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Added "Alternate translation:" labels as needed. (#2422)
Co-authored-by: Larry Sallee <larry.sallee@unfoldingword.org> Reviewed-on: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_tn/pulls/2422
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@ -19,10 +19,10 @@ OBA 1 2 npn6 הִנֵּ֥ה 1 Behold This alerts the people of Edom to pay spec
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OBA 1 2 l6dc figs-parallelism קָטֹ֛ן נְתַתִּ֖יךָ בַּגּוֹיִ֑ם בָּז֥וּי אַתָּ֖ה מְאֹֽד 1 I am making you small among the nations, you are extremely despised These two phrases mean similar things and are used together to emphasize that Edom will lose its important status. If it would be more natural in your language, you could combine them as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
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OBA 1 2 ec8m figs-metaphor קָטֹ֛ן נְתַתִּ֖יךָ בַּגּוֹיִ֑ם 1 small among the nations Something insignificant is spoken of figuratively as if it were small in size and could easily be overlooked. Alternate translation: “insignificant among the nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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OBA 1 2 ch1u figs-activepassive בָּז֥וּי אַתָּ֖ה מְאֹֽד 1 you are extremely despised You could state this in the active form. Alternate translation: “the people of other nations will hate you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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OBA 1 3 kjbt figs-personification זְד֤וֹן לִבְּךָ֙ הִשִּׁיאֶ֔ךָ 1 Here, **pride** is spoken of figuratively as though it were a person who could deceive someone. If this is not clear, you could say this with plain language.<br>Alternate translation: “Because you are so proud, you have deceived yourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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OBA 1 3 kjbt figs-personification זְד֤וֹן לִבְּךָ֙ הִשִּׁיאֶ֔ךָ 1 Here, **pride** is spoken of figuratively as though it were a person who could deceive someone. If this is not clear, you could say this with plain language. Alternate translation: “Because you are so proud, you have deceived yourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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OBA 1 3 hzdk figs-youcrowd זְד֤וֹן לִבְּךָ֙ הִשִּׁיאֶ֔ךָ 1 Here, **you** is singular, since it refers to the people of Edom as a single nation, but if this is confusing in your language, you can use a plural form of “you” here and throughout this book. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]])
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OBA 1 3 kcc3 figs-abstractnouns זְד֤וֹן לִבְּךָ֙ 1 If your readers would misunderstand this, you could translate the abstract noun **pride** with the adjective “proud.” Alternate translation: “Your proud attitude” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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OBA 1 3 qpw7 figs-metaphor זְד֤וֹן לִבְּךָ֙ 1 of your heart Here, **heart** is used figuratively to refer to a person’s thoughts and feelings.<br>Alternate translation: “Your proud attitude” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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OBA 1 3 qpw7 figs-metaphor זְד֤וֹן לִבְּךָ֙ 1 of your heart Here, **heart** is used figuratively to refer to a person’s thoughts and feelings. Alternate translation: “Your proud attitude” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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OBA 1 3 k9sw figs-123person שֹׁכְנִ֥י בְחַגְוֵי־סֶּ֖לַע 1 lofty in his dwelling Here, the pronoun switches from **you** to **he** even though Yahweh is still talking to the people of Edom. If this is confusing in your language, you can continue to use **you**, since this is part of Yahweh’s continuing message to the people of Edom. Alternate translation: “you who live in the clefts of the rock” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
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OBA 1 3 q6sz בְחַגְוֵי־סֶּ֖לַע 1 in the clefts of the rock This means a place that is protected because it is surrounded by rocks.
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OBA 1 3 r5zj figs-123person אֹמֵ֣ר בְּלִבּ֔וֹ 1 he who says in his heart This says **he** and **his,** as if Yahweh were talking aloud about Edom rather than to Edom, but it can be translated with **you** as part of Yahweh’s continuing words to the people. Alternate translation: “you who say in your heart” or “you who say to yourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
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@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ OBA 1 9 q6s7 figs-activepassive יִכָּֽרֶת־אִ֛ישׁ 1 will be cut o
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OBA 1 9 jd31 figs-idiom אִ֛ישׁ 1 a man Here, **a man** is an idiom that means “each person.” Alternate translation: “all you people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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OBA 1 9 jd35 figs-synecdoche מֵהַ֥ר עֵשָׂ֖ו 1 from the mountain of Esau As in v. 8, Yahweh is referring to the whole territory by the name of this one part of it. See how you translated it there. Alternate translation: “from the land of Edom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
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OBA 1 9 jd37 figs-abstractnouns מִקָּֽטֶל 1 by slaughter The abstract noun **slaughter** intensifies the idea of being **cut off** or killed. If you would not use an abstract noun like this in your language, you could use an adverb instead. Alternate translation: “violently” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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OBA 1 9 hsy2 figs-abstractnouns מִקָּֽטֶל 1 Some Bible translations put this phrase with verse 10, rather than with verse 9. If you choose to do that, verse 9 would end, “…from the mountain of Esau.” Verse 10 would begin, “Because of slaughter, because of violence…”<br>(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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OBA 1 9 hsy2 figs-abstractnouns מִקָּֽטֶל 1 Some Bible translations put this phrase with verse 10, rather than with verse 9. If you choose to do that, verse 9 would end, “…from the mountain of Esau.” Verse 10 would begin, “Because of slaughter, because of violence …” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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OBA 1 10 jd39 figs-metonymy אָחִ֥יךָ 1 your brother The term **brother** is being used here to refer to members of a related people group. Use the term that is most natural in your language. Alternate translation: “your relatives who are the descendants of Jacob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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OBA 1 10 ui6g figs-personification יַעֲקֹ֖ב 1 Jacob Here the name **Jacob** refers to the people of Judah, who were his descendants. All the people are being portrayed as if they were a single person, their ancestor. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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OBA 1 10 jd41 figs-abstractnouns תְּכַסְּךָ֣ בוּשָׁ֑ה 1 shame will cover you If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use a verb to translate the abstract noun **shame**. Alternate translation: “you will be dishonored” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ OBA 1 12 crs3 figs-idiom בְיוֹם 1 on the day of Here, **on the day** is
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OBA 1 12 q8md figs-personification אָחִ֨יךָ֙ 1 your brother As in [verse 10](../01/10.md), Yahweh describes the people of Judah as a **brother** to the descendants of Esau, because their ancestor, Jacob, was the brother of Esau (Edom). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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OBA 1 12 f7lt figs-gendernotations לִבְנֵֽי־יְהוּדָ֖ה 1 over the sons of Judah Here, the word **sons** does not refer only to men. It refers to all of the descendants of Jacob’s son Judah, and more broadly to all of the Israelites from a number of the different tribes of Israel who had come to live in the kingdom of Judah at this time. Alternate translation: “over the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
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OBA 1 12 lxg7 figs-idiom וְאַל־תַּגְדֵּ֥ל פִּ֖יךָ 1 And you should not have made your mouth great This is an idiom for bragging or mocking. In this context of observing someone else’s misfortune, mocking makes better sense. Alternate translation: “You should not have mocked them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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OBA 1 13 dwn2 figs-parallelism בְּי֣וֹם אֵידָ֔ם…בְּי֣וֹם אֵיד֑וֹ…בְּי֥וֹם אֵידֽוֹ 1 In this poetic style, the same phrase is used at the end of each line to emphasize how terrible the **calamity** was. If this style does not work in your language to communicate an increased emphasis, then you could combine the three occurrences into one and communicate that this was a very bad thing in another way, as in the UST.<br>(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
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OBA 1 13 dwn2 figs-parallelism בְּי֣וֹם אֵידָ֔ם…בְּי֣וֹם אֵיד֑וֹ…בְּי֥וֹם אֵידֽוֹ 1 In this poetic style, the same phrase is used at the end of each line to emphasize how terrible the **calamity** was. If this style does not work in your language to communicate an increased emphasis, then you could combine the three occurrences into one and communicate that this was a very bad thing in another way, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
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OBA 1 13 wg54 figs-personification אֵידָ֔ם…אֵיד֑וֹ…אֵידֽוֹ 1 their calamity … his calamity … his calamity In the first line of this verse, **their** refers to **my people**. In the second and third lines, God’s people are once again pictured as their ancestor Jacob, and so the singular pronoun **his** is used (see [verse 10](../01/10.md)). If this change is confusing in your language, you can avoid the personification and refer to the people with plural pronouns in all three lines. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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OBA 1 13 f9q3 figs-exclamations גַם־אַתָּ֛ה 1 Yes, you! Yahweh is accusing the people of Edom directly, and he adds this exclamation to emphasize this. This exclamation expresses anger, demands their attention, and also may be a warning that they cannot claim to be innocent. If it is confusing to have this in the middle of another sentence, you could make this a separate sentence ending in an exclamation mark, either before or after the current sentence. Alternate translation: “I am talking to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
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OBA 1 13 crs5 figs-idiom אַל־תֵּ֧רֶא 1 you should not have looked In this context, **looked on** is an idiom for “enjoyed looking at.” See how you translated this in [verse 12](../01/12.md). Alternate translation: “you should not have gloated” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ OBA 1 16 a8v3 figs-doublet וְשָׁת֣וּ וְלָע֔וּ 1 And they
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OBA 1 16 vcve figs-metaphor וְשָׁת֣וּ וְלָע֔וּ 1 Here the metaphor continues, using **drink** and **swallow** as images for suffering or being punished. Alternate translation: “I will make them suffer a lot” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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OBA 1 17 cc36 figs-abstractnouns וּבְהַ֥ר צִיּ֛וֹן תִּהְיֶ֥ה פְלֵיטָ֖ה 1 But in the mountain of Zion there will be a remnant The abstract noun **escape** refers to the people of Israel who will still be alive in Jerusalem after Yahweh has finished punishing the other nations. As [1:16](../01/16.md) says, those other nations will disappear completely, but the descendants of Jacob will continue as a people. Alternate translation: “But in Jerusalem some people will remain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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OBA 1 17 y9pz figs-metonymy וּבְהַ֥ר צִיּ֛וֹן 1 But in the mountain of Zion This is a figure of speech that refers to Jerusalem by the name of something closely associated with it, the mountain that the city is built on. Alternate translation: “But in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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OBA 1 17 b4sh figs-abstractnouns וְהָ֣יָה קֹ֑דֶשׁ 1 and there will be holiness If your language does not use abstract nouns, you can translate the word **holiness** by using an adjective. Alternate translation: “and it will be a holy place”<br>(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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OBA 1 17 b4sh figs-abstractnouns וְהָ֣יָה קֹ֑דֶשׁ 1 and there will be holiness If your language does not use abstract nouns, you can translate the word **holiness** by using an adjective. Alternate translation: “and it will be a holy place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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OBA 1 17 cr13 figs-idiom בֵּ֣ית יַֽעֲקֹ֔ב 1 and the house of Jacob will possess their own possessions Here, **the house of Jacob** is an idiom that means “the descendants of Jacob” and by extension, all of the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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OBA 1 17 f4ur אֵ֖ת מוֹרָֽשֵׁיהֶם 1 Here, **possessions** refers to the land that was supposed to be passed down from generation to generation to each of the Israelite families and clans. If using a plural term is confusing, you can translate it with a singular word. Alternate translation: “the land that belongs to each of them”
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OBA 1 18 rm2e figs-parallelism וְהָיָה֩ בֵית־יַעֲקֹ֨ב אֵ֜שׁ וּבֵ֧ית יוֹסֵ֣ף לֶהָבָ֗ה 1 And the house of Jacob will be a fire, and the house of Joseph a flame These two expressions have similar meanings. Yahweh is showing that what he is saying is important by saying it more than once. Both **house of Jacob** and **house of Joseph** stand for all of the Israelites. Alternate translation: “The Israelites will be like a fire. Yes, they will be like a flame” If saying this twice is confusing, you could combine them into one expression, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
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@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ OBA 1 19 cr27 figs-synecdoche הַ֣ר עֵשָׂ֗ו 1 the mountain of Esau Thi
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OBA 1 19 m7qk figs-metonymy וְהַשְּׁפֵלָה֙ 1 they of the Shephelah The **Shephelah** is the name of the western foothills in the land of Israel. That location is being used figuratively to represent the people who live there. The people are being described by the name of something closely associated with them, the land that they live in. Alternate translation: “the Israelites who live in the western foothills.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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OBA 1 19 dew4 figs-ellipsis וְהַשְּׁפֵלָה֙ אֶת־פְּלִשְׁתִּ֔ים 1 Here, the reader is expected to supply the verb **will possess** from the previous clause. Alternate translation: “and the Israelites who live in the Shephelah will possess the land of the Philistines” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
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OBA 1 19 cr29 figs-metonymy פְּלִשְׁתִּ֔ים 1 the Philistines The **Philistines** were people who occupied the territory to the west of Israel. Here, the people are used to represent that territory, also known as the region of Phoenicia. Alternate translation: “the region of the Philistines” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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OBA 1 19 app9 וְיָרְשׁוּ֙ 1 “The people of Israel will possess”
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OBA 1 19 app9 וְיָרְשׁוּ֙ 1 Alternate translation: “The people of Israel will possess”
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OBA 1 19 vmfw figs-synecdoche אֶת־שְׂדֵ֣ה אֶפְרַ֔יִם וְאֵ֖ת שְׂדֵ֣ה שֹׁמְר֑וֹן 1 Here, **field** refers to a large, open area, and represents the whole territory that belonged to the tribe of **Ephraim** and that surrounded the city of **Samaria**. Alternate translation: “all of the territory that had belonged to the people of Ephraim and all of the area around Samaria” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
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OBA 1 19 gup4 figs-personification וּבִנְיָמִ֖ן 1 Benjamin Here, **Benjamin** represents the people of the tribe of Benjamin. All the people are being portrayed as if they were a single person, their ancestor. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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OBA 1 19 czq7 figs-ellipsis וּבִנְיָמִ֖ן אֶת־הַגִּלְעָֽד 1 Here, the reader is expected to supply the verb **will possess** from the previous clause. Alternate translation: “and the people of the tribe of Benjamin will possess the land of Gilead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
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@ -3,34 +3,34 @@ JON front intro hk4p 0 # Introduction to Jonah<br><br>## Part 1: General Intr
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JON 1 intro xvp2 0 # Jonah 1 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>The narrative of this chapter starts abruptly. This could cause difficulty for the translator. The translator should not attempt to smooth this introduction unless absolutely necessary.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Miracle<br><br>In verse [Jonah 17](./17.md), there is the mention of “a great fish.” It may be difficult to imagine a sea creature big enough to swallow a man whole; he then survives for three days and nights inside. Translators should not try to explain miraculous events in an attempt to make it easier to understand. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/miracle]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Situational irony<br><br>There is an ironic situation in this chapter. This means that people do or say things that are the opposite of what one would expect them to do. Jonah is a prophet of God and should endeavor to do God’s will. Instead, he runs away from God. Although the Gentile sailors are not Israelites, they act out of faith and fear of Yahweh when sending Jonah to an almost certain death by throwing him overboard. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/willofgod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])<br><br>### Sea<br><br>People in the ancient Near East also saw the sea as chaotic and did not trust it. Some of the gods they worshiped were gods of the sea. Jonah’s people, the Hebrews, feared the sea greatly. However, Jonah’s fear of Yahweh was not enough to keep him from sailing on a ship to get away from Yahweh. His actions are contrasted to the actions of the Gentiles. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fear]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Implicit information<br><br>Even though no one knows for sure where Tarshish was, the writer assumes that the reader knows that Jonah had to face away from Nineveh to go there. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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JON 1 1 jdr1 writing-newevent וַֽיְהִי֙ דְּבַר־יְהוָ֔ה 1 Now the word of Yahweh came This phrase introduces the first half of the story of Jonah. The same phrase introduces the second half of the story (3:1). This is a common way of beginning a historical story about a prophet. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
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JON 1 1 ll6c figs-idiom וַֽיְהִי֙ דְּבַר־יְהוָ֔ה 1 Now the word of Yahweh came This is an idiom meaning that Yahweh spoke or communicated his message in some way. Alternate translation: “Yahweh spoke his message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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JON 1 1 qa3z דְּבַר־יְהוָ֔ה 1 the word of Yahweh “the message of Yahweh”
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JON 1 1 qa3z דְּבַר־יְהוָ֔ה 1 the word of Yahweh Alternate translation: “the message of Yahweh”
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JON 1 1 s6av יְהוָ֔ה 1 Yahweh This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament.
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JON 1 1 jv8c translate-names אֲמִתַּ֖י 1 Amittai This is the name of Jonah’s father. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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JON 1 2 x5ua ק֠וּם לֵ֧ךְ אֶל־נִֽינְוֵ֛ה הָעִ֥יר הַגְּדוֹלָ֖ה 1 Get up, go to Nineveh, the great city “go to the large and important city of Nineveh”
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JON 1 2 x5ua ק֠וּם לֵ֧ךְ אֶל־נִֽינְוֵ֛ה הָעִ֥יר הַגְּדוֹלָ֖ה 1 Get up, go to Nineveh, the great city Alternate translation: “go to the large and important city of Nineveh”
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JON 1 2 v2xt figs-idiom ק֠וּם 1 Get up This is an idiom that means that Jonah should take action and go. It does not mean that he was sitting or lying down at the time that God spoke to him. Many languages would use only one verb, such as “go.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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JON 1 2 jqz9 figs-metonymy וּקְרָ֣א עָלֶ֑יהָ 1 call out against it The word **it** here, meaning the city of Nineveh, is a metonym referring to the people living in and around the city. Alternate translation: “warn the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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JON 1 2 rki2 עָלְתָ֥ה רָעָתָ֖ם לְפָנָֽי 1 their wickedness has risen up before my face “I know they have been continually sinning” or “I know that their sin has been getting worse and worse”
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JON 1 2 rki2 עָלְתָ֥ה רָעָתָ֖ם לְפָנָֽי 1 their wickedness has risen up before my face Alternate translation: “I know they have been continually sinning” or “I know that their sin has been getting worse and worse”
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JON 1 2 jd9r figs-metonymy לְפָנָֽ 1 before my face This is an expression that refers to the face of Yahweh to represent his presence. The idea of Yahweh’s presence also includes his knowledge, notice, attention, or judgment. Yahweh is saying that he can has noticed how wicked the people of Nineveh have become. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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JON 1 3 f5sr figs-idiom וַיָּ֤קָם יוֹנָה֙ לִבְרֹ֣חַ 1 But Jonah got up to run away Here the words **got up** mean that Jonah took action in response to God’s command, but his action was to disobey instead of to obey. See how you translated this idiom in [1:2](../01/02.md). Alternate translation: “but Jonah ran away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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JON 1 3 n96t figs-metaphor מִלִּפְנֵ֖י יְהוָ֑ה -1 from before the face of Yahweh This is an expression that refers to the face of Yahweh to represent his presence. The idea of Yahweh’s presence also includes his knowledge, notice, attention, or judgment. By running away, Jonah is hoping that Yahweh will not notice that he is disobeying. Alternate translation: “from the presence of Yahweh” or “from Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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JON 1 3 g66v figs-explicit לִבְרֹ֣חַ תַּרְשִׁ֔ישָׁה 1 to run away to Tarshish “to flee to Tarshish” This city named Tarshish was in the opposite direction to Nineveh. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “and went in the opposite direction, toward Tarshish, away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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JON 1 3 djv1 וַיֵּ֨רֶד יָפ֜וֹ 1 And he went down to Joppa “Jonah went to Joppa”
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JON 1 3 djv1 וַיֵּ֨רֶד יָפ֜וֹ 1 And he went down to Joppa Alternate translation: “Jonah went to Joppa”
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JON 1 3 w3uc אָנִיָּ֣ה 1 ship A **ship** is a very large type of boat that can travel on the sea and carry many passengers or heavy cargo.
|
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JON 1 3 pz67 וַיִּתֵּ֨ן שְׂכָרָ֜הּ 1 So he paid the fare “there Jonah paid for the trip”
|
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JON 1 3 g5xp וַיֵּ֤רֶד בָּהּ֙ 1 and went down into it “got on the ship”
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JON 1 3 pz67 וַיִּתֵּ֨ן שְׂכָרָ֜הּ 1 So he paid the fare Alternate translation: “there Jonah paid for the trip”
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JON 1 3 g5xp וַיֵּ֤רֶד בָּהּ֙ 1 and went down into it Alternate translation: “got on the ship”
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JON 1 3 i6bi עִמָּהֶם֙ 1 with them The word **them** refers to the others who were going on the ship.
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JON 1 3 sw66 figs-metaphor מִלִּפְנֵ֖י יְהוָֽה 1 from before the face of Yahweh This is an expression that refers to the face of Yahweh to represent his presence. The idea of Yahweh’s presence also includes his knowledge, notice, attention, or judgment. By running away, Jonah is hoping that Yahweh will not notice that he is disobeying. Alternate translation: “from the presence of Yahweh” or “from Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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JON 1 4 jdr2 writing-newevent וַֽיהוָ֗ה הֵטִ֤יל רֽוּחַ־גְּדוֹלָה֙ אֶל־הַיָּ֔ם 1 But Yahweh sent out a great wind on the sea This clause introduces the new event of Yahweh’s response to Jonah running away. Translate this so that your readers know that this event brings a change in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
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JON 1 4 jdra figs-personification וְהָ֣אֳנִיָּ֔ה חִשְּׁבָ֖ה לְהִשָּׁבֵֽר 1 so that the ship was thinking to be broken apart Here the term **thinking** describes the ship as if it were a person. This means that the storm was so severe that the ship was close to breaking apart. Alternate translation: “so that the ship was almost breaking apart” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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JON 1 4 jl77 figs-activepassive לְהִשָּׁבֵֽר 1 to be broken This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “to break apart” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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JON 1 5 d13r הַמַּלָּחִ֗ים 1 the sailors “the men who worked on the ship”
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JON 1 5 d13r הַמַּלָּחִ֗ים 1 the sailors Alternate translation: “the men who worked on the ship”
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JON 1 5 u2bj אֱלֹהָיו֒ 1 his own god Here, **god** refers to false gods and idols that people worship.
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JON 1 5 sh1b וַיָּטִ֨לוּ אֶת־הַכֵּלִ֜ים אֲשֶׁ֤ר בָּֽאֳנִיָּה֙ 1 And they threw the things that were in the ship “the men threw the heavy things off the ship” By doing this, they hoped to keep the ship from sinking.
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JON 1 5 tg27 לְהָקֵ֖ל מֵֽעֲלֵיהֶ֑ם 1 to lighten it from upon them This could mean: (1) to make the ship lighter so that it would float better, Alternate translation: “to help the ship float better” or (2) to lighten or relieve a dangerous situation, Alternate translation: “to lessen the danger they were in”
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JON 1 5 uzt4 writing-background וְיוֹנָ֗ה יָרַד֙ אֶל־יַרְכְּתֵ֣י הַסְּפִינָ֔ה 1 But Jonah had gone down into the innermost parts of the ship This is background information. Translate this in a way that it is clear that Jonah had already done this before the storm started. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
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JON 1 5 f63r יַרְכְּתֵ֣י הַסְּפִינָ֔ה 1 the innermost parts of the ship “inside the ship”
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JON 1 5 f63r יַרְכְּתֵ֣י הַסְּפִינָ֔ה 1 the innermost parts of the ship Alternate translation: “inside the ship”
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JON 1 5 g4y4 וַיִּשְׁכַּ֖ב וַיֵּרָדַֽם 1 and had lain down, and was deeply asleep “and was lying there fast asleep” or “and was lying there and sleeping deeply” For this reason, the storm did not wake him up.
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JON 1 6 laa3 וַיִּקְרַ֤ב אֵלָיו֙ רַ֣ב הַחֹבֵ֔ל וַיֹּ֥אמֶר ל֖וֹ 1 So the captain of the crew came to him and said to him “the man in charge of the men working on the ship went to Jonah and said”
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JON 1 6 laa3 וַיִּקְרַ֤ב אֵלָיו֙ רַ֣ב הַחֹבֵ֔ל וַיֹּ֥אמֶר ל֖וֹ 1 So the captain of the crew came to him and said to him Alternate translation: “the man in charge of the men working on the ship went to Jonah and said”
|
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JON 1 6 yx7e figs-rquestion מַה־לְּךָ֣ נִרְדָּ֑ם 1 What are you doing sleeping? **Why are you sleeping?** Here the captain uses a rhetorical question to scold Jonah. Alternate translation: “stop sleeping” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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JON 1 6 bd4f figs-idiom ק֚וּם 1 Get up! This is a command to begin some activity that is named following this word. See how you translated this idiom in [1:2](../01/02.md) and [1:3](../01/03.md). In this verse, the Captain is telling Jonah to pray to his god. Because Jonah was lying down, the captain may also be telling Jonah literally to stand up. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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JON 1 6 k7a5 figs-idiom קְרָ֣א אֶל־אֱלֹהֶ֔יךָ 1 Cry out to your god! “pray to your god” To **cry out to** someone means to loudly ask him for help. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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@ -40,44 +40,44 @@ JON 1 7 sc57 וַיֹּאמְר֞וּ אִ֣ישׁ אֶל־רֵעֵ֗הו
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JON 1 7 l5xq לְכוּ֙ וְנַפִּ֣ילָה גֽוֹרָל֔וֹת וְנֵ֣דְעָ֔ה בְּשֶׁלְּמִ֛י הָרָעָ֥ה הַזֹּ֖את לָ֑נוּ 1 Come, and let us cast lots, so that we may know on whose account this evil is happening to us “we should cast lots to know who has caused this trouble” The men believed that the gods would control how the lots fell in order to tell them what they wanted to know. This was a form of divination.
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JON 1 7 d726 הָרָעָ֥ה הַזֹּ֖את 1 this evil This refers to the terrible storm.
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JON 1 7 at67 וַיִּפֹּ֥ל הַגּוֹרָ֖ל עַל־יוֹנָֽה 1 the lot fell on Jonah The expression **the lot fell on Jonah** is an idiom meaning that, when the men cast lots, the result indicated Jonah. This does not mean that the lot literally fell down on top of Jonah. Alternate translation: “the lot showed that Jonah was the guilty person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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JON 1 8 wkh6 וַיֹּאמְר֣וּ אֵלָ֔יו 1 Then they said to him “then the men who were working on the ship said to Jonah”
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JON 1 8 e7wb הַגִּידָה־נָּ֣א לָ֔נוּ בַּאֲשֶׁ֛ר לְמִי־הָרָעָ֥ה הַזֹּ֖את לָ֑נוּ 1 Please tell us on whose account this evil is happening to us “who caused this bad thing that is happening to us”
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JON 1 8 wkh6 וַיֹּאמְר֣וּ אֵלָ֔יו 1 Then they said to him Alternate translation: “then the men who were working on the ship said to Jonah”
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JON 1 8 e7wb הַגִּידָה־נָּ֣א לָ֔נוּ בַּאֲשֶׁ֛ר לְמִי־הָרָעָ֥ה הַזֹּ֖את לָ֑נוּ 1 Please tell us on whose account this evil is happening to us Alternate translation: “who caused this bad thing that is happening to us”
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JON 1 9 wav5 יְהוָ֞ה אֱלֹהֵ֤י הַשָּׁמַ֨יִם֙ אֲנִ֣י יָרֵ֔א 1 I fear Yahweh, the God of heaven Here the word **fear** means that Jonah worshiped Yahweh and not any other god.
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JON 1 10 zi05 וַיִּֽירְא֤וּ הָֽאֲנָשִׁים֙ יִרְאָ֣ה גְדוֹלָ֔ה 1 Then the men were afraid with great fear “then the men were very afraid”
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JON 1 10 zi05 וַיִּֽירְא֤וּ הָֽאֲנָשִׁים֙ יִרְאָ֣ה גְדוֹלָ֔ה 1 Then the men were afraid with great fear Alternate translation: “then the men were very afraid”
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JON 1 10 peg3 figs-rquestion מַה־זֹּ֣את עָשִׂ֑יתָ 1 What is this that you have done? The men on the ship use a rhetorical question to show how afraid and angry they were at Jonah for causing so much trouble for all of them. Alternate translation: “you have done a terrible thing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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JON 1 10 us1r figs-metaphor מִלִּפְנֵ֤י יְהוָה֙ 1 from before the face of Yahweh This is an expression that refers to the face of Yahweh to represent his presence. The idea of Yahweh’s presence also includes his knowledge, notice, attention, or judgment. By running away, Jonah is hoping that Yahweh will not notice that he is disobeying. Alternate translation: “from the presence of Yahweh” or “from Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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JON 1 10 jdrb grammar-connect-time-background כִּ֥י הִגִּ֖יד לָהֶֽם 1 because he had told them Before the sailors cast lots, Jonah had already told them that he was running away from Yahweh, the God he worshiped. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background]])
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JON 1 10 hw1p figs-explicit כִּ֥י הִגִּ֖יד לָהֶֽם 1 because he had told them What he told them can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “because he had said to them, ‘I am trying to get away from Yahweh’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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JON 1 11 kb4c וַיֹּאמְר֤וּ אֵלָיו֙ 1 Then they said to him “Then the men on the ship said to Jonah” or “Then the sailors said to Jonah”
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JON 1 11 ik6d מַה־נַּ֣עֲשֶׂה לָּ֔ךְ וְיִשְׁתֹּ֥ק הַיָּ֖ם מֵֽעָלֵ֑ינוּ 1 What should we do to you so that the sea will calm down from upon us? “What should we do with you in order to make the sea become calm?”
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JON 1 11 kb4c וַיֹּאמְר֤וּ אֵלָיו֙ 1 Then they said to him Alternate translation: “Then the men on the ship said to Jonah” or “Then the sailors said to Jonah”
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JON 1 11 ik6d מַה־נַּ֣עֲשֶׂה לָּ֔ךְ וְיִשְׁתֹּ֥ק הַיָּ֖ם מֵֽעָלֵ֑ינוּ 1 What should we do to you so that the sea will calm down from upon us? Alternate translation: “What should we do with you in order to make the sea become calm?”
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JON 1 11 wxr7 figs-idiom הַיָּ֖ם הוֹלֵ֥ךְ וְסֹעֵֽר 1 the sea was going forward and storming This is an idiom that means that the sea was becoming increasingly stormy. Alternate translation: “the strength of the storm was increasing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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JON 1 11 dji8 grammar-connect-logic-result הַיָּ֖ם הוֹלֵ֥ךְ וְסֹעֵֽר 1 the sea was going forward and storming This was the reason that the men asked Jonah what they should do. If it is more clear in your language to put the reason first, this can be stated at the beginning of verse 11, connecting to the result with a word like “so” or “therefore.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
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JON 1 12 h982 כִּ֚י יוֹדֵ֣עַ אָ֔נִי כִּ֣י בְשֶׁלִּ֔י הַסַּ֧עַר הַגָּד֛וֹל הַזֶּ֖ה עֲלֵיכֶֽם 1 for I know that this great storm is upon you because of me “because I know that this huge storm is my fault”
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JON 1 12 h982 כִּ֚י יוֹדֵ֣עַ אָ֔נִי כִּ֣י בְשֶׁלִּ֔י הַסַּ֧עַר הַגָּד֛וֹל הַזֶּ֖ה עֲלֵיכֶֽם 1 for I know that this great storm is upon you because of me Alternate translation: “because I know that this huge storm is my fault”
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JON 1 13 lcd3 figs-explicit וַיַּחְתְּר֣וּ הָאֲנָשִׁ֗ים לְהָשִׁ֛יב אֶל־הַיַּבָּשָׁ֖ה 1 But the men rowed hard to return themselves to land The men did not want to throw Jonah into the sea, so they did not do as Jonah suggested. This information can be made explicit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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JON 1 13 m3iq הַיָּ֔ם הוֹלֵ֥ךְ וְסֹעֵ֖ר 1 the sea was going forward and storming “the storm became worse, and the waves became bigger” See how you translated this idiom in [verse 11](../01/11.md).
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JON 1 14 ap77 וַיִּקְרְא֨וּ 1 So they cried out “because of that they called out” or “because the sea became more violent they called loudly”
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JON 1 14 q2xq וַיִּקְרְא֨וּ אֶל־יְהוָ֜ה 1 So they cried out to Yahweh “therefore the men prayed loudly to Yahweh”
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JON 1 14 ap77 וַיִּקְרְא֨וּ 1 So they cried out Alternate translation: “because of that they called out” or “because the sea became more violent they called loudly”
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JON 1 14 q2xq וַיִּקְרְא֨וּ אֶל־יְהוָ֜ה 1 So they cried out to Yahweh Alternate translation: “therefore the men prayed loudly to Yahweh”
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JON 1 14 jdr3 figs-exclamations אָנָּ֤ה 1 Ah! In this context, the word **Ah!** shows intense desperation. Represent this emotion in the most natural way for your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
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JON 1 14 wz6z אָנָּ֤ה יְהוָה֙ אַל־נָ֣א נֹאבְדָ֗ה בְּנֶ֨פֶשׁ֙ הָאִ֣ישׁ הַזֶּ֔ה 1 O Yahweh, please do not let us perish on account of the life of this man “O Yahweh, please do not kill us because we caused this man to die” or “O Yahweh, even though we are going to cause this man to die, please do not kill us”
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JON 1 14 wz6z אָנָּ֤ה יְהוָה֙ אַל־נָ֣א נֹאבְדָ֗ה בְּנֶ֨פֶשׁ֙ הָאִ֣ישׁ הַזֶּ֔ה 1 O Yahweh, please do not let us perish on account of the life of this man Alternate translation: “O Yahweh, please do not kill us because we caused this man to die” or “O Yahweh, even though we are going to cause this man to die, please do not kill us”
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JON 1 14 vv5t figs-idiom וְאַל־תִּתֵּ֥ן עָלֵ֖ינוּ דָּ֣ם נָקִ֑יא 1 and do not put innocent blood upon us This is an idiom that means “do not consider us guilty of killing an innocent person.” Alternate translation: “and please do not blame us for his death” or “and do not hold us accountable for having killed someone who did not deserve to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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JON 1 14 ab73 אַתָּ֣ה יְהוָ֔ה כַּאֲשֶׁ֥ר חָפַ֖צְתָּ עָשִֽׂיתָ 1 you, Yahweh, have done just as you desired “you, Yahweh, have chosen to do things in this way” or “you, Yahweh, have caused all this to happen”
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JON 1 14 ab73 אַתָּ֣ה יְהוָ֔ה כַּאֲשֶׁ֥ר חָפַ֖צְתָּ עָשִֽׂיתָ 1 you, Yahweh, have done just as you desired Alternate translation: “you, Yahweh, have chosen to do things in this way” or “you, Yahweh, have caused all this to happen”
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JON 1 15 l9cf וַיַּעֲמֹ֥ד הַיָּ֖ם מִזַּעְפּֽוֹ 1 the sea ceased from its raging “the sea stopped moving violently:
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JON 1 15 ab89 וַיַּעֲמֹ֥ד הַיָּ֖ם מִזַּעְפּֽוֹ 1 the sea ceased from its raging This can be stated positively. Alternate translation: “the sea became calm”
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JON 1 16 r3gs וַיִּֽירְא֧וּ הָאֲנָשִׁ֛ים יִרְאָ֥ה גְדוֹלָ֖ה אֶת־יְהוָ֑ה 1 Then the men feared Yahweh with great fear “then the men became greatly awed at Yahweh’s power” or “then the men worshiped Yahweh with great awe”
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JON 1 16 r3gs וַיִּֽירְא֧וּ הָאֲנָשִׁ֛ים יִרְאָ֥ה גְדוֹלָ֖ה אֶת־יְהוָ֑ה 1 Then the men feared Yahweh with great fear Alternate translation: “then the men became greatly awed at Yahweh’s power” or “then the men worshiped Yahweh with great awe”
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JON 1 17 q87y 0 General Information: Some versions number this verse as the first verse of chapter 2. You may want to number the verses according to the main version that your language group uses.
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JON 1 17 jdr4 writing-newevent וַיְמַ֤ן יְהוָה֙ דָּ֣ג גָּד֔וֹל לִבְלֹ֖עַ אֶת־יוֹנָ֑ה 1 Now Yahweh appointed a great fish to swallow Jonah, This clause introduces the next part of the story, where Yahweh saves Jonah from the sea, and Jonah prays. In this context, the word **Now** is used in English to introduce a new part of the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
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JON 1 17 cjb6 figs-idiom שְׁלֹשָׁ֥ה יָמִ֖ים וּשְׁלֹשָׁ֥ה לֵילֽוֹת 1 three days and three nights Perhaps this expression is an idiom in Hebrew meaning “a couple of days” or “a few days” or something similar, but this is uncertain. Alternate translation: “three days and nights” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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JON 2 intro ae4k 0 # Jonah 2 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter begins with a prayer by Jonah, and many translators have chosen to set it apart by setting its lines farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. Translators can follow this practice, but they are not obligated to.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Sea<br><br>This chapter contains many terms from the sea.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Poetry<br><br>Prayers in Scripture often contain a poetic form. Poetry frequently uses metaphors to communicate something with a special meaning. For example, since Jonah was in a fish in the sea, being so trapped is compared to a prison. Jonah is overwhelmed by the depth of the sea and expresses this by speaking about being at the “base of the mountains” and in the “belly of Sheol.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Repentance<br><br>Scholars are divided over whether Jonah’s repentance was genuine or whether he was trying to save his life. In light of his attitude in chapter 4, it is uncertain whether he was genuinely repentant. If possible, it is best for translators to avoid taking a definitive stance on whether Jonah’s repentance was genuine. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])
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JON 2 1 alr2 יְהוָ֖ה אֱלֹהָ֑יו 1 Yahweh his God This means “Yahweh, the God he worshiped.” The word **his** does not mean that Jonah owned God.
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JON 2 2 al5b וַיֹּ֗אמֶר 1 And he said “Jonah said”
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JON 2 2 al5b וַיֹּ֗אמֶר 1 And he said Alternate translation: “Jonah said”
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JON 2 2 jdrc writing-poetry קָ֠רָאתִי מִצָּ֥רָה לִ֛י אֶל־יְהוָ֖ה וַֽיַּעֲנֵ֑נִי 1 I cried out to Yahweh from my distress, and he answered me This line begins a poem describing Jonah’s experience and prayer in the belly of the fish. The poem does not give the exact words that Jonah prayed at the time because the poem was written later, describing Jonah’s experience in the fish, his prayer, and God’s answer as if they had already happened in the past. This first line of the poem can be understood in one of two ways: either as being addressed to Yahweh as part of the description of the prayer, or as being addressed to another person as an introduction to the description of the prayer. See also the Note concerning the phrase “Salvation belongs to Yahweh!” in [2:9](../02/09/jdrh). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]])
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JON 2 2 s7fi קָ֠רָאתִי מִצָּ֥רָה לִ֛י אֶל־יְהוָ֖ה 1 I cried out to Yahweh from my distress “I prayed to Yahweh during my great trouble” or “Yahweh, I cried out to you during my distress”
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JON 2 2 wdr4 וַֽיַּעֲנֵ֑נִי 1 he answered me “Yahweh responded to me or he helped me or you answered me”
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JON 2 2 s7fi קָ֠רָאתִי מִצָּ֥רָה לִ֛י אֶל־יְהוָ֖ה 1 I cried out to Yahweh from my distress Alternate translation: “I prayed to Yahweh during my great trouble” or “Yahweh, I cried out to you during my distress”
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JON 2 2 wdr4 וַֽיַּעֲנֵ֑נִי 1 he answered me Alternate translation: “Yahweh responded to me or he helped me or you answered me”
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JON 2 2 w8wn figs-metaphor מִבֶּ֧טֶן שְׁא֛וֹל 1 from the belly of Sheol “from the center of Sheol” or “from the deep part of Sheol” Possible meanings include: (1) Jonah was speaking of being in the belly of the fish as being in Sheol; or (2) Jonah believed that he was about to die and go to Sheol; or (3) He was speaking as if he already had died and gone to Sheol. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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JON 2 2 ab77 translate-names שְׁא֛וֹל 1 Sheol **Sheol** was the name of the place where people went after they died. It was thought to be a shadowy world located somewhere under the ground. The New Testament equivalent seems to be “Hades,” where the dead wait for judgment (see Rev. 20:13). If your language has a word for this place, you may want to use it here, or borrow the word “Sheol.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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JON 2 2 jdrd figs-idiom שָׁמַ֥עְתָּ קוֹלִֽי 1 you heard my voice This phrase probably has both a literal and a figurative meaning. The phrase probably means literally that Yahweh heard Jonah’s voice while he was praying inside the belly of the fish. However, the phrase “to hear someone’s voice” in the Old Testament often means “to listen and obey (comply).” In this context, Jonah is expressing that Yahweh both heard him and acted to save him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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JON 2 3 glp2 בִּלְבַ֣ב יַמִּ֔ים 1 into the heart of the seas Here the term **heart** is a metaphor for “being inside” something. The phrase “in the heart of” means to be “in the middle of” or “completely surrounded by” sea water. Alternate translation: “in the middle of the sea” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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JON 2 3 p8fd וְנָהָ֖ר יְסֹבְבֵ֑נִי 1 a current surrounded me “the sea water closed in around me”
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JON 2 3 p8fd וְנָהָ֖ר יְסֹבְבֵ֑נִי 1 a current surrounded me Alternate translation: “the sea water closed in around me”
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JON 2 3 c6jx figs-doublet מִשְׁבָּרֶ֥יךָ וְגַלֶּ֖יךָ 1 your billows and your waves Both of these are disturbances on the surface of the ocean. They could be combined into one term, such as “waves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
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JON 2 4 jdr5 grammar-connect-logic-contrast וַאֲנִ֣י 1 But as for me, This expression shows that there is a contrast between the actions of Yahweh, which Jonah had just talked about, and his own response. Alternate translation: “then I” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
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JON 2 4 x1w9 figs-activepassive נִגְרַ֖שְׁתִּי 1 I have been driven out This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you drove me out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ JON 2 4 b8vk אַ֚ךְ אוֹסִ֣יף לְהַבִּ֔יט אֶל־הֵי
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JON 2 5 abc2 figs-parallelism אֲפָפ֤וּנִי מַ֨יִם֙ עַד־נֶ֔פֶשׁ תְּה֖וֹם יְסֹבְבֵ֑נִי 1 Water had closed around me even as far as life; the deep was surrounding me; Jonah uses two similar phrases to express the severity and hopelessness of his situation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
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JON 2 5 rf4b מַ֨יִם֙ 1 Water Here, **water** refers to the sea.
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JON 2 5 ca31 עַד־נֶ֔פֶשׁ 1 even as far as life Here the Hebrew term **life** can possibly mean “my life” or “my neck” or “my spirit.” In any case, the water was threatening to end his life. Alternate translation: “up to my neck” or “as far as my spirit”
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JON 2 5 nr3v תְּה֖וֹם יְסֹבְבֵ֑נִי 1 the deep was surrounding me “deep water was all around me”
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JON 2 5 nr3v תְּה֖וֹם יְסֹבְבֵ֑נִי 1 the deep was surrounding me Alternate translation: “deep water was all around me”
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JON 2 5 p1fw ס֖וּף 1 seaweed **Seaweed** is grass that grows in the sea.
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JON 2 6 z36i figs-metaphor הָאָ֛רֶץ בְּרִחֶ֥יהָ בַעֲדִ֖י לְעוֹלָ֑ם 1 the earth with its bars was around me forever Here Jonah uses a metaphor to compare the earth to a prison. Alternate translation: “the earth was like a prison that was about to lock me in forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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JON 2 6 dc3r figs-metaphor וַתַּ֧עַל מִשַּׁ֛חַת חַיַּ֖י 1 but you brought up my life from the pit Here the term **pit** has two This could mean: (1) this could be a way to describe being in a very deep place underground or underwater or (2) this could be a metaphor meaning the place of the dead (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]). In either case, the term probably refers to the fact that Jonah felt certain that he would die. Alternate translation: “but you saved me from dying in a deep place” or “but you saved my life from the place of the dead”
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@ -102,31 +102,31 @@ JON 2 9 q3yb grammar-connect-logic-contrast וַאֲנִ֗י 1 But as for me,
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JON 2 9 nfd2 בְּק֤וֹל תּוֹדָה֙ אֶזְבְּחָה־לָּ֔ךְ 1 I will sacrifice to you with a voice of thanksgiving This phrase probably means that Jonah would thank God while he offered a sacrifice to him. It is not clear whether Jonah planned to thank God by singing or shouting joyfully.
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JON 2 9 jdrh יְשׁוּעָ֖תָה לַיהוָֽה 1 Salvation belongs to Yahweh This last line of the poem can be understood in one of two ways: either (1) as being addressed to Yahweh as part of the description of the prayer; or (2) as being addressed to another person as a conclusion to the description of the prayer. See also the Note concerning the phrase “I cried out to Yahweh from my distress…” in [2:2](../02/02/jdrc).
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JON 2 9 r4j4 figs-abstractnouns יְשׁוּעָ֖תָה לַיהוָֽה 1 Salvation belongs to Yahweh This can be reworded so that the abstract noun **salvation** is expressed as the verb “save.” Alternate translation: “Yahweh is the one who saves people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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JON 2 10 dz3j אֶל־הַיַּבָּשָֽׁה 1 onto the dry land “upon the ground” or “onto the shore”
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JON 2 10 dz3j אֶל־הַיַּבָּשָֽׁה 1 onto the dry land Alternate translation: “upon the ground” or “onto the shore”
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JON 3 intro z3ut 0 # Jonah 3 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter returns to a narrative of Jonah’s life.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Animals<br><br>According to the king’s proclamation, the animals had to participate in the fast he ordered. This most likely reflects their pagan mindset. There was nothing in the law of Moses that instructed the people to have the animals participate in any religious acts. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Size of Nineveh<br><br>When the author talks about the size of Nineveh, the measurements he gives are confusing. The phrase “three days’ journey” is ambiguous in Hebrew, as many scholars have remarked. In Jonah’s day, cities were not as big as they are today. So, although Nineveh was a big city, it was not as big as most modern cities.<br><br>### God repenting or relenting<br><br>The last verse of this chapter says, “So then God changed his mind about the punishment that he had said he would do to them, and he did not do it.” This concept of God changing His mind may seem inconsistent with the fact that God’s character and his plans do not change. But this whole book is written from a human viewpoint, and so it presents the actions of God as Jonah saw them. God had told Jonah to warn the Ninevites of judgment for their sin.<br><br>Yahweh is just, but he is also merciful. Because the Ninevites repented, God did not follow through with a judgment in this instance, and Jonah described that in a human way as “changing his mind.” The reader understands that this was God’s plan from the beginning. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])
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JON 3 1 jdr7 writing-newevent וַיְהִ֧י דְבַר־יְהוָ֛ה 1 The word of Yahweh came This phrase introduces the second half of the story of Jonah. The same phrase introduces the first half of the story [1:1](../01/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
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JON 3 1 xj6n figs-idiom וַיְהִ֧י דְבַר־יְהוָ֛ה 1 The word of Yahweh came This is an idiom meaning that Yahweh spoke in some way. See how you translated this in [1:1](../01/01.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh spoke his message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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JON 3 2 ve4i ק֛וּם לֵ֥ךְ אֶל־נִֽינְוֵ֖ה הָעִ֣יר הַגְּדוֹלָ֑ה 1 Get up, go to Nineveh, the great city “Go to the large and important city of Nineveh”
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JON 3 2 ve4i ק֛וּם לֵ֥ךְ אֶל־נִֽינְוֵ֖ה הָעִ֣יר הַגְּדוֹלָ֑ה 1 Get up, go to Nineveh, the great city Alternate translation: “Go to the large and important city of Nineveh”
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JON 3 2 cl3b figs-idiom ק֛וּם 1 Get up **Get up** here is an idiom intended to motivate Jonah to obey the next command, which is “go.” See how you translated this in [1:2](../01/02.md) and [1:3](../01/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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JON 3 2 ir79 וִּקְרָ֤א אֵלֶ֨יהָ֙ אֶת־הַקְּרִיאָ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר אָנֹכִ֖י דֹּבֵ֥ר אֵלֶֽיךָ 1 call out to it the proclamation that I tell to you “tell the people there what I tell you to tell them”
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JON 3 2 ir79 וִּקְרָ֤א אֵלֶ֨יהָ֙ אֶת־הַקְּרִיאָ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר אָנֹכִ֖י דֹּבֵ֥ר אֵלֶֽיךָ 1 call out to it the proclamation that I tell to you Alternate translation: “tell the people there what I tell you to tell them”
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JON 3 3 k7k9 figs-idiom וַיָּ֣קָם יוֹנָ֗ה וַיֵּ֛לֶךְ אֶל־נִֽינְוֶ֖ה כִּדְבַ֣ר יְהוָ֑ה 1 So Jonah got up and went to Nineveh, according to the word of Yahweh Here the words **got up** mean that Jonah took action in response to God’s command to go, and this time he obeyed instead of disobeying. Alternate translation: “his time Jonah obeyed Yahweh and went to Nineveh” or “so Jonah left the beach and went to Nineveh, as Yahweh had commanded him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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JON 3 3 g4nk figs-metonymy כִּדְבַ֣ר יְהוָ֑ה 1 the word of Yahweh “the message of Yahweh” or “the command of Yahweh”
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JON 3 3 g4nk figs-metonymy כִּדְבַ֣ר יְהוָ֑ה 1 the word of Yahweh Alternate translation: “the message of Yahweh” or “the command of Yahweh”
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JON 3 3 dt1b writing-background וְנִֽינְוֵ֗ה הָיְתָ֤ה עִיר־גְּדוֹלָה֙ לֵֽאלֹהִ֔ים מַהֲלַ֖ךְ שְׁלֹ֥שֶׁת יָמִֽים 1 Now Nineveh was a great city to Gpd, a journey of three days This sentence gives background information about the city of Nineveh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
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JON 3 3 jd8r figs-idiom עִיר־גְּדוֹלָה֙ לֵֽאלֹהִ֔ים 1 a great city to God This is an idiom meaning that the city is both extremely large and one of the largest cities in the world. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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JON 3 3 ye82 figs-idiom מַהֲלַ֖ךְ שְׁלֹ֥שֶׁת יָמִֽים 1 a journey of three days This appears to mean that a person had to walk for three days to completely go through it from one side of the city to the opposite side. It could also mean that it took three days to see the whole city. Alternate translation: “a city so large that it would take a person three days to walk through it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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JON 3 4 r2al וַיָּ֤חֶל יוֹנָה֙ לָב֣וֹא בָעִ֔יר מַהֲלַ֖ךְ י֣וֹם אֶחָ֑ד וַיִּקְרָא֙ 1 So Jonah began to go into the city a journey of one day, and he called out This phrase has two This could mean: (1) Jonah walked a day’s journey into the city, then he started calling out; or (2) while Jonah was walking through the city on the first day, he started calling out.
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JON 3 4 r94k וַיִּקְרָא֙ וַיֹּאמַ֔ר 1 and he called out and said “and he proclaimed” or “and he shouted”
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JON 3 4 ab78 ע֚וֹד אַרְבָּעִ֣ים י֔וֹם 1 Until 40 days “after 40 days” or “in 40 days” or “there remain 40 days, and”
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JON 3 4 r94k וַיִּקְרָא֙ וַיֹּאמַ֔ר 1 and he called out and said Alternate translation: “and he proclaimed” or “and he shouted”
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JON 3 4 ab78 ע֚וֹד אַרְבָּעִ֣ים י֔וֹם 1 Until 40 days Alternate translation: “after 40 days” or “in 40 days” or “there remain 40 days, and”
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JON 3 4 q2nc translate-numbers אַרְבָּעִ֣ים י֔וֹם 1 40 days **forty days** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
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JON 3 5 ab90 translate-symaction וַיִּקְרְאוּ־צוֹם֙ 1 they proclaimed a fast People fasted to show sadness or devotion to God or both. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
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JON 3 5 e5lm figs-explicit וַיִּלְבְּשׁ֣וּ שַׂקִּ֔ים 1 and put on sackcloth The reason why people **put on sackcloth** can be stated more clearly. Alternate translation: “they also put on coarse cloth to show that they were sorry for having sinned” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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JON 3 5 isk5 מִגְּדוֹלָ֖ם וְעַד־קְטַנָּֽם 1 from the greatest of them even to the least of them “from the most significant to the least significant people” or “including all of the important people and all of the unimportant people”
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JON 3 6 pna3 הַדָּבָר֙ 1 the word “Jonah’s message”
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JON 3 5 isk5 מִגְּדוֹלָ֖ם וְעַד־קְטַנָּֽם 1 from the greatest of them even to the least of them Alternate translation: “from the most significant to the least significant people” or “including all of the important people and all of the unimportant people”
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JON 3 6 pna3 הַדָּבָר֙ 1 the word Alternate translation: “Jonah’s message”
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JON 3 6 h9wz translate-symaction וַיָּ֨קָם֙ מִכִּסְא֔וֹ 1 and he rose up from his throne “he got up from his throne” or “he stood up from his throne” The king left his throne to show that he was acting humbly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
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JON 3 6 pvp7 מִכִּסְא֔וֹ 1 his throne A **throne** is a special chair that a king sits on when performing his official duties as king. It is reserved for only the king.
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JON 3 6 ab91 translate-symaction וַיֵּ֖שֶׁב עַל־הָאֵֽפֶר 1 and sat down on the ash heap **Sitting in ashes** was a way to show great humility and sorrow. In this case, it was to show how sorry he was for his sin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
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JON 3 7 v29b וַיַּזְעֵ֗ק וַיֹּ֨אמֶר֙…לֵאמֹ֑ר 1 And he proclaimed and spoke “he sent out an official announcement that said” or “he sent his messengers to announce”
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JON 3 7 zi06 מִטַּ֧עַם הַמֶּ֛לֶךְ וּגְדֹלָ֖יו 1 from a decree of the king and his nobles “a command with the full authority of the king and his officials”
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JON 3 7 v29b וַיַּזְעֵ֗ק וַיֹּ֨אמֶר֙…לֵאמֹ֑ר 1 And he proclaimed and spoke Alternate translation: “he sent out an official announcement that said” or “he sent his messengers to announce”
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JON 3 7 zi06 מִטַּ֧עַם הַמֶּ֛לֶךְ וּגְדֹלָ֖יו 1 from a decree of the king and his nobles Alternate translation: “a command with the full authority of the king and his officials”
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JON 3 7 n5fn וּגְדֹלָ֖יו 1 nobles The term **nobles** refers to important men who helped the king rule the city.
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JON 3 7 xw6c הַבָּקָ֣ר וְהַצֹּ֗אן 1 herd or flock This refers to two kinds of animals that people care for. A **herd** is made up of large livestock (such as oxen or cattle) and a **flock** is made up of small livestock (such as sheep or goats). Alternate translation: “cattle or sheep”
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JON 3 7 fw18 figs-explicit אַ֨ל־יִרְע֔וּ וּמַ֖יִם אַל־יִשְׁתּֽוּ 1 they must not graze, and they must not drink water “they must not eat or drink anything” The reason they were not to eat or drink anything can be made explicit by adding “in order to show that they are sorry for their sins.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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@ -136,8 +136,8 @@ JON 3 8 n3ls הֶחָמָ֖ס אֲשֶׁ֥ר בְּכַפֵּיהֶֽ
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JON 3 9 wbt6 figs-rquestion מִֽי־יוֹדֵ֣עַ 1 Who knows? The king used this rhetorical question to get the people to think about something that is possible, but uncertain: that if they would stop sinning, God might not kill them. It could be translated as a statement: “We do not know.” Or it could be stated as a word and be part of the next sentence: “Perhaps.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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JON 3 9 z3jj figs-metaphor יָשׁ֔וּב וְנִחַ֖ם הָאֱלֹהִ֑ים 1 This god might turn back and have compassion Here the author speaks of God changing his mind about bringing judgment as if God were turning around and walking in the opposite direction. Alternate translation: “God may decide instead to have compassion” or “God may do the opposite of what he said and be merciful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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JON 3 9 jdrg figs-idiom מֵחֲר֥וֹן אַפּ֖וֹ 1 from the burning of his nose Here **the burning of his nose** is an idiom meaning that the person is angry. Alternate translation: “from his anger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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JON 3 9 uvp9 וְלֹ֥א נֹאבֵֽד 1 so that we will not perish “and we will not die”
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JON 3 10 w3uu וַיַּ֤רְא הָֽאֱלֹהִים֙ אֶֽת־מַ֣עֲשֵׂיהֶ֔ם כִּי־שָׁ֖בוּ מִדַּרְכָּ֣ם הָרָעָ֑ה 1 And God saw their deeds, that they turned away from their evil ways “God saw that they stopped doing evil actions”
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JON 3 9 uvp9 וְלֹ֥א נֹאבֵֽד 1 so that we will not perish Alternate translation: “and we will not die”
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JON 3 10 w3uu וַיַּ֤רְא הָֽאֱלֹהִים֙ אֶֽת־מַ֣עֲשֵׂיהֶ֔ם כִּי־שָׁ֖בוּ מִדַּרְכָּ֣ם הָרָעָ֑ה 1 And God saw their deeds, that they turned away from their evil ways Alternate translation: “God saw that they stopped doing evil actions”
|
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JON 3 10 k8am figs-metaphor שָׁ֖בוּ מִדַּרְכָּ֣ם הָרָעָ֑ה 1 they turned from their evil ways Here the author speaks of the people stopping their sinning as if they turned around from walking on a path toward evil and started walking in the opposite direction. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
JON 3 10 ab85 וַיִּנָּ֣חֶם הָאֱלֹהִ֗ים עַל־הָרָעָ֛ה 1 And God relented in regard to the evil The word translated as “evil” here is very broad, including moral evil, physical evil, and everything that is bad. It is the same word used in the previous sentence (and verse 8) to describe the actions of the Ninevites. The author is showing that when people repent of moral evil, God relents of doing physical evil (punishment). God never does moral evil. If this is clear in your language, you may want to use the same word in both sentences. If that is not clear, you may want to use different words.
|
||||
JON 3 10 it1a figs-explicit וְלֹ֥א עָשָֽׂה 1 and he did not do it What God did not do can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “and he did not punish them” or “and he did not destroy them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
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@ -148,28 +148,28 @@ JON 4 2 q6bb figs-exclamations אָנָּ֤ה 1 Ah! In this context, the word **
|
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JON 4 2 k24b figs-rquestion יְהוָה֙ הֲלוֹא־זֶ֣ה דְבָרִ֗י עַד־הֱיוֹתִי֙ עַל־אַדְמָתִ֔י 1 Yahweh, was this not my word while I was in my country? Jonah used this rhetorical question to tell God how angry he was. If it is more clear, this can be made into a statement. Alternate translation: “ah, Yahweh, this is what I said when I was still in my own country” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
JON 4 2 ab79 figs-explicit יְהוָה֙ הֲלוֹא־זֶ֣ה דְבָרִ֗י עַד־הֱיוֹתִי֙ עַל־אַדְמָתִ֔י 1 Yahweh, was this not my word while I was in my country? What Jonah said when he was back in his own country can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “now Yahweh, when I was still in my own country I knew that if I warned the people of Nineveh, they would repent, and you would not destroy them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
JON 4 2 ab81 figs-idiom אֶ֤רֶךְ אַפַּ֨יִם֙ 1 long of nostrils This is an idiom meaning that Yahweh does not get angry quickly. Alternate translation: “slow to get angry” or “very patient” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
JON 4 2 jv5c וְרַב־חֶ֔סֶד 1 and abundant in covenant faithfulness “and very faithful” or “and you love people very much”
|
||||
JON 4 2 jv5c וְרַב־חֶ֔סֶד 1 and abundant in covenant faithfulness Alternate translation: “and very faithful” or “and you love people very much”
|
||||
JON 4 2 wl7j figs-explicit וְנִחָ֖ם עַל־הָרָעָֽה 1 and one who relents from evil Here, **evil** refers to the physical destruction of the city of Nineveh and its people. It does not refer to moral evil. In this context, this phrase means that God feels sadness about causing bad things to happen to people who sin and he changes his mind when sinners repent of their sin. This implicit information can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “and you feel sadness about causing disaster for sinners” or “and you decide not to punish sinners who repent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
JON 4 3 dm5t figs-explicit קַח־נָ֥א אֶת־נַפְשִׁ֖י מִמֶּ֑נִּי 1 I beg you, take my life from me Jonah’s reason for wanting to die can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “since you will not destroy Nineveh as you said you would, please allow me to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
JON 4 3 yk5v כִּ֛י ט֥וֹב מוֹתִ֖י מֵחַיָּֽי 1 for my death is better than my life “I would prefer to die rather than to live” or “because I want to die. I do not want to live”
|
||||
JON 4 3 yk5v כִּ֛י ט֥וֹב מוֹתִ֖י מֵחַיָּֽי 1 for my death is better than my life Alternate translation: “I would prefer to die rather than to live” or “because I want to die. I do not want to live”
|
||||
JON 4 4 ab82 figs-idiom הַהֵיטֵ֖ב חָ֥רָה לָֽךְ 1 Is it right that it burns to you? This is an idiom that speaks of Jonah’s anger as if it were a fire burning inside him. See how you translated it in [4:1](../04/01.md). Alternate translation: “is it right for you to be angry about this” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
JON 4 4 ab83 figs-explicit הַהֵיטֵ֖ב חָ֥רָה לָֽךְ 1 Is it right that it burns to you? The reason for Jonah’s anger can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “is it right for you to be angry that I did not destroy Nineveh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
JON 4 5 q1f7 וַיֵּצֵ֤א יוֹנָה֙ מִן־הָעִ֔יר 1 Then Jonah went out from the city “then Jonah left the city of Nineveh”
|
||||
JON 4 5 q1f7 וַיֵּצֵ֤א יוֹנָה֙ מִן־הָעִ֔יר 1 Then Jonah went out from the city Alternate translation: “then Jonah left the city of Nineveh”
|
||||
JON 4 5 af46 מַה־יִּהְיֶ֖ה בָּעִֽיר 1 what would transpire within the city Jonah wanted to see if God would destroy the city or not. Alternate translation: “what would become of the city” or “what God would do to the city”
|
||||
JON 4 6 i4r4 מֵעַ֣ל לְיוֹנָ֗ה לִֽהְי֥וֹת צֵל֙ עַל־רֹאשׁ֔וֹ 1 from over Jonah to be a shade over his head “over Jonah’s head for shade”
|
||||
JON 4 6 i4r4 מֵעַ֣ל לְיוֹנָ֗ה לִֽהְי֥וֹת צֵל֙ עַל־רֹאשׁ֔וֹ 1 from over Jonah to be a shade over his head Alternate translation: “over Jonah’s head for shade”
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||||
JON 4 6 t21k לְהַצִּ֥יל ל֖וֹ מֵרָֽעָת֑וֹ 1 to rescue him from his evil Here the term **evil** could mean two things (or both at the same time): (1) “discomfort” or “distress,” meaning the intense heat of the sun shining on Jonah’s head; or (2) “wrong,” meaning Jonah’s wrong attitude concerning God’s decision not to destroy Nineveh. If both meanings can be preserved, that is preferable. If not, you can choose an Alternate translation: “to protect Jonah from the heat of the sun” or “to save Jonah from his wrong attitude”
|
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JON 4 7 t7il וַיְמַ֤ן הָֽאֱלֹהִים֙ תּוֹלַ֔עַת 1 Then God appointed a worm “then God sent a worm”
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||||
JON 4 7 rw7z וַתַּ֥ךְ אֶת־הַקִּֽיקָי֖וֹן 1 and it attacked the plant “and the worm chewed the plant”
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JON 4 7 t7il וַיְמַ֤ן הָֽאֱלֹהִים֙ תּוֹלַ֔עַת 1 Then God appointed a worm Alternate translation: “then God sent a worm”
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||||
JON 4 7 rw7z וַתַּ֥ךְ אֶת־הַקִּֽיקָי֖וֹן 1 and it attacked the plant Alternate translation: “and the worm chewed the plant”
|
||||
JON 4 7 d16m וַיִּיבָֽשׁ 1 and it withered The plant became dry and died. Alternate translation: “so that the plant died”
|
||||
JON 4 8 jdr9 grammar-connect-time-background וַיְהִ֣י׀ כִּזְרֹ֣חַ הַשֶּׁ֗מֶשׁ 1 And as soon as the rising of the sun happened The **rising of the sun** is background information that gives the time when the hot wind from the east started blowing. Express this relationship in a natural way in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background]])
|
||||
JON 4 8 hmi4 figs-explicit וַיְמַ֨ן אֱלֹהִ֜ים ר֤וּחַ קָדִים֙ חֲרִישִׁ֔ית 1 then God appointed a hot east wind God caused a hot wind from the east to blow on Jonah. If “wind” in your language can only mean a cool or cold wind, then you can try this alternate translation: “God sent a very hot warmth from the east to Jonah.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
JON 4 8 mnu9 וַתַּ֥ךְ הַשֶּׁ֛מֶשׁ 1 the sun beat down “the sun was very hot”
|
||||
JON 4 8 mnu9 וַתַּ֥ךְ הַשֶּׁ֛מֶשׁ 1 the sun beat down Alternate translation: “the sun was very hot”
|
||||
JON 4 8 u2pl figs-synecdoche עַל־רֹ֥אשׁ יוֹנָ֖ה 1 on the head of Jonah This phrase may have a literal meaning or a figurative meaning. Perhaps Jonah felt the heat most on his head, or perhaps the phrase **the head of Jonah** is a synecdoche meaning Jonah’s entire body. Alternate translation: “on Jonah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
|
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JON 4 8 z95v וַיִּתְעַלָּ֑ף 1 and he became faint “and he became very weak” or “and he lost his strength”
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||||
JON 4 8 z95v וַיִּתְעַלָּ֑ף 1 and he became faint Alternate translation: “and he became very weak” or “and he lost his strength”
|
||||
JON 4 8 ab87 וַיִּשְׁאַ֤ל אֶת־נַפְשׁוֹ֙ לָמ֔וּת 1 he asked his spirit to die Jonah is talking to himself. Alternate translation: “he wished he would die” or “he wanted to die”
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JON 4 8 eln6 ט֥וֹב מוֹתִ֖י מֵחַיָּֽי 1 My death is better than my life “I would rather die than live” or “I want to die; I do not want to live” See how you translated this in [4:3](../04/03/yk5v).
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||||
JON 4 9 w24z figs-explicit הַהֵיטֵ֥ב חָרָֽה־לְךָ֖ עַל־הַקִּֽיקָי֑וֹן 1 Is it right that it burns to you about the plant? In this context, God’s question is intended to lead Jonah to draw a conclusion about his selfish attitude. This implicit information can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “is it right that you should be so angry about the plant that only gave shade to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
JON 4 9 h43a הֵיטֵ֥ב חָֽרָה־לִ֖י עַד־מָֽוֶת 1 It is right that it burns to me, even as far as death. “I am right to be angry. I am angry enough to die”
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||||
JON 4 9 h43a הֵיטֵ֥ב חָֽרָה־לִ֖י עַד־מָֽוֶת 1 It is right that it burns to me, even as far as death. Alternate translation: “I am right to be angry. I am angry enough to die”
|
||||
JON 4 10 gkz7 figs-explicit וַיֹּ֣אמֶר יְהוָ֔ה 1 Yahweh said Here Yahweh is speaking to Jonah. This implicit information can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “Yahweh said to Jonah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
JON 4 10 ab88 figs-idiom שֶׁבִּן־ לַ֥יְלָה הָיָ֖ה וּבִן־ לַ֥יְלָה אָבָֽד־ לַ֥יְלָה 1 it came as a son of a night, and it perished as a son of a night This idiom means that the plant existed only briefly. Alternate translation: “it grew in one night and died the next” or “it grew quickly and died just as quickly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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JON 4 11 jdr0 grammar-connect-words-phrases וַֽאֲנִי֙ 1 So as for me, This expression, paired with **As for you** in verse 10, shows a comparison between Jonah’s attitude toward the plant and Yahweh’s attitude toward the people of Nineveh. Express this comparison in a natural way in your language.(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
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@ -5,16 +5,16 @@ MIC 1 1 bv15 figs-parallelism 0 General Information: God speaks through Micah t
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MIC 1 1 c3k1 figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh that came This idiom is used to explain that a God gave a message to someone. Alternate translation: “the message that Yahweh spoke” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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MIC 1 1 ar46 0 Yahweh This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this.
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MIC 1 1 c9rj translate-names 0 the Morashtite This means he is from Moresheth which is a town in Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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MIC 1 1 ts92 0 in the days of Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, kings of Judah “when Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah were kings of Judah”
|
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MIC 1 1 d1fd 0 which he saw “which he heard in a vision”
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MIC 1 1 ts92 0 in the days of Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, kings of Judah Alternate translation: “when Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah were kings of Judah”
|
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MIC 1 1 d1fd 0 which he saw Alternate translation: “which he heard in a vision”
|
||||
MIC 1 2 ya6p 0 General Information: Micah 1:2-7 is about God’s judgment on Samaria.
|
||||
MIC 1 2 x9l2 figs-apostrophe 0 Listen, all you peoples. Listen, earth, and all that is in you This begins Micah’s prophecy. Micah speaks to the people of Samaria as if all the people of the earth and even the earth itself were able to hear him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
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MIC 1 3 i37k figs-metaphor 0 he will come down and tread on the high places of the earth Micah speaks as if Yahweh were a mighty soldier coming down from heaven and beginning to march on top of the mountains. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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MIC 1 3 gq79 0 he will … tread “he will … march”
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MIC 1 3 c6u6 0 the high places of the earth “the high mountains”
|
||||
MIC 1 3 gq79 0 he will … tread Alternate translation: “he will … march”
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MIC 1 3 c6u6 0 the high places of the earth Alternate translation: “the high mountains”
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MIC 1 4 dgb2 figs-metaphor 0 The mountains will melt under him; the valleys will break apart, like wax before fire, like waters that are poured down a steep place Micah speaks as if Yahweh were a hot, solid object that melted the earth as it moved. Alternate translation: “He will crush the mountains and the valleys as he marches over them; he will destroy them, and they will completely disappear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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MIC 1 5 rgh7 figs-metonymy 0 because of the sins of the house of Israel The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house, in this case the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “because the people of Israel have sinned against me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
MIC 1 5 a7g1 0 All this is “The Lord will come and judge”
|
||||
MIC 1 5 a7g1 0 All this is Alternate translation: “The Lord will come and judge”
|
||||
MIC 1 5 efa8 figs-metonymy 0 What is Jacob’s transgression? The name “Jacob” is a metonym for those of his descendants who live in the northern kingdom of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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MIC 1 5 t7bt figs-metonymy 0 Is it not Samaria? Here “Samaria” is a metonym for the evil activities that take place there. Micah uses a question to emphasize that the people know what the truth is. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You know that it is Samaria.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
MIC 1 5 rj3v figs-synecdoche 0 What is Judah’s high place? Here “high place” is a synecdoche for the entire system of idol worship. “Judah” is a metonym for the people who live there. Alternate translation: “Where do the people of Judah go to worship idols?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ MIC 1 6 mrm3 0 I will pour her stones Here “her” refers to the city of Sam
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MIC 1 7 eu6l figs-metaphor 0 her carved figures … her gifts that she received … her idols Yahweh speaks of Samaria as if the city were a woman. Alternate translation: “the carved figures in the city … the gifts that people gave to the temple in the city … the idols in the city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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MIC 1 7 n921 figs-activepassive 0 All her carved figures will be broken to pieces This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will break all her carved figures to pieces” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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||||
MIC 1 7 a2ef figs-activepassive 0 all her gifts … will be burned with fire This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will burn with fire all the gifts that she received” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
MIC 1 7 nci4 0 she received “people gave her”
|
||||
MIC 1 7 nci4 0 she received Alternate translation: “people gave her”
|
||||
MIC 1 7 syr2 figs-metaphor 0 Since she gathered her gifts from the wages of prostitutes, they will become the wages of prostitutes again Yahweh speaks of the people giving gifts to idols as if the people were hiring prostitutes. When the Assyrians destroy Samaria, they will take to Assyria the gifts the people of Samaria gave to their idols and give them as gifts to their own idols. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
MIC 1 8 y14v 0 General Information: Micah 1:8-16 is about God’s judgment on Judah.
|
||||
MIC 1 8 agj7 0 I will lament Here “I” refers to Micah.
|
||||
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@ -58,19 +58,19 @@ MIC 1 16 nb8x 0 eagles This word can also be translated “vultures.”
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MIC 2 intro jy29 0 # Micah 2 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter continues using poetic forms in communicating that people who take advantage of others are guilty of sin and injustice. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/guilt]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br>### Context<br>Micah does not frequently explain the historical context of his prophecies. This may result in the translator failing to understand implicit information. Additional research may be needed regarding the time period of Micah’s ministry. Therefore, translators have a good understanding of the history of the kingdoms of Israel and Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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MIC 2 1 c11k 0 General Information: Micah speaks against the leaders in Israel who are taking advantage of the poor and not following God’s commands.
|
||||
MIC 2 2 r4qb 0 They oppress a man “They oppress any man they choose to oppress.” This is a generalization. Micah is not speaking of one individual man here.
|
||||
MIC 2 3 r7sk 0 Look “Listen carefully” or “Pay attention”
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||||
MIC 2 3 r7sk 0 Look Alternate translation: “Listen carefully” or “Pay attention”
|
||||
MIC 2 3 e8pn 0 disaster See how you translated this in [Micah 1:12](../01/12.md).
|
||||
MIC 2 3 zi71 0 this clan This “clan” refers to the entire community of Israel, whose rich people are oppressing the poor. The sins of the leaders are coming back on the whole nation.
|
||||
MIC 2 3 k4i7 figs-metaphor 0 from which you will not remove your necks Yahweh speaks of punishing the people as if he were putting a yoke around their necks. Alternate translation: “from which you will not be able to escape” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
MIC 2 4 t7xt 0 sing a song about you “sing a song to make fun of you”
|
||||
MIC 2 4 t7xt 0 sing a song about you Alternate translation: “sing a song to make fun of you”
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||||
MIC 2 4 ymz1 figs-irony 0 lament with a wailing lamentation “they will cry loudly.” They are pretending to mourn, as if those they love have died. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
|
||||
MIC 2 4 frk2 figs-irony 0 We Israelites … to traitors This is the song that the enemies will sing to make fun of the Israelites and laugh as the Israelites suffer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
|
||||
MIC 2 4 hz57 figs-rquestion 0 How can he remove it from me? The enemy mocks the surprise the rich leaders of Israel feel because God has taken their land and given it to someone else just as they had taken the land from the poor. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “How wrong he is to take it from me!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
|
||||
MIC 2 5 rnf9 0 Therefore, you rich people will have no descendants to divide up the territory by lot in the assembly of Yahweh This could mean: (1) Micah looks forward to a time after the exile when those who return will divide up the land or (2) he is speaking of a custom of his time when the tribe or clan would divide up their land and give it to individuals.
|
||||
MIC 2 6 eli9 0 General Information: Micah speaks to false prophets, as well as to the rich who have abused their power.
|
||||
MIC 2 6 a888 figs-you 0 Do not prophesy The speakers are speaking to Micah and to others, so this is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
|
||||
MIC 2 6 iph5 0 they say “the people of Israel say”
|
||||
MIC 2 6 nl1s 0 They must not prophesy “The prophets must not prophesy”
|
||||
MIC 2 6 iph5 0 they say Alternate translation: “the people of Israel say”
|
||||
MIC 2 6 nl1s 0 They must not prophesy Alternate translation: “The prophets must not prophesy”
|
||||
MIC 2 6 dqe6 figs-metaphor 0 reproaches must not come Reproach is spoken of as if it were a robber chasing a person. It can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “we will not allow you to reproach us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
|
||||
MIC 2 7 d2pm figs-rquestion 0 Should it really be said…“Is the Spirit … his deeds?” Micah is scolding the Israelites by using this question. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You know that you do not need to ask…‘Is the Spirit … his deeds?’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
MIC 2 7 cd55 figs-metonymy 0 house of Jacob The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to Jacob’s descendants. Alternate translation: “descendants of Jacob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
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@ -97,18 +97,18 @@ MIC 3 2 y42g figs-metaphor 0 you who tear off their skin, their flesh from thei
|
|||
MIC 3 3 vja6 0 Connecting Statement: Micah finishes comparing the leaders of Israel to butchers.
|
||||
MIC 3 3 vs7q figs-metaphor 0 just like meat in a cauldron A butcher cutting up animals into meat is a metaphor for the leaders being cruel to the poor. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
MIC 3 4 x843 0 General Information: Micah continues speaking.
|
||||
MIC 3 4 pu9j 0 cry out to Yahweh “shout to Yahweh for help”
|
||||
MIC 3 4 uuv7 0 he will not answer you “he will not do what you ask him to do”
|
||||
MIC 3 4 pu9j 0 cry out to Yahweh Alternate translation: “shout to Yahweh for help”
|
||||
MIC 3 4 uuv7 0 he will not answer you Alternate translation: “he will not do what you ask him to do”
|
||||
MIC 3 4 ru8j figs-metaphor 0 He will hide his face from you Hiding the face is a metaphor for refusing to listen. Alternate translation: “He will turn his face away from you and cover it” or “You will see that he has no desire to help you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
MIC 3 5 q1tf 0 General Information: Micah continues to speak judgment against false prophets.
|
||||
MIC 3 5 wvm2 figs-metaphor 0 who lead my people astray Walking on a good path is a metaphor for obeying God. Going astray from the path is a metaphor for disobeying God, in this case perhaps without knowing it. Alternate translation: “who lead my people to disobey me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
MIC 3 5 uud3 figs-metaphor 0 if one gives them something to eat, they proclaim, ‘Peace.’ Micah is using a metaphor to describe a situation that actually happens. The phrase “something to eat” is an ironic way of speaking of a small payment. Alternate translation: “they tell people who pay them even a small amount that things will go well for those people.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
|
||||
MIC 3 5 jn8z figs-metaphor 0 if he puts nothing in their mouths, they dedicate themselves to wage war on him Micah is using a metaphor to describe a situation that actually happens. The phrase “puts nothing in their mouths” is an ironic exaggeration for not giving what they want. Alternate translation: “they do all they can to destroy people who pay them too little” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
|
||||
MIC 3 6 v4xh figs-metaphor 0 it will be night for you … the day will be dark on them Darkness is a metaphor for Yahweh not speaking to the prophets. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
MIC 3 6 r42r 0 no vision for you “you will no longer see visions”
|
||||
MIC 3 6 r42r 0 no vision for you Alternate translation: “you will no longer see visions”
|
||||
MIC 3 7 xh15 figs-activepassive 0 The seers will be put to shame, and the diviners will be confused This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will cause the seers to be ashamed, and I will confuse the diviners” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
MIC 3 7 pe2m figs-metonymy 0 All of them will cover their lips Here “lips” represents speaking. Alternate translation: “They shall no longer speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
MIC 3 7 s6nk 0 there is no answer from me “I will be silent”
|
||||
MIC 3 7 s6nk 0 there is no answer from me Alternate translation: “I will be silent”
|
||||
MIC 3 8 ku3z 0 But as for me Here “me” refers to Micah, a true prophet, setting himself apart from the false prophets.
|
||||
MIC 3 8 qw2h figs-metaphor 0 I am full of power by the Spirit of Yahweh, and am full of justice and might Micah speaks of himself as if he were a container into which Yahweh were pouring a liquid. Alternate translation: “the Spirit of Yahweh has given me power, justice, and might” or “the Spirit of Yahweh has enabled me to be strong, to declare what justice is, and to be mighty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
MIC 3 8 h3w3 figs-metonymy 0 to declare to Jacob his transgression, and to Israel his sin Here “Jacob” and “Israel” are metonyms for Jacob’s descendants. Micah uses both names to emphasize that all of his descendants are guilty of sin. The abstract nouns “transgression” and “sin” can be translated using verbs. Alternate translation: “to declare to Jacob’s descendants that they have broken Yahweh’s law; I am telling the people of Israel that they have all sinned” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
|
||||
|
|
@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ MIC 3 11 yn4t figs-rquestion 0 Is not Yahweh with us? The leaders strongly beli
|
|||
MIC 3 11 aeh5 0 evil See how you translated “disaster” in [Micah 1:12](../01/12.md).
|
||||
MIC 3 12 r9xr 0 because of you Here “you” refers to the priests, prophets, and leaders ([Micah 3:11](../03/11.md)).
|
||||
MIC 3 12 aqg2 figs-metaphor 0 Zion will become a plowed field … and the hill of the temple will become a thicket “Zion” and “the hill of the temple” refer to the same place. When a farmer plows a field, he turns over all the dirt and uproots all the plants that are growing there. A thicket is so full of bushes that no one can use it for anything. These two metaphors cannot be literally true at the same time, but they emphasize that Yahweh will allow the invaders to completely destroy the temple area. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
MIC 3 12 k2is 0 a plowed field “a field that a farmer has plowed”
|
||||
MIC 3 12 k2is 0 a plowed field Alternate translation: “a field that a farmer has plowed”
|
||||
MIC 3 12 m86y 0 a thicket a place where many small woody plants grow
|
||||
MIC 4 intro pzv8 0 # Micah 4 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter continues the poetic form to communicate that God will one day restore Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Remanant<br>Micah speaks about a future hope and a remnant who will return to their homeland. Verses 1-8 are a vision of the future when God will restore Israel to its former glory. These verses will give hope to those about to be removed from their homeland. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/remnant]])
|
||||
MIC 4 1 rn5h figs-metaphor 0 the mountain … other mountains Yahweh making the temple mount higher than all other mountains and hills is a metaphor for making his temple the most important place on earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
|
|
@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ MIC 4 4 h22j figs-explicit 0 they will sit every person under his vine and unde
|
|||
MIC 4 4 j4rc figs-synecdoche 0 for the mouth of Yahweh of hosts has spoken The mouth is a synecdoche for the person. Alternate translation: “for Yahweh of hosts has spoken” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
|
||||
MIC 4 5 iek8 figs-metaphor 0 the peoples walk … in the name of their god … we will walk in the name of Yahweh Walking on a path is a metaphor for living one’s life. Walking in the name of someone is a metaphor for worshiping and obeying. Alternate translation: “the peoples … worship and obey their god … we will worship and obey Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
MIC 4 6 c9uu figs-synecdoche 0 the lame This refers to those who cannot walk well. Being lame is a synecdoche for having any form of disability. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
|
||||
MIC 4 6 ri25 0 gather the outcast “gather those whom I drove out of Jerusalem”
|
||||
MIC 4 6 ri25 0 gather the outcast Alternate translation: “gather those whom I drove out of Jerusalem”
|
||||
MIC 4 7 b2he figs-activepassive 0 the ones driven away into a strong nation The words “I will turn” are understood from the previous phrase. They can be repeated. The phrase “the ones driven away” can be translated with an active verb. Alternate translation: “I will turn the ones I drove away into a strong nation” or “I will make the ones I forcefully sent away into a strong nation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
|
||||
MIC 4 8 c64g figs-apostrophe 0 As for you, watchtower for the flock, hill of the daughter of Zion—to you it will come, your former dominion Micah speaks to the people of Jerusalem by speaking to the temple mount as if it could hear him. You may need to make explicit that Micah is giving his message to the people. Alternate translation: “As for the temple mount, the place from which Yahweh watches over you, his sheep, the place that Jerusalem’s people are most proud of—its former dominion will return” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
|
||||
MIC 4 8 y9gn figs-metaphor 0 watchtower for the flock The people of Jerusalem protecting the other people in surrounding areas is spoken of as if they were a shepherd in a watchtower watching over his flock. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
|
|
@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ MIC 4 13 bj1p 0 General Information: Yahweh presents the imagery of the thresh
|
|||
MIC 4 13 mm6h figs-you 0 Arise and thresh, daughter of Zion … your horn … your hooves … You will crush All instances of “your” and “you,” as well as the commands, refer to the “daughter of Zion” and so are singular and feminine. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
|
||||
MIC 4 13 m3uk figs-metaphor 0 Arise and thresh, daughter of Zion, for I will make your horn to be iron, and I will make your hooves to be bronze Yahweh speaks of the people of Zion as if they were strong oxen about to thresh wheat and their enemies were the wheat. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
|
||||
MIC 4 13 tq8x figs-metaphor 0 I will make your horn to be iron, and I will make your hooves to be bronze If your reader is not familiar with oxen or iron or bronze, you can remove the metaphor. Alternate translation: “for I will make you able to defeat and destroy every enemy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
|
||||
MIC 4 13 igd2 0 their unjust wealth “the wealth they got by acting unjustly” or “the things they stole from other people”
|
||||
MIC 4 13 igd2 0 their unjust wealth Alternate translation: “the wealth they got by acting unjustly” or “the things they stole from other people”
|
||||
MIC 4 13 c3rt figs-abstractnouns 0 their wealth The abstract noun “wealth” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “the things that they own” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
|
||||
MIC 5 intro y1t7 0 # Micah 5 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Messiah<br>This chapter contains a prophecy explaining that the Messiah was to be born in Bethlehem. This meaning is made clear in the New Testament. (See: [Micah 5:2](../../mic/05/02.md), [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Change in Personal Pronouns<br>Extra care must be taken in translating pronouns in this chapter. Sometimes “I” is a reference to the author and other times it is a reference to Yahweh. There is also a noticable shift where the author stops speaking about the people as “you” and begins speaking about them as “we” or “us.”
|
||||
MIC 5 1 f536 figs-metaphor 0 daughter of soldiers The people of a city are spoken of as if they were a woman. The soldiers are attacking the city. Alternate translation: “people of the city, whom soldiers are attacking” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
|
|
@ -169,10 +169,10 @@ MIC 5 1 yp7t figs-metonymy 0 With a rod they strike the judge of Israel on the
|
|||
MIC 5 1 hz1y figs-irony 0 the judge of Israel This irony describes the king as having lost so much of his power and authority that he is really only a judge. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
|
||||
MIC 5 2 e2u4 figs-apostrophe 0 But you, Bethlehem Ephrathah Yahweh speaks to the people of Judah, and especially to the people of Bethlehem, as if he were speaking to the town of Bethlehem itself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
|
||||
MIC 5 2 kc5p translate-names 0 Ephrathah This is either the name of the area in which Bethlehem was situated or it is just another name for Bethlehem or it distinguishes this Bethlehem from another. Bethlehem is about six miles south of Jerusalem. It was the hometown of King David. Translators may add this footnote: “The name ‘Ephrathah’ means ‘to be fruitful.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
|
||||
MIC 5 2 q7k4 0 even though you are small among the clans of Judah, out of you one will come “even though other clans in Judah have more people in them, it is one of your people who will come”
|
||||
MIC 5 2 q7k4 0 even though you are small among the clans of Judah, out of you one will come Alternate translation: “even though other clans in Judah have more people in them, it is one of your people who will come”
|
||||
MIC 5 2 ha3j 0 will come to me Here “me” refers to Yahweh.
|
||||
MIC 5 2 rws4 figs-doublet 0 whose beginning is from ancient times, from everlasting This refers to the ruler descending from the ancient family of King David. The phrases “from ancient times” and “from everlasting” mean basically the same thing and emphasize how old this family line is. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
|
||||
MIC 5 3 zg3h 0 Therefore “Because what I have just said is true” or “Because this ruler will come later”
|
||||
MIC 5 3 zg3h 0 Therefore Alternate translation: “Because what I have just said is true” or “Because this ruler will come later”
|
||||
MIC 5 3 xd41 0 will give them up will abandon the people of Israel
|
||||
MIC 5 3 nu1x 0 until the time when she who is in labor bears a child This refers to the time when the ruler is born, a limited time.
|
||||
MIC 5 3 du1l 0 the rest of his brothers “the rest of the ruler’s fellow Israelites,” who are in exile
|
||||
|
|
@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ MIC 5 4 w1e9 0 General Information: These verses continue describing the ruler
|
|||
MIC 5 4 miw4 figs-metaphor 0 He will stand and shepherd his flock in the strength of Yahweh A shepherd, who feeds and protects his sheep, is a metaphor for the ruler, who will provide for and protect the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will give him the strength to lead his people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
MIC 5 4 apx2 figs-metonymy 0 in the majesty of the name of Yahweh his God The person’s name is a metonym for person’s authority. Alternate translation: “and people will honor him because Yahweh his God has given him the authority to rule” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
MIC 5 4 kkz1 0 They will remain the people of Israel will remain
|
||||
MIC 5 4 yry5 0 remain “live in safety”
|
||||
MIC 5 4 yry5 0 remain Alternate translation: “live in safety”
|
||||
MIC 5 4 jkd7 0 he will be great to the ends of the earth All people from every nation will give honor to Israel’s ruler.
|
||||
MIC 5 5 m8sd figs-metaphor 0 seven shepherds and eight leaders over men Here “shepherds” is a metonym for “rulers,” another way of saying “leaders over men.” The phrase “seven … and eight” is an idiom for “more than enough.” Alternate translation: “enough, even more than enough, rulers” or “more than enough shepherds and leaders over men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
MIC 5 6 t2fh figs-metaphor 0 They will shepherd the land of Assyria with the sword, and the land of Nimrod in its entrances The sword is a metonym for killing in war. Here the Israelites ruling over the Assyrians is spoken of ironically as if they were killing sheep instead of herding them. The land of Assyria is a metonym for the people who live there. The entrances to cities were where official business took place. Alternate translation: “They will make war against the people of Assyria, and they will rule the cities of the land of Nimrod” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
|
|
@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ MIC 5 8 pc96 0 remnant of Jacob descendants of Jacob who survive the war
|
|||
MIC 5 8 bv7a figs-doublet 0 among the nations, among many peoples These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that the “remnant of Jacob” will live in many different nations. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
|
||||
MIC 5 8 rch5 figs-simile 0 like a lion among the animals of the forest, like a young lion among the flocks of sheep Lions are able to kill and eat any wild animal of the forest, and they easily kill sheep. Alternate translation: “like the fiercest of wild animals, like a wild animal that kills helpless livestock” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
MIC 5 8 fsg4 0 When he goes through them when the young lion goes through the flocks of sheep
|
||||
MIC 5 8 l3ju 0 will trample over them and tear “will jump on them so they fall down, and then he will tear”
|
||||
MIC 5 8 l3ju 0 will trample over them and tear Alternate translation: “will jump on them so they fall down, and then he will tear”
|
||||
MIC 5 9 qjw5 figs-you 0 Your hand … your enemies The writer is speaking to Yahweh, so both instances of “your” are masculine singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
|
||||
MIC 5 9 g937 figs-metonymy 0 Your hand will be lifted against your enemies The hand is a metonym for the power that the hand exercises or a synecdoche for the whole person. To lift the hand is to exercise power. Alternate translation: “You will completely defeat your enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
|
||||
MIC 5 9 a5bh figs-synecdoche 0 it will destroy them The hand is a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “you will destroy them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
|
||||
|
|
@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ MIC 6 5 w4n8 figs-123person 0 so you may know the righteous acts of Yahweh Yahw
|
|||
MIC 6 6 n2hi figs-rquestion 0 What should I bring to Yahweh … God? Should I come … old? Micah speaks as if he were a person who truly wanted to know what God expects him to do. This could mean: (1) he asks questions and then in verse 8 answers the questions he has asked or (2) he is using questions to teach the people. Alternate translation: “I know that I do no need to bring to Yahweh … God, or come … old” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
MIC 6 7 yc7f figs-rquestion 0 Will Yahweh be pleased … oil? Should I give … sin? Micah continues to speaks as if he were a person who truly wanted to know what God expects him to do. This could mean: (1) he asks questions and then in verse 8 answers the questions he has asked or (2) he is using questions to teach the people. Alternate translation: “I know that Yahweh will not be pleased … oil or if I give … sin.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
MIC 6 7 mxx1 figs-rquestion 0 thousands of rams … ten thousand rivers of oil “rams in groups of 1,000…10,000 rivers of oil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
|
||||
MIC 6 8 y8pq 0 He has told you “Yahweh has told you”
|
||||
MIC 6 8 y8pq 0 He has told you Alternate translation: “Yahweh has told you”
|
||||
MIC 6 8 xd8t 0 good, and what Yahweh requires from you: Act … God Many versions read, “good. And what does Yahweh require from you? He wants you to act … God.” or “good. And what does Yahweh require from you but to act … God?”
|
||||
MIC 6 8 qii1 figs-abstractnouns 0 love kindness The abstract noun “kindness” can be translated using the adjective “kind.” Alternate translation: “love being kind to people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
|
||||
MIC 6 9 jf56 figs-metonymy 0 even now wisdom acknowledges your name Wisdom is spoken of as a person and is a metonym for the wise person. The word “name” here is a metonym for the person himself, what people think of him, and his authority. Alternate translation: “and the wise person will fear you” or “and the wise person will acknowledge that you are good and will obey you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
|
||||
|
|
@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ MIC 6 16 tc63 translate-names 0 Omri … Ahab Both of these men were kings over
|
|||
MIC 6 16 n2j5 0 house of Ahab The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. Alternate translation: “the descendants of Ahab”
|
||||
MIC 6 16 em7h figs-metaphor 0 You walk by their advice Walking on a path is a metaphor for how a person lives his life. Alternate translation: “You do what Omri and Ahab told the people to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
MIC 6 16 s6wy figs-apostrophe 0 I will make you, city, a ruin, and you inhabitants an object of hissing Micah speaks to the people of the city, who can hear him, as if he were speaking to the city itself, which cannot hear him. You may need to make explicit the words that the ellipsis omits. Alternate translation: “I will make your city a ruin, and I will make you inhabitants an object of hissing” or “I will make you, city, a ruin, and I will cause everyone who sees you, inhabitants of the city, to hiss at you” or “I will make the city a ruin, and I will make people hiss at the inhabitants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
|
||||
MIC 6 16 q68q 0 you will bear the reproach of my people “you will suffer because my people will reproach you”
|
||||
MIC 6 16 q68q 0 you will bear the reproach of my people Alternate translation: “you will suffer because my people will reproach you”
|
||||
MIC 7 intro kf61 0 # Micah 7 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Last days<br>This chapter looks forward to the hope of the coming savior for the faithful remnant. This is the future restoration of Israel when true peace will come. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/savior]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/remnant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]])<br><br>### Prophet<br>The prophet was able to speak to God on behalf of the people. Often in this chapter, the prophet speaks in Israel’s place and offers repentance to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]])
|
||||
MIC 7 1 wf5y figs-metaphor 0 I have become like the gathering of summer fruit, and like the grapes that have been gleaned Micah speaks of looking for faithful people but being unable to find any as if he were a person looking for food after the harvesters have taken it all. The idea of a person wanting to gather fruit can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “I have become like someone looking for fruit after the gathering of summer fruit, like a gleaner after the grapes have been gleaned” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
MIC 7 1 jz29 figs-metaphor 0 no grape cluster … no ripe early fig Micah speaks of faithful, upright people as if they were fruit that is good to eat. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
|
|
@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ MIC 7 2 qea8 figs-metaphor 0 to shed blood Blood is a metaphor for the death of
|
|||
MIC 7 3 ew8e 0 General Information: Micah continues speaking about the people of Israel.
|
||||
MIC 7 3 m27f figs-synecdoche 0 Their hands are very good The hand is a synecdoche for the person. Alternate translation: “The people are very good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
|
||||
MIC 7 4 nz3f figs-simile 0 The best of them is like a brier, the most upright is worse than a thorn hedge Briers and thorns are good for nothing and harm those who touch them. The Israelite rulers and judges did nothing good and harmed people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
MIC 7 4 kin3 0 the most upright “those of them who try hardest to do what is good”
|
||||
MIC 7 4 kin3 0 the most upright Alternate translation: “those of them who try hardest to do what is good”
|
||||
MIC 7 4 qfc3 figs-activepassive 0 It is the day foretold by your watchmen, the day of your punishment Micah speaks to the people of Israel, so both instances of “your” are plural. The word “watchmen” is a metaphor for prophets. Alternate translation: “Their prophets have told them that Yahweh would punish them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
MIC 7 4 i385 figs-abstractnouns 0 Now is the time of their confusion The abstract noun “confusion” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “Now is when they do not understand what is happening” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
|
||||
MIC 7 5 h2bv 0 General Information: Micah continues speaking to the people of Israel.
|
||||
|
|
@ -274,9 +274,9 @@ MIC 7 9 le5t figs-metaphor 0 General Information: Micah continues the poem that
|
|||
MIC 7 9 d2c6 figs-metaphor 0 I will bear his rage Rage is spoken of as if it were a solid object that Yahweh was forcing Micah to carry. Alternate translation: “I will suffer because he is angry with me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
MIC 7 9 v4zl 0 until he pleads my cause, and executes judgment for me Yahweh will punish the people of the other nations who harmed the people of Israel.
|
||||
MIC 7 9 sr4x figs-metaphor 0 he pleads my cause Yahweh is spoken of as if he were defending Micah in court. Alternate translation: “he defends me against those who harm me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
MIC 7 9 sc18 0 executes judgment for me “brings about justice for me”
|
||||
MIC 7 9 sc18 0 executes judgment for me Alternate translation: “brings about justice for me”
|
||||
MIC 7 9 p8yt figs-metaphor 0 He will bring me to the light Bringing Micah from darkness ([Micah 7:8](../07/08.md)) to light is a metaphor for ending the suffering from disaster and enabling him to live well. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
MIC 7 9 t4wh 0 rescue me in his justice “bring justice to me and rescue me”
|
||||
MIC 7 9 t4wh 0 rescue me in his justice Alternate translation: “bring justice to me and rescue me”
|
||||
MIC 7 10 i9mq figs-metaphor 0 General Information: Micah continues and ends the poem that began in [Micah 7:8](../07/08.md), speaking as if he were one woman speaking to her enemy, another woman. This is perhaps the daughter of Zion ([Micah 1:13](../01/13.md)), who represents the people of Israel, speaking to the “daughter of soldiers” ([Micah 5:1](../05/01.md)), who represents the nations which attacked Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
MIC 7 10 wv5q 0 my enemy … the one who said … your God … My eyes The words “enemy,” “one,” “your,” and “my” here refer to the women in the poem and so are feminine singular.
|
||||
MIC 7 10 ize3 figs-rquestion 0 Where is Yahweh your God? The enemy uses a question to mock the people of Israel. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Yahweh your God cannot help you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
|
|
@ -289,7 +289,7 @@ MIC 7 11 ue5m figs-activepassive 0 the boundaries will be extended very far Thi
|
|||
MIC 7 12 hs2u figs-explicit 0 the River You may need to make explicit the name of river. Alternate translation: “the Euphrates River” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
MIC 7 12 bd5t figs-explicit 0 from sea to sea You may need to make explicit the names of the seas. “from the Mediterranean Sea in the west to the Dead Sea in the east” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
MIC 7 12 y16y figs-idiom 0 from mountain to mountain “from one mountain to another.” Micah does not speak of any particular mountain. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
MIC 7 13 av6g 0 the land will be desolate “the land will be empty” or “no one will live in the land”
|
||||
MIC 7 13 av6g 0 the land will be desolate Alternate translation: “the land will be empty” or “no one will live in the land”
|
||||
MIC 7 13 n1e8 figs-metaphor 0 because of the fruit of their actions Fruit is a metaphor for the results of an earlier action. Alternate translation: “because of the results of what they have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
MIC 7 14 jsh4 figs-metaphor 0 Shepherd your people with your rod, the flock of your inheritance Micah is praying to Yahweh, asking him to protect his people of Israel again. Here “rod” refers to God’s leadership and guidance, as a shepherd uses a stick to guide and protect his sheep. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
MIC 7 14 cu5w figs-metaphor 0 They live alone in a thicket, in the midst of a pastureland Micah speaks of his people as if they were wild animals hiding in bushes instead of livestock grazing in fields with much grass to eat. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
|
|
@ -303,11 +303,11 @@ MIC 7 16 n9vh figs-idiom 0 their ears will be deaf This is an idiom. Nothing an
|
|||
MIC 7 17 e21s figs-hyperbole 0 They will lick the dust like a snake Snakes slither on the ground where dust gets on them, and here the people are being compared to snakes, though it is probably an exaggeration that they will lick the dust. This could mean: (1) will literally lie on the ground in shame or (2) will be so ashamed and humbled that it will be as if they were lying on the ground. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
|
||||
MIC 7 17 zg31 figs-metaphor 0 their dens The people are spoken of as if they were animals, because animals live in “dens.” Alternate translation: “their homes” or “their hiding places” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
MIC 7 18 g3i6 figs-rquestion 0 Who is a God like you—who takes … inheritance? Micah is emphasizing that there is no God like Yahweh. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “I know that there is no God like you, who takes … inheritance.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
MIC 7 18 kr7v 0 the remnant of his inheritance “those of his chosen people who have survived his punishment”
|
||||
MIC 7 18 kr7v 0 the remnant of his inheritance Alternate translation: “those of his chosen people who have survived his punishment”
|
||||
MIC 7 18 a8d2 figs-123person 0 you … of the remnant of his inheritance? He does not keep his anger forever, because he delights in his covenant faithfulness. Here the words “his” and “he” can be stated in second person. Alternate translation: “you … of the remnant of your inheritance, who do not keep your anger forever, because you delight in your covenant faithfulness?” or “you … of the remnant of your inheritance? You do not keep your anger forever, because you delights in your covenant faithfulness.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
|
||||
MIC 7 18 f1lp figs-abstractnouns 0 he delights in his covenant faithfulness The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be stated as “faithful.” Alternate translation: “he delights in being faithful to his covenant” or “he delights in being faithful to his people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
|
||||
MIC 7 18 ups5 0 passes over ignores
|
||||
MIC 7 18 mcd3 0 does not keep his anger “does not stay angry”
|
||||
MIC 7 18 mcd3 0 does not keep his anger Alternate translation: “does not stay angry”
|
||||
MIC 7 19 i7z3 figs-you 0 You will Here “you” refers to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
|
||||
MIC 7 19 i1u2 figs-exclusive 0 on us Here “us” refers to Micah and the people, but not to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
|
||||
MIC 7 19 rqi9 figs-metaphor 0 you will trample our iniquities under your feet. You will throw all our sins into the depths of the sea Iniquity and sin are spoken of as if they were solid objects. Alternate translation: “You will treat our iniquities and sins as if they were not important” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ NAM 1 1 na47 figs-explicit 0 The declaration about Nineveh. The book of the vis
|
|||
NAM 1 1 q626 translate-names 0 Elkoshite A person from the village of Elkosh (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
|
||||
NAM 1 2 z2vj figs-metaphor 0 General Information: Nahum begins to describe Yahweh coming to judge his enemies and to save his people. The vision is full of metaphorical language and uses different kinds of parallelism. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
|
||||
NAM 1 2 krb6 0 Yahweh This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this.
|
||||
NAM 1 2 z8hx 0 full of wrath “very angry”
|
||||
NAM 1 2 a6fz 0 he continues his anger for “continues to be angry with”
|
||||
NAM 1 3 t8dj 0 slow to anger “slow to become angry”
|
||||
NAM 1 2 z8hx 0 full of wrath Alternate translation: “very angry”
|
||||
NAM 1 2 a6fz 0 he continues his anger for Alternate translation: “continues to be angry with”
|
||||
NAM 1 3 t8dj 0 slow to anger Alternate translation: “slow to become angry”
|
||||
NAM 1 3 e2y8 figs-litotes 0 he will not allow the wicked to go unpunished This emphatic negative statement can be translated positively. Alternate translation: “he will always be sure to punish the wicked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
|
||||
NAM 1 3 du22 figs-explicit 0 Yahweh makes his way in the whirlwind and the storm, and the clouds are the dust of his feet The biblical writers often associated Yahweh’s presence with powerful storms. Here Yahweh rides in strong storm winds and his feet are creating clouds by kicking up dust as he is coming to judge the people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
NAM 1 3 l5ed 0 the dust of his feet “the dust that his feet kick up”
|
||||
NAM 1 3 l5ed 0 the dust of his feet Alternate translation: “the dust that his feet kick up”
|
||||
NAM 1 4 lh7c 0 General Information: Nahum continues to describe Yahweh coming to judge his enemies and to save his people.
|
||||
NAM 1 4 n6m5 figs-explicit 0 Bashan is weak, and Carmel also; the flowers of Lebanon are weak The word translated as “weak” can also mean “wither” or “dry out.” Bashan was known for its good pastureland where people tended sheep and cattle, “Carmel” refers to Mount Carmel, which was known for its tree orchards, and the snow from the mountains in Lebanon kept that place fertile. Since Yahweh dries up all the rivers and causes drought, these fertile places will no longer be fertile. Alternate translation: “The fields of Bashan wither, the trees of Mount Carmel die, and the flowers of Lebanon fade” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
NAM 1 5 cg1v figs-metaphor 0 the hills melt This could mean: (1) the earthquake causing the hills to crumble to pieces is spoken of as if the hills were melting or (2) the water from the storms coursing down the hills and causing them to erode is spoken of as if the hills were melting. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
|
|
@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ NAM 1 5 f3dl 0 the earth collapses This could mean: (1) the mountains and hill
|
|||
NAM 1 5 w6mf figs-ellipsis 0 the world and all people who live in it Here the word “world” refers to the inhabited places on the earth. The verb for this phrase is understood from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “the world shakes and all the people who live in it collapse” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
|
||||
NAM 1 6 f6ms 0 General Information: Nahum continues to describe Yahweh coming to judge his enemies and to save his people.
|
||||
NAM 1 6 pb6q figs-parallelism 0 Who can stand before his wrath? Who can resist the fierceness of his anger? These two rhetorical questions mean basically the same thing. They can be translated with statements. Alternate translation: “No one can stand before his wrath! No one can resist the fierceness of his anger!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
NAM 1 6 s5dd 0 fierceness of his anger “intensity of his anger” or “amount of his anger”
|
||||
NAM 1 6 s5dd 0 fierceness of his anger Alternate translation: “intensity of his anger” or “amount of his anger”
|
||||
NAM 1 6 b6tk figs-metaphor 0 His wrath is poured out like fire Nahum speaks of Yahweh’s anger as if it were a liquid that he pours out and which burns like fire. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “He pours out his wrath like fire” or “He expresses his fierce anger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
NAM 1 6 s5l3 figs-activepassive 0 the rocks are broken apart by him This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he breaks apart the rocks” or “he causes the rocks to break apart” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
NAM 1 7 vrf3 figs-metaphor 0 a stronghold … those who take refuge in him Nahum speaks of Yahweh as if he were a place where people can be safe from those who wish to harm them, and of those who trust Yahweh to protect them as if they were taking refuge inside that safe place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
|
|
@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ NAM 2 3 shs8 0 the chariots flash with their metal This likely refers to the l
|
|||
NAM 2 3 i6a3 figs-activepassive 0 on the day that they are made ready This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “when the soldiers have made them ready” or “when the soldiers have prepared them to attack” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
NAM 2 3 jtg2 figs-activepassive 0 the cypress spears are waved in the air This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the soldiers wave their cypress spears in the air” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
NAM 2 3 b24s translate-unknown 0 cypress a type of tree whose wood is good for weapons (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
|
||||
NAM 2 4 l7yi 0 The chariots speed through the streets “The soldiers drive the chariots wildly through the streets”
|
||||
NAM 2 4 l7yi 0 The chariots speed through the streets Alternate translation: “The soldiers drive the chariots wildly through the streets”
|
||||
NAM 2 4 m4y1 figs-simile 0 They look like torches Nahum compares the way that the light from the sun reflects upon the chariots with torches whose fire gives light. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
NAM 2 4 vee1 figs-simile 0 they run like lightning Nahum compares the way that the light from the sun reflects upon the chariots, and the quickness with which the chariots move, with lightning that flashes quickly in the sky. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
NAM 2 5 c6g1 figs-metaphor 0 The one who will dash you to pieces The word “you” refers to Nineveh. Nahum speaks of an army or military leader destroying Nineveh as if he were to shatter Nineveh like one would shatter a clay pot. See how you translated this in [Nahum 2:1](../02/01.md). Alternate translation: “The one who will destroy you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
|
|
@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ NAM 2 11 as2e figs-metaphor 0 General Information: In these verses, Nahum speak
|
|||
NAM 2 11 n3ki figs-rquestion 0 Where now is the lions’ den … afraid of nothing? Nahum uses this rhetorical question to mock Nineveh, which has been destroyed. Alternate translation: “The lions’ den is nowhere to be found … afraid of nothing.” or “Look at what has become of the lions’ den … afraid of nothing!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
NAM 2 12 f91d figs-explicit 0 he strangled victims “he choked victims.” This is probably a reference to the way that lions usually kill their prey, by biting its throat. Alternate translation: “he killed his victims” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
NAM 2 12 f3cw figs-parallelism 0 filled his cave with victims, his dens with torn carcasses These two phrases are saying the same thing in different ways. The verb may be supplied for the second phrase. Alternate translation: “filled his cave with victims, and filled his dens with torn carcasses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
|
||||
NAM 2 13 hg33 0 See “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you.”
|
||||
NAM 2 13 hg33 0 See Alternate translation: “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you.”
|
||||
NAM 2 13 mzs1 figs-metonymy 0 the sword will devour your young lions Here the word “sword” is a metonym for soldiers who attack with swords and is spoken of as if it were a person who eats its victims. Nahum also continues to speak to the people of Nineveh as if they were lions. Alternate translation: “attackers will kill your people with swords” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
NAM 2 13 qg4y figs-metaphor 0 I will cut off your prey from your land Yahweh speaks of the people of Nineveh as if they were lions who preyed upon the nations. This could mean: (1) the word “prey” is a metonym for the things that they have taken from those upon whom they preyed, and Yahweh speaks of taking those things away from them as if it were cutting off their prey. Alternate translation: “I will take away from your land all the things that you took from others” or (2) Yahweh speaks of the nations whom the people of Nineveh had plundered as if they were Nineveh’s prey, and preventing Nineveh from plundering any more nations as if he were cutting off their prey. Alternate translation: “I will stop you from preying upon any other nation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
NAM 2 13 vf1s figs-activepassive 0 the voices of your messengers will be heard no more This likely refers to the messengers that the Assyrians sent out to other nations to demand surrender or payment of tribute. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one will ever hear the voices of your messengers again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
|
|
@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ NAM 3 3 k9um figs-hyperbole 0 There is no end to the bodies The words “no end
|
|||
NAM 3 4 x2uc figs-metaphor 0 the lustful actions of the beautiful prostitute Nahum speaks of Nineveh causing other nations to be subject to her as if the city were a prostitute who seduces men with her beauty. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
NAM 3 4 zv4s figs-metaphor 0 the expert in witchcraft Nahum speaks of Nineveh causing other nations to be subject to her as if the city were a witch who casts a spells on others. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
NAM 3 4 b3x1 figs-explicit 0 who sells nations through her prostitution, and peoples through her acts of witchcraft Here the word “sells” implies that the people of Nineveh cause other nations and peoples to become slaves. Nineveh uses her beauty, power, and influence to make others her slaves. Alternate translation: “who by her prostitution and witchcraft causes the people of other nations to become her slaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
NAM 3 5 u83r 0 See “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you”
|
||||
NAM 3 5 u83r 0 See Alternate translation: “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you”
|
||||
NAM 3 5 x2lm figs-metaphor 0 I will raise up your skirt over your face and show your private parts to the nations This refers to the practice of publicly humiliating prostitutes by stripping them naked in front of the community. This continues the metaphor of Yahweh speaking of the city of Nineveh as if it were a prostitute. Alternate translation: “I will publicly humiliate you, as one would humiliate a prostitute by raising up her skirt over her face and showing her private parts to all the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
NAM 3 5 qx5d figs-ellipsis 0 your shame to the kingdoms This phrase explains the purpose of lifting up Nineveh’s skirt. The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “I will show your shame to the kingdoms” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
|
||||
NAM 3 6 s894 translate-symaction 0 I will throw disgusting filth on you The words “disgusting filth” refer to all kinds of garbage. Throwing garbage at a person was a sign of strong contempt. Alternate translation: “I will show my contempt for you, like a person would throw disgusting filth at another” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
|
||||
|
|
@ -112,9 +112,9 @@ NAM 3 7 ysl2 figs-rquestion 0 Where can I find anyone to comfort you? Yahweh us
|
|||
NAM 3 8 v76u figs-metonymy 0 General Information: Nahum speaks to the people of Nineveh as though they were the city itself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
NAM 3 8 ii6k figs-rquestion 0 are you better than Thebes … itself? Nahum asks this rhetorical question to emphasize the negative answer that it anticipates. Alternate translation: “you are not better than Thebes … itself.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
NAM 3 8 c7qr translate-names 0 Thebes This was the former capital of Egypt, which the Assyrians had conquered. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
|
||||
NAM 3 8 w92b 0 that was built on the Nile River “that was situated by the Nile River”
|
||||
NAM 3 8 w92b 0 that was built on the Nile River Alternate translation: “that was situated by the Nile River”
|
||||
NAM 3 8 a2y2 figs-metaphor 0 whose defense was the ocean, whose wall was the sea itself These two phrases share similar meanings. The words “ocean” and “sea” both refer to the Nile River, which ran near the city. Nahum speaks of the Nile as if it were the wall that protected the city. Alternate translation: “which had the Nile river as its defenses, as some cities have a wall for theirs” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
|
||||
NAM 3 9 ega5 0 Cush and Egypt were her strength “Ethiopia and Egypt strengthened her” or “Cush and Egypt were her allies”
|
||||
NAM 3 9 ega5 0 Cush and Egypt were her strength Alternate translation: “Ethiopia and Egypt strengthened her” or “Cush and Egypt were her allies”
|
||||
NAM 3 9 knv4 figs-hyperbole 0 there was no end to it The word “it” refers to the “strength” that Cush and Egypt gave to Thebes. That there was no end to it is a hyperbole that expresses the great amount of strength. Alternate translation: “their strength was very great” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
|
||||
NAM 3 9 c9nd translate-names 0 Put and Libya These are the names of places in northern Africa that were close to Thebes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
|
||||
NAM 3 10 h5f5 figs-metonymy 0 General Information: Nahum continues to speak to the people of Nineveh as though they were the city itself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
|
|
@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ NAM 3 13 ea7i figs-metaphor 0 fire has devoured their bars This could mean: (1)
|
|||
NAM 3 13 i4p2 figs-metaphor 0 fire has devoured Nahum speaks of fire burning up and destroying as if fire were eating. Alternate translation: “fire has destroyed” or “fire has burned up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
NAM 3 14 g9i1 figs-metonymy 0 General Information: Nahum continues to speak to the people of Nineveh as though they were the city itself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
NAM 3 14 w932 figs-irony 0 Go draw water for the siege … pick up the molds for the bricks Nahum speaks to the people of Nineveh. He tells them to prepare for battle and to repair the walls, although he knows that the enemy will destroy the city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
|
||||
NAM 3 14 d5xh 0 strengthen your fortresses “repair the fortifications”
|
||||
NAM 3 14 d5xh 0 strengthen your fortresses Alternate translation: “repair the fortifications”
|
||||
NAM 3 14 tja5 0 go into the clay and tread the mortar; pick up the molds for the bricks These phrases refer to making mud bricks that they will use to repair the city’s wall.
|
||||
NAM 3 15 x9p7 figs-metaphor 0 Fire will devour you there Nahum speaks of fire burning and destroying as if it were eating. Alternate translation: “Fire will destroy you there” or “Your enemies will burn you with fire there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
NAM 3 15 f3iu figs-metonymy 0 the sword will destroy you Here the word “sword” is a metonym for the enemies who will attack with swords. Alternate translation: “your enemies will kill you with their swords” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
|
|
@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ NAM 3 16 h3mk figs-metonymy 0 General Information: Nahum speaks to the people o
|
|||
NAM 3 16 f5ml figs-hyperbole 0 You have multiplied your merchants more than the stars in the heavens This exaggeration emphasizes the great number of merchants who lived and worked in Nineveh. Alternate translation: “It is as if you have more merchants than there are stars in the sky” or “You have more merchants than anyone could count” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
|
||||
NAM 3 16 jax3 figs-simile 0 they are like young locusts: they plunder the land and then fly away Nahum compares the way that these merchants, who have made their profit by selling their goods in Nineveh, will flee from the city when the battle begins with the way that locusts fly away after they have eaten all of the plants in their path. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
NAM 3 17 g39b figs-simile 0 your generals are like swarms of them that camp in the walls on a cold day. But when the sun rises they fly away Nahum compares the way that the officials in Nineveh will flee when the battle starts with the way that locusts will remain still while it is cold, but will fly away when the sun rises and the air becomes warm. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
NAM 3 17 t77f 0 to no one knows where “and no one knows where they have gone”
|
||||
NAM 3 17 t77f 0 to no one knows where Alternate translation: “and no one knows where they have gone”
|
||||
NAM 3 18 mzz1 figs-parallelism 0 your shepherds are asleep; your rulers are lying down resting These two lines share similar meanings. Nahum speaks of the leaders of Assyria as if they were shepherd who are to care for their sheep. He speaks of the shepherds and rulers dying as if they had fallen asleep. Alternate translation: “your leaders who are like shepherds are dead; your rulers are all dead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
NAM 3 18 r6bi figs-metaphor 0 Your people are scattered on the mountains Nahum speaks of the people of Nineveh as if they were sheep that scatter after the shepherds have died. Alternate translation: “Your people are scattered like sheep on the mountains” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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||||
NAM 3 19 ik24 figs-metaphor 0 No healing is possible for your wounds. Your wounds are severe Nahum speaks of the certainty of the destruction of Nineveh and the defeat of its king as if the king had suffered an incurable wound. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ HAB 1 11 m8uj figs-metaphor 0 the wind will rush on Yahweh speaks of how swiftl
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HAB 1 11 vm3y 0 guilty men, those whose might is their god This refers to the Chaldean soldiers.
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HAB 1 12 z617 0 General Information: Habakkuk speaks to Yahweh about the Chaldeans.
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HAB 1 12 esj1 figs-rquestion 0 Are you not from ancient times, Yahweh my God, my Holy One? Habakkuk asks this rhetorical question to emphasize the positive answer. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You surely are from ancient times, Yahweh my God, my Holy One.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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HAB 1 12 kq2a 0 from ancient times “eternal”
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HAB 1 12 kq2a 0 from ancient times Alternate translation: “eternal”
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HAB 1 12 dxz9 figs-abstractnouns 0 has ordained them for judgment, and you, Rock, have established them for correction The word “them” refers to the Chaldeans. The words “judgment” and “correction” can be translated with verbs. The reader should understand that the Chaldeans will judge and correct Yahweh’s people. Alternate translation: “has ordained them to judge his people, and you, Rock, have established them to correct your people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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HAB 1 12 b4f6 figs-metaphor 0 Rock Habakkuk speaks of Yahweh being the one who protects him and keeps him safe as if he were a rock upon which Habakkuk could stand in order to be out of his enemies’ reach. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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HAB 1 13 i8m3 0 General Information: Habakkuk continues speaking to Yahweh about the Chaldeans.
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@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ HAB 1 17 re7y figs-synecdoche 0 Will he … keep emptying his net … will he c
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HAB 1 17 rz38 figs-metaphor 0 keep emptying his net Habakkuk speaks of the Chaldeans preparing to conquer more nations as if they were fishermen who empty their nets so that they can use them to catch more fish. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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HAB 2 intro qke1 0 # Habakkuk 2 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 2:1-20.<br><br>This chapter is arranged in a series of questions and answers between Yahweh and Habakkuk.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### “The righteous will live by his faith”<br>This is an important phrase in Scripture. Paul also uses it to explain that man is justified by his faith. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])
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HAB 2 1 m4n8 figs-parallelism 0 I will stand at my guard post and station myself on the watchtower These two phrases mean basically the same thing. This could mean: (1) Habakkuk went to an actual post in the watchtower or (2) this is a metaphor in which Habakkuk speaks of waiting eagerly for Yahweh’s response as if he were a watchman waiting at his post for the arrival of a messenger. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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HAB 2 1 s5ad 0 to see what he will say to me “to see what Yahweh will say to me”
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HAB 2 1 s5ad 0 to see what he will say to me Alternate translation: “to see what Yahweh will say to me”
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HAB 2 1 lcz4 figs-idiom 0 how I should turn from my complaint Here the word “turn” refers to returning an answer. Habakkuk considers what answer he will give concerning the things that he has said. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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HAB 2 2 z55g 0 General Information: Yahweh answers Habakkuk.
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HAB 2 2 p6bb figs-parallelism 0 Record this vision, and write plainly on the tablets Both of these phrases are saying the same thing in two different ways. Alternate translation: “Write this vision clearly on the tablets” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
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@ -89,8 +89,8 @@ HAB 2 10 my1x figs-metaphor 0 You have devised shame for your house Here to “
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HAB 2 10 n587 figs-metaphor 0 cutting off many people Killing many people is spoken of as if it were cutting those people off, like one would cut a branch from a tree. Alternate translation: “killing many people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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HAB 2 10 sg2a figs-idiom 0 have sinned against yourself The idiom “to sin against oneself” means that the person has done things that will result in his own death or destruction. Alternate translation: “have caused your own ruin” or “have brought about your own death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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HAB 2 11 ukn3 figs-personification 0 For the stones will cry out from the wall, and the rafters of timber will answer them Here the materials with which the man has built his house are personified as witnesses of the crimes that he has committed. If your culture uses different materials to build houses, you can consider using those materials here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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HAB 2 11 bt1f 0 cry out “cry out against you” or “cry out to accuse you”
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HAB 2 11 b8iz 0 will answer them “will agree with the stones”
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HAB 2 11 bt1f 0 cry out Alternate translation: “cry out against you” or “cry out to accuse you”
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HAB 2 11 b8iz 0 will answer them Alternate translation: “will agree with the stones”
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HAB 2 12 xv2x figs-metaphor 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to answer Habakkuk and to speak of the Chaldeans as if they were one man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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HAB 2 12 i4d5 figs-parallelism 0 Woe to the one who builds a city with blood, and who establishes a town in iniquity These two phrases are saying the same thing in different ways. Alternate translation: “A warning to the Chaldeans who built their cities with what they have stolen from the people they have killed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
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HAB 2 12 dh3j figs-metonymy 0 the one who builds a city with blood Here the word “blood” is a metonym for murder. It is implicit that the person builds a city by means of the goods that he stole from those whom he has killed. Alternate translation: “the one who kills people and steals their goods in order to build a city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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@ -107,8 +107,8 @@ HAB 2 16 dx69 figs-metaphor 0 You will be filled with shame instead of glory Th
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HAB 2 16 m5q9 figs-metaphor 0 Drink Others treating the Chaldeans the way that the Chaldeans had treated others is spoken of as if the Chaldeans were to drink the wine that they had forced others to drink. Alternate translation: “Drink from the cup” or “Drink the wine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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HAB 2 16 kv1u figs-explicit 0 you will expose your uncircumcised foreskin This phrase is similar to the Chaldeans forcing others to strip naked so that they could look at their nakedness. Here the words “uncircumcised foreskin” indicate that they will be humiliated not just by being naked, but because their uncircumcision proves that they do not belong to Yahweh’s people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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HAB 2 16 r8rj figs-metaphor 0 The cup in Yahweh’s right hand is coming around to you Yahweh punishing the Chaldeans is spoken of as if he were forcing them to drink wine from a cup that he holds in his hand. Yahweh’s right hand represents his power. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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HAB 2 16 psa7 0 The cup in Yahweh’s right hand “The cup that Yahweh holds in his right hand” or “The cup that Yahweh is holding”
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HAB 2 16 f71b 0 is coming around to you “will come to you as it did to others” or “will pass along to you”
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HAB 2 16 psa7 0 The cup in Yahweh’s right hand Alternate translation: “The cup that Yahweh holds in his right hand” or “The cup that Yahweh is holding”
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HAB 2 16 f71b 0 is coming around to you Alternate translation: “will come to you as it did to others” or “will pass along to you”
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HAB 2 16 nv8g figs-metaphor 0 disgrace will cover your glory The Chaldeans experiencing disgrace instead of glory is spoken of as if disgrace were an object that covers the glory that they thought they had. Alternate translation: “disgrace will replace your glory” or “people will disgrace you instead of honor you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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HAB 2 17 jmf4 figs-metaphor 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to answer Habakkuk and to speak of the Chaldeans as if they were one man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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HAB 2 17 j29e figs-metaphor 0 The violence done to Lebanon will overwhelm you The Chaldeans being punished for the violence done to Lebanon is spoken of as if their violent actions were a person who will overpower them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ HAB 2 18 n4un 0 molten metal This describes metal when it is in its liquid for
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HAB 2 18 hdm4 0 a teacher of lies This phrase refers to the one who carved or cast the figure. By making a false god, he is teaching a lie.
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HAB 2 19 nlw7 figs-ellipsis 0 Or to the silent stone The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “Woe to the one saying to the silent stone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
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HAB 2 19 a365 figs-rquestion 0 Do these things teach? This rhetorical question emphasizes the negative answer that it anticipates. The question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “These things cannot teach.” or “Wood and stone cannot teach.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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HAB 2 19 u5fx 0 See, it is overlaid “Look at it. You can see for yourself that it is overlaid”
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HAB 2 19 u5fx 0 See, it is overlaid Alternate translation: “Look at it. You can see for yourself that it is overlaid”
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HAB 2 19 xks1 figs-activepassive 0 it is overlaid with gold and silver This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “a person overlays the wood or stone with gold and silver” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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HAB 2 19 uq17 figs-idiom 0 there is no breath at all within it The idiom “no breath … within it” means that it is not alive, but dead. Alternate translation: “it is not alive” or “it is dead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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HAB 2 20 qts3 figs-metonymy 0 all the land Here the word “land” is a metonym for the people who live in the land. Alternate translation: “everyone in the land” or “everyone on earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ HAB 3 1 j4yf figs-explicit 0 The prayer of Habakkuk the prophet: These words in
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HAB 3 2 v94e 0 I have heard your report This could mean: (1) “I have heard people talk about what you have done in the past” or (2) “I have heard what you just said.”
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HAB 3 2 ne6e figs-metaphor 0 revive your work Habakkuk speaks of Yahweh doing again the things that he has done in the past as if Yahweh were to cause his work to live again. Alternate translation: “bring your work back to life” or “what you did before, do again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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HAB 3 2 ah3p figs-idiom 0 in the midst of these times This idiom refers to the time at which Habakkuk prayed this prayer, as opposed to times when Yahweh had acted in the past to rescue his people. Alternate translation: “in our own times” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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HAB 3 2 epw6 0 make it known “make your work known” or “cause people to know your work”
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HAB 3 2 epw6 0 make it known Alternate translation: “make your work known” or “cause people to know your work”
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HAB 3 3 s2sh figs-metaphor 0 General Information: Habakkuk begins to describe his vision of Yahweh coming to judge his enemies and to save his people. The vision continues through [Habakkuk 3:15](../03/15.md). It is full of metaphorical language and uses different kinds of parallelism. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
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HAB 3 3 ac8u 0 God came from Teman, and the Holy One from Mount Paran Teman and Mount Paran were both located south of Judah. Habakkuk speaks of God coming to Judah from the direction of Mount Sinai.
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HAB 3 3 f9a6 0 His glory covered the heavens “His splendor covered the sky.” Here the word “glory” refers to the bright light that biblical writers often associate with God’s presence.
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@ -161,14 +161,14 @@ HAB 3 10 fhs9 figs-metaphor 0 the deep sea raised a shout The loud noises that
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HAB 3 10 t3k6 figs-metaphor 0 It lifted up its waves The level of the water in the sea rising and the storm winds causing waves in the sea is spoken of as if the sea were a person who lifts its waves. Alternate translation: “Waves began to form in the sea” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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HAB 3 11 n9kb 0 General Information: Habakkuk continues to describe his vision of Yahweh.
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HAB 3 11 f391 figs-metaphor 0 The sun and moon stood still The sun and moon not moving in the sky is spoken of as if they were people who stopped walking and stood still. Alternate translation: “The sun and moon stopped moving” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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HAB 3 11 wrz3 0 in their high places “in the sky”
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HAB 3 11 wrz3 0 in their high places Alternate translation: “in the sky”
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HAB 3 11 hqb4 figs-parallelism 0 at the flash of your arrows … at the lightning of your flashing spear These two phrases share similar meanings and tell why the sun and moon have stood still. The lightning flashes in the sky are spoken of as if they were arrows that Yahweh shoots from his bow or a shining spear that he throws through the sky. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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HAB 3 11 zte1 0 the flash of your arrows as they fly “the flash of your flying arrows”
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HAB 3 11 zte1 0 the flash of your arrows as they fly Alternate translation: “the flash of your flying arrows”
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HAB 3 12 vd76 0 indignation anger of a person who has suffered injustice
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HAB 3 12 q7gg figs-metaphor 0 you have threshed the nations Yahweh punishing the people of the nations is spoken of as if he threshed the nations. Threshing refers to the practice of having an ox or some other animal trample upon grain stalks in order to crush them and remove the grain. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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HAB 3 13 wr8d 0 General Information: Habakkuk continues to describe his vision of Yahweh. The last sentence in this verse is difficult to translate. Read each of the translationNotes on that sentence below to see different ways to translate it.
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HAB 3 13 air3 figs-abstractnouns 0 You went out for the salvation of your people The word “salvation” can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: “You went out to save your people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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HAB 3 13 qtl6 0 your anointed one “the one whom you have anointed.” Here this phrase refers to one whom Yahweh has chosen. This could mean: (1) “the people you have chosen” or “the nation you have chosen” or (2) “the king you have chosen.”
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HAB 3 13 qtl6 0 your anointed one Here this phrase refers to one whom Yahweh has chosen. This could mean: (1) “the people you have chosen” or “the nation you have chosen” or (2) “the king you have chosen.”
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HAB 3 13 il57 figs-metonymy 0 You shatter the head of the house of the wicked to lay bare from the base up to the neck This could mean: (1) killing the leader and destroying the people is spoken of as if someone were destroying a house. Here the leader is the head, that is, the roof of the house; and “base” and “neck” represent other parts of the house. Alternate translation: “You destroy the roof of the wicked house and demolish the rest of the building” or “You kill the leader of the wicked nation and completely destroy the nation” or (2) Killing the leader and removing honor and power from the people is spoken of as if someone were shattering a person’s head and stripping off all of his clothes. Here the leader is the “head,” and “house” represents the people who are the body. Alternate translation: “The wicked people and their leader are like a man whose head you crush and whose body you strip naked from foot to neck” or “You kill the leader of the wicked people and completely remove all of the people’s power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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HAB 3 14 w31g 0 General Information: Habakkuk continues to describe his vision of Yahweh.
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HAB 3 14 v64x figs-metaphor 0 You have pierced the head of his warriors with his own arrows The word “his” refers to the leader of the Chaldeans. This could mean: (1) this is a metaphor in which the warriors are spoken of as if they were a body and the leader were the head. Alternate translation: “You have killed with his own spear the one who leads the warriors” or (2) the word “head” refers to the heads of each of the warriors. Alternate translation: “With the leader’s own spear, you have pierced the heads of each of his warriors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ HAB 3 16 ull6 0 My lips quivered at the sound Quivering lips is another sponta
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HAB 3 16 tz73 figs-idiom 0 Decay comes into my bones Habakkuk speaks of having no strength in his body as if his bones began to decay. You may consider using an idiom from your own language here. Alternate translation: “My body goes limp, as if my bones were rotting” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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HAB 3 16 y61b figs-idiom 0 under myself I tremble The words “under myself” refer to what is below him. This idiom could mean: (1) “my legs tremble” or (2) “I tremble where I stand.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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HAB 3 17 t3s6 0 General Information: Habakkuk describes his reaction to his vision of Yahweh.
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HAB 3 17 e3u3 0 though the produce of the olive tree disappoints “though the produce of the olive tree fails” or “though the olive tree fails to produce olives”
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HAB 3 17 e3u3 0 though the produce of the olive tree disappoints Alternate translation: “though the produce of the olive tree fails” or “though the olive tree fails to produce olives”
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HAB 3 17 wcs3 figs-metaphor 0 though the flock is cut off from the fold The word “flock” may refer to sheep or goats, or both. The word “fold” refers to the fenced-in area where shepherds keep their flock. Habakkuk speaks of the flock dying as if someone were to cut off the flock, as a person would cut a branch from a tree. Alternate translation: “though all the flock dies and the folds are empty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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HAB 3 18 v4vm 0 General Information: Habakkuk continues to describe his reaction to his vision of Yahweh and determines to praise him.
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HAB 3 18 zwf8 figs-abstractnouns 0 the God of my salvation The word “salvation” can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: “the God who saves me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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Reference in New Issue