קָדָ֔רוּ וְ⁠כוֹכָבִ֖ים אָסְפ֥וּ נָגְהָֽ⁠ 1 the sun and the moon are darkened, and the stars stop shining This exaggeration claims that there are so many locusts that people cannot see the sun, moon, or stars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
58 JOL 2 11 mi1t וַֽ⁠יהוָ֗ה נָתַ֤ן קוֹל⁠וֹ֙ 1 Yahweh raises his voice “Yahweh speaks loudly” to give commands.
59 JOL 2 11 tzv4 figs-hendiadys גָד֧וֹל…וְ⁠נוֹרָ֥א מְאֹ֖ד 1 great and very terrible In this phrase both descriptions mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “greatly terrible” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])
60 JOL 2 11 vht4 figs-rquestion וּ⁠מִ֥י יְכִילֶֽ⁠נּוּ 1 Who can survive it? If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one will be strong enough to survive Yahweh’s judgment.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
61 JOL 2 12 d1i9 figs-metonymy שֻׁ֥בוּ עָדַ֖⁠י בְּ⁠כָל־לְבַבְ⁠כֶ֑ם 1 Return to me with all your heart The heart is a metonym for what the person thinks and loves. Alternate translation: “Turn away from your sins and be totally devoted to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
62 JOL 2 13 d1sf figs-metonymy וְ⁠קִרְע֤וּ לְבַבְ⁠כֶם֙ וְ⁠אַל־בִּגְדֵי⁠כֶ֔ם 1 Tear your heart and not only your garments The heart is a metonym for what the person thinks and loves. Tearing one’s clothes is an outward act of shame or repentance. Alternate translation: “Change your way of thinking; do not just tear your garments” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
63 JOL 2 13 wfp5 figs-abstractnouns וְ⁠רַב־חֶ֔סֶד 1 abundant in covenant faithfulness If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “faithful” or “faithfully.” Alternate translation: “always faithful to his covenant” or “always loves faithfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
64 JOL 2 13 e3gw וְ⁠נִחָ֖ם עַל 1 turn from stop
65 JOL 2 14 a2av figs-rquestion יָשׁ֣וּב וְ⁠נִחָ֑ם וְ⁠הִשְׁאִ֤יר אַֽחֲרָי⁠ו֙ בְּרָכָ֔ה מִנְחָ֣ה וָ⁠נֶ֔סֶךְ לַ⁠יהוָ֖ה אֱלֹהֵי⁠כֶֽם 1 Will he perhaps turn … God? If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “Perhaps Yahweh will turn from his anger … God.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
66 JOL 2 14 xys3 וְ⁠הִשְׁאִ֤יר אַֽחֲרָי⁠ו֙ בְּרָכָ֔ה מִנְחָ֣ה וָ⁠נֶ֔סֶךְ 1 leave a blessing behind him, a grain offering and a drink offering “leave behind him a blessing—that is, a grain offering and a drink offering.” The blessing is that plenty of grain and grapes will ripen, and so the people will be able to offer grain and drink offerings.
67 JOL 2 16 jzj1 מֵ⁠חֻפָּתָֽ⁠הּ 1 bridal chambers rooms, usually in the parents’ houses, where brides would wait for their wedding ceremonies
68 JOL 2 17 fek9 וְ⁠אַל־תִּתֵּ֨ן נַחֲלָתְ⁠ךָ֤ לְ⁠חֶרְפָּה֙ 1 do not make your inheritance into an object of scorn Alternate translation: “do not allow your inheritance to become people whom the other nations regard as worthless”
69 JOL 2 17 kqr6 figs-metaphor נַחֲלָתְ⁠ךָ֤ 1 your inheritance Here the people of Israel are spoken of as God’s inheritance. Alternate translation: “your special people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
70 JOL 2 17 ey9s figs-rquestion לָ֚⁠מָּה יֹאמְר֣וּ בָֽ⁠עַמִּ֔ים אַיֵּ֖ה אֱלֹהֵי⁠הֶֽם 1 Why should they say among the nations, ‘Where is their God?’ If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “Other nations should not be able to say, ‘Their God does not help them.’” or “Other nations should not be able to say that the God of Israel has abandoned his people.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
71 JOL 2 18 xeg7 לְ⁠אַרְצ֑⁠וֹ 1 his land Alternate translation: “the nation of Israel”
72 JOL 2 18 im7l עַמּֽ⁠וֹ 1 his people Alternate translation: “the people of Israel”
73 JOL 2 19 lu18 הִנְ⁠נִ֨י 1 Look Alternate translation: “Pay attention to what I am about to say”
74 JOL 2 19 jde5 וּ⁠שְׂבַעְתֶּ֖ם אֹת֑⁠ 1 You will be satisfied with them Alternate translation: “You will have all you need of them”
75 JOL 2 19 tqc6 חֶרְפָּ֖ה 1 a disgrace Alternate translation: “unworthy of respect”
76 JOL 2 20 khh7 הַ⁠צְּפוֹנִ֞י…הַ⁠קַּדְמֹנִ֔י…הָ⁠אַֽחֲר֑וֹן 1 northern … eastern … western These directions are from the perspective of people living in the land of Israel.
77 JOL 2 20 v9xy הַ⁠יָּם֙ הַ⁠קַּדְמֹנִ֔י 1 the eastern sea the Dead Sea
78 JOL 2 20 ue9y הַ⁠יָּ֣ם הָ⁠אַֽחֲר֑וֹן 1 the western sea the Mediterranean Sea
79 JOL 2 20 k6n8 הִגְדִּ֖יל לַ⁠עֲשֽׂוֹת 1 he has done great things That is, Yahweh has done great things. Another possible meaning is that the writer speaks of the invading army, “it has done very bad things.”
80 JOL 2 21 g3z3 figs-apostrophe אַל־תִּֽירְאִ֖י אֲדָמָ֑ה 1 Do not fear, land Joel speaks to the people of the land as if he were speaking to the land itself. Alternate translation: “Do not be afraid, you people of the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
81 JOL 2 22 n9lm figs-apostrophe אַל־תִּֽירְאוּ֙ בַּהֲמ֣וֹת שָׂדַ֔י 1 Do not fear, beasts of the field Joel speaks to people who own livestock as if he were speaking to the animals themselves. Alternate translation: “Do not be afraid, you people who own livestock” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
82 JOL 2 22 t5ty figs-metonymy דָשְׁא֖וּ נְא֣וֹת מִדְבָּ֑ר 1 the pastures of the wilderness will sprout The pastures are a metonym for the plants that grow in the pastures. Alternate translation: “plants good for food will sprout in the pastures in the wilderness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
83 JOL 2 23 xlq6 נָתַ֥ן…וַ⁠יּ֣וֹרֶד לָ⁠כֶ֗ם גֶּ֛שֶׁם 1 he will … bring down showers for you Alternate translation: “he will … cause much rain to fall so that you will live well”
84 JOL 2 23 vnx8 מוֹרֶ֥ה וּ⁠מַלְק֖וֹשׁ 1 autumn rain and the spring rain the first rains of the rainy season in early December and the last rains in April and May
85 JOL 2 24 gw97 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh begins a long speech to the Israelites.
86 JOL 2 24 p8u1 הַ⁠יְקָבִ֖ים 1 vats large containers for liquids
87 JOL 2 25 k6bd אֶת־הַ⁠שָּׁנִ֔ים אֲשֶׁר֙ אָכַ֣ל הָֽ⁠אַרְבֶּ֔ה 1 the years of crops that the swarming locust has eaten Alternate translation: “the crops that you took care of for years and that the swarming locusts have eaten”
88 JOL 2 25 e81a הָֽ⁠אַרְבֶּ֔ה הַ⁠יֶּ֖לֶק וְ⁠הֶ⁠חָסִ֣יל וְ⁠הַ⁠גָּזָ֑ם 1 swarming locust … the great locust, the devouring locust, and the destroying locust These are, respectively, an adult locust that can fly, a locust too large to fly easily, a locust with wings too young to fly, and a newborn locust that has not yet developed wings. Use names that would be understood in your language. See how you translated this in [Joel 1:4](../01/04.md).
89 JOL 2 26 jy17 figs-metonymy וְ⁠הִלַּלְתֶּ֗ם אֶת־שֵׁ֤ם יְהוָה֙ 1 praise the name of Yahweh The name is a metonym for the person, specifically his reputation. Alternate translation: “praise Yahweh” or “praise Yahweh because everyone knows he is good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
90 JOL 2 26 x2qr figs-123person שֵׁ֤ם יְהוָה֙ אֱלֹ֣הֵי⁠כֶ֔ם אֲשֶׁר־עָשָׂ֥ה עִמָּ⁠כֶ֖ם לְ⁠הַפְלִ֑יא 1 the name of Yahweh … who has done wonders Yahweh speaks of himself by name to show that he will certainly do as he has said. Alternate translation: “my name … because I have done wonders” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
91 JOL 2 28 p6xw וְ⁠הָיָ֣ה אַֽחֲרֵי־כֵ֗ן אֶשְׁפּ֤וֹךְ 1 It will come about afterward that I Alternate translation: “This is what I will do after that: I”
92 JOL 2 28 mc8b figs-metaphor אֶשְׁפּ֤וֹךְ אֶת־רוּחִ⁠י֙ עַל־כָּל־בָּשָׂ֔ר 1 I will pour out my Spirit on all flesh Yahweh speaks of the Spirit as if he were speaking of water. AT” “I will give my Spirit generously to all flesh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
93 JOL 2 28 ny8x figs-synecdoche כָּל־בָּשָׂ֔ר 1 all flesh Here “flesh” represents people. Alternate translation: “all people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
94 JOL 2 30 fxj8 figs-metonymy דָּ֣ם וָ⁠אֵ֔שׁ וְ⁠תִֽימֲר֖וֹת עָשָֽׁן 1 blood, fire, and pillars of smoke “blood” is symbolizing the death of people. Alternate translation: “death, fire and pillars of smoke” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
95 JOL 2 31 e1db הַ⁠שֶּׁ֨מֶשׁ֙ יֵהָפֵ֣ךְ לְ⁠חֹ֔שֶׁךְ 1 The sun will turn into darkness Alternate translation: “The sun will no longer give light”
96 JOL 2 31 fc5h figs-metonymy וְ⁠הַ⁠יָּרֵ֖חַ לְ⁠דָ֑ם 1 the moon into blood Here the word “blood” refers to the color red. You can supply the verb for this phrase. Alternate translation: “the moon will turn red like blood” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
97 JOL 2 32 w6nv וְ⁠הָיָ֗ה כֹּ֧ל 1 It will be that everyone Alternate translation: “This is what will happen: everyone”
98 JOL 2 32 t1vg figs-metonymy כֹּ֧ל אֲשֶׁר־יִקְרָ֛א בְּ⁠שֵׁ֥ם יְהוָ֖ה יִמָּלֵ֑ט 1 everyone who calls on the name of Yahweh will be saved The name is a metonym for the person. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will save everyone who calls on his name” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
99 JOL 2 32 k5zj figs-doublet בְּ⁠הַר־צִיּ֨וֹן וּ⁠בִ⁠ירוּשָׁלִַ֜ם 1 on Mount Zion and in Jerusalem These refer to the same place. Alternate translation: “on Mount Zion in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
100 JOL 2 32 j194 figs-ellipsis וּ⁠בַ֨⁠שְּׂרִידִ֔ים אֲשֶׁ֥ר יְהוָ֖ה קֹרֵֽא 1 among the survivors, those whom Yahweh calls The phrase “there will be” is understood from earlier in the sentence. It can be repeated here. Alternate translation: “among the survivors there will be those whom Yahweh calls” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
101 JOL 2 32 e73u 1 survivors people who live through a terrible event like a war or a disaster
102 JOL 3 intro jcn7 0 # Joel 3 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>There is a change in focus in this chapter from the people of Israel to her enemies. The events of this chapters also contain many prophecies about the events of the end of this world. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Israel<br>The mention of Israel in this chapter is probably a reference to the people of Judah and not the northern kingdom of Israel. It is also possible this is a reference to the people of Israel as a whole.
103 JOL 3 1 nha5 כִּ֗י הִנֵּ֛ה 1 Behold Alternate translation: “Listen” or “Pay attention”
104 JOL 3 1 zy3s figs-doublet בַּ⁠יָּמִ֥ים הָ⁠הֵ֖מָּה וּ⁠בָ⁠עֵ֣ת הַ⁠הִ֑יא 1 in those days and at that time The phrase “at that time” means the same thing as and intensifies the phrase “in those days.” Alternate translation: “in those very days” or “at that very time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
105 JOL 3 1 c3ys אֲשֶׁ֥ר אָשִׁ֛יב אֶת־שְׁב֥וּת יְהוּדָ֖ה וִ⁠ירוּשָׁלִָֽם 1 when I return the exiles of Judah and Jerusalem Alternate translation: “When I send the exiles back to Judah and Jerusalem”
106 JOL 3 2 xs2u עֵ֖מֶק יְהֽוֹשָׁפָ֑ט 1 Valley of Jehoshaphat Jehoshaphat, whose name means “Yahweh judges,” was king of Judah before Joel lived. There is no known place with this name. It would be best to translate this as the name of a valley that people named after the man Jehoshaphat.
107 JOL 3 2 idt3 figs-doublet עַמִּ֨⁠י וְ⁠נַחֲלָתִ֤⁠י יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ 1 my people and my inheritance Israel These two phrases emphasize how Yahweh views Israel as his own precious people. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel, who are my inheritance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
108 JOL 3 3 z4y6 figs-explicit וַ⁠יִּתְּנ֤וּ הַ⁠יֶּ֨לֶד֙ בַּ⁠זּוֹנָ֔ה וְ⁠הַ⁠יַּלְדָּ֛ה מָכְר֥וּ בַ⁠יַּ֖יִן וַ⁠יִּשְׁתּֽוּ 1 traded a boy for a prostitute, and sold a girl for wine so they could drink These are examples of the kinds of things they did and do not indicate what they did to two particular children. Alternate translation: “and did things like trading a boy for a prostitute and selling a girl for wine, so they could drink” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
109 JOL 3 4 qj6v figs-rquestion וְ֠⁠גַם מָה־אַתֶּ֥ם לִ⁠י֙ צֹ֣ר וְ⁠צִיד֔וֹן וְ⁠כֹ֖ל גְּלִיל֣וֹת פְּלָ֑שֶׁת 1 why are you angry at me … Philistia? Yahweh is encouraging the people of Judah, who can hear him, by scolding the people of Tyre, Sidon, and Philistia, who cannot hear him, as if they can. The names of the towns are metonyms for the people who live in the towns. These words can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “you have no right to be angry at me … Philistia.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
110 JOL 3 4 xaa9 figs-rquestion הַ⁠גְּמ֗וּל אַתֶּם֙ מְשַׁלְּמִ֣ים עָלָ֔⁠י 1 Will you repay me? “Will you get revenge on me?” God uses this question to make the people think about what they are doing. Alternate translation: “You think you can get revenge on me, but you cannot.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
111 JOL 3 4 ns7f figs-synecdoche קַ֣ל מְהֵרָ֔ה אָשִׁ֥יב גְּמֻלְ⁠כֶ֖ם בְּ⁠רֹאשְׁ⁠כֶֽם 1 I will immediately return your retribution on your own head Here the word “head” refers to the person. Yahweh will make them suffer the pain they wanted him to suffer. Alternate translation: “I will cause you to suffer the retribution that you tried to put on me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
112 JOL 3 4 wdm3 גְּמֻלְ⁠כֶ֖ם 1 retribution Alternate translation: “revenge” or “payback”
113 JOL 3 7 sum8 הִנְ⁠נִ֣י 1 Look Alternate translation: “Pay attention” or “Listen”
114 JOL 3 7 dc6d figs-explicit מִן־הַ֨⁠מָּק֔וֹם אֲשֶׁר־מְכַרְתֶּ֥ם אֹתָ֖⁠ם שָׁ֑מָּ⁠ה 1 out of the place where you sold them The people of Israel will leave the places where they were slaves and come back to the land of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
115 JOL 3 7 uh32 וַ⁠הֲשִׁבֹתִ֥י גְמֻלְ⁠כֶ֖ם 1 return payment Alternate translation: “give back what you deserve”
116 JOL 3 8 pww6 figs-metonymy וּ⁠מָכַרְתִּ֞י אֶת־בְּנֵי⁠כֶ֣ם וְ⁠אֶת־בְּנֽוֹתֵי⁠כֶ֗ם בְּ⁠יַד֙ בְּנֵ֣י יְהוּדָ֔ה 1 I will sell your sons and your daughters, by the hand of the people of Judah The hand can be a metonym for the power the hand exercises or a synecdoche for the person. Alternate translation: “I will have the people of Judah sell your sons and your daughters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
117 JOL 3 8 t9jc translate-names לִ⁠שְׁבָאיִ֖ם 1 Sabeans the people of the land of Sabea (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
118 JOL 3 9 d6ny הָעִ֨ירוּ֙ הַ⁠גִּבּוֹרִ֔ים 1 rouse the mighty men Alternate translation: “make the mighty men ready for action”
119 JOL 3 10 t93c figs-parallelism כֹּ֤תּוּ אִתֵּי⁠כֶם֙ לַֽ⁠חֲרָב֔וֹת וּ⁠מַזְמְרֹֽתֵי⁠כֶ֖ם לִ⁠רְמָחִ֑ים 1 Beat your plowshares into swords and your pruning knives into spears These two phrases share similar meanings. Both of them instruct the people to turn their farming tools into weapons. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
120 JOL 3 10 ze4m אִתֵּי⁠כֶם֙ 1 plowshares tools that are used to break up the soil in order to plant crops
121 JOL 3 10 epv7 וּ⁠מַזְמְרֹֽתֵי⁠כֶ֖ם 1 pruning knives knives that are used to cut off small branches
122 JOL 3 11 rp2a figs-irony ע֣וּשׁוּ וָ⁠בֹ֧אוּ כָֽל־הַ⁠גּוֹיִ֛ם מִ⁠סָּבִ֖יב וְ⁠נִקְבָּ֑צוּ שָׁ֕מָּ⁠ה 1 Hurry and come … together there These words continue the ironic call to battle that begins in [Joel 3:9](../03/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
123 JOL 3 11 p5mc figs-explicit וְ⁠נִקְבָּ֑צוּ 1 gather yourselves together The purpose of the gathering is for battle. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “gather yourselves together for battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
124 JOL 3 11 e3ig הַֽנְחַ֥ת יְהוָ֖ה גִּבּוֹרֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 Yahweh, bring down your mighty warriors This could mean: (1) Joel is telling the people of Judah that this is what they are to “proclaim among the nations” ([Joel 3:9](../03/09.md)) or (2) Joel interrupts the words of Yahweh and prays a short prayer.
125 JOL 3 12 b1jw 0 General Information: Yahweh finishes the speech he began in [Joel 2:25](../02/25.md), promising good things for the people of Israel.
126 JOL 3 12 ul2y הַ⁠גּוֹיִ֔ם…אֶת־כָּל־הַ⁠גּוֹיִ֖ם מִ⁠סָּבִֽיב 1 Let the nations wake themselves … all the surrounding nations The words “the nations” and “the surrounding nations” refer to the same nations, those that surround Judah. Yahweh will judge them in the Valley of Jehoshaphat for what they have done to Jerusalem.
127 JOL 3 12 pq55 עֵ֖מֶק יְהֽוֹשָׁפָ֑ט 1 Valley of Jehoshaphat Jehoshaphat, whose name means “Yahweh judges,” was king of Judah before Joel lived. There is no known place with this name. It would be best to translate this as the name of a valley that people named after the man Jehoshaphat. See how you translated this in [Joel 3:2](../03/02.md).
128 JOL 3 13 hq7f figs-metaphor שִׁלְח֣וּ מַגָּ֔ל…מָ֣לְאָה גַּ֔ת 1 Put in the sickle … the winepress is full Possible meanings are that Yahweh speaks of completely destroying the nations as if: (1) he were harvesting all the grapes and all the grain or (2) he were harvesting quickly, while the grain and grapes are ripe. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
129 JOL 3 13 iw8d figs-metaphor שִׁלְח֣וּ מַגָּ֔ל כִּ֥י בָשַׁ֖ל קָצִ֑יר 1 Put in the sickle, for the harvest is ripe Yahweh speaks of making war against the nations as if he were using a sharp tool to harvest a field of ripe crops. If your readers will not understand the word “sickle,” you may use the word for any sharp tool that your people use for harvesting. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
130 JOL 3 13 i8r2 figs-metaphor שִׁלְח֣וּ מַגָּ֔ל 1 Put in the sickle “Swing the sickle to cut the grain.” This is a metaphor for a soldier using a sword to kill people, but it is best to use the word for a sharp tool used in harvesting. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
131 JOL 3 13 zx33 מַגָּ֔ל 1 sickle a long curved knife that people use for cutting grain
132 JOL 3 13 rua7 בָשַׁ֖ל קָצִ֑יר 1 the harvest is ripe Alternate translation: “the grain is ready to be harvested”
133 JOL 3 13 tz4a figs-metaphor בֹּ֤אֽוּ רְדוּ֙ כִּֽי־מָ֣לְאָה גַּ֔ת 1 Come, crush the grapes, for the winepress is full Yahweh speaks of the nations as if they were many grapes in a winepress, ready for people to crush them by stepping on them. Alternate translation: “Come, completely destroy the nations, for they are many, and they are helpless to resist you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
134 JOL 3 13 haw5 figs-metaphor הֵשִׁ֨יקוּ֙ הַ⁠יְקָבִ֔ים כִּ֥י רַבָּ֖ה רָעָתָֽ⁠ם 1 The vats overflow, for their wickedness is enormous Yahweh speaks of the nations’ wickedness as if it were the juice that flows from the winepress into storage containers, and more juice flows into the vats than they can contain. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
135 JOL 3 14 y2ge הֲמוֹנִ֣ים הֲמוֹנִ֔ים 1 a tumult, a tumult A tumult is noise caused by a large crowd. This is repeated to show that it will be very noisy from all the people.
136 JOL 3 14 r3ir בְּ⁠עֵ֖מֶק הֶֽ⁠חָר֑וּץ…בְּ⁠עֵ֖מֶק הֶ⁠חָרֽוּץ 1 Valley of Judgment … Valley of Judgment This phrase is repeated to show that the judgment will certainly happen.
137 JOL 3 14 fq2i figs-abstractnouns בְּ⁠עֵ֖מֶק הֶֽ⁠חָר֑וּץ 1 Valley of Judgment There is no known place with this name. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **judgment**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “judge.” Alternate translation: “Valley Where Yahweh Judges” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
138 JOL 3 16 fj29 1 General Information: Yahweh begins speaking in verse 17.
139 JOL 3 16 fe1r figs-parallelism וַ⁠יהוָ֞ה מִ⁠צִּיּ֣וֹן יִשְׁאָ֗ג וּ⁠מִ⁠ירוּשָׁלִַ֨ם֙ יִתֵּ֣ן קוֹל֔⁠וֹ 1 Yahweh will roar from Zion, and raise his voice from Jerusalem Both phrases mean Yahweh will shout with a loud, clear and powerful voice from Jerusalem. If your language only has one word for speaking very loudly, this can be used as one phrase. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will shout from Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
140 JOL 3 16 yr8u figs-metaphor וַ⁠יהוָ֞ה…יִשְׁאָ֗ג 1 Yahweh will roar This could mean: (1) “Yahweh will roar like a lion” or (2) “Yahweh will roar like thunder.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
141 JOL 3 16 lf34 figs-hyperbole וְ⁠רָעֲשׁ֖וּ שָׁמַ֣יִם וָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ 1 The heavens and earth will shake Joel speaks of the heavens and earth as if they were people who are shaking with fear. This can be translated as either a hyperbole, that Yahweh’s roar is so frightening that even things that are not alive are afraid, or as metonymy, that the heavens and earth are metonyms for the beings who live there. Alternate translation: “Everyone in the heavens and on the earth is very afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
142 JOL 3 16 vd5q וְ⁠רָעֲשׁ֖וּ 1 will shake This word is the past form of the word translated “tremble” in [Joel 2:10](../02/10.md).
143 JOL 3 16 lr5v figs-metaphor וַֽ⁠יהוָה֙ מַֽחֲסֶ֣ה לְ⁠עַמּ֔⁠וֹ וּ⁠מָע֖וֹז לִ⁠בְנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל 1 Yahweh will be a shelter for his people, and a fortress for the people of Israel Both of these phrases mean Yahweh will protect his people. A fortress is a strong shelter used to protect people during war. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will be a strong fortress for his people, the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
144 JOL 3 17 isx1 וִֽ⁠ידַעְתֶּ֗ם 1 So you will know Alternate translation: “When I do these things, you will know”
145 JOL 3 18 y22f וְ⁠הָיָה֩ בַ⁠יּ֨וֹם הַ⁠ה֜וּא…הֶ⁠הָרִ֣ים 1 It will come about on that day that the mountains “This is what will happen on that day: the mountains” Translate “It will come about” as in [Joel 2:28](../02/28.md).
146 JOL 3 18 m6v9 figs-hyperbole יִטְּפ֧וּ הֶ⁠הָרִ֣ים עָסִ֗יס 1 the mountains will drip with sweet wine “sweet wine will drip from the mountains.” This is an exaggeration to show that the land is very fertile. Alternate translation: “On the mountains there will be vineyards that produce plenty of sweet wine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
147 JOL 3 18 yj7w figs-metaphor וְ⁠הַ⁠גְּבָעוֹת֙ תֵּלַ֣כְנָה חָלָ֔ב 1 the hills will flow with milk “milk will flow from the hills.” The land being very fertile is spoken of as if the hills would flow with milk. Alternate translation: “on the hills your cattle and goats will produce plenty of milk” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
148 JOL 3 18 l5yu וְ⁠כָל־אֲפִיקֵ֥י יְהוּדָ֖ה יֵ֣לְכוּ מָ֑יִם 1 all the brooks of Judah will flow with water Alternate translation: “water will flow through all the brooks of Judah”
149 JOL 3 18 k6qq וְ⁠הִשְׁקָ֖ה אֶת־נַ֥חַל הַ⁠שִּׁטִּֽים 1 water the Valley of Shittim Alternate translation: “will send water to the Valley of Shittim”
150 JOL 3 18 f69l translate-names הַ⁠שִּׁטִּֽים 1 Shittim This is the name of a place on the east side of the Jordan River. It means “Acacia Trees.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
151 JOL 3 19 la92 מִצְרַ֨יִם֙ לִ⁠שְׁמָמָ֣ה תִֽהְיֶ֔ה 1 Egypt will become an abandoned devastation Alternate translation: “Everyone will leave Egypt and no one will live there”
152 JOL 3 19 au36 וֶ⁠אֱד֕וֹם לְ⁠מִדְבַּ֥ר שְׁמָמָ֖ה תִּֽהְיֶ֑ה 1 Edom will become an abandoned wilderness Alternate translation: “Everyone will leave Edom and it will look like no people have ever lived there”
153 JOL 3 19 c2r8 מֵֽ⁠חֲמַס֙ בְּנֵ֣י יְהוּדָ֔ה 1 because of the violence done to the people of Judah Alternate translation: “because of the violent things Egypt and Edom did to the people of Judah”
154 JOL 3 19 t6ay figs-metonymy אֲשֶׁר־שָׁפְכ֥וּ דָם־נָקִ֖יא בְּ⁠אַרְצָֽ⁠ם 1 because they shed innocent blood in their land The word “they” refers to “Edom” and “Egypt” and is a metonym for the people of Egypt and Edom. The words “innocent blood” are a metonym for innocent people whom they have killed. Alternate translation: “because the people of Egypt and the people of Edom killed innocent people in the land of the people of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
155 JOL 3 20 gi4z figs-activepassive וִ⁠יהוּדָ֖ה לְ⁠עוֹלָ֣ם תֵּשֵׁ֑ב 1 Judah will be inhabited forever If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people will live in Judah forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
156 JOL 3 20 f72t figs-activepassive וִ⁠ירוּשָׁלִַ֖ם לְ⁠ד֥וֹר וָ⁠דֽוֹר 1 Jerusalem will be inhabited from generation to generation If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “generation after generation, people will live in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
157 JOL 3 21 dj9s figs-metonymy וְ⁠נִקֵּ֖יתִי דָּמָ֣⁠ם לֹֽא־נִקֵּ֑יתִי 1 I will avenge their blood that I have not yet avenged Blood is a metonym for death. Alternate translation: “I will punish the enemies who killed the people of Israel and still have not been punished” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])

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front:intro aq5w 0 # Introduction to Joel\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of the Book of Joel\n\n1. The land ruined; the day of Yahweh is coming (1:1–2:11)\n * Locusts and drought (1:1–20)\n * The day of Yahweh (2:1–11)\n1. Yahweh restores his people (2:12-32)\n * The people should turn to Yahweh, for he will pity them (2:12–27)\n * The Spirit of Yahweh, wonders, and salvation (2:28–32)\n1. Yahweh will judge the nations (3:1-21)\n * Yahweh judges the nations (3:1–16)\n * Yahweh dwells in Zion (3:17–21)\n\n### What is the Book of Joel about?\n\nThe main idea in the Book of Joel is “the day of Yahweh.” This expression is found five times (1:15, 2:1, 2:11, 2:21, 3:14).\n\nThe people of Israel looked forward to “the day of Yahweh” as a day that Yahweh would judge the nations around them. But Joel warns that Yahweh would also judge Israel for being unfaithful to him. After judging them, Yahweh will restore his people.\n\nJoel’s message applies to the people of God in the church age. For Yahweh says, “I will pour out my Spirit on all flesh” and “everyone who calls on Yahweh will be saved” (2:28 and 2:32, quoted by Peter in Acts 2:17 and 2:21).\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nThe traditional title of this book is “The Book of Joel” or just “Joel.” Translators may also call it the “The Book about Joel” or “The Sayings of Joel.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n### Who wrote the Book of Joel?\n\nThis book contains the prophecies of an Israelite named Joel, son of Pethuel. The book does not tell when Joel prophesied.\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### What is the meaning of the locust attacks in Joel 1 and 2, and of the drought in Joel 2?\n\nLocust attacks occurred often in the ancient Near East. Certain kinds of grasshoppers would come in countless numbers. There would be so many that they would darken the sky like a black cloud that blocked the sunlight. They often came after a long period of no rain. They came down on whatever crops were surviving in the fields and stripped them bare of their leaves. The locusts could not be stopped and caused terrible damage. For this reason, locust attacks served as a powerful image of military attacks in the Old Testament. In Chapters 1 and 2, Joel described locust attacks using military terms. He may have been speaking of enemy invaders coming and destroying the land its people.\n\nThere are various names for locusts in the original language of the Old Testament. It is uncertain whether these refer to different kinds of locusts or to the same kind of locust in different stages of growth. For this reason, versions of the Bible differ in how they translate these terms.\n\nJoel also described a drought in Chapter 2. It might have been a real lack of rain. Or Joel may have been speaking of either enemy invaders or Yahweh himself coming to punish his people and the other nations.\n\nTranslators should simply translate the locust attacks and drought as Joel described them and not worry about the various possible meanings.\n\n### What did Joel prophesy about the future for God’s people?\n\nJoel prophesied that God will defeat Israel’s enemies, rebuild the city of Jerusalem, and rule as victorious king over the whole world. At the same time, God will give his Spirit to all his people, and they will receive messages from him in dreams and visions. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/holyspirit]])\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### How should one translate the poetry of the Book of Joel?\n\nAll of the text in the Book of Joel is poetry. The ULT presents it in this way. The UST, however, presents the text as prose. Translators may choose to use prose in their versions. Translators who want to translate the book as poetry should read about poetry and parallelism. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
1:intro q2ev 0 # Joel 1 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nJoel is written in poetic form and with striking imagery. The ULT is written in poetic form, but the UST has been transferred to a prose form. If possible, use the poetic form to communicate the meaning of this book in order to stay closer to the original meaning of the text.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Locusts\nThis book starts very dramatically with the imagery of the locusts and the devastation they produce. There are five different kinds of locusts that appear to come and they progressively destroy the vegetation including the crops, vineyards and even the trees of the whole land of Israel.\n\nIt was common for farmers in the ancient Near East to experience large locust swarms that would come and eat all crops in their fields. Joel might be describing such attacks in this first chapter. Because Joel uses military terms and images to describe these locust attacks, his descriptions might represent enemy invaders who would come and destroy the land its people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\nTranslators should translate simply, presenting the scenes of locusts as Joel describes them, and not worry about the various possible meanings.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Rhetorical Questions\nThe author also uses rhetorical questions that communicate surprise and alarm. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1:1 qry6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nGod speaks through Joel to the people of Israel using poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
1:1 er8g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom דְּבַר־יְהוָה֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר הָיָ֔ה אֶל־יוֹאֵ֖ל 1 This idiom is used to announce that God gave messages to Joel. Alternate translation: “the message Yahweh gave to Joel” or “the message Yahweh spoke to Joel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1:1 qwp8 יְהוָה֙ 1 This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this.
1:1 m5wr rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names פְּתוּאֵֽל 1 Joel’s father (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
1:2 t74n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֶ⁠הָ֤יְתָה זֹּאת֙ בִּֽ⁠ימֵי⁠כֶ֔ם וְ⁠אִ֖ם בִּ⁠ימֵ֥י אֲבֹֽתֵי⁠כֶֽם 1 Joel is preparing the elders to listen to what he has to say. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “Nothing like this has ever happened before either to you or to your ancestors” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1:3 vge5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וּ⁠בְנֵי⁠הֶ֖ם לְ⁠ד֥וֹר אַחֵֽר 1 You may need to fill in the words that have been left out. Alternate translation: “let their children tell the generation after them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
1:4 m68u rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown הָֽ⁠אַרְבֶּ֔ה 1 large groups of insects like grasshoppers that fly together and eat large areas of food crops (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
1:4 ny2z הַ⁠גָּזָם֙ & הָֽ⁠אַרְבֶּ֔ה & הַ⁠יָּ֑לֶק & הֶ⁠חָסִֽיל 1 These are, respectively, an adult locust that can fly, a locust too large to fly easily, a locust with wings too young to fly, and a newborn locust that has not yet developed wings. Use names that would be understood in your language.
1:5 zk2a General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nGod warns the people of Israel about the coming locust army.
1:5 l1nq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism שִׁכּוֹרִים֙ וּ⁠בְכ֔וּ וְ⁠הֵילִ֖לוּ כָּל־שֹׁ֣תֵי יָ֑יִן 1 If your language has only one word for “weep” and “wail,” you can combine the lines: “you people who love wine should cry out in sorrow” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
1:6 qm8j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor גוֹי֙ 1 The locust swarm is like an invading army. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1:6 jn1q שִׁנָּי⁠ו֙ שִׁנֵּ֣י 1 The locusts are like a nation which is like one person. You can refer to the nation as “it,” or to the locusts as “they,” or to the invader as one person.
1:6 mpz6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism שִׁנָּי⁠ו֙ שִׁנֵּ֣י אַרְיֵ֔ה וּֽ⁠מְתַלְּע֥וֹת לָבִ֖יא לֽ⁠וֹ 1 These two lines share similar meanings. The reference to the locusts’ teeth being as sharp as lions’ teeth emphasize how fierce they are as they eat all of the crops of the land. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1:6 aj1z אַרְצִ֔⁠י 1 Yahweh’s land
1:7 sxr3 שָׂ֤ם & חָשֹׂ֤ף חֲשָׂפָ⁠הּ֙ 1 The locusts are like a nation which is like one person. You can refer to the nation as “it,” or to the locusts as “they,” or to the invader as one person.
1:7 hi96 גַּפְנִ⁠י֙ & וּ⁠תְאֵנָתִ֖⁠י 1 Yahweh’s vineyard and fig tree
1:7 k8l9 לְ⁠שַׁמָּ֔ה 1 empty and without life
1:10 zn6h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אָבְלָ֖ה אֲדָמָ֑ה 1 Here the land is spoken of as if it were a person. These words could also be seen as a metonym for the people who are mourning or even as hyperbole, that the famine is so bad that even things that are not alive are mourning. Alternate translation: “the farmers are mourning” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
1:10 j565 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive שֻׁדַּ֣ד דָּגָ֔ן 1 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the locusts have destroyed all of the grain” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1:11 eeq1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown שְׂעֹרָ֑ה 1 a type of grass, like wheat, whose seeds can be used to make bread (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
1:12 pk4b הוֹבִ֔ישָׁה 1 dried up and died
1:12 r11a rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown וְ⁠הַ⁠תְּאֵנָ֖ה & מּ֞וֹן & וְ⁠תַפּ֗וּחַ 1 different types of fruit (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
1:13 uv6d General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nGod speaks to the priests in Israel
1:13 w9cv מִנְחָ֥ה וָ⁠נָֽסֶךְ 1 regular offerings in the temple
1:14 z8ne בֵּ֖ית יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֵי⁠כֶ֑ם 1 the temple in Jerusalem
1:15 q895 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThis is what God is telling the priests to say.
1:15 u6hs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וּ⁠כְ⁠שֹׁ֖ד מִ⁠שַׁדַּ֥י יָבֽוֹא 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **destruction**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “destroy.” You may need to make explicit what it is the Almighty will destroy. Alternate translation: “On that day the Almighty will destroy his enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1:16 yv6d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis הֲ⁠ל֛וֹא נֶ֥גֶד עֵינֵ֖י⁠נוּ אֹ֣כֶל נִכְרָ֑ת מִ⁠בֵּ֥ית אֱלֹהֵ֖י⁠נוּ שִׂמְחָ֥ה וָ⁠גִֽיל 1 It is certain that destruction will come from the Almighty because these things have already happened. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “We know this is true because we have already seen the Almighty cut off our supply of food, and he has cut off joy and gladness from the house of our God.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1:16 r8wr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche נֶ֥גֶד עֵינֵ֖י⁠נוּ 1 “from us.” This refers to all of the nation of Israel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
1:16 f1eb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis מִ⁠בֵּ֥ית אֱלֹהֵ֖י⁠נוּ שִׂמְחָ֥ה וָ⁠גִֽיל 1 You may need to fill in the ellipsis. Alternate translation: “joy and gladness have been cut off from the house of our God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
1:16 ppt5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet שִׂמְחָ֥ה וָ⁠גִֽיל 1 These two words mean basically the same thing. Together they emphasize that there is no kind of joyful activity happening at the temple. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
1:17 y7su מֶגְרְפֹ֣תֵי⁠הֶ֔ם 1 lumps of dirt
1:18 ul6j נֶּאֶנְחָ֣ה 1 make a deep sound because of pain
1:20 n9lf אֲפִ֣יקֵי 1 small streams
2:intro j2gp 0 # Joel 2 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter continues in the poetic form with striking imagery of armies and soldiers.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Locusts\n\nThis book starts very dramatically with the imagery of the locusts and the devastation they produce. There are five different kinds of locusts that appear to come and progressively destroy the vegetation including the crops, vineyards and even the trees of Israel.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\nThis chapter uses simile to a great extent as Joel tries to describe this army. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])\n\n### Metaphor\nThe drought, or severe lack of rain, Joel describes is probably a real drought. It might also be a picture of either enemy invaders or of Yahweh himself coming to punish his people and the other nations. Translators should translate simply, presenting the scenes of locusts and drought as Joel describes them, and not worry about the various possible meanings. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2:1 m7i5 תִּקְע֨וּ שׁוֹפָ֜ר & וְ⁠הָרִ֨יעוּ֙ 1 Joel is emphasizing the importance of calling Israel together in preparation for the destruction that is coming.
2:2 qmb9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet י֧וֹם חֹ֣שֶׁךְ וַ⁠אֲפֵלָ֗ה 1 The words “darkness” and “gloom” share similar meanings and emphasize that the darkness will be very dark. Both words refer to a time of disaster or divine judgment. Alternate translation: “day that is full of darkness” or “day of terrible judgment” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2:2 st7t וַ⁠אֲפֵלָ֗ה 1 total or partial darkness
2:2 pcr6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet י֤וֹם עָנָן֙ וַ⁠עֲרָפֶ֔ל 1 This phrase means the same thing as, and intensifies the idea of the previous phrase. Like that phrase, both “clouds” and “thick darkness” refer to divine judgment. Alternate translation: “day full of dark storm clouds” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2:2 h3d1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כְּ⁠שַׁ֖חַר פָּרֻ֣שׂ עַל־הֶֽ⁠הָרִ֑ים עַ֚ם רַ֣ב וְ⁠עָצ֔וּם 1 When direct sunlight shines on a mountain at dawn, it begins at the top and spreads to the bottom. When an army comes over a mountain range, it comes over the top and spreads out as it comes down. Alternate translation: “A large, mighty army comes over the mountains into the land. They spread over the land like the light from the rising sun” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
2:2 ekb8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עַ֚ם רַ֣ב וְ⁠עָצ֔וּם 1 The words “large” and “mighty” share similar meanings here and emphasize that the army will be very strong. The word **army** could possibly be: (1) a metaphor for a swarm of locusts or (2) referring to a human army. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
2:3 fly5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לְ⁠פָנָי⁠ו֙ אָ֣כְלָה אֵ֔שׁ 1 A fire destroys everything as it moves, and the “army” ([Joel 2:2](../02/02.md)), whether of humans or of locusts, destroys everything as it moves. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2:3 z5iu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠אַחֲרָ֖י⁠ו תְּלַהֵ֣ט לֶֽהָבָ֑ה 1 After a wall of flame goes through dry land and burns the dryest and smallest fuel, there will still be flames as the larger and less dry fuel burns. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2:3 yne4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כְּ⁠גַן־עֵ֨דֶן הָ⁠אָ֜רֶץ 1 The garden of Eden was a beautiful place, and the land was beautiful. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
2:4 ztn5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כְּ⁠מַרְאֵ֥ה סוּסִ֖ים מַרְאֵ֑⁠הוּ 1 The head of a locust looks like a small horse head. The army is fast, and horses are fast. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
2:4 fdt4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown סוּסִ֖ים 1 A large, strong, fast animal with four legs. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
2:4 myc3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile וּ⁠כְ⁠פָרָשִׁ֖ים כֵּ֥ן יְרוּצֽוּ⁠ן 1 Men riding horses move quickly, and the army moves quickly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
2:5 m6fl יְרַקֵּד֔וּ⁠ן 1 A horse jumps or leaps as it runs quickly.
2:5 n75f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כְּ⁠ק֣וֹל מַרְכָּב֗וֹת & כְּ⁠קוֹל֙ לַ֣הַב אֵ֔שׁ & כְּ⁠עַ֣ם עָצ֔וּם עֱר֖וּךְ מִלְחָמָֽה 1 These sounds would have been very frightening to Joel’s readers. If your readers will not understand what these sound like, you might be able to use a more general phrase: “a noise that frightens everyone” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
2:7 e5ge rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification כְּ⁠גִבּוֹרִ֣ים יְרֻצ֔וּ⁠ן כְּ⁠אַנְשֵׁ֥י מִלְחָמָ֖ה יַעֲל֣וּ חוֹמָ֑ה 1 The army of locusts acts as real soldiers do. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
2:7 d4kv חוֹמָ֑ה 1 walls around the cities
2:8 yt67 וּ⁠בְעַ֥ד הַ⁠שֶּׁ֛לַח יִפֹּ֖לוּ 1 they overcome the soldiers defending the city.
2:10 iu1h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification לְ⁠פָנָי⁠ו֙ רָ֣גְזָה אֶ֔רֶץ רָעֲשׁ֖וּ שָׁמָ֑יִם 1 Joel speaks of the earth and heavens as if they were people who are shaking with fear. This can be translated as either a hyperbole, that the army is so frightening that even things that are not alive are afraid, or as metonymy, that the earth and the heavens are metonyms for the beings who live there. Alternate translation: “Everyone on earth and in the heavens is very afraid” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
2:10 lm84 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole שֶׁ֤מֶשׁ וְ⁠יָרֵ֨חַ֙ קָדָ֔רוּ וְ⁠כוֹכָבִ֖ים אָסְפ֥וּ נָגְהָֽ⁠ 1 This exaggeration claims that there are so many locusts that people cannot see the sun, moon, or stars. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
2:11 mi1t וַֽ⁠יהוָ֗ה נָתַ֤ן קוֹל⁠וֹ֙ 1 “Yahweh speaks loudly” to give commands.
2:11 tzv4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys גָד֧וֹל & וְ⁠נוֹרָ֥א מְאֹ֖ד 1 In this phrase both descriptions mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “greatly terrible” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])
2:11 vht4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion וּ⁠מִ֥י יְכִילֶֽ⁠נּוּ 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one will be strong enough to survive Yahweh’s judgment.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2:12 d1i9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שֻׁ֥בוּ עָדַ֖⁠י בְּ⁠כָל־לְבַבְ⁠כֶ֑ם 1 The heart is a metonym for what the person thinks and loves. Alternate translation: “Turn away from your sins and be totally devoted to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2:13 d1sf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ⁠קִרְע֤וּ לְבַבְ⁠כֶם֙ וְ⁠אַל־בִּגְדֵי⁠כֶ֔ם 1 The heart is a metonym for what the person thinks and loves. Tearing one’s clothes is an outward act of shame or repentance. Alternate translation: “Change your way of thinking; do not just tear your garments” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2:13 wfp5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וְ⁠רַב־חֶ֔סֶד 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “faithful” or “faithfully.” Alternate translation: “always faithful to his covenant” or “always loves faithfully” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2:13 e3gw וְ⁠נִחָ֖ם עַל 1 stop
2:14 a2av rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion יָשׁ֣וּב וְ⁠נִחָ֑ם וְ⁠הִשְׁאִ֤יר אַֽחֲרָי⁠ו֙ בְּרָכָ֔ה מִנְחָ֣ה וָ⁠נֶ֔סֶךְ לַ⁠יהוָ֖ה אֱלֹהֵי⁠כֶֽם 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “Perhaps Yahweh will turn from his anger … God.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2:14 xys3 וְ⁠הִשְׁאִ֤יר אַֽחֲרָי⁠ו֙ בְּרָכָ֔ה מִנְחָ֣ה וָ⁠נֶ֔סֶךְ 1 “leave behind him a blessing—that is, a grain offering and a drink offering.” The blessing is that plenty of grain and grapes will ripen, and so the people will be able to offer grain and drink offerings.
2:16 jzj1 מֵ⁠חֻפָּתָֽ⁠הּ 1 rooms, usually in the parents’ houses, where brides would wait for their wedding ceremonies
2:17 fek9 וְ⁠אַל־תִּתֵּ֨ן נַחֲלָתְ⁠ךָ֤ לְ⁠חֶרְפָּה֙ 1 Alternate translation: “do not allow your inheritance to become people whom the other nations regard as worthless”
2:17 kqr6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נַחֲלָתְ⁠ךָ֤ 1 Here the people of Israel are spoken of as God’s inheritance. Alternate translation: “your special people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2:17 ey9s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion לָ֚⁠מָּה יֹאמְר֣וּ בָֽ⁠עַמִּ֔ים אַיֵּ֖ה אֱלֹהֵי⁠הֶֽם 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “Other nations should not be able to say, ‘Their God does not help them.’” or “Other nations should not be able to say that the God of Israel has abandoned his people.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2:18 xeg7 לְ⁠אַרְצ֑⁠וֹ 1 Alternate translation: “the nation of Israel”
2:18 im7l עַמּֽ⁠וֹ 1 Alternate translation: “the people of Israel”
2:19 lu18 הִנְ⁠נִ֨י 1 Alternate translation: “Pay attention to what I am about to say”
2:19 jde5 וּ⁠שְׂבַעְתֶּ֖ם אֹת֑⁠ 1 Alternate translation: “You will have all you need of them”
2:19 tqc6 חֶרְפָּ֖ה 1 Alternate translation: “unworthy of respect”
2:20 khh7 הַ⁠צְּפוֹנִ֞י & הַ⁠קַּדְמֹנִ֔י & הָ⁠אַֽחֲר֑וֹן 1 These directions are from the perspective of people living in the land of Israel.
2:20 v9xy הַ⁠יָּם֙ הַ⁠קַּדְמֹנִ֔י 1 the Dead Sea
2:20 ue9y הַ⁠יָּ֣ם הָ⁠אַֽחֲר֑וֹן 1 the Mediterranean Sea
2:20 k6n8 הִגְדִּ֖יל לַ⁠עֲשֽׂוֹת 1 That is, Yahweh has done great things. Another possible meaning is that the writer speaks of the invading army, “it has done very bad things.”
2:21 g3z3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe אַל־תִּֽירְאִ֖י אֲדָמָ֑ה 1 Joel speaks to the people of the land as if he were speaking to the land itself. Alternate translation: “Do not be afraid, you people of the land” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
2:22 n9lm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe אַל־תִּֽירְאוּ֙ בַּהֲמ֣וֹת שָׂדַ֔י 1 Joel speaks to people who own livestock as if he were speaking to the animals themselves. Alternate translation: “Do not be afraid, you people who own livestock” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
2:22 t5ty rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy דָשְׁא֖וּ נְא֣וֹת מִדְבָּ֑ר 1 The pastures are a metonym for the plants that grow in the pastures. Alternate translation: “plants good for food will sprout in the pastures in the wilderness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2:23 xlq6 נָתַ֥ן & וַ⁠יּ֣וֹרֶד לָ⁠כֶ֗ם גֶּ֛שֶׁם 1 Alternate translation: “he will … cause much rain to fall so that you will live well”
2:23 vnx8 מוֹרֶ֥ה וּ⁠מַלְק֖וֹשׁ 1 the first rains of the rainy season in early December and the last rains in April and May
2:24 gw97 Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nYahweh begins a long speech to the Israelites.
2:24 p8u1 הַ⁠יְקָבִ֖ים 1 large containers for liquids
2:25 k6bd אֶת־הַ⁠שָּׁנִ֔ים אֲשֶׁר֙ אָכַ֣ל הָֽ⁠אַרְבֶּ֔ה 1 Alternate translation: “the crops that you took care of for years and that the swarming locusts have eaten”
2:25 e81a הָֽ⁠אַרְבֶּ֔ה הַ⁠יֶּ֖לֶק וְ⁠הֶ⁠חָסִ֣יל וְ⁠הַ⁠גָּזָ֑ם 1 These are, respectively, an adult locust that can fly, a locust too large to fly easily, a locust with wings too young to fly, and a newborn locust that has not yet developed wings. Use names that would be understood in your language. See how you translated this in [Joel 1:4](../01/04.md).
2:26 jy17 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ⁠הִלַּלְתֶּ֗ם אֶת־שֵׁ֤ם יְהוָה֙ 1 The name is a metonym for the person, specifically his reputation. Alternate translation: “praise Yahweh” or “praise Yahweh because everyone knows he is good” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2:26 x2qr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person שֵׁ֤ם יְהוָה֙ אֱלֹ֣הֵי⁠כֶ֔ם אֲשֶׁר־עָשָׂ֥ה עִמָּ⁠כֶ֖ם לְ⁠הַפְלִ֑יא 1 Yahweh speaks of himself by name to show that he will certainly do as he has said. Alternate translation: “my name … because I have done wonders” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
2:28 p6xw וְ⁠הָיָ֣ה אַֽחֲרֵי־כֵ֗ן אֶשְׁפּ֤וֹךְ 1 Alternate translation: “This is what I will do after that: I”
2:28 mc8b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֶשְׁפּ֤וֹךְ אֶת־רוּחִ⁠י֙ עַל־כָּל־בָּשָׂ֔ר 1 Yahweh speaks of the Spirit as if he were speaking of water. AT” “I will give my Spirit generously to all flesh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2:28 ny8x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche כָּל־בָּשָׂ֔ר 1 Here “flesh” represents people. Alternate translation: “all people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
2:30 fxj8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy דָּ֣ם וָ⁠אֵ֔שׁ וְ⁠תִֽימֲר֖וֹת עָשָֽׁן 1 “blood” is symbolizing the death of people. Alternate translation: “death, fire and pillars of smoke” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2:31 e1db הַ⁠שֶּׁ֨מֶשׁ֙ יֵהָפֵ֣ךְ לְ⁠חֹ֔שֶׁךְ 1 Alternate translation: “The sun will no longer give light”
2:31 fc5h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ⁠הַ⁠יָּרֵ֖חַ לְ⁠דָ֑ם 1 Here the word “blood” refers to the color red. You can supply the verb for this phrase. Alternate translation: “the moon will turn red like blood” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
2:32 w6nv וְ⁠הָיָ֗ה כֹּ֧ל 1 Alternate translation: “This is what will happen: everyone”
2:32 t1vg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy כֹּ֧ל אֲשֶׁר־יִקְרָ֛א בְּ⁠שֵׁ֥ם יְהוָ֖ה יִמָּלֵ֑ט 1 The name is a metonym for the person. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will save everyone who calls on his name” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2:32 k5zj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet בְּ⁠הַר־צִיּ֨וֹן וּ⁠בִ⁠ירוּשָׁלִַ֜ם 1 These refer to the same place. Alternate translation: “on Mount Zion in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
2:32 j194 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וּ⁠בַ֨⁠שְּׂרִידִ֔ים אֲשֶׁ֥ר יְהוָ֖ה קֹרֵֽא 1 The phrase “there will be” is understood from earlier in the sentence. It can be repeated here. Alternate translation: “among the survivors there will be those whom Yahweh calls” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
2:32 e73u survivors 1 people who live through a terrible event like a war or a disaster
3:intro jcn7 0 # Joel 3 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThere is a change in focus in this chapter from the people of Israel to her enemies. The events of this chapters also contain many prophecies about the events of the end of this world. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Israel\nThe mention of Israel in this chapter is probably a reference to the people of Judah and not the northern kingdom of Israel. It is also possible this is a reference to the people of Israel as a whole.
3:1 nha5 כִּ֗י הִנֵּ֛ה 1 Alternate translation: “Listen” or “Pay attention”
3:1 zy3s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet בַּ⁠יָּמִ֥ים הָ⁠הֵ֖מָּה וּ⁠בָ⁠עֵ֣ת הַ⁠הִ֑יא 1 The phrase “at that time” means the same thing as and intensifies the phrase “in those days.” Alternate translation: “in those very days” or “at that very time” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
3:1 c3ys אֲשֶׁ֥ר אָשִׁ֛יב אֶת־שְׁב֥וּת יְהוּדָ֖ה וִ⁠ירוּשָׁלִָֽם 1 Alternate translation: “When I send the exiles back to Judah and Jerusalem”
3:2 xs2u עֵ֖מֶק יְהֽוֹשָׁפָ֑ט 1 Jehoshaphat, whose name means “Yahweh judges,” was king of Judah before Joel lived. There is no known place with this name. It would be best to translate this as the name of a valley that people named after the man Jehoshaphat.
3:2 idt3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet עַמִּ֨⁠י וְ⁠נַחֲלָתִ֤⁠י יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ 1 These two phrases emphasize how Yahweh views Israel as his own precious people. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel, who are my inheritance” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
3:3 z4y6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠יִּתְּנ֤וּ הַ⁠יֶּ֨לֶד֙ בַּ⁠זּוֹנָ֔ה וְ⁠הַ⁠יַּלְדָּ֛ה מָכְר֥וּ בַ⁠יַּ֖יִן וַ⁠יִּשְׁתּֽוּ 1 These are examples of the kinds of things they did and do not indicate what they did to two particular children. Alternate translation: “and did things like trading a boy for a prostitute and selling a girl for wine, so they could drink” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:4 qj6v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion וְ֠⁠גַם מָה־אַתֶּ֥ם לִ⁠י֙ צֹ֣ר וְ⁠צִיד֔וֹן וְ⁠כֹ֖ל גְּלִיל֣וֹת פְּלָ֑שֶׁת 1 Yahweh is encouraging the people of Judah, who can hear him, by scolding the people of Tyre, Sidon, and Philistia, who cannot hear him, as if they can. The names of the towns are metonyms for the people who live in the towns. These words can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “you have no right to be angry at me … Philistia.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
3:4 xaa9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הַ⁠גְּמ֗וּל אַתֶּם֙ מְשַׁלְּמִ֣ים עָלָ֔⁠י 1 “Will you get revenge on me?” God uses this question to make the people think about what they are doing. Alternate translation: “You think you can get revenge on me, but you cannot.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
3:4 ns7f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche קַ֣ל מְהֵרָ֔ה אָשִׁ֥יב גְּמֻלְ⁠כֶ֖ם בְּ⁠רֹאשְׁ⁠כֶֽם 1 Here the word “head” refers to the person. Yahweh will make them suffer the pain they wanted him to suffer. Alternate translation: “I will cause you to suffer the retribution that you tried to put on me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
3:4 wdm3 גְּמֻלְ⁠כֶ֖ם 1 Alternate translation: “revenge” or “payback”
3:7 sum8 הִנְ⁠נִ֣י 1 Alternate translation: “Pay attention” or “Listen”
3:7 dc6d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מִן־הַ֨⁠מָּק֔וֹם אֲשֶׁר־מְכַרְתֶּ֥ם אֹתָ֖⁠ם שָׁ֑מָּ⁠ה 1 The people of Israel will leave the places where they were slaves and come back to the land of Israel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:7 uh32 וַ⁠הֲשִׁבֹתִ֥י גְמֻלְ⁠כֶ֖ם 1 Alternate translation: “give back what you deserve”
3:8 pww6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּ⁠מָכַרְתִּ֞י אֶת־בְּנֵי⁠כֶ֣ם וְ⁠אֶת־בְּנֽוֹתֵי⁠כֶ֗ם בְּ⁠יַד֙ בְּנֵ֣י יְהוּדָ֔ה 1 The hand can be a metonym for the power the hand exercises or a synecdoche for the person. Alternate translation: “I will have the people of Judah sell your sons and your daughters” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
3:8 t9jc rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names לִ⁠שְׁבָאיִ֖ם 1 the people of the land of Sabea (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
3:9 d6ny הָעִ֨ירוּ֙ הַ⁠גִּבּוֹרִ֔ים 1 Alternate translation: “make the mighty men ready for action”
3:10 t93c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism כֹּ֤תּוּ אִתֵּי⁠כֶם֙ לַֽ⁠חֲרָב֔וֹת וּ⁠מַזְמְרֹֽתֵי⁠כֶ֖ם לִ⁠רְמָחִ֑ים 1 These two phrases share similar meanings. Both of them instruct the people to turn their farming tools into weapons. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
3:10 ze4m אִתֵּי⁠כֶם֙ 1 tools that are used to break up the soil in order to plant crops
3:10 epv7 וּ⁠מַזְמְרֹֽתֵי⁠כֶ֖ם 1 knives that are used to cut off small branches
3:11 rp2a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony ע֣וּשׁוּ וָ⁠בֹ֧אוּ כָֽל־הַ⁠גּוֹיִ֛ם מִ⁠סָּבִ֖יב וְ⁠נִקְבָּ֑צוּ שָׁ֕מָּ⁠ה 1 These words continue the ironic call to battle that begins in [Joel 3:9](../03/09.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
3:11 p5mc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠נִקְבָּ֑צוּ 1 The purpose of the gathering is for battle. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “gather yourselves together for battle” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:11 e3ig הַֽנְחַ֥ת יְהוָ֖ה גִּבּוֹרֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 This could mean: (1) Joel is telling the people of Judah that this is what they are to “proclaim among the nations” ([Joel 3:9](../03/09.md)) or (2) Joel interrupts the words of Yahweh and prays a short prayer.
3:12 b1jw General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nYahweh finishes the speech he began in [Joel 2:25](../02/25.md), promising good things for the people of Israel.
3:12 ul2y הַ⁠גּוֹיִ֔ם & אֶת־כָּל־הַ⁠גּוֹיִ֖ם מִ⁠סָּבִֽיב 1 The words “the nations” and “the surrounding nations” refer to the same nations, those that surround Judah. Yahweh will judge them in the Valley of Jehoshaphat for what they have done to Jerusalem.
3:12 pq55 עֵ֖מֶק יְהֽוֹשָׁפָ֑ט 1 Jehoshaphat, whose name means “Yahweh judges,” was king of Judah before Joel lived. There is no known place with this name. It would be best to translate this as the name of a valley that people named after the man Jehoshaphat. See how you translated this in [Joel 3:2](../03/02.md).
3:13 hq7f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שִׁלְח֣וּ מַגָּ֔ל & מָ֣לְאָה גַּ֔ת 1 Possible meanings are that Yahweh speaks of completely destroying the nations as if: (1) he were harvesting all the grapes and all the grain or (2) he were harvesting quickly, while the grain and grapes are ripe. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3:13 iw8d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שִׁלְח֣וּ מַגָּ֔ל כִּ֥י בָשַׁ֖ל קָצִ֑יר 1 Yahweh speaks of making war against the nations as if he were using a sharp tool to harvest a field of ripe crops. If your readers will not understand the word “sickle,” you may use the word for any sharp tool that your people use for harvesting. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3:13 i8r2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שִׁלְח֣וּ מַגָּ֔ל 1 “Swing the sickle to cut the grain.” This is a metaphor for a soldier using a sword to kill people, but it is best to use the word for a sharp tool used in harvesting. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3:13 zx33 מַגָּ֔ל 1 a long curved knife that people use for cutting grain
3:13 rua7 בָשַׁ֖ל קָצִ֑יר 1 Alternate translation: “the grain is ready to be harvested”
3:13 tz4a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בֹּ֤אֽוּ רְדוּ֙ כִּֽי־מָ֣לְאָה גַּ֔ת 1 Yahweh speaks of the nations as if they were many grapes in a winepress, ready for people to crush them by stepping on them. Alternate translation: “Come, completely destroy the nations, for they are many, and they are helpless to resist you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3:13 haw5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הֵשִׁ֨יקוּ֙ הַ⁠יְקָבִ֔ים כִּ֥י רַבָּ֖ה רָעָתָֽ⁠ם 1 Yahweh speaks of the nations’ wickedness as if it were the juice that flows from the winepress into storage containers, and more juice flows into the vats than they can contain. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3:14 y2ge הֲמוֹנִ֣ים הֲמוֹנִ֔ים 1 A tumult is noise caused by a large crowd. This is repeated to show that it will be very noisy from all the people.
3:14 r3ir בְּ⁠עֵ֖מֶק הֶֽ⁠חָר֑וּץ & בְּ⁠עֵ֖מֶק הֶ⁠חָרֽוּץ 1 This phrase is repeated to show that the judgment will certainly happen.
3:14 fq2i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּ⁠עֵ֖מֶק הֶֽ⁠חָר֑וּץ 1 There is no known place with this name. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **judgment**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “judge.” Alternate translation: “Valley Where Yahweh Judges” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
3:16 fj29 General Information: 1 # General Information:\n\nYahweh begins speaking in verse 17.
3:16 fe1r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וַ⁠יהוָ֞ה מִ⁠צִּיּ֣וֹן יִשְׁאָ֗ג וּ⁠מִ⁠ירוּשָׁלִַ֨ם֙ יִתֵּ֣ן קוֹל֔⁠וֹ 1 Both phrases mean Yahweh will shout with a loud, clear and powerful voice from Jerusalem. If your language only has one word for speaking very loudly, this can be used as one phrase. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will shout from Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
3:16 yr8u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַ⁠יהוָ֞ה & יִשְׁאָ֗ג 1 This could mean: (1) “Yahweh will roar like a lion” or (2) “Yahweh will roar like thunder.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3:16 lf34 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole וְ⁠רָעֲשׁ֖וּ שָׁמַ֣יִם וָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ 1 Joel speaks of the heavens and earth as if they were people who are shaking with fear. This can be translated as either a hyperbole, that Yahweh’s roar is so frightening that even things that are not alive are afraid, or as metonymy, that the heavens and earth are metonyms for the beings who live there. Alternate translation: “Everyone in the heavens and on the earth is very afraid” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3:16 vd5q וְ⁠רָעֲשׁ֖וּ 1 This word is the past form of the word translated “tremble” in [Joel 2:10](../02/10.md).
3:16 lr5v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַֽ⁠יהוָה֙ מַֽחֲסֶ֣ה לְ⁠עַמּ֔⁠וֹ וּ⁠מָע֖וֹז לִ⁠בְנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל 1 Both of these phrases mean Yahweh will protect his people. A fortress is a strong shelter used to protect people during war. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will be a strong fortress for his people, the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
3:17 isx1 וִֽ⁠ידַעְתֶּ֗ם 1 Alternate translation: “When I do these things, you will know”
3:18 y22f וְ⁠הָיָה֩ בַ⁠יּ֨וֹם הַ⁠ה֜וּא & הֶ⁠הָרִ֣ים 1 “This is what will happen on that day: the mountains” Translate “It will come about” as in [Joel 2:28](../02/28.md).
3:18 m6v9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole יִטְּפ֧וּ הֶ⁠הָרִ֣ים עָסִ֗יס 1 “sweet wine will drip from the mountains.” This is an exaggeration to show that the land is very fertile. Alternate translation: “On the mountains there will be vineyards that produce plenty of sweet wine” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
3:18 yj7w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠הַ⁠גְּבָעוֹת֙ תֵּלַ֣כְנָה חָלָ֔ב 1 “milk will flow from the hills.” The land being very fertile is spoken of as if the hills would flow with milk. Alternate translation: “on the hills your cattle and goats will produce plenty of milk” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3:18 l5yu וְ⁠כָל־אֲפִיקֵ֥י יְהוּדָ֖ה יֵ֣לְכוּ מָ֑יִם 1 Alternate translation: “water will flow through all the brooks of Judah”
3:18 k6qq וְ⁠הִשְׁקָ֖ה אֶת־נַ֥חַל הַ⁠שִּׁטִּֽים 1 Alternate translation: “will send water to the Valley of Shittim”
3:18 f69l rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הַ⁠שִּׁטִּֽים 1 This is the name of a place on the east side of the Jordan River. It means “Acacia Trees.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
3:19 la92 מִצְרַ֨יִם֙ לִ⁠שְׁמָמָ֣ה תִֽהְיֶ֔ה 1 Alternate translation: “Everyone will leave Egypt and no one will live there”
3:19 au36 וֶ⁠אֱד֕וֹם לְ⁠מִדְבַּ֥ר שְׁמָמָ֖ה תִּֽהְיֶ֑ה 1 Alternate translation: “Everyone will leave Edom and it will look like no people have ever lived there”
3:19 c2r8 מֵֽ⁠חֲמַס֙ בְּנֵ֣י יְהוּדָ֔ה 1 Alternate translation: “because of the violent things Egypt and Edom did to the people of Judah”
3:19 t6ay rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אֲשֶׁר־שָׁפְכ֥וּ דָם־נָקִ֖יא בְּ⁠אַרְצָֽ⁠ם 1 The word “they” refers to “Edom” and “Egypt” and is a metonym for the people of Egypt and Edom. The words “innocent blood” are a metonym for innocent people whom they have killed. Alternate translation: “because the people of Egypt and the people of Edom killed innocent people in the land of the people of Judah” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3:20 gi4z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וִ⁠יהוּדָ֖ה לְ⁠עוֹלָ֣ם תֵּשֵׁ֑ב 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people will live in Judah forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3:20 f72t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וִ⁠ירוּשָׁלִַ֖ם לְ⁠ד֥וֹר וָ⁠דֽוֹר 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “generation after generation, people will live in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3:21 dj9s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ⁠נִקֵּ֖יתִי דָּמָ֣⁠ם לֹֽא־נִקֵּ֑יתִי 1 Blood is a metonym for death. Alternate translation: “I will punish the enemies who killed the people of Israel and still have not been punished” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1 Reference ID Tags SupportReference Quote Occurrence Note
2 front:intro aq5w 0 # Introduction to Joel\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of the Book of Joel\n\n1. The land ruined; the day of Yahweh is coming (1:1–2:11)\n * Locusts and drought (1:1–20)\n * The day of Yahweh (2:1–11)\n1. Yahweh restores his people (2:12-32)\n * The people should turn to Yahweh, for he will pity them (2:12–27)\n * The Spirit of Yahweh, wonders, and salvation (2:28–32)\n1. Yahweh will judge the nations (3:1-21)\n * Yahweh judges the nations (3:1–16)\n * Yahweh dwells in Zion (3:17–21)\n\n### What is the Book of Joel about?\n\nThe main idea in the Book of Joel is “the day of Yahweh.” This expression is found five times (1:15, 2:1, 2:11, 2:21, 3:14).\n\nThe people of Israel looked forward to “the day of Yahweh” as a day that Yahweh would judge the nations around them. But Joel warns that Yahweh would also judge Israel for being unfaithful to him. After judging them, Yahweh will restore his people.\n\nJoel’s message applies to the people of God in the church age. For Yahweh says, “I will pour out my Spirit on all flesh” and “everyone who calls on Yahweh will be saved” (2:28 and 2:32, quoted by Peter in Acts 2:17 and 2:21).\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nThe traditional title of this book is “The Book of Joel” or just “Joel.” Translators may also call it the “The Book about Joel” or “The Sayings of Joel.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n### Who wrote the Book of Joel?\n\nThis book contains the prophecies of an Israelite named Joel, son of Pethuel. The book does not tell when Joel prophesied.\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### What is the meaning of the locust attacks in Joel 1 and 2, and of the drought in Joel 2?\n\nLocust attacks occurred often in the ancient Near East. Certain kinds of grasshoppers would come in countless numbers. There would be so many that they would darken the sky like a black cloud that blocked the sunlight. They often came after a long period of no rain. They came down on whatever crops were surviving in the fields and stripped them bare of their leaves. The locusts could not be stopped and caused terrible damage. For this reason, locust attacks served as a powerful image of military attacks in the Old Testament. In Chapters 1 and 2, Joel described locust attacks using military terms. He may have been speaking of enemy invaders coming and destroying the land its people.\n\nThere are various names for locusts in the original language of the Old Testament. It is uncertain whether these refer to different kinds of locusts or to the same kind of locust in different stages of growth. For this reason, versions of the Bible differ in how they translate these terms.\n\nJoel also described a drought in Chapter 2. It might have been a real lack of rain. Or Joel may have been speaking of either enemy invaders or Yahweh himself coming to punish his people and the other nations.\n\nTranslators should simply translate the locust attacks and drought as Joel described them and not worry about the various possible meanings.\n\n### What did Joel prophesy about the future for God’s people?\n\nJoel prophesied that God will defeat Israel’s enemies, rebuild the city of Jerusalem, and rule as victorious king over the whole world. At the same time, God will give his Spirit to all his people, and they will receive messages from him in dreams and visions. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/holyspirit]])\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### How should one translate the poetry of the Book of Joel?\n\nAll of the text in the Book of Joel is poetry. The ULT presents it in this way. The UST, however, presents the text as prose. Translators may choose to use prose in their versions. Translators who want to translate the book as poetry should read about poetry and parallelism. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
3 1:intro q2ev 0 # Joel 1 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nJoel is written in poetic form and with striking imagery. The ULT is written in poetic form, but the UST has been transferred to a prose form. If possible, use the poetic form to communicate the meaning of this book in order to stay closer to the original meaning of the text.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Locusts\nThis book starts very dramatically with the imagery of the locusts and the devastation they produce. There are five different kinds of locusts that appear to come and they progressively destroy the vegetation including the crops, vineyards and even the trees of the whole land of Israel.\n\nIt was common for farmers in the ancient Near East to experience large locust swarms that would come and eat all crops in their fields. Joel might be describing such attacks in this first chapter. Because Joel uses military terms and images to describe these locust attacks, his descriptions might represent enemy invaders who would come and destroy the land its people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\nTranslators should translate simply, presenting the scenes of locusts as Joel describes them, and not worry about the various possible meanings.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Rhetorical Questions\nThe author also uses rhetorical questions that communicate surprise and alarm. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
4 1:1 qry6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nGod speaks through Joel to the people of Israel using poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
5 1:1 er8g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom דְּבַר־יְהוָה֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר הָיָ֔ה אֶל־יוֹאֵ֖ל 1 This idiom is used to announce that God gave messages to Joel. Alternate translation: “the message Yahweh gave to Joel” or “the message Yahweh spoke to Joel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
6 1:1 qwp8 יְהוָה֙ 1 This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this.
7 1:1 m5wr rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names פְּתוּאֵֽל 1 Joel’s father (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
8 1:2 t74n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֶ⁠הָ֤יְתָה זֹּאת֙ בִּֽ⁠ימֵי⁠כֶ֔ם וְ⁠אִ֖ם בִּ⁠ימֵ֥י אֲבֹֽתֵי⁠כֶֽם 1 Joel is preparing the elders to listen to what he has to say. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “Nothing like this has ever happened before either to you or to your ancestors” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
9 1:3 vge5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וּ⁠בְנֵי⁠הֶ֖ם לְ⁠ד֥וֹר אַחֵֽר 1 You may need to fill in the words that have been left out. Alternate translation: “let their children tell the generation after them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
10 1:4 m68u rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown הָֽ⁠אַרְבֶּ֔ה 1 large groups of insects like grasshoppers that fly together and eat large areas of food crops (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
11 1:4 ny2z הַ⁠גָּזָם֙ & הָֽ⁠אַרְבֶּ֔ה & הַ⁠יָּ֑לֶק & הֶ⁠חָסִֽיל 1 These are, respectively, an adult locust that can fly, a locust too large to fly easily, a locust with wings too young to fly, and a newborn locust that has not yet developed wings. Use names that would be understood in your language.
12 1:5 zk2a General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nGod warns the people of Israel about the coming locust army.
13 1:5 l1nq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism שִׁכּוֹרִים֙ וּ⁠בְכ֔וּ וְ⁠הֵילִ֖לוּ כָּל־שֹׁ֣תֵי יָ֑יִן 1 If your language has only one word for “weep” and “wail,” you can combine the lines: “you people who love wine should cry out in sorrow” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
14 1:6 qm8j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor גוֹי֙ 1 The locust swarm is like an invading army. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
15 1:6 jn1q שִׁנָּי⁠ו֙ שִׁנֵּ֣י 1 The locusts are like a nation which is like one person. You can refer to the nation as “it,” or to the locusts as “they,” or to the invader as one person.
16 1:6 mpz6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism שִׁנָּי⁠ו֙ שִׁנֵּ֣י אַרְיֵ֔ה וּֽ⁠מְתַלְּע֥וֹת לָבִ֖יא לֽ⁠וֹ 1 These two lines share similar meanings. The reference to the locusts’ teeth being as sharp as lions’ teeth emphasize how fierce they are as they eat all of the crops of the land. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
17 1:6 aj1z אַרְצִ֔⁠י 1 Yahweh’s land
18 1:7 sxr3 שָׂ֤ם & חָשֹׂ֤ף חֲשָׂפָ⁠הּ֙ 1 The locusts are like a nation which is like one person. You can refer to the nation as “it,” or to the locusts as “they,” or to the invader as one person.
19 1:7 hi96 גַּפְנִ⁠י֙ & וּ⁠תְאֵנָתִ֖⁠י 1 Yahweh’s vineyard and fig tree
20 1:7 k8l9 לְ⁠שַׁמָּ֔ה 1 empty and without life
21 1:10 zn6h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אָבְלָ֖ה אֲדָמָ֑ה 1 Here the land is spoken of as if it were a person. These words could also be seen as a metonym for the people who are mourning or even as hyperbole, that the famine is so bad that even things that are not alive are mourning. Alternate translation: “the farmers are mourning” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
22 1:10 j565 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive שֻׁדַּ֣ד דָּגָ֔ן 1 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the locusts have destroyed all of the grain” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
23 1:11 eeq1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown שְׂעֹרָ֑ה 1 a type of grass, like wheat, whose seeds can be used to make bread (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
24 1:12 pk4b הוֹבִ֔ישָׁה 1 dried up and died
25 1:12 r11a rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown וְ⁠הַ⁠תְּאֵנָ֖ה & מּ֞וֹן & וְ⁠תַפּ֗וּחַ 1 different types of fruit (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
26 1:13 uv6d General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nGod speaks to the priests in Israel
27 1:13 w9cv מִנְחָ֥ה וָ⁠נָֽסֶךְ 1 regular offerings in the temple
28 1:14 z8ne בֵּ֖ית יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֵי⁠כֶ֑ם 1 the temple in Jerusalem
29 1:15 q895 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThis is what God is telling the priests to say.
30 1:15 u6hs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וּ⁠כְ⁠שֹׁ֖ד מִ⁠שַׁדַּ֥י יָבֽוֹא 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **destruction**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “destroy.” You may need to make explicit what it is the Almighty will destroy. Alternate translation: “On that day the Almighty will destroy his enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
31 1:16 yv6d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis הֲ⁠ל֛וֹא נֶ֥גֶד עֵינֵ֖י⁠נוּ אֹ֣כֶל נִכְרָ֑ת מִ⁠בֵּ֥ית אֱלֹהֵ֖י⁠נוּ שִׂמְחָ֥ה וָ⁠גִֽיל 1 It is certain that destruction will come from the Almighty because these things have already happened. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “We know this is true because we have already seen the Almighty cut off our supply of food, and he has cut off joy and gladness from the house of our God.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
32 1:16 r8wr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche נֶ֥גֶד עֵינֵ֖י⁠נוּ 1 “from us.” This refers to all of the nation of Israel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
33 1:16 f1eb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis מִ⁠בֵּ֥ית אֱלֹהֵ֖י⁠נוּ שִׂמְחָ֥ה וָ⁠גִֽיל 1 You may need to fill in the ellipsis. Alternate translation: “joy and gladness have been cut off from the house of our God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
34 1:16 ppt5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet שִׂמְחָ֥ה וָ⁠גִֽיל 1 These two words mean basically the same thing. Together they emphasize that there is no kind of joyful activity happening at the temple. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
35 1:17 y7su מֶגְרְפֹ֣תֵי⁠הֶ֔ם 1 lumps of dirt
36 1:18 ul6j נֶּאֶנְחָ֣ה 1 make a deep sound because of pain
37 1:20 n9lf אֲפִ֣יקֵי 1 small streams
38 2:intro j2gp 0 # Joel 2 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter continues in the poetic form with striking imagery of armies and soldiers.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Locusts\n\nThis book starts very dramatically with the imagery of the locusts and the devastation they produce. There are five different kinds of locusts that appear to come and progressively destroy the vegetation including the crops, vineyards and even the trees of Israel.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\nThis chapter uses simile to a great extent as Joel tries to describe this army. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])\n\n### Metaphor\nThe drought, or severe lack of rain, Joel describes is probably a real drought. It might also be a picture of either enemy invaders or of Yahweh himself coming to punish his people and the other nations. Translators should translate simply, presenting the scenes of locusts and drought as Joel describes them, and not worry about the various possible meanings. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
39 2:1 m7i5 תִּקְע֨וּ שׁוֹפָ֜ר & וְ⁠הָרִ֨יעוּ֙ 1 Joel is emphasizing the importance of calling Israel together in preparation for the destruction that is coming.
40 2:2 qmb9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet י֧וֹם חֹ֣שֶׁךְ וַ⁠אֲפֵלָ֗ה 1 The words “darkness” and “gloom” share similar meanings and emphasize that the darkness will be very dark. Both words refer to a time of disaster or divine judgment. Alternate translation: “day that is full of darkness” or “day of terrible judgment” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
41 2:2 st7t וַ⁠אֲפֵלָ֗ה 1 total or partial darkness
42 2:2 pcr6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet י֤וֹם עָנָן֙ וַ⁠עֲרָפֶ֔ל 1 This phrase means the same thing as, and intensifies the idea of the previous phrase. Like that phrase, both “clouds” and “thick darkness” refer to divine judgment. Alternate translation: “day full of dark storm clouds” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
43 2:2 h3d1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כְּ⁠שַׁ֖חַר פָּרֻ֣שׂ עַל־הֶֽ⁠הָרִ֑ים עַ֚ם רַ֣ב וְ⁠עָצ֔וּם 1 When direct sunlight shines on a mountain at dawn, it begins at the top and spreads to the bottom. When an army comes over a mountain range, it comes over the top and spreads out as it comes down. Alternate translation: “A large, mighty army comes over the mountains into the land. They spread over the land like the light from the rising sun” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
44 2:2 ekb8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עַ֚ם רַ֣ב וְ⁠עָצ֔וּם 1 The words “large” and “mighty” share similar meanings here and emphasize that the army will be very strong. The word **army** could possibly be: (1) a metaphor for a swarm of locusts or (2) referring to a human army. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
45 2:3 fly5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לְ⁠פָנָי⁠ו֙ אָ֣כְלָה אֵ֔שׁ 1 A fire destroys everything as it moves, and the “army” ([Joel 2:2](../02/02.md)), whether of humans or of locusts, destroys everything as it moves. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
46 2:3 z5iu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠אַחֲרָ֖י⁠ו תְּלַהֵ֣ט לֶֽהָבָ֑ה 1 After a wall of flame goes through dry land and burns the dryest and smallest fuel, there will still be flames as the larger and less dry fuel burns. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
47 2:3 yne4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כְּ⁠גַן־עֵ֨דֶן הָ⁠אָ֜רֶץ 1 The garden of Eden was a beautiful place, and the land was beautiful. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
48 2:4 ztn5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כְּ⁠מַרְאֵ֥ה סוּסִ֖ים מַרְאֵ֑⁠הוּ 1 The head of a locust looks like a small horse head. The army is fast, and horses are fast. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
49 2:4 fdt4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown סוּסִ֖ים 1 A large, strong, fast animal with four legs. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
50 2:4 myc3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile וּ⁠כְ⁠פָרָשִׁ֖ים כֵּ֥ן יְרוּצֽוּ⁠ן 1 Men riding horses move quickly, and the army moves quickly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
51 2:5 m6fl יְרַקֵּד֔וּ⁠ן 1 A horse jumps or leaps as it runs quickly.
52 2:5 n75f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כְּ⁠ק֣וֹל מַרְכָּב֗וֹת & כְּ⁠קוֹל֙ לַ֣הַב אֵ֔שׁ & כְּ⁠עַ֣ם עָצ֔וּם עֱר֖וּךְ מִלְחָמָֽה 1 These sounds would have been very frightening to Joel’s readers. If your readers will not understand what these sound like, you might be able to use a more general phrase: “a noise that frightens everyone” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
53 2:7 e5ge rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification כְּ⁠גִבּוֹרִ֣ים יְרֻצ֔וּ⁠ן כְּ⁠אַנְשֵׁ֥י מִלְחָמָ֖ה יַעֲל֣וּ חוֹמָ֑ה 1 The army of locusts acts as real soldiers do. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
54 2:7 d4kv חוֹמָ֑ה 1 walls around the cities
55 2:8 yt67 וּ⁠בְעַ֥ד הַ⁠שֶּׁ֛לַח יִפֹּ֖לוּ 1 they overcome the soldiers defending the city.
56 2:10 iu1h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification לְ⁠פָנָי⁠ו֙ רָ֣גְזָה אֶ֔רֶץ רָעֲשׁ֖וּ שָׁמָ֑יִם 1 Joel speaks of the earth and heavens as if they were people who are shaking with fear. This can be translated as either a hyperbole, that the army is so frightening that even things that are not alive are afraid, or as metonymy, that the earth and the heavens are metonyms for the beings who live there. Alternate translation: “Everyone on earth and in the heavens is very afraid” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
57 2:10 lm84 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole שֶׁ֤מֶשׁ וְ⁠יָרֵ֨חַ֙ קָדָ֔רוּ וְ⁠כוֹכָבִ֖ים אָסְפ֥וּ נָגְהָֽ⁠ 1 This exaggeration claims that there are so many locusts that people cannot see the sun, moon, or stars. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
58 2:11 mi1t וַֽ⁠יהוָ֗ה נָתַ֤ן קוֹל⁠וֹ֙ 1 “Yahweh speaks loudly” to give commands.
59 2:11 tzv4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys גָד֧וֹל & וְ⁠נוֹרָ֥א מְאֹ֖ד 1 In this phrase both descriptions mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “greatly terrible” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])
60 2:11 vht4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion וּ⁠מִ֥י יְכִילֶֽ⁠נּוּ 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one will be strong enough to survive Yahweh’s judgment.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
61 2:12 d1i9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שֻׁ֥בוּ עָדַ֖⁠י בְּ⁠כָל־לְבַבְ⁠כֶ֑ם 1 The heart is a metonym for what the person thinks and loves. Alternate translation: “Turn away from your sins and be totally devoted to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
62 2:13 d1sf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ⁠קִרְע֤וּ לְבַבְ⁠כֶם֙ וְ⁠אַל־בִּגְדֵי⁠כֶ֔ם 1 The heart is a metonym for what the person thinks and loves. Tearing one’s clothes is an outward act of shame or repentance. Alternate translation: “Change your way of thinking; do not just tear your garments” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
63 2:13 wfp5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וְ⁠רַב־חֶ֔סֶד 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “faithful” or “faithfully.” Alternate translation: “always faithful to his covenant” or “always loves faithfully” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
64 2:13 e3gw וְ⁠נִחָ֖ם עַל 1 stop
65 2:14 a2av rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion יָשׁ֣וּב וְ⁠נִחָ֑ם וְ⁠הִשְׁאִ֤יר אַֽחֲרָי⁠ו֙ בְּרָכָ֔ה מִנְחָ֣ה וָ⁠נֶ֔סֶךְ לַ⁠יהוָ֖ה אֱלֹהֵי⁠כֶֽם 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “Perhaps Yahweh will turn from his anger … God.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
66 2:14 xys3 וְ⁠הִשְׁאִ֤יר אַֽחֲרָי⁠ו֙ בְּרָכָ֔ה מִנְחָ֣ה וָ⁠נֶ֔סֶךְ 1 “leave behind him a blessing—that is, a grain offering and a drink offering.” The blessing is that plenty of grain and grapes will ripen, and so the people will be able to offer grain and drink offerings.
67 2:16 jzj1 מֵ⁠חֻפָּתָֽ⁠הּ 1 rooms, usually in the parents’ houses, where brides would wait for their wedding ceremonies
68 2:17 fek9 וְ⁠אַל־תִּתֵּ֨ן נַחֲלָתְ⁠ךָ֤ לְ⁠חֶרְפָּה֙ 1 Alternate translation: “do not allow your inheritance to become people whom the other nations regard as worthless”
69 2:17 kqr6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נַחֲלָתְ⁠ךָ֤ 1 Here the people of Israel are spoken of as God’s inheritance. Alternate translation: “your special people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
70 2:17 ey9s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion לָ֚⁠מָּה יֹאמְר֣וּ בָֽ⁠עַמִּ֔ים אַיֵּ֖ה אֱלֹהֵי⁠הֶֽם 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “Other nations should not be able to say, ‘Their God does not help them.’” or “Other nations should not be able to say that the God of Israel has abandoned his people.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
71 2:18 xeg7 לְ⁠אַרְצ֑⁠וֹ 1 Alternate translation: “the nation of Israel”
72 2:18 im7l עַמּֽ⁠וֹ 1 Alternate translation: “the people of Israel”
73 2:19 lu18 הִנְ⁠נִ֨י 1 Alternate translation: “Pay attention to what I am about to say”
74 2:19 jde5 וּ⁠שְׂבַעְתֶּ֖ם אֹת֑⁠ 1 Alternate translation: “You will have all you need of them”
75 2:19 tqc6 חֶרְפָּ֖ה 1 Alternate translation: “unworthy of respect”
76 2:20 khh7 הַ⁠צְּפוֹנִ֞י & הַ⁠קַּדְמֹנִ֔י & הָ⁠אַֽחֲר֑וֹן 1 These directions are from the perspective of people living in the land of Israel.
77 2:20 v9xy הַ⁠יָּם֙ הַ⁠קַּדְמֹנִ֔י 1 the Dead Sea
78 2:20 ue9y הַ⁠יָּ֣ם הָ⁠אַֽחֲר֑וֹן 1 the Mediterranean Sea
79 2:20 k6n8 הִגְדִּ֖יל לַ⁠עֲשֽׂוֹת 1 That is, Yahweh has done great things. Another possible meaning is that the writer speaks of the invading army, “it has done very bad things.”
80 2:21 g3z3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe אַל־תִּֽירְאִ֖י אֲדָמָ֑ה 1 Joel speaks to the people of the land as if he were speaking to the land itself. Alternate translation: “Do not be afraid, you people of the land” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
81 2:22 n9lm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe אַל־תִּֽירְאוּ֙ בַּהֲמ֣וֹת שָׂדַ֔י 1 Joel speaks to people who own livestock as if he were speaking to the animals themselves. Alternate translation: “Do not be afraid, you people who own livestock” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
82 2:22 t5ty rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy דָשְׁא֖וּ נְא֣וֹת מִדְבָּ֑ר 1 The pastures are a metonym for the plants that grow in the pastures. Alternate translation: “plants good for food will sprout in the pastures in the wilderness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
83 2:23 xlq6 נָתַ֥ן & וַ⁠יּ֣וֹרֶד לָ⁠כֶ֗ם גֶּ֛שֶׁם 1 Alternate translation: “he will … cause much rain to fall so that you will live well”
84 2:23 vnx8 מוֹרֶ֥ה וּ⁠מַלְק֖וֹשׁ 1 the first rains of the rainy season in early December and the last rains in April and May
85 2:24 gw97 Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nYahweh begins a long speech to the Israelites.
86 2:24 p8u1 הַ⁠יְקָבִ֖ים 1 large containers for liquids
87 2:25 k6bd אֶת־הַ⁠שָּׁנִ֔ים אֲשֶׁר֙ אָכַ֣ל הָֽ⁠אַרְבֶּ֔ה 1 Alternate translation: “the crops that you took care of for years and that the swarming locusts have eaten”
88 2:25 e81a הָֽ⁠אַרְבֶּ֔ה הַ⁠יֶּ֖לֶק וְ⁠הֶ⁠חָסִ֣יל וְ⁠הַ⁠גָּזָ֑ם 1 These are, respectively, an adult locust that can fly, a locust too large to fly easily, a locust with wings too young to fly, and a newborn locust that has not yet developed wings. Use names that would be understood in your language. See how you translated this in [Joel 1:4](../01/04.md).
89 2:26 jy17 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ⁠הִלַּלְתֶּ֗ם אֶת־שֵׁ֤ם יְהוָה֙ 1 The name is a metonym for the person, specifically his reputation. Alternate translation: “praise Yahweh” or “praise Yahweh because everyone knows he is good” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
90 2:26 x2qr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person שֵׁ֤ם יְהוָה֙ אֱלֹ֣הֵי⁠כֶ֔ם אֲשֶׁר־עָשָׂ֥ה עִמָּ⁠כֶ֖ם לְ⁠הַפְלִ֑יא 1 Yahweh speaks of himself by name to show that he will certainly do as he has said. Alternate translation: “my name … because I have done wonders” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
91 2:28 p6xw וְ⁠הָיָ֣ה אַֽחֲרֵי־כֵ֗ן אֶשְׁפּ֤וֹךְ 1 Alternate translation: “This is what I will do after that: I”
92 2:28 mc8b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֶשְׁפּ֤וֹךְ אֶת־רוּחִ⁠י֙ עַל־כָּל־בָּשָׂ֔ר 1 Yahweh speaks of the Spirit as if he were speaking of water. AT” “I will give my Spirit generously to all flesh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
93 2:28 ny8x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche כָּל־בָּשָׂ֔ר 1 Here “flesh” represents people. Alternate translation: “all people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
94 2:30 fxj8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy דָּ֣ם וָ⁠אֵ֔שׁ וְ⁠תִֽימֲר֖וֹת עָשָֽׁן 1 “blood” is symbolizing the death of people. Alternate translation: “death, fire and pillars of smoke” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
95 2:31 e1db הַ⁠שֶּׁ֨מֶשׁ֙ יֵהָפֵ֣ךְ לְ⁠חֹ֔שֶׁךְ 1 Alternate translation: “The sun will no longer give light”
96 2:31 fc5h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ⁠הַ⁠יָּרֵ֖חַ לְ⁠דָ֑ם 1 Here the word “blood” refers to the color red. You can supply the verb for this phrase. Alternate translation: “the moon will turn red like blood” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
97 2:32 w6nv וְ⁠הָיָ֗ה כֹּ֧ל 1 Alternate translation: “This is what will happen: everyone”
98 2:32 t1vg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy כֹּ֧ל אֲשֶׁר־יִקְרָ֛א בְּ⁠שֵׁ֥ם יְהוָ֖ה יִמָּלֵ֑ט 1 The name is a metonym for the person. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will save everyone who calls on his name” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
99 2:32 k5zj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet בְּ⁠הַר־צִיּ֨וֹן וּ⁠בִ⁠ירוּשָׁלִַ֜ם 1 These refer to the same place. Alternate translation: “on Mount Zion in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
100 2:32 j194 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וּ⁠בַ֨⁠שְּׂרִידִ֔ים אֲשֶׁ֥ר יְהוָ֖ה קֹרֵֽא 1 The phrase “there will be” is understood from earlier in the sentence. It can be repeated here. Alternate translation: “among the survivors there will be those whom Yahweh calls” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
101 2:32 e73u survivors 1 people who live through a terrible event like a war or a disaster
102 3:intro jcn7 0 # Joel 3 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThere is a change in focus in this chapter from the people of Israel to her enemies. The events of this chapters also contain many prophecies about the events of the end of this world. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Israel\nThe mention of Israel in this chapter is probably a reference to the people of Judah and not the northern kingdom of Israel. It is also possible this is a reference to the people of Israel as a whole.
103 3:1 nha5 כִּ֗י הִנֵּ֛ה 1 Alternate translation: “Listen” or “Pay attention”
104 3:1 zy3s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet בַּ⁠יָּמִ֥ים הָ⁠הֵ֖מָּה וּ⁠בָ⁠עֵ֣ת הַ⁠הִ֑יא 1 The phrase “at that time” means the same thing as and intensifies the phrase “in those days.” Alternate translation: “in those very days” or “at that very time” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
105 3:1 c3ys אֲשֶׁ֥ר אָשִׁ֛יב אֶת־שְׁב֥וּת יְהוּדָ֖ה וִ⁠ירוּשָׁלִָֽם 1 Alternate translation: “When I send the exiles back to Judah and Jerusalem”
106 3:2 xs2u עֵ֖מֶק יְהֽוֹשָׁפָ֑ט 1 Jehoshaphat, whose name means “Yahweh judges,” was king of Judah before Joel lived. There is no known place with this name. It would be best to translate this as the name of a valley that people named after the man Jehoshaphat.
107 3:2 idt3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet עַמִּ֨⁠י וְ⁠נַחֲלָתִ֤⁠י יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ 1 These two phrases emphasize how Yahweh views Israel as his own precious people. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel, who are my inheritance” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
108 3:3 z4y6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠יִּתְּנ֤וּ הַ⁠יֶּ֨לֶד֙ בַּ⁠זּוֹנָ֔ה וְ⁠הַ⁠יַּלְדָּ֛ה מָכְר֥וּ בַ⁠יַּ֖יִן וַ⁠יִּשְׁתּֽוּ 1 These are examples of the kinds of things they did and do not indicate what they did to two particular children. Alternate translation: “and did things like trading a boy for a prostitute and selling a girl for wine, so they could drink” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
109 3:4 qj6v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion וְ֠⁠גַם מָה־אַתֶּ֥ם לִ⁠י֙ צֹ֣ר וְ⁠צִיד֔וֹן וְ⁠כֹ֖ל גְּלִיל֣וֹת פְּלָ֑שֶׁת 1 Yahweh is encouraging the people of Judah, who can hear him, by scolding the people of Tyre, Sidon, and Philistia, who cannot hear him, as if they can. The names of the towns are metonyms for the people who live in the towns. These words can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “you have no right to be angry at me … Philistia.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
110 3:4 xaa9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הַ⁠גְּמ֗וּל אַתֶּם֙ מְשַׁלְּמִ֣ים עָלָ֔⁠י 1 “Will you get revenge on me?” God uses this question to make the people think about what they are doing. Alternate translation: “You think you can get revenge on me, but you cannot.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
111 3:4 ns7f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche קַ֣ל מְהֵרָ֔ה אָשִׁ֥יב גְּמֻלְ⁠כֶ֖ם בְּ⁠רֹאשְׁ⁠כֶֽם 1 Here the word “head” refers to the person. Yahweh will make them suffer the pain they wanted him to suffer. Alternate translation: “I will cause you to suffer the retribution that you tried to put on me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
112 3:4 wdm3 גְּמֻלְ⁠כֶ֖ם 1 Alternate translation: “revenge” or “payback”
113 3:7 sum8 הִנְ⁠נִ֣י 1 Alternate translation: “Pay attention” or “Listen”
114 3:7 dc6d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מִן־הַ֨⁠מָּק֔וֹם אֲשֶׁר־מְכַרְתֶּ֥ם אֹתָ֖⁠ם שָׁ֑מָּ⁠ה 1 The people of Israel will leave the places where they were slaves and come back to the land of Israel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
115 3:7 uh32 וַ⁠הֲשִׁבֹתִ֥י גְמֻלְ⁠כֶ֖ם 1 Alternate translation: “give back what you deserve”
116 3:8 pww6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּ⁠מָכַרְתִּ֞י אֶת־בְּנֵי⁠כֶ֣ם וְ⁠אֶת־בְּנֽוֹתֵי⁠כֶ֗ם בְּ⁠יַד֙ בְּנֵ֣י יְהוּדָ֔ה 1 The hand can be a metonym for the power the hand exercises or a synecdoche for the person. Alternate translation: “I will have the people of Judah sell your sons and your daughters” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
117 3:8 t9jc rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names לִ⁠שְׁבָאיִ֖ם 1 the people of the land of Sabea (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
118 3:9 d6ny הָעִ֨ירוּ֙ הַ⁠גִּבּוֹרִ֔ים 1 Alternate translation: “make the mighty men ready for action”
119 3:10 t93c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism כֹּ֤תּוּ אִתֵּי⁠כֶם֙ לַֽ⁠חֲרָב֔וֹת וּ⁠מַזְמְרֹֽתֵי⁠כֶ֖ם לִ⁠רְמָחִ֑ים 1 These two phrases share similar meanings. Both of them instruct the people to turn their farming tools into weapons. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
120 3:10 ze4m אִתֵּי⁠כֶם֙ 1 tools that are used to break up the soil in order to plant crops
121 3:10 epv7 וּ⁠מַזְמְרֹֽתֵי⁠כֶ֖ם 1 knives that are used to cut off small branches
122 3:11 rp2a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony ע֣וּשׁוּ וָ⁠בֹ֧אוּ כָֽל־הַ⁠גּוֹיִ֛ם מִ⁠סָּבִ֖יב וְ⁠נִקְבָּ֑צוּ שָׁ֕מָּ⁠ה 1 These words continue the ironic call to battle that begins in [Joel 3:9](../03/09.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
123 3:11 p5mc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠נִקְבָּ֑צוּ 1 The purpose of the gathering is for battle. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “gather yourselves together for battle” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
124 3:11 e3ig הַֽנְחַ֥ת יְהוָ֖ה גִּבּוֹרֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 This could mean: (1) Joel is telling the people of Judah that this is what they are to “proclaim among the nations” ([Joel 3:9](../03/09.md)) or (2) Joel interrupts the words of Yahweh and prays a short prayer.
125 3:12 b1jw General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nYahweh finishes the speech he began in [Joel 2:25](../02/25.md), promising good things for the people of Israel.
126 3:12 ul2y הַ⁠גּוֹיִ֔ם & אֶת־כָּל־הַ⁠גּוֹיִ֖ם מִ⁠סָּבִֽיב 1 The words “the nations” and “the surrounding nations” refer to the same nations, those that surround Judah. Yahweh will judge them in the Valley of Jehoshaphat for what they have done to Jerusalem.
127 3:12 pq55 עֵ֖מֶק יְהֽוֹשָׁפָ֑ט 1 Jehoshaphat, whose name means “Yahweh judges,” was king of Judah before Joel lived. There is no known place with this name. It would be best to translate this as the name of a valley that people named after the man Jehoshaphat. See how you translated this in [Joel 3:2](../03/02.md).
128 3:13 hq7f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שִׁלְח֣וּ מַגָּ֔ל & מָ֣לְאָה גַּ֔ת 1 Possible meanings are that Yahweh speaks of completely destroying the nations as if: (1) he were harvesting all the grapes and all the grain or (2) he were harvesting quickly, while the grain and grapes are ripe. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
129 3:13 iw8d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שִׁלְח֣וּ מַגָּ֔ל כִּ֥י בָשַׁ֖ל קָצִ֑יר 1 Yahweh speaks of making war against the nations as if he were using a sharp tool to harvest a field of ripe crops. If your readers will not understand the word “sickle,” you may use the word for any sharp tool that your people use for harvesting. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
130 3:13 i8r2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שִׁלְח֣וּ מַגָּ֔ל 1 “Swing the sickle to cut the grain.” This is a metaphor for a soldier using a sword to kill people, but it is best to use the word for a sharp tool used in harvesting. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
131 3:13 zx33 מַגָּ֔ל 1 a long curved knife that people use for cutting grain
132 3:13 rua7 בָשַׁ֖ל קָצִ֑יר 1 Alternate translation: “the grain is ready to be harvested”
133 3:13 tz4a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בֹּ֤אֽוּ רְדוּ֙ כִּֽי־מָ֣לְאָה גַּ֔ת 1 Yahweh speaks of the nations as if they were many grapes in a winepress, ready for people to crush them by stepping on them. Alternate translation: “Come, completely destroy the nations, for they are many, and they are helpless to resist you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
134 3:13 haw5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הֵשִׁ֨יקוּ֙ הַ⁠יְקָבִ֔ים כִּ֥י רַבָּ֖ה רָעָתָֽ⁠ם 1 Yahweh speaks of the nations’ wickedness as if it were the juice that flows from the winepress into storage containers, and more juice flows into the vats than they can contain. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
135 3:14 y2ge הֲמוֹנִ֣ים הֲמוֹנִ֔ים 1 A tumult is noise caused by a large crowd. This is repeated to show that it will be very noisy from all the people.
136 3:14 r3ir בְּ⁠עֵ֖מֶק הֶֽ⁠חָר֑וּץ & בְּ⁠עֵ֖מֶק הֶ⁠חָרֽוּץ 1 This phrase is repeated to show that the judgment will certainly happen.
137 3:14 fq2i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּ⁠עֵ֖מֶק הֶֽ⁠חָר֑וּץ 1 There is no known place with this name. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **judgment**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “judge.” Alternate translation: “Valley Where Yahweh Judges” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
138 3:16 fj29 General Information: 1 # General Information:\n\nYahweh begins speaking in verse 17.
139 3:16 fe1r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וַ⁠יהוָ֞ה מִ⁠צִּיּ֣וֹן יִשְׁאָ֗ג וּ⁠מִ⁠ירוּשָׁלִַ֨ם֙ יִתֵּ֣ן קוֹל֔⁠וֹ 1 Both phrases mean Yahweh will shout with a loud, clear and powerful voice from Jerusalem. If your language only has one word for speaking very loudly, this can be used as one phrase. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will shout from Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
140 3:16 yr8u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַ⁠יהוָ֞ה & יִשְׁאָ֗ג 1 This could mean: (1) “Yahweh will roar like a lion” or (2) “Yahweh will roar like thunder.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
141 3:16 lf34 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole וְ⁠רָעֲשׁ֖וּ שָׁמַ֣יִם וָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ 1 Joel speaks of the heavens and earth as if they were people who are shaking with fear. This can be translated as either a hyperbole, that Yahweh’s roar is so frightening that even things that are not alive are afraid, or as metonymy, that the heavens and earth are metonyms for the beings who live there. Alternate translation: “Everyone in the heavens and on the earth is very afraid” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
142 3:16 vd5q וְ⁠רָעֲשׁ֖וּ 1 This word is the past form of the word translated “tremble” in [Joel 2:10](../02/10.md).
143 3:16 lr5v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַֽ⁠יהוָה֙ מַֽחֲסֶ֣ה לְ⁠עַמּ֔⁠וֹ וּ⁠מָע֖וֹז לִ⁠בְנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל 1 Both of these phrases mean Yahweh will protect his people. A fortress is a strong shelter used to protect people during war. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will be a strong fortress for his people, the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
144 3:17 isx1 וִֽ⁠ידַעְתֶּ֗ם 1 Alternate translation: “When I do these things, you will know”
145 3:18 y22f וְ⁠הָיָה֩ בַ⁠יּ֨וֹם הַ⁠ה֜וּא & הֶ⁠הָרִ֣ים 1 “This is what will happen on that day: the mountains” Translate “It will come about” as in [Joel 2:28](../02/28.md).
146 3:18 m6v9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole יִטְּפ֧וּ הֶ⁠הָרִ֣ים עָסִ֗יס 1 “sweet wine will drip from the mountains.” This is an exaggeration to show that the land is very fertile. Alternate translation: “On the mountains there will be vineyards that produce plenty of sweet wine” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
147 3:18 yj7w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠הַ⁠גְּבָעוֹת֙ תֵּלַ֣כְנָה חָלָ֔ב 1 “milk will flow from the hills.” The land being very fertile is spoken of as if the hills would flow with milk. Alternate translation: “on the hills your cattle and goats will produce plenty of milk” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
148 3:18 l5yu וְ⁠כָל־אֲפִיקֵ֥י יְהוּדָ֖ה יֵ֣לְכוּ מָ֑יִם 1 Alternate translation: “water will flow through all the brooks of Judah”
149 3:18 k6qq וְ⁠הִשְׁקָ֖ה אֶת־נַ֥חַל הַ⁠שִּׁטִּֽים 1 Alternate translation: “will send water to the Valley of Shittim”
150 3:18 f69l rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הַ⁠שִּׁטִּֽים 1 This is the name of a place on the east side of the Jordan River. It means “Acacia Trees.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
151 3:19 la92 מִצְרַ֨יִם֙ לִ⁠שְׁמָמָ֣ה תִֽהְיֶ֔ה 1 Alternate translation: “Everyone will leave Egypt and no one will live there”
152 3:19 au36 וֶ⁠אֱד֕וֹם לְ⁠מִדְבַּ֥ר שְׁמָמָ֖ה תִּֽהְיֶ֑ה 1 Alternate translation: “Everyone will leave Edom and it will look like no people have ever lived there”
153 3:19 c2r8 מֵֽ⁠חֲמַס֙ בְּנֵ֣י יְהוּדָ֔ה 1 Alternate translation: “because of the violent things Egypt and Edom did to the people of Judah”
154 3:19 t6ay rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אֲשֶׁר־שָׁפְכ֥וּ דָם־נָקִ֖יא בְּ⁠אַרְצָֽ⁠ם 1 The word “they” refers to “Edom” and “Egypt” and is a metonym for the people of Egypt and Edom. The words “innocent blood” are a metonym for innocent people whom they have killed. Alternate translation: “because the people of Egypt and the people of Edom killed innocent people in the land of the people of Judah” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
155 3:20 gi4z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וִ⁠יהוּדָ֖ה לְ⁠עוֹלָ֣ם תֵּשֵׁ֑ב 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people will live in Judah forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
156 3:20 f72t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וִ⁠ירוּשָׁלִַ֖ם לְ⁠ד֥וֹר וָ⁠דֽוֹר 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “generation after generation, people will live in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
157 3:21 dj9s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ⁠נִקֵּ֖יתִי דָּמָ֣⁠ם לֹֽא־נִקֵּ֑יתִי 1 Blood is a metonym for death. Alternate translation: “I will punish the enemies who killed the people of Israel and still have not been punished” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])