From ce256d737bf8ce8897876b2fa6adacf4268f6288 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: stephenwunrow Date: Fri, 15 Sep 2023 22:04:43 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] Merge stephenwunrow-tc-create-1 into master by stephenwunrow (#3523) Co-authored-by: stephenwunrow Co-committed-by: stephenwunrow --- tn_MAT.tsv | 4 +- tn_MRK.tsv | 108 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------- 2 files changed, 64 insertions(+), 48 deletions(-) diff --git a/tn_MAT.tsv b/tn_MAT.tsv index c3b21c1841..78c487ccbd 100644 --- a/tn_MAT.tsv +++ b/tn_MAT.tsv @@ -784,7 +784,7 @@ front:intro sa9c 0 # Introduction to the Gospel of Matthew\n\n## Part 1: Gene 6:17 k283 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἄλειψαί σου τὴν κεφαλὴν καὶ τὸ πρόσωπόν σου νίψαι 1 Here, to **anoint** the **head** and to **wash** the **face** is to take normal care of one’s self. Doing this gives the appearance that you are living life as normal. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use similar phrases that refer to normal bodily care, or you could use a general statement. Alternate translation: “comb your hair and wash your face as you normally do” or “take care of yourself as you usually do” 6:18 urwm rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ὅπως 1 Here, the phrase **so that** introduces the purpose for which the disciples should anoint their heads and wash their faces ([6:17](../06/17.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different word or phrase that introduces a purpose. Alternate translation: “in order that” 6:18 gbty rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd μὴ φανῇς & σου & σου & σοι 1 Even though Jesus is speaking to many disciples, he is addressing an individual situation, so **you** and **your** are singular throughout this verse. But if the singular form would not be natural in your language for someone who is speaking to a group of people, you could use the plural forms of **you** and **your** in your translation. -6:18 s4kn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive μὴ φανῇς τοῖς ἀνθρώποις νηστεύων 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “men may not see you as fasting” +6:18 s4kn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive μὴ φανῇς τοῖς ἀνθρώποις νηστεύων, ἀλλὰ τῷ Πατρί σου 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “men may not see you as fasting, but only your Father” 6:18 trc6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τῷ Πατρί σου τῷ ἐν τῷ κρυφαίῳ 1 Here, much as in [6:6](../06/06.md), the phrase **your Father in secret** could mean that: (1) the **Father** is present even when a person fasts **in secret**. Alternate translation: “by your Father who is with you in secret” (2) the **Father** himself is **in secret**, which means that no one can see or observe him. Alternate translation: “by your Father, whom no one can see” (3) the disciple should fast **in secret**. Alternate translation: “in secret by your Father” 6:18 m56a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τῷ Πατρί σου & ὁ Πατήρ σου 1 This is a figurative expression. God is not the **Father** of humans in the same actual way that he is the Father of Jesus. Even so, it would probably be best to translate **Father** with the same word that your language would naturally use to refer to a human father. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that this means God. Alternate translation: “by God, who is your Father, … God, who is your Father” 6:18 sm6q rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants ἀποδώσει σοι 1 Many ancient manuscripts read **will reward you**. The ULT follows that reading. Other ancient manuscripts read “will reward you in the open.” If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT. @@ -1163,7 +1163,7 @@ front:intro sa9c 0 # Introduction to the Gospel of Matthew\n\n## Part 1: Gene 8:27 mme2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit οἱ & ἄνθρωποι 1 Here, the phrase **the men** refers to the disciples who are on the boat with Jesus. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “the disciples” 8:27 w8cs rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations λέγοντες 1 Consider natural ways of introducing direct quotations in your language. Alternate translation: “and they said” 8:27 u2qh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure ποταπός ἐστιν οὗτος, ὅτι καὶ οἱ ἄνεμοι καὶ ἡ θάλασσα αὐτῷ ὑπακούουσιν? 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could turn this into two sentences, one asking the question, and the other giving the reason for the question. Alternate translation: “What sort of man is he? Even the winds and the sea obey him!” -8:27 k5mk ποταπός ἐστιν οὗτος, ὅτι καὶ οἱ ἄνεμοι καὶ ἡ θάλασσα αὐτῷ ὑπακούουσιν 1 This is a genuine question, not a statement in question form. The disciples are looking for information about what kind of person Jesus could be if he can do these things. Alternate translation: “What sort of person is this man, for even the winds and the sea obey him” +8:27 k5mk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion ποταπός ἐστιν οὗτος, ὅτι καὶ οἱ ἄνεμοι καὶ ἡ θάλασσα αὐτῷ ὑπακούουσιν 1 This is a genuine question, not a statement in question form. The disciples are looking for information about what kind of person Jesus could be if he can do these things. Alternate translation: “What sort of person is this man, for even the winds and the sea obey him” 8:28 jlxm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit αὐτοῦ 1 Here, the word **he** refers directly to Jesus, but Matthew implies that the disciples were with him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “he and his disciples” 8:28 vxww rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit εἰς τὸ πέραν 1 Here, the phrase **the other side** refers to the side of the Sea of Galilee opposite to Capernaum, where Jesus and the disciples had started. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “to the opposite side of the lake” 8:28 yzi6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names τῶν Γαδαρηνῶν 1 The name **Gadarenes** refers to people from the town of Gadara. diff --git a/tn_MRK.tsv b/tn_MRK.tsv index b9ac8b0e1e..498a73ef78 100644 --- a/tn_MRK.tsv +++ b/tn_MRK.tsv @@ -2081,7 +2081,7 @@ front:intro r2f2 0 # Introduction to the Gospel of Mark\n\n## Part 1: General 11:33 av5y rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result οὐδὲ ἐγὼ λέγω ὑμῖν 1 With the words **Nor do I tell you**, Jesus is indicating that this is the result of what the Jewish leaders told him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could include a word or phrase that introduces a result. Alternate translation: “Then I will not tell you” or “Well then, neither do I tell you” 11:33 arpm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐν ποίᾳ ἐξουσίᾳ ταῦτα ποιῶ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **authority**, you could express the same idea in another way. See how you expressed the idea in [11:28](../11/28.md). Alternate tranation: “how I am empowered to do these things” 11:33 vox9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ταῦτα ποιῶ 1 Here, the phrase **these things** refers to what Jesus has done since he arrived in Jerusalem, including driving people out of the temple, healing people, and teaching. See how you translated the similar phrase in [11:28](../11/28.md). Alternate translation: “I teach, heal, and drive people out of the temple” -12:intro ne55 0 # Mark 12 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 12:10–11, 36, which are words from the Old Testament.\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in this Chapter\n\n### Hypothetical situations\n\nHypothetical situations are situations that have not actually happened. People describe these situations so their listeners can imagine them happening and learn lessons from them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]])\n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### The historic present\n\nTo call attention to a development in the story, Mark uses the present tense in past narration. In this chapter, the historic present occurs in verses 13, 14, 16, 18, and 41. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you could use the past tense in your translation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense]])\n\n### The son of David as Lord\n\nA paradox is a statement that describes two things that seem as if they cannot both be true at the same time, but which actually are both true. In this chapter, Jesus quotes a Psalm that records David calling his son “Lord,” that is, “master.” However, to the Jews, ancestors were greater than their descendants, so a father would not call his son “master.” In this passage, Mark 12:35–37, Jesus is trying to help his hearers understand that the Messiah will be divine, and that he himself is the Messiah. So, David is speaking to his son, that is, his descendant, as the Messiah, and it is appropriate for him to address him as his “Lord.” +12:intro ne55 0 # Mark 12 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n4. Last days of ministry and preparation for final conflict in Jerusalem (11:1–13:37)\n * The parable of the vineyard (12:1–12)\n * Jesus interacts with the religious leaders (12:13–37)\n * Jesus debates with the Pharisees and Herodians about taxes (12:13–17)\n * Jesus debates with the Sadducees about the resurrection (12:18–27)\n * Jesus speaks with a scribe about the greatest commandment (12:28–34)\n * Jesus teaches about the Christ (12:35–37)\n * Jesus warns against the scribe (12:38–40)\n * Jesus teaches about a widow who gave her little money to God (12:41–44)\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in [12:10–11](../12/10.md), which is a quotation from [Psalm 118:22–23](../psa/118/22.md), and the poetry in [12:36](../12/36.md), which is a quotation from [Psalm 110:1](../psa/110/01.md).\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Renting out a vineyard\n\nIn [12:1–12](../12/01.md), Jesus tells a story about a man who built a vineyard and then rented it out to farmers. Jesus is referring to a common arrangement in which a wealthy person who owned property would have poorer people use that property for farming or tending grapes. These poorer people would do the work and then sell the produce, and they would give the person who owned the property a portion of what they made. If your readers would not be familiar with this kind of arrangement, make sure that your translation is clear about what is happening in the story.\n\n### The poll tax\n\nThe word translated “poll tax” refers to a specific amount of money that each adult person had to pay to the government. In Jesus’ time period, the Roman government required Jewish adults to pay a high tax. The Pharisees ask whether this tax that the Roman government required contradicted the law that God gave Moses. Make sure that your readers understand that the Pharisees are asking about a tax that the Roman government required each adult Jewish person to pay.\n\n### A man marrying his brother’s widow\n\nIn [12:19–23](../12/19.md), the Sadducees question Jesus in regard to a hypothetical situation in which a woman marries seven brothers in succession. This situation is based on a command in the Jewish law that can be found in [Deuteronomy 25:5–6](../deu/25/05.md). The law requires a woman who is widowed without children to marry a brother of her late husband. The first child that they have together will be considered the child of the dead man. In this way, that man’s family line would continue. The Sadducees present an extreme application of this law, with seven brothers successively marrying the same woman and dying without having children. They use this example to try to make the idea of resurrection look strange or silly. Make sure that your readers understand the example that the Sadducees present.\n\n### The great commandment\n\nJewish teachers sometimes debated which specific commandment was the greatest or most important one. This was important because, if commandments seemed to contradict each other in a specific situation, the greater one would be the correct one to obey. When the scribe asks Jesus about “the first commandment” in [12:28](../12/28.md), he wants Jesus to offer an opinion about this debate. Make sure that your readers understand that this is what the scribe is asking about.\n\n### King David and the Christ\n\nIn [12:35–37](../12/35.md), Jesus asks the people he is teaching about whether the Christ can be a descendant of David if David himself calls the Messiah “Lord” in [Psalm 110:1](../psa/110/01.md). Since people in David’s culture called older and more important people “lord,” it does not make sense for David to call his own descendant “Lord.” When Jesus asks and teaches about this, he implies that the Christ is indeed King David’s descendant, but he is also more than that. Make sure that this teaching about calling the Christ “Lord” is clear to your readers.\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in this Chapter\n\n### The parable of the vineyard\n\nIn [12:1–12](../12/01.md), Jesus tells a story about a man who planted a vineyard and rented it out to farmers. When the man sends servants to collect the rent, the farmers refuse and injure or kill the servants. When the man sends his own son, the farmers kill him as well. So, man came and destroyed the farmers and rented the vineyard to other people. When he tells this story, Jesus implies that the Jewish religious leaders are like those farmers who will be destroyed. Jesus also implies that the vineyard represents the people of Israel, the servants represent God’s messengers, the son represents Jesus himself, and the man who owned the vineyard represents God. While you should not explain the meaning more than Jesus does, make sure that your translation fits with what Jesus is illustrating. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]])\n\n### The stone\n\nIn [12:10–11](../12/10.md), Jesus quotes from [Psalm 118:22–23](../psa/118/22.md), which refers to a specific “stone.” In the Psalm, this stone most likely represents the king of Israel, or it perhaps represents the Israelite people in general. When Jesus quotes this passage, he is implicitly identifying himself with the stone. Since the stone language comes from a quotation from the Psalms, you should preserve it in some form in your translation. Also, since Jesus does not explicitly claim to be the stone, you should keep that implicit in your translation. See the notes on these verses for translation options. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### Singular and plural forms of “you”\n\nMany of the forms of “you” in this chapter appear in questions that people ask of Jesus or in speeches that Jesus directs to individuals. Because of this, most forms of “you” in this chapter are singular. You should assume forms of “you” are singular unless a note specifies that the form is plural. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])\n\n### The historic present\n\nTo call attention to a development in the story, Mark uses the present tense in past narration. In this chapter, the historic present occurs in verses 13, 14, 16, 18, and 41. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you could use the past tense in your translation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense]])\n 12:1 w2hb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parables ἀμπελῶνα ἄνθρωπος ἐφύτευσεν 1 To teach the Jewish leaders, Jesus offers a story or illustration. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “Listen to this story: A man planted a vineyard” 12:1 qa93 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants ἀμπελῶνα ἄνθρωπος ἐφύτευσεν 1 Jesus uses the phrase **A man planted a vineyard** to introduce the main character in the story. Use a natural form in your language for introducing the main character in a story. Alternate translation: “There once was a man who planted a vineyard” 12:1 nyij rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown φραγμὸν 1 A **hedge** is a thick wall made out of bushy plants that were planted close together. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of wall, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “a wall made of bushes” or “wall of plants” @@ -2123,7 +2123,8 @@ front:intro r2f2 0 # Introduction to the Gospel of Mark\n\n## Part 1: General 12:9 g4ce rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown δώσει τὸν ἀμπελῶνα ἄλλοις 1 Here Jesus refesr to the same kind of arrangement that he referred to in [12:1](../12/01.md). Express the idea as you did there. Alternate translation: “will allow other farmers to use it” 12:9 mc5y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἄλλοις 1 The word **others** refers to other vine dressers who will care for the vineyard. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “to other farmers who will care for it” 12:10 xj9j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion οὐδὲ τὴν Γραφὴν ταύτην ἀνέγνωτε: 1 Jesus is using the question form to rebuke and teach the Jewish leaders. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “I know that you have read this scripture:” or “Surely you have read this scripture!” -12:10 v6ta rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations οὐδὲ τὴν Γραφὴν ταύτην ἀνέγνωτε 1 Here Jesus introduces a quotation from an important text, in this case, the Old Testament book of Psalms (see [Psalm 118:22–23](../psa/118/22.md) Psalm 118:22–23). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Jesus is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “And have you not read this in the book of Psalms” or “And have you never read what someone wrote in our Scriptures” +12:10 v6ta rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations οὐδὲ τὴν Γραφὴν ταύτην ἀνέγνωτε 1 Here Jesus introduces a quotation from an important text, in this case, the Old Testament book of Psalms (see [Psalm 118:22–23](../psa/118/22.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Jesus is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “And have you not read this in the book of Psalms” or “And have you never read what someone wrote in our Scriptures” +12:10 qqpu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular οὐδὲ & ἀνέγνωτε 1 Because Jesus is speaking to the Jewish leaders, the word **you** here is singular. 12:10 mzr2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor λίθον ὃν ἀπεδοκίμασαν οἱ οἰκοδομοῦντες, οὗτος ἐγενήθη εἰς κεφαλὴν γωνίας 1 Here the author of the quotation speaks of a person whom others reject as if he were a **stone** that **builders rejected**. He speaks of this person gaining power and respect as if he became **the head of the corner**. Jesus is applying this quotation to himself, identifying himself with the **stone**. However, if possible, preserve the metaphor in your translation, or if that is not possible, express the idea in simile form. Alternate translation: “A person who is like a stone that the builders rejected, that person has become like the head of the corner” 12:10 kv7t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit λίθον ὃν ἀπεδοκίμασαν οἱ οἰκοδομοῦντες 1 Here the author of the quotation is referring to the way people in this culture used stones to build the walls of houses and other buildings. In this case, the people do not want to use the **stone** for building. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “A stone that the builders thought was not good enough to use for building” 12:10 l5ma rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom κεφαλὴν γωνίας 1 The phrase **the head of the corner** refers to a specific stone that is especially key or important for a structure. It could be a stone at the corner of a wall, a stone at the top of an arch, or another important stone. You could use a term for one of these kinds of stones, or you could refer generally to an important or essential stone. Alternate translation: “the cornerstone” or “the capstone” or “the most important stone” @@ -2158,6 +2159,7 @@ front:intro r2f2 0 # Introduction to the Gospel of Mark\n\n## Part 1: General 12:14 y8lv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit δῶμεν ἢ μὴ δῶμεν 1 Here the Pharisees and the Herodians are asking about whether they should **give** or **not give** poll taxes **to Caesar**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “Should we give the poll tax, or should we not give it” 12:15 g48w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns αὐτῶν τὴν ὑπόκρισιν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **hypocrisy**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “that they were acting hypocritically” or “that they were being hypocritical” 12:15 c7nj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion τί με πειράζετε? 1 Jesus is using the question form to rebuke the Herodians and the Pharisees. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “I know that you are testing me.” or “Stop testing me!” +12:15 kgyb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular πειράζετε? φέρετέ 1 Because Jesus is speaking to the Pharisees and the Herodians, the word **you** and the command **Bring** are plural. 12:15 wl34 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney δηνάριον 1 A **denarius** was a silver coin equivalent to about one day’s wage for a hired worker. You could try to express this amount in terms of current monetary values, but that might cause your Bible translation to become outdated and inaccurate, since those values can change over time. So instead you might state something more general or give the equivalent in wages. Alternate translation: “a silver coin” or “a coin worth one day’s wage” 12:16 ev6s rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns οἱ 1 The pronoun **they** refers to the people who were there, more specifically the Herodians and the disciples of the Pharisees. If this is not clear for your readers, you could refer to these people more directly. Alternate translation: “the disciples of the Pharisees and the Herodians” or “the people there” 12:16 ljeo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἡ εἰκὼν αὕτη καὶ ἡ ἐπιγραφή 1 In Jesus’ culture, when governments made coins, they would usually put the face of the king or leader on one side, and they would usually have writing on the coin that honored that king or leader. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this practice more explicit. Alternate translation: “face and words of honor did the Roman government stamp on this coin” @@ -2165,6 +2167,7 @@ front:intro r2f2 0 # Introduction to the Gospel of Mark\n\n## Part 1: General 12:16 gi96 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis Καίσαρος 1 The Herodians and the Pharisees are leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the verse if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “The image and inscription are Caesar’s” 12:16 z45k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Καίσαρος 1 Here the fact that the image and inscription on the coin are **Caesar’s** implies that they were created by the empire that Caesar ruled, the Roman empire. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “They are of Caesar, the man who rules the Roman empire” 12:17 fl4l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy τὰ Καίσαρος ἀπόδοτε Καίσαρι 1 Here, **Caesar** represents the Roman leaders and government in general. See how you translated this word in [12:14](../12/14.md), but make sure that the connection to the answer “Caesar’s” in [12:16](../12/16.md) is clear. Alternate translation: “The things of the Roman leaders, give back to the Roman leaders” or “The things of the Roman empire, give back to the Roman empire” +12:17 fcho rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular ἀπόδοτε 1 Because Jesus is speaking to the Pharisees and the Herodians, the command **give back** is plural. 12:17 la16 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis καὶ τὰ τοῦ Θεοῦ τῷ Θεῷ 1 Jesus is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “and give to God the things that belong to God” 12:18 y8yo rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants καὶ ἔρχονται Σαδδουκαῖοι πρὸς αὐτόν, οἵτινες λέγουσιν ἀνάστασιν μὴ εἶναι; καὶ ἐπηρώτων αὐτὸν λέγοντες 1 Mark is here introducing the **Sadducees** as new participants in the story. If your language has its own way of introducing new participants, you could use it here in your translation. Alternate translation: “And some people approached him. They were Sadducees, who are a group who say that there is no resurrection. They were questioning him, saying” 12:18 edcn rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background καὶ ἔρχονται Σαδδουκαῖοι πρὸς αὐτόν, οἵτινες λέγουσιν ἀνάστασιν μὴ εἶναι 1 Here Mark provides background information about the **Sadducees** that will help readers understand what happens next. Use a natural form in your language for introducing background information. Alternate translation: “Now the Sadducees teach that there is no resurrection. Some of them come to him” @@ -2207,6 +2210,7 @@ front:intro r2f2 0 # Introduction to the Gospel of Mark\n\n## Part 1: General 12:24 zp2p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion οὐ διὰ τοῦτο πλανᾶσθε, μὴ εἰδότες τὰς Γραφὰς, μηδὲ τὴν δύναμιν τοῦ Θεοῦ? 1 Jesus is using the question form to rebuke the Sadducees. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “You are most certainly being led astray because of this, not knowing the Scriptures nor the power of God!” or “I tell you that you are being led astray because of this, not knowing the Scriptures nor the power of God.” 12:24 gjy0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result οὐ διὰ τοῦτο πλανᾶσθε, μὴ εἰδότες τὰς Γραφὰς, μηδὲ τὴν δύναμιν τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these clauses, since the second clause gives the reason for the result that the first clause describes. Alternate translation: “Is it not because you do not know the Scriptures nor the power of God that you are being led astray” 12:24 sie3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive οὐ & πλανᾶσθε 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who does the action, it is clear from the context that it is they themselves. Alternate translation: “Are you not going astray” or “Are you not leading yourselves astray” +12:24 wb1p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular οὐ & πλανᾶσθε 1 Because Jesus is speaking to the Sadducees, the word **you** here is plural. 12:24 tpkq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo διὰ τοῦτο & μὴ εἰδότες 1 Here, the word **this** refers directly ahead to the phrase **not knowing the Scriptures nor the power of God**. Jesus expresses the idea in this way because it was powerful in his language. If using the word **this** to refer to what someone is about to say would be redundant in your language, you could omit the redundant information and make the expression powerful in another way. Alternate translation: “because you do not know” 12:24 i8il rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὴν δύναμιν τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **power**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “the powerful things that God can do” 12:25 eqwu rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** introduces an explanation related to how the Sadducees have been “led astray” (see [12:24](../12/24.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces an explanation, or you could leave **For** untranslated. Alternate translation: “In fact,” or “What you should know is that” @@ -2222,6 +2226,7 @@ front:intro r2f2 0 # Introduction to the Gospel of Mark\n\n## Part 1: General 12:26 o34p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ἐγείρονται 1 Here, the word **raised** refers to someone who died coming back to life. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable idiom or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “they are restored to life” 12:26 z36n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐγείρονται 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who does the action, it is clear from the context that it is God. Alternate translation: “God raises them” 12:26 eod4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion οὐκ ἀνέγνωτε ἐν τῇ βίβλῳ Μωϋσέως ἐπὶ τοῦ βάτου, πῶς εἶπεν αὐτῷ ὁ Θεὸς λέγων, ἐγὼ ὁ Θεὸς Ἀβραὰμ, καὶ ὁ Θεὸς Ἰσαὰκ, καὶ ὁ Θεὸς Ἰακώβ? 1 Jesus is using the question form to rebuke and teach the Sadducees. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “I know that you have read in the book of Moses, at the bush, how God spoke to him, saying, ‘I am the God of Abraham, and the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob.’” or “Surely you have read in the book of Moses, at the bush, how God spoke to him, saying, ‘I am the God of Abraham, and the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob’!” +12:26 jgdt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular οὐκ ἀνέγνωτε 1 Because Jesus is speaking to the Sadducees, the word **you** here is plural. 12:26 jc5a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τῇ βίβλῳ Μωϋσέως 1 Here, Jesus is using the possessive form to describe **the book** that **Moses** wrote and authorized, the Pentateuch (the first five books of the Old Testament). Jesus is not using the possessive form to indicate a book that Moses owned. If this is not clear in your language, you could express the idea in another. Alternate translation: “the book that Moses authorized” or “the books that come from Moses” 12:26 w2lj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐπὶ τοῦ βάτου 1 Here Jesus is referring to the passage in **the book of Moses** where God appears to Moses in a **bush** that is on fire but that does not burn up. This passage can be found in [Exodus 3:2–6](../exo/03/02.md), and the quotation that follows is more specifically from [Exodus 3:6](../exo/03/06.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “in the passage about the bush” or “in the place in the book of Exodus where Moses encountered God in a bush” 12:26 nh43 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes λέγων, ἐγὼ ὁ Θεὸς Ἀβραὰμ, καὶ ὁ Θεὸς Ἰσαὰκ, καὶ ὁ Θεὸς Ἰακώβ 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “saying that he is the God of Abraham, and the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob?” @@ -2233,6 +2238,7 @@ front:intro r2f2 0 # Introduction to the Gospel of Mark\n\n## Part 1: General 12:27 ehs5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession νεκρῶν, ἀλλὰ ζώντων 1 Here, Jesus is using the possessive form to describe the God whom the living, not the dead, worship. If this is not clear in your language, you could express the idea in another way. Alternate translation: “honored by the dead, but by the living” 12:27 dgc9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj νεκρῶν & ζώντων 1 Jesus is using the adjectives **dead** and **living** as nouns to mean people who are dead and living. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate these words with equivalent phrases. Alternate translation: “of dead people … of living people” 12:27 v7ui rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive πολὺ πλανᾶσθε 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who does the action, it is clear from the context that it is they themselves. Alternate translation: “You are misunderstanding much” or “You are deceiving yourselves much” +12:27 kd8y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular πολὺ πλανᾶσθε 1 Because Jesus is speaking to the Sadducees, the word **You** here is plural. 12:28 w5ph rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent καὶ 1 Here, the word **And** introduces the next major event in the story. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces the next event, or you could leave **And** untranslated. Alternate translation: “After that,” 12:28 zqy4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants προσελθὼν εἷς τῶν γραμματέων, ἀκούσας αὐτῶν συνζητούντων, ἰδὼν ὅτι καλῶς ἀπεκρίθη αὐτοῖς, ἐπηρώτησεν αὐτόν 1 Here Mark introduces **one of the scribes** as a new character in the story. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a new character. Alternate translation: “there a scribe there. When he came up, he heard them discussing this together. He saw that Jesus answered them well, and he questioned him” 12:28 z4hg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go προσελθὼν 1 In a context such as this, your language might say “gone” instead of **come**. Alternate translation: “having gone up” @@ -2289,52 +2295,62 @@ front:intro r2f2 0 # Introduction to the Gospel of Mark\n\n## Part 1: General 12:34 is4c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor οὐ μακρὰν εἶ ἀπὸ τῆς Βασιλείας τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Here, Jesus speaks as if the man was physically **not far from the kingdom of God**. He means that the man is almost part of God’s kingdom. Jesus is speaking of **the kingdom of God** as if it were a physical place. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable figure of speech or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “You are almost in the kingdom of God” or “You almost belong to the kingdom of God” 12:34 b144 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes οὐ μακρὰν & ἀπὸ 1 Jesus is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, **not**, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning, **far**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “very close to” 12:34 rgh8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives οὐδεὶς οὐκέτι ἐτόλμα 1 The words translated **no one** and **any longer** are two negative words. In this construction, the second negative does not cancel the first to create a positive meaning. Instead, it gives greater emphasis to the negative. If your language can use two negatives that do not cancel one another to create a positive meaning, you could use a double negative here. If your language does not use two negatives in that way, you could translate with one negative, as the ULT does. Alternate translation: “people no longer were daring” -12:35 ptc8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche ἱερῷ 1 See how you translated the word **temple** in [11:11](../11/11.md), where it is used with the same meaning. -12:35 q6e4 πῶς λέγουσιν οἱ γραμματεῖς ὅτι ὁ Χριστὸς, υἱὸς Δαυείδ ἐστιν? 1 This is not a rhetorical question. Rather, Jesus’ listeners had asked him some difficult questions, and they had admitted that he answered them well. Now, in return, he is asking them a difficult question. None of them will be able to answer it, and this will demonstrate his wisdom even further. His question actually will teach something to those who are able to recognize its implications. But it would be appropriate to leave it in question form and not translate it as a statement. -12:35 i6a4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor υἱὸς Δαυείδ 1 Here, Jesus is using the term **son** to mean “descendant.” If your readers would not understand what **son** means in this context, you could express its meaning using plain language. Alternate translation: “a descendant of David” -12:36 e1zq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns αὐτὸς Δαυεὶδ 1 Jesus uses the word **himself** here to emphasize that it was David, the very person whom the scribes call the father of the Christ, who spoke the words in the quotation that follows. Use a natural way in your language to indicate this emphasis. Alternate translation: “None other than David” or “David, the very person whom you call the father of the Christ” -12:36 jlbd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes εἶπεν ἐν τῷ Πνεύματι τῷ ἁγίῳ, εἶπεν ὁ Κύριος τῷ Κυρίῳ μου, κάθου ἐκ δεξιῶν μου, ἕως ἂν θῶ τοὺς ἐχθρούς σου ὑποκάτω τῶν ποδῶν σου 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation and then another quotation within that one. Alternate translation: “said, by inspiration of the Holy Spirit, that the Lord told his Lord to sit at his right side until he put his enemies under his feet” -12:36 ejy2 ἐν τῷ Πνεύματι τῷ ἁγίῳ 1 Alternate translation: “inspired by the Holy Spirit” or “by the inspiration of the Holy Spirit” -12:36 dv7b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism εἶπεν ὁ Κύριος τῷ Κυρίῳ μου 1 Here, the term **Lord** does not refer to the same person in both instances. The first instance is representing the name Yahweh, which David actually uses in this psalm. In order to honor the commandment not to misuse God’s name, Jewish people often avoided saying that name and said Lord instead. The second instance is the regular term for “lord” or “master.” The ULT and UST capitalize the word because it refers to the Messiah. Alternate translation: “The Lord God said to my Lord” or “God said to my Lord” -12:36 v53p rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction κάθου ἐκ δεξιῶν μου 1 The seat at the right side of a ruler was a position of great honor and authority. By telling the Messiah to sit there, God was symbolically conferring honor and authority on him. Alternate translation: “Sit in the place of honor beside me” -12:36 k2j1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj κάθου ἐκ δεξιῶν μου 1 In this quotation, Yahweh is using the adjective **right** as a noun in order to indicate his right side. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could state that specifically. Alternate translation: “Sit at my right side” -12:36 rfy9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction ἕως ἂν θῶ τοὺς ἐχθρούς σου ὑποκάτω τῶν ποδῶν σου 1 Placing an enemy under one’s feet represents conquering them and making them submit. Here, it means that Yahweh would make His enemies stop resisting the Messiah and force them to submit to him. Alternate translation: “until I conquer your enemies for you” +12:35 ifdj rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent καὶ 1 Here, the word **And** introduces the next major event in the story. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces the next event, or you could leave **And** untranslated. Alternate translation: “After that,” or “Sometime later,” +12:35 ikub rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἀποκριθεὶς 1 Here, the word **answering** indicates that Jesus asked this question in response to how the Jewish leaders had been trying to trick and trap him with their questions. Jesus was not directly responding to anyone’s question. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “in response to how the Jewish leaders had been testing him” or “after the Jewish leaders had tested him” +12:35 ptc8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche ἱερῷ 1 Here Mark means that Jesus was teaching in the **temple** area. He does not mean that Jesus was in the most sacred parts of the temple building. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. See you translated this word in [11:11](../11/11.md). Alternate translation: “temple courtyard” +12:35 q6e4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion πῶς λέγουσιν οἱ γραμματεῖς ὅτι ὁ Χριστὸς, υἱὸς Δαυείδ ἐστιν? 1 This is not a rhetorical question. Rather, Jesus’ listeners had asked him some difficult questions, and they had admitted that he answered them well. Now, in return, he is asking them a difficult question. None of them will be able to answer it, and this will demonstrate his wisdom even further. His question actually will teach something to those who are able to recognize its implications. But it would be appropriate to leave it in question form and not translate it as a statement. +12:35 i6a4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor υἱὸς Δαυείδ 1 Here, the word **son** refers to a male descendant. It does not mean that **the Christ** is the direct son of David. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “descended from David” or “in the lineage of David” +12:36 e1zq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns αὐτὸς Δαυεὶδ 1 Jesus uses the word **himself** here to emphasize that it was **David**, the very person whom the scribes call the father of the Christ, who wrote the words in the quotation that follows. Use a natural way in your language to indicate this emphasis. Alternate translation: “None other than David” or “David, the very person whom they call the father of the Christ” +12:36 ejy2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν τῷ Πνεύματι τῷ ἁγίῳ 1 Here, the phrase **in the Holy Spirit** indicates that David wrote the words that follow as **the Holy Spirit** inspired him. In other words, the **Holy Spirit** prompted David to write this. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “by the inspiration of the Spirit” or “prompted by the Spirit”\n +12:36 jlbd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes εἶπεν & εἶπεν ὁ Κύριος τῷ Κυρίῳ μου, κάθου ἐκ δεξιῶν μου, ἕως ἂν θῶ τοὺς ἐχθρούς σου ὑποκάτω τῶν ποδῶν σου 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “said that the Lord told his Lord to sit at his right hand until he puts his enemies under his feet” +12:36 xdd5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations εἶπεν 1 Here Jesus introduces a quotation from an important text, in this case, the Old Testament book of Psalms (see [Psalm 110:1](../psa/110/01.md)). This Psalm was written by David. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Jesus is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “said in the book of Psalms” or “wrote in Scriptures” +12:36 dv7b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit εἶπεν ὁ Κύριος τῷ Κυρίῳ μου 1 Here, the term Lord does not refer to the same person in both instances. The first instance refers to God. The second instance refers to a person whom David respectfully calls “lord.” The ULT and UST capitalize this second instance of the word because it refers to the Messiah. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make those ideas more explicit. Alternate translation: “God, the Lord, said to my Lord” or “God said to my Lord” +12:36 v53p rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction κάθου ἐκ δεξιῶν μου 1 When someone sits at God’s **right hand**, it symbolizes that person’s honor, authority, and ability to rule. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “Sit to rule at my right hand” or “Take the place of honor and authority at my right hand” +12:36 k2j1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἐκ δεξιῶν μου 1 Here, the phrase **at my right hand** refers to the place next to a person’s **right hand**, which would be the “right side.” In the author’s culture, this side was associated with honor or authority. If it would be helpful in your language, you could refer to the “right side.” Make sure that your readers understand that this side indicates that the Lord has honor and authority when he sits there. Alternate translation: “at my right side” or “at the honorable place next to me” +12:36 rfy9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction ἕως ἂν θῶ τοὺς ἐχθρούς σου ὑποκάτω τῶν ποδῶν σου 1 In the author’s culture, to **put** people under a person’s **feet** indicates that those people have been conquered and are powerless and shamed. So, this means that God will conquer and shame all the enemies of the **Lord**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could explain what this action means. Alternate translation: “until I make your enemies kneel before you” or “until I conquer and shame your enemies” +12:36 tt1m rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants ὑποκάτω τῶν ποδῶν σου 1 Many ancient manuscripts read **under your feet**. The ULT follows that reading. Other ancient manuscripts read “as a footstool of your feet.” If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT. +12:37 qpdy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit αὐτὸς Δαυεὶδ λέγει αὐτὸν, Κύριον, καὶ πόθεν υἱός αὐτοῦ ἐστιν? 1 In Jesus’ culture, people would not call any of their descendants **Lord**, since this title was used for people who were more important or older. Jesus’ question assumes this practice. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make it more explicit. Alternate translation: “David himself calls him ‘Lord,’ and no one calls his own son ‘Lord.’ So, how can he be his son” 12:37 j7wn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes αὐτὸς Δαυεὶδ λέγει αὐτὸν, Κύριον 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “David himself calls the Messiah his Lord” -12:37 ka5u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit λέγει αὐτὸν 1 Here, the word **him** refers to the Messiah. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express that explicitly, as the UST does. -12:37 ssq3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns αὐτὸς Δαυεὶδ 1 See how you translated the word **himself** in [12:36](../12/36.md), where it is used with the same meaning. Alternate translation: “None other than David” or “David, the very person” or “David, whom we all respect” -12:37 qpdy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit αὐτὸς Δαυεὶδ λέγει αὐτὸν, Κύριον, καὶ πόθεν υἱός αὐτοῦ ἐστιν? 1 In this culture, an ancestor was more respected than a descendant. But to call someone **Lord** was to address that person as the more respected one. As the General Notes to this chapter describe, this is a paradox. That is, it is a statement that describes two things that seem as if they cannot both be true at the same time but which actually are both true. Jesus is calling attention to this paradox to get his listeners to think more deeply about who the Messiah is. If it would be helpful in your language, you could indicate explicitly what makes this a paradox. Alternate translation: “David respectfully addresses the Messiah as his Lord, but David should be more respected than his descendant. So why does David address him that way?” -12:37 rh2t καὶ πόθεν υἱός αὐτοῦ ἐστιν 1 Like the question in [12:35](../12/35.md), this seems to be a question that Jesus wanted his listeners to try to answer, even though he is also using it to teach. It is a difficult question, like the ones they asked him, which he answered well. They will not be able to answer his question, and this should give them a further appreciation for his wisdom, in addition to what they might learn from reflecting on the question later. So it would be appropriate to leave it in question form and not translate it as a statement. Alternate translation: “So why do people say that the Messiah is David’s descendant” -12:37 qucc rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result καὶ 1 Jesus is using the word **and** to show that a conclusion should be made as a result of what he has just said, and that this conclusion would be different from what his listeners had previously believed. Use a natural form in your language for showing this. Alternate translation: “so” -12:37 tjp6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor υἱός 1 Jesus is using the term **son** to mean “descendant,” as he did in [12:35](../12/35.md). See how you translated the term **son** there. Alternate translation: “descendant” -12:38 bh8w rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential καὶ 1 Mark uses the word **And** to indicate that Jesus is still sitting in the temple area taking to the people, as he was in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “Then” -12:38 rwxq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular βλέπετε 1 In the original language in which Mark wrote this Gospel, the phrase **Watch out** is a command or instruction written in the plural form. Use the most natural form in your language to give direction to a group of people. Alternate translation: “All of you watch out for” or “Every one of you watch out for” -12:38 yhfv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy βλέπετε ἀπὸ τῶν γραμματέων 1 Jesus says **Watch out** to warn about the influence of certain people. He is not saying that the scribes themselves are physically dangerous, but that it would be dangerous spiritually to follow their example. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “Be careful not to follow the example of the scribes” -12:38 nxy9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction τῶν θελόντων ἐν στολαῖς περιπατεῖν 1 In this culture, **long robes** were a symbol of wealth and status. To walk around in public in **long robes** was to assert one’s right to high status. If it would be helpful in your language, you could indicate this explicitly. Alternate translation: “who like to walk around looking important in their long robes” +12:37 ssq3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns αὐτὸς Δαυεὶδ 1 See how you translated the phrase **David himself** in [12:36](../12/36.md), where it is used with the same meaning. Alternate translation: “None other than David” or “David, the very person whom they call the father of the Christ,” +12:37 rh2t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion καὶ πόθεν υἱός αὐτοῦ ἐστιν 1 Like the question in [12:35](../12/35.md), this is a question that Jesus wanted his listeners to try to answer, even though he is also using it to teach. It is a difficult question, like the ones the Jewish leaders asked him, which he answered well. They will not be able to answer his question, and this should give them a further appreciation for his wisdom, in addition to what they might learn from reflecting on the question later. So it would be appropriate to leave it in question form and not translate it as a statement. Alternate translation: “so in what way can he be his son” +12:37 qucc rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result καὶ 1 Here, the word **and** introduces a question that is based on the previous statement. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces an inference or conclusion. Alternate translation: “so” +12:37 tjp6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor υἱός αὐτοῦ 1 Here, the word **son** refers to a male descendant. It does not mean that the Christ is the direct son of David. See how you expressed the idea in [12:35](../12/35.md). Alternate translation: “descended from him” or “in his lineage” +12:38 bh8w rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential καὶ 1 Mark uses the word **And** to indicate that Jesus is still in the temple area talking to the people there, as he was in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that makes that more explicit. Alternate translation: “Then” or “At that time” +12:38 yhfv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit βλέπετε ἀπὸ τῶν γραμματέων 1 Here Jesus means that people need to **Watch out** that they do not act like **the scribes**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “Be careful that you are not like the scribes” or “Watch out that you do not behave like the scribes do” +12:38 s30c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular βλέπετε 1 Because Jesus is teaching many people, the command **Watch out** is plural. +12:38 nxy9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction ἐν στολαῖς περιπατεῖν 1 In this culture, **long robes** were a symbol of wealth and status. To walk around in public in **long robes** was to assert one’s right to high status. If it would be helpful in your language, you could explain what it means to behave in this way. Alternate translation: “to walk around looking important in their long robes” 12:38 mu5a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἀσπασμοὺς 1 The implication is that these would be respectful **greetings** in which the scribes would be addressed by important titles. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “respectful greetings” -12:39 mwmf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor πρωτοκαθεδρίας & πρωτοκλισίας 1 Both uses of the word **first** here mean “best.” Alternate translation: “the best seats … the best places” -12:40 jtw4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy οἱ κατεσθίοντες τὰς οἰκίας τῶν χηρῶν 1 Jesus speaks of the **houses** of widows to mean their wealth and possessions, which they would have in their houses. If it would be helpful in your language, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “They defraud widows of everything they own” -12:40 j27b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor οἱ κατεσθίοντες τὰς οἰκίας τῶν χηρῶν 1 Jesus says that the scribes are **devouring** or eating up the possessions of widows. He means that they continually ask the widows for money until the widows have none left. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or use plain language to express the meaning. Alternate translation: “They defraud widows of everything they own” -12:40 r3ht καὶ προφάσει μακρὰ προσευχόμενοι 1 Here, **pretext** refers to something that someone would do in order to appear a certain way. Alternate translation: “in order to seem godly, they are offering long prayers” -12:40 qm52 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy οὗτοι λήμψονται περισσότερον κρίμα 1 Jesus is using the word **condemnation** to mean the punishment that a person would receive after being condemned (found guilty) for doing something wrong. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or use plain language to express the meaning. Alternate translation: “These scribes will receive greater punishment” -12:40 h36x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit οὗτοι λήμψονται περισσότερον κρίμα 1 The implication seems to be that these proud and greedy scribes will receive **greater** punishment than they would have if they had not pretended to be so godly. It is also implicit that God will be the one who punishes them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use plain language to express the meaning. Alternate translation: “God will punish these scribes more severely because they do all these wrong things while pretending to be godly” -12:41 r69x rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background καὶ 1 # Connecting Statement:\n\nMark uses the word **And** to introduce background information that will help his readers understand what happens next in the story. Alternate translation: “Now” -12:41 nohd rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent καθίσας κατέναντι τοῦ γαζοφυλακίου, ἐθεώρει πῶς ὁ ὄχλος βάλλει χαλκὸν εἰς τὸ γαζοφυλάκιον; καὶ πολλοὶ πλούσιοι ἔβαλλον πολλά 1 This background information introduces a new event in the story. Alternate translation: “after Jesus sat down he was watching the crowd put money into the offering box and noticing that there were many rich people who were placing gifts of money in the offering boxes” -12:41 p2kp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy τοῦ γαζοφυλακίου & τὸ γαζοφυλάκιον 1 Mark is speaking of the boxes in the temple courtyard where people put money that they were giving to God. He associates the boxes with **the treasury**, the name of the place where this money would be kept until it was needed. Alternate translation: “the offering boxes … the offering boxes” -12:41 w4xc rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns ὁ ὄχλος 1 The word **crowd** is a singular noun that refers to a group of people. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you can use a different expression such as “many people,” as modeled by the UST. -12:41 jgkw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj πλούσιοι 1 Mark is using the adjective **rich** as a noun in order to indicate a type of person. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this with an equivalent expression such as “rich people,” as the UST does. Alternate translation: “wealthy people” -12:41 rl1l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis πολλά 1 Mark is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “much money” -12:42 g6ry rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney λεπτὰ δύο, ὅ ἐστιν κοδράντης 1 The word **lepta** is the plural of “lepton.” A lepton was a small bronze or copper coin used by the Jews. It was equivalent to a few minutes’ wages. It was the least valuable coin that people used in this culture. You could try to express this amount in terms of current monetary values, but that might cause your Bible translation to become outdated and inaccurate, since those values can change over time. So instead, you might use the name of the least valuable coin in your culture, or use a general expression. Alternate translation: “two pennies” or “two small coins of little value” -12:42 n29e rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney ὅ ἐστιν κοδράντης 1 A **quadrans** was the smallest Roman coin. Mark is seeking to help his readers, who are Roman, understand the value of **two leptas** in their own currency. You could clarify in your translation that a **quadrans** is a Roman coin, as the UST does, or you can leave this information untranslated. -12:43-44 ipl1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-versebridge 0 # General Information:\n\nIn verse 43 Jesus says that the widow put more money in the offering than the rich people put in, and in verse 44 he gives his reason for saying that. If your language would put the reason before the result, you could create a verse bridge by moving this verse to the end of the following verse. You would then present the combined verses as 43–44, as the UST does. -12:43 q124 ἀμὴν, λέγω ὑμῖν 1 See how you translated the statement **Truly I say to you** in [3:28](../03/28.md). -12:43 ih0m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἡ χήρα αὕτη ἡ πτωχὴ 1 Even though it is not literally true that the widow has put more money into the offering box than all the rich people, this is still not figurative language. As Jesus explains in the next verse, he means that she has put in proportionately more than all the others, relative to her means, and that is literally true. But Jesus makes the seemingly untrue statement first, using it to get his disciples to reflect on how it can be true. So it would be appropriate to translate Jesus’ words directly and not interpret them as if they were figurative. For example, it would be a figurative interpretation to say, “God considers what this poor widow has given to be more valuable than the gifts of all the others” -12:43 n8z5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit πάντων & τῶν βαλλόντων 1 In context, **all** means specifically all of the rich people who were putting large monetary gifts in the collection boxes. Alternate translation: “all of those rich people putting” -12:43 n7su γαζοφυλάκιον 1 See how you translated the term **offering box** in [12:41](../12/41.md). -12:44 c7jj rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** introduces the reason for what Jesus said in [12:43](../12/43.md). Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: “Because” -12:44 ihuq ἐκ τοῦ περισσεύοντος αὐτοῖς ἔβαλον 1 Alternate translation: “had a lot of money but only gave a small portion of it” -12:44 ui9a αὕτη δὲ, ἐκ τῆς ὑστερήσεως αὐτῆς, πάντα ὅσα εἶχεν ἔβαλεν, ὅλον τὸν βίον αὐτῆς 1 Alternate translation: “but she who had only had a very little money gave everything she had to live on” -12:44 l4tp τῆς ὑστερήσεως αὐτῆς 1 Alternate translation: “her lack” or “the little she had” -12:44 p3as ὅλον τὸν βίον αὐτῆς 1 Alternate translation: “all she had to survive on” +12:38 akkw rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown ταῖς ἀγοραῖς 1 The word **marketplaces** refers to large, open-air areas where people buy and sell goods. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of area, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “the town squares” or “the parks” +12:39 mwmf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor πρωτοκαθεδρίας & πρωτοκλισίας 1 Here Jesus speaks of the **seats** and **places** for the most important people as if they were **first** in a sequence. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “important seats … important places” +12:39 x6ct rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal πρωτοκαθεδρίας & πρωτοκλισίας 1 If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you could use cardinal numbers here or equivalent expressions. Alternate translation: “the number one seats … the number one places” +12:40 j27b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor οἱ κατεσθίοντες τὰς οἰκίας τῶν χηρῶν 1 Here Jesus speaks as if the scribes were **devouring** or eating **the houses of widows**. He means that they are taking **the houses** away from **the widows**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable figure of speech or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the ones taking the houses of widows” or “the ones defrauding widows of their houses” +12:40 jtw4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy τὰς οἰκίας τῶν χηρῶν 1 Jesus speaks of **the houses of widows** to mean their wealth and possessions, which they would have in their **houses**. If it would be helpful in your language, you state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “everything that widows own” +12:40 r3ht rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit προφάσει 1 Here, the phrase **as a pretext** could mean: (1) that the scribes and Pharisees are using **long prayers** to try to look godly. Alternate translation: “in order to seem godly” (2) that the scribes are Pharisees are using their **long prayers** to hide or cover up how they devour the houses of widows. Alternate translation: “to cover that up” or “to disguise what they do” +12:40 d0ua rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns λήμψονται περισσότερον κρίμα 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **condemnation**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “will be condemned more severely” +12:40 h36x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit περισσότερον κρίμα 1 Here Jesus implies that these scribes will receive **greater condemnation** than they would have if they had not pretended to be godly. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “greater condemnation than people who did not pretend to be godly” +12:40 qm52 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy κρίμα 1 Jesus is using the word **condemnation** to mean the punishment that a person would receive after being condemned for doing something wrong. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or use plain language to express the meaning. Alternate translation: “punishment” +12:41 r69x rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent καὶ 1 Here, the word **And** introduces the next major event in the story. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces the next event, or you could leave **And** untranslated. Alternate translation: “Then,” or “After that,” +12:41 cx75 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom κατέναντι τοῦ γαζοφυλακίου 1 Here, a place **opposite the treasury** is directly in front of **the treasury**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “with the treasury in front of him” or “with the treasury before him” +12:41 p2kp rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown τοῦ γαζοφυλακίου & τὸ γαζοφυλάκιον 1 A **treasury** is a box or receptacle in which people can put and store money. More specifically, this word refers to the receptacles in the temple courtyard into which people could drop money that would be used to keep the temple operating. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of receptacle, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “the temple money box … the temple money box” or “the chest for the gifts for the temple … the chest for the gifts for the temple” +12:41 jgkw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj πλούσιοι 1 Mark is using the adjective **rich** as a noun to mean rich people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “rich people” +12:41 rl1l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj πολλά 1 Mark is using the adjective **much** as a noun to mean much money. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “much money” +12:42 zl5v rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants ἐλθοῦσα μία χήρα πτωχὴ ἔβαλεν 1 Here Mark introduces **one poor widow** as a new participant in the story. If your language has its own way of introducing new participants, you could use it here in your translation. Alternate translation: “a woman arrived. She was a widow, and she was poor. She put in” +12:42 b3ol rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go ἐλθοῦσα 1 In a context such as this, your language might say “gone” instead of **come**. Alternate translation: “having gone” +12:42 g6ry rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney λεπτὰ δύο 1 The word **lepta** is the plural of “lepton.” A lepton was a small bronze or copper coin equivalent to a few minutes’ wages. It was the least valuable coin that people used in this culture. You could try to express this amount in terms of current monetary values, but that might cause your Bible translation to become outdated and inaccurate, since those values can change over time. So instead you might use the name of the least valuable coin in your culture, or a general expression. Alternate translation: “two pennies” or “two small coins of little value” +12:42 n29e rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney ὅ ἐστιν κοδράντης 1 A **quadrans** was one of the smallest and least valuable coins in circulation in this place and time. It was equivalent to about an eighth of an hour’s wage. You could try to express this amount in terms of current monetary values, but that might cause your Bible translation to become outdated and inaccurate, since those values can change over time. So instead you might use the name of one of the least valuable coins in your culture, or a general expression. Alternate translation: “which is a nickel” or “which is not even an hour’s wage” +12:43-44 ipl1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-versebridge ἀμὴν, λέγω ὑμῖν, ὅτι ἡ χήρα αὕτη ἡ πτωχὴ, πλεῖον πάντων ἔβαλεν τῶν βαλλόντων εἰς τὸ γαζοφυλάκιον & πάντες γὰρ ἐκ τοῦ περισσεύοντος αὐτοῖς ἔβαλον, αὕτη δὲ, ἐκ τῆς ὑστερήσεως αὐτῆς, πάντα ὅσα εἶχεν ἔβαλεν, ὅλον τὸν βίον αὐτῆς 1 If it would be helpful to your readers, you could combine [12:43](../12/43.md) and [12:44](../12/44.md) into a verse bridge in order to include the reason for Jesus’ declaration before including his declaration. Alternate translation: “All put in from the things abounding to them, but this poor widow, from her poverty, put in everything, as much as she had, her whole life. Therefore, truly I say to you that she put in more than all the ones putting into the treasury” +12:43 ehlb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular ὑμῖν 1 Because Jesus is speaking to his disciples, the word **you** here is singular. +12:43 ih0m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἡ χήρα αὕτη ἡ πτωχὴ, πλεῖον πάντων ἔβαλεν 1 Even though it is not literally true that the widow has put **more** money into the offering box than all the rich people, this is still not figurative language. As Jesus explains in the next verse, he means that she has put in proportionately more than all the others, relative to her means, and that is literally true. But Jesus makes the seemingly untrue statement first, to get his disciples to reflect on how it can be true. So it would be appropriate to translate Jesus’ words directly and not express them as if they were figurative.\n +12:43 n8z5 πάντων & τῶν βαλλόντων 1 Alternate translation: “everyone else who put money” +12:43 n7su rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown τὸ γαζοφυλάκιον 1 See how you translated **treasury** in [12:41](../12/41.md). Alternate translation: “the temple money box” or “the chest for the gifts for the temple” +12:44 c7jj rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** introduces the basis or reason for the claim that Jesus made in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a reason or basis for a claim, or you could leave **For** untranslated. Alternate translation: “I say that because” or “Here is why:” +12:44 n9ep rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj πάντες 1 Jesus is using the adjective **all** as a noun to mean all the people who were putting money into the treasury. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “all these people” or “all those who have given money” +12:44 ihuq ἐκ τοῦ περισσεύοντος αὐτοῖς ἔβαλον 1 Alternate translation: “put in only some of the many things that they had” +12:44 ui9a αὕτη & ἐκ τῆς ὑστερήσεως αὐτῆς, πάντα ὅσα εἶχεν ἔβαλεν 1 Alternate translation: “she put in all of the few things that she had” +12:44 qnzq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐκ τῆς ὑστερήσεως αὐτῆς 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **poverty**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “although she was poor” +12:44 l4tp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo πάντα ὅσα εἶχεν 1 The expression **everything, as much as she had** contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the expression. Alternate translation: “everything that she had”\n +12:44 p3as rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ὅλον τὸν βίον αὐτῆς 1 Here Jesus speaks as if the woman had put in **her whole life**. He means that she put in all the money that she had to buy what she needed to live. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable figure of speech or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “all she had to live on” or “so that she had nothing left to buy even the necessities” +12:44 qrz3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ὅλον τὸν βίον αὐτῆς 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **life**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “all that kept her alive” 13:intro ti7d 0 # Mark 13 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 13:24–25, which are words from the Old Testament.\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### The return of Christ\n\nJesus said much about what would happen before he returned ([Mark 13:6–37](./06.md)). He told his followers that bad things would happen to the world and bad things would happen to them before he returned, but they needed to be ready for him to return at any time.\n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### The historic present\n\nTo call attention to a development in the story, Mark uses the present tense in past narration. In this chapter, the historic present occurs in verse 13. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you could use the past tense in your translation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense]]) 13:1 rrv1 Διδάσκαλε 1 See how you translated **Teacher** in [4:38](../04/38.md). 13:1 ql81 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ποταποὶ λίθοι καὶ ποταπαὶ οἰκοδομαί 1 Here, **stones** refers to the very large stones with which the temple walls were built. If it would be helpful in your language, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “How wonderful these huge stones are and how wonderful these buildings are”