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@ -265,25 +265,28 @@ front:intro f68r 0 # Introduction to Ruth\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\
4:11 abcb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וַ⁠עֲשֵׂה־חַ֣יִל בְּ⁠אֶפְרָ֔תָה וּ⁠קְרָא־שֵׁ֖ם בְּ⁠בֵ֥ית לָֽחֶם 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. The area around the town of Bethlehem was known as Ephrathah, and that became another name for the town. Presumably, this name came from the Israelite clan that settled in and around the city of Bethlehem. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “May you prosper among your clan of Ephrathah, yes, may you be important in Bethlehem”
4:11 ab65 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative וַ⁠עֲשֵׂה־חַ֣יִל בְּ⁠אֶפְרָ֔תָה וּ⁠קְרָא־שֵׁ֖ם בְּ⁠בֵ֥ית לָֽחֶם 1 The verbs here are command forms, but they communicate the good desire of the people rather than commands. They serve to continue the blessing while shifting it from Ruth to Boaz. Use the style of blessing that is appropriate in your language. Alternate translation: “And you, Boaz, may you prosper among your clan of Ephrathah, yes, may you be important in Bethlehem”
4:12 fn52 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וִ⁠יהִ֤י בֵֽיתְ⁠ךָ֙ כְּ⁠בֵ֣ית פֶּ֔רֶץ 1 Here, **house** represents the people who might live in a house plus all of their descendants. Perez had many descendants who became large clans in Israel, including the clan of Ephrathah. Also, many of his descendants became important people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And may your clan become like the clan of Perez”
4:12 a433 יָלְדָ֥ה תָמָ֖ר לִֽ⁠יהוּדָ֑ה 1 Tamar, like Ruth, was also a widow. Judah fathered a son with Tamar, who continued the family name of her dead husband.
4:12 xym8 rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing מִן־הַ⁠זֶּ֗רַע אֲשֶׁ֨ר יִתֵּ֤ן יְהוָה֙ לְ⁠ךָ֔ 1 The people are asking for a blessing from Yahweh, that through Ruth he would give Boaz many children who would do good things, just as he did for Perez. Use the form of blessing that is appropriate in your language.
4:13 abcc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וַ⁠יִּקַּ֨ח בֹּ֤עַז אֶת־רוּת֙ וַ⁠תְּהִי־ל֣⁠וֹ לְ⁠אִשָּׁ֔ה 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: "So Boaz married Ruth"
4:13 abcc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וַ⁠יִּקַּ֨ח בֹּ֤עַז אֶת־רוּת֙ וַ⁠תְּהִי־ל֣⁠וֹ לְ⁠אִשָּׁ֔ה 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could combine the clauses into one clause. Alternate translation: "So Boaz took Ruth home to be his wife"
4:13 u21g rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וַ⁠יִּקַּ֨ח בֹּ֤עַז אֶת־רוּת֙ 1 The word translated as **So** indicates that Boaz did what he said he would do in verse [4:10](../04/10.md). Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. This phrase does not imply any form of violence. Along with the following phrase, it simply means that Boaz married Ruth. Use a connecting word that indicates that this action by Boaz is a result of the agreement in verse [4:10](../04/10.md).
4:13 gw77 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism וַ⁠יָּבֹ֖א אֵלֶ֑י⁠הָ 1 The euphemism, **he went in to her** refers to having sexual intercourse. Alternate translation: “and he had sexual relations with her”
4:14 ab46 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַ⁠נָּשִׁים֙ 1 These are **the women** of the town as mentioned in [1:19](../01/19.md). This can be made clear if necessary.
4:13 gw77 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism וַ⁠יָּבֹ֖א אֵלֶ֑י⁠הָ 1 The phrase, **he went in to her** is a polite way of referring to sexual intercourse. Use a polite way of referring to this in your language, or, if it is not offensive, you could state this plainly. Alternate translation: “and he slept with her”
4:14 ab46 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַ⁠נָּשִׁים֙ 1 These are **the women** of the town as mentioned in [1:19](../01/19.md). You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “the women of the town”
4:14 ab47 rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing בָּר֣וּךְ יְהוָ֔ה 1 The women are praising God for what he has done for Naomi and Ruth. If it does not make sense in your language to “bless” God, use a word like “praise” or “we give thanks.” Alternate translation: "We give thanks to Yahweh"
4:14 qj8v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives לֹ֣א הִשְׁבִּ֥ית לָ֛⁠ךְ גֹּאֵ֖ל הַ⁠יּ֑וֹם 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a positive expression to translate this double negative that consists of the negative particle **not** and the negative preposition **without**. Alternate translation: “has provided you today with a kinsman to redeem you”
4:14 p8p3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing וְ⁠יִקָּרֵ֥א שְׁמ֖⁠וֹ 1 This is a blessing, stating that the women desire that Naomi’s grandson will have a good reputation and character. Use the form of blessing that is appropriate in your language.
4:15 hz3e לְ⁠מֵשִׁ֣יב נֶ֔פֶשׁ 1 This phrase, **a restorer of life**, refers to how Naomi will again experience joy and hope in her life as a result of having this grandson. Alternate translation: “one who brings joy to you again” or “one who will make you feel young and strong again”
4:15 z5lw וּ⁠לְ⁠כַלְכֵּ֖ל אֶת־שֵׂיבָתֵ֑⁠ךְ 1 Alternate translation: "and he will take care of you when you become old"
4:14 p8p3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing וְ⁠יִקָּרֵ֥א שְׁמ֖⁠וֹ 1 This is a blessing, stating that the women desire that Naomi’s grandson will have a good reputation and character. Use the form of blessing that is appropriate in your language. Alternate translation: “May Yahweh make him a great man”
4:14 yjfd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ⁠יִקָּרֵ֥א שְׁמ֖⁠וֹ בְּ⁠יִשְׂרָאֵֽל 1 Here, **name** represents the son's person and reputation. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “May he become a great man in Israel”
4:15 hz3e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לְ⁠מֵשִׁ֣יב נֶ֔פֶשׁ 1 This phrase, **a restorer of life**, refers to how Naomi will again experience joy and hope in her life as a result of having this grandson. Alternate translation: “one who brings joy to you again” or “one who will make you feel young and strong again”
4:15 z5lw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּ⁠לְ⁠כַלְכֵּ֖ל אֶת־שֵׂיבָתֵ֑⁠ךְ 1 Here, **old age** represents Naomi when she is old. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and he will provide for you when you become old”
4:15 ab48 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֣י 1 **For** indicates that what follows this word gives the reason for what came before it. Here, **For** indicates that what follows (the fact that Ruth has borne him) is the reason for the women’s confident prediction of his character. Use a connection word or other way to indicate that the second sentence of this verse explains the first one. Alternate translation: “We know this because” or “It is certain because” (See also: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-result]])
4:15 rpc3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ט֣וֹבָה לָ֔⁠ךְ מִ⁠שִּׁבְעָ֖ה בָּנִֽים 1 In this culture, the number **seven** represented the idea of completeness or perfection. This is a way to praise Ruth for how she has provided for Naomi by bearing a grandson for her by Boaz, when Naomi’s husband and sons could not provide for her because they had died. Alternate translation: “better to you than any son” or “worth more to you than many sons”
4:16 k1w4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish וַ⁠תִּקַּ֨ח נָעֳמִ֤י אֶת־הַ⁠יֶּ֨לֶד֙ 1 The phrase **And Naomi took the child** does not mean that she took him away from Ruth in any hostile way. Be sure that this distinction is clear in your translation.
4:16 k1w4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction וַ⁠תִּקַּ֨ח נָעֳמִ֤י אֶת־הַ⁠יֶּ֨לֶד֙ 1 The phrase **And Naomi took the child** does not mean that she took him away from Ruth in any hostile way. This probably indicates that Naomi held the child for a kind of ceremony of adoption.
4:16 ab49 וַ⁠תְּהִי־ל֖⁠וֹ לְ⁠אֹמֶֽנֶת׃ 1 Alternate translation: "and she took care of him"
4:17 ab50 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וַ⁠תִּקְרֶאנָה֩ ל֨⁠וֹ הַ⁠שְּׁכֵנ֥וֹת שֵׁם֙ & וַ⁠תִּקְרֶ֤אנָֽה שְׁמ⁠וֹ֙ עוֹבֵ֔ד 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The first phrase introduces the naming event, and the second repeats it in order to report the event. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: "So the neighbor women gave him the name Obed" or "The women of the neighborhood said … and they named him Obed"
4:17 fkf2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom יֻלַּד־בֵּ֖ן לְ⁠נָעֳמִ֑י 1 **A son has been born to Naomi** is an idiom that means “Naomi now has a grandson, a male in her family line.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: "It is as though Naomi has a son again"
4:17 ab51 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship ה֥וּא אֲבִי־יִשַׁ֖י 1 Here the term **father** specifically refers to a male parent. If your language has a specific word for a male parent, it would be appropriate to use it here. It may be necessary to make it clear that much time passed between the births of Obed, Jesse, and David. Alternate translation: "Later, Obed fathered a son, Jesse"
4:17 f9ha rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֲבִ֥י דָוִֽד 1 Though **King** is not stated, it was clear to the original audience that this David was King David. Alternate translation: "father of King David"
4:17 ab50 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וַ⁠תִּקְרֶאנָה֩ ל֨⁠וֹ הַ⁠שְּׁכֵנ֥וֹת שֵׁם֙ לֵ⁠אמֹ֔ר & וַ⁠תִּקְרֶ֤אנָֽה שְׁמ⁠וֹ֙ עוֹבֵ֔ד 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The first phrase introduces the naming event, and the second repeats it in order to report the event. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could combine the clauses that both refer to calling out a name. Alternate translation: "Then the women of the neighborhood said … and they called him Obed"
4:17 fkf2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom יֻלַּד־בֵּ֖ן לְ⁠נָעֳמִ֑י 1 **A son has been born to Naomi** is an idiom that means “Naomi now has a grandson, a male in her family line.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: "Naomi now has a male heir again"
4:17 xa78 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠תִּקְרֶ֤אנָֽה שְׁמ⁠וֹ֙ עוֹבֵ֔ד 1 Here, **called his name** is an idiom that means “named.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And they called him Obed” or “And they gave him the name Obed”
4:17 ab51 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship ה֥וּא אֲבִי־יִשַׁ֖י 1 Here the term **father** specifically refers to a male parent. It may be necessary to make it clear that much time passed between the births of Obed, Jesse, and David. Alternate translation: "Later, Obed fathered a son, Jesse"
4:17 f9ha rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֲבִ֥י דָוִֽד 1 Though **King** is not stated, it was clear to the original audience that this David was King David. Alternate translation: "who later became the father of King David"
4:18 mzm1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent תּוֹלְד֣וֹת פָּ֔רֶץ 1 Because it was mentioned earlier that Perez was the son of Judah, the writer continues listing the family line that came from Perez. Verse [4:17](../04/17.md) was the end of the story about Naomi and Ruth, and verse [4:18](../04/18.md) begins a final section that lists the family line of the clan of Ephrathah, showing how important Obed was as the grandfather of King David. Use a connecting word that signals that this is a new section. You may also need to make it clear that this verse refers to a much earlier time than the time period of the story. Alternate translation: "the successive descendants of our clan, starting with Perez"
4:19 rl3k rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וְ⁠חֶצְרוֹן֙ & עַמִּֽינָדָֽב׃ 1 Use forms of these names that are natural in your language.
4:18 ysd5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names פֶּ֖רֶץ הוֹלִ֥יד אֶת־חֶצְרֽוֹן׃ 1 **Perez** and **Hezron** are the names of men. Use forms of these names that are natural in your language.
4:19 rl3k rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וְ⁠חֶצְרוֹן֙ & רָ֔ם & עַמִּֽינָדָֽב׃ 1 **Hezron**, **Ram**, and **Amminidab** are the names of men. Use forms of these names that are natural in your language.
4:20 l73u rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names 1 **Amminidab**, **Nahshon**, and **Salmon** are the names of men. Use forms of these names that are natural in your language.
4:22 abcd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit דָּוִֽד 1 See the note about **David** on [4:17](../04/17/f9ha). Alternate translation: "King David"

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