From cf1e8276ad03bb4515619eb7a50a847a7e74540a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Richard Mahn Date: Tue, 25 Apr 2023 22:38:53 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] Matthew's edits to GEN (#3201) Co-authored-by: MattCarlton Co-authored-by: Richard Mahn Reviewed-on: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_tn/pulls/3201 --- tn_GEN.tsv | 205 +++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------------- 1 file changed, 98 insertions(+), 107 deletions(-) diff --git a/tn_GEN.tsv b/tn_GEN.tsv index 136d14d7a1..7bfe06b66a 100644 --- a/tn_GEN.tsv +++ b/tn_GEN.tsv @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ Reference ID Tags SupportReference Quote Occurrence Note -front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\nIn the book of Genesis, God communicates to all people the early history of the universe. He begins with how he created everything from nothing, including the earth and all the heavenly bodies (sun, moon, stars), all the plants and animals, and especially how he created human beings in his image to be in a relationship with him. This book also explains how sin and death came into the world and what God’s plan is to save people from that. In fact, all the important teachings in the Bible begin in Genesis. That makes this book **foundational** and important for everyone so that they can know and understand the truth about God and his plan for their lives.\n\nBeginning with verse 1, the book of Genesis is a **narrative** that tells the history of events that actually happened. This is confirmed by the fact that the conjunctions and the forms of the verbs that are used in the Hebrew text reflect the Hebrew narrative style, which is used to narrate historical accounts. In the same way, those who translate the book of Genesis should also use grammatical structures in their languages that are used for true, historical narratives. God uses narrative, which is one of the most interesting styles of communication, to not only tell people about the events in the early history of the world, but also to teach them about himself and about the way he interacts with people as their loving Creator.\n\nGenesis provides the **vital context** for the rest of God’s Word, especially the gospel message about Jesus, and so it helps people to understand their need for him to be their Savior. In fact, without Genesis, it would not be clear why everyone needs to trust in Jesus as the only one who can save them from sin and its consequences, so that they can associate with God and be part of his eternal family.\n\nIn light of all that, Genesis should be one of the first books of the Bible that is translated into every language that needs a translation. May God guide and bless you and your translation team as you undertake this important task together by his power.\n\n### Author and date of writing\n\nMoses was the human author of the first five books of the Bible, including the book of Genesis (Exodus 24:3-4; Deuteronomy 31:9, 24; John 1:45). The Holy Spirit is the one who inspired what Moses wrote in those books (2 Peter 1:21), so ultimately God is the author, and these books are part of his Message to mankind. Those five books are sometimes referred to as the Torah (a Hebrew word that means “teaching,” “instruction,” or “law”) or the Pentateuch (a Greek word that means “five books”). In the New Testament this set of books is also referred to as “the Law” (John 1:45) or “the Law of Moses” (Acts 28:23), and Jesus himself affirmed that Moses wrote them (John 5:46-47; 7:23).\n\nMoses was born in the country of Egypt around 1526 B.C. (Exodus 2:1-10). According to the genealogies in Genesis, his birth was about 1,000 years after the Flood (which was about 1,650 years after creation). Moses may have written much of the Pentateuch during the forty years that he led the people of Israel as they wandered in the wilderness (around 1446 B.C.—1406 B.C.).\n\nThe very first verse in Genesis assumes that God (the author guiding the human author) has always existed and that he has no beginning and no end (also see Genesis 21:33; Deuteronomy 33:27; Psalm 90:2). He uses his personal name “Yahweh” for the first time in Genesis 2:4. The name “Yahweh” means “he is” and indicates that God is eternal. His name also means that he is unchanging and that he is always present.\n\n### Book outline\n\nIn all, Genesis covers a span of about 2200 years of history. After the world’s early history, the rest of Genesis tells about the ancestors of God’s people, with special focus on Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and Joseph (and their families). Genealogies are an important part of what ties the book together from beginning to end.\n\nThe following outline shows these two main divisions in the book of Genesis: (1) Early World History, and (2) The History about the Ancestors of God’s Chosen People. Those two divisions each have roughly four main subdivisions, which are based on four key events (in the first division) and four key ancestors (in the second division). Some scholars prefer to divide the book up into ten divisions that are introduced by the Hebrew phrase that means “these are the generations of...” In the outline below, **asterisks** mark the sections that contain that phrase.\n\nThese are the verses that have the Hebrew phrase “these are the generations of...”: Genesis 2:4 (heavens and earth), 5:1 (Adam); 6:9 (Noah); 10:1, 32 (sons of Noah); 11:10 (Shem); 11:27 (Terah); 25:12 (Ishmael); 25:19 (Isaac); 36:1, 9 (Esau); 37:2 (Jacob).\n\n**Bolded words** in the outline show which sections contain promises and covenants from God and also mark who the main ancestors were in the various sub-divisions.\n\n#### Division 1: Early World History\n\nCreation\n- God creates the universe and everything in it (1:1-2:3)\n- Adam and Eve and the Garden of Eden (2:4-25)\\*\n\nThe Fall\n- The first sin and God’s judgment; prophecy of Christ (3:1-24) - **promise**\n- Cain and Abel: the first murder; Cain’s descendants (4:1-26)\n- The descendants of Adam to Noah (5:1-32)\\*\n\nThe Flood\n- God destroys the world with a flood, puts rainbow in the sky - **covenant** (6:1-9:17)\\*\n- Noah curses his son Ham and his grandson Canaan, blesses other sons (9:18-27)\n- The descendants of Noah’s sons Shem, Ham, and Japheth (10:1-32)\\*\\*\n\nTower of Babel\n- Mankind rebels against God at Babel, so God creates many different languages and scatters the people over the earth (11:1-9)\n\n#### Division 2: The History about the Ancestors of God’s Chosen People\n\nThe history about **Abraham** [Genesis 11:10-25:11]\n- The descendants of Shem to Abram (11:10-26)\\*\n- Terah and his three sons’ families in Haran; Terah dies (11:27-32)\\*\n- Abram travels to Canaan with Sarai and his nephew Lot (12:1-9) - **promise**\n- Abram lies about Sarai to Pharaoh, king of Egypt (12:10-20)\n- Back in the Negev Desert, Abram and Lot part ways (13:1-18) - **promise**\n- War of the kings; Abram rescues Lot and the other citizens of Sodom (14:1-17)\n- Melchizedek blesses Abram; Abram refuses bounty from king of Sodom (14:18-24)\n- God’s **covenant** with Abram (15:1-21) - **promise**\n- Hagar and Ishmael (16:1-16)\n- New names: Abraham and Sarah; **covenant** of circumcision (17:1-27) - **promise**\n- Three men visit Abram, Yahweh renews promise, Sarah laughs (18:1-15) - **promise**\n- Abram pleads with Yahweh to spare Sodom (18:16-33)\n- Lot and two daughters escape destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah (19:1-29)\n- Lot’s grandsons: the ancestors of the Moabites and Ammonites (19:30-38)\n- Abraham lies about Sarah to Abimelech, king of the Philistines (20:1-18)\n- Isaac is born to Sarah; Ishmael grows up in the desert (21:1-21)\n- Abraham makes a treaty with King Abimelech at Beersheba (21:22-34)\n- God tests Abraham by commanding him to sacrifice Isaac (22:1-19) - **promise**\n- Sarah dies and Abraham buys burial property in the land of Canaan (23:1-20)\n- God provides Rebekah as a wife for Isaac (24:1-67)\n- Abraham’s descendants by second wife Keturah (25:1-6)\n- Abraham dies and is buried by Isaac and Ishmael (25:7-11)\n\nThe history about **Ishmael** and **Isaac** [Genesis 25:12-35:29]\n- Ishmael’s descendants and his death (25:12-18)\\*\n- Isaac’s sons Esau and Jacob; Esau sells his birthright (25:19-34)\\*\n- Isaac lies about Rebekah to Abimelech, king of the Philistines (26:1-22) - **promise**\n- God’s **covenant** with Isaac in Beersheba; treaty with Abimelech (26:23-33)\n\nThe history about **Esau** and **Jacob** [Genesis 26:34-36:43]\n- Jacob steals Esau’s blessing; Esau plans revenge (26:34-27:46)\n- Jacob flees and heads to Haran; stairway to heaven at Bethel (28:1-22) - **promise**\n- Jacob works for Laban to marry his wives Leah and Rachel (29:1-30)\n- Jacob’s wives have 11 sons (29:31-30:24)\n- Jacob becomes wealthy while working for Laban (30:25-43)\n- Jacob and his family flee from Laban; Jacob’s treaty with Laban (31:1-55)\n- Jacob wrestles with God, who names him **Israel** (32:1-32)\n- Jacob and Esau reconcile, and Jacob settles in the city of Shechem (33:1-20)\n- Shechem rapes Dinah, and Jacob’s sons take revenge (34:1-31)\n- God blesses Jacob at Bethel (35:1-15) - **promise**\n- Rachel dies giving birth to Benjamin (35:16-20)\n- List of Jacob’s 12 sons; Isaac dies and is buried by Esau and Jacob (35:16-29)\n- Esau’s descendants, the Edomites (36:1-43)\\*\\*\n\nThe history about **Jacob** and **Joseph** [Genesis 37-50]\n- Jacob’s family; Joseph’s dreams anger his brothers (37:1-11)\\*\n- Joseph sold as a slave and taken to the country of Egypt (37:12-36)\n- **Judah** and his daughter-in-law Tamar have children (38:1-30)\n- Potiphar’s wife falsely accuses Joseph, and he is imprisoned (39:1-23)\n- In the prison, Joseph interprets dreams for Pharaoh’s officials (40:1-23)\n- Joseph interprets Pharaoh’s dreams about famine (41:1-40)\n- As governor over Egypt, Joseph stores up grain; he has two sons (41:41-57)\n- Joseph’s brothers come to Egypt to buy grain, then return to Jacob (42:1-38)\n- All Joseph’s brothers return to Egypt and have a meal with him (43:1-34)\n- Joseph tests his brothers with his silver cup (44:1-17)\n- Judah pleads with Joseph for Benjamin’s freedom (44:18-34)\n- Joseph reveals his identity to his brothers; they give the news to Jacob (45:1-28)\n- Jacob and his family move to Egypt; list of his descendants (46:1-27)\n- Joseph settles Jacob and his family in the land of Goshen (47:1-12)\n- Joseph sells grain to all the people of Egypt (37:13-31)\n- Jacob blesses Joseph’s sons Ephraim and Manasseh (48:1-22)\n- Jacob blesses each of his 12 sons (49:1-28)\n- Jacob’s death (49:29-33)\n- Joseph has his father Jacob embalmed and buries him in Canaan (50:1-14)\n- Joseph reassures his brothers that he has forgiven them (50:15-21)\n- Joseph’s death (Gen 50:22-26)\n\n### Special formatting:\n\nThe book of Genesis sometimes uses poetic language to emphasize what is being said. Many translations use a special format to identify these passages as poetry by indenting each clause on a new line. Many other translations do not do this, but rather use regular paragraph formatting everywhere, including for poetry. It may be helpful to look at a translation in the national language of your country that uses poetry formatting, to help you decide whether or not you want to do something similar in your translation. Some translations put some of the following passages in poetry format since these verses have certain features of poetry such as parallelisms and metaphors: Genesis 1:27; 2:23; 3:14-16, 17b-19; 4:23-24; 8:22; 9:6, 25-27; 12:2-3; 14:19-20; 15:1; 16:11-12; 24:60; 25:23; 27:27-29, 39-40; 48:15-16, 20; 49:1-27. You may not want to put all these passages in poetry format since some of them have parallelisms that are not necessarily poetry but may just be emphasizing certain events in the narrative or certain points in a prophecy.\n\n### Possible titles for this book:\n\n- “Genesis”\n- “The Book of Genesis”\n- “Genesis: The First Book By Moses”\n- “Genesis: The Book About Beginnings”\n- “The First Book That God's Prophet/Spokesman Moses Wrote: Genesis”\n\nThe English title “Genesis” is a transliteration of a Greek word that means “origin” or “beginning” or “birth”; the ancient Greek translation of the Hebrew scriptures (the Septuagint) uses this word for the first time in Genesis 2:4. The Hebrew title of this book בְּרֵאשִׁית (pronounced “bereshith”) is the first Hebrew word in verse 1 and literally means “In the beginning.” The Latin translation of the Bible (the Latin Vulgate) was the first translation to use the title “The Book of Genesis.” Since that time, many other translations include “Genesis” in the book title because people are familiar with that name. Sometimes as part of the title, translators also include the fact that Moses was the author and that he was inspired by God. Do what is best in your language. -1:intro zb6f 0 # Genesis 1 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter presents the first account of God creating the world. There is a pattern to this account: “God said … God saw that it was good … This was evening and morning, the first day.” Translators should preserve this pattern in their versions.\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### The universe\n\nThis account of creation is told within the framework of ancient Hebrew ideas about the universe: the earth was resting with water around it and below it. Over the earth was something like a vast dome, called “an expanse between the waters” (1:6), on top of which was more water. Translators should try to keep these original images in their work, even though readers in their project language might have a completely different idea of what the universe is like.\n\n### Evening and morning\n\nGenesis 1 presents the ancient Hebrew idea of a day: it begins with sunset, lasts through the night and continues through the daylight hours until the next sunset. This pattern should be preserved in translation, even if readers in the project language define “day” differently.\n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### “In the beginning”\n\nSome languages and cultures speak of the world as if it has always existed, as if it had no beginning. But “very long ago” is different from “in the beginning,” and you need to be sure that your translation communicates correctly.\n\n### “God said, ‘Let there be’”\n\nThis expression occurs often in this chapter. It can be difficult to translate, because God is not shown as talking to a particular person. If God is talking to a thing, it is something not yet in existence. Translators should find the most natural way in the project language to signal the idea that God spoke things into existence; he created the world and the things in it by simply commanding that they should exist. +front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\nIn the book of Genesis, God communicates to all people the early history of the universe. He begins with how he created everything from nothing, including the earth and all the heavenly bodies (sun, moon, stars), all the plants and animals, and especially how he created human beings in his image to be in a relationship with him. This book also explains how sin and death came into the world and what God’s plan is to save people from that. In fact, all the important teachings in the Bible begin in Genesis. That makes this book **foundational** and important for everyone so that they can know and understand the truth about God and his plan for their lives.\n\nBeginning with verse 1, the book of Genesis is a **narrative** that tells the history of events that actually happened. This is confirmed by the fact that the conjunctions and the forms of the verbs that are used in the Hebrew text reflect the Hebrew narrative style, which is used to narrate historical accounts. In the same way, those who translate the book of Genesis should also use grammatical structures in their languages that are used for true, historical narratives. God uses narrative, which is one of the most interesting styles of communication, to not only tell people about the events in the early history of the world, but also to teach them about himself and about the way he interacts with people as their loving Creator.\n\nGenesis provides the **vital context** for the rest of God’s Word, especially the gospel message about Jesus, and so it helps people to understand their need for him to be their Savior. In fact, without Genesis, it would not be clear why everyone needs to trust in Jesus as the only one who can save them from sin and its consequences, so that they can associate with God and be part of his eternal family.\n\nIn light of all that, Genesis should be one of the first books of the Bible that is translated into every language that needs a translation. May God guide and bless you and your translation team as you undertake this important task together by his power.\n\n### Author and date of writing\n\nMoses was the human author of the first five books of the Bible, including the book of Genesis (Exodus 24:3-4; Deuteronomy 31:9, 24; John 1:45). The Holy Spirit is the one who inspired what Moses wrote in those books (2 Peter 1:21), so ultimately God is the author, and these books are part of his Message to mankind. Those five books are sometimes referred to as the Torah (a Hebrew word that means “teaching,” “instruction,” or “law”) or the Pentateuch (a Greek word that means “five books”). In the New Testament this set of books is also referred to as “the Law” (John 1:45) or “the Law of Moses” (Acts 28:23), and Jesus himself affirmed that Moses wrote them (John 5:46-47; 7:23).\n\nMoses was born in the country of Egypt around 1526 B.C. (Exodus 2:1-10). According to the genealogies in Genesis, his birth was about 1,000 years after the Flood (which was about 1,650 years after creation). Moses may have written much of the Pentateuch during the forty years that he led the people of Israel as they wandered in the wilderness (around 1446 B.C.—1406 B.C.).\n\nThe very first verse in Genesis assumes that God (the author guiding the human author) has always existed and that he has no beginning and no end (also see Genesis 21:33; Deuteronomy 33:27; Psalm 90:2). He uses his personal name “Yahweh” for the first time in Genesis 2:4. The name “Yahweh” means “he is” and indicates that God is eternal. His name also means that he is unchanging and that he is always present.\n\n### Book outline\n\nIn all, Genesis covers a span of about 2200 years of history. After the world’s early history, the rest of Genesis tells about the ancestors of God’s people, with special focus on Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and Joseph (and their families). Genealogies are an important part of what ties the book together from beginning to end.\n\nThe following outline shows these two main divisions in the book of Genesis: (1) Early World History, and (2) The History about the Ancestors of God’s Chosen People. Those two divisions each have roughly four main subdivisions, which are based on four key events (in the first division) and four key ancestors (in the second division). Some scholars prefer to divide the book up into ten divisions that are introduced by the Hebrew phrase that means “these are the generations of...” In the outline below, **asterisks** mark the sections that contain that phrase. The phrase is found in Genesis 2:4 (heavens and earth), 5:1 (Adam), 6:9 (Noah), 10:1, 32 (sons of Noah), 11:10 (Shem), 11:27 (Terah), 25:12 (Ishmael), 25:19 (Isaac), 36:1, 9 (Esau), and 37:2 (Jacob).\n\n**Bolded words** in the outline show which sections contain promises and covenants from God and also mark who the main ancestors were in the various sub-divisions.\n\n#### Division 1: Early World History\n\nCreation\n- God creates the universe and everything in it (1:1-2:3)\n- Adam and Eve and the Garden of Eden (2:4-25)\\*\n\nThe Fall\n- The first sin and God’s judgment; prophecy of Christ (3:1-24) - **promise**\n- Cain and Abel: the first murder; Cain’s descendants (4:1-26)\n- The descendants of Adam to Noah (5:1-32)\\*\n\nThe Flood\n- God destroys the world with a flood, puts rainbow in the sky - **covenant** (6:1-9:17)\\*\n- Noah curses his son Ham and his grandson Canaan, blesses other sons (9:18-27)\n- The descendants of Noah’s sons Shem, Ham, and Japheth (10:1-32)\\*\\*\n\nTower of Babel\n- Mankind rebels against God at Babel, so God creates many different languages and scatters the people over the earth (11:1-9)\n\n#### Division 2: The History about the Ancestors of God’s Chosen People\n\nThe history about **Abraham** [Genesis 11:10-25:11]\n- The descendants of Shem to Abram (11:10-26)\\*\n- Terah and his three sons’ families in Haran; Terah dies (11:27-32)\\*\n- Abram travels to Canaan with Sarai and his nephew Lot (12:1-9) - **promise**\n- Abram lies about Sarai to Pharaoh, king of Egypt (12:10-20)\n- Back in the Negev Desert, Abram and Lot part ways (13:1-18) - **promise**\n- War of the kings; Abram rescues Lot and the other citizens of Sodom (14:1-17)\n- Melchizedek blesses Abram; Abram refuses bounty from king of Sodom (14:18-24)\n- God’s **covenant** with Abram (15:1-21) - **promise**\n- Hagar and Ishmael (16:1-16)\n- New names: Abraham and Sarah; **covenant** of circumcision (17:1-27) - **promise**\n- Three men visit Abram, Yahweh renews promise, Sarah laughs (18:1-15) - **promise**\n- Abram pleads with Yahweh to spare Sodom (18:16-33)\n- Lot and two daughters escape destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah (19:1-29)\n- Lot’s grandsons: the ancestors of the Moabites and Ammonites (19:30-38)\n- Abraham lies about Sarah to Abimelech, king of the Philistines (20:1-18)\n- Isaac is born to Sarah; Ishmael grows up in the desert (21:1-21)\n- Abraham makes a treaty with King Abimelech at Beersheba (21:22-34)\n- God tests Abraham by commanding him to sacrifice Isaac (22:1-19) - **promise**\n- Sarah dies and Abraham buys burial property in the land of Canaan (23:1-20)\n- God provides Rebekah as a wife for Isaac (24:1-67)\n- Abraham’s descendants by second wife Keturah (25:1-6)\n- Abraham dies and is buried by Isaac and Ishmael (25:7-11)\n\nThe history about **Ishmael** and **Isaac** [Genesis 25:12-35:29]\n- Ishmael’s descendants and his death (25:12-18)\\*\n- Isaac’s sons Esau and Jacob; Esau sells his birthright (25:19-34)\\*\n- Isaac lies about Rebekah to Abimelech, king of the Philistines (26:1-22) - **promise**\n- God’s **covenant** with Isaac in Beersheba; treaty with Abimelech (26:23-33)\n\nThe history about **Esau** and **Jacob** [Genesis 26:34-36:43]\n- Jacob steals Esau’s blessing; Esau plans revenge (26:34-27:46)\n- Jacob flees and heads to Haran; stairway to heaven at Bethel (28:1-22) - **promise**\n- Jacob works for Laban to marry his wives Leah and Rachel (29:1-30)\n- Jacob’s wives have his first eleven sons (29:31-30:24)\n- Jacob becomes wealthy while working for Laban (30:25-43)\n- Jacob and his family flee from Laban; Jacob’s treaty with Laban (31:1-55)\n- Jacob wrestles with God, who names him **Israel** (32:1-32)\n- Jacob and Esau reconcile, and Jacob settles in the city of Shechem (33:1-20)\n- Shechem rapes Dinah, and Jacob’s sons take revenge (34:1-31)\n- God blesses Jacob at Bethel (35:1-15) - **promise**\n- Rachel dies giving birth to Benjamin (35:16-20)\n- List of Jacob’s twelve sons; Isaac dies and is buried by Esau and Jacob (35:16-29)\n- Esau’s descendants, the Edomites (36:1-43)\\*\\*\n\nThe history about **Jacob** and **Joseph** [Genesis 37-50]\n- Jacob’s family; Joseph’s dreams anger his brothers (37:1-11)\\*\n- Joseph sold as a slave and taken to the country of Egypt (37:12-36)\n- **Judah** and his daughter-in-law Tamar have children (38:1-30)\n- Potiphar’s wife falsely accuses Joseph, and he is imprisoned (39:1-23)\n- In the prison, Joseph interprets dreams for Pharaoh’s officials (40:1-23)\n- Joseph interprets Pharaoh’s dreams about famine (41:1-40)\n- As governor over Egypt, Joseph stores up grain; he has two sons (41:41-57)\n- Joseph’s brothers come to Egypt to buy grain, then return to Jacob (42:1-38)\n- All Joseph’s brothers return to Egypt and have a meal with him (43:1-34)\n- Joseph tests his brothers with his silver cup (44:1-17)\n- Judah pleads with Joseph for Benjamin’s freedom (44:18-34)\n- Joseph reveals his identity to his brothers; they give the news to Jacob (45:1-28)\n- Jacob and his family move to Egypt; list of his descendants (46:1-27)\n- Joseph settles Jacob and his family in the land of Goshen (47:1-12)\n- Joseph sells grain to all the people of Egypt (37:13-31)\n- Jacob blesses Joseph’s sons Ephraim and Manasseh (48:1-22)\n- Jacob blesses each of his 12 sons (49:1-28)\n- Jacob’s death (49:29-33)\n- Joseph has his father Jacob embalmed and buries him in Canaan (50:1-14)\n- Joseph reassures his brothers that he has forgiven them (50:15-21)\n- Joseph’s death (Gen 50:22-26)\n\n### Special formatting\n\nThe book of Genesis sometimes uses poetic language to emphasize what is being said. Many translations use a special format to identify these passages as poetry by indenting each clause on a new line. Many other translations do not do this, but rather use regular paragraph formatting everywhere, including for poetry. It may be helpful to look at a translation in the national language of your country that uses poetry formatting, to help you decide whether or not you want to do something similar in your translation. Some translations put some of the following passages in poetry format since these verses have certain features of poetry such as parallelisms and metaphors: Genesis 1:27; 2:23; 3:14-16, 17b-19; 4:23-24; 8:22; 9:6, 25-27; 12:2-3; 14:19-20; 15:1; 16:11-12; 24:60; 25:23; 27:27-29, 39-40; 48:15-16, 20; 49:1-27. You may not want to put all these passages in poetry format since some of them have parallelisms that are not necessarily poetry but may just be emphasizing certain events in the narrative or certain points in a prophecy.\n\n +1:intro zb6f 0 ### Possible titles for this book:\n\n\n- “Genesis”\n- “The Book of Genesis”\n- “Genesis: The First Book By Moses”\n- “Genesis: The Book About Beginnings”\n- “The First Book That God's Prophet/Spokesman Moses Wrote: Genesis”\n\n\nThe English title “Genesis” is a transliteration of a Greek word that means “origin” or “beginning” or “birth”; the ancient Greek translation of the Hebrew scriptures (the Septuagint) uses this word for the first time in Genesis 2:4. The Hebrew title of this book בְּרֵאשִׁית (pronounced “bereshith”) is the first Hebrew word in verse 1 and literally means “In the beginning.” The Latin translation of the Bible (the Latin Vulgate) was the first translation to use the title “The Book of Genesis.” Since that time, many other translations include “Genesis” in the book title because people are familiar with that name. Sometimes as part of the title, translators also include the fact that Moses was the author and that he was inspired by God. Do what is best in your language. 1:1 uiu4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּ⁠רֵאשִׁ֖ית 1 “At the beginning {of time/everything}” or “{Everything} began when”. Many Bible scholars think that verse 1 records God’s first act in creating the universe. This is also the traditional, historically held view and fits with the narrative structure of the Hebrew text. It also fits with the wider context of Scriptures which states that God created everything out of nothing at the very beginning of the world (Psalm 33:6, 9; Hebrews 11:3). Also, some languages must use a verb (“began”) in verse 1 rather than a noun (“beginning”). Do what is best in your language. 1:1 b730 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms אֱלֹהִ֑ים 1 Translate the title “God” in a way that refers to the Supreme Being who created everything, who has complete power, who knows everything and is present everywhere. He is the only true God and has always existed. 1:1 hmtj rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms בָּרָ֣א 1 “made”. In the Hebrew Bible, the verb “create” refers to an activity that only God does, and it often implies (as it does here) that he made something out of nothing. Also, the forms of the verbs in the Hebrew text (and the conjunctions) show that chapter 1 is a narrative that tells about true history and events in the order that things actually happened. Make sure that your translation does the same thing. @@ -12,27 +12,27 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 1:2 rp8q וְ⁠ר֣וּחַ אֱלֹהִ֔ים מְרַחֶ֖פֶת 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “and God’s Spirit was hovering/moving” or (2) “and a wind from God was blowing” (3) “and a powerful wind was blowing”. The first interpretation is most likely, since the Hebrew verb “hovering” does not describe what wind does. 1:2 yq4r עַל פְּנֵ֥י הַ⁠מָּֽיִם 1 “over the surface of the water.” or “above the waters/water.” Throughout this chapter, the word “waters” is in the plural in the Hebrew text. For some languages it is more natural to use the singular “water”. Do what is best in your language in each context. 1:3 kxuq rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יֹּ֥אמֶר אֱלֹהִ֖ים 1 “Then God commanded,” What God says in verse 3 is a command. Consider whether or not it is best in your language to make that explicit in this quote margin. -1:3 o0zd יְהִ֣י א֑וֹר 1 “Let light exist.” or “I command there to be light.” or “I command light to start shining!” This is a command, not a permission or a suggestion. It is a direct quote of what God actually said, and it is usually put between quotation marks in a translation. If you use an exclamation mark with this command in your translation, make sure it does not mean or imply that God was angry. Also, the way you translate “light” should refer to what shines from a source of light; it does not refer here to the source itself. +1:3 o0zd יְהִ֣י א֑וֹר 1 “Let light exist.” or “I command there to be light.” or “I command light to start shining!” This is a command, not a permission or a suggestion. It is a direct quote of what God actually said, and it is usually put between quotation marks in a translation. If you use an exclamation point with this command in your translation, make sure it does not mean or imply that God was angry. Also, the way you translate “light” should refer to what shines from a source of light; it does not refer here to the source itself. 1:3 nj3u וַֽ⁠יְהִי אֽוֹר 1 “And/So {immediately} there was light.” or “And {so/immediately} light started shining.” Light began to shine immediately as a result of God’s command. 1:4 ceam rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases וַ⁠יַּ֧רְא אֱלֹהִ֛ים 1 “And he saw/observed” or “God/He saw/observed”. Notice that Hebrew frequently uses a conjunction such as “And” or “Then” at the beginning of a sentence. Some languages do not use conjunctions as frequently as Hebrew uses conjunctions. Do what is accurate and natural in your language in each context. 1:4 bnvs rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms אֶת הָ⁠א֖וֹר כִּי ט֑וֹב 1 “that the light {was} good/excellent.” In the Bible, “good” is an important theme. Throughout chapter 1, it especially means that what God created was high quality, complete, and had no defects; in other words, it had all the characteristics and functions that God intended it to have. It also includes the idea that what God created was untainted by sin and reflected his good character (Psalm 19:1; Romans 1:20). The focus here is not on how pleased or satisfied God was. -1:4 wtmd rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠יַּבְדֵּ֣ל אֱלֹהִ֔ים 1 In order to produce an accurate and natural translation, it is important in each context to make sure that nouns (such as “God”) and pronouns (such as “he”) are used properly in your language. In the Hebrew text, “God” is repeated frequently in chapter 1 to emphasize him and show that he is in focus. For some languages it is more natural to say “God” only once at the beginning of each paragraph or section, and then use pronouns to refer to him the rest of the time (or most of the time). Throughout chapter 1, do what is best in your language each time that God is referred to. +1:4 wtmd rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠יַּבְדֵּ֣ל אֱלֹהִ֔ים 1 In order to produce an accurate and natural translation, it is important in each context to make sure that nouns (such as “God”) and pronouns (such as “he”) are used properly in your language. In the Hebrew text, “God” is repeated frequently in chapter 1 to emphasize him and show that he is in focus. For some languages it is more natural to say “God” only once at the beginning of each paragraph or section, and then use pronouns to refer to him the rest of the time (or most of the time). Throughout chapter 1, do what is best in your language each time that you refer to God. 1:4 q3jo וַ⁠יַּבְדֵּ֣ל אֱלֹהִ֔ים בֵּ֥ין הָ⁠א֖וֹר וּ⁠בֵ֥ין הַ⁠חֹֽשֶׁךְ 1 “Then God/he separated/divided the light from the darkness {so that each had its own time}.” or “Then God/he caused the light to have its own time and the darkness to have its own time.” or “Then God/he separated the light from the darkness {so that it would be light for a number of hours, and then dark for a number of hours}.” 1:5 c9yz rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֨א אֱלֹהִ֤ים 1 “Then God/he called/named” or “God/He called/named”. Some languages omit the connecting word “And” or “Then” here. Consider what is the best way in your language to connect this sentence with the previous one. 1:5 cc8r לָ⁠אוֹר֙ י֔וֹם 1 “the light Daytime,” Notice that in this context the word “Day” refers only to the time when the sun is shining, not to the 24-hour time period that makes up a complete day. Make sure that this is clear in your translation. Throughout chapter 1, some translations use quote marks around the names that God gives the different things he created. Do what is best in your language. 1:5 if7a וְ⁠לַ⁠חֹ֖שֶׁךְ קָ֣רָא לָ֑יְלָה 1 “and the darkness he called/named Nighttime.” or “and he called/named the darkness Nighttime.” In the Hebrew text, “the darkness” is first in this clause to emphasize the contrast between the light and the darkness. Consider what is the best way to translate this clause in your language. -1:5 xxe6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential וַֽ⁠יְהִי עֶ֥רֶב וַֽ⁠יְהִי בֹ֖קֶר 1 “Then evening came and {then/later} morning came,” The evening and the morning are the parts of a 24-hour day that separate the hours of daytime (light) from the hours of nighttime (darkness): Evening came at the end of each daytime after God finished his work of creating. Then after about 12 hours of nighttime, morning came, which began the next 12 hours of daytime when God did more work. Make sure your translation does not sound like morning came immediately after evening. Some languages have a one-word conjunction that means “and then” or “and later” and would fit well here. -1:5 xmx5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal י֥וֹם אֶחָֽד 1 “{and that was} day one.” or “{and that was} {the end of} the first day.” Here “day” refers to a full 24-hour day. Also, the Hebrew text uses a cardinal number (“one”) here, but then uses ordinal numbers (“second”, “third”, and so on) for the rest of the days of the creation week. Some languages need to use an ordinal number (“first”) here too. Other languages use cardinal numbers throughout (“day one,” “day two,” and so on). Do what is best in your language. +1:5 xxe6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential וַֽ⁠יְהִי עֶ֥רֶב וַֽ⁠יְהִי בֹ֖קֶר 1 “Then evening came, and {then/later} morning came,” The evening and the morning are the parts of a 24-hour day that separate the hours of daytime (light) from the hours of nighttime (darkness): Evening came at the end of each daytime after God finished his work of creating. Then after about 12 hours of nighttime, morning came, which began the next 12 hours of daytime when God did more work. Make sure your translation does not sound like morning came immediately after evening. Some languages have a one-word conjunction that means “and then” or “and later” and would fit well here. +1:5 xmx5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal י֥וֹם אֶחָֽד 1 “{and that was} day one.” or “{and that was} {the end of} the first day.” Here “day” refers to a full 24-hour day. Also, the Hebrew text uses a cardinal number (“one”) here, but then uses ordinal numbers (“second,” “third,” and so on) for the rest of the days of the creation week. Some languages need to use an ordinal number (“first”) here too. Other languages use cardinal numbers throughout (“day one,” “day two,” and so on). Do what is best in your language. 1:6 nesq rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר אֱלֹהִ֔ים 1 “Then God commanded,” See how you translated this phrase in verse 3. 1:6 gqae יְהִ֥י רָקִ֖יעַ 1 “Let there be a large/vast space” or “I command there to be a {large/vast} expanse/space” or “I command a large/vast space to form/exist”. The Hebrew word for “expanse” here describes a large space that is “spread out.” It was not solid, but rather it was open and empty and could be seen through and flown through (verse 20). It was probably also curved, following the spherical shape of the earth. See how you translated “Let there be” in verse 3. 1:6 mscz בְּ⁠ת֣וֹךְ הַ⁠מָּ֑יִם 1 “in the middle of the water,” See how you translated “waters” in verse 2. -1:6 c6kn מַ֖יִם לָ⁠מָֽיִם 1 “and let it separate/divide the water {above it} from the water {below it}.” or “so that it separates/divides the waters/water into two separate/different places.” +1:6 c6kn וִ⁠יהִ֣י מַבְדִּ֔יל בֵּ֥ין מַ֖יִם לָ⁠מָֽיִם 1 “and let it separate/divide the water {above it} from the water {below it}.” or “so that it separates/divides the waters/water into two separate/different places.” 1:7 i8t2 וַ⁠יַּ֣עַשׂ אֱלֹהִים֮ 1 “In that way God/he made/created” or “That is how God/he made/created”. Verse 7 explains what God’s command in verse 6 caused to happen, and it repeats some of the same words and phrases. Make sure that your translation of these verses does not sound like God created the expanse twice. 1:7 dgya אֶת הָ⁠רָקִיעַ֒ 1 “a large/vast space” 1:7 c752 וַ⁠יַּבְדֵּ֗ל 1 “and divided” or “and used it to separate/divide” 1:7 pidk rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns בֵּ֤ין הַ⁠מַּ֨יִם֙ אֲשֶׁר֙ מִ⁠תַּ֣חַת לָ⁠רָקִ֔יעַ וּ⁠בֵ֣ין הַ⁠מַּ֔יִם אֲשֶׁ֖ר מֵ⁠עַ֣ל לָ⁠רָקִ֑יעַ 1 “the water that {was} below the expanse/space from the water that {was} above it.” or “the water that {was} under/below it from the water that {was} above it.” For some languages it is more natural to use a pronoun (“it”) here to refer to the expanse, since it was just mentioned earlier in the verse. Each language has its own system of when to use nouns or pronouns to refer to people, places, and things. In each context, do what is clear and natural in your language. 1:7 xfx7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַֽ⁠יְהִי כֵֽן 1 “That is the way it happened.” or “Everything was/happened {exactly} as he commanded {it to be/happen}.” -1:8 igd0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֧א אֱלֹהִ֛ים 1 “and God/he called/named” or “God/He called/named”. Consider whether it is more natural in your language to begin a new sentence here (with or without a conjunction) or to continue the sentence that began at the end of verse 7. Also see how you translated this phrase in verse 5. +1:8 igd0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֧א אֱלֹהִ֛ים 1 “God/He called/named” or “and God/he called/named”. Consider whether it is more natural in your language to begin a new sentence here (with or without a conjunction) or to continue the sentence that began at the end of verse 7. Also see how you translated this phrase in verse 5. 1:8 hh8a לָֽ⁠רָקִ֖יעַ 1 “the large/vast space”. See how you translated this phrase in verses 6 and 7. 1:8 n336 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms שָׁמָ֑יִם 1 “Sky.” This word probably refers here to the atmosphere above the earth’s surface where clouds are and where birds fly, as well as the space where the sun, moon, and stars are now. See how you translated this term in verse 1. 1:8 su1z וַֽ⁠יְהִי עֶ֥רֶב וַֽ⁠יְהִי בֹ֖קֶר 1 “Then evening came, and {then/later} morning came,” See how you translated this sentence in verse 5, and see the note about that there. @@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 1:12 cy8d וְ⁠עֵ֧ץ עֹֽשֶׂה פְּרִ֛י אֲשֶׁ֥ר זַרְע⁠וֹ ב֖⁠וֹ לְ⁠מִינֵ֑⁠הוּ 1 “and trees that bear/produce fruit with seeds inside, {each} according to its {own} kind.” or “and {every kind/type of} tree that produces/has fruit with seeds that grow into the same kind/type of tree.” or “and {all kinds/types of} trees that {produce/have} their own kind/type of seed-bearing fruit.” 1:12 o8er rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases וַ⁠יַּ֥רְא אֱלֹהִ֖ים 1 “And he saw/observed” or “God/He saw/observed”. Consider whether or not it is more natural in your language to begin this sentence with a conjunction. 1:12 k58u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כִּי טֽוֹב 1 “that {what he had made/created was} good/excellent.” or “that {all the plants and trees were} good/excellent.” See how you translated this clause in verse 10. Some languages have to specify what was good. Do what is best in your language. -1:13 b3dy וַֽ⁠יְהִי עֶ֥רֶב וַֽ⁠יְהִי בֹ֖קֶר 1 “Then evening came and {then/later} morning came,” See how you translated this sentence in verses 5 and 8. +1:13 b3dy וַֽ⁠יְהִי עֶ֥רֶב וַֽ⁠יְהִי בֹ֖קֶר 1 “Then evening came, and {then/later} morning came,” See how you translated this sentence in verses 5 and 8. 1:13 xcdg rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal י֥וֹם שְׁלִישִֽׁי 1 “{and that was} {the end of} the third day.” or “{and} the third day {ended}.” or “{and that was} {the end of} day three.” 1:14 h9x6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר אֱלֹהִ֗ים 1 “Then God commanded,” 1:14 f6qj יְהִ֤י מְאֹרֹת֙ 1 “Let lights/lamps appear/exist” or “I command there to be sources of light” or “Let there be things/objects that give/shine light”. These lights refer to the sun, moon and stars that give off light. But it is important to keep this general in your translation (like the Hebrew text does) and not specify the names of these lights. @@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 1:18 x9y4 וּֽ⁠לֲ⁠הַבְדִּ֔יל בֵּ֥ין הָ⁠א֖וֹר וּ⁠בֵ֣ין הַ⁠חֹ֑שֶׁךְ 1 “and to divide/distinguish the light from the darkness.” or “and to separate/distinguish the time of light from the time of darkness.” Consider again how you translated “separate” in verses 4, 6-7, 14 and 18. 1:18 ji6r וַ⁠יַּ֥רְא אֱלֹהִ֖ים 1 “And he saw/observed” or “God/He saw/observed” 1:18 h52g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כִּי טֽוֹב 1 “that {what he had made/created was} good/excellent.” or “that {the lights in the heavens/sky were} good/excellent.” Some languages need to specify what was good. Do what is best in your language. -1:19 c1co וַֽ⁠יְהִי עֶ֥רֶב וַֽ⁠יְהִי בֹ֖קֶר 1 “Then evening came and {then/later} morning came,” +1:19 c1co וַֽ⁠יְהִי עֶ֥רֶב וַֽ⁠יְהִי בֹ֖קֶר 1 “Then evening came, and {then/later} morning came,” 1:19 zl7w rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal י֥וֹם רְבִיעִֽי 1 “{and that was} {the end of} the fourth day.” or “and the fourth day ended.” or “{and that was} {the end of} day four.” 1:20 qr92 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר אֱלֹהִ֔ים 1 “Then God commanded,” 1:20 rlrq יִשְׁרְצ֣וּ הַ⁠מַּ֔יִם שֶׁ֖רֶץ נֶ֣פֶשׁ חַיָּ֑ה 1 “I command the water to be full of large numbers/groups of living creatures,” or “I command there to be large numbers/groups of {water} animals that live everywhere in the water,” @@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 1:25 jdcq אֶת חַיַּ֨ת הָ⁠אָ֜רֶץ 1 “{every kind/type of} wild/untamed creature/animal,” or “{all the different kinds/types of} wild/untamed creatures/animals,” See how you translated “{every} creature of the earth” in verse 24. 1:25 zrau לְ⁠מִינָ֗⁠הּ 1 “{each} that bears/has its own kind/type of offspring/young,” or “{each} having its own kind/type of offspring/young,” 1:25 bffi וְ⁠אֶת הַ⁠בְּהֵמָה֙ 1 “and {every kind/type of} domestic/farm/tame animal,” or “and {all} the domestic/farm/tame animals,” See how you translated “livestock” in verse 24. -1:25 h946 לְ⁠מִינָ֗⁠הּ 2 “{each} that bears/has its {own} kind/type of offspring/young,” or “{each} having its {own} kind/type of offspring/young,” +1:25 h946 לְ⁠מִינָ֔⁠הּ 1 “{each} that bears/has its {own} kind/type of offspring/young,” or “{each} having its {own} kind/type of offspring/young,” 1:25 j9e3 וְ⁠אֵ֛ת כָּל רֶ֥מֶשׂ הָֽ⁠אֲדָמָ֖ה 1 “and every {kind/type of} creature/animal that crawls on/along the ground,” or “and all {different kinds/types of} creatures/animals that crawl on/along the ground,” See how you translated “crawling creature” in verse 24. 1:25 ifc3 לְ⁠מִינָ֗⁠הּ 1 “{each} that bears/has its own kind/type of offspring/young.” or “{each} having its {own} kind/type of offspring/young,” Consider again how you translated this phrase in verses 11, 12, 21, 24 and 25. It may be necessary to translate this phrase in different ways, depending on the context. 1:25 ts6r וַ⁠יַּ֥רְא אֱלֹהִ֖ים 1 “And he saw/observed” or “God/He saw/observed” @@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 1:31 c85e אֶת כָּל אֲשֶׁ֣ר עָשָׂ֔ה 1 “everything that he had made/created,” This phrase refers to everything that God made during the entire week of Creation, not just on the sixth day. Consider again how you translated “made” (or “make”) in verses 7, 16, 25, 26 and 31. Compare that to how you translated a word that has a similar meaning (“created”) in verses 1, 21 and 27. 1:31 w4pz וְ⁠הִנֵּה 1 “and indeed” or “and he saw/observed that”. This word calls attention to what God is looking at and helps emphasize that what he saw was very good. 1:31 uixn ט֖וֹב מְאֹ֑ד 1 “{it was} {all} very good/excellent.” Consider again how you translated “good/excellent” in verses 4, 10, 12, 18, 21, 25, and 31. -1:31 pjit וַֽ⁠יְהִי עֶ֥רֶב וַֽ⁠יְהִי בֹ֖קֶר 1 “Then evening came and {then/later} morning came,” Consider again how you translated these phrases in verses 5, 8, 13, 19, 23 and 31, and see the note about that at verse 5. +1:31 pjit וַֽ⁠יְהִי עֶ֥רֶב וַֽ⁠יְהִי בֹ֖קֶר 1 “Then evening came, and {then/later} morning came,” Consider again how you translated these phrases in verses 5, 8, 13, 19, 23, and 31, and see the note about that at verse 5. 1:31 vsiy rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal י֥וֹם הַ⁠שִּׁשִּֽׁי 1 “{and that was} {the end of} the sixth day.” or “and the sixth day ended.” or “{and that was} {the end of} day six.” 2:1 alnx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וַ⁠יְכֻלּ֛וּ הַ⁠שָּׁמַ֥יִם וְ⁠הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ 1 “So {it was that} the heavens and the earth were completed/finished {by God},” or “That is how {God} finished {creating/making} the heavens and the earth,” Verse 1 is a summary statement that looks back at what God did in chapter 1. Make sure that is clear in your language. Also consider whether it is better in your language to use an active or passive clause here, and see how you translated “heavens and earth” in Gen 1:1. 2:1 eaz5 וְ⁠כָל צְבָאָֽ⁠ם 1 “including all the many things that are in them.” or “along with everything in them.” This phrase refers to everything in the heavens and on the earth that God had created, as described in chapter 1. @@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 2:4 m6ic אֵ֣לֶּה 1 “These {are more details about}” or “This {is more about}” or “What follows {gives/tells more details about}”. This phrase refers forward to Gen 2:5-24 and begins a new section. Chapter one of Genesis gives an overview of what God did each day of creation week, including that he created human beings on day six. Chapter two gives more details about how God created Adam and Eve, who were his most important creations. Each chapter emphasizes different parts of the same history; they are not two different histories. Make sure that is clear in your translation. 2:4 ptfh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive תוֹלְד֧וֹת הַ⁠שָּׁמַ֛יִם וְ⁠הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ בְּ⁠הִבָּֽרְאָ֑⁠ם 1 “the history of the heavens and the earth when they were created {by God},” or “what happened when {God} created the heavens and the earth.” or “the history of what {God} did when he created the heavens and the earth:” The Hebrew text uses a passive construction here to emphasize the heavens and the earth. Decide the best way to do that in your language. 2:4 i0br בְּ⁠י֗וֹם 1 “during the days/time {when}” or “During the days/time {when}”. Consider whether or not it is clearer or more natural in your language to begin a new sentence here that continues into verse 5. -2:4 igt9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהִ֖ים 1 “Yahweh {who is} God” or “God {whose name is} Yahweh”. This phrase is a combination of God’s personal name “Yahweh” with his title “God.” Both are used together when he is especially in focus. This pattern of using a personal name and a title together is also used for people in the Old Testament when they are being emphasized, for example, “Ahab king of Israel” and “Ruth the Moabite.” Many translations have “LORD God” in place of “Yahweh God” throughout the Old Testament. This follows the Jewish custom of substituting the Hebrew title “Adonai” (which means “my Lord”) for “Yahweh” (which means “he is”) when they read the Scriptures aloud. More recently, translation teams are putting “Yahweh” back in the Bible text (especially in the Old Testament, but also in the New Testament), and they include a footnote to explain the term. (Some translation teams consider using “Jehovah” instead of “Yahweh.” However that is not a name from the Bible, but is formed by taking the consonants from “Yahweh” and combining them with the vowels from “Adonai.”) +2:4 igt9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהִ֖ים 1 “Yahweh {who is} God” or “God {whose name is} Yahweh”. This phrase is a combination of God’s personal name “Yahweh” with his title “God.” Both are used together when he is especially in focus. This pattern of using a personal name and a title together is also used for people in the Old Testament when they are being emphasized, for example, “Ahab king of Israel” and “Ruth the Moabitess.” Many translations have “LORD God” in place of “Yahweh God” throughout the Old Testament. This follows the Jewish custom of substituting the Hebrew title “Adonai” (which means “my Lord”) for “Yahweh” (which means “he is”) when they read the Scriptures aloud. More recently, translation teams are putting “Yahweh” back in the Bible text (especially in the Old Testament, but also in the New Testament), and they include a footnote to explain the term. (Some translation teams consider using “Jehovah” instead of “Yahweh.” However that is not a name from the Bible, but is formed by taking the consonants from “Yahweh” and combining them with the vowels from “Adonai.”) 2:4 h1ao rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-chiasm עֲשׂ֛וֹת & אֶ֥רֶץ וְ⁠שָׁמָֽיִם 1 “made/created the earth and the heavens”. This clause forms a chiasm with “the heavens and the earth … created” in the first part of this verse. Try to keep the same phrase order in your translation. See how you translated “the heavens” and “the earth” in Gen 1:1 and 2:1. 2:5 yi7q rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background וְ⁠כֹ֣ל ׀ שִׂ֣יחַ הַ⁠שָּׂדֶ֗ה טֶ֚רֶם יִֽהְיֶ֣ה בָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ 1 “And/Now {for a while,} there were not yet any shrubs/bushes in the fields} on the earth,” or “{For a while,} no wild shrubs/bushes had started growing on the earth yet,” Consider whether or not it is better in your translation to begin a new sentence here. Verses 5-6 give background information about what things were like before God created mankind (verse 7). Some languages use a conjunction like “Now” to introduce background information, while other languages do not use a conjunction here. Do what is best in your language. 2:5 gyov וְ⁠כָל עֵ֥שֶׂב הַ⁠שָּׂדֶ֖ה טֶ֣רֶם יִצְמָ֑ח 1 “nor had any {other} plants started growing yet,” or “and there were not any {other} plants that had sprouted yet,” See how you translated “plants” in Gen 1:11-12, 29-30. @@ -363,7 +363,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 3:13 bews וָ⁠אֹכֵֽל 1 “so I ate {some of the/that fruit}.” or “That is why I ate {it/some}.” Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. 3:14 ux98 וַ⁠יֹּאמֶר֩ יְהֹוָ֨ה אֱלֹהִ֥ים אֶֽל הַ⁠נָּחָשׁ֮ 1 “So Yahweh God said to the snake,” 3:14 ie75 כִּ֣י עָשִׂ֣יתָ זֹּאת֒ 1 “Because/Since you did that,” or “Because/Since you deceived/tricked the woman,” -3:14 dfy7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms אָר֤וּר אַתָּה֙ 1 “you are cursed {by me}” or “I am cursing you” or “I will cause you to suffer” or “I will punish you”. In this context, “cursed” involves God punishing the serpent and its descendants by causing them to suffer by crawling along the ground on their bellies and having a hostile relationship with human beings. Make sure that the way you translate this term does not imply the use of magic. +3:14 dfy7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms אָר֤וּר אַתָּה֙ 1 “you are cursed {by me}” or “I am cursing you” or “I will cause you to suffer” or “I will punish you”. In this context, “cursed” involves God punishing the serpent and its descendants, causing them to suffer by crawling along the ground on their bellies and having a hostile relationship with human beings. Make sure that the way you translate this term does not imply the use of magic. 3:14 qu53 מִ⁠כָּל־הַ⁠בְּהֵמָ֔ה 1 “more {severely/harshly} than all the domestic/tame animals”. When Adam and Eve sinned and God judged them, the curse and punishment of death and decay also affected everything that was under their authority, including the animals. Here in Gen 3:14, God puts a more severe curse on the serpent (and his descendants) than he put on the rest of the animals. See how you translated “livestock” in Gen 1:24-26; 2:20. 3:14 d3v1 וּ⁠מִ⁠כֹּ֖ל חַיַּ֣ת הַ⁠שָּׂדֶ֑ה 1 “and more {severely/harshly} than all the creatures/animals of/in the fields/wild.” or “and more {severely/harshly} than all the wild animals.” See how you translated “every living thing of the field” in verse 1. 3:14 obw6 עַל גְּחֹנְ⁠ךָ֣ תֵלֵ֔ךְ 1 “{As a result,} you will/must move/crawl {on/along the ground} on your belly/stomach,” @@ -385,8 +385,8 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 3:17 ggfr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure אֲרוּרָ֤ה הָֽ⁠אֲדָמָה֙ בַּֽ⁠עֲבוּרֶ֔⁠ךָ 1 “the ground is cursed {by me} because of what you did.” or “I have cursed the ground because you sinned.” For some languages it may be clearer or more natural to break up this long sentence and say, “You did what your wife said and ate {fruit} from the tree that I commanded you not to eat {any fruit} from. Because of what you did, I have cursed the ground.” Also see how you translated “cursed” in verse 14. 3:17 wdns rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result בְּ⁠עִצָּבוֹן֙ תֹּֽאכֲלֶ֔⁠נָּה 1 “{As a result,} {only} by painful toil will you eat {any food} from it” or “{As a result,} you will have to work {very} hard and suffer {to grow/get enough food} to eat” 3:17 o4tu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure כֹּ֖ל יְמֵ֥י חַיֶּֽי⁠ךָ 1 “every day of your life.” or “for your entire life.” or “for as long as you live.” For some languages it is better to put this phrase before the previous clause and say, “{As a result,} for as long as you live, you will have to work {very} hard and suffer {to grow/get enough food} to eat.” Do what is best in your language. -3:18 gzbg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וְ⁠ק֥וֹץ וְ⁠דַרְדַּ֖ר תַּצְמִ֣יחַֽ 1 “In fact, the ground will produce/grow thorn {plants} and thistle {plants} {and other weeds}” or “In fact, thornbushes and thistle plants {and other weeds} will grow from the ground”. The thorn and thistle plants represent all types of weeds, which are useless, and possibly harmful, plants. -3:18 z3ub לָ֑⁠ךְ וְ⁠אָכַלְתָּ֖ אֶת עֵ֥שֶׂב הַ⁠שָּׂדֶֽה 1 The Hebrew text here could mean: (1) “{and make it difficult} for you to grow {enough} crops in the/your fields for food.” or “so that you will have to work very hard in your fields to grow/produce {enough} crops/food to eat.” (2) “so that {your crops will not grow well and} you will {have to} eat {wild} plants that grow in the {open} fields {to survive}.” That difference of interpretation is caused because the Hebrew word “fields” can refer to land that people cultivate or to uncultivated land where wild plants grow. +3:18 gzbg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וְ⁠ק֥וֹץ וְ⁠דַרְדַּ֖ר תַּצְמִ֣יחַֽ 1 “In fact, the ground will produce/grow thorn {plants} and thistle {plants} {and other weeds}” or “In fact, thorn bushes and thistle plants {and other weeds} will grow from the ground”. The thorn and thistle plants represent all types of weeds, which are useless and possibly harmful plants. +3:18 z3ub לָ֑⁠ךְ וְ⁠אָכַלְתָּ֖ אֶת עֵ֥שֶׂב הַ⁠שָּׂדֶֽה 1 The Hebrew text here could mean: (1) “{and make it difficult} for you to grow {enough} crops in the/your fields for food.” or “so that you will have to work very hard in your fields to grow/produce {enough} crops/food to eat.” (2) “so that {your crops will not grow well and} you will {have to} eat {wild} plants that grow in the {open} fields {to survive}.” That difference of interpretation stems from the fact that the Hebrew word “fields” can refer to land that people cultivate or to uncultivated land where wild plants grow. 3:19 ewn7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בְּ⁠זֵעַ֤ת אַפֶּ֨י⁠ךָ֙ תֹּ֣אכַל לֶ֔חֶם 1 “{Only} by the sweat of your face/brow/forehead will you be able to {grow/produce/have} {enough} food to eat,” or “You will have to {work hard and} sweat a lot in order to {grow/produce/have} {enough} food to eat,” The phrase “by the sweat of your nose/brow” is an idiom that refers to hard physical labor. Consider whether or not your language has a similar idiom. Also, bread was one of the main food staples for that time and culture, so the Hebrew word for “bread” is used here as an idiom that refers to all food, not just bread. Consider whether your language does something similar, using one type of food (such as bread, rice or potatoes) to refer to all food in general. Or you could use a general term like “food,” especially if bread is rare or expensive in your language area. 3:19 n8ba עַ֤ד שֽׁוּבְ⁠ךָ֙ אֶל הָ֣⁠אֲדָמָ֔ה 1 “until you {die and} again become dust/dirt,” 3:19 ek0a כִּ֥י מִמֶּ֖⁠נָּה לֻקָּ֑חְתָּ 1 “which you were taken/made from {by me}.” or “which I took/created you from.” or “which I made/created you out of.” @@ -396,8 +396,8 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 3:20 wmrp וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֧א הָֽ⁠אָדָ֛ם שֵׁ֥ם אִשְׁתּ֖⁠וֹ 1 “Then Adam called/named his wife” or “Then the man gave his wife the name”. Some translations use Adam’s name here because he is naming Eve. See what you did in verse 17. 3:20 czch rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names חַוָּ֑ה 1 “Eve, {which means “living/live,”}” If you include the meaning of Eve’s name in your translation or in a footnote, make sure it is similar to the word in the following clause that has the same meaning (“living”), so that it is clear why Eve was given that name. The meaning of names is important in the Hebrew language, and this translation issue occurs frequently in the book of Genesis. 3:20 alel כִּ֛י 1 “{He did that} because”. Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. -3:20 q3ny הִ֥וא הָֽיְתָ֖ה אֵ֥ם 1 “she would be the mother/ancestor” -3:20 kvu6 כָּל חָֽי 1 “of all the people who would ever live.” or “of everyone who would ever live.” +3:20 q3ny הִ֥וא הָֽיְתָ֖ה אֵ֥ם 1 “she would be the mother/ancestor of” +3:20 kvu6 כָּל חָֽי 1 “all the people who would ever live.” or “everyone who would ever live.” 3:21 idfq וַ⁠יַּעַשׂ֩ יְהוָ֨ה אֱלֹהִ֜ים & כָּתְנ֥וֹת ע֖וֹר 1 “Then Yahweh God made {some} garments/clothes out of animal skins/hides” or “Then Yahweh God used {some} animal skins/hides to make {some} garments/clothes” 3:21 yd2w לְ⁠אָדָ֧ם וּ⁠לְ⁠אִשְׁתּ֛⁠וֹ 1 “for Adam and his wife {Eve},” or “for the man and his wife,” 3:21 nedp וַ⁠יַּלְבִּשֵֽׁ⁠ם 1 “and he dressed them.” or “and he put the garments/clothes on them.” @@ -426,7 +426,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 4:1 um2r וַ⁠תַּ֨הַר֙ וַ⁠תֵּ֣לֶד 1 “so that she became pregnant and {later} gave birth to”. Translate this clause in a way that will not embarrass people, especially when read aloud. 4:1 a1ox אֶת קַ֔יִן 1 “{a son they named} Cain, {which means “obtained/acquired.”}” You could include the meaning of Cain’s name in your translation or in a footnote. See what you did for a similar case in Gen 3:20. 4:1 y3qd וַ⁠תֹּ֕אמֶר 1 “because she said/exclaimed,” or “{They named him that} because she/Eve had said/exclaimed,” This sentence explains how Cain got his name. Make sure that is clear in your translation. Also consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. -4:1 ww1b קָנִ֥יתִי 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “I have obtained/acquired” or (2) “I have produced/created”. If you include the meaning of Cain’s name earlier in this verse in your translation or in a footnote, make sure it matches your choice here, so that it is clear why he was given that name. +4:1 ww1b קָנִ֥יתִי 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “I have obtained/acquired” or (2) “I have produced/created”. If you include the meaning of Cain’s name earlier in this verse in your translation or in a footnote, make sure it matches your choice here so that it is clear why he was given that name. 4:1 gohm אִ֖ישׁ 1 “a male child” or “a boy/son” or “a baby boy”. For some languages it is confusing to refer to a newborn baby as a man. Do what is clear and natural in your language. 4:1 tfqh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure אֶת יְהוָֽה 1 “with {help from} Yahweh!” or “with Yahweh{’s help}!” For some languages it is more natural to put this phrase earlier in this sentence and say, “With Yahweh’s help I have obtained/acquired a son!” or “Yahweh has enabled/helped me to obtain/get a son!” Do what is best in your language. 4:2 gqfn rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠תֹּ֣סֶף לָ⁠לֶ֔דֶת 1 “Then she/Eve also gave birth to” or “After that, she/Eve gave birth to”. The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. Cain and Abel may have been twins, or Abel may have been born sometime later after Eve became pregnant again. If possible, translate verse 2 in a way that allows for either interpretation. Also, consider whether it is better in your language to use a pronoun or a noun to refer to Eve here. @@ -484,8 +484,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 4:12 ptn2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys נָ֥ע וָ⁠נָ֖ד תִּֽהְיֶ֥ה בָ⁠אָֽרֶץ 1 “be a fugitive/outcast who wanders around on the earth {without a permanent home}.” or “be a wandering/homeless fugitive/outcast on the earth.” or “{be rejected/shunned by people so that you} have no permanent home and have to move from place to place.” The phrase “a fugitive and a wanderer” forms a hendiadys. Consider what is the best way to translate that phrase in your language. 4:13 k174 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יֹּ֥אמֶר קַ֖יִן אֶל יְהוָ֑ה 1 “But Cain replied to Yahweh/him,” or “Cain said/replied,” 4:13 au2w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns גָּד֥וֹל עֲוֺנִ֖⁠י 1 “Your punishment of me will cause me more suffering” or “You are punishing me more {severely/harshly}” -4:13 onrj מִ⁠נְּשֹֽׂא 1 “than I am able to” -4:13 vjkj מִ⁠נְּשֹֽׂא 1 “endure.” or “live/cope with.” +4:13 vjkj מִ⁠נְּשֹֽׂא 1 “than I can endure.” or “than I am able to live/cope with.” 4:14 tmvv הֵן֩ 1 “Look/Listen,” This term emphasizes what Cain says next. See how you translated this term in Gen 1:29 and 3:22. It may be necessary to translate it in different ways, depending on the context. 4:14 evll גֵּרַ֨שְׁתָּ אֹתִ֜⁠י הַ⁠יּ֗וֹם 1 “today you are forcing me away” or “you have now banished/prevented me”. See how you translated “drove/expelled” in Gen 3:24. 4:14 xrxp מֵ⁠עַל֙ פְּנֵ֣י הָֽ⁠אֲדָמָ֔ה 1 “from {farming/working/cultivating} the ground/land/soil,” @@ -524,7 +523,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 4:20 gfmj וַ⁠תֵּ֥לֶד עָדָ֖ה 1 “Adah gave birth to” or “Adah had” 4:20 baqx אֶת יָבָ֑ל 1 “{a son named} Jabal.” or “{a son whose name was} Jabal.” 4:20 w051 ה֣וּא הָיָ֔ה 1 “He/who was/became” or “He/who {grew up and} became”. Consider whether or not it is best in your language to begin a new sentence here. -4:20 twss rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אֲבִ֕י יֹשֵׁ֥ב 1 “the ancestor/first of {all} those/people who”. The phrase “father of” is used here as an idiom that means Jabal was the first person to do these things. He invented this way of living, and many people after him followed his example. +4:20 twss rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אֲבִ֕י יֹשֵׁ֥ב 1 “the ancestor/first of {all} those/people who”. The phrase “father of” is used here as an idiom that means Jabal was the first person to do these things. He originated this way of living, and many people after him followed his example. 4:20 lmj0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown יֹשֵׁ֥ב אֹ֖הֶל 1 “are tent dwellers” or “live in portable shelters”. A tent is a portable living place that has walls made of cloth or animal skins and is held up by poles. Tents are used by people who need to take their home with them as they move from place to place, often to find food and water for themselves and their livestock. If people in your language area are not familiar with tents, you could include some of the above information in a footnote. 4:20 ifog וּ⁠מִקְנֶֽה 1 “and raise livestock/animals {for a living}.” The term “livestock” includes all kinds of domestic animals, such as cows, sheep, goats, camels, and donkeys. See how you translated “livestock” in Gen 1:24-26; 2:20, 3:14. 4:21 g37o rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship וְ⁠שֵׁ֥ם אָחִ֖י⁠ו יוּבָ֑ל 1 “His/Jabal’s brother’s name was Jubal.” or “Jabal had a brother named Jubal.” Jubal was probably younger than Jabal. See how you translated “brother” in verse 2. @@ -543,7 +542,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 4:23 uqtr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism נְשֵׁ֣י לֶ֔מֶךְ הַאְזֵ֖נָּה אִמְרָתִ֑⁠י 1 “My wives, listen to this:” or “My wives, listen to me carefully.” This clause forms a parallelism with the previous clause and emphasizes what Lamech says next. 4:23 m97i כִּ֣י אִ֤ישׁ הָרַ֨גְתִּי֙ לְ⁠פִצְעִ֔⁠י וְ⁠יֶ֖לֶד לְ⁠חַבֻּרָתִֽ⁠י 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “I killed a man for wounding me; {he was} a young man who bruised/injured me!” or “I killed a young man for wounding/injuring me! In fact, {I killed} that man {just} because he bruised/injured me!” (2) “I killed a man for wounding me, and also a young man for bruising/injuring me.” or “A man wounded me, so I killed him. A young man injured me, so I killed him too!” In the first interpretation, Lamech refers to one man he killed. In the second interpretation, he refers to two men he killed. 4:24 q45d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive כִּ֥י שִׁבְעָתַ֖יִם יֻקַּם קָ֑יִן וְ⁠לֶ֖מֶךְ 1 “Since {God has promised} to avenge Cain seven times, then” or “Cain is avenged {by God} seven times, but” or “God will avenge Cain seven times, but”. Consider what is the best way to translate this passive clause in your language. -4:24 g912 וְ⁠לֶ֖מֶךְ שִׁבְעִ֥ים וְ⁠שִׁבְעָֽה 1 “{I,} Lamech {avenge myself} seventy-seven times!” or “I {avenge myself} seventy-seven times!” Lamech is bragging in verses 23 and 24 about how severely he avenges himself. He is not saying that God will avenge him more than he will avenge Cain. Be consistent with how you spelled the name “Lamech” in verses 18-19, 23-24. +4:24 g912 וְ⁠לֶ֖מֶךְ שִׁבְעִ֥ים וְ⁠שִׁבְעָֽה 1 “{I,} Lamech {avenge myself} seventy-seven/77 times!” or “I {avenge myself} seventy-seven/77 times!” Lamech is bragging in verses 23 and 24 about how severely he avenges himself. He is not saying that God will avenge him more than he will avenge Cain. Also, each translation team needs to decide how they will handle numbers in the Hebrew text so that readers will not confuse those numbers with verse numbers. For example, it may be best to use words for single and double-digit numbers in the text. Be consistent with how you spelled the name “Lamech” in verses 18-19, 23-24. 4:25 rw9r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism וַ⁠יֵּ֨דַע אָדָ֥ם עוֹד֙ אֶת אִשְׁתּ֔⁠וֹ 1 “Then Adam slept with his wife {Eve} again,” or “Again Adam had {marital} relations with his wife {Eve},” See how you translated the idiom “knew” in 4:1, 17. 4:25 tlhj rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וַ⁠תֵּ֣לֶד בֵּ֔ן 1 “and she gave birth to a son,” or “so that she {conceived and} bore/had a son,” or “with the result that she {became pregnant and} gave birth to a son,” 4:25 uyxx וַ⁠תִּקְרָ֥א אֶת שְׁמ֖⁠וֹ 1 “and she named him” or “and she gave him the name”. See how you translated a similar phrase in Gen 3:20. @@ -575,9 +574,9 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 5:4 w4va וַ⁠יּ֥וֹלֶד 1 “and he {also} fathered/had” or “He/Adam {also} fathered/had” or “He/Adam was {also} the father of”. This clause probably refers to all the other children that Adam had, including those who were born before and after Seth was born. Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. 5:4 znml בָּנִ֖ים וּ⁠בָנֽוֹת 1 “{other} sons as well as daughters.” 5:5 exxg rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וַ⁠יִּֽהְי֞וּ כָּל יְמֵ֤י אָדָם֙ אֲשֶׁר חַ֔י תְּשַׁ֤ע מֵאוֹת֙ שָׁנָ֔ה וּ⁠שְׁלֹשִׁ֖ים שָׁנָ֑ה 1 “So Adam/he lived a total of 930 years,” or “All together Adam/he lived 930 years,” Make sure that the name “Adam” is spelled consistently in your translation of verses 1, 3-5. -5:5 vx22 וַ⁠יָּמֹֽת 1 “and {then} he died.” or “before he died.” +5:5 vx22 וַ⁠יָּמֹֽת 1 “and {then} he died.” or “before he died.” Notice that if you use the second alternative here (“before he died”), a comma is not used before it (in English). Do what is best in your language. 5:6 e8ow rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background וַֽ⁠יְחִי־שֵׁ֕ת חָמֵ֥שׁ שָׁנִ֖ים וּ⁠מְאַ֣ת שָׁנָ֑ה 1 “When/After Seth had lived 105 years,” or “When/After Seth was 105 years old,” The events in verse 6 happened before Adam died (verse 5). So if you use a conjunction here, make sure your translation does not sound like verse 6 happened after Adam died. -5:6 ac8w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠יּ֖וֹלֶד אֶת אֱנֽוֹשׁ 1 “he fathered/had {a son named} Enosh.” or “he fathered/had {a son he/they named} Enosh.” or “he fathered/had {a son whose name was} Enosh.” You could make it explicit in your translation or in a footnote that Enosh was a son. The same thing is true for the rest of the children who were born in this chapter (who were all sons). +5:6 ac8w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠יּ֖וֹלֶד אֶת אֱנֽוֹשׁ 1 “he fathered/had {a son named} Enosh.” or “he fathered/had {a son he/they named} Enosh.” or “he fathered/had {a son whose name was} Enosh.” You could make it explicit in your translation or in a footnote that Enosh was a son. The same thing is true for the rest of the children whose births are mentioned in this chapter (who were all sons). 5:7 zq5v rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַֽ⁠יְחִי שֵׁ֗ת אַֽחֲרֵי֙ הוֹלִיד֣⁠וֹ אֶת אֱנ֔וֹשׁ 1 “After he/Seth had Enosh, Seth/he lived” or “After Enosh’s birth, Seth lived” or “After Enosh was born, Seth lived”. In fact, throughout chapter 5, make sure it is clear in your translation whom each pronoun refers to. 5:7 axao שֶׁ֣בַע שָׁנִ֔ים וּ⁠שְׁמֹנֶ֥ה מֵא֖וֹת שָׁנָ֑ה 1 “{another} 807 years,” or “807 {more} years,” 5:7 m6hy וַ⁠יּ֥וֹלֶד 1 “and he {also} fathered/had” or “He/Seth {also} fathered/had” or “He/Seth was {also} the father of”. Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. See how you translated this phrase and the following one in verse 4. @@ -652,7 +651,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 5:32 uzva rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases וַֽ⁠יְהִי נֹ֕חַ בֶּן חֲמֵ֥שׁ מֵא֖וֹת שָׁנָ֑ה 1 “After Noah was 500 years old,” Noah’s sons were not triplets, but were born in different years after Noah was 500 years old. The way you translate this verse should allow for that meaning. 5:32 yohb וַ⁠יּ֣וֹלֶד נֹ֔חַ 1 “he fathered/had”. Consider again how you translated “fathered” in this chapter; see verses 4, 6-7, 9-10, 12-13, 15-16, 18-19, 25-26, 28, 30, 32. 5:32 nl9j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֶת שֵׁ֖ם אֶת חָ֥ם וְ⁠אֶת יָֽפֶת 1 “{sons named} Shem, Ham, and Japheth.” or “{sons he/they named} Shem, Ham, and Japheth.” or “{sons whose names were} Shem, Ham, and Japheth.” -6:1 pmgg rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background וַֽ⁠יְהִי֙ 1 “Now it happened”. The events in Gen 6:1-2 started happening long before the events in 5:32, so the way your translation begins this verse should allow for that meaning and not begin with a sequence word like “Then”, which would have the wrong meaning here. Many translations omit the conjunction here. Do what is best in your language. Also, the phrase “it happened” introduces and emphasizes important background information which the following narrative builds on. It also creates suspense so that readers and listeners wonder what will happen next. Some translations leave this phrase out, but that loses some of the suspense. Do what is best in your language. +6:1 pmgg rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background וַֽ⁠יְהִי֙ 1 “Now it happened”. The events in Gen 6:1-2 started happening long before the events in 5:32, so the way your translation begins this verse should allow for that meaning and not begin with a sequence word like “Then”, which would have the wrong meaning here. Many translations omit the conjunction here. Do what is best in your language. Also, the phrase “it happened” introduces and emphasizes important background information which the following narrative builds on. It also creates suspense so that readers and listeners wonder what will happen next. Some translations leave this phrase out, but doing that loses some of the suspense. Do what is best in your language. 6:1 as12 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background כִּֽי 1 “{that} when/as” or “that” 6:1 mezb הָֽ⁠אָדָ֔ם 1 “human beings” or “people”. See how you translated this term in Gen 5:1-2. 6:1 fo85 הֵחֵ֣ל & לָ⁠רֹ֖ב 1 “began to multiply/increase {in number}” or “began to be more/very numerous” @@ -678,7 +677,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 6:4 e4oo rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns הֵ֧מָּה 1 “The Nephilim {were}” or “Those/Their children {grew up and} {were/became} {the Nephilim, who were}”. Make sure it is clear in your translation who is being referred to here. 6:4 yujd הַ⁠גִּבֹּרִ֛ים 1 “the powerful men/warriors” or “heroes” 6:4 ps8j אֲשֶׁ֥ר מֵ⁠עוֹלָ֖ם 1 “who lived a long time ago,” or “who lived many years ago,” -6:4 xhsv אַנְשֵׁ֥י הַ⁠שֵּֽׁם 1 “{who/and were} famous men.” For some languages it may be more natural to put this phrase earlier in this sentence and say, “They {were} the mighty men of renown who …” or “They {were} the famous mighty men who …” Do what is best in your language. +6:4 xhsv אַנְשֵׁ֥י הַ⁠שֵּֽׁם 1 “{who/and were} famous men.” For some languages it may be more natural to put this phrase earlier in this sentence and say, “They {were} the mighty men of renown who {were} from long ago.” or “They {were} the famous mighty men who lived a long time ago.” Do what is best in your language. 6:5 utlu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יַּ֣רְא יְהוָ֔ה 1 “Yahweh knew” or “Yahweh was aware”. The verb “saw” is used here as an idiom. Consider whether your language has a similar idiom that would fit well here. Do what is best in your language. 6:5 ommt כִּ֥י רַבָּ֛ה רָעַ֥ת הָ⁠אָדָ֖ם בָּ⁠אָ֑רֶץ 1 “how wicked/evil mankind/people had become on the earth,” or “that the people on the earth had become very wicked/evil,” 6:5 wy3t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠כָל יֵ֨צֶר֙ מַחְשְׁבֹ֣ת לִבּ֔⁠וֹ 1 “and that every intention/desire they had in their hearts/minds” or “and that everything they thought about and desired/wanted”. In Hebrew culture the heart is considered the center of thoughts and desires. Consider whether your language has a similar idiom. @@ -690,13 +689,13 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 6:6 lbxh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יִּתְעַצֵּ֖ב אֶל לִבּֽ⁠וֹ 1 “and his heart was filled with pain/sadness/grief.” or “and he was/felt extremely/very sad/grieved.” Consider whether your language has a similar idiom that would fit well here. 6:7 mt6s וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר יְהוָ֗ה 1 “Then/So Yahweh/he said {to himself},” See how you translated this phrase in verse 3. Also make sure that the way you begin verse 7 fits well with the way you begin verse 6. 6:7 wbhw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אֶמְחֶ֨ה 1 “I will wash away” or “I will blot out” or “I will completely wipe/destroy”. Consider whether your language has a similar idiom that would fit well here. -6:7 ymf2 אֶת הָ⁠אָדָ֤ם אֲשֶׁר בָּרָ֨אתִי֙ מֵ⁠עַל֙ פְּנֵ֣י הָֽ⁠אֲדָמָ֔ה 1 “{all} the human beings whom I created, from the surface of the earth,” or “from the earth {all} the people whom I created,” or “all the human beings I made on the earth,” +6:7 ymf2 אֶת הָ⁠אָדָ֤ם אֲשֶׁר בָּרָ֨אתִי֙ מֵ⁠עַל֙ פְּנֵ֣י הָֽ⁠אֲדָמָ֔ה 1 “{all} the human beings whom I created, from the surface of the earth,” or “from the earth {all} the people whom I created,” 6:7 l6r9 מֵֽ⁠אָדָם֙ עַד בְּהֵמָ֔ה 1 “{In fact,} {I will destroy} {not just/only} {all} the people, but also {all} the animals,” Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. 6:7 ilp6 עַד רֶ֖מֶשׂ 1 “and/including the creatures that crawl/move {on/along the ground}” 6:7 cmz9 וְ⁠עַד ע֣וֹף הַ⁠שָּׁמָ֑יִם 1 “and {all} the birds {that fly} in the sky/air,” or “and {all} the birds,” 6:7 tgkj כִּ֥י נִחַ֖מְתִּי 1 “because I am sad/grieved” or “because I regret”. See how you translated “was sorry” or “regretted” in verse 6. 6:7 acg2 כִּ֥י עֲשִׂיתִֽ⁠ם 1 “that I {ever} made/created them.” -6:8 k0ja rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠נֹ֕חַ מָ֥צָא חֵ֖ן בְּ⁠עֵינֵ֥י יְהוָֽה 1 “But Noah pleased God.” or “But/However, Yahweh was pleased with Noah.” The idiom “find favor” means to please someone. And the idiom “in the eyes of” refers to someone’s opinion about something or someone. Consider whether your language has similar idioms that work well here or whether it is better to translate this sentence without an idiom. +6:8 k0ja rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠נֹ֕חַ מָ֥צָא חֵ֖ן בְּ⁠עֵינֵ֥י יְהוָֽה 1 “But Noah pleased God.” or “However, Yahweh was pleased with Noah.” The idiom “find favor” means to please someone. And the idiom “in the eyes of” refers to someone’s opinion about something or someone. Consider whether your language has similar idioms that work well here or whether it is better to translate this sentence without an idiom. 6:9 u5k8 אֵ֚לֶּה תּוֹלְדֹ֣ת נֹ֔חַ 1 “This/Here is {more of} the account/record/history of/about Noah and his descendants/family:” or “What follows tells {more} about Noah and his descendants/family:” Some of Noah’s history has already been given in Gen 5:29, 32, and 6:8. What follows tells more about him. 6:9 gw44 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns נֹ֗חַ 1 “He {was}”. Consider whether it is better in your language to use a noun or a pronoun here to refer to Noah. 6:9 zk74 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms אִ֥ישׁ צַדִּ֛יק 1 “an upright/good man.” or “a man who did what was right.” @@ -704,7 +703,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 6:9 ky2x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אֶת הָֽ⁠אֱלֹהִ֖ים הִֽתְהַלֶּךְ נֹֽחַ 1 “{and} he walked {closely/faithfully} with God.” or “{and} he lived in a close/faithful relationship with God.” Consider whether or not it is best in your language to begin a new sentence here. See how you translated this idiom in Gen 5:22, 24. 6:10 vdjy וַ⁠יּ֥וֹלֶד נֹ֖חַ 1 “Eventually Noah/he fathered/had” or “And {as mentioned before,} Noah/he had”. The fact that Noah fathered/had these three sons was already mentioned in Gen 5:32. Make sure that the way you begin this verse in your translation does not sound like he fathered these sons a second time. 6:10 d1np שְׁלֹשָׁ֣ה בָנִ֑ים אֶת שֵׁ֖ם אֶת חָ֥ם וְ⁠אֶת יָֽפֶת 1 “three sons, {namely} Shem, Ham, and Japheth.” or “three sons, {whose names were} Shem, Ham, and Japheth.” -6:11 f221 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וַ⁠תִּשָּׁחֵ֥ת הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ 1 “Now {the people of/on} the earth had become corrupt/wicked”. The phrase “the earth” is often used in the Bible to refer to the people who live on the earth. Consider whether your language can do the same thing, or whether it is necessary to make that implied information explicit. +6:11 f221 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וַ⁠תִּשָּׁחֵ֥ת הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ 1 “Now {the people of/on} the earth had become corrupt/wicked”. The phrase “the earth” is often used in the Bible to refer to all the people on the earth. Consider whether your language can do the same thing, or whether it is necessary to make that implied information explicit. 6:11 cnh5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י הָֽ⁠אֱלֹהִ֑ים 1 “in God’s sight/opinion,” or “according to God’s standards,” 6:11 rpln rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וַ⁠תִּמָּלֵ֥א הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ חָמָֽס 1 “and they had filled the earth with {their} violence/lawlessness.” or “and all over the earth they were doing violent/lawless things.” This clause forms a parallelism with the previous clause in order to emphasize how evil the people on the earth had become. The two clauses are different enough from each other that, if possible, it is best to keep both parts of the parallelism in your translation. Also be consistent with how you translated “the earth” earlier in this verse. 6:12 czxe וַ⁠יַּ֧רְא אֱלֹהִ֛ים 1 “God saw”. Consider whether or not it is best in your language to begin this sentence with a conjunction. @@ -714,8 +713,8 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 6:13 j1na וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר אֱלֹהִ֜ים לְ⁠נֹ֗חַ 1 “So/Then God/he said to Noah,” 6:13 wv74 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche קֵ֤ץ כָּל בָּשָׂר֙ בָּ֣א לְ⁠פָנַ֔⁠י 1 “I have decided to put an end to all human beings,” or “I am going to destroy all flesh/people,” Be consistent here with how you translated “flesh” in verse 12. 6:13 dx95 כִּֽי מָלְאָ֥ה הָ⁠אָ֛רֶץ חָמָ֖ס מִ⁠פְּנֵי⁠הֶ֑ם 1 “because they have filled the earth with {their} violence/lawlessness.” or “because all over the earth they are doing violent/lawless things.” See how you translated “violence” in verse 11. -6:13 uymq וְ⁠הִנְ⁠נִ֥י 1 “Now listen, I” or “In fact, I” This phrase draws extra attention to what God says next. Consider what is the best way to do that in your language. -6:13 nnog וְ⁠הִנְ⁠נִ֥י מַשְׁחִיתָ֖⁠ם 1 “am going to destroy them” or “plan to destroy them” or “will destroy” +6:13 uymq וְ⁠הִנְ⁠נִ֥י 1 “Now listen,” or “In fact,” This phrase draws extra attention to what God says next. Consider what is the best way to do that in your language. +6:13 nnog מַשְׁחִיתָ֖⁠ם 1 “I am going to destroy them” or “I plan to destroy them” or “I will destroy them” 6:13 dukx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אֶת הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ 1 “as well as {everything else on} the earth.” or “and {everything else on} the earth {too}.” This phrase includes everything on the earth, not just the people. 6:14 i9zf rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result עֲשֵׂ֤ה 1 “{Therefore/Consequently} {you must} make/build” 6:14 altn rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate תֵּבַ֣ת 1 “a {very} large boat/houseboat”. The term “ark” is general and refers to a chest/box that is closed on all sides, including the top. In this case, the ark was a very large boat that people and many animals lived in for a year. It had no motor, no oars, no sail and no rudder. Since this was a unique, one-of-a-kind boat that may already be well-known as the “ark” in the receptor language area, some translations transliterate (copy or borrow) the word “ark” throughout Genesis. Decide what is best for your translation. @@ -743,7 +742,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 6:18 sxiu אַתָּ֕ה וּ⁠בָנֶ֛י⁠ךָ וְ⁠אִשְׁתְּ⁠ךָ֥ וּ⁠נְשֵֽׁי בָנֶ֖י⁠ךָ אִתָּֽ⁠ךְ 1 “and {take} your sons, your wife, and your sons’ wives with you.” or “and {take} with you your wife, your sons, and their wives.” 6:19 g341 וּ⁠מִ⁠כָּל הָ֠⁠חַי מִֽ⁠כָּל בָּשָׂ֞ר שְׁנַ֧יִם מִ⁠כֹּ֛ל תָּבִ֥יא אֶל הַ⁠תֵּבָ֖ה 1 “Also, from every {kind of} living creature, {yes,} from every {kind of} animal, you must bring/take two/pairs of each {kind} into the ark/boat” or “You must also bring/take into the ark/boat two/pairs of every {kind of} living creature, including every {kind of} animal,” 6:19 e4sw לְ⁠הַחֲיֹ֣ת אִתָּ֑⁠ךְ 1 “{in order} to keep {them} alive with you.” or “so that they stay alive with you.” -6:19 ew4s זָכָ֥ר וּ⁠נְקֵבָ֖ה יִֽהְיֽוּ 1 “They must be male and female {pairs}.” or “Each pair must have/include a/one male and a/one female.” or “Make sure that there are male and female {pairs} {of each kind}.” +6:19 ew4s זָכָ֥ר וּ⁠נְקֵבָ֖ה יִֽהְיֽוּ 1 “They must be {pairs} with {one} male and {one} female {each}.” or “Each pair must have/include {one} male and {one} female.” or “Make sure that each pair has {one} male and {one} female.” 6:20 tuxp מֵ⁠הָ⁠ע֣וֹף לְ⁠מִינֵ֗⁠הוּ 1 “{Males and females} from/of every kind/type of bird,” 6:20 li2p וּ⁠מִן הַ⁠בְּהֵמָה֙ לְ⁠מִינָ֔⁠הּ 1 “and from/of every kind of animal,” 6:20 tymx מִ⁠כֹּ֛ל רֶ֥מֶשׂ הָֽ⁠אֲדָמָ֖ה לְ⁠מִינֵ֑⁠הוּ 1 “including every kind of creature that moves/lives on the ground/land,” This phrase emphasizes that the birds and animals mentioned in the first half of this verse lived on land. @@ -779,13 +778,13 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 7:4 dftv לְ⁠יָמִ֨ים ע֜וֹד שִׁבְעָ֗ה 1 “seven days from now/today”. The phrase, “seven more days” could be translated “another week” here and in verse 11. However, it is probably best to keep the number seven in the text in both places, especially since the number seven often signifies perfection or completion in the Bible, perhaps also here. 7:4 xtx7 אָֽנֹכִי֙ מַמְטִ֣יר 1 “I will make it rain {continuously}” or “I will send rain” 7:4 tldc עַל הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ 1 “{all} over the earth/world” -7:4 oj9l אַרְבָּעִ֣ים י֔וֹם וְ⁠אַרְבָּעִ֖ים לָ֑יְלָה 1 “{for} forty days and nights,” This refers to forty complete 24-hour days. +7:4 oj9l אַרְבָּעִ֣ים י֔וֹם וְ⁠אַרְבָּעִ֖ים לָ֑יְלָה 1 “{for} forty days and nights,” This phrase refers to forty complete 24-hour days. 7:4 g4jc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וּ⁠מָחִ֗יתִי 1 “in order to wipe/blot out” or “That will wash away” or “In that way, I will completely destroy”. Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. See how you translated this idiom in Gen 6:7. 7:4 r62g אֶֽת כָּל הַ⁠יְקוּם֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר עָשִׂ֔יתִי 1 “every living creature that I have made” or “all the living things/creatures that I have made”. See how you translated a similar phrase (“living creature”) in Gen 6:19. 7:4 ne24 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure מֵ⁠עַ֖ל פְּנֵ֥י הָֽ⁠אֲדָמָֽה 1 “off/from the surface of the earth.” or “off/from the earth/land.” It may be clearer to put this phrase earlier in the sentence and say, “in order to completely destroy from/off the ground/earth every living creature/thing that I have made.” Do what is best in your language. See how you translated this phrase in Gen 6:7. 7:5 juaw וַ⁠יַּ֖עַשׂ נֹ֑חַ כְּ⁠כֹ֥ל אֲשֶׁר 1 “Then/So Noah did everything that” or “So Noah did everything {exactly} as” 7:5 jv8k צִוָּ֖⁠הוּ יְהוָֽה 1 “Yahweh had commanded/told him {to do}.” See how you translated Gen 6:22 which is similar to 7:5. -7:6 r7or rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers וְ⁠נֹ֕חַ בֶּן שֵׁ֥שׁ מֵא֖וֹת שָׁנָ֑ה וְ⁠הַ⁠מַּבּ֣וּל 1 “Noah/He was 600 years old”. See how you handled large numbers in Gen 5 and in Gen 6:3, and see the note about this at Gen 5:3. Also see how you translated the idiom “son of … years” in Gen 5:32. +7:6 r7or rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers וְ⁠נֹ֕חַ בֶּן שֵׁ֥שׁ מֵא֖וֹת שָׁנָ֑ה 1 “Noah/He was 600 years old”. See how you handled large numbers in Gen 5 and in Gen 6:3, and see the note about this at Gen 5:3. Also see how you translated the idiom “son of … years” in Gen 5:32. 7:6 j0wg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure וְ⁠הַ⁠מַּבּ֣וּל הָיָ֔ה מַ֖יִם עַל הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ 1 “when the flood covered the earth.” or “when the earth was covered/flooded with deep water.” For some languages it may be more natural to put this clause first in this sentence and say, “When the flood waters came on the earth, Noah was 600 years old.” Do what is best in your language. Also, see how you translated “floodwaters” in Gen 6:17. 7:7 xwa2 וַ⁠יָּ֣בֹא נֹ֗חַ וּ֠⁠בָנָי⁠ו וְ⁠אִשְׁתּ֧⁠וֹ וּ⁠נְשֵֽׁי בָנָ֛י⁠ו אִתּ֖⁠וֹ אֶל הַ⁠תֵּבָ֑ה 1 “{That is when} Noah/he and his wife, and his sons and their wives, went together into the ark/boat”. Noah and his family entered the ark on the same day that the floodwaters started coming (See verses 11-13). See how you translated a similar list of people in Gen 6:18. 7:7 tiry מִ⁠פְּנֵ֖י 1 “because of” or “to escape from” or “to keep them safe from” or “so that they would not die in” @@ -835,13 +834,13 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 7:18 tfc3 עַל הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ 1 “{all} over the earth/world,” 7:18 utly וַ⁠תֵּ֥לֶךְ הַ⁠תֵּבָ֖ה 1 “but/while the ark/boat floated {safely}” or “so that the ark/boat moved/drifted {about/along}” 7:18 daf9 עַל פְּנֵ֥י הַ⁠מָּֽיִם 1 “on the surface of the water.” or “on top of the water.” or “on the water.” -7:19 cjmw וְ⁠הַ⁠מַּ֗יִם גָּֽבְר֛וּ מְאֹ֥ד מְאֹ֖ד עַל הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ 1 “At last, the waters became very deep on/over the earth/world,” or “Eventually the water became so high/deep on/over the earth/world” +7:19 cjmw וְ⁠הַ⁠מַּ֗יִם גָּֽבְר֛וּ מְאֹ֥ד מְאֹ֖ד עַל הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ 1 “At last, the waters became very deep on/over the earth/world, so that” or “Eventually the water became so high/deep on/over the earth/world that” 7:19 sfrb כָּל הֶֽ⁠הָרִים֙ הַ⁠גְּבֹהִ֔ים 1 “{even} all the highest mountains” 7:19 jvbk אֲשֶׁר תַּ֖חַת כָּל הַ⁠שָּׁמָֽיִם 1 “everywhere under the sky” 7:19 p6av rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וַ⁠יְכֻסּ֗וּ 1 “were covered {with/by water}.” or “were submerged {in/under water}.” or “were under water.” For some languages it is better to use an active form of the verb here and say, “Eventually the water became so deep on the earth that it {even} covered all the highest mountains under the entire sky.” Do what is best in your language. 7:20 yd7f rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance חֲמֵ֨שׁ עֶשְׂרֵ֤ה אַמָּה֙ מִ⁠לְ⁠מַ֔עְלָ⁠ה גָּבְר֖וּ הַ⁠מָּ֑יִם 1 “{In fact,} the water rose {at least} seven meters above {the tops of} the {highest} mountains,” or “{In fact,} the {highest} mountain tops were covered with/by {at least} twenty-two feet of water,” See how you translated “cubits” in Gen 6:15-16. 7:20 aidy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וַ⁠יְכֻסּ֖וּ הֶ⁠הָרִֽים 1 “so that they were {completely} covered {with/by water}.” or “… {completely} submerged {in/under water}.” or “… {completely} under water.” See how you translated “were covered” in verse 19. -7:21 j1r4 וַ⁠יִּגְוַ֞ע כָּל בָּשָׂ֣ר 1 “Then all the creatures/beings” or “Then every creature” or “Then every living thing”. This phrase refers to everything listed in verse 21, including people. See how you translated this phrase in Gen 6:17. +7:21 j1r4 כָּל בָּשָׂ֣ר 1 “Then all the creatures/beings” or “Then every creature” or “Then every living thing”. This phrase refers to everything listed in verse 21, including people. See how you translated this phrase in Gen 6:17. 7:21 jg81 הָ⁠רֹמֵ֣שׂ עַל הָ⁠אָ֗רֶץ 1 “that moved/lived on the ground” or “that lived on land” 7:21 dnqo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יִּגְוַ֞ע 1 “breathed out {its last breath},” or “died/perished,” See how you translated this idiom in Gen 6:17. 7:21 wh52 בָּ⁠ע֤וֹף וּ⁠בַ⁠בְּהֵמָה֙ 1 “That included {all} the birds, the livestock,” or “including {all} the birds, the domestic/tame animals,” Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. @@ -862,7 +861,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 7:24 j5a8 וַ⁠יִּגְבְּר֥וּ הַ⁠מַּ֖יִם עַל 1 “{Deep} water continued to flood/cover” or “The floodwaters stayed/remained deep/high over” 7:24 p4ot rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ חֲמִשִּׁ֥ים וּ⁠מְאַ֖ת יֽוֹם 1 “the {entire} earth/world {for} 150 days.” See how you handled a large number in verse 6. 8:1 vjhe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יִּזְכֹּ֤ר אֱלֹהִים֙ 1 “God kept in mind” or “But God did not forget” or “God never forgot”. The phrase “God remembered” is an idiom in the Bible that often means God was paying special attention to certain people and was about to do something. Make sure that the way you translate this phrase does not imply that God had forgotten about Noah. -8:1 yash rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֶת נֹ֔חַ 1 “Noah {and his family}”. Noah is the one that the author is focusing on here, but Noah’s family is also included. Consider whether or not you need to make that explicit in your translation. +8:1 yash rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֶת נֹ֔חַ 1 “Noah {and his family}”. Noah is the person that the author is focusing on here, but Noah’s family is also included. Consider whether or not you need to make that explicit in your translation. 8:1 zvki וְ⁠אֵ֤ת כָּל הַֽ⁠חַיָּה֙ וְ⁠אֶת 1 In the Hebrew text this phrase is ambiguous. It could mean: (1) “and all the creatures/animals, including” or (2) “and all the wild animals and”. See how you translated “living thing” in Gen 7:14. 8:1 ujic rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure כָּל הַ⁠בְּהֵמָ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר אִתּ֖⁠וֹ בַּ⁠תֵּבָ֑ה 1 “all the domestic/tame animals that {were} with him/them in the ark/boat,” Some translations combine this phrase with the previous phrase and say, “and all the animals, both wild and tame/domestic, that {were} with him/them in the ark/boat.” Do what is best in your language. 8:1 vu2u rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠יַּעֲבֵ֨ר אֱלֹהִ֥ים ר֨וּחַ֙ עַל 1 “and he sent a wind over” or “So God/he caused/sent a wind to blow over”. Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. @@ -873,7 +872,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 8:3 kqse וַ⁠יָּשֻׁ֧בוּ הַ⁠מַּ֛יִם & הָל֣וֹךְ וָ⁠שׁ֑וֹב 1 “Then the floodwaters/water steadily/gradually went down” 8:3 fmzv מֵ⁠עַ֥ל הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ 1 “from {the surface of} the land/ground,” 8:3 vzel מִ⁠קְצֵ֕ה חֲמִשִּׁ֥ים וּ⁠מְאַ֖ת יֽוֹם 1 “so that after the 150 days {had passed},” or “After the 150 days {had passed},” Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Also make sure it is clear in your translation that the 150 days mentioned here in Gen 8:3 are the same 150 days mentioned in Gen 7:24, not two different periods of time. -8:3 rxcd הַ⁠מַּ֔יִם 1 “the water {level}” or “it”. Make sure the way you translate this phrase fits with the way you translated the beginning of the verse. +8:3 rxcd הַ⁠מַּ֔יִם 1 “the water {level}” or “they/it”. Make sure the way you translate this phrase fits with the way you translated the beginning of the verse. 8:3 dw9j וַ⁠יַּחְסְר֣וּ 1 “had gone down,” or “had subsided,” 8:4 aqon rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וַ⁠תָּ֤נַח 1 “so {much/far/low} that” 8:4 w92a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure בַּ⁠חֹ֣דֶשׁ הַ⁠שְּׁבִיעִ֔י בְּ⁠שִׁבְעָה עָשָׂ֥ר י֖וֹם לַ⁠חֹ֑דֶשׁ 1 “on the seventeenth day of the seventh month {of the year},” See how you translated a similar time phrase in Gen 7:11. @@ -899,10 +898,10 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 8:8 zx1c מֵ⁠עַ֖ל פְּנֵ֥י הָֽ⁠אֲדָמָֽה 1 “from the surface of the land.” or “from the ground/land.” 8:9 mgxp rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וְ⁠לֹֽא־מָצְאָה֩ הַ⁠יּוֹנָ֨ה 1 “But the dove could not find” or “But it was not able to find”. Consider what is the best way to refer to the dove at this point in the paragraph in your language. 8:9 fpmf מָנ֜וֹחַ לְ⁠כַף רַגְלָ֗⁠הּ 1 “anywhere to land/perch and rest,” In Hebrew the word “dove” is grammatically a feminine noun (for both male and female doves), so some translations say “her feet … she returned …” here. For languages such as English that do not assign grammatical gender to nouns, it is more accurate to use “its” and “it” here, because it is not known whether this dove was male or female. Do what is best in your language. -8:9 z0lc וַ⁠תָּ֤שָׁב 1 “So/Then it returned” or “So/Then the dove flew back” +8:9 z0lc וַ⁠תָּ֤שָׁב 1 “So/Then it returned” or “So/Then the dove flew back”. Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. 8:9 okue אֵלָי⁠ו֙ אֶל הַ⁠תֵּבָ֔ה 1 “flew back to him/Noah in/at the ark/boat,” 8:9 g9b8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure כִּי מַ֖יִם עַל פְּנֵ֣י כָל הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ 1 “because water was {still} covering the entire earth/world.” Some languages may have to switch the clause order in this verse and say, “But water was {still} covering the entire earth/world, so the dove did/could not find a resting place for its feet. Then it returned to Noah at the boat, and he/Noah reached …” Do what is best in your language. -8:9 k23d וַ⁠יִּשְׁלַ֤ח יָד⁠וֹ֙ 1 “Then/So he/Noah reached out” or “and he/Noah reached out” +8:9 k23d וַ⁠יִּשְׁלַ֤ח יָד⁠וֹ֙ 1 “Then/So he/Noah reached out” or “and he/Noah reached out”. Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. 8:9 eyin וַ⁠יִּקָּחֶ֔⁠הָ וַ⁠יָּבֵ֥א אֹתָ֛⁠הּ 1 “caught it, and brought it” 8:9 hq6l אֵלָ֖י⁠ו אֶל הַ⁠תֵּבָֽה 1 “{back} to himself in the ark/boat.” or “{back} into the ark/boat.” 8:10 y0bi rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases וַ⁠יָּ֣חֶל ע֔וֹד 1 “He/Noah waited”. Consider whether it is better in your language to begin this sentence with or without a conjunction. @@ -916,8 +915,8 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 8:11 noj3 קַ֥לּוּ 1 “had receded” or “had gone down {more/further}”. See how you translated “subsided” in verse 8, and how you translated three other Hebrew words with similar meanings In verses 1, 3, and 5. 8:11 oy8e מֵ⁠עַ֥ל הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ 1 “from the ground/land.” See how you translated this phrase in verse 7. 8:12 eeml וַ⁠יִּיָּ֣חֶל ע֔וֹד שִׁבְעַ֥ת יָמִ֖ים אֲחֵרִ֑ים 1 “He waited another seven days, then” or “After he waited seven more days,” -8:12 feu0 וַ⁠יְשַׁלַּח֙ אֶת הַ⁠יּוֹנָ֔ה 1 “and he released the dove {again},” See how you translated “sent out” in verses 7, 8, and 10. -8:12 rnay rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠לֹֽא יָסְפָ֥ה שׁוּב אֵלָ֖י⁠ו עֽוֹד 1 “but {this time} it did not come back to him again {because it found a dry place to land/live}.” Remember to only make implied information explicit in a translation if it helps readers’ understanding or if it is necessary to prevent wrong meaning or incorrect grammar. +8:12 feu0 וַ⁠יְשַׁלַּח֙ אֶת הַ⁠יּוֹנָ֔ה 1 “he released the dove {again},” See how you translated “sent out” in verses 7, 8, and 10. +8:12 rnay rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠לֹֽא יָסְפָ֥ה שׁוּב אֵלָ֖י⁠ו עֽוֹד 1 “but {this time} it did not come/fly back to him again {because it found a dry place to land/live}.” Remember to only make implied information explicit in a translation if it helps readers’ understanding or if it is necessary to prevent wrong meaning or incorrect grammar. 8:13 kogb וַֽ֠⁠יְהִי 1 “So it happened {that}” or “So it was,” 8:13 o42y בְּ⁠אַחַ֨ת וְ⁠שֵׁשׁ־מֵא֜וֹת שָׁנָ֗ה 1 “In {his/Noah’s} 601st year,” or “when {Noah was} 601 years old,” See how you translated a similar phrase in Gen 7:11. 8:13 in0r rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal בָּֽ⁠רִאשׁוֹן֙ בְּ⁠אֶחָ֣ד לַ⁠חֹ֔דֶשׁ 1 “in the first {month} {of the year}, on the first {day} of the month,” or “on the first {day} of the first month {of the year},” @@ -944,8 +943,8 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 8:17 guxs בָּ⁠ע֧וֹף וּ⁠בַ⁠בְּהֵמָ֛ה 1 “including the birds, domestic/tame animals,” 8:17 ii1h וּ⁠בְ⁠כָל הָ⁠רֶ֛מֶשׂ הָ⁠רֹמֵ֥שׂ 1 In the Hebrew text this phrase is ambiguous. It could mean: (1) “and every {other} creature/animal that moves/lives”, which seems to fit this context best since it is general and includes all the land animals that were not birds or livestock. (2) “and every creature/animal that crawls”, which is more specific and refers to animals like lizards, snakes, mice, and other animals that have bodies that are close to the ground. 8:17 qfw9 עַל הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ 1 “on the ground,” or “on land,” -8:17 ubmo וְ⁠שָֽׁרְצ֣וּ בָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ 1 “Then they will/can live/spread all over the earth/world” -8:17 vpty rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וּ⁠פָר֥וּ 2 “{yes,} they will have many offspring/young”. The rest of verse 17 forms a parallelism with “abound on the earth” that emphasizes filling the earth again with animals. Make sure your translation does not sound like this refers to separate events. +8:17 ubmo וְ⁠שָֽׁרְצ֣וּ בָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ 1 “Then they will/can live/spread all over the earth/world”. Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. +8:17 vpty rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וּ⁠פָר֥וּ 1 “{yes,} they will have many offspring/young”. The rest of verse 17 forms a parallelism with “abound on the earth” that emphasizes filling the earth again with animals. Make sure your translation does not sound like this refers to separate events. 8:17 kz24 וְ⁠רָב֖וּ 1 “and increase {in number}” or “and become {very} numerous/many”. See how you translated “be fruitful” and “multiply” in Gen 1:22, 28. 8:17 oe06 עַל הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ 1 “{all} over the earth/world.” or “throughout the earth.” 8:18 m38a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go וַ⁠יֵּ֖צֵא נֹ֑חַ 1 “Then/So Noah went/came out {of the ark/boat},” or “Then/So Noah disembarked {from the ark/boat},” or “Then/So Noah got off {the ark/boat},” @@ -963,7 +962,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 8:20 ehez מִ⁠כֹּ֣ל הַ⁠בְּהֵמָ֣ה הַ⁠טְּהוֹרָ֗ה וּ⁠מִ⁠כֹּל֙ הָ⁠ע֣וֹף הַ⁠טָּהֹ֔ר 1 “{some/one} from/of every {kind of} clean/pure animal and {some/one of} every {kind of} clean/pure bird,” or “{some/one} from/of every {kind of} animal and bird that are acceptable to sacrifice”. In the Bible, a “clean” animal or bird is one that is acceptable to be sacrificed to God or eaten; it does not refer to how clean the animal or bird was physically. See how you translated this term in Gen 7:2, 8. 8:20 rdoh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠יַּ֥עַל עֹלֹ֖ת בַּ⁠מִּזְבֵּֽחַ 1 “and he {killed them and} offered/sacrificed them as burnt offerings {to Yahweh} on the altar.” or “and he {killed them and} burned {their bodies} on the altar as offerings/gifts {to Yahweh} {to worship/honor/thank him}.” Notice that animals were not burned alive, but were killed first. Consider whether or not you need to make that information explicit in your translation. 8:21 rabn וַ⁠יָּ֣רַח יְהוָה֮ אֶת רֵ֣יחַ הַ⁠נִּיחֹחַ֒ 1 “Yahweh smelled the pleasant/sweet aroma/smell {of the sacrifices},” or “When Yahweh smelled the aroma {of the sacrifices}, he was pleased,” -8:21 pjky rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר יְהוָ֜ה אֶל־לִבּ֗⁠וֹ 1 “and/so he said/thought to himself,” Consider whether your language has this idiom or a \nsimilar idiom that would work well here. Alternatively, you could translate this without an idiom. +8:21 pjky rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר יְהוָ֜ה אֶל־לִבּ֗⁠וֹ 1 “and/so he said/thought to himself,” Consider whether your language has this idiom or a similar idiom that would work well here. Alternatively, you could translate this without an idiom. 8:21 wfkp rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms לֹֽא־אֹ֠סִף לְ⁠קַלֵּ֨ל ע֤וֹד אֶת־הָֽ⁠אֲדָמָה֙ 1 “I will never again curse/devastate the ground/earth”. Make sure that your translation of “curse” does not imply the use of magic. 8:21 ukf5 בַּ⁠עֲב֣וּר הָֽ⁠אָדָ֔ם 1 “because of mankind{’s sins},” or “to punish mankind {for their sins},” 8:21 oonb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom כִּ֠י יֵ֣צֶר לֵ֧ב הָ⁠אָדָ֛ם רַ֖ע 1 “{even} though the intentions/desires of their hearts/minds/thinking {are} evil” or “{even} though everything they desire {is} evil”. See how you translated “inclination” in a similar phrase in Gen 6:5. @@ -984,7 +983,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 9:1 ise7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal וּ⁠רְב֖וּ 1 “so that you {and your descendants} {will} multiply/increase {greatly} {in number}” or “so that you {and your descendants} {will} become {very} numerous/many”. See how you translated “be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth” in Gen 1:28. 9:1 wnmi וּ⁠מִלְא֥וּ אֶת הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ 1 “and fill the earth {with people}.” or “and inhabit the whole earth.” or “and live/spread all over the earth/world.” 9:2 izzi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet וּ⁠מוֹרַאֲ⁠כֶ֤ם וְ⁠חִתְּ⁠כֶם֙ יִֽהְיֶ֔ה עַ֚ל כָּל חַיַּ֣ת הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ 1 “Every living thing/creature on the earth will be afraid and terrified of you,” or “All the animals on earth will be very/terribly afraid of you,” The phrase “the fear … and the dread” repeats the same idea in two different ways to emphasize how afraid the creatures will be. For some languages it may be better to combine the phrase and say “very afraid/terrified”. Do what is best in your language. -9:2 vgnr וְ⁠עַ֖ל כָּל ע֣וֹף 1 “including every bird {that flies/fly} in the sky/air,” or “including all the birds {that flies/fly} in the sky/air,” The birds, moving creatures, and fish are all included in the general category of living creatures. Consider again how you translated “birds of the sky” in the book of Genesis; see Gen 1:26, 28, 30; 2:19-20; 6:7; 7:3, 23; 9:2. +9:2 vgnr וְ⁠עַ֖ל כָּל ע֣וֹף 1 “including every bird {that flies} in the sky/air,” or “including all the birds {that fly} in the sky/air,” The birds, moving creatures, and fish are all included in the general category of living creatures. Consider again how you translated “birds of the sky” in the book of Genesis; see Gen 1:26, 28, 30; 2:19-20; 6:7; 7:3, 23; 9:2. 9:2 kksa בְּ⁠כֹל֩ אֲשֶׁ֨ר תִּרְמֹ֧שׂ 1 “{along} with every creature/animal that moves/lives on land” or “as well as all creatures/animals that move/live on land,” 9:2 xi3b הָֽ⁠אֲדָמָ֛ה 1 “on land,” 9:2 vx4q וּֽ⁠בְ⁠כָל דְּגֵ֥י הַ⁠יָּ֖ם 1 “and all the fish in the sea/ocean.” @@ -1004,7 +1003,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 9:5 puht rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche אָחִ֔י⁠ו 1 “his/a fellow human being,” or “another person,” This phrase is used here as a general reference to any human being, not just biological brothers. 9:5 wf23 אֶדְרֹ֖שׁ אֶת נֶ֥פֶשׁ הָֽ⁠אָדָֽם 1 “I require him to be executed/killed.” or “I demand/require that he must die.” 9:6 i3ix שֹׁפֵךְ֙ 1 “{That’s right,} whoever” or “{Yes/Indeed,} if anyone/someone”. The first half of verse 6 repeats and summarizes verse 5. -9:6 n8bs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom שֹׁפֵךְ֙ דַּ֣ם 1 “{That’s right,} whoever spills the blood of” or “{Yes/Indeed,} if anyone/someone kills/murders” or “Whoever takes the life of”. The first half of verse 6 repeats and summarizes verse 5. The phrase “sheds the blood of” is an idiom that means to deliberately kill someone. Blood is an important concept in this passage and throughout the Bible, so if possible it is best to keep this term in a translation. If that is not possible, you should put the literal text in a footnote. +9:6 n8bs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom שֹׁפֵךְ֙ דַּ֣ם 1 “{That’s right,} whoever spills the blood of” or “{Yes/Indeed,} if anyone/someone kills/murders” or “Whoever takes the life of”. The first half of verse 6 repeats and summarizes verse 5. The phrase “sheds the blood of” is an idiom that means to deliberately kill someone. Blood is an important concept in this passage and throughout the Bible so, if possible, it is best to keep this term in a translation. If that is not possible, you should put the literal text in a footnote. 9:6 tey3 הָֽ⁠אָדָ֔ם 1 “a person,” or “another human being,” or “someone,” 9:6 xvtg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure בָּֽ⁠אָדָ֖ם דָּמ֣⁠וֹ יִשָּׁפֵ֑ךְ 1 “people/you must execute him,” or “people/you must put him to death,” or “he must be executed,” For some languages it is more natural to put this clause first in this verse and say, “{That’s right,} you must put to death anyone who murders a human being, because {I,} God, made human beings in my own image.” Do what is best in your language. 9:6 c56p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person כִּ֚י בְּ⁠צֶ֣לֶם אֱלֹהִ֔ים עָשָׂ֖ה אֶת הָ⁠אָדָֽם 1 “because {I,} God made/created mankind/people in my {own} image.” or “because I created human beings to be like myself.” Make sure it is clear in your translation that God is referring to himself in this clause. See how you translated a similar clause in Gen 1:27. @@ -1040,7 +1039,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 9:12 tm2n לְ⁠דֹרֹ֖ת עוֹלָֽם 1 “for all future generations:” or “and with all generations to come:” or “as well as with all the people and creatures/animals that will ever live:” 9:13 op2l אֶת קַשְׁתִּ֕⁠י נָתַ֖תִּי 1 “I have/will put my rainbow” or “I am setting/putting/placing my rainbow” 9:13 cgt6 בֶּֽ⁠עָנָ֑ן 1 “among the clouds {in the sky},” -9:13 nocp וְ⁠הָֽיְתָה֙ לְ⁠א֣וֹת 1 “where it will show/remind {everyone} of” or “to show/remind {everyone} of” or “and/where it will serve/function as the sign {which shows}”. See how you translated “the sign of the covenant” in verse 12. +9:13 nocp וְ⁠הָֽיְתָה֙ לְ⁠א֣וֹת 1 “where it will show/remind {everyone}” or “to show/remind {everyone}” or “and/where it will serve/function as the sign {which shows}”. See how you translated “the sign of the covenant” in verse 12. 9:13 ay4p בְּרִ֔ית בֵּינִ֖⁠י וּ⁠בֵ֥ין 1 “that I have made/established my/this covenant/agreement with” or “that I promise/vow/pledge to {always} keep my/this covenant/agreement with” 9:13 n8yc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ 1 “{every living thing on} the earth.” or “{every creature that lives on} the earth.” This phrase refers here to mankind and all the animals. See how you translated the same phrase in verse 11. 9:14 vday וְ⁠הָיָ֕ה בְּ⁠עַֽנְנִ֥⁠י עָנָ֖ן 1 “So it will be/happen {that} whenever I bring/gather clouds {together}” or “So whenever I cause clouds to form/appear” or “Whenever I …” @@ -1114,7 +1113,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 10:1 pxnr וַ⁠יִּוָּלְד֥וּ לָ⁠הֶ֛ם בָּנִ֖ים 1 “and their sons {and other descendants} who were born” or “and the sons/descendants they had”. The following record includes the names of Noah’s sons and grandsons and their descendants (including some of the people groups who came from them). 10:1 vjic אַחַ֥ר הַ⁠מַּבּֽוּל 1 “after the flood {was over/gone}.” 10:2 ywoe בְּנֵ֣י יֶ֔פֶת 1 “{The names of} Japheth’s sons {were}” or “These {were} {the names of} Japheth’s sons:” Throughout this chapter, many translations have a colon (:) instead of “{were}”. Do what is best in your language. -10:2 ymm9 גֹּ֣מֶר וּ⁠מָג֔וֹג וּ⁠מָדַ֖י וְ⁠יָוָ֣ן וְ⁠תֻבָ֑ל וּ⁠מֶ֖שֶׁךְ וְ⁠תִירָֽס 1 “Gomer, Magog, Madai, Javan, Jubal, Meshech, and Tiras.” Translate these lists of names in a way that is natural in your language. +10:2 ymm9 גֹּ֣מֶר וּ⁠מָג֔וֹג וּ⁠מָדַ֖י וְ⁠יָוָ֣ן וְ⁠תֻבָ֑ל וּ⁠מֶ֖שֶׁךְ וְ⁠תִירָֽס 1 “Gomer, Magog, Madai, Javan, Jubal, Meshech, and Tiras.” Translate the lists of names in this chapter in a way that is natural in your language. 10:3 aqih וּ⁠בְנֵ֖י גֹּ֑מֶר 1 “{The names of} Gomer’s sons {were}” or “These {were} {the names of} Gomer’s sons:” 10:3 n005 אַשְׁכֲּנַ֥ז וְ⁠רִיפַ֖ת וְ⁠תֹגַרְמָֽה 1 “{named} Ashkenaz, Riphath, and Togarmah.” 10:4 kz0u וּ⁠בְנֵ֥י יָוָ֖ן 1 “{The names of} Javan’s sons/descendants {were}” or “These {were} {the names of} Javan’s sons:” Compare how you translated a similar clause in verses 2 and 3. @@ -1124,8 +1123,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 10:5 ccp2 נִפְרְד֞וּ אִיֵּ֤י הַ⁠גּוֹיִם֙ 1 “came the people groups who lived {in regions} near/beside the {Mediterranean} Sea. They moved to different places {and settled}” 10:5 rjew rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure בְּ⁠אַרְצֹתָ֔⁠ם 1 “in their {own} territories/regions,” 10:5 hstu אִ֖ישׁ לִ⁠לְשֹׁנ֑⁠וֹ 1 “and each {group} spoke its own language,” or “They all developed/spoke their own languages,” Consider whether it is more natural in your language to break up this long sentence and start a new sentence here (or later in this verse). -10:5 i92h לְ⁠מִשְׁפְּחֹתָ֖⁠ם 1 “and each of them lived in” or “They each had” -10:5 yius לְ⁠מִשְׁפְּחֹתָ֖⁠ם 1 “their {own} {extended} families,” or “their {own} family groups,” The word “clan” refers to a group of families who are descended from a common ancestor. +10:5 yius לְ⁠מִשְׁפְּחֹתָ֖⁠ם 1 “and each of them lived in their {own} {extended} families,” or “They each had their {own} family groups,” The word “clan” refers to a group of families who are descended from a common ancestor. 10:5 b8t2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure בְּ⁠גוֹיֵ⁠הֶֽם 1 “and they formed/became their own people/ethnic groups.” or “which {grew/multiplied and} became their own {distinct} people/ethnic groups.” The word “nations” refers here to people groups, not countries. Also, for some languages it may be clearer to change the order of the phrases in this verse and say, “Japheth’s descendants spread out and settled near/by the {Mediterranean} Sea. They all formed their own family groups, which {grew/multiplied and} became their own people groups that spoke their own languages and lived in their own territories/regions.” Do what is best in your language. 10:6 vxee וּ⁠בְנֵ֖י חָ֑ם כּ֥וּשׁ 1 “{The names of} Ham’s sons {were}” or “These {were} {the names of} Ham’s sons:” 10:6 u9dx כּ֥וּשׁ וּ⁠מִצְרַ֖יִם וּ⁠פ֥וּט וּ⁠כְנָֽעַן 1 “Cush, Mizraim, Put, and Canaan.” @@ -1233,7 +1231,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 11:4 z87w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠נַֽעֲשֶׂה לָּ֖⁠נוּ שֵׁ֑ם פֶּן נָפ֖וּץ 1 “{We should do that} to make ourselves famous and to keep us from spreading out” or “{That way} we will become well-known/famous, and we will not separate from each other {and live}”. The phrase “make a name for ourselves” is a idiom. Consider whether or not your language has a similar idiom that would work well here. Also see how you translated the word “scattered” in Gen 10:18, 32. 11:4 ytfe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom עַל פְּנֵ֥י כָל הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ 1 “all over the earth/world.” or “around the world.” 11:5 f9ua rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠יֵּ֣רֶד יְהוָ֔ה 1 “Then/But {one day} Yahweh came down {from heaven}” -11:5 oe6q לִ⁠רְאֹ֥ת אֶת הָ⁠עִ֖יר 1 “and looked at the city” or “and inspected the city” +11:5 oe6q לִ⁠רְאֹ֥ת אֶת הָ⁠עִ֖יר 1 “and looked at the city” or “and inspected the city”. The text implies that Yahweh actually looked at the city. Consider whether or not it is better in your language to make that explicit here. 11:5 pbs0 וְ⁠אֶת הַ⁠מִּגְדָּ֑ל 1 “and the {very} tall building”. See how you translated this word in verse 4. 11:5 ujao אֲשֶׁ֥ר & בְּנֵ֥י הָ⁠אָדָֽם 1 “that the people” 11:5 zcoi בָּנ֖וּ 1 “were building.” or “had started building.” Make sure the way you translate this verb fits with the fact that the people had not yet finished building the city (verse 8). @@ -1371,7 +1369,6 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 12:6 klyk מְק֣וֹם שְׁכֶ֔ם 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “the city of Shechem,” or (2) “the/a {sacred} place at/near {the city of} Shechem,” 12:6 wf66 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown עַ֖ד אֵל֣וֹן מוֹרֶ֑ה 1 “to Moreh’s terebinth/oak tree.” or “to the terebinth/oak tree on Moreh’s land.” Moreh is probably the name of the person who owned the land where the terebinth tree was. A terebinth tree is a large, broadleaf, flowering tree in the cashew family that can grow to a height of 5 to 12 meters (16 to 40 feet). The Hebrew words for “oak” and “terebinth” are similar, so many translations (including LXX) translate this as “oak tree” here. Notice, however, that oak trees and terebinth trees are from two different families of trees. 12:6 aje0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure וְ⁠הַֽ⁠כְּנַעֲנִ֖י אָ֥ז בָּ⁠אָֽרֶץ 1 “At/During that time the Canaanites {were still living} in that land/region,” For some languages it is clearer and more natural to put the time phrase (“at that time”) first in this sentence. -12:7 jgjr rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast וַ⁠יֵּרָ֤א 1 “but”. Yahweh’s promise in verse 7 to give Canaan to Abram’s descendants contrasts with the fact that the Canaanites were still occupying that region (verse 6). 12:7 nqjy וַ⁠יֵּרָ֤א יְהוָה֙ אֶל אַבְרָ֔ם 1 “Then/but Yahweh came to Abram” or “but Yahweh visited Abram”. Yahweh’s promise in verse 7 to give Canaan to Abram’s descendants contrasts with the fact that the Canaanites were still occupying that region (verse 6). Also, notice that the text does not specify in what form or in what way God appeared to Abram, so your translation should not do that either. 12:7 nsz9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יֹּ֕אמֶר 1 “and said/promised {to him},” 12:7 zfqw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure לְ⁠זַ֨רְעֲ⁠ךָ֔ אֶתֵּ֖ן אֶת הָ⁠אָ֣רֶץ הַ⁠זֹּ֑את 1 “I will give this land to your offspring/descendants.” In the Hebrew text, the phrase “to your offspring” is emphasized by its position at the beginning of this quote. However, for some languages it may be clearer and more natural to change the order of the clauses and say, “I will give this land to your offspring/descendants.” Do what is best in your language. @@ -1442,12 +1439,11 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 12:20 ynrv rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וַֽ⁠יְשַׁלְּח֥וּ אֹת֛⁠וֹ 1 “and/so they forced him to leave {the/their country},” or “and/so they expelled him {from Egypt},” 12:20 ec0t וְ⁠אֶת אִשְׁתּ֖⁠וֹ 1 “along with his wife” 12:20 hplb וְ⁠אֶת כָּל אֲשֶׁר לֽ⁠וֹ 1 “and all that he/they had/owned.” or “all his/their possessions.” This included Abram’s slaves, animals, and everything else that he owned. -13:1 dcd5 וַ⁠יַּעַל֩ אַבְרָ֨ם 1 “So Abram went/traveled {northeast} from” or “Then/So Abram left”. The Negev Wilderness (or Desert) is northeast in direction from Egypt and is higher in elevation. Compare how you translated “down” in Gen 12:10 when Abram traveled in the opposite direction. -13:1 gq4e מִ⁠מִּצְרַ֜יִם 1 “{the land/country of} Egypt,” -13:1 x9jp ה֠וּא וְ⁠אִשְׁתּ֧⁠וֹ 1 “{He took} with him his wife”. Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. +13:1 dcd5 וַ⁠יַּעַל֩ אַבְרָ֨ם מִ⁠מִּצְרַ֜יִם 1 “So Abram went/traveled {northeast} from {the land/country of} Egypt,” or “Then/So Abram left {the land/country of} Egypt,” The Negev Wilderness (or Desert) is northeast in direction from Egypt and is higher in elevation. Compare how you translated “down” in Gen 12:10 when Abram traveled in the opposite direction. +13:1 x9jp ה֠וּא וְ⁠אִשְׁתּ֧⁠וֹ 1 “{taking} with him his wife” or “{He took} with him his wife”. Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. 13:1 er79 וְ⁠כָל אֲשֶׁר ל֛⁠וֹ 1 “and everything that he/they owned/had,” 13:1 g46k וְ⁠ל֥וֹט עִמּ֖⁠וֹ 1 “as well as {his nephew} Lot,” or “and also {his nephew} Lot,” or “and {his nephew} Lot {went} with him/them.” -13:1 hcbz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure ל֛⁠וֹ הַ⁠נֶּֽגְבָּ⁠ה 1 “{and they all went/traveled} {back} to the Negev/Southern {Wilderness/Desert}.” For many languages it is more natural to put this phrase earlier in this verse and say, “Then Abram went up from Egypt {and traveled back} to the Negev {Wilderness/Desert}, along with his wife and everything that belonged to him. {His nephew} Lot also went with them.” Do what is best in your language. Also see how you translated “Negev” in Gen 12:9, and see the note about that there. +13:1 hcbz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure הַ⁠נֶּֽגְבָּ⁠ה 1 “{and they all went/traveled} {back} to the Negev/Southern {Wilderness/Desert}.” For many languages it is more natural to put this phrase earlier in this verse and say, “Then Abram went up from Egypt {and traveled back} to the Negev {Wilderness/Desert}, along with his wife and everything that belonged to him. {His nephew} Lot also went with them.” Do what is best in your language. Also see how you translated “Negev” in Gen 12:9, and see the note about that there. 13:2 zhuu rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background וְ⁠אַבְרָ֖ם 1 “Now” or “{By this/that time} Abram” or “Abram”. Consider what is the best way in your language to introduce this background information about Abram. 13:2 t3k3 כָּבֵ֣ד מְאֹ֑ד 1 “{had become} very wealthy/rich” 13:2 k7fc בַּ⁠מִּקְנֶ֕ה 1 “with {many} livestock” or “so that he owned {many} livestock”. The term “livestock” includes all kinds of domestic animals, such as cattle, sheep, goats, camels and donkeys. @@ -1463,12 +1459,10 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 13:5 mqte rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background וְ⁠גַם לְ⁠ל֔וֹט הַ⁠הֹלֵ֖ךְ אֶת אַבְרָ֑ם הָיָ֥ה 1 “Lot was traveling with {his uncle} Abram, and he {and his family} also had/owned”. The word “Now” introduces more background information for the new episode. For some languages it is more natural to leave “Now” implied and just use a paragraph break. Do what is best in your language. 13:5 r7v1 צֹאן וּ⁠בָקָ֖ר 1 “flocks {of sheep and goats} and herds {of cattle}” or “many sheep and cattle”. See how you translated this phrase in Gen 12:16. 13:5 q7sx וְ⁠אֹהָלִֽים 1 “and {many} tents.” or “as well as {many} tents.” -13:6 poa7 וְ⁠לֹא 1 “So” or “As a result,” or “In fact,” -13:6 zhy2 וְ⁠לֹא־נָשָׂ֥א אֹתָ֛⁠ם הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ 1 “there was not enough land to provide them {all} with enough food and water” or “there was not enough land to provide/have enough food and water for both families {and their livestock/animals}” +13:6 zhy2 וְ⁠לֹא־נָשָׂ֥א אֹתָ֛⁠ם הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ 1 “As a result, there was not enough land to provide them {all} with enough food and water” or “In fact, there was not enough land to provide/have enough food and water for both families {and their livestock/animals}” 13:6 a3n3 לָ⁠שֶׁ֣בֶת יַחְדָּ֑ו 1 “if they lived near each other,” or “if they lived in the same area/region,” -13:6 qa7c כִּֽי הָיָ֤ה רְכוּשָׁ⁠ם֙ רָ֔ב וְ⁠לֹ֥א 1 “because their belongings were so abundant that” or “because they owned so many servants and livestock/animals that” or “They each owned so many servants and livestock/animals that”. The phrase “their possessions” especially refers to their livestock, which required much land to graze on and much water to drink, and probably also includes their many servants. Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. -13:6 m3y0 וְ⁠לֹ֥א יָֽכְל֖וּ לָ⁠שֶׁ֥בֶת 1 “they could not {all}” or “it was not possible for them to {all}” -13:6 nfu1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure לָ⁠שֶׁ֥בֶת יַחְדָּֽו 1 “live near each other.” or “live in the same area/region.” See how you translated a similar phrase earlier in this verse. For some languages it may be clearer or more natural to change the order of the clauses in this sentence and say, “In fact, they {each/both} owned so many servants and livestock/animals that they could not live in the same area. There was not enough land to provide/produce the amount of food and water that they {all} needed.” Do what is best in your language. Also see how you translated “stayed together” earlier in this verse. +13:6 qa7c כִּֽי הָיָ֤ה רְכוּשָׁ⁠ם֙ רָ֔ב 1 “because their belongings were so abundant that” or “because they owned so many servants and livestock/animals that” or “They each owned so many servants and livestock/animals that”. The phrase “their possessions” especially refers to their livestock, which required much land to graze on and much water to drink, and probably also includes their many servants. Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. +13:6 nfu1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure וְ⁠לֹ֥א יָֽכְל֖וּ לָ⁠שֶׁ֥בֶת יַחְדָּֽו 1 “they could not {all} live near each other.” or “it was not possible for them to {all} live in the same area/region.” See how you translated a similar phrase earlier in this verse. For some languages it may be clearer or more natural to change the order of the clauses in this sentence and say, “In fact, they {each/both} owned so many servants and livestock/animals that they could not live in the same area. There was not enough land to provide/produce the amount of food and water that they {all} needed.” Do what is best in your language. Also see how you translated “stayed together” earlier in this verse. 13:7 wfy2 וַֽ⁠יְהִי 1 “In fact,” or “As a result,” 13:7 qb77 וַֽ⁠יְהִי רִ֗יב 1 “there was conflict/arguing” or “arguments/quarreling erupted/started”. The Hebrew word for “strife” is general in meaning and can include arguing and fighting. Some languages have an idiom for this that fits well here. Do what is best in your language. 13:7 jdu4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure בֵּ֚ין רֹעֵ֣י מִקְנֵֽה אַבְרָ֔ם וּ⁠בֵ֖ין רֹעֵ֣י מִקְנֵה ל֑וֹט 1 “between Abram’s herdsmen and Lot’s herdsmen.” or “between the men who were tending Abram’s livestock and the men who were tending Lot’s livestock.” For some languages it may be clearer and more natural to change the order of the clauses in this sentence and say, “Then the men who were taking care of Abram’s livestock and the men who were taking care of Lot’s livestock started to argue with each other.” Do what is best in your language. @@ -1504,8 +1498,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 13:12 f9os rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּ⁠עָרֵ֣י הַ⁠כִּכָּ֔ר 1 “{in another part of the land/region} in/among the cities of/in the {Jordan River} valley” or “{in another part of the land/region} in/among the cities in the plain/valley {surrounding/bordering the Jordan River}”. As Lot traveled, he probably lived in several different cities in the Jordan River Valley until he eventually settled in the city of Sodom (Gen 14:12). 13:12 tu8e וַ⁠יֶּאֱהַ֖ל עַד 1 “He {eventually} pitched his tents in/near” or “and {eventually} moved his tents to/near”. Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. 13:12 j59c סְדֹֽם 1 “{the city of} Sodom {and settled/stayed there}.” -13:13 qeuu rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background וְ⁠אַנְשֵׁ֣י 1 “But”. This conjunction introduces background information that builds suspense for what happens to the people of Sodom later in Genesis (chapters 18-19). Consider what is the best way to begin this verse in your language. -13:13 qquc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ⁠אַנְשֵׁ֣י סְדֹ֔ם 1 “the people {who lived} in {the city of} Sodom”. This phrase probably has a general meaning here that includes all the people of Sodom, especially the men. +13:13 qquc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ⁠אַנְשֵׁ֣י סְדֹ֔ם 1 “But the people {who lived} in {the city of} Sodom”. The conjunction “Now/But” introduces background information that builds suspense for what happens to the people of Sodom later in Genesis (chapters 18-19). Consider what is the best way to begin this verse in your language. Also, this phrase probably has a general meaning here that includes all the people of Sodom, especially the men. 13:13 ussh רָעִ֖ים & מְאֹֽד 1 “{were} extremely/very wicked/evil” 13:13 a8b1 וְ⁠חַטָּאִ֑ים לַ⁠יהוָ֖ה 1 “were {terrible} sinners against Yahweh.” or “were {always/constantly} sinning/rebelling against Yahweh.” Some translations treat the phrase “wicked and sinful” as a hendiadys that means “wicked sinners”, but it is best to keep the two parts of this phrase separate (like the Hebrew text does) to emphasize the people’s evil character and behavior. 13:14 cxs0 וַֽ⁠יהוָ֞ה אָמַ֣ר אֶל אַבְרָ֗ם אַחֲרֵי֙ הִפָּֽרֶד ל֣וֹט מֵֽ⁠עִמּ֔⁠וֹ 1 “After Lot had left Abram, Yahweh said to Abram,” @@ -1519,7 +1512,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 13:16 psm1 וְ⁠שַׂמְתִּ֥י אֶֽת זַרְעֲ⁠ךָ֖ 1 “Besides that, I will {also} cause your offspring/descendants to be” or “In fact, I will {also} give you so many offspring/descendants that they will be” 13:16 h6lr כַּ⁠עֲפַ֣ר הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ 1 “as {numerous as} the {specks of} dust/dirt on the earth,” See how you translated “dust/dirt” in Gen 3:19. 13:16 rtyn rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-contrary אֲשֶׁ֣ר אִם יוּכַ֣ל אִ֗ישׁ לִ⁠מְנוֹת֙ 1 “Just as it is impossible to count” or “Just as no one is able to count”. The Hebrew text has a contrary-to-fact clause here which implies that it is impossible for anyone to count all the specks of dust. Consider what is the best way to communicate that in your language. -13:16 it85 כַּ⁠עֲפַ֣ר הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ 1 “all the dust/dirt specks/particles,” or “how many specks/particles of dust/dirt there are,” For some languages it is not natural to repeat “of/on the earth” here. Do what is best in your language. +13:16 it85 אֶת־עֲפַ֣ר הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ 1 “all the dust/dirt specks/particles,” or “how many specks/particles of dust/dirt there are,” For some languages it is not natural to repeat “of/on the earth” here. Do what is best in your language. 13:16 tjyw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure גַּֽם זַרְעֲ⁠ךָ֖ יִמָּנֶֽה 1 “so it will be impossible to count all your offspring/descendants {because they will be so numerous}.” or “no one will be able to count how many descendants you have.” For some languages it may be clearer or more natural to change the order of the last two clauses and say, “No one will be able to count how many offspring/descendants you have, just as no one can count how many {specks/particles of} dust/dirt there are.” Do what is best in your language. 13:17 hsbz ק֚וּם הִתְהַלֵּ֣ךְ 1 “{Now} go walk” or “{So now,} start walking”. The phrase “get up” may imply that Abram was sitting down, but it probably just means that God is telling him to start walking through the land. 13:17 vbbt בָּ⁠אָ֔רֶץ 1 “through/throughout the land {in all directions},” @@ -1707,10 +1700,10 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 15:3 zvm0 בֶן בֵּיתִ֖⁠י 1 “a servant from my household” or “one of my household servants” 15:3 ojds יוֹרֵ֥שׁ אֹתִֽ⁠י 1 “will be my heir!” or “will inherit/get everything I own!” 15:4 nsoi וְ⁠הִנֵּ֨ה 1 “But immediately” or “Immediately” -15:4 os3q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom דְבַר יְהוָ֤ה אֵלָי⁠ו֙ לֵ⁠אמֹ֔ר 1 “Yahweh said/replied to him/Abram,” See how you translated this idiom in verse 1. +15:4 os3q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom דְבַר יְהוָ֤ה אֵלָי⁠ו֙ לֵ⁠אמֹ֔ר 1 “Yahweh said/replied to him/Abram,” See how you translated this idiom in verse 1. It may be necessary to translate it differently here because of the different context. 15:4 mxfc זֶ֑ה 1 “{No,} that man/servant” or “{No,} your servant {Eliezer}” -15:4 lns8 לֹ֥א יִֽירָשְׁ⁠ךָ֖ כִּי אִם֙ 1 “will not inherit/get your estate/property, rather” -15:4 o38q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-Idiom אֲשֶׁ֣ר יֵצֵ֣א מִ⁠מֵּעֶ֔י⁠ךָ ה֖וּא 1 “a son whom you father” or “it will be your very own {biological} son who”. The phrase “comes from your bowels” is an idiom that refers to fathering a son. Make sure your translation of this clause does not imply that Abram would give birth to a son. +15:4 lns8 לֹ֥א יִֽירָשְׁ⁠ךָ֖ & כִּי אִם֙ 1 “will not inherit/get your estate/property, rather” +15:4 o38q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-Idiom אֲשֶׁ֣ר יֵצֵ֣א מִ⁠מֵּעֶ֔י⁠ךָ ה֖וּא 1 “a son whom you father” or “it will be your very own {biological} son who”. The phrase “comes from your bowels” is an idiom that refers to fathering a child. Make sure your translation of this clause does not imply that Abram would give birth to a son. 15:4 hr4c יִֽירָשֶֽׁ⁠ךָ 1 “will inherit/own your estate/property.” or “will inherit/own it.” 15:5 ww36 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠יּוֹצֵ֨א אֹת֜⁠וֹ 1 “Then Yahweh took/led him/Abram”. Consider what is the best way in your language to refer to Yahweh and Abram at this point in the paragraph. 15:5 gdld rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַ⁠ח֗וּצָ⁠ה 1 “outside {his tent}”. Abram was probably inside a tent, not inside a house. But if possible, it is best to leave this implied in a translation (as the Hebrew text does). @@ -1735,7 +1728,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 15:9 i00p קְחָ֥⁠ה לִ⁠י֙ 1 “Bring me” 15:9 uh33 עֶגְלָ֣ה מְשֻׁלֶּ֔שֶׁת 1 “a cow that is three years old,” 15:9 zo9s וְ⁠עֵ֥ז מְשֻׁלֶּ֖שֶׁת 1 “a female goat that is three years old,” -15:9 x5l7 וְ⁠אַ֣יִל מְשֻׁלָּ֑שׁ 1 “and a male sheep that is three years old.” For some languages it may be more natural to shorten this list of animals and say, “Bring to me a {young} cow, a female goat, and a male sheep, each of which is three years old,” Do what is best in your language. +15:9 x5l7 וְ⁠אַ֣יִל מְשֻׁלָּ֑שׁ 1 “and a male sheep that is three years old”. For some languages it may be more natural to shorten this list of animals and say, “Bring to me a {young} cow, a female goat, and a male sheep, each of which is three years old,” Do what is best in your language. 15:9 h03l rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown וְ⁠תֹ֖ר וְ⁠גוֹזָֽל 1 “as well as a turtledove/dove and a young pigeon.” Turtledoves and pigeons are common, closely related birds that look similar and are often gray or grayish brown in color. One of the main differences is that turtledoves are smaller than pigeons. Compare how you translated “dove” in Gen 8:8. 15:10 haes וַ⁠יִּֽקַּֽח 1 “So {the next/following day} Abram brought/took”. It was nighttime in verse 5 when Abram looked at the stars. Now in verses 10-11 it was probably daytime, which is when birds of prey fly (verse 11). Then in verse 12 it became night again. Consider what is the best way to begin this verse in your translation. 15:10 rm6l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ל֣⁠וֹ אֶת כָּל אֵ֗לֶּה 1 “all those {animals} to him/Yahweh {and slaughtered/killed them}.” Some languages need to make explicit that Abram killed the animals first, before cutting them in half. Do what is best in your language. @@ -1800,7 +1793,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 16:2 hcuf וַ⁠תֹּ֨אמֶר שָׂרַ֜י אֶל אַבְרָ֗ם 1 “So she told Abram,” or “Then Sarai/she told Abram,” 16:2 hjtg הִנֵּה נָ֞א 1 “Listen please/now,” or “Please listen {to me/this}:” See how you translated this phrase in Gen 12:11. 16:2 l1km עֲצָרַ֤⁠נִי יְהוָה֙ מִ⁠לֶּ֔דֶת 1 “{since} Yahweh has not permitted/allowed me to bear/have {any} children,” or “{as you know,} Yahweh has not permitted/allowed me to bear/have {any} children, {so}” -16:2 pxu9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism בֹּא נָא֙ אֶל 1 “please sleep with” or “please have {marital/sexual} relations with”. See how you translated the idiom “went to” in Gen 6:4. +16:2 pxu9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism בֹּא נָא֙ אֶל 1 “please sleep with” or “please have {marital/sexual} relations with”. Consider whether it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here or to continue the previous sentence. Also, see how you translated the idiom “went to” in Gen 6:4. 16:2 b34m שִׁפְחָתִ֔⁠י 1 “my slave/servant woman {Hagar}.” See how you translated “maidservant” in verse 1. 16:2 u5c8 אוּלַ֥י 1 “Maybe” or “{so that} perhaps/maybe”. Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. 16:2 mcq5 אִבָּנֶ֖ה מִמֶּ֑⁠נָּה 1 “I can build/have a family through her {children}.” or “she can have children for me so that I can build/have a family.” @@ -1878,20 +1871,20 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 17:2 dsx1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms וְ⁠אֶתְּנָ֥ה בְרִיתִ֖⁠י 1 “I will establish/institute my covenant/agreement”. Some translations begin this sentence without a conjunction. Do what is best in your language. See how you translated “cut/make/establish … covenant” in Gen 15:18, where the verb is different from here but has a similar meaning (“establish/seal” or “put into effect”). 17:2 ig4c בֵּינִ֣⁠י וּ⁠בֵינֶ֑⁠ךָ 1 “with you,” 17:2 unnk וְ⁠אַרְבֶּ֥ה אוֹתְ⁠ךָ֖ בִּ⁠מְאֹ֥ד מְאֹֽד 1 “and I will cause you to have very many descendants.” or “and I will increase {the number of} your descendants so that they are exceedingly/very numerous.” -17:3 iqyn rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction וַ⁠יִּפֹּ֥ל אַבְרָ֖ם עַל־פָּנָ֑י⁠ו 1 “Then Abram prostrated himself {before God} {to show him respect},” or “{When} Abram {heard that, he} bowed with his face to the ground {before God} {to show respect},” Make sure that the translation of this clause does not sound like Abram fell down accidentally, but rather, he intentionally threw himself to the ground out of deep respect for God. +17:3 iqyn rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction וַ⁠יִּפֹּ֥ל אַבְרָ֖ם עַל־פָּנָ֑י⁠ו 1 “Then Abram prostrated himself {before God} {to show him respect},” or “{When} Abram {heard that, he} bowed with his face to the ground {before God} {to show respect},” Make sure that the translation of this clause does not sound like Abram fell down accidentally. Rather, he intentionally threw himself to the ground out of deep respect for God. 17:3 ia2w rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יְדַבֵּ֥ר אִתּ֛⁠וֹ אֱלֹהִ֖ים לֵ⁠אמֹֽר 1 “and God spoke with/to him and said,” or “and God continued speaking with/to him/Abram,” or “and God continued/added,” Some translations omit “saying” here because it is not natural in those languages. Do what is best in your language. -17:4 opjt אֲנִ֕י הִנֵּ֥ה בְרִיתִ֖⁠י אִתָּ֑⁠ךְ 1 “Listen/Look, this is my part/responsibility in my covenant/agreement with you:” or “Listen/Look, this is what I will do to fulfill my covenant/agreement with you:” In the Hebrew text, the pronoun “me” is emphatic in form and in sentence position to emphasize that Yahweh is the one doing this. +17:4 opjt אֲנִ֕י הִנֵּ֥ה בְרִיתִ֖⁠י אִתָּ֑⁠ךְ 1 “Listen/Look, this is my part/responsibility in my covenant/agreement with you:” or “Listen/Look, this is what I will do to fulfill my covenant/agreement with you:” In the Hebrew text, the pronoun “me” is emphatic both in form and in sentence position to emphasize that Yahweh is the one doing this. 17:4 yrur וְ⁠הָיִ֕יתָ 1 “I will make you” or “I will cause you to be/become” 17:4 jhlo לְ⁠אַ֖ב 1 “the ancestor of”. See how you translated this phrase in Gen 4:20, 21; 10:21. 17:4 to54 הֲמ֥וֹן 1 “a large number of” or “many” 17:4 bvqg rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms גּוֹיִֽם 1 “people/ethnic groups.” See how you translated this term in Gen 10:5, 20, 31, 32. 17:5 t3tn וְ⁠לֹא־יִקָּרֵ֥א ע֛וֹד אֶת־שִׁמְ⁠ךָ֖ אַבְרָ֑ם 1 “So your name will not be Abram anymore,” or “Your name will no longer be Abram,” -17:5 y88x וְ⁠הָיָ֤ה שִׁמְ⁠ךָ֙ אַבְרָהָ֔ם 1 “Rather/Instead, {from now on} it will be Abraham” or “Rather, I am changing it {now} to Abraham”. Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. +17:5 y88x וְ⁠הָיָ֤ה שִׁמְ⁠ךָ֙ אַבְרָהָ֔ם 1 “Rather/Instead, {from now on} it will be Abraham,” or “Rather, I am changing it {now} to Abraham,” Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. 17:5 ju00 כִּ֛י & נְתַתִּֽי⁠ךָ 1 “because I will make you” or “because you will be”. The form of the Hebrew verb in this clause is completed aspect (“have made”) and shows certainty that God will do this. Consider what is the best way to communicate that in your language. 17:5 gvn8 אַב הֲמ֥וֹן גּוֹיִ֖ם 1 “the ancestor of many people/ethnic groups.” See how you translated this phrase in verse 4. 17:6 d68r rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases וְ⁠הִפְרֵתִ֤י אֹֽתְ⁠ךָ֙ בִּ⁠מְאֹ֣ד מְאֹ֔ד 1 “Yes, I will make you extremely/exceedingly fruitful,” or “I will give you very many offspring/descendants,” This verse repeats and elaborates on the last part of verse 5; it does not refer to different events. Consider what is the best way to begin this sentence in your language. 17:6 p8wc וּ⁠נְתַתִּ֖י⁠ךָ לְ⁠גוֹיִ֑ם 1 “so that you will be/become {the father/ancestor of} {many} people/ethnic groups,” or “and I will cause your descendants to become {many} people/ethnic groups,” -17:6 vqo1 וּ⁠מְלָכִ֖ים מִמְּ⁠ךָ֥ יֵצֵֽאוּ 2 “In fact, there will be kings who descend from you.” or “In fact, some of your descendants will be/become kings.” Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. See how you translated “king” in Gen 14:1-5. +17:6 vqo1 וּ⁠מְלָכִ֖ים מִמְּ⁠ךָ֥ יֵצֵֽאוּ 1 “In fact, there will be kings who descend from you.” or “In fact, some of your descendants will be/become kings.” Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. See how you translated “king” in Gen 14:1-5. 17:7 q56j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular וַ⁠הֲקִמֹתִ֨י אֶת בְּרִיתִ֜⁠י בֵּינִ֣⁠י וּ⁠בֵינֶ֗⁠ךָ 1 “I will establish/make my covenant/agreement with you”. See how you translated a similar clause in verse 2. The pronouns “you” and “your” are singular in this clause and also later in this verse. 17:7 dj4k וּ⁠בֵ֨ין זַרְעֲ⁠ךָ֧ אַחֲרֶ֛י⁠ךָ 1 “and {all} your offspring/descendants {who live/come} after you” or “as well as {all} your offspring/descendants” 17:7 s1qx לְ⁠דֹרֹתָ֖⁠ם 1 “for {all} generations to come” or “for {all} future generations” @@ -1903,15 +1896,15 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 17:8 bvrb לַ⁠אֲחֻזַּ֖ת עוֹלָ֑ם 1 “It will be their land/property forever,” or “They will own it forever,” Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. 17:8 udkv וְ⁠הָיִ֥יתִי לָ⁠הֶ֖ם לֵ⁠אלֹהִֽים 1 “and I will be their God.” or “and I will be the God who takes care of them.” or “I will be the God whom they worship/serve.” See how you translated the phrase “be God to you” in verse 7. 17:9 qzbp וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר אֱלֹהִים֙ אֶל אַבְרָהָ֔ם 1 “Then God continued,” Some languages leave out this quote margin, because God is still speaking to the same person. See what you did for similar cases in Gen 16:10-11. -17:9 ognl וְ⁠אַתָּ֖ה 1 “As for you,” or “Now as for your part/responsibility {in this/my covenant/agreement},” or “Your part/responsibility {in this/my covenant/agreement} is that”. In the Hebrew text, the pronoun “you” is emphatic in form and in sentence position to shift the focus from talking about God’s part in the covenant (verses 4-8) to talking about Abraham’s part. Translate this phrase in a way that shows this change in focus. +17:9 ognl וְ⁠אַתָּ֖ה 1 “As for you,” or “Now as for your part/responsibility {in this/my covenant/agreement},” or “Your part/responsibility {in this/my covenant/agreement} is that”. In the Hebrew text, the pronoun “you” is emphatic both in form and in sentence position to shift the focus from talking about God’s part in the covenant (verses 4-8) to talking about Abraham’s part. Translate this phrase in a way that shows this change in focus. 17:9 zstx אֶת בְּרִיתִ֣⁠י תִשְׁמֹ֑ר 1 “you must keep/obey {the requirements/rules of} my covenant/agreement,” or “you must obey me,” 17:9 r3ok אַתָּ֛ה וְ⁠זַרְעֲ⁠ךָ֥ 1 “{both/including} you and” or “{That includes} you and” or “{That applies to} you as well as”. For some languages it is better to begin a new sentence here. Do what is best in your language. 17:9 uz7r וְ⁠זַרְעֲ⁠ךָ֥ אַֽחֲרֶ֖י⁠ךָ 1 “{all} your descendants {who live} after you” or “{all} your offspring/descendants” 17:9 uumy לְ⁠דֹרֹתָֽ⁠ם 1 “for/including {all} generations to come.” or “for/including {all} future generations.” See how you translated this phrase in verse 7, and a similar phrase in verse 8. 17:10 grqg זֹ֣את בְּרִיתִ֞⁠י 1 “This is {what I require in} my covenant/agreement” or “This is {one of the requirements of/in} my covenant/agreement” -17:10 mdxu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular אֲשֶׁ֣ר תִּשְׁמְר֗וּ וּ⁠בֵ֣ינֵי⁠כֶ֔ם 1 “which you {all} must obey,” Notice that the pronoun “you” is plural here. -17:10 esro rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular בֵּינִ⁠י֙ וּ⁠בֵ֣ינֵי⁠כֶ֔ם וּ⁠בֵ֥ין אַחֲרֶ֑י⁠ךָ 1 “{the covenant/agreement that is} between me and you {all}, including” or “{the covenant/agreement I have made} with {all of} you, including”. The pronoun “you” is plural here and probably refers to Abraham and his family or household. -17:10 bxe0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure תִּשְׁמְר֗וּ זַרְעֲ⁠ךָ֖ אַחֲרֶ֑י⁠ךָ 1 “your descendants {who will live} after you:” or “{all} your descendants:” Notice that the pronouns “your” and “you” are singular here and refer to Abraham. Also, it may be clearer or more natural to change the order of some of the clauses in this sentence and say, “This is {what I require in} my covenant/agreement with you and your descendants {who will live after you}, which you {all} must keep/obey:” Do what is best in your language. +17:10 mdxu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular אֲשֶׁ֣ר תִּשְׁמְר֗וּ 1 “which you {all} must obey,” Notice that the pronoun “you” is plural here. +17:10 esro rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular בֵּינִ⁠י֙ וּ⁠בֵ֣ינֵי⁠כֶ֔ם וּ⁠בֵ֥ין 1 “{the covenant/agreement that is} between me and you {all}, including” or “{the covenant/agreement I have made} with {all of} you, including”. The pronoun “you” is plural here and probably refers to Abraham and his family or household. +17:10 bxe0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure זַרְעֲ⁠ךָ֖ אַחֲרֶ֑י⁠ךָ 1 “your descendants {who will live} after you:” or “{all} your descendants:” Notice that the pronouns “your” and “you” are singular here and refer to Abraham. Also, it may be clearer or more natural to change the order of some of the clauses in this sentence and say, “This is {what I require in} my covenant/agreement with you and your descendants {who will live after you}, which you {all} must keep/obey:” Do what is best in your language. 17:10 pe10 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms הִמּ֥וֹל לָ⁠כֶ֖ם כָּל זָכָֽר 1 “You must circumcise all males {who live} among/with you.” or “You must cut off the {male} foreskin of every boy and man {who lives} among you.” Circumcision involves cutting the foreskin off the penis of a boy or man. Translate this clause in a way that does not offend or embarrass people. Some languages may need to be more discreet and say something general like “must cut off the {male} skin” or “must follow the {male} skin-cutting custom.” It may be necessary to include a footnote and/or an explanation in the glossary about this so that people understand what circumcision is, especially in areas where people cut their skin on other parts of the body for other reasons. 17:11 mhww rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular וּ⁠נְמַלְתֶּ֕ם אֵ֖ת בְּשַׂ֣ר עָרְלַתְ⁠כֶ֑ם 1 “Yes, {all the males among} you must have your/their foreskins cut off,” or “Indeed/Yes, you must circumcise the foreskin of {all the males among} you”. Notice that in the Hebrew text, the pronouns “you” and “your” are plural in this verse. Also, be consistent here with how you translated “circumcise” in verse 10. 17:11 c80d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular וְ⁠הָיָה֙ לְ⁠א֣וֹת בְּרִ֔ית בֵּינִ֖⁠י וּ⁠בֵינֵי⁠כֶֽם 1 “and that {custom/practice} will serve as the sign {that reminds you} of this/my covenant/agreement {I made} with {all of} you.” or “and that {custom/practice} will remind/show {you all} that {I made} this/my covenant/agreement with you.” The pronoun “you” is plural here. @@ -1938,9 +1931,8 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 17:16 fk5z וּ⁠בֵֽרַכְתִּ֨י⁠הָ֙ 1 “In fact, I will bless/prosper her” or “Yes, I will bless/prosper her” 17:16 sif8 וְ⁠הָֽיְתָ֣ה לְ⁠גוֹיִ֔ם 1 “so that she will become {the mother/ancestor of many} people/ethnic groups,” or “so much that she will {have many descendants that will} become/form {new/many} people/ethnic groups,” See how you translated “nations” in verses 4-6. 17:16 gvvj מַלְכֵ֥י עַמִּ֖ים מִמֶּ֥⁠נָּה יִהְיֽוּ 1 “and kings over peoples/nations will descend from her.” or “and some of her descendants will {even} be kings {who rule} over {many} people/ethnic groups.” See how you translated a similar clause in verse 6. -17:17 w1xa וַ⁠יִּפֹּ֧ל אַבְרָהָ֛ם 1 “{When} Abraham {heard that, he}” 17:17 xnh2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction וַ⁠יִּפֹּ֧ל אַבְרָהָ֛ם עַל־פָּנָ֖י⁠ו 1 “{When} Abraham {heard that, he} bowed with his face to the ground {before God} {to show respect},” or “Then Abraham prostrated himself {before God} {to show him respect},” See how you translated a similar clause in verse 3. -17:17 wr09 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יִּצְחָ֑ק וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר בְּ⁠לִבּ֗⁠וֹ 1 “but he laughed {to himself} and thought,” or “but he laughed and thought to himself,” The phrase “said in his heart” is an idiom that refers to something Abraham thought, but did not say out loud. Consider whether or not your language has a similar idiom that fits well here. +17:17 wr09 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יִּצְחָ֑ק וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר בְּ⁠לִבּ֗⁠וֹ 1 “but he laughed {to himself} and thought,” or “but he laughed {silently} and thought to himself,” The phrase “said in his heart” is an idiom that refers to something Abraham thought, but did not say out loud. Consider whether or not your language has a similar idiom that fits well here. 17:17 d074 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הַ⁠לְּ⁠בֶ֤ן מֵאָֽה שָׁנָה֙ יִוָּלֵ֔ד 1 “How can a hundred-year-old man {like me/myself} father a son/child?” or “Certainly it is not possible for a hundred-year-old man {like me} to father a son/child!” or “Certainly a hundred-year-old man {like myself} cannot father a son/child, can he?” Abraham uses the rhetorical questions in verse 17 to express strong disbelief. If that is not clear in your language, you could translate the rhetorical questions as statements, with or without a tag question. 17:17 ld4f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion וְ⁠אִ֨ם שָׂרָ֔ה הֲ⁠בַת תִּשְׁעִ֥ים שָׁנָ֖ה תֵּלֵֽד 1 “And how can Sarah who is 90 years old {still} have a baby/child?” or “And certainly it is not possible for a 90-year-old woman like Sarah to {still} bear/have a baby/child!” or “And certainly a 90-year-old woman like Sarah cannot {still} give birth to a baby/child, can she?” 17:18 zy6u rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יֹּ֥אמֶר אַבְרָהָ֖ם אֶל הָֽ⁠אֱלֹהִ֑ים 1 “Then/So Abraham/he said to God,” @@ -2113,7 +2105,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 18:23 o9sc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הַ⁠אַ֣ף תִּסְפֶּ֔ה 1 “Will/Would you indeed/actually wipe out” or “Surely/Certainly you will/would not destroy”. Abraham uses a rhetorical question here to express his strong feelings and concern about what Yahweh told him. Consider whether or not it is clear and natural to use a rhetorical question here in your language. Make sure it does not sound like Abraham is angry or being rude. See how you translated a similar idiom (“wipe away”) in Gen 6:7. 18:23 tazw צַדִּ֖יק 1 “the righteous/godly/good/innocent {people} {in the city}” or “righteous {people}” 18:23 fmh2 עִם 1 “{along/together} with” or “when you destroy” -18:23 l14u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion רָשָֽׁע 1 “the wicked/evil/guilty {people} {there}” or “the people {there} who are wicked/evil” or “the wicked/evil {people} {there}, will/would you?” The way you translate this rhetorical question will determine what punctuation mark you end this sentence with. If you use an exclamation mark here, make sure it does not sound like Abraham was angry, shouting, or being disrespectful. +18:23 l14u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion רָשָֽׁע 1 “the wicked/evil/guilty {people} {there}” or “the people {there} who are wicked/evil” or “the wicked/evil {people} {there}, will/would you?” The way you translate this rhetorical question will determine what punctuation mark you end this sentence with. If you use an exclamation point here, make sure it does not sound like Abraham was angry, shouting, or being disrespectful. 18:24 pfkn אוּלַ֥י 1 “Suppose {that}” or “What {will you do} if” 18:24 hdx0 יֵ֛שׁ חֲמִשִּׁ֥ים צַדִּיקִ֖ם בְּ⁠ת֣וֹךְ הָ⁠עִ֑יר 1 “there are fifty/50 righteous/good {people} {living} in the city {of Sodom}?” See how you translated “the righteous” in verse 23. Also consider whether to use “fifty” or “50” here in your translation, which depends on how your translation team has decided to represent numbers. 18:24 hrne rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הַ⁠אַ֤ף תִּסְפֶּה֙ 1 “Will/Would you really/actually {still} destroy” or “Certainly you will/would not {still} destroy”. See how you translated this phrase in verse 23. @@ -2126,7 +2118,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 18:25 ngke צַדִּיק֙ 1 “righteous/godly/good/innocent {people}”. See how you translated this phrase in verse 23. 18:25 nhtp עִם 1 “{along/together} with” or “when you destroy” 18:25 xel1 רָשָׁ֔ע 1 “wicked/evil {people},” See how you translated “the wicked” in verse 23. -18:25 scup וְ⁠הָיָ֥ה כַ⁠צַּדִּ֖יק כָּ⁠רָשָׁ֑ע 1 “so that righteous/good {people} are treated/punished {by you} as if they were wicked/evil!” or “so that you are treating them both the same way!” If exclamation marks are used in this chapter, make sure it does not sound like Abraham is angry, shouting, or being disrespectful +18:25 scup וְ⁠הָיָ֥ה כַ⁠צַּדִּ֖יק כָּ⁠רָשָׁ֑ע 1 “so that righteous/good {people} are treated/punished {by you} as if they were wicked/evil!” or “so that you are treating them both the same way!” If exclamation points are used in this chapter, make sure it does not sound like Abraham is angry, shouting, or being disrespectful 18:25 rs19 חָלִ֣לָ⁠ה לָּ֔⁠ךְ 1 “Surely/Certainly you would never do such a thing!” or “It seems impossible/inconceivable that you would ever do such a thing!” or “I hope that you would never do such a thing!” See how you translated a similar phrase at the beginning of this verse. 18:25 zx52 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲ⁠שֹׁפֵט֙ כָּל הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ לֹ֥א יַעֲשֶׂ֖ה מִשְׁפָּֽט 1 “As the judge of/over everyone on the earth, certainly/surely you will treat people justly/rightly.” or “You are the one who judges all {the people on} the earth. Certainly/Surely you will do what is just/right.” Consider what is the best way in your language to translate this rhetorical question; make sure that Abraham sounds polite. Also see how you translated “justice” in verse 19. 18:26 yoae rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר יְהוָ֔ה 1 “Then Yahweh answered {him/Abraham},” or “Yahweh replied {to him},” Make sure that the various quote margins in this long conversation (verses 23-32) are clear and natural in your translation. @@ -2288,7 +2280,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 19:18 y4wg rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast וַ⁠יֹּ֥אמֶר ל֖וֹט אֲלֵ⁠הֶ֑ם 1 “But Lot replied to them,” or “But Lot pleaded with them,” Some languages have a special dual pronoun for “them” that fits well here. Do what is best in your language. 19:18 uauu אַל נָ֖א אֲדֹנָֽ⁠י 1 “Please, my lords/masters, do not {make us go that far}!” or “I beg you, sirs, do not {make us do that}!” See how you translated “my lords/masters” in verse 2. 19:19 tax6 הִנֵּה נָ֠א 1 “Listen {to me/this} please:” or “Please listen {to me/this}:” -19:19 brtm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person מָצָ֨א עַבְדְּ⁠ךָ֣ חֵן֮ בְּ⁠עֵינֶי⁠ךָ֒ 1 “{I,} your servant, have been treated well/kindly by you,” or “You have treated me well/kindly even though I am unimportant,” The phrase “your servant” does not mean that Lot is actually a servant for the angels, but rather, it is a humble way for Lot to refer to himself and show respect to them; see how you translated that phrase in verse 2. Also see how you translated the idiom “found favor in … eyes” in Gen 6:8 and 18:3. +19:19 brtm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person מָצָ֨א עַבְדְּ⁠ךָ֣ חֵן֮ בְּ⁠עֵינֶי⁠ךָ֒ 1 “{I,} your servant, have been treated well/kindly by you,” or “You have treated me well/kindly even though I am unimportant,” The phrase “your servant” does not mean that Lot is actually a servant for the angels, but rather, it is a humble way for Lot to refer to himself and show respect to them. See how you translated that phrase in verse 2. Also see how you translated the idiom “found favor in … eyes” in Gen 6:8 and 18:3. 19:19 u1nu rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms וַ⁠תַּגְדֵּ֣ל חַסְדְּ⁠ךָ֗ אֲשֶׁ֤ר עָשִׂ֨יתָ֙ עִמָּדִ֔⁠י 1 “and you have shown me great mercy/kindness” or “and you have been very merciful/kind to me”. This is the first occurrence in the Bible of the important Hebrew word “khesed,” which is translated as “mercy,” “kindness,” or “lovingkindness” and often implies that it was not deserved. Compare how you translated a different word that has a similar meaning (“mercy” or “compassion”) in verse 16. 19:19 r6kn לְ⁠הַחֲי֖וֹת אֶת נַפְשִׁ֑⁠י 1 “and saved my life.” 19:19 qin5 וְ⁠אָנֹכִ֗י לֹ֤א אוּכַל֙ לְ⁠הִמָּלֵ֣ט הָ⁠הָ֔רָ⁠ה 1 “But I am not able to flee/run {all the way} to the mountains/hills” or “But there is no way that I can make it safely {all the way} to the mountains/hills” or “But the mountains/hills are too far away for me to make it there safely”. See how you translated “the mountain{s}” in verse 17. @@ -2335,7 +2327,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 19:28 wiga סְדֹם֙ וַ⁠עֲמֹרָ֔ה 1 “{the cities of} Sodom and Gomorrah” 19:28 qkv9 וְ⁠עַֽל כָּל פְּנֵ֖י אֶ֣רֶץ הַ⁠כִּכָּ֑ר 1 “and all {the rest of} the plain/valley.” 19:28 ktpu וַ⁠יַּ֗רְא וְ⁠הִנֵּ֤ה 1 “There in front of him, he saw that” or “And he was amazed to see that” -19:28 ptm3 עָלָה֙ קִיטֹ֣ר הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ 1 “{lots of thick} smoke was billowing up from/over the land” or “{a large amount of} smoke …” +19:28 ptm3 עָלָה֙ קִיטֹ֣ר הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ 1 “{lots of thick} smoke was billowing up from/over the land” or “{a large amount of} smoke was …” 19:28 dxlc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כְּ⁠קִיטֹ֖ר הַ⁠כִּבְשָֽׁן 1 “like smoke {that comes from the fire} in a {large} furnace/oven.” or “like smoke from a {huge} fire.” During that time period, a furnace was heated by fire. 19:29 kybu וַ⁠יְהִ֗י בְּ⁠שַׁחֵ֤ת אֱלֹהִים֙ 1 “So it was/happened {that} when God destroyed” or “When God destroyed”. See how you translated “destroyed” in verses 13-14, 17. 19:29 vtt3 אֶת עָרֵ֣י הַ⁠כִּכָּ֔ר 1 “the cities on the plain,” or “the cities in the plain/valley,” Consider again how you translated “plain/valley” in Gen 13:10-12; 19:17, 25, 28, 29. @@ -2364,7 +2356,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 19:33 o341 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism וַ⁠תִּשְׁכַּ֣ב אֶת אָבִ֔י⁠הָ 1 “and slept with him,” or “and had relations with him,” Make sure that the way you translate the euphemism “lay with” will not be too offensive to be read aloud in public. 19:33 ujz7 וְ⁠לֹֽא יָדַ֥ע 1 “But {he was so drunk that} he did not {even} know/realize” or “But {he was so drunk that} he was not {even} aware” or “But {he was so drunk that} he was {completely} unaware”. Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. 19:33 es4a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism בְּ⁠שִׁכְבָ֖⁠הּ וּ⁠בְ⁠קׄוּמָֽ⁠הּ 1 “that she got in bed {with him} or that she left.” or “that she had been with him.” -19:34 ezgg וַֽ⁠יְהִי֙ מִֽ⁠מָּחֳרָ֔ת 1 “The next day, this is what happened:” or “The next day”. The phrase “Then it happened” introduces and emphasizes important information which the following narrative builds on. It also creates suspense so that readers and listeners wonder what will happen next. Some translations leave this phrase out, but that loses some of the suspense. Do what is best in your language. +19:34 ezgg וַֽ⁠יְהִי֙ מִֽ⁠מָּחֳרָ֔ת 1 “The next day, this is what happened:” or “The next day”. The phrase “Then it happened” introduces and emphasizes important information which the following narrative builds on. It also creates suspense so that readers and listeners wonder what will happen next. Some translations leave this phrase out, but doing that loses some of the suspense. Do what is best in your language. 19:34 u9ht וַ⁠תֹּ֤אמֶר הַ⁠בְּכִירָה֙ אֶל 1 “{Lot’s} oldest/older {daughter} said to” 19:34 zmn5 הַ⁠צְּעִירָ֔ה 1 “{his} younger {daughter/one},” or “her younger {sister},” or “her sister,” See how you translated this phrase in verse 31. 19:34 xct4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure הֵן & אֶ֖מֶשׁ 1 “Listen, last night”. For some languages it may be more natural to put this time phrase (“last night”) last in this sentence. Do what is best in your language. @@ -2376,7 +2368,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 19:34 st12 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns מֵ⁠אָבִ֖י⁠נוּ 1 “with/by our father.” or “through/with him.” 19:35 zl9m וַ⁠תַּשְׁקֶ֜יןָ גַּ֣ם בַּ⁠לַּ֧יְלָה הַ⁠ה֛וּא אֶת אֲבִי⁠הֶ֖ן יָ֑יִן 1 “So they got their father drunk on wine that night, also/too.” or “So that night Lot’s daughters got their father drunk on wine again.” 19:35 u2gm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism וַ⁠תָּ֤קָם הַ⁠צְּעִירָה֙ וַ⁠תִּשְׁכַּ֣ב עִמּ֔⁠וֹ 1 “Then the/his younger {daughter} went {to him} and slept with him,” or “Then the/his younger {daughter} went {to him} and had {sexual/physical} relations with him,” -19:35 d5p3 וְ⁠לֹֽא יָדַ֥ע 1 “But/And {once again} {he was so drunk that} he did not {even} know/realize” or “… he was not {even} aware” or “… he was completely unaware”. Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Also, see how you translated the last clause in verse 33, which is similar to the rest of verse 35. +19:35 d5p3 וְ⁠לֹֽא יָדַ֥ע 1 “But/And {once again} {he was so drunk that} he did not {even} know/realize” or “but … he was not {even} aware” or “But … he was completely unaware”. Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Also, see how you translated the last clause in verse 33, which is similar to the rest of verse 35. 19:35 dkew rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism בְּ⁠שִׁכְבָ֖⁠הּ וּ⁠בְ⁠קֻמָֽ⁠הּ 1 “that she got in bed {with him} or that she left.” or “that she had been with him.” 19:36 uid2 וַֽ⁠תַּהֲרֶ֛יןָ שְׁתֵּ֥י בְנֽוֹת־ל֖וֹט 1 “In that way, both of Lot’s daughters became pregnant” or “As a result …” 19:36 b8pv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism וַֽ⁠תַּהֲרֶ֛יןָ מֵ⁠אֲבִי⁠הֶֽן 1 “from/by {having relations with} their father.” @@ -2398,7 +2390,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 20:1 wu3o וַ⁠יָּ֖גָר בִּ⁠גְרָֽר 1 “and they stayed/lived {there} for a while {as foreigners}, in {the city of} Gerar.” or “and they stayed/lived in {the city of} Gerar for a while.” See how you translated “sojourn” in Gen 12:10. Also be consistent here with how you translated “Gerar” in Gen 10:19. 20:2 k17k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes וַ⁠יֹּ֧אמֶר אַבְרָהָ֛ם אֶל־שָׂרָ֥ה אִשְׁתּ֖⁠וֹ אֲחֹ֣תִ⁠י הִ֑וא 1 “{While they were there,} Abraham/he told {people} that his wife Sarah {was} his sister.” or “{While they were there,} Abraham/he told {people} that Sarah {was} his sister, not his wife.” Sarah was Abraham’s younger sister (Gen 19:19). Some languages use special words for “sister” and “brother” in Gen 12:13, 19; 20:2, 5, 12-13, 16, to distinguish when someone is younger or older than his or her sibling. Do what is best in your language. 20:2 r5oe וַ⁠יִּשְׁלַ֗ח אֲבִימֶ֨לֶךְ֙ מֶ֣לֶךְ גְּרָ֔ר וַ⁠יִּקַּ֖ח אֶת־שָׂרָֽה 1 “So/Then {one day} Abimelech, {who was} the king of/over {the city of} Gerar, had {some of his servants} bring Sarah {to his home} {to be his wife}.”or “So/Then {one day} {King} Abimelech, who ruled {the Philistines} from {the city of} Gerar, had Sarah brought {to him} {to be his wife}.” The city of Gerar was the Philistines’ capital city where King Abimelech ruled from (Gen 21:2, 32; 26:1). -20:3 fzoe rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-honorifics וַ⁠יָּבֹ֧א אֱלֹהִ֛ים אֶל אֲבִימֶ֖לֶךְ בַּ⁠חֲל֣וֹם 1 “But God appeared to {King} Abimelech in a dream”. For some languages it is necessary to use an honorific title for a king each time (or most of the time) that he is referred to by name, to show proper respect. Do what is best in your language throughout this chapter. +20:3 fzoe rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-honorifics וַ⁠יָּבֹ֧א אֱלֹהִ֛ים אֶל אֲבִימֶ֖לֶךְ בַּ⁠חֲל֣וֹם 1 “But God appeared to {King} Abimelech in a dream”. For some languages it is necessary to use an honorific title for a king each time (or most of the time) that he is referred to by name, in order to show him proper respect. Do what is best in your language throughout this chapter. 20:3 ompr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure הַ⁠לָּ֑יְלָה 1 “{during} the night” or “by/at night” or “that night”. It may be more natural to put this time phrase earlier in this sentence and say, “But that night God came/appeared to {King} Abimelech in a dream …” Do what is best in your language. 20:3 votc וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר ל֗⁠וֹ 1 “and told/warned him,” 20:3 tkin הִנְּ⁠ךָ֥ מֵת֙ 1 “Listen {to me}, you are a dead man” or “Listen {to me}, you are about to die” or “Behold, {I have sentenced} you to die”. Make sure that the way you translate this clause does not make it sound like King Abimelech is already dead. God is telling King Abimelech what is about to happen to him. @@ -2414,7 +2406,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 20:5 crpu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes וְ⁠הִֽיא גַם הִ֥וא אָֽמְרָ֖ה אָחִ֣⁠י ה֑וּא 1 “And she/Sarah herself also said/claimed that he {was} her brother.” Consider whether it is better in your language to translate this embedded quote as a direct or indirect quote. 20:5 dbdd עָשִׂ֥יתִי זֹֽאת 1 “{So} I did what I did” or “{So} I took her {to be my wife}” 20:5 i5qq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בְּ⁠תָם לְבָבִ֛⁠י 1 “with a pure/blameless/clear conscience” or “with honorable/pure intentions/motives” -20:5 bdcs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וּ⁠בְ⁠נִקְיֹ֥ן כַּפַּ֖⁠י 1 “and with clean/innocent hands!” or “and I did not know that I was doing anything wrong!” If you use an exclamation mark here in your translation, make sure it does not mean that King Abimelech is angry or being rude; rather, he is desperate. +20:5 bdcs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וּ⁠בְ⁠נִקְיֹ֥ן כַּפַּ֖⁠י 1 “and with clean/innocent hands!” or “and I did not know that I was doing anything wrong!” If you use an exclamation point here in your translation, make sure it does not mean that King Abimelech is angry or being rude; rather, he is desperate. 20:6 sf6e וַ⁠יֹּאמֶר֩ אֵלָ֨י⁠ו הָֽ⁠אֱלֹהִ֜ים בַּ⁠חֲלֹ֗ם 1 “God replied to him in the dream,” or “God answered {King} Abimelech in the dream,” 20:6 d56e גַּ֣ם אָנֹכִ֤י יָדַ֨עְתִּי֙ כִּ֤י 1 “Yes, I know/realize that {it was}” or “I am aware that {it was}” 20:6 uurf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בְ⁠תָם לְבָבְ⁠ךָ֙ 1 “with a pure/blameless/clear conscience” or “with honorable/pure intentions/motives”. See how you translated a similar phrase in verse 5. @@ -2425,8 +2417,8 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 20:6 drw1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure לִ⁠נְגֹּ֥עַ אֵלֶֽי⁠הָ 1 “sleep with her.” or “have {marital/sexual} relations with her.” or “do anything with/to her.” See how you translated the idiom “gone/come near to her” in verse 4, which has a meaning that is similar to the idiom here. Also, for some languages it may be better to change the order of these clauses and say, “I {am the one who} did not allow/permit you to touch her so that you would not sin against me.” Do what is best in your language. 20:7 a0pv וְ⁠עַתָּ֗ה 1 “Now then,” 20:7 zdzu הָשֵׁ֤ב אֵֽשֶׁת הָ⁠אִישׁ֙ 1 “give back the man’s wife” or “you must give Abraham’s wife back {to him}” or “return her/Sarah to her husband {Abraham}” -20:7 wp12 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms כִּֽי נָבִ֣יא ה֔וּא 1 “He {is} a prophet/spokesman {for me}, so” or “Since he {is} my prophet/spokesman,” Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Also, a prophet is someone who speaks for someone else. In this case, Abraham serves as an intercessor and speaks for God and prays what God wants him to say (verses 7,17). Avoid a translation of this term that focuses on telling the future, which is only one thing that a prophet might do. -20:7 i31n וְ⁠יִתְפַּלֵּ֥ל בַּֽעַדְ⁠ךָ֖ 1 “he will ask me to be merciful/kind to you,” +20:7 wp12 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms כִּֽי נָבִ֣יא ה֔וּא 1 “He {is} a prophet/spokesman {for me},” Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Also, a prophet is someone who speaks for someone else. In this case, Abraham serves as an intercessor and speaks for God and prays what God wants him to say (verses 7,17). Avoid a translation of this term that focuses on telling the future, which is only one of the things that a prophet might do. +20:7 i31n וְ⁠יִתְפַּלֵּ֥ל בַּֽעַדְ⁠ךָ֖ 1 “and/so he will ask me to be merciful/kind to you,” 20:7 ain9 וֶֽ⁠חְיֵ֑ה 1 “and I will let you live.” or “so that you will not die.” 20:7 wmq4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast וְ⁠אִם־אֵֽינְ⁠ךָ֣ 1 “But if you will not” or “However, if you refuse to” 20:7 ccie rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns מֵשִׁ֗יב 1 “give her/Sarah back {to him/Abraham},” @@ -2532,7 +2524,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 21:13 zcf9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure כִּ֥י זַרְעֲ⁠ךָ֖ הֽוּא 1 “because/since he {is} your son/descendant.” For some languages, it may be clearer or more natural to put this “because …” clause earlier in this sentence and say, “And/But because/since the son of your slave/servant woman is your offspring/son, I will also make him into a {great/important/large} people/ethnic group.” Do what is best in your language. 21:14 oc4t וַ⁠יַּשְׁכֵּ֣ם אַבְרָהָ֣ם בַּ⁠בֹּ֡קֶר 1 “So Abraham got up early the next morning,” or “Early the next morning Abraham got up,” 21:14 mfcz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וַ⁠יִּֽקַּֽח לֶחֶם֩ 1 “got/brought {some} bread/food”. This phrase may refer to bread or more generally to food. -21:14 sji3 וְ⁠חֵ֨מַת מַ֜יִם 1 “and a leather bag/container {full} of water” or “and a {full} water container/bag made of {animal} hide/leather” or “and a water bag/container {full of water}”. The word “skin” refers here to animal skin or hide. +21:14 sji3 וְ⁠חֵ֨מַת מַ֜יִם 1 “and a leather bag/container {full} of water” or “and a {full} water container/bag made of {animal} hide/leather” or “and a water bag/container {full of water}”. The word “skin” refers here to an animal skin or hide. 21:14 k8au וַ⁠יִּתֵּ֣ן אֶל הָ֠גָר שָׂ֧ם עַל שִׁכְמָ֛⁠הּ 1 “to Hagar and put them on her shoulder/back.” 21:14 gwq4 וְ⁠אֶת הַ⁠יֶּ֖לֶד וַֽ⁠יְשַׁלְּחֶ֑⁠הָ 1 “Then he sent her and the child/boy away,” or “Then he sent her off with the boy/youth,” 21:14 z5r6 וַ⁠תֵּ֣לֶךְ וַ⁠תֵּ֔תַע 1 “and she/they left and wandered {around}” or “and they wandered {around}” @@ -2549,7 +2541,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 21:17 o970 וַ⁠יִּשְׁמַ֣ע אֱלֹהִים֮ אֶת ק֣וֹל הַ⁠נַּעַר֒ 1 “God {also} heard the boy/youth crying,” 21:17 g71i rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-key-terms וַ⁠יִּקְרָא֩ מַלְאַ֨ךְ אֱלֹהִ֤ים אֶל הָגָר֙ מִן הַ⁠שָּׁמַ֔יִם וַ⁠יֹּ֥אמֶר לָ֖⁠הּ 1 “so one of his angels/messengers called to Hagar from heaven and said/asked,” or “so he had one of his angels/messengers call to Hagar from heaven and say/ask,” See how you translated the key term “angel” in Gen 16:7. 21:17 kmbk מַה לָּ֣⁠ךְ הָגָ֑ר 1 “What is the matter, Hagar?” or “What’s wrong, Hagar?” or “Hagar, why are you crying/upset?” For some languages it is necessary to put “Hagar” first in this quote. Do what is natural in your language. -21:17 p37b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אַל תִּ֣ירְאִ֔י כִּֽי שָׁמַ֧ע אֱלֹהִ֛ים אֶל ק֥וֹל הַ⁠נַּ֖עַר בַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֥ר הוּא שָֽׁם 1 “Do not be afraid, because God has heard the cries/sobs of the boy/youth where he is lying {and will take care of him}.” or “Do not be afraid. God has heard the boy/youth crying over there {and will take care of him}.” or “God has heard the boy/youth crying over there, so do not be afraid {because he will take care of you both}.” The phrase “has listened to” means that God heard the boy and that he would help him. +21:17 p37b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אַל תִּ֣ירְאִ֔י כִּֽי שָׁמַ֧ע אֱלֹהִ֛ים אֶל ק֥וֹל הַ⁠נַּ֖עַר בַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֥ר הוּא שָֽׁם 1 “Do not be afraid, because God has heard the cries/sobs of the boy/youth where he is lying {and will take care of him}.” or “Do not be afraid. God has heard the boy/youth crying over there {and will take care of him}.” or “God has heard the boy/youth crying over there, so do not be afraid {because he will take care of you both}.” The phrase “has listened to” means that God heard the boy and that he will help him. 21:18 xxt8 ק֚וּמִי שְׂאִ֣י אֶת הַ⁠נַּ֔עַר 1 “{So} go help the boy/youth to get/stand up,” or “{So now,} go to your son, help him get/stand up,” 21:18 cazv וְ⁠הַחֲזִ֥יקִי אֶת יָדֵ֖⁠ךְ בּ֑⁠וֹ 1 “and hold/lead him by the hand {to help him walk},” or “and take care of him,” 21:18 l3mg כִּֽי & אֲשִׂימֶֽ⁠נּוּ 1 “because I {Yahweh} will make him become {the ancestor of}” or “because Yahweh will make his descendants become”. The pronoun “I” refers to Yahweh here. So either Yahweh had taken on the form of an angel, or the angel was representing Yahweh and speaking for him. See what you did for a similar case in Genesis 16:10. Also, see how you translated “make … into a great nation” in verse 13. Also see 18:18, which is similar. @@ -2658,7 +2650,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 22:7 yodu rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠יֹּ֖אמֶר 1 “Abraham said/replied {to him},” Consider what is the best way to refer to Abraham at this point in the paragraph in your language. 22:7 q4kt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom הִנֶּ֣נִּֽ⁠י בְנִ֑⁠י 1 “I’m listening, my son.” or “Yes, my son?” or “What is it, my son?” See how you translated the idiom “Behold me” in verse 1. 22:7 ai7j rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יֹּ֗אמֶר 1 “Then Isaac asked {him},” or “Isaac asked {him},” Make sure that the way you translate this quote margin fits well with what Isaac says next. -22:7 s3hm הִנֵּ֤ה 2 “Here is/are” or “I see {that we have}” +22:7 s3hm הִנֵּ֤ה 1 “Here is/are” or “I see {that we have}” 22:7 yc7e הָ⁠אֵשׁ֙ וְ⁠הָ֣⁠עֵצִ֔ים 1 “the fire {pot/coals} and the {fire}wood,” or “what/everything we need to make a fire {to burn the sacrifice},” 22:7 jd19 וְ⁠אַיֵּ֥ה הַ⁠שֶּׂ֖ה 1 “but where {is} the lamb/sheep” or “but why is there no lamb/sheep” or “but why don’t we have a lamb” 22:7 izci לְ⁠עֹלָֽה 1 “{for us} to use as the burnt offering?” or “{for us} to burn as the/our sacrifice {to God}?” or “that we will burn as a/our sacrifice/offering {to God}?” @@ -2729,16 +2721,15 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 22:24 ze05 אֶת טֶ֣בַח וְ⁠אֶת גַּ֔חַם וְ⁠אֶת תַּ֖חַשׁ וְ⁠אֶֽת מַעֲכָֽה 1 “Tebah, Gaham, Tahash, and Maacah.” See how you connected the list of names in verse 22. 23:1 y6lm וַ⁠יִּהְיוּ֙ חַיֵּ֣י שָׂרָ֔ה מֵאָ֥ה שָׁנָ֛ה וְ⁠עֶשְׂרִ֥ים שָׁנָ֖ה וְ⁠שֶׁ֣בַע שָׁנִ֑ים 1 “Sarah lived 127 years” or “Sarah lived to be 127 years old” 23:1 xsnc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure שְׁנֵ֖י חַיֵּ֥י שָׂרָֽה 1 “{Yes,} that is how long she lived” or “That is how old she lived to be”. Consider whether it is better in your language to combine the last part of verse 1 with the beginning of verse 2 and say, “That is how old she was when she died in Kiriath Arba …” -23:2 gq6y וַ⁠תָּ֣מָת שָׂרָ֗ה 1 “Then she died” or “before she died”. Decide whether or not it is best to begin a new sentence here in your language. -23:2 uigf rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names בְּ⁠קִרְיַ֥ת אַרְבַּ֛ע 1 “in {the city of} Kiriath Arba,” or “in {the city of} Kiriath-arba,” You can spell this name as two words, as in the Hebrew text, or combine them into one word, with or without a hyphen. Be consistent with how you spell this name throughout the Bible. +23:2 gq6y וַ⁠תָּ֣מָת שָׂרָ֗ה 1 “Then she died” or “before she died”. Consider whether it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here or to continue the previous sentence. +23:2 uigf rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names בְּ⁠קִרְיַ֥ת אַרְבַּ֛ע 1 “in {the city of} Kiriath Arba,” or “in {the city of} Kiriath-arba,” You can spell this name as two words, as in the Hebrew text, or combine them into one word with or without a hyphen. Be consistent with how you spell this name throughout the Bible. 23:2 zc7g הִ֥וא חֶבְר֖וֹן 1 “which {is also/now called/named} Hebron,” or “also/now known as Hebron,” or “that is, Hebron,” The city of Kiriath Arba was later named Hebron (Joshua 14:15). 23:2 ptzp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure בְּ⁠אֶ֣רֶץ כְּנָ֑עַן 1 “in the land/region of/called Canaan.” For some languages it is more natural to put a general location before a specific location and say, “in the land of Canaan, in {the city of} Kiriath Arba, which {is} Hebron.” Do what is best in your language. 23:2 y3fa וַ⁠יָּבֹא֙ אַבְרָהָ֔ם 1 “Then Abraham went/came {to her}” or “Abraham went/came {to her side}” 23:2 d6r2 לִ⁠סְפֹּ֥ד לְ⁠שָׂרָ֖ה וְ⁠לִ⁠בְכֹּתָֽ⁠הּ 1 “to mourn and weep/cry for her.” or “and cried and mourned for her.” For some languages it is necessary to translate this sentence using a verb form that expresses completion or past tense so that it is clear that Abraham actually did this. Do what is best in your language. 23:3 ad8l וַ⁠יָּ֨קָם֙ אַבְרָהָ֔ם מֵ⁠עַ֖ל פְּנֵ֣י 1 “Later he got/stood up from {mourning} beside” or “After a while, Abraham/he left” 23:3 fwcx מֵת֑⁠וֹ 1 “her body,” or “her,” or “his wife’s body,” -23:3 p6bu וַ⁠יְדַבֵּ֥ר אֶל 1 “and he {went} to” -23:3 l42n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּנֵי חֵ֖ת לֵ⁠אמֹֽר 1 “{the leaders/elders of} the Hittites {at the city gates} {and} said to them,” The phrase “sons of Heth” refers to the descendants of Canaan’s son Heth (Genesis 10:15; 15:20) who are also known as the Hittites. Consider what is the best way to refer to them here in your language. Also, for some languages it is necessary to make it explicit here in verse 3 that Abraham went to the city gates to meet with the Hittites, rather than wait until verse 10. Do what is best in your language. +23:3 l42n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠יְדַבֵּ֥ר אֶל־בְּנֵי חֵ֖ת לֵ⁠אמֹֽר 1 “and he {went} to {the leaders/elders of} the Hittites {at the city gates} {and} said to them,” The phrase “sons of Heth” refers to the descendants of Canaan’s son Heth (Genesis 10:15; 15:20) who are also known as the Hittites. Consider what is the best way to refer to them here in your language. Also, for some languages it is necessary to make it explicit here in verse 3 that Abraham went to the city gates to meet with the Hittites, rather than wait until verse 10 for that information. Do what is best in your language. 23:4 s4tz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אָנֹכִ֖י 1 “I {am coming to you as}” or “{As you know,} I {am}” or “{Since} I {am}”. The leaders of the city already knew that Abraham was a foreigner, so make sure your translation of this sentence does not sound like he is telling them something that they did not know. 23:4 i6f1 גֵּר וְ⁠תוֹשָׁ֥ב 1 “a foreigner/outsider who has settled” or “a foreigner/outsider who is living”. See how you translated “foreigner” in Gen 15:13. 23:4 rxen rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עִמָּ⁠כֶ֑ם 1 “among you {and I have no land/property of my own}.” or “in your land {and/so I do not own any property here}.” It is implied by Abraham and understood by the Hittites that Abraham’s status as a foreigner means he owns no property. Consider whether or not to make this implied information explicit in your translation. @@ -2746,7 +2737,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 23:4 sf40 אֲחֻזַּת קֶ֨בֶר֙ עִמָּ⁠כֶ֔ם 1 “{some} property/land among you” or “some of your land/property” 23:4 szs9 וְ⁠אֶקְבְּרָ֥ה מֵתִ֖⁠י מִ⁠לְּ⁠פָנָֽ⁠י 1 “so I have a place to take my dead/deceased {wife} and bury her.” or “where I can bury {the body of} my wife who has died.” or “so that I can give my deceased {wife} a proper/decent burial.” Translate this clause in a way that shows respect for the person who has died. 23:5 vukz rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יַּעֲנ֧וּ בְנֵי־חֵ֛ת אֶת־אַבְרָהָ֖ם לֵ⁠אמֹ֥ר לֽ⁠וֹ 1 “{The leaders/elders of} the Hittites replied/responded to Abraham/him,” or “When {the leaders/elders of} the Hittites {heard that}, they replied/responded,” See how you translated “the sons of Heth” in verse 3. -23:6 r5h0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-honorifics שְׁמָעֵ֣⁠נוּ אֲדֹנִ֗⁠י 1 “{Please} listen to our proposal, my/our lord/master.” or “Sir, {please} listen to what we propose:” Abraham was not their actual lord or master, rather the Hittites are addressing him in a respectful manner. Also, for some languages it is more natural or respectful to put the form of address “My lord” or “Sir” first in this quote. Do what is best in your language. +23:6 r5h0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-honorifics שְׁמָעֵ֣⁠נוּ אֲדֹנִ֗⁠י 1 “{Please} listen to our proposal, my/our lord/master.” or “Sir, {please} listen to what we propose:” Abraham was not their actual lord or master. Rather, the Hittites are addressing him in a respectful manner. Also, for some languages it is more natural or respectful to put the form of address “My lord” or “Sir” first in this quote. Do what is best in your language. 23:6 dlnm נְשִׂ֨יא אֱלֹהִ֤ים אַתָּה֙ 1 The Hebrew text is ambiguous here. It could mean: (1) “You {are} a powerful/important leader/man” or (2) “You {are} a leader/man of/from God”. The interpretation that you do not follow in your translation could be put in a footnote. 23:6 i7x9 בְּ⁠תוֹכֵ֔⁠נוּ 1 “{living} among us.” or “{who lives} among our people.” 23:6 i3yv קְבֹ֖ר 1 “{So} {you may} bury/put”. Make sure that the reply of the Hittites sounds polite here in your translation. @@ -2833,7 +2824,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 24:4 bs9d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative כִּ֧י & תֵּלֵ֑ךְ 1 “Rather/Instead, you must go” or “Rather/Instead, I want you to go” 24:4 ph6k אֶל אַרְצִ֛⁠י 1 “to my {home} country” or “to the country/region where I grew up” or “to the country that I came from” 24:4 x63y וְ⁠אֶל מוֹלַדְתִּ֖⁠י 1 “to my relatives/family/kinfolk {who live there},” -24:4 e2z3 וְ⁠לָקַחְתָּ֥ אִשָּׁ֖ה לִ⁠בְנִ֥⁠י לְ⁠יִצְחָֽק 1 “and find/choose a wife/woman {from there} for my son Isaac {to marry}.” or “and get/choose a wife/woman {from among them} for him {to marry}.” or “and arrange for him to marry one of their daughters.” The way you refer to Isaac here will depend on how you refer to him in verse 3. +24:4 e2z3 וְ⁠לָקַחְתָּ֥ אִשָּׁ֖ה לִ⁠בְנִ֥⁠י לְ⁠יִצְחָֽק 1 “and find/choose a wife/woman {from there} for my son Isaac {to marry}.” or “and get/choose a wife/woman {from among them} for him {to marry}.” or “and arrange for him to marry one of their daughters.” The way you refer to Isaac here will depend on how you referred to him in verse 3. 24:5 b2aj rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר אֵלָי⁠ו֙ הָ⁠עֶ֔בֶד 1 “Then the servant asked Abraham,” or “But {Abraham’s} servant asked him,” Consider what is the best way to translate this quote margin in your language so that it fits the context well. 24:5 m0tg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo אוּלַי֙ 1 “Suppose {that}” or “What {should I do} if”. See how you translated this phrase in Gen 18:24, 28, 29. 24:5 rr5r הָֽ⁠אִשָּׁ֔ה 1 “the {young} woman {I find/choose}” or “{when I find} that {young} woman, she” @@ -2845,7 +2836,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 24:6 t4c7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יֹּ֥אמֶר אֵלָ֖י⁠ו אַבְרָהָ֑ם 1 “Then Abraham said/replied to his servant,” or “Abraham answered him,” or “Abraham replied,” Consider what is the best way to translate this quote margin at this point in the conversation. 24:6 z1c6 הִשָּׁ֣מֶר לְ⁠ךָ֔ פֶּן תָּשִׁ֥יב אֶת בְּנִ֖⁠י 1 “{No,} be/make sure that you never take my son back” or “{No,} you must definitely not/never take my son back” 24:6 lauy שָֽׁמָּ⁠ה 1 “there {to live}” or “to my home country/land {to live}” -24:7 kqni יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֵ֣י הַ⁠שָּׁמַ֗יִם 1 “{because} Yahweh, the God who rules/created the heavens,” Make sure it is clear in your translation that verse 7 gives the reason for verse 6. Also, see how you translated “the God of the heavens” in verse 3. +24:7 kqni יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֵ֣י הַ⁠שָּׁמַ֗יִם 1 “{because} Yahweh, the God who rules/created the heavens,” Make sure it is clear in your translation that verse 7 gives the reason for verse 6. Also, consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here, and see how you translated “the God of the heavens” in verse 3. 24:7 m7st אֲשֶׁ֨ר לְקָחַ֜⁠נִי מִ⁠בֵּ֣ית אָבִ⁠י֮ 1 “brought/led me {here} from my father’s household” 24:7 krl7 וּ⁠מֵ⁠אֶ֣רֶץ מֽוֹלַדְתִּ⁠י֒ 1 “and from the land where {the rest of} my relatives/family live,” 24:7 fb50 וַ⁠אֲשֶׁ֨ר דִּבֶּר לִ֜⁠י וַ⁠אֲשֶׁ֤ר נִֽשְׁבַּֽע לִ⁠י֙ לֵ⁠אמֹ֔ר 1 “and he vowed to me,” or “and he made an oath/vow to me and said,” or “and he made an unbreakable promise to me and said,” @@ -2893,7 +2884,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 24:14 ys98 וּ⁠בָ֣⁠הּ אֵדַ֔ע כִּי עָשִׂ֥יתָ חֶ֖סֶד עִם אֲדֹנִֽ⁠י 1 “and that you have been kind/gracious to my master {Abraham}.” See how you translated “show kindness toward” in verse 12. 24:15 b9n9 וַֽ⁠יְהִי ה֗וּא טֶרֶם֮ כִּלָּ֣ה לְ⁠דַבֵּר֒ 1 “Before Abraham’s servant had {even} finished speaking/praying {to God},” Many translations omit the phrase “Then it happened”, but this phrase emphasizes the events that follow it and adds suspense, so that the audience wonders what the outcome will be. Do what is natural in your language. 24:15 e70q וְ⁠הִנֵּ֧ה 1 “just then {he saw}” or “suddenly {he saw}”. This phrase spotlights Rebekah and shows that she is the center of attention. Consider what is the best way to communicate that in your language. -24:15 h8p0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants רִבְקָ֣ה יֹצֵ֗את 1 “{a young woman named} Rebekah coming out {of the city}”. Consider what is the best way in your language to introduce Rebekah here for the first time in this episode. Some translations use an exclamation mark to help show the excitement. +24:15 h8p0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants רִבְקָ֣ה יֹצֵ֗את 1 “{a young woman named} Rebekah coming out {of the city}”. Consider what is the best way in your language to introduce Rebekah here for the first time in this episode. Some translations use an exclamation point to help show the excitement. 24:15 mbyu אֲשֶׁ֤ר יֻלְּדָה֙ לִ⁠בְתוּאֵ֣ל 1 “She was the daughter of Bethuel,” or “Her father was Bethuel,” Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. 24:15 xu2z בֶּן מִלְכָּ֔ה אֵ֥שֶׁת נָח֖וֹר אֲחִ֣י אַבְרָהָ֑ם 1 “{who was} the son of Milcah and Abraham’s brother Nahor.” or “and his/Bethuel’s parents were Abraham’s brother Nahor and Milcah.” 24:15 fygo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure וְ⁠כַדָּ֖⁠הּ עַל שִׁכְמָֽ⁠הּ 1 “She was carrying her/a water jug on her shoulder.” or “She had her/a water jar/jug on her shoulder.” For some languages it may be more natural to put this clause earlier in this verse and say, “Rebekah was coming out {of the city} with/carrying her/a water jar/jug on her shoulder.” Do what is best in your language. @@ -2952,7 +2943,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 24:29 fm49 וּ⁠שְׁמ֣⁠וֹ לָבָ֑ן 1 “whose name {was} Laban,” or “named Laban,” 24:29 natm rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠יָּ֨רָץ לָבָ֧ן 1 “and he ran/hurried/rushed” or “Laban/He ran/hurried” Consider whether or not it is better in your language to begin a new sentence here. Also consider what is the best way to refer to Laban here in your language. 24:29 awi9 אֶל הָ⁠אִ֛ישׁ הַ⁠ח֖וּצָ⁠ה אֶל הָ⁠עָֽיִן 1 “out to the spring/well where the man/servant was.” or “to where the man/servant was standing beside the spring/well.” -24:30 isaz rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-versebridge וַ⁠יְהִ֣י כִּ⁠רְאֹ֣ת 1 “This is how it was/happened: When he/Laban had seen” or “As soon as he/Laban had seen”. Verse 30 is a flashback of what had happened before Laban ran to the well (verse 29). Consider what is the best way to express this in your language. For some languages it may be necessary to combine verses 29-30 and put the sentences in the order that things actually happened. For example, “Now Rebekah had a brother named Laban. When he saw the nose ring and the bracelets that she was wearing and heard her tell what the man had said to her, he hurried out to meet the man. He found/saw him standing with his camels beside the well.” If you do this, you would mark these combined verses as 29-30. +24:30 isaz rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-versebridge וַ⁠יְהִ֣י כִּ⁠רְאֹ֣ת 1 “This is how it was/happened: When he/Laban had seen” or “As soon as he/Laban had seen”. Verse 30 is a flashback of what had happened before Laban ran to the well (verse 29). Consider what is the best way to express this in your language. For some languages it may be necessary to combine verses 29-30 and put the sentences in the order that things actually happened. For example, “Now Rebekah had a brother named Laban. When he saw the nose ring and the bracelets she was wearing and heard her tell what the man had said to her, he hurried out to meet the man. He found/saw him standing with his camels beside the well.” If you do this, you would mark these combined verses as 29-30. 24:30 ez7q אֶת הַ⁠נֶּ֗זֶם וְֽ⁠אֶת הַ⁠צְּמִדִים֮ עַל יְדֵ֣י אֲחֹת⁠וֹ֒ 1 “the nose ring that his sister was wearing and the bracelets on her arms” or “the nose ring and the bracelets that his sister was wearing”. Some languages have a specific term for “younger sister” that fits well here. Also see how you translated “nose ring” and “bracelets” in verse 22. 24:30 xs19 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations וּ⁠כְ⁠שָׁמְע֗⁠וֹ אֶת דִּבְרֵ֞י רִבְקָ֤ה אֲחֹת⁠וֹ֙ לֵ⁠אמֹ֔ר כֹּֽה דִבֶּ֥ר אֵלַ֖⁠י הָ⁠אִ֑ישׁ 1 “and had heard her announce/tell/report what the man {at the well} had said to her,” Consider whether it is more natural in your language to use a direct quote or indirect quote here. If you want to make it clear who “the man” refers to, you should still translate it generally, for example, “the man {I met at the well}” because when Rebekah said this, she did not yet know who he was. 24:30 d8fj rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠יָּבֹא֙ אֶל הָ⁠אִ֔ישׁ 1 “he went {out} to {where} the man/servant {was},” or “he went {out} to meet him,” @@ -3512,7 +3503,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 27:31 i1dj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person וְ⁠יֹאכַל֙ מִ⁠צֵּ֣יד בְּנ֔⁠וֹ 1 “and eat some of your son’s {wild} animal/deer meat” or “and eat some of my {wild} animal/deer meat”. Make sure it is clear in your translation that Esau is referring to himself in this phrase. 27:31 u4oa בַּ⁠עֲב֖וּר תְּבָרֲכַ֥⁠נִּי נַפְשֶֽׁ⁠ךָ 1 “so that you can bless me.” or “and then you can bless me.” See how you translated a similar phrase in verses 4, 19, 25 and 31. 27:32 gv4p וַ⁠יֹּ֥אמֶר ל֛⁠וֹ יִצְחָ֥ק אָבִ֖י⁠ו 1 “But/Then his father asked him,” or “But his father responded/asked/exclaimed,” For some languages it is more natural to make “Isaac” explicit in verse 31 and leave it implied here in verse 32. Do what is best in your language. -27:32 ag39 מִי אָ֑תָּה 1 “Which son {are} you?!” or “Which of my sons {are} you?!” Isaac knew from what Esau just said in verse 31 that one of his sons was talking to him. Also, Isaac is very upset, so some translations add an exclamation mark after the question mark to help communicate that. Do what is best in your language. +27:32 ag39 מִי אָ֑תָּה 1 “Which son {are} you?!” or “Which of my sons {are} you?!” Isaac knew from what Esau just said in verse 31 that one of his sons was talking to him. Also, Isaac is very upset, so some translations add an exclamation point after the question mark to help communicate that. Do what is best in your language. 27:32 si9e rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יֹּ֕אמֶר 1 “Esau answered {him},” or “Esau replied,” 27:32 uum9 אֲנִ֛י בִּנְ⁠ךָ֥ בְכֹֽרְ⁠ךָ֖ עֵשָֽׂו 1 “I {am} your firstborn/oldest son Esau.” or “I {am} Esau, your firstborn/oldest son.” See how you translated “firstborn” in verse 19. 27:33 j7x3 וַ⁠יֶּחֱרַ֨ד יִצְחָ֣ק חֲרָדָה֮ גְּדֹלָ֣ה עַד מְאֹד֒ 1 “Then Isaac {became so upset that he} trembled/shook very violently/noticeably,” or “Then Isaac {was very upset, so that he} began to tremble/shake all over,” @@ -5619,14 +5610,14 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 43:6 qmq5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר֙ יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל 1 “Then {their father} Israel asked {them},” If it is not clear that “Israel” (verse 6) and “their father” (verse 2) refer to the same person, you could include “their father” here in your translation or in a footnote. See what you did for a similar case in Gen 42:5. 43:6 xkfv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion לָ⁠מָ֥ה הֲרֵעֹתֶ֖ם לִ֑⁠י לְ⁠הַגִּ֣יד 1 “Why did you cause trouble/distress for me by telling” or “You caused me a lot of trouble/distress because you told”. Jacob uses a rhetorical question here to scold his sons and to show how upset he is. Consider what is the best way to communicate that in your language. 43:6 embi לָ⁠אִ֔ישׁ 1 “that man” or “the/that governor”. See how you translated “the man” in verses 3 and 5. -43:6 h0lc הַ⁠ע֥וֹד לָ⁠כֶ֖ם אָֽח 1 “that you have another brother!” or “that you have a younger brother?” If you translate this rhetorical question as a statement, make sure that you end it with a period or exclamation mark. +43:6 h0lc הַ⁠ע֥וֹד לָ⁠כֶ֖ם אָֽח 1 “that you have another brother!” or “that you have a younger brother?” If you translate this rhetorical question as a statement, make sure that you end it with a period or exclamation point. 43:7 tpfx rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יֹּאמְר֡וּ 1 “They answered {him},” 43:7 uc4l שָׁא֣וֹל שָֽׁאַל הָ֠⁠אִישׁ 1 “The man/governor questioned {us} intensely/thoroughly” or “The man asked {us} many questions” 43:7 ebcv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive לָ֣⁠נוּ וּ⁠לְ⁠מֽוֹלַדְתֵּ֜⁠נוּ לֵ⁠אמֹ֗ר 1 “about ourselves and about {the rest of} our family.” In verses 7-8, the pronouns “us”, “our” and “we” are exclusive since they do not include Jacob (whom the sons are talking to). 43:7 ozlb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes הַ⁠ע֨וֹד אֲבִי⁠כֶ֥ם חַי֙ הֲ⁠יֵ֣שׁ לָ⁠כֶ֣ם אָ֔ח 1 “He {specifically} asked {us} if/whether our father was still alive and if/whether we had {another} brother.” Consider whether it is more natural in your language to translate this embedded quote with a direct or indirect quote. 43:7 blcg וַ⁠נַ֨גֶּד ל֔⁠וֹ עַל פִּ֖י הַ⁠דְּבָרִ֣ים הָ⁠אֵ֑לֶּה 1 “So we {just/simply} answered his questions {honestly/truthfully}.” or “All we did was answer his questions.” 43:7 z7wb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲ⁠יָד֣וֹעַ נֵדַ֔ע 1 “We could not possibly have known” or “There is no way we could have known”. Jacob’s sons use a rhetorical question here to emphasize their innocence and express strong emotion. Consider what is the best way to communicate that in your language. -43:7 ltpm כִּ֣י יֹאמַ֔ר הוֹרִ֖ידוּ אֶת אֲחִי⁠כֶֽם 1 “that he would tell/require us to bring/take our brother down {there} {to him}!” If you translate this rhetorical question as a statement, make sure that you end it with a period or exclamation mark. +43:7 ltpm כִּ֣י יֹאמַ֔ר הוֹרִ֖ידוּ אֶת אֲחִי⁠כֶֽם 1 “that he would tell/require us to bring/take our brother down {there} {to him}!” If you translate this rhetorical question as a statement, make sure that you end it with a period or exclamation point. 43:8 bflr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר יְהוּדָ֜ה אֶל יִשְׂרָאֵ֣ל אָבִ֗י⁠ו 1 “Then Judah urged his father Israel {about Benjamin},” For some languages it is necessary to make “Benjamin” explicit here in the quote margin so that it is clear that “young man” refers to him in the following quote. Do what is best in your language. 43:8 daxf שִׁלְחָ֥⁠ה הַ⁠נַּ֛עַר אִתִּ֖⁠י 1 “Allow/Permit the young man to come with me/us {and I will watch over him}” or “Entrust the young man to me {to take care of}”. See how you translated “young man” in Gen 37:2; 41:12. Use a term here in your language that fits with the fact that Benjamin was probably in his 30’s. 43:8 imi8 וְ⁠נָק֣וּמָה וְ⁠נֵלֵ֑כָה 1 “and/so we can leave right away {to buy grain in Egypt}” or “so that we can go immediately {to Egypt} {to buy grain}.” @@ -6592,7 +6583,7 @@ front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti 50:18 vtzz וַ⁠יֵּלְכוּ֙ גַּם אֶחָ֔י⁠ו 1 “After that, his/Joseph’s brothers themselves came {to him},” 50:18 u7sf rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction וַֽ⁠יִּפְּל֖וּ לְ⁠פָנָ֑י⁠ו וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמְר֔וּ 1 “and threw/bowed themselves {on the ground} in front of him and said,” or “prostrated themselves before him {to show respect}, and said {to him},” See how you translated “fell … before him” in Gen 44:14. Compare that to how you translated “bowed down to/before …” (See: 49:8). 50:18 hvlx הִנֶּ֥⁠נּֽוּ 1 “Here we are,” See how you translated a similar phrase (“Behold me”) in 22:1, 7. It may be necessary to translate this phrase in different ways, depending on the context. -50:18 m3yn לְ⁠ךָ֖ לַ⁠עֲבָדִֽים 1 “we {will be} your slaves/servants!” or “we {will serve you} as slaves/servants!” If you use an exclamation mark here in your translation, make sure it does mean that Joseph’s brothers were angry, rather they are worried and desperate. +50:18 m3yn לְ⁠ךָ֖ לַ⁠עֲבָדִֽים 1 “we {will be} your slaves/servants!” or “we {will serve you} as slaves/servants!” If you use an exclamation point here in your translation, make sure it does mean that Joseph’s brothers were angry, rather they are worried and desperate. 50:19 o5mq וַ⁠יֹּ֧אמֶר אֲלֵ⁠הֶ֛ם יוֹסֵ֖ף 1 “But Joseph replied to them,” 50:19 dsla אַל תִּירָ֑אוּ 1 “You do not need to be afraid.” or “You have nothing to fear.” 50:19 qvm2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion כִּ֛י הֲ⁠תַ֥חַת אֱלֹהִ֖ים אָֽנִי 1 “I would never take God’s place {and judge/punish you}!” or “After all, I am not God! {So I have no right to judge/punish you.}” Joseph uses a rhetorical question here to emphasize that he will not take God’s place and punish his brothers. Some languages must use a statement or exclamation here instead. Do what is best in your language.