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front:intro l57g 0 # Introduction to Zephaniah\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction \n\n### Outline of the book of Zephaniah\n\nTitle of the book; introduces Zephaniah (1:1)\n1. Yahweh will punish Judah and Jerusalem (1:2–18)\n“For in the fire of his jealousy the whole earth will be consumed.”\n2. Yahweh will punish the nations\n * Warning to Judah (2:1–3)\n * Yahweh will punish the Philistines (2:4–7)\n * Yahweh will punish Moab and Ammon (2:8–11)\n * Yahweh will punish Ethiopia (2:12)\n * Yahweh will punish Assyria (2:13–16)\n * Yahweh will punish Jerusalem (3:1–7)\n * General review (3:8)\n"For in the fire of my jealousy the whole earth will be consumed.”\n3. Yahweh will restore Judah and Jerusalem (3:9–20)\n\n### Who wrote the book of Zephaniah?\n\nThis book records messages that Yahweh spoke through a man named Zephaniah. The title to the book lists Zephaniah’s ancestors back to his great-grandfather, a man named Hezekiah. Since no other prophet’s ancestry is traced back four generations, this Hezekiah must have been a significant person, and interpreters generally agree that he was King Hezekiah, who ruled over Judah from about 715 B.C. to about 686 B.C. So Zephaniah was likely a member of the royal family. In his prophecies, he shows a first-hand knowledge of the city of Jerusalem, so it is also probable that he was part of the royal court in Jerusalem. The title of the book says that he prophesied during the reign of King Josiah, who began to rule Judah around 640 B.C. So Zephaniah would have prophesied at about the same time that Jeremiah began to prophesy.\n\n### What is the book of Zephaniah about?\n\nThrough Zephaniah’s prophecies, Yahweh warned Judah and other nations that he was about to destroy them because of their wickedness and idolatry. This message seems to have led at least the Judeans to repent, if only for a generation. Hezekiah had been a godly ruler, but his son Manasseh and his grandson Amon were wicked and idolatrous kings. Amon was so unpopular that he was assassinated, and his son Josiah became king when Josiah was only a boy. But when Josiah became a young adult and could assert himself, he introduced a series of reforms that led the people of Judah to worship and obey Yahweh once more. The prophecies of Zephaniah seem to have influenced Josiah strongly to do this. Zephaniah also prophesied about how Yahweh would restore Judah, and those prophecies had at least a partial fulfillment in his own time due to the reforms of Josiah.\n\n### What title should translators use for this book?\n\nTranslators may choose to use the traditional title, “The Book of Zephaniah,” or simply “Zephaniah.” They may use a different title such as “The Prophecies of Zephaniah.”\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### The “day of Yahweh”\n\nZephaniah speaks many times of “the day of Yahweh,” meaning the time when Yahweh will judge and punish the nations, including Judah, for disobeying him and worshiping idols. However, in the final oracle in the book, the phrase “that day” instead means the time when Yahweh will restore Judah and Jerusalem. Notes suggest ways that you can translate these expressions in their various occurrences.\n\n### The time reference of Zephaniah’s prophecies\n\nSome of Zephaniah’s prophecies focus on specific places and times. They warn Judah and other nations that Yahweh will soon destroy them, and they suggest implicitly that this will happen when an enemy empire invades and conquers them. But other prophecies speak of the entire world, and their time reference is uncertain. For example, in the first prophecy in the book, Yahweh says that he is going to destroy every living creature on earth—people, animals, birds, and fish. This could be a prophecy about the more distant future, about the end of the world. But it could also be a generalization for emphasis, and if so, it could apply to the time of Josiah. It is not necessary to determine the exact time reference of all of the prophecies in the book in order to translate the book.\n\n### The identity of the invading empire\n\nZephaniah often suggests that a foreign empire will invade and conquer Judah and other nations. He probably means the empire of Babylon. However, he does not name it specifically, and so it would not be appropriate to use any particular name for the invading army that Zephaniah describes in this book.
front:intro l57g 0 # Introduction to Zephaniah\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of the book of Zephaniah\n\nTitle of the book; introduces Zephaniah (1:1)\n1. Yahweh will punish Judah and Jerusalem (1:2–18)\n“For in the fire of his jealousy the whole earth will be consumed.”\n2. Yahweh will punish the nations\n * Warning to Judah (2:1–3)\n * Yahweh will punish the Philistines (2:4–7)\n * Yahweh will punish Moab and Ammon (2:8–11)\n * Yahweh will punish Ethiopia (2:12)\n * Yahweh will punish Assyria (2:13–16)\n * Yahweh will punish Jerusalem (3:1–7)\n * General review (3:8)\n“For in the fire of my jealousy the whole earth will be consumed.”\n3. Yahweh will restore Judah and Jerusalem (3:9–20)\n\n### Who wrote the book of Zephaniah?\n\nThis book records messages that Yahweh spoke through a man named Zephaniah. The title to the book lists Zephaniah’s ancestors back to his great-grandfather, a man named Hezekiah. Since no other prophet’s ancestry is traced back four generations, this Hezekiah must have been a significant person, and interpreters generally agree that he was King Hezekiah, who ruled over Judah from about 715 B.C. to about 686 B.C. So Zephaniah was likely a member of the royal family. In his prophecies, he shows a first-hand knowledge of the city of Jerusalem, so it is also probable that he was part of the royal court in Jerusalem. The title of the book says that he prophesied during the reign of King Josiah, who began to rule Judah around 640 B.C. So Zephaniah would have prophesied at about the same time that Jeremiah began to prophesy.\n\n### What is the book of Zephaniah about?\n\nThrough Zephaniah’s prophecies, Yahweh warned Judah and other nations that he was about to destroy them because of their wickedness and idolatry. This message seems to have led at least the Judeans to repent, if only for a generation. Hezekiah had been a godly ruler, but his son Manasseh and his grandson Amon were wicked and idolatrous kings. Amon was so unpopular that he was assassinated, and his son Josiah became king when Josiah was only a boy. But when Josiah became a young adult and could assert himself, he introduced a series of reforms that led the people of Judah to worship and obey Yahweh once more. The prophecies of Zephaniah seem to have influenced Josiah strongly to do this. Zephaniah also prophesied about how Yahweh would restore Judah, and those prophecies had at least a partial fulfillment in his own time due to the reforms of Josiah.\n\n### What title should translators use for this book?\n\nTranslators may choose to use the traditional title, “The Book of Zephaniah,” or simply “Zephaniah.” They may use a different title such as “The Prophecies of Zephaniah.”\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### The “day of Yahweh”\n\nZephaniah speaks many times of “the day of Yahweh,” meaning the time when Yahweh will judge and punish the nations, including Judah, for disobeying him and worshiping idols. However, in the final oracle in the book, the phrase “that day” instead means the time when Yahweh will restore Judah and Jerusalem. Notes suggest ways that you can translate these expressions in their various occurrences.\n\n### The time reference of Zephaniah’s prophecies\n\nSome of Zephaniah’s prophecies focus on specific places and times. They warn Judah and other nations that Yahweh will soon destroy them, and they suggest implicitly that this will happen when an enemy empire invades and conquers them. But other prophecies speak of the entire world, and their time reference is uncertain. For example, in the first prophecy in the book, Yahweh says that he is going to destroy every living creature on earth—people, animals, birds, and fish. This could be a prophecy about the more distant future, about the end of the world. But it could also be a generalization for emphasis, and if so, it could apply to the time of Josiah. It is not necessary to determine the exact time reference of all of the prophecies in the book in order to translate the book.\n\n### The identity of the invading empire\n\nZephaniah often suggests that a foreign empire will invade and conquer Judah and other nations. He probably means the empire of Babylon. However, he does not name it specifically, and so it would not be appropriate to use any particular name for the invading army that Zephaniah describes in this book.
1:intro t3tv 0 # Zephaniah 1 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter is the first of the three major parts of the book of Zephaniah. (See the outline in the General Introduction to the book.) This part describes how Yahweh will punish Judah and Jerusalem for their sinfulness and complacency.\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of verses 2–18 farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because they are poetry.\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in This Chapter\n\n### Litany\n\nVerses 2 and 3 state in general terms that Yahweh’s judgment will be comprehensive. Then, in four places later in the chapter, prophecies emphasize a general point by making a series of specific statements that illustrate that point. These typically move from more obvious or central examples to more peripheral ones. In that way, they demonstrate how comprehensive Yahweh’s judgment will be: It will reach to the most distant and obscure places.\n\nSeries of statements such as these are known as litanies. If your readers would recognize the litany form, you could translate and format these litanies the way the ULT does, as lines of poetry. If the litany form would not be familiar to your readers, you could format these litanies in a way that would illustrate how they work. You could format the general statement in a way that would set it off from the other poetry in the book. For example, if you have chosen to indent that poetry, you could present the general statement without any indentation. You could then put each sentence of the litany on a separate line. The format might look something like this:\n\nVerses 4–6:\n\nand I will cut off from this place\n> the remnant of Baal,\n> the name of the idol-priests with the priests,\n> and the ones bowing down on the housetops to the army of the skies,\n> and the ones bowing down, swearing to Yahweh but swearing by their king,\n> and the ones turning back from after Yahweh,\n> and who do not search for Yahweh and do not seek him.\n\nVerses 8–9:\n\nAnd it will happen on the day of the sacrifice of Yahweh that I will visit\n> upon the princes\n> and upon the sons of the king\n> and upon all the ones wearing foreign clothing,\nand on that day I will visit\n\n> upon all the ones leaping over the threshold,\n> the ones filling the house of their lords {with} violence and fraud.\n\nVerse 10:\n\nthe sound of\n\n> a cry from the Fish Gate\n> and a wailing from the Second {District}\n> and a great ruin from the hills.\n\nVerses 15–16:\n\nThat day {will be}\n\n> a day of wrath,\n> a day of distress and anguish,\n> a day of destruction and desolation,\n> a day of darkness and gloom,\n> a day of cloud and overcast,\n> a day of horn and battle-cry against the fortified cities and against the high towers.
1:1 k2ge rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy דְּבַר־יְהוָ֣ה ׀ אֲשֶׁ֣ר הָיָ֗ה אֶל־צְפַנְיָה֙ 1 In this title for the book, the term **word** refers to the message that Yahweh sent to the Judeans through Zephaniah by using words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The message that Yahweh sent through Zephaniah”
1:1 zlc5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants בֶּן־כּוּשִׁ֣י בֶן־גְּדַלְיָ֔ה בֶּן־אֲמַרְיָ֖ה בֶּן־חִזְקִיָּ֑ה 1 The author is describing the ancestors of **Zephaniah** in order to introduce him to readers as a key participant in the book, the person through whom Yahweh spoke the messages that the book records. Your culture may have its own way of introducing people by describing their ancestors, and if so, you can use it here in your translation.
@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ front:intro l57g 0 # Introduction to Zephaniah\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
1:3 t70v rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations נְאֻם־יְהוָֽה 1 See how you translated the phrase **the declaration of Yahweh** in the previous verse. If you used it to introduce the quotation there, you may wish to do the same thing here.
1:3 zd2p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism אָסֵ֨ף אָדָ֜ם וּ⁠בְהֵמָ֗ה אָסֵ֤ף עוֹף־הַ⁠שָּׁמַ֨יִם֙ וּ⁠דְגֵ֣י הַ⁠יָּ֔ם 1 Yahweh is using creatures from the three components of creation—land creatures, sky creatures, and **sea** creatures—to mean all creatures throughout creation. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “I will take away all the creatures that live everywhere in creation”
1:3 z003 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אָדָ֜ם וּ⁠בְהֵמָ֗ה & הָ⁠אָדָ֗ם 1 Here the masculine term **man** has a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that clearly includes both men and women. Alternate translation: “humans and beasts … humans”
1:3 z002 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism אָדָ֜ם וּ⁠בְהֵמָ֗ה 1 Yahweh is using two types of creatures that live on the earth, **man** and **beast**, to mean all creatures that live on the earth. If you would like to retain in your translation the references in this verse to the three different parts of creation, you could explain the meaning of this reference. Alternate translation: “all the creatures that live on the earth”
1:3 z002 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism אָדָ֜ם וּ⁠בְהֵמָ֗ה 1 Yahweh is using two types of creatures that live on the earth, **man** and **beast**, to mean all creatures that live on the earth. If you would like to retain in your translation the references in this verse to the three different parts of creation, you could explain the meaning of this reference. Alternate translation: “all the creatures that live on the earth”
1:3 z004 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj וְ⁠הַ⁠מַּכְשֵׁל֖וֹת אֶת־הָ⁠רְשָׁעִ֑ים 1 Yahweh is using the adjective **wicked** as a noun to mean a certain kind of person. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this adjective with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “and the stumbling blocks with wicked people”
1:3 kw4a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠הַ⁠מַּכְשֵׁל֖וֹת 1 Yahweh is speaking of idols as if they were literally **stumbling blocks**, that is, objects that people would trip over. He is using stumbling to mean doing what is morally and spiritually wrong. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and the idols”
1:3 z005 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֶת־הָ⁠רְשָׁעִ֑ים 1 The implication is that the **wicked** people Yahweh is talking about are doing things that are morally and spiritually wrong because their actions are being guided by the values implicit in idolatry rather than by Yahweh’s law. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “with the people who are wicked because they worship idols”
@ -36,11 +36,11 @@ front:intro l57g 0 # Introduction to Zephaniah\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
1:5 w2r8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הַ⁠נִּשְׁבָּעִ֣ים לַֽ⁠יהוָ֔ה וְ⁠הַ⁠נִּשְׁבָּעִ֖ים בְּ⁠מַלְכָּֽ⁠ם 1 The word translated **their king** could be the name of a false god, Milcom, also called Molech, Molek, or Moloch. If you choose to use the name in your translation, spell it the way it sounds in your language. If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the spelling that it uses. Alternate translation: “swearing to me but swearing by Milcom”
1:5 z014 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַ⁠נִּשְׁבָּעִ֣ים לַֽ⁠יהוָ֔ה וְ⁠הַ⁠נִּשְׁבָּעִ֖ים בְּ⁠מַלְכָּֽ⁠ם 1 Yahweh is drawing a contrast between **swearing to** and **swearing by**. The Judeans who swore **to** Yahweh pledged themselves to worship him as their God. But they then swore **by** Milcom, invoking the name of that false god to guarantee a vow or promise that they had made. Yahweh is saying how inconsistent and inappropriate it was for them to do that. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “pledging themselves to worship me but then guaranteeing their oaths by invoking the false god Milcom”
1:6 z015 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person וְ⁠אֶת־הַ⁠נְּסוֹגִ֖ים מֵ⁠אַחֲרֵ֣י יְהוָ֑ה וַ⁠אֲשֶׁ֛ר לֹֽא־בִקְשׁ֥וּ אֶת־יְהוָ֖ה וְ⁠לֹ֥א דְרָשֻֽׁ⁠הוּ 1 Yahweh is speaking about himself in the third person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate this in the first person. Alternate translation: “and the ones turning back from after me, and who do not search for me and do not seek me”
1:6 z016 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְ⁠אֶת־הַ⁠נְּסוֹגִ֖ים מֵ⁠אַחֲרֵ֣י יְהוָ֑ה וַ⁠אֲשֶׁ֛ר לֹֽא־בִקְשׁ֥וּ אֶת־יְהוָ֖ה וְ⁠לֹ֥א דְרָשֻֽׁ⁠הוּ 1 Yahweh is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. This could be describing: (1) two groups, people who are no longer actively worshiping Yahweh and people who still worship Yahweh formally but who do not relate to him actively as their God. Alternate translation: “and I will destroy those who have stopped worshiping me actively, and I will destroy those who still worship me formally but do not relate to me actively as their God” (2) one group, people who show that they are no longer worshiping Yahweh by the way they no longer relate to him actively as their God. Alternate translation: ““and I will destroy those who show they have stopped worshiping me by the way they no longer relate to me actively as their God”
1:6 z017 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠אֶת־הַ⁠נְּסוֹגִ֖ים מֵ⁠אַחֲרֵ֣י יְהוָ֑ה 1 Yahweh is speaking as if the Judeans who are ceasing to worship him were literally walking on a path and **turning back** from the direction in which they had been heading. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and I will destroy the ones who have stopped worshiping me”
1:6 z016 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְ⁠אֶת־הַ⁠נְּסוֹגִ֖ים מֵ⁠אַחֲרֵ֣י יְהוָ֑ה וַ⁠אֲשֶׁ֛ר לֹֽא־בִקְשׁ֥וּ אֶת־יְהוָ֖ה וְ⁠לֹ֥א דְרָשֻֽׁ⁠הוּ 1 Yahweh is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. This could be describing: (1) two groups, people who are no longer actively worshiping Yahweh and people who still worship Yahweh formally but who do not relate to him actively as their God. Alternate translation: “and I will destroy those who have stopped worshiping me actively, and I will destroy those who still worship me formally but do not relate to me actively as their God” (2) one group, people who show that they are no longer worshiping Yahweh by the way they no longer relate to him actively as their God. Alternate translation: “and I will destroy those who show they have stopped worshiping me by the way they no longer relate to me actively as their God”
1:6 z017 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠אֶת־הַ⁠נְּסוֹגִ֖ים מֵ⁠אַחֲרֵ֣י יְהוָ֑ה 1 Yahweh is speaking as if the Judeans who are ceasing to worship him were literally walking on a path and **turning back** from the direction in which they had been heading. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and I will destroy the ones who have stopped worshiping me”
1:6 ql66 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet וַ⁠אֲשֶׁ֛ר לֹֽא־בִקְשׁ֥וּ אֶת־יְהוָ֖ה וְ⁠לֹ֥א דְרָשֻֽׁ⁠הוּ 1 Yahweh could be using the expressions **search for** and **seek** to mean: (1) two similar things. He could be speaking as if the Judeans should literally have been looking for him, meaning that they should have been praying to him. In this case Yahweh would be using two similar terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase Alternate translation: “and I will destroy the ones who no longer pray to me at all” (2) two different things. The expression **search for** could mean to ask for help, and the expression **seek** could mean to ask for guidance. Alternate translation: “and I will destroy those who no longer ask for my help or guidance”
1:7 z018 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy הַ֕ס מִ⁠פְּנֵ֖י אֲדֹנָ֣⁠י יְהוִ֑ה 1 Here the word **face** represents the presence of a person by association with the way people can see the face of someone who is present. Alternate translation: “Hush in the presence of Lord Yahweh”
1:7 etv8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations הַ֕ס מִ⁠פְּנֵ֖י אֲדֹנָ֣⁠י יְהוִ֑ה 1 The word **Hush** is an exclamation that urges listeners to be silent. In your translation, you may choose to use an exclamation that is natural in your language for communicating this. You could also translate the word as an imperative. Alternate translation: “Shh! in the presence of Lord Yahweh”
1:7 z018 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy הַ֕ס מִ⁠פְּנֵ֖י אֲדֹנָ֣⁠י יְהוִ֑ה 1 Here the word **face** represents the presence of a person by association with the way people can see the face of someone who is present. Alternate translation: “Hush in the presence of Lord Yahweh”
1:7 etv8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations הַ֕ס מִ⁠פְּנֵ֖י אֲדֹנָ֣⁠י יְהוִ֑ה 1 The word **Hush** is an exclamation that urges listeners to be silent. In your translation, you may choose to use an exclamation that is natural in your language for communicating this. You could also translate the word as an imperative. Alternate translation: “Shh! in the presence of Lord Yahweh”
1:7 z019 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom קָרוֹב֙ י֣וֹם יְהוָ֔ה 1 The expression **the day of Yahweh** refers to a specific time when God will punish people for their sins. Alternate translation: “the time is coming soon when Yahweh will punish people for their sins”
1:7 xb5b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הֵכִ֧ין יְהוָ֛ה זֶ֖בַח הִקְדִּ֥ישׁ קְרֻאָֽי⁠ו 1 Zephaniah is speaking as if Yahweh had literally **prepared a sacrifice** and ceremonially cleansed (**sanctified**) those he had **invited** to share a meal from the meat of the sacrificed animal. He is speaking of the people of Judah as if they were this sacrifice, and of an enemy army, most likely that of the Babylonians, as if it would feast on the Judeans, meaning that this foreign power would conquer them and plunder them, as verses 13–16 indicate. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is going to allow a foreign army to conquer and plunder the land of Judah”
1:7 hwp4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive קְרֻאָֽי⁠ו 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the ones he has invited”
@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ front:intro l57g 0 # Introduction to Zephaniah\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
1:15 lw4t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet י֧וֹם צָרָ֣ה וּ⁠מְצוּקָ֗ה י֤וֹם שֹׁאָה֙ וּ⁠מְשׁוֹאָ֔ה י֥וֹם חֹ֨שֶׁךְ֙ וַ⁠אֲפֵלָ֔ה י֥וֹם עָנָ֖ן וַ⁠עֲרָפֶֽל 1 In these four cases, Yahweh is using two words with similar meaning together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “a day of great distress, a day of severe destruction, a day of deep darkness, a day of thick cloud”
1:15 z041 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor י֥וֹם חֹ֨שֶׁךְ֙ וַ⁠אֲפֵלָ֔ה י֥וֹם עָנָ֖ן וַ⁠עֲרָפֶֽל 1 Yahweh is speaking as if the sky will literally be dark and cloudy at the time when he punishes people for their sins. He means that it will be a time when people experience much trouble and feel great sorrow. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a day of terrible trouble, a day of deep sorrow”
1:16 z042 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom י֥וֹם 1 If you have been translating the phrase “the day of Yahweh” with an expression that uses the word “time,” you may wish to say “time” rather than **day** here. Alternate translation: “a time of”
1:16 deb6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שׁוֹפָ֖ר וּ⁠תְרוּעָ֑ה 1 Yahweh is referring to a ram’s **horn**, a shofar, that soldiers would use to signal an attack. Yahweh is using the term by association to mean the sound that this horn would make. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. It may be more natural in your language to use plural forms here. Alternate translation: “horn blasts and battle-cries”
1:16 deb6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שׁוֹפָ֖ר וּ⁠תְרוּעָ֑ה 1 Yahweh is referring to a ram’s **horn**, a shofar, that soldiers would use to signal an attack. Yahweh is using the term by association to mean the sound that this horn would make. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. It may be more natural in your language to use plural forms here. Alternate translation: “horn blasts and battle-cries”
1:16 z043 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy עַ֚ל הֶ⁠עָרִ֣ים הַ⁠בְּצֻר֔וֹת וְ⁠עַ֖ל הַ⁠פִּנּ֥וֹת הַ⁠גְּבֹהֽוֹת 1 Yahweh is using the term **corners** by association to mean the towers that were built at the corners of the walls around cities in the kingdom of Judah. Those walls were not straight; they had angles and corners so that defenders could attack besieging armies from more than one direction. High towers were built at the corners so that the defenders could attack from a height. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “against the fortified cities and against the high towers at the corners of their walls”
1:16 z044 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet עַ֚ל הֶ⁠עָרִ֣ים הַ⁠בְּצֻר֔וֹת וְ⁠עַ֖ל הַ⁠פִּנּ֥וֹת הַ⁠גְּבֹהֽוֹת 1 The phrases **fortified cities** and **high corners** mean similar things. The high towers at the corners of city walls were one part of their fortifications. Yahweh is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “the walled cities and all of their fortifications”
1:17 z045 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations לָ⁠אָדָ֗ם 1 Here the masculine term **man** has a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. The reference is most likely to the sinful, complacent Judeans. Alternate translation: “to the people of Judah”
@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ front:intro l57g 0 # Introduction to Zephaniah\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
1:17 z048 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְ⁠שֻׁפַּ֤ךְ דָּמָ⁠ם֙ כֶּֽ⁠עָפָ֔ר וּ⁠לְחֻמָ֖⁠ם כַּ⁠גְּלָלִֽים 1 Yahweh is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “And their blood will be poured out like dust, and their innards will be poured out like dung”
1:17 z049 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְ⁠שֻׁפַּ֤ךְ דָּמָ⁠ם֙ כֶּֽ⁠עָפָ֔ר וּ⁠לְחֻמָ֖⁠ם כַּ⁠גְּלָלִֽים 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “And their enemies will wound them so that their blood flows out like dust and their innards flow out like dung”
1:17 cq1r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile וְ⁠שֻׁפַּ֤ךְ דָּמָ⁠ם֙ כֶּֽ⁠עָפָ֔ר וּ⁠לְחֻמָ֖⁠ם כַּ⁠גְּלָלִֽים 1 The point of these comparisons is that just as people consider **dust** and **dung** to have no value, the **blood** and **innards** of the Judeans, vital to their lives, will be **poured out** as if those substances and the lives they sustain had no value. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this point explicitly. Alternate translation: “And their enemies will wound them so that their blood and their innards flow out profusely, as if they were worthless”
1:18 z050 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification גַּם־כַּסְפָּ֨⁠ם גַּם־זְהָבָ֜⁠ם לֹֽא־יוּכַ֣ל לְ⁠הַצִּילָ֗⁠ם 1 Yahweh is speaking as if the **silver** and the **gold** that the Judeans own were living things that could **deliver them** from their enemies. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “They will not even be able to pay their enemies silver or gold in order to be spared”
1:18 z050 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification גַּם־כַּסְפָּ֨⁠ם גַּם־זְהָבָ֜⁠ם לֹֽא־יוּכַ֣ל לְ⁠הַצִּילָ֗⁠ם 1 Yahweh is speaking as if the **silver** and the **gold** that the Judeans own were living things that could **deliver them** from their enemies. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “They will not even be able to pay their enemies silver or gold in order to be spared”
1:18 z051 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וּ⁠בְ⁠אֵשׁ֙ קִנְאָת֔⁠וֹ תֵּאָכֵ֖ל כָּל־הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “For the fire of his jealousy will consume the whole earth”
1:18 ai7h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ⁠בְ⁠אֵשׁ֙ קִנְאָת֔⁠וֹ תֵּאָכֵ֖ל כָּל־הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ 1 Yahweh is speaking as if his **jealousy** were a **fire** that is literally going to burn up the entire **earth**. As the next sentence indicates, he is using the term “earth” to mean the people who live on the earth, and he is referring to the way that he will punish those people for worshiping false gods and living sinfully. He is speaking of that punishment as if it were a fire. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “For he will destroy all of the people who live on the earth when he punishes them in his jealousy”
1:18 z052 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וּ⁠בְ⁠אֵשׁ֙ קִנְאָת֔⁠וֹ תֵּאָכֵ֖ל כָּל־הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **jealousy**, you could express the same idea in another way. Zephaniah is saying that Yahweh is jealous because the people who live on the earth have been worshiping false gods even though they owe him their exclusive worship because he is the only true God. Alternate translation: Alternate translation: “For he will destroy all of the people who live on the earth when he punishes them because he is jealous that they have been worshiping false gods instead of him, the only true God”
@ -131,14 +131,14 @@ front:intro l57g 0 # Introduction to Zephaniah\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
2:3 s75g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive תִּסָּ֣תְר֔וּ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you will be able to hide”
2:3 z067 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תִּסָּ֣תְר֔וּ 1 Zephaniah is speaking as if the Judeans could literally **be hidden** somewhere where Yahweh could not find them. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you will be spared”
2:3 z068 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בְּ⁠י֖וֹם אַף־יְהוָֽה 1 See how you translated the similar expression at the end of the previous verse. Alternate translation: “at the time when Yahweh angrily punishes people”
2:4 dth6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry עַזָּה֙ עֲזוּבָ֣ה תִֽהְיֶ֔ה & וְ⁠עֶקְר֖וֹן תֵּעָקֵֽר 1 For poetic effect and emphasis, at the beginning and end of this verse Zephaniah uses verbs that echo the sound of the names of the cities he is describing. It may be possible for you to reproduce this effect in your translation.
2:4 dth6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry עַזָּה֙ עֲזוּבָ֣ה תִֽהְיֶ֔ה & וְ⁠עֶקְר֖וֹן תֵּעָקֵֽר 1 For poetic effect and emphasis, at the beginning and end of this verse Zephaniah uses verbs that echo the sound of the names of the cities he is describing. It may be possible for you to reproduce this effect in your translation.
2:4 f893 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive עַזָּה֙ עֲזוּבָ֣ה תִֽהְיֶ֔ה 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the people who used to live in Gaza will abandon that city” or “no one will live in Gaza anymore”
2:4 z069 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְ⁠אַשְׁקְל֖וֹן לִ⁠שְׁמָמָ֑ה 1 Zephaniah is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and Ashkelon will become a ruin”
2:4 z069 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְ⁠אַשְׁקְל֖וֹן לִ⁠שְׁמָמָ֑ה 1 Zephaniah is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and Ashkelon will become a ruin”
2:4 z070 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification אַשְׁדּ֗וֹד & יְגָ֣רְשׁ֔וּ⁠הָ 1 Zephaniah is speaking of the city of **Ashdod** as if it were a woman who could be **expelled** from the home in which she was living. He is using the city to represent the people who live in the city. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “they will expel the inhabitants of Ashdod”
2:4 z071 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns אַשְׁדּ֗וֹד & יְגָ֣רְשׁ֔וּ⁠הָ 1 Here, **they** is an indefinite pronoun that does not have a specific referent in the immediate context. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate this with a different expression that does not use an indefinite pronoun. Alternate translation: “the inhabitants of Ashdod will be expelled” or “an army will expel the inhabitants of Ashdod”
2:4 mi6f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בַּֽ⁠צָּהֳרַ֨יִם֙ 1 Zephaniah is speaking as if an army would literally expel the inhabitants of Ashdod at a specific time, **at noon**. He is likely using noon, the time when the sun is brightest in the sky, to mean “in broad daylight,” that is, as the result of an open attack by an overwhelming force. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in an open attack”
2:4 sb41 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠עֶקְר֖וֹן תֵּעָקֵֽר 1 Zephaniah is speaking as if the city of **Ekron** were literally a plant that could be **uprooted**, that is, pulled completely out of the ground, including its roots. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and Ekron will be completely destroyed”
2:4 z072 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְ⁠עֶקְר֖וֹן תֵּעָקֵֽר 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and it will be as if Ekron were a plant that someone had pulled out by the roots” or “and an army will destroy Ekron”
2:4 sb41 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠עֶקְר֖וֹן תֵּעָקֵֽר 1 Zephaniah is speaking as if the city of **Ekron** were literally a plant that could be **uprooted**, that is, pulled completely out of the ground, including its roots. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and Ekron will be completely destroyed”
2:4 z072 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְ⁠עֶקְר֖וֹן תֵּעָקֵֽר 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and it will be as if Ekron were a plant that someone had pulled out by the roots” or “and an army will destroy Ekron”
2:5 p4be rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession חֶ֥בֶל הַ⁠יָּ֖ם 1 Zephaniah is using this possessive form to describe a **region** that is along the coast of the **sea**. He means specifically the area along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea where the Philistines lived. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “the seacoast”
2:5 z073 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כְּרֵתִ֑ים 1 The word **Kerethites** is another name for all or part of the people group also known as the **Philistines**. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use the name Philistines here in order to show that Zephaniah is addressing one people group, not two. Alternate translation: “the Philistines”
2:5 z074 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy דְּבַר־יְהוָ֣ה עֲלֵי⁠כֶ֗ם 1 Zephaniah is using the term **word** to mean what Yahweh has said by using words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has spoken a message against you”
@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ front:intro l57g 0 # Introduction to Zephaniah\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
2:14 jp3m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּ⁠כַפְתֹּרֶ֖י⁠הָ יָלִ֑ינוּ 1 The word translated **columns** refers specifically to the tops of columns, which often had ornate decorations. The implication is that an army will have destroyed the elaborate buildings of Nineveh so that only columns remain standing, and they are not supporting a roof, so their tops are exposed and provide a roosting place for birds. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “will roost on top of the exposed columns of its destroyed buildings”
2:14 e998 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ק֠וֹל יְשׁוֹרֵ֤ר בַּֽ⁠חַלּוֹן֙ חֹ֣רֶב בַּ⁠סַּ֔ף כִּ֥י אַרְזָ֖ה עֵרָֽה 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases, since the second phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. Zephaniah is describing how badly Nineveh will be destroyed by referring to the fact that the costly and elaborate **cedar-work** of its ornate buildings will be exposed to the elements. Alternate translation: “Because the city will be destroyed so thoroughly that the cedar-work will be bare, a call will hoot in the window; devastation will be in the threshold”
2:14 u3vb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification ק֠וֹל יְשׁוֹרֵ֤ר בַּֽ⁠חַלּוֹן֙ 1 Zephaniah is speaking of a bird’s **call** as if it were a living thing that could **hoot** on its own. He is using the call of birds to represent the birds themselves. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Birds will hoot their calls in the windows”
2:14 z096 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חֹ֣רֶב בַּ⁠סַּ֔ף 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **devastation**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “debris will block doorways”
2:14 z096 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חֹ֣רֶב בַּ⁠סַּ֔ף 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **devastation**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “debris will block doorways”
2:15 kl78 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification זֹ֞֠את הָ⁠עִ֤יר הָ⁠עַלִּיזָה֙ הַ⁠יּוֹשֶׁ֣בֶת לָ⁠בֶ֔טַח הָ⁠אֹֽמְרָה֙ בִּ⁠לְבָבָ֔⁠הּ אֲנִ֖י וְ⁠אַפְסִ֣⁠י ע֑וֹד 1 Zephaniah is speaking of the **city** of Nineveh as if it were a living thing that could exult, dwell in **security**, and speak. He means that the people of Nineveh have done these things. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “This is the city whose people exulted, who thought they dwelled in security, who said in their hearts, ‘We are, and besides us there are no others.’”
2:15 pvv7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הָ⁠אֹֽמְרָה֙ בִּ⁠לְבָבָ֔⁠הּ אֲנִ֖י וְ⁠אַפְסִ֣⁠י ע֑וֹד 1 Here the **heart** represents the thoughts. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the one saying in its thoughts, ‘I am, and besides me there is not another’” or “the one saying to itself, ‘I am, and besides me there it not another’”
2:15 g214 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom הָ⁠אֹֽמְרָה֙ בִּ⁠לְבָבָ֔⁠הּ אֲנִ֖י וְ⁠אַפְסִ֣⁠י ע֑וֹד 1 In this context, the quoted statement means, “I am the only city that really matters; it is as if all other cities did not even exist.” You could say that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers.
@ -197,8 +197,8 @@ front:intro l57g 0 # Introduction to Zephaniah\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
3:1 d7qu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification מֹרְאָ֖ה וְ⁠נִגְאָלָ֑ה הָ⁠עִ֖יר הַ⁠יּוֹנָֽה 1 As the General Notes to this chapter discuss, here and through verse 5, Zephaniah is speaking of the **city** of Jerusalem as if it were a person who could be **rebelling** and who could have become **defiled** and who could be **oppressing** vulnerable people. Zephaniah is actually addressing the people of Jerusalem who have been doing these things. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate this in your translation, here and in verses 2–5. Alternate translation: “you people of Jerusalem who are rebelling against Yahweh and who have become defiled and who are oppressing others”
3:1 fc2a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive מֹרְאָ֖ה וְ⁠נִגְאָלָ֑ה הָ⁠עִ֖יר הַ⁠יּוֹנָֽה 1 If your language does not use a passive form such as **being defiled**, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the city that has rebelled and defiled herself and that has oppressed people” or “you people of Jerusalem who are rebelling against Yahweh and who have defiled yourselves and who are oppressing others”
3:1 z099 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns מֹרְאָ֖ה וְ⁠נִגְאָלָ֑ה 1 In verses 1­–7, as the ULT shows, Zephaniah uses feminine singular pronouns to refer to the city of Jerusalem. That was conventional in his language. Your language may use a different gender of pronouns to refer to cities. If you translate verses 1–7 as though Zephaniah is speaking directly to the city as a person, use the gender of pronoun that is most natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the city that has rebelled and defiled itself”
3:2 lb6h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לֹ֤א שָֽׁמְעָה֙ בְּ⁠ק֔וֹל 1 Zephaniah is using the term **heard** in a specific sense to mean “obeyed.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “She does not obey the voice”
3:2 z100 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לֹ֤א שָֽׁמְעָה֙ בְּ⁠ק֔וֹל 1 The term **voice** could mean: (1) the voice of Yahweh, that is, the message Yahweh has been sending to the people of Jerusalem through his prophets telling the people to repent. Alternate translation: “She has not obeyed Yahweh’s command to repent” (2) the voice of anyone who has been warning the people of the city that their wicked behavior will have destructive consequences. Alternate translation: “She does not listen to anyone who tries to warn her”
3:2 lb6h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לֹ֤א שָֽׁמְעָה֙ בְּ⁠ק֔וֹל 1 Zephaniah is using the term **heard** in a specific sense to mean “obeyed.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “She does not obey the voice”
3:2 z100 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לֹ֤א שָֽׁמְעָה֙ בְּ⁠ק֔וֹל 1 The term **voice** could mean: (1) the voice of Yahweh, that is, the message Yahweh has been sending to the people of Jerusalem through his prophets telling the people to repent. Alternate translation: “She has not obeyed Yahweh’s command to repent” (2) the voice of anyone who has been warning the people of the city that their wicked behavior will have destructive consequences. Alternate translation: “She does not listen to anyone who tries to warn her”
3:2 z101 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֶל־אֱלֹהֶ֖י⁠הָ לֹ֥א קָרֵֽבָה 1 Zephaniah is speaking as if the city of Jerusalem, meaning its people, could literally have **drawn near** to **God**, that is, moved closer to a place where God was. He means that they could have and should have worshiped God sincerely. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “she does not worship her God sincerely”
3:3 z102 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שָׂרֶ֣י⁠הָ 1 See how you translated the term “princes” in [1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “her officials”
3:3 ae1f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְ⁠קִרְבָּ֔⁠הּ אֲרָי֖וֹת שֹֽׁאֲגִ֑ים 1 Zephaniah is speaking as if the **princes** of Jerusalem were literally **roaring lions**. He means that they exploit and harm vulnerable people rather than protecting them. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. You may find it helpful to translate this image as a comparison. Alternate translation: “exploit and harm the vulnerable people of the city, as if they were roaring lions attacking their prey”
@ -230,18 +230,18 @@ front:intro l57g 0 # Introduction to Zephaniah\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
3:7 g15j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom כֹּ֥ל אֲשֶׁר־פָּקַ֖דְתִּי עָלֶ֑י⁠הָ 1 See how you translated the expression “visit upon” in [1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “by all that I have done to punish her”
3:7 z114 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom הִשְׁכִּ֣ימוּ הִשְׁחִ֔יתוּ כֹּ֖ל עֲלִילוֹתָֽ⁠ם 1 Yahweh is using the expression **rose early** to mean that the people were eager to do corrupt things. The expression comes from the way that people get up early in the morning to do something if they are eager to do it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “they eagerly corrupted all of their deeds”
3:7 u1c9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole הִשְׁכִּ֣ימוּ הִשְׁחִ֔יתוּ כֹּ֖ל עֲלִילוֹתָֽ⁠ם 1 Yahweh says that as a generalization for emphasis. If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the emphasis in a different way. Alternate translation: “they eagerly corrupted their deeds even more”
3:8 rhe9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations לָ⁠כֵ֤ן חַכּוּ־לִ⁠י֙ נְאֻם־יְהוָ֔ה לְ⁠י֖וֹם קוּמִ֣⁠י לְ⁠עַ֑ד 1 See how you translated the phrase “the declaration of Yahweh” in [1:2](../01/02.md), [1:3](../01/03.md), [1:10](../01/10.md), and [2:9](../02/09.md). If you used it to introduce the quotations in those places, you may wish to do the same thing here. Alternate translation: “This is what Yahweh declares: ‘Therefore wait for me, for the day of my arising to the prey’”
3:8 my26 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לָ⁠כֵ֤ן חַכּוּ־לִ⁠י֙ נְאֻם־יְהוָ֔ה לְ⁠י֖וֹם קוּמִ֣⁠י לְ⁠עַ֑ד 1 The imperative **wait** is plural, so Yahweh is addressing some group of people. That group could be: (1) the wicked Judeans who are still disobeying Yahweh despite his warnings. In that case, Yahweh would be using the term **wait** to indicate that he is certainly going to do what he describes. Your language may use the term “wait” in this same sense. If not, you could use plain language. Alternate translation: “‘Therefore, you sinful Judeans, just wait!’—the declaration of Yahweh—‘One day soon I will arise to the prey” or “‘Therefore you can be certain, you sinful Judeans—the declaration of Yahweh—‘that one day soon I will arise to the prey” (2) the “humble of the earth” whom Zephaniah mentions in [2:3](../01/01.md). In that case, Yahweh would be using the term **wait** to tell them to be patient until he punishes sin and enforces justice. Alternate translation: “‘Therefore, be patient, you godly people—the declaration of Yahweh—‘until the day when I arise to the prey”
3:8 rhe9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations לָ⁠כֵ֤ן חַכּוּ־לִ⁠י֙ נְאֻם־יְהוָ֔ה לְ⁠י֖וֹם קוּמִ֣⁠י לְ⁠עַ֑ד 1 See how you translated the phrase “the declaration of Yahweh” in [1:2](../01/02.md), [1:3](../01/03.md), [1:10](../01/10.md), and [2:9](../02/09.md). If you used it to introduce the quotations in those places, you may wish to do the same thing here. Alternate translation: “This is what Yahweh declares: ‘Therefore wait for me, for the day of my arising to the prey’”
3:8 my26 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לָ⁠כֵ֤ן חַכּוּ־לִ⁠י֙ נְאֻם־יְהוָ֔ה לְ⁠י֖וֹם קוּמִ֣⁠י לְ⁠עַ֑ד 1 The imperative **wait** is plural, so Yahweh is addressing some group of people. That group could be: (1) the wicked Judeans who are still disobeying Yahweh despite his warnings. In that case, Yahweh would be using the term **wait** to indicate that he is certainly going to do what he describes. Your language may use the term “wait” in this same sense. If not, you could use plain language. Alternate translation: “‘Therefore, you sinful Judeans, just wait!’—the declaration of Yahweh—‘One day soon I will arise to the prey’” or “‘Therefore you can be certain, you sinful Judeans’—the declaration of Yahweh—‘that one day soon I will arise to the prey’” (2) the “humble of the earth” whom Zephaniah mentions in [2:3](../02/03.md). In that case, Yahweh would be using the term **wait** to tell them to be patient until he punishes sin and enforces justice. Alternate translation: “‘Therefore, be patient, you godly people’—the declaration of Yahweh—‘until the day when I arise to the prey’”
3:8 z115 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לְ⁠י֖וֹם קוּמִ֣⁠י 1 While Yahweh is going to punish sinful nations on a specific **day**, he is using that term here to refer to a specific time. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “until the time when I arise”
3:8 izp2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לְ⁠עַ֑ד 1 Yahweh is speaking as if he were a predatory animal and the wicked **nations** and **kingdoms** that he is going to punish were **prey** that he was going to pounce on. (This could be an allusion to the description of Jerusalem’s “princes” as “lions” and its “judges” as “wolves” in [3:3](../03/03.md), indicating that those who preyed on others will themselves become prey.) If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to punish wicked people”
3:8 mvx7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לְ⁠עַ֑ד 1 The phrase translated **to the prey** could also be translated **as a witness**. If that is the meaning, then Yahweh would be speaking as if he were literally going to stand up and give evidence that these kingdoms and nations had sinned wickedly against him. If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of ULT. Alternate translation: “as if I were going testify against you”
3:8 z116 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לִ⁠שְׁפֹּ֨ךְ עֲלֵי⁠הֶ֤ם זַעְמִ⁠י֙ 1 Yahweh is speaking as if his **indignation** were a liquid that he was going to **pour out** onto wicked nations and kingdoms. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to punish them in my indignation”
3:8 q1ml rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish כֹּ֚ל חֲר֣וֹן אַפִּ֔⁠י 1 The phrase **all of the burning of my nose** is a further description of Yahweh’s **indignation**. See how you translated the similar expression in [2:2](../02/02.md). It may be helpful to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “My anger against them is very intense”
3:8 q1ml rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish כֹּ֚ל חֲר֣וֹן אַפִּ֔⁠י 1 The phrase **all of the burning of my nose** is a further description of Yahweh’s **indignation**. See how you translated the similar expression in [2:2](../02/02.md). It may be helpful to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “My anger against them is very intense”
3:8 ge59 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּ⁠אֵ֣שׁ קִנְאָתִ֔⁠י תֵּאָכֵ֖ל כָּל־הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ 1 See how you translated the similar expression in [1:18](../01/18.md). As the General Introduction to Zephaniah indicates, these parallel statements mark the boundaries between the major sections of the book. It may be helpful to your readers to translate them in the same way. Alternate translation: “I will destroy all of the people who live on the earth when I punish them in my jealousy”
3:9 la62 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy כִּֽי־& אֶהְפֹּ֥ךְ אֶל־עַמִּ֖ים שָׂפָ֣ה בְרוּרָ֑ה לִ⁠קְרֹ֤א כֻלָּ⁠ם֙ בְּ⁠שֵׁ֣ם יְהוָ֔ה 1 Yahweh is using the term **lip** by association to mean the capacity to speak. He could mean: (1) the peoples were saying wicked things because their character was wicked, but he will purify their character so that they will say pure things. Alternate translation: “I will surely give the peoples righteous character so that they will say pure things; then they will pray to me acceptably” (2) that by invoking the names of other gods (as described in [1:5](../01/01.md)), they had made themselves unworthy to pray to Yahweh, but he will cleanse their capacity to speak so that they can pray to him. Alternate translation: “I will surely cleanse the speech of the peoples from the defilement of the names of other gods so that they can pray to me acceptably”
3:9 z117 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns כִּֽי & אֶהְפֹּ֥ךְ אֶל־עַמִּ֖ים שָׂפָ֣ה בְרוּרָ֑ה 1 Since Yahweh is speaking of many **peoples**, it may be more natural in your language to use the plural form of **lip**. Alternate translation: “I will surely give the peoples pure lips”
3:9 la62 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy כִּֽי־& אֶהְפֹּ֥ךְ אֶל־עַמִּ֖ים שָׂפָ֣ה בְרוּרָ֑ה לִ⁠קְרֹ֤א כֻלָּ⁠ם֙ בְּ⁠שֵׁ֣ם יְהוָ֔ה 1 Yahweh is using the term **lip** by association to mean the capacity to speak. He could mean: (1) the peoples were saying wicked things because their character was wicked, but he will purify their character so that they will say pure things. Alternate translation: “I will surely give the peoples righteous character so that they will say pure things; then they will pray to me acceptably” (2) that by invoking the names of other gods (as described in [1:5](../01/05.md)), they had made themselves unworthy to pray to Yahweh, but he will cleanse their capacity to speak so that they can pray to him. Alternate translation: “I will surely cleanse the speech of the peoples from the defilement of the names of other gods so that they can pray to me acceptably”
3:9 z117 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns כִּֽי & אֶהְפֹּ֥ךְ אֶל־עַמִּ֖ים שָׂפָ֣ה בְרוּרָ֑ה 1 Since Yahweh is speaking of many **peoples**, it may be more natural in your language to use the plural form of **lip**. Alternate translation: “I will surely give the peoples pure lips”
3:9 k8y7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִ⁠קְרֹ֤א כֻלָּ⁠ם֙ בְּ⁠שֵׁ֣ם יְהוָ֔ה 1 Here, **name** represents a person by association with the way that each person has a name. However, in this instance there is also the idea that the peoples will call upon Yahweh (that is, pray to him) by name, acknowledging him as God. Alternate translation: “for all of them to pray to Yahweh by name”
3:9 z118 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person בְּ⁠שֵׁ֣ם יְהוָ֔ה לְ⁠עָבְד֖⁠וֹ 1 Yahweh is speaking about himself in the third person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate this in the first person. Alternate translation: “upon my name, to serve me”
3:9 z118 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person בְּ⁠שֵׁ֣ם יְהוָ֔ה לְ⁠עָבְד֖⁠וֹ 1 Yahweh is speaking about himself in the third person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate this in the first person. Alternate translation: “upon my name, to serve me”
3:9 f339 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom שְׁכֶ֥ם אֶחָֽד 1 Yahweh is using this expression to mean that the peoples will serve him unitedly, as if they were all putting their shoulders together to lift or push something heavy. Your language may have a comparable expression that you can use in your translation. You could also use plain language. Alternate translation: “shoulder to shoulder” or “together”
3:10 zs4q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche מֵ⁠עֵ֖בֶר לְ⁠נַֽהֲרֵי־כ֑וּשׁ 1 Yahweh is using one distant place, the area around the **rivers of Cush** (the upper Nile region), to mean distant places in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “From even as far away as across the rivers of Cush” or “From even the most distant places”
3:10 z119 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בַּת־פוּצַ֔⁠י 1 Here the expression **daughter of** describes the people who make up a certain group. The group in view here is the Jewish nation that will have been **scattered** into many different places through exile. Alternate translation: “the people of my scattered nation”
@ -251,8 +251,8 @@ front:intro l57g 0 # Introduction to Zephaniah\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
3:11 y6pj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession עַלִּיזֵי֙ גַּאֲוָתֵ֔⁠ךְ 1 Yahweh is using this possessive form to describe **exultant** or boastful people in the city of Jerusalem who are characterized by pride. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “the people who have been boasting so proudly”
3:12 z122 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular בְ⁠קִרְבֵּ֔⁠ךְ 1 See whether you decided to use the singular or plural form of “you” and “your” in the previous verse. It would be helpful to use the same form here.
3:12 z123 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet עַ֥ם עָנִ֖י וָ⁠דָ֑ל 1 The terms **humble** and **lowly** mean similar things. Yahweh is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “a genuinely humble people”
3:12 z124 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person וְ⁠חָס֖וּ בְּ⁠שֵׁ֥ם יְהוָֽה 1 Yahweh is speaking about himself in the third person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate this in the first person. Alternate translation: “and they will trust in my name”
3:12 c1gc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ⁠חָס֖וּ בְּ⁠שֵׁ֥ם יְהוָֽה 1 Here, **name** represents a person by association with the way that each person has a name. Alternate translation: “and they will trust in me personally”
3:12 z124 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person וְ⁠חָס֖וּ בְּ⁠שֵׁ֥ם יְהוָֽה 1 Yahweh is speaking about himself in the third person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate this in the first person. Alternate translation: “and they will trust in my name”
3:12 c1gc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ⁠חָס֖וּ בְּ⁠שֵׁ֥ם יְהוָֽה 1 Here, **name** represents a person by association with the way that each person has a name. Alternate translation: “and they will trust in me personally”
3:13 y163 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns וְ⁠לֹא־יְדַבְּר֣וּ כָזָ֔ב וְ⁠לֹֽא־יִמָּצֵ֥א בְּ⁠פִי⁠הֶ֖ם לְשׁ֣וֹן תַּרְמִ֑ית 1 and they will not speak a lie, and a tongue of deceit will not be found in their mouth Since Yahweh is speaking of many people, it may be more natural in your language to use plural forms here. Alternate translation: “and they will not speak lies, and tongues of deceit will not be found in their mouths”
3:13 b2m7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וְ⁠לֹא־יְדַבְּר֣וּ כָזָ֔ב וְ⁠לֹֽא־יִמָּצֵ֥א בְּ⁠פִי⁠הֶ֖ם לְשׁ֣וֹן תַּרְמִ֑ית 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. You may wish to show this to your readers by including both phrases in your translation but connecting them with a word other than **and**. Alternate translation: “and they will not speak lies; no, tongues of deceit will not be found in their mouths”
3:13 ja4i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְ⁠לֹֽא־יִמָּצֵ֥א בְּ⁠פִי⁠הֶ֖ם לְשׁ֣וֹן תַּרְמִ֑ית 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and no one will find deceitful tongues in their mouths”
@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ front:intro l57g 0 # Introduction to Zephaniah\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
3:15 z132 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מֶ֣לֶךְ יִשְׂרָאֵ֤ל 1 It is true in one sense that **Yahweh** is the **king** of the people of **Israel**. As their God, he is the ruler whom they must obey. But in another sense, he is not literally the king who rules from the palace in Jerusalem. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “The ruler of Israel” or “The God whom the Israelites worship and obey”
3:16 v9ia rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בַּ⁠יּ֣וֹם הַ⁠ה֔וּא 1 Zephaniah is using the term **day** to refer to a specific time. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “At that time”
3:16 z133 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יֵאָמֵ֥ר 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Some languages might use an indefinite pronoun. Alternate translation: “they will say”
3:16 eh5e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular לִירֽוּשָׁלִַ֖ם אַל־תִּירָ֑אִי צִיּ֖וֹן אַל־יִרְפּ֥וּ יָדָֽיִ⁠ךְ 1 The word **your** and the implied “you” in the imperative **Do not fear** are singular here because they are addressing **Zion** as an individual. However, the implied “you” in the imperative **Do not slacken** is plural because it envisions Zion as a group consisting of a number of individuals. You may have decided to use plural forms in verses 16–19. Alternate translation, using plural forms: “to the people of Jerusalem, “Do not fear, you people of Zion! None of you slacken your hands”
3:16 eh5e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular לִירֽוּשָׁלִַ֖ם אַל־תִּירָ֑אִי צִיּ֖וֹן אַל־יִרְפּ֥וּ יָדָֽיִ⁠ךְ 1 The word **your** and the implied “you” in the imperative **Do not fear** are singular here because they are addressing **Zion** as an individual. However, the implied “you” in the imperative **Do not slacken** is plural because it envisions Zion as a group consisting of a number of individuals. You may have decided to use plural forms in verses 16–19. Alternate translation, using plural forms: “to the people of Jerusalem, ‘Do not fear, you people of Zion! None of you slacken your hands’”
3:16 pc5c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism אַל־תִּירָ֑אִי צִיּ֖וֹן אַל־יִרְפּ֥וּ יָדָֽיִ⁠ךְ 1 These two phrases mean similar things. The people who are speaking to Zion are using repetition to emphasize the idea that the phrases express. (They are referring to the way that a person’s hands **slacken** or become limp when that person is afraid.) If it would be helpful to your readers, you could combine these phrases. Alternate translation: “There is no reason for you to become weak with fear, Zion”
3:17 h9ek rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יַחֲרִישׁ֙ בְּ⁠אַ֣הֲבָת֔⁠וֹ 1 Since the people who are speaking to Jerusalem say that Yahweh will **rejoice** and **exult**, they do not mean that he will literally **be silent.** Rather, they mean that Yahweh will no longer speak words of condemnation and judgment against Jerusalem. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “in his love, he will no longer speak to condemn you”
3:18 z134 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit נוּגֵ֧י מִ⁠מּוֹעֵ֛ד אָסַ֖פְתִּי מִמֵּ֣⁠ךְ הָי֑וּ מַשְׂאֵ֥ת עָלֶ֖י⁠הָ חֶרְפָּֽה 1 This verse is very difficult to understand. Modern versions translate it in many different ways. The ULT offers one reasonable interpretation of it. If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to follow the interpretation that it expresses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to follow the interpretation of ULT.

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