diff --git a/tn_PRO.tsv b/tn_PRO.tsv index e33dce4256..3c7c39ed98 100644 --- a/tn_PRO.tsv +++ b/tn_PRO.tsv @@ -1,1973 +1,4027 @@ Reference ID Tags SupportReference Quote Occurrence Note -front:intro spe4 0 # Introduction to Proverbs\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of Proverbs\n\n1. Solomon introduces his proverbs (1:1–7)\n1. Collection of teachings (1:8–9:18)\n1. Proverbs of Solomon (10:1–22:16)\n1. Words of wise men (22:17–24:22)\n1. More words of wise men (24:23–34)\n1. More proverbs of Solomon (25:1–29:27)\n1. The words of Agur (30:1–33)\n1. The words of Lemuel (31:1–9)\n1. A good wife praised (31:10–31)\n\n### What is the book of Proverbs about?\n\nA proverb is a short statement that expresses some wisdom or truth. Most societies have their own proverbs. People that speak a given language can readily understand proverbs in that language.\n\nThe Book of Proverbs is a collection of proverbs. It also includes teachings about how to live wisely. Scholars refer to Proverbs, Psalms, Job, Ecclesiastes, and the Song of Songs as wisdom literature. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs]])\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nThe title of this book is often translated as “Proverbs.” A more general translation would be “Words for Wise People,” “Words that Give Wisdom,” or something similar.\n\n### Who wrote the book of Proverbs?\n\nProverbs begins with the words, “The Proverbs of Solomon, son of David and King of Israel.” But Solomon did not write all of the proverbs. Unnamed wise men may have written some of them. Agur the son of Jakeh (30:1) and King Lemuel (31:1) identify themselves as writing some of the proverbs.\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### What is meant by “wisdom” and “foolishness” in the Book of Proverbs?\n\n“Wisdom” means the understanding and doing of what is true and morally right. A wise person understands and does what Yahweh would judge to be right. Anyone living in this way will also learn to live well with other people and to make good practical decisions in life. The book of Proverbs also acknowledges that it is important to maintain one’s honor or reputation in the opinion of other people. Those who fail to live in this way are called “foolish.” For this reason, it is possible for a person to be very intelligent and still be foolish. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]])\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### What form do the individual proverbs have?\n\nMost proverbs have two parts or two lines that are “parallel” to each other. The second part may strengthen the first, may give more details about the first, or may even say what seems the opposite of the first. Translators should take into account that each proverb is also part of a larger group of proverbs. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])\n\n### How should personification be represented in translation?\n\nIn Proverbs, certain qualities such as wisdom and understanding are often represented as if they were wise women, as in [Proverbs 3:15-18](../03/15.md), [Proverbs 4:6-9](../04/06.md), and elsewhere. In languages where it is possible for a woman figure to represent these qualities, the translator should translate in this way. However, in many languages this kind of direct translation is not possible. In such a case, the translator may be able to translate these personifications as similes instead. This means they would present wisdom or understanding as being like a wise woman whom people should obey. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -1:intro y4et 0 # Proverbs 1 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThe first chapter of proverbs begins with a type of introduction in verses 1-7. It mentions Solomon, son of David. Verse 7 contains a foundational verse for the whole book. It defines wisdom.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Parallelism\n\nProverbs are often written without any surrounding context and in two lines of text. Each line will have a certain relationship to the other line. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -1:1 q6pn rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nVerses 2-33 are poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]]) -1:2 iaq1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns to teach wisdom and instruction 0 This can be reworded so that the abstract nouns “wisdom” and “instruction” can be stated as adjectives or verbs. Alternate translation: “to teach you how to be wise and to instruct you about how to live moral lives” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -1:2 rs3p to teach words of insight 0 Alternate translation: “to help you understand wise teachings” -1:3 ew1z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you that you may receive 0 Here “you” refers to the readers. If it is more natural in your language you can state it as an inclusive “we.” Alternate translation: “that we may receive” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -1:3 aun5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns may receive instruction in order to live 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **instruction**, you could express the same idea with a verb. Alternate translation: “may be instructed how to live” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -1:4 be4c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns are also to give wisdom to the naive 0 This can be reworded so that If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **wisdom**, you could express the same idea with an adjective such as “wise.” This can also be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “also teach to those who are naive how to be wise” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1:4 j62d naive 0 inexperienced or immature -1:4 p2ca rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns to give knowledge and discretion to young people 0 The abstract nouns “knowledge” and “discretion” can be stated as verbs. Alternate translation: “and to teach to young people what they need to know and how to discern the right thing to do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -1:4 wxv5 discretion 0 knowing what should be done in a particular situation -1:5 lrm2 Let wise people listen and increase their learning 0 Alternate translation: “Let those who are wise pay attention and learn even more” -1:5 r7sn let discerning people get guidance 0 Alternate translation: “let people who have understanding learn from these proverbs how to make good decisions” -1:6 rcl9 riddles 0 sayings that one can understand only after thinking about them -1:7 r9nd General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nA father teaches his child. -1:7 ga71 Yahweh 0 This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this. -1:7 l9za fools despise wisdom and instruction 0 Alternate translation: “those who do not value what is wise and instructive are fools” -1:8 p2x9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom do not lay aside 0 This is an idiom that means “do not ignore” or “do not reject” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -1:9 qxp8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor they will be a graceful wreath for your head and pendants hanging from your neck 0 The rules and instructions that parents teach their children are so valuable and important that they are spoken of as if they were a beautiful wreath or pendant that a person wears. Alternate translation: “they will make you wise just as wearing a wreath on your head or a pendant around your neck makes you beautiful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1:9 h55y wreath 0 an woven circle made of leaves or flowers -1:9 l3ql pendants 0 jewelry that is worn around the neck -1:10 y9bt try to entice you into their sin 0 Alternate translation: “try to persuade you to sin as they do” -1:10 e1wu refuse to follow them 0 Alternate translation: “refuse them” or “do not listen to them” -1:11 f89h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo If they say 0 Here the speaker gives an example of what sinners may try to entice someone to do. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) -1:11 nvn9 lie in wait 0 Alternate translation: “hide and wait for the right time” -1:12 b8bq General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nVerses 12-14 end the imagined statement of the sinners who are trying to entice others to sin. -1:12 w4w6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Let us swallow them up alive, like Sheol takes away those who are healthy 0 The sinners speak of murdering innocent people as if they were Sheol and they would take a living and healthy person down to the place where dead people go. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1:12 jg5z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification Let us swallow & like Sheol takes away 0 This speaks of the grave as if it were a person that swallows humans and takes them down to the place of the dead. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -1:12 kea4 like Sheol takes away those who are healthy 0 The wicked expect to destroy their victims in the same way Sheol, the place of the dead, takes away even healthy people. -1:12 ayt4 make them like those who fall into the pit 0 This could mean: (1) this refers to travelers who fall into a deep hole where no one will ever find them or (2) here “pit” is another word that means Sheol or the place where dead people go. -1:14 x2p6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Throw in your lot with us 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “Join us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -1:14 l56r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy we will all have one purse together 0 Here “purse” represents everything that they steal. Alternate translation: “we will equally share everything that we steal” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1:14 ci4y purse 0 a bag for carrying money -1:15 t25u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor do not walk down that road with them; do not let your foot touch where they walk 0 To avoid behaving the same way as the sinners do is spoken of as if the son were to avoid walking on or even touching the roads that sinners walk on. Alternate translation: “do not go with the sinners or do what they do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1:16 vap2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor their feet run to evil 0 The sinners having an eager interest in doing evil things is spoken of as if they were running to evil. Alternate translation: “they are eager to do wicked things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1:16 v6fc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche their feet run 0 Here “feet” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “they run” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -1:16 m7ui rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy to shed blood 0 Here “blood” represents a person’s life. To “shed blood” means to murder someone. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1:17 g5jd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor For it is useless to spread the net in the sight of any bird 0 This metaphor compares the wisdom of birds who avoid traps that they see to the foolishness of sinners who get caught in traps they make for themselves. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1:18 ulr3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor These men lie in wait for their own blood—they set an ambush for their own lives 0 This finishes the comparison started in [Proverbs 1:17](../01/17.md). The men destroying themselves by doing sinful things is spoken of as if they set a trap and kill themselves. Alternate translation: “But these men are more foolish than the birds. They kill themselves with their own traps” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1:18 b16m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor These men lie in wait for their own blood 0 To lie in wait is to hide, ready to do something wicked. Alternate translation: “It is as if they are looking for an opportunity to kill themselves” or “They themselves will be killed because they try to kill others” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1:18 vs5n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy their own blood 0 Here “blood” is a metonym for a violent death. Alternate translation: “to kill themselves violently” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1:18 rih3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy they set an ambush for their own lives 0 Here “their own lives” is a metonym for themselves. Alternate translation: “it is as if they are the ones who are waiting to suddenly attack and kill them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -1:19 fz7s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor So are the ways of everyone 0 A person’s fate or destiny is spoken of as if it were a road a person walks on. Alternate translation: “This is what happens to everyone” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1:19 su23 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor unjust gain takes away the lives of those who hold on to it 0 A person destroying themselves by trying to gain wealth through violence, theft, and deceit is spoken of as if the unjust gains will kill those who take it. Alternate translation: “it is like the unjust gains will destroy those who hold on to it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1:20 xza5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nIn 1:20-1:33 Wisdom is spoken of as if it were a woman speaking to the people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -1:20 pj5i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification Wisdom cries aloud 0 If your language does not allow you to treat wisdom as a woman shouting to the people in the city, you might try something like “Grandmother Wisdom cries aloud” or “Honored Miss Wisdom cries aloud” or “Wisdom is like a woman who cries aloud” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -1:20 u7zc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom raises her voice 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “speaks with a loud voice” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -1:20 pj5v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit in the open places 0 This means places where there would be a lot of people. Alternate translation: “in the markets” or “in the town squares” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -1:21 ggk1 at the head of the noisy streets 0 This could mean: (1) “head” refers to the place where busy streets intersect or (2) “head” refers to the top of a wall where people on noisy streets could see and hear wisdom speaking. -1:22 jk3x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion How long, you naive people, will you love being naive? 0 Wisdom uses this question to rebuke those who are not wise. Alternate translation: “You who are naive must stop loving being naive.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -1:22 v3nj naive 0 inexperienced or immature -1:22 j83h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion How long, you mockers, will you delight in mockery, and how long, you fools, will you hate knowledge? 0 Wisdom uses this question to rebuke the mockers and the fools. Alternate translation: “You who mock must stop delighting in mockery, and you fools must stop hating knowledge.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -1:23 uv1b Pay attention 0 Alternate translation: “Listen carefully” -1:23 t4c9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I will pour out my thoughts to you 0 Wisdom telling the people everything she thinks about them is spoken of as if her thoughts were a liquid that she would pour out. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1:23 c7ci I will make my words known to you 0 Alternate translation: “I will tell you what I think” -1:24 i835 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom I reached out with my hand 0 This phrase is an idiom that means to beckon someone or to invite a person to come. Alternate translation: “I invited you to come to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -1:26 r8lx rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases I will laugh 0 This can be stated with the word “therefore” to show that the woman wisdom laughs at them because they ignored her. Alternate translation: “Therefore I will laugh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) -1:26 p97h at your calamity 0 Alternate translation: “when bad things happen to you” -1:27 kd9m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile when your fearful dread comes like a storm & like a whirlwind & come upon you 0 Terrible things happening to the people is compared to a storm hitting them and causing fear and suffering. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -1:27 uy59 whirlwind 0 a very strong wind storm that causes damage -1:28 m9t9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 Wisdom continues speaking. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -1:28 g5w7 Then they will call upon me 0 Alternate translation: “Then those who ignored me will cry out to me for help” -1:29 xk1e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns Because they hate knowledge 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **knowledge**, you could express the same idea with the verb “learn.” Alternate translation: “Because they refused to learn to be wise” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -1:29 iu3z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns did not choose the fear of Yahweh 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **fear**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “did not fear Yahweh” or “did not honor and respect Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -1:30 h1ds would not follow my instruction 0 Alternate translation: “would not accept my instruction” or “rejected my advice” -1:31 nr9k General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nVerse 33 ends wisdom’s statement that began in [Proverbs 1:22](../01/22.md). -1:31 wkf7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor eat the fruit of their ways 0 Here a person’s behavior is spoken of as if it were a way or road. Also, a person receiving the results of their behavior is spoken as if the person were eating the fruit of their behavior. Alternate translation: “experience the consequences of their actions” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1:31 c1jc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor with the fruit of their schemes they will be filled 0 “they will eat the fruit of their schemes until they are full.” A person receiving the results of their own evil plans is spoken of as eating the fruit of their schemes. Alternate translation: “they will suffer the consequences of their own evil plans” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -1:32 t8af naive 0 inexperienced or immature -1:32 d3pk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor are killed when they turn away 0 A person rejecting wisdom is spoken of as if the person physically turns away from wisdom. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “die because they refuse to learn” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -1:32 le64 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns the indifference of fools will destroy them 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **indifference**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “fools will die because they do not care about what should be done” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -1:32 cmi9 indifference 0 a lack of interest about something -2:intro wr6i 0 # Proverbs 2 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 2 continues a collection of proverbs that ends in chapter nine.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### My Son\nOccasionally, the author addresses a proverb to “my son.” This is not intended to restrict the words of that proverb to only males. Instead, it is simply a form used to pass on advice as a father does to his son. -2:1 gj7r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nA father teaches his child using poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -2:1 wtm1 if you receive my words 0 Alternate translation: “if you listen to what I am teaching you” -2:1 jh3i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor treasure up my commandments with you 0 Valuing what is commanded is spoken of as if the commandments were a treasure and the person were a safe place to store the treasure. Alternate translation: “consider my commands to be as valuable as a treasure” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -2:2 an5c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom make your ears pay attention 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “force yourself to listen carefully” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -2:2 w1il rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns to wisdom 0 This abstract noun can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “to the wise things I am teaching you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -2:2 gme3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy incline your heart to understanding 0 Here “heart” represents a person’s mind. The phrase “incline your heart” is an idiom that means to commit or fully dedicate one’s mind to a task. Alternate translation: “try hard to understand what is wise” or “fully dedicate yourself to understanding wise teachings” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -2:3 j5n7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism If you cry out for understanding and raise your voice for it 0 Both of these phrases have the same meaning. It is implied that the person is strongly asking Yahweh for understanding. Alternate translation: “If you urgently ask God and plead for understanding” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -2:3 q192 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom raise your voice 0 This is an idiom that means to speak loudly or to shout. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -2:4 ci1k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism if you seek it like you would seek silver and search for understanding as you would seek hidden treasures 0 Both phrases have the same meaning. These similes emphasize the great effort a person should make to understand what is wise. Alternate translation: “if you seek understanding with as much effort as you search for a valuable object” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -2:4 ll3n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you seek it & search for understanding 0 Trying very hard to understand what is wise is spoken of as if understanding were an object for which a person must search. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -2:5 h49h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you will find the knowledge of God 0 To succeed in knowing God is spoken of as if the knowledge of God were an object that a person finds after searching. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -2:6 g5bj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche from his mouth comes knowledge and understanding 0 Here “mouth” represents Yahweh himself or what he says. Alternate translation: “from Yahweh comes knowledge and understanding” or “Yahweh tells us what we need to know and understand” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -2:7 jn6b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor He stores up sound wisdom for those who please him 0 Yahweh teaching wisdom to people is spoken of as if wisdom were an item that Yahweh stores and gives to people. Alternate translation: “He teaches what is truly wise to those who please him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -2:7 dv7k sound 0 Alternate translation: “dependable” -2:7 m2mi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he is a shield for those 0 Yahweh being able to protect his people is spoken of as if he were a shield. Alternate translation: “God protects those” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -2:7 u4zr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor who walk in integrity 0 A person behaving with integrity is spoken of as if they were walking in integrity. Alternate translation: “who behave with integrity” or “who live their lives as they should” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -2:8 qt7r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he guards the paths of justice 0 This could mean: (1) justice itself is spoken of as if it were a path. Alternate translation: “God makes sure that people act justly” or (2) a person’s life is spoken of as if it were a path. Alternate translation: “God protects those who act justly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -2:8 t2qd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor preserve the way of his faithful ones 0 A person’s life is spoken of as if it were a way or road. Alternate translation: “protect those who are faithful to him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -2:9 qn9x equity 0 fairness -2:9 ex8y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor every good path 0 A behavior that is wise and pleases Yahweh is spoken of as if it were a good path. Alternate translation: “ways to live that are pleasing to God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -2:10 kf4i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy wisdom will come into your heart 0 Here “heart” represents a person’s inner being. A person becoming wise is spoken of as if wisdom would enter into a person’s heart. Alternate translation: “you will gain much wisdom” or “you will learn how to be truly wise” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -2:10 z4e2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche pleasant to your soul 0 Here “soul” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “pleasing to you” or “enjoyable to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -2:11 jbm7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification Discretion will watch over you, understanding will guard you 0 This speaks of “discretion” and “understanding” as if they were persons who could watch over someone else. Both statements mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “Because you think carefully and understand what is right and wrong you will be safe” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -2:11 q2th Discretion 0 the quality of being careful in actions and speech -2:11 dnu8 watch over 0 to guard, protect or take care of someone or something -2:12 ix2e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification They will rescue you from the way of evil 0 “They” refers to discretion and understanding, which are spoken of as if they were persons who could rescue someone else. Alternate translation: “You will know to stay away from what is evil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -2:12 vs4c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor from the way of evil 0 Evil behaviors are spoken of as if evil were a way or path on which a person walks. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -2:13 a5k8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor who abandon the right paths and walk in the ways of darkness 0 A person no longer doing what is right but deciding to do what is evil is spoken of as if the person stops walking on the correct path and chooses to walk down a dark path. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -2:13 tc6p who abandon 0 The word “who” refers to the people who speak perverse things. -2:13 q9by abandon 0 to leave and never return to someone or something -2:14 e571 They rejoice 0 “They” refers to the same people as in [Proverbs 2:12](../02/12.md). -2:14 t4yz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism delight in the perversities of evil 0 This means basically the same thing as the first part of the sentence. Alternate translation: “delight in doing what they know is evil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -2:15 jpq2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor They follow crooked paths 0 People who lie to others are spoken of as if they walk on crooked or twisted paths. Alternate translation: “They deceive other people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -2:15 lsl5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor using deception they hide their tracks 0 People lying so that others will not find out what they did is spoken of as if they covered the tracks on a path so that no one could follow them. Alternate translation: “they lie so that no one will know what they have done” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -2:16 p5k9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification Wisdom and discretion will save you 0 The writer speaks of wisdom and discretion as if they were people who save the one who possesses them. Alternate translation: “If you have wisdom and discretion, you will save yourself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -2:17 c2iu the companion of her youth 0 This refers to her husband, whom she married when she was young. -2:17 awb4 the covenant of her God 0 This likely refers to the marriage covenant that she made with her husband in the presence of God. -2:18 dn9d her house sinks down to death 0 This could mean: (1) “going to her house leads to death” or (2) “the road to her house is the road to death.” -2:18 kl7y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor her tracks will lead you 0 This could mean: (1) “the paths to her house will lead you.” This refers to the tracks or path that lead to her house, or (2) this is a metaphor that speaks of her way of life as if it were a path on which she walks. Alternate translation: “her way of life will lead you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -2:18 hwl4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy to those in the grave 0 This refers to the spirits of dead people and is a metonym for the place of the dead. Alternate translation: “to the grave” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -2:19 n7tg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism go in to her 0 This means to go into her house to sleep with her, as one would with a prostitute. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -2:19 zg4r they will not find the paths of life 0 This could mean: (1) “they will not return to the land of the living” or (2) “they will never live a happy life again.” -2:20 ts71 So 0 The writer tells the result of getting understanding and discretion. -2:20 fiw6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you will walk in the way & follow the paths 0 A person’s conduct is spoken of as if it were walking on a path. Alternate translation: “you will live in the way … follow the example” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -2:22 r5sm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the wicked will be cut off from the land 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh removing people from the land as if he were cutting the people off, like a person might cut a branch from a tree. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will remove the wicked from the land” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -2:22 w94m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the wicked & the faithless 0 These are nominal adjectives that can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “those who are wicked … those who are faithless” or “wicked people … faithless people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -2:22 cmv9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the faithless will be cut off from it 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh removing people from the land as if he were cutting the people off, like a person might cut a branch from a tree. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “he will remove the faithless from it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -3:intro a94e 0 # Proverbs 3 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 3 continues a collection of proverbs that ends in chapter nine.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### My Son\nOccasionally, the author addresses a proverb to “my son.” This is not intended to restrict the words of that proverb to only males. Instead, it is simply a form used to pass on advice as a father does to his son.\n\n### Wisdom is feminine\n\nYou may notice that wisdom is referenced using a feminine pronoun. This is a feature that is carried in from the Hebrew language. This may apply well in your language but if it does not, follow the conventions of your language. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]]) -3:1 p6r4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThe writer speaks as a father teaching his child using poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -3:1 f5cv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns do not forget my commands 0 The word “commands” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “do not forget what I command you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -3:1 tk78 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism keep my teachings in your heart 0 This phrase says in positive terms what the previous phrase says in negative terms. Here the word “heart” represents the mind. The word “teachings” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “always remember what I teach you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -3:2 r3ia rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet for the length of your days and years of your life 0 These two phrases share similar meanings and refer to the duration of a person’s life. Alternate translation: “all your life” or “as long as you live” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -3:3 w5in rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification Do not let covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness ever leave you 0 The writer speaks of “covenant faithfulness” and “trustworthiness” as if they were people who could leave someone. The abstract nouns “faithfulness” and “trustworthiness” can be stated as “faithful” and “trustworthy.” And, the negative command can be stated positively. Alternate translation: “Always be trustworthy and be faithful to the covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -3:3 xj6j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor tie them together about your neck 0 The writer speaks of faithfulness and trustworthiness as if they were objects that a person could tie around the neck like a necklace. The image suggests that these are valuable things that the person displays outwardly. Alternate translation: “display them proudly like one would wear a necklace” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -3:3 i4pt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy write them on the tablet of your heart 0 Here the heart represents a person’s mind. The mind is spoken of as if it were a tablet upon which someone can write messages and commands. Alternate translation: “always remember them, as if you had written them permanently on a tablet” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -3:4 g3fy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor in the sight of God and man 0 Here sight represents judgment or evaluation. Alternate translation: “in the judgment of God and man” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -3:5 w345 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy all your heart 0 Here the word “heart” represents the inner person. Alternate translation: “your whole being” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -3:5 m1v4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor do not lean on your own understanding 0 The writer speaks of relying on one’s own understanding as if “understanding” were an object on which a person can lean. Alternate translation: “do not rely on your own understanding” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -3:6 c7br rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor in all your ways 0 The writer speaks of a person’s actions as if they were paths on which the person walks. Alternate translation: “in everything you do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -3:6 m1v6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he will make your paths straight 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh making a person’s actions prosperous as if that person’s actions were paths on which he walks and which Yahweh makes free of obstacles. Alternate translation: “he will give you success” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -3:7 y6is rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Do not be wise in your own eyes 0 The writer speaks of a person’s opinion as if that person were seeing something with his eyes. Alternate translation: “Do not be wise in your own opinion” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -3:7 au5s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor turn away from evil 0 The writer speaks of not committing evil actions as if it were turning away from evil. Alternate translation: “do not commit evil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -3:8 du95 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit It will be healing to your flesh 0 The word “it” refers to the instructions that the writer gives in the previous verse. The full meaning of this can be made clear. The word “flesh” represents the whole body. Alternate translation: “If you do this, it will be healing for your body” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -3:9 thp2 all your produce 0 Alternate translation: “all the food you harvest” -3:10 z9am rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive your storehouses will be filled up 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “your storehouses will be full” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -3:10 y7db storehouses 0 buildings or rooms where food is stored -3:10 vtx6 your vats will be bursting 0 your storage containers will be extremely full, as if ready to break open. -3:11 f4sx General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThe writer writes as a father teaching his son. -3:12 gpk5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit a son who pleases him 0 “a son in whom he delights.” This refers to the father’s affection for the son, and not to the father’s approval of the son’s behavior. Alternate translation: “a son whom he loves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -3:13 d1nq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The one who finds wisdom 0 The writer speaks of “wisdom” as if it were an object that one finds. Alternate translation: “The one who attains wisdom” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -3:14 gy74 what silver will give in return 0 This refers to the profit that one can make from trading or investing silver. -3:15 y2yl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThe author speaks of wisdom as if it were a woman. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -3:15 vxz8 more precious 0 Alternate translation: “more valuable” -3:16 p6g3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification She has the length of her days in her right hand; in her left hand are riches and honor 0 The writer speak of the benefits that one gains from having wisdom as if wisdom were a woman who held these qualities in her hands and offered them to people. Alternate translation: “Wisdom gives a person length of days and riches and honor” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -3:16 k6ir rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom length of her days 0 This idiom refers to the duration of person’s life and may imply a long life. Alternate translation: “long life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -3:17 mfb4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification Her ways are ways of kindness and all her paths are peace 0 The writer speaks of wisdom as if it were a woman and of the benefits that wisdom gives a person as if wisdom were leading that person along a path. Alternate translation: “Wisdom will always treat you kindly and give you peace” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -3:18 le9q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor She is a tree of life to those who take hold of it 0 The writer speaks of wisdom as if it were a tree that bears life-giving fruit and of a person who benefits from wisdom as if that person ate of the fruit. Alternate translation: “Wisdom is like a tree that sustains the life of those who eat of its fruit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -3:18 l7hn a tree of life 0 Alternate translation: “a tree that gives life” or “a tree whose fruit sustains life” -3:18 ka8x those who hold on to it 0 Alternate translation: “those who hold on to its fruit” -3:19 c1nf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Yahweh founded the earth & established the heavens 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh creating the earth and the heavens as if he were laying the foundation of a building. Alternate translation: “Yahweh created the earth … made the heavens” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -3:20 ulw3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit the depths broke open 0 In ancient thought, water existed under the earth. This phrase refers to Yahweh causing that water to come out of the earth and make the oceans and rivers exist. Alternate translation: “he caused the rivers to flow” or “he caused the oceans to exist” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -3:20 b6d2 dew 0 water that forms on the ground at night -3:21 xa9f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor do not lose sight of them 0 The writer speaks of not forgetting something as if it were always being able to see it. Alternate translation: “do not forget them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -3:22 mr5l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche They will be life to your soul 0 Here the word “soul” represents the person. Alternate translation: “They will be life for you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -3:22 x4q3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor an adornment of favor to wear around your neck 0 The writer speaks of “sound judgment” and “discernment” as if they were objects that a person could tie around the neck like a necklace. The image suggests that these are valuable things that the person displays outwardly. Alternate translation: “a display of favor like one would adorn themselves with a necklace” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -3:22 r2k8 adornment of favor 0 This could mean: (1) “a favorable adornment” or (2) “an adornment that displays Yahweh’s favor.” -3:23 k64j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you will walk on your way in safety 0 The writer speaks of living one’s life as if the person were walking along a path. Alternate translation: “you will live your life in safety” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -3:23 d5hd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche your foot will not stumble 0 The word “foot” represents the whole person. The writer speaks of doing wrong as if a person stumbled over an object in his path. Alternate translation: “you will not do things that are wrong” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -3:24 f69h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit when you lie down 0 It is implied that a person lies down in order to sleep. The meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: “when you lie down to sleep” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -3:24 q2v4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor your sleep will be sweet 0 The writer speaks of sleep that is peaceful and refreshing as if it tasted sweet to the person sleeping. The word “sleep” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “your sleep will be pleasant” or “you will sleep peacefully” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -3:25 ds94 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive devastation caused by the wicked, when it comes 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “when the wicked cause devastation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -3:26 aw88 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Yahweh will be on your side 0 “Yahweh will be by your side.” A person standing by another person’s side is an idiom that means that the one person will help and support the other. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will support and defend you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -3:26 z3ye rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor will keep your foot from being caught in a trap 0 The writer speaks of a person experiencing harm from “terror” and “devastation” as if the person were caught in a trap. The word “foot” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “will protect you from those who want to harm you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -3:27 yl8a Do not withhold good 0 Alternate translation: “Do not withhold good things” or “Do not withhold good actions” -3:27 sqz5 when it is in your power to act 0 Alternate translation: “when you are able to help” -3:28 e1qg when you have the money with you 0 “when you have the money with you now.” The meaning here is that the person has the money to help today, but tells his neighbor to come back tomorrow. -3:31 pae7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Do not & choose any of his ways 0 It is implied that he is not to choose to imitate the actions of the violent person. Alternate translation: “Do not … choose to imitate any of his ways” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -3:32 eu7k the devious person is detestable to Yahweh 0 Alternate translation: “Yahweh detests the devious person” -3:32 n8ed the devious person 0 the person who is dishonest or deceitful -3:32 uy1e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit he brings the upright person into his confidence 0 Yahweh shares his thoughts with the those who do right as with a close, trusted friend. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is a close friend to the upright” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -3:33 h6ns rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The curse of Yahweh is on the house of the wicked person 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh’s curse as if it were an object that he placed on top of the wicked person’s house. The word “house” is a metonym for family. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has cursed the family of the wicked person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -3:33 q866 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy he blesses the home of righteous people 0 The word “home” represents the family. Alternate translation: “he blesses the families of righteous people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -3:34 kb65 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he gives his favor to humble people 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh’s favor as if it were an object that he gives to people. Alternate translation: “he shows his favor to humble people” or “he is gracious to humble people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -3:35 y7vz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Wise people inherit honor 0 The writer speaks of wise people obtaining a reputation of honor as if they inherited honor as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “Wise people will obtain honor” or “Wise people will gain an honorable reputation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -3:35 b6jx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor fools will be lifted up in their shame 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh making the shame of fools evident to everyone as if Yahweh were lifting fools up for everyone to see them. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will cause everyone to see the shame of fools” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -4:intro z4ah 0 # Proverbs 4 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 4 continues a collection of proverbs that ends in chapter nine.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### My Son\nOccasionally, the author addresses a proverb to “my son.” This is not intended to restrict the words of that proverb to only males. Instead, it is simply a form used to pass on advice as a father does to his son.\n\n### Wisdom is feminine\n\nYou may notice that wisdom is referenced using a feminine pronoun. This is a feature that is carried in from the Hebrew language. This may apply well in your language but if it does not, follow the conventions of your language. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]]) -4:1 hqv1 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThe writer speaks as a father teaching his children. -4:1 zck6 pay attention 0 Alternate translation: “listen carefully” -4:1 s4lm you will know what understanding is 0 Alternate translation: “you will know how to understand” or “you will gain understanding” -4:2 paf3 I am giving you good instructions 0 Alternate translation: “What I am teaching you is good” -4:3 y999 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit When I was a son of my father 0 This refers to the time when the writer was a child still living under his father’s care. Alternate translation: “When I was still a boy learning from my father” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -4:3 n5ke rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys the tender and only child 0 Here the word “tender” refers to a young age at which the child is still weak. It forms a hendiadys with the word “only.” Alternate translation: “the tender only child” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]]) -4:4 b7y3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Let your heart hold fast to my words 0 Here the word “heart” represents the person’s mind. The writer speaks of remembering words as if the heart were holding on tightly to them. Alternate translation: “Always remember what I am teaching you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -4:5 ft42 Acquire wisdom 0 Alternate translation: “Work hard to gain for yourself wisdom” or “Get wisdom” -4:5 fb3y do not forget 0 Alternate translation: “remember” -4:5 m3uv do not reject 0 Alternate translation: “accept” -4:5 su5g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche the words of my mouth 0 Here the word “mouth” represents the person who speaks. Alternate translation: “what I am saying” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -4:6 zc73 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification do not abandon wisdom and she will watch over you; love her and she will keep you safe 0 The writer speaks of wisdom as if it were a woman who protects the person who is faithful to her. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -4:6 vrf5 do not abandon wisdom 0 This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “hold tightly to wisdom” or “be faithful to wisdom” -4:6 h75g love her 0 Alternate translation: “love wisdom” -4:7 zu2p General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThe father finishes teaching his children what his father taught him. -4:7 guq5 spend all you own so you can get understanding 0 Alternate translation: “value understanding more than all you own” -4:8 pa2i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification Cherish wisdom and she will exalt you 0 The writer speaks of wisdom as if it were a woman and of wisdom giving great honor to a person as if wisdom lifted that person to a high position. Alternate translation: “If you cherish wisdom, she will give you great honor” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -4:8 x13z Cherish 0 to feel or show great love for someone or something -4:8 k4fl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification she will honor you when you embrace her 0 The writer speaks of wisdom as if it were a woman and of a person valuing wisdom as if the person placed his arms around her. Alternate translation: “if you love wisdom greatly, wisdom will cause people to honor you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -4:9 z38e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor She will put a wreath of honor on your head 0 The writer speaks of the honor that a person will have from gaining wisdom as if wisdom placed a wreath upon that person’s head. Alternate translation: “Wisdom will be like a wreath on your head that shows your great honor” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -4:9 beu8 wreath 0 a woven circle made of leaves or flowers -4:9 z184 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor she will give you a beautiful crown 0 The writer speaks of the honor that a person will have from gaining wisdom as if wisdom placed a crown upon that person’s head. Alternate translation: “wisdom will be like a beautiful crown on your head” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -4:10 p1f4 pay attention to my words 0 Alternate translation: “listen carefully to what I teach you” -4:10 l7bx you will have many years in your life 0 Alternate translation: “you will live many years” -4:11 h1ql rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I direct you in the way of wisdom; I lead you down straight paths 0 The writer speaks of teaching his son to live wisely as if he were leading his son along the paths where one may find wisdom. Alternate translation: “I am teaching you how to live wisely; I am explaining the right way to live” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -4:12 xxp4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor When you walk, no one will stand in your way and if you run, you will not stumble 0 These two lines share similar meanings. The writer speaks of the decisions and actions that a person makes as if that person were walking or running along a path and of the person being successful as if the path were free of obstacles that might make the person stumble. Alternate translation: “When you plan something, you will succeed in doing it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -4:13 d7gk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Hold on to instruction, do not let it go 0 The writer speaks of a person remembering what he has learned as if “instruction” were an object that the person can hold tightly. Alternate translation: “Continue to obey what I have taught you and never forget it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -4:13 ljf9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy for it is your life 0 The writer speaks of discipline preserving a person’s life as if it were that person’s life. Alternate translation: “for it will preserve your life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -4:14 gi8l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Do not follow the path of the wicked and do not go along the way of those who do evil 0 The writer speaks of a person’s actions as if that person were walking along a path. Alternate translation: “Do not do what wicked people do and do not join in the actions of people who do evil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -4:15 cr8d Avoid it 0 Alternate translation: “Avoid the path of the wicked” -4:16 n1jz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole they cannot sleep until they do evil 0 They probably could literally sleep, but the writer uses an exaggeration to express how intensely they desire to commit evil actions. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -4:16 a2jq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole they are robbed of sleep 0 The writer speaks of people being unable to sleep as if sleep were an object that someone stole from them. They probably could literally sleep, but the writer uses an exaggeration to express how intensely they desire to commit evil actions. Alternate translation: “they are unable to sleep” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -4:16 bvp7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor until they cause someone to stumble 0 The writer speaks of causing harm to another person as if it were causing that person to stumble. Alternate translation: “until they harm someone” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -4:17 vfi9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor they eat the bread of wickedness and drink the wine of violence 0 This could mean: (1) this is a metaphor in which the writer speaks of these people constantly committing wickedness and violence as if they ate and drank them like one would drink bread and wine. Alternate translation: “wickedness is like the bread that they eat and violence is like the wine that they drink” or (2) these people get their food and drink by committing wickedness and violence. Alternate translation: “they eat bread that they obtain by doing wicked things and drink wine that they obtain through violence” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -4:18 w7hu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the path of righteous people 0 The writer speaks of the actions and lifestyles of righteous people as if they were a “path” or “way” upon which they walk. Alternate translation: “the lifestyle of righteous people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -4:18 etf9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile the path of righteous people is like the first light that grows brighter 0 The writer compares the path of righteous people to the sunrise, meaning that they are safe because they have light to see where they are walking. Alternate translation: “righteous people walk along their path safely because the morning sun shines on it and grows brighter” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -4:18 i5k7 the first light 0 This refers to the dawn or sunrise. -4:18 jv88 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom until the fullness of the day comes 0 This refers to the time of day at which the sun shines the brightest. Alternate translation: “until the sun shines most brightly” or “until full daylight” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -4:19 bqj5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The way of the wicked 0 The writer speaks of the actions and lifestyles of wicked people as if they were a “path” or “way” upon which they walk. Alternate translation: “The lifestyle of the wicked” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -4:19 mj9l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile The way of the wicked is like darkness 0 The writer compares the way of wicked people to darkness, meaning that they are always in danger because they have no light to see where they are walking. Alternate translation: “Wicked people walk dangerously along their path because they have no light to be able to see” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -4:19 m9yh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor they do not know what it is they stumble over 0 The writer speaks of experiencing harm as if it were stumbling over an object in the path along which the person walks. Alternate translation: “they do not know why they experience harm and misfortune” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -4:20 w8jd pay attention 0 Alternate translation: “listen carefully” -4:20 kji2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche incline your ear to my sayings 0 Here the word “ear” represents the person who is listening. The writer speaks of listening attentively to someone as if it were leaning forward so that the ear is closer to the one speaking. The word “sayings” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “listen attentively to the things that I am saying” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -4:21 zdv5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Do not let them turn away from your eyes 0 The writer speaks of always thinking about something as if it were keeping it where one can see it. Alternate translation: “Do not stop thinking about them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -4:21 a189 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor keep them in your heart 0 The writer speaks of remembering something as if it were keeping it within one’s heart. Alternate translation: “always remember them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -4:22 jnu1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy my words are life 0 The writer speaks of his words preserving a person’s life as if they were that person’s life. Alternate translation: “my words give life” or “the things I say give life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -4:22 lby5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor to those who find them 0 The writer speaks of fully understanding his words as if the person searches for them and finds them. Alternate translation: “to those who understand and practice them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -4:22 d57y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis health to their whole body 0 The word “their” refers to “those who find them.” The subject for this phrase can be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “my words will give health to the whole body of those who find them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -4:23 pf19 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Keep your heart safe and guard it 0 Here the word “heart” represents a person’s mind and thoughts. Alternate translation: “Keep your mind safe and guard your thoughts” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -4:23 klv3 with all diligence 0 with constant and earnest effort -4:23 n8vd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy from it flow the springs of life 0 The word “it” refers to the heart, which is a metonym for the mind and thoughts. The writer speaks of a person’s life as if it were a flowing spring that originates from the heart. Alternate translation: “from your thoughts comes everything you say and do” or “your thoughts determine your course of life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -4:24 a2sw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Put crooked speech away from you and put corrupt talk far from you 0 The writer speaks of lying or deceitful speech as if it were crooked and of a person not using this kind of language as if it were removing it far away from oneself. Alternate translation: “Do not lie and do not speak deceitfully” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -4:25 il8g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Let your eyes look straight ahead and fix your gaze straight before you 0 Here the word “eyes” represents the person who is looking. The writer speaks of a person being committed to doing the right thing as if that person were constantly looking forward without turning his head to look in another direction. Alternate translation: “Always look straight ahead and fix your gaze straight before you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -4:26 nt2z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Make a level path for your foot 0 Here the word “foot” represents the person who is walking. The writer speaks of a person’s actions as if he were walking along a path, and of planning those actions carefully as if it were making that path level. Alternate translation: “Make a level path to walk on” or “Prepare well what you want to do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -4:26 g2a2 a level path 0 Alternate translation: “a smooth path” or “an even path” -4:26 xyn9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor then all your ways will be secure 0 The writer speaks of a person’s actions as if the person were walking along a path and of those actions being successful as if the path were safe and secure. Alternate translation: “then everything that you do will be right” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -4:27 h89u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism Do not turn aside to the right or to the left 0 The directions “right” and “left” form a merism, meaning that the person is not to leave the level path in any direction. Alternate translation: “Walk straight ahead and do not leave the level path” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -4:27 j3tn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche turn your foot away from evil 0 Here the word “foot” represents the person who walks. The writer speaks of not committing evil actions as if the person were walking away from evil. Alternate translation: “turn away from evil” or “stay away from evil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -5:intro jxf1 0 # Proverbs 5 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 5 continues a collection of proverbs that ends in chapter nine.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### My Son\nOccasionally, the author addresses a proverb to “my son.” This is not intended to restrict the words of that proverb to only males. Instead, it is simply a form used to pass on advice as a father does to his son.\n\n### Adulteress\n\nThis chapter is unusual because it holds a theme about the adulteress and warns the young man to avoid her. An adulteress is a woman who commits adultery. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/adultery]]) -5:1 vi27 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThe writer speaks as a father teaching his children. -5:1 nl9h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche incline your ears 0 Here the word “ears” represents the person who is listening. The writer speaks of listening attentively to someone as if it were leaning forward so that the ears are closer to the one speaking. See how you translated this in [Proverbs 4:20](../04/20.md). Alternate translation: “listen attentively” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -5:2 cei4 discretion 0 Discretion is the quality of being careful with regard to one’s actions and speech. See how you translated this in [Proverbs 1:4](../01/04.md). -5:2 la7f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche your lips may protect knowledge 0 Here the word “lips” represents the person who speaks. The writer speaks of a person being careful only to say what is true as if the person’s lips were protecting knowledge. Alternate translation: “you will speak only what is true” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -5:3 zxr9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the lips of an adulteress drip with honey 0 This could mean: (1) the word “lips” represents the words of the adulteress and the writer speaks of the attractiveness of her words as if her lips dripped with honey. Alternate translation: “the words of an adulteress are sweet, as if dripping with honey” or (2) the writer speaks of the allure of kissing the adulteress as if her lips dripped with honey. Alternate translation: “the kisses of an adulteress are sweet, as if her lips dripped with honey” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -5:3 z9rm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy her mouth is smoother than oil 0 This could mean: (1) the word “mouth” represents the speech of the adulteress and the writer speaks of the persuasiveness of her speech as if her mouth were smoother than olive oil. Alternate translation: “her speech is persuasive and smoother than olive oil” or (2) the writer speaks of the pleasure of kissing the adulteress as if her mouth were smoother than oil. Alternate translation: “her kisses are smoother than olive oil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -5:4 pd3g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor but in the end she is as bitter as wormwood 0 The writer speaks of the harm that comes from having a relationship with an adulteress as if she tasted as bitter as wormwood. Alternate translation: “but in the end, she is like bitter-tasting wormwood and will cause you harm” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -5:4 m3sn wormwood 0 a plant that tastes bitter -5:4 jy84 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor cutting like a sharp sword 0 The writer speaks of the pain that the adulteress will cause to the one who has a relationship with her as if she were a sharp weapon that cuts the person. Alternate translation: “she wounds a person, as if she were a sharp sword” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -5:5 kc88 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Her feet go down to death 0 Here “her feet” represent the adulteress as she walks. The writer speaks of her conduct as if she were walking along a path. Alternate translation: “She is walking along a path that leads to death” or “Her lifestyle leads to death” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -5:5 g7qf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor her steps go all the way to Sheol 0 The writer speaks of her conduct as if she were walking along a path. Alternate translation: “she walks all the way to Sheol” or “her conduct takes her all the way to Sheol” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -5:6 nxc1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor She gives no thought to the path of life 0 The writer speaks of behavior that gives a person long life as if it were a path that leads to life. Alternate translation: “She does not think about walking along the path that leads to life” or “She is not concerned about conduct that leads to life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -5:6 iki3 Her footsteps wander 0 This could mean: (1) “She wanders about as if she were lost” or (2) “She walks along the wrong path.” -5:7 dwp8 Now 0 Here the teacher shifts from warning about the adulteress to giving advice. -5:7 ry9i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism listen to me & do not turn away from listening 0 These two phrases express the same idea to make the student pay attention. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -5:7 e4q8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor do not turn away from listening 0 The writer speaks of stopping an action as if the person physically turned away from it. Alternate translation: “do not stop listening” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -5:7 ih1h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche the words of my mouth 0 Here the word “mouth” represents the person who is speaking. Alternate translation: “my words” or “what I am saying” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -5:8 y32e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Keep your path far away from her 0 Here the word “path” represents the person’s daily conduct and circumstances. Alternate translation: “Keep yourself far away from her” or “Stay away from her” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -5:8 jw5h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche do not come near the door of her house 0 Here “the door of her house” represents the house itself. It may be more appropriate to use the word “go” instead of “come” since the latter might imply that the speaker is at the door of her house. Alternate translation: “do not go near the door of her house” or “do not even go near her house” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) -5:9 pl7u In that way 0 “If you do this.” This phrase refers to what he has just said in previous verses. -5:9 b54w you will not give away your honor to others 0 Possible meanings for the word **honor** are: (1) it refers to one’s reputation. Alternate translation: “You will not lose your good reputation among other people” or (2) it refers to one’s wealth and possessions. Alternate translation: “You will not give away your wealth to other people” or (3) it refers to strength and represents the prime years of one’s life. Alternate translation: “You will not give away the best times of your life to other people” -5:9 bc5b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis or years of your life to a cruel person 0 The writer speaks of a person dying prematurely, possibly by murder, as if the years of his life were items that he gives away to another person. The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “or give years of your life to a cruel person” or “or cause a cruel person to kill you while you are still young” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -5:9 yb9a a cruel person 0 This may refer to the husband of the adulteress, who will deal cruelly with the person who sleeps with her. -5:10 d9br rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor strangers will not feast on your wealth 0 The writer speaks of people taking and enjoying another person’s wealth as if they were feasting on the wealth. Alternate translation: “strangers will not take all of your wealth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -5:10 ksf3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy what you have worked for will not go into the house of strangers 0 Here the word “house” represents the person’s family. Alternate translation: “the things that you have obtained will not end up belonging to the families of strangers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -5:11 la5h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet your flesh and your body waste away 0 The words “flesh” and “body” mean basically the same thing and represent the whole person. Alternate translation: “your body wastes away” or “you waste away” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -5:11 i4yh waste away 0 Alternate translation: “physically wear down” or “become weak and unhealthy” -5:12 x4di rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism I hated instruction & my heart despised correction 0 These two phrases express the same idea and emphasize how much this person disliked what the teacher had said. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -5:12 m4gr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations How I hated instruction 0 The word “How” is an exclamation that emphasizes the strength of his hatred. The word “instruction” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “I hated it so much when someone would instruct me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -5:12 b7lf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche my heart despised correction 0 Here the word “heart” represents the person and his emotions. The word “correction” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “I despised people when they corrected me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -5:13 kvf5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche incline my ear to my instructors 0 Here the word “ear” represents the person who is listening. The writer speaks of listening attentively to someone as if it were leaning forward so that the ear is closer to the one speaking. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Proverbs 4:20](../04/20.md). Alternate translation: “listen to those who instructed me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -5:14 he4c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism in the midst of the assembly, among the gathering of the people 0 These two phrases mean basically the same thing and refer to the person’s community that has gathered together either: (1) to worship God or (2) to judge him for his offense. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -5:15 f76j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism water from your own cistern & running water from your own well 0 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The writer speaks of a man sleeping only with his wife as if he drank water only from his own cistern or well. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -5:15 t8av rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor running water 0 The writer speaks of fresh or flowing water as if the water were running. Alternate translation: “fresh water” or “flowing water” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -5:16 pe1s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Should your springs & your streams of water flow in the public squares? 0 The writer asks this rhetorical question to emphasize that his son should not do these things. Alternate translation: “Your springs should not … your streams of water should not flow in the public squares.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -5:16 u3ua rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism Should your springs & your streams of water flow in the public squares? 0 Here the words “springs” and “streams of water” are likely euphemisms for male reproductive fluids. Possible meanings for these metaphorical phrases are: (1) sleeping with women other than one’s wife is spoken of as if it were allowing one’s water to flow in the public streets or (2) having children with women other than one’s wife is spoken of as if it were allowing one’s water to flow in the public streets. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -5:16 ss2w public squares 0 Open areas in a city or town where two or more streets meet. A common place for people to meet each other and talk. -5:17 f7ge Let them be 0 The word “them” refers to the “springs” and “streams of water” and what they stand for. -5:17 s9wf not for strangers with you 0 Alternate translation: “do not share them with strangers” -5:18 xd81 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor May your fountain be blessed 0 The writer speaks of the son’s wife as if she were a fountain. Here the word “blessed” refers to the sense of joy that the man has in his wife. Alternate translation: “May you always find joy with your wife” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -5:18 tz7f the wife of your youth 0 This could mean: (1) “the wife whom you married when you were young” or (2) “your young wife.” -5:19 n93j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor she is a loving deer and a graceful doe 0 The writer speaks of the son’s wife as if she were “a loving deer and a graceful doe.” Here “deer” and “doe” mean a female deer. They were symbols of beauty both in their appearance and in their movements. Alternate translation: “she is as beautiful and graceful as a deer or a doe” or “she is as beautiful and graceful as a female deer” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -5:19 dv45 graceful 0 This word does not mean “full of grace,” but “beautiful while moving.” -5:19 x1vq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Let her breasts satisfy you 0 This could mean: (1) the wife’s breasts excite the husband’s sexual desire and possibly represent the wife’s entire body. Alternate translation: “Let her breasts satisfy your desires” or “Let her body satisfy your desires” or (2) this is a metaphor in which the writer speaks of the wife’s breasts satisfying the husband’s desires as they would satisfy the thirst of a hungry baby. Alternate translation: “Let her breasts fill you with delight as a mother’s breasts fill her child with food” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -5:19 pb8m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive may you be continually intoxicated by her love 0 Intense excitement and joy from the romantic love of one’s wife is spoken of as if he was drunk from that love. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “let her love control you as alcohol controls someone who is drunk” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -5:19 elf2 by her love 0 This could mean: (1) “by your love for her” or (2) “by her love for you.” -5:20 d78f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion For why should you, my son, be captivated by an adulteress; why should you embrace the breasts of an immoral woman? 0 The writer asks these rhetorical questions to emphasize that his son must not do these things. Alternate translation: “My son, do not be captivated by an adulteress! Do not embrace the breasts of an immoral woman!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -5:20 z71k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive be captivated by an adulteress 0 Intense excitement that arises from the desire for a woman is spoken of as if he were being held captive by that woman. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “allow an adulteress to captivate you” or “allow an adulteress to fascinate you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -5:20 zr1u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche why should you embrace the breasts of an immoral woman 0 Here the word “breasts” represents the immoral woman and her sexual attractiveness. Alternate translation: “why should you embrace an immoral woman” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -5:20 x9gw an immoral woman 0 This could mean: (1) “a woman who is not your wife” or (2) “a woman who is another man’s wife.” -5:21 jh86 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism sees everything & watches all the paths 0 These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize that God knows everything that everyone does. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -5:21 p1ar rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor all the paths he takes 0 The writer speaks of a person’s actions or lifestyle as if it were a path on which the person walks. Alternate translation: “everywhere he goes” or “everything he does” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -5:22 u9ya rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification A wicked person will be seized by his own iniquities 0 The writer speaks of a wicked person being unable to avoid the consequences of his iniquities as if those iniquities were people who capture the wicked person. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “A wicked person’s own iniquities will seize him” or “A wicked person will be unable to avoid the consequences of his iniquities” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -5:22 he5d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the cords of his sin will hold him tight 0 The writer speaks of a wicked person being unable to avoid the consequences of his sin as if that sin were a trap made of cords in which the person is caught. Alternate translation: “because of his sin, he will be like an animal caught in a trap” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -5:23 x16k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive he is led astray by his great foolishness 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “his great foolishness leads him astray” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -5:23 n1a7 by his great foolishness 0 Alternate translation: “because he is very foolish” -6:intro xq95 0 # Proverbs 6 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 6 continues a collection of proverbs that ends in chapter nine.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### My Son\n\nOccasionally, the author addresses a proverb to “my son.” This is not intended to restrict the words of that proverb to only males. Instead, it is simply a form used to pass on advice as a father does to his son.\n\n### Adulteress\n\nThe latter part of this chapter comes back to the theme about the adulteress and warns the young man to avoid her. An adulteress is a woman who commits adultery. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/adultery]])\n\n### Numbers\n\nOccasionally, the author will mention a list of six things, or seven things, that Yahweh hates. These numbers are used to draw attention to the list of things. It is not important whether there are six or seven things in the list.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Rhetorical questions\n\nThe author will use rhetorical questions to draw the reader’s attention to important points. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Animals used as types\n\nThe gazelle and the ant have certain characteristics which the author uses to give wisdom. If your language does not recognize these characteristics in those animals, you could add a footnote to explain or possibly substitute another animal from your culture that would help explain the same concept. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]]) -6:1 sb1b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit set aside your money 0 Implied here is that your promise and the circumstances forced you to save up your money. Alternate translation: “had to save up some of your money” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -6:1 z256 a guarantee for your neighbor’s loan 0 This could mean: (1) your neighbor may come to you to ask for a loan or (2) your neighbor wants to take out a loan from someone else, but you promise to pay the lender back if your neighbor cannot. -6:1 p3wd neighbor 0 This same Hebrew word can also mean “friend.” -6:2 p9iu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom you have laid a trap for yourself 0 This is a figure of speech saying that you are going to trap yourself. Alternate translation: “you have made a trap in which you yourself are caught” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -6:2 qta7 the words of your mouth 0 Alternate translation: “what you said” or “what you promised to do” -6:3 d6yp save yourself 0 Alternate translation: “protect yourself” or “help yourself out of these problems” -6:3 zn5u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom you have fallen into the hand of your neighbor 0 This is a figure of speech using the term “hand” to mean “harm.” Alternate translation: “your neighbor can bring harm to you if he wants to” or “your neighbor has power over you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -6:3 mzx9 neighbor 0 Alternate translation: “friend” -6:4 be5i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Give your eyes no sleep and your eyelids no slumber 0 “Do not let your eyes sleep; do not let your eyelids slumber.” These two phrases mean the same thing and are repeated to emphasize how important it is not to be lazy. It is also stated negatively for even more emphasis. Alternate translation: “Stay awake, and do what you can” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -6:4 n831 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche your eyes & your eyelids 0 This is a figure of speech using parts of your face to mean your whole body. Alternate translation: “yourself … yourself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -6:5 xjb3 Save yourself like a gazelle from the hand of the hunter 0 Alternate translation: “Escape from your neighbor like a gazelle that flees from a hunter” -6:5 lcv3 gazelle 0 This is a big, lean animal that eats grass and that people often hunt for meat. It is famous for running away quickly. -6:5 ffv9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy from the hand of the hunter 0 The hand of the hunter refers to the hunter’s control. Alternate translation: “from the control of the hunter” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -6:5 fn1g like a bird from the hand of the fowler 0 Alternate translation: “and escape like a bird that flies away from a bird-hunter” -6:6 il7a Look at & consider 0 Alternate translation: “Study … think about” or “carefully observe … ponder” -6:6 xh1r ant 0 An ant is a small insect that lives underground or in a self-built hill. They usually live in groups of thousands, and they can lift things that are much bigger than they are. -6:6 uze2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy consider her ways 0 This is a figure of speech using the “ways” of an ant to refer to the behavior of the ant. Alternate translation: “consider how the ant behaves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -6:7 tmb7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet commander, officer, or ruler 0 These three words mean basically the same thing and are used to emphasized that no one has formal authority over an individual ant. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -6:8 w9jc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism it prepares its food in the summer & during the harvest it stores up what it will eat 0 These two phrases mean basically the same thing and are repeated to show how responsible the ant is. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -6:8 c8we summer 0 Summer is the time of the year when some trees bear their fruit. -6:9 r6u4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism How long will you sleep & When will you rise from your sleep? 0 The teacher uses these questions to scold the lazy person for sleeping too much. Alternate translation: “Wake up, you lazy person! Get out of your bed!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -6:10 q6ab A little sleep & of the hands to rest 0 These are the kinds of things that lazy people say. -6:10 f9h7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism A little sleep, a little slumber 0 Both of these statements mean the same thing. They can be stated as complete sentences. Alternate translation: “I will just sleep a little longer. Let me sleep lightly a little longer” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -6:10 c54p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy folding of the hands to rest 0 People often fold their hands while reclining in order to rest more comfortably. Alternate translation: “I will just cross my arms comfortably and rest a little” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -6:11 qm7m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit and your poverty will come 0 This can be stated as a new sentence to make clear that this is a result of being lazy. Alternate translation: “If you continue to be lazy, your poverty will come” or “While you sleep, poverty will come” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -6:11 zz4v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile your poverty will come like a robber 0 The sudden way a lazy person becomes poor is like the sudden way a robber comes and steals things. Alternate translation: “you will suddenly become poor, just as if a robber came and stole everything you have” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -6:11 r7za rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile and your needs like an armed soldier 0 The sudden way a lazy person becomes in need of things is like the sudden way an armed soldier takes things from a person. This can be stated as a complete sentence. Alternate translation: “and your needs will come to you like an armed soldier” or “and you will become needy just as if an armed soldier stole all your things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -6:11 vt3g an armed soldier 0 Alternate translation: “a soldier who is holding a weapon” or “a man with a weapon” -6:12 sk3y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet A worthless person—a wicked man 0 These two words have the same meaning and emphasize how bad this person is. Alternate translation: “A person with no value—an evil man” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -6:12 q9ly rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor lives by the crookedness of his speech 0 Here lies are spoken of as speech that is crooked. Alternate translation: “constantly tells lies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -6:13 b2zu winking his eyes, making signals with his feet and pointing with his fingers 0 All three of these phrases describe a way in which the evil person communicates secretly to deceive other people. -6:13 kq86 winking his eyes 0 If someone winks, he closes one eye very briefly as a secret signal to another person. This might be a sign of trust, of approval, or of something else. -6:14 za5w He plots evil 0 Alternate translation: “He plans evil” or “He prepares to do evil deeds” -6:14 bbx6 he always stirs up discord 0 Alternate translation: “he always causes discord” or “he is constantly looking for conflict and escalating it” -6:15 n8uw Therefore 0 Alternate translation: “For that reason” -6:15 fz64 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification his disaster will overtake him 0 This implies that the disaster is chasing him like a person or an animal, and that it will catch him soon. Alternate translation: “his disaster will catch him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -6:15 j5gd his disaster 0 This refers to the disaster that will happen to him, but also the disaster that he himself caused. -6:15 h6bm in an instant; in a moment 0 Both mean the same thing, and one or both of them can be replaced by “suddenly” or “very quickly.” -6:16 it1e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism six things that Yahweh hates, seven that 0 This whole verse is a parallelism that emphasizes that God hates several things and not just one. Alternate translation: “six things that Yahwah hates; seven things that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -6:16 akh6 that are disgusting to him 0 Alternate translation: “that make him feel disgust” or “that make you disgusting according to him” -6:17 zib9 Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nThis is the list of things that Yahweh hates that was introduced in [Proverbs 6:16](./16.md). -6:17 kpi4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche eyes & tongue & hands 0 All of these body parts refer to a whole person. You can translate each of these with “people.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -6:17 cip3 shed the blood of 0 Alternate translation: “kill” or “murder” -6:18 jq4t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche heart & feet 0 All of these body parts refer to a whole person. You can translate each of these with “people.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -6:18 ex5v wicked schemes 0 Alternate translation: “evil plans” -6:19 g2tz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom breathes out lies 0 This figure of speech uses “breathes” to refer to lying constantly. Alternate translation: “constantly lies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -6:19 r9n1 discord 0 See how you translated this in [Proverbs 6:14](../06/14.md). -6:19 avm1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor one who sows discord 0 This figure of speech is using “sows” to refer to causing or bringing about discord. Alternate translation: “a person who causes discord” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -6:20 e5gm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism obey the command of your father & do not forsake the teaching of your mother 0 These two phrases on the one hand mean the same thing. On the other hand, the repeated emphasis on both “father” and “mother” explicitly includes women in the whole teaching-learning process. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -6:20 u11d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes do not forsake the teaching of your mother 0 This figure of speech is using the negative “forsake” to mean the positive “obey.” Alternate translation: “obey the teaching of your mother” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -6:21 qz2z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor bind them on your heart; tie them about your neck 0 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. They describe the commands and instructions as if they are written down so that you can put it in or on your body to remind yourself. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -6:21 b76k bind them on your heart 0 Alternate translation: “love them” or “think about them” -6:22 r61q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism When you walk & when you sleep & when you wake up 0 These three phrases are used together to emphasize that the lessons are valuable all the time. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -6:22 hw2r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism they will guide you & they will watch over you & they will teach you 0 The repetition of these phrases is to show that the lessons are valuable for all sorts of things. It also speaks of those lessons as if they were people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -6:23 u5p1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism the commands & the teaching & the corrections that come by instruction 0 These three phrases mean basically the same thing, and together they show the various types of lessons a father and a mother teach. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -6:23 s8lq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor a lamp & a light & the way of life 0 All three of these mean basically the same thing and are repeated to emphasize the fact that the lessons make life better and easier. Alternate translation: “as useful as a lamp … as helpful as light in the darkness … as necessary to follow as the way of life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -6:23 n5j2 the way of life 0 Alternate translation: “the way that leads to life” or “the way of living that God approves of” -6:24 p7az rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person It keeps you from 0 Here the word “it” refers to the lessons taught by the father and mother in [Proverbs 6:20](../06/20.md). Alternate translation: “It saves you from” or “It protects you from” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -6:24 sjp3 the immoral woman & an immoral woman 0 These two words mean basically the same thing. See how you translated the word “adulteress” in [Proverbs 5:3](../05/03.md). -6:24 sw14 immoral 0 Alternate translation: “morally evil” -6:25 ty32 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor do not let her capture you with her eyelashes 0 The writer speaks of the woman’s eyelashes as if they were a trap into which the young man could fall. They are a synecdoche for her beauty and a metonym for the way the woman looks at the young man to make her want her. Alternate translation: “do not allow her to gain control over you by being beautiful and by the way she looks at you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -6:25 rx3p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy in your heart 0 Here “heart” represents the mind. Alternate translation: “in your thoughts” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -6:25 m7d2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy her beauty 0 “what is beautiful about her.” This can also be a metonym for the woman. Alternate translation: “her” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -6:25 f4km capture you 0 Alternate translation: “gain control over you” -6:25 vnr8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche her eyelashes 0 The “eyelashes” stand for the beautiful things about her body that she uses to catch a man’s attention. Alternate translation: “her beautiful eyes” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -6:26 p3jv the price of a loaf of bread 0 This is talking about the material cost, not the spiritual cost or the moral cost. Alternate translation: “a little bit” -6:26 k5fu may cost you your very life 0 This could mean: (1) the wife of another man will destroy your life because she always wants more or (2) the husband of the other woman will hunt you down and kill you. -6:27 gzh2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Can a man carry a fire against his chest without burning his clothes? 0 This action would be very dangerous and would cause harm. The implied answer to the question is “no.” Alternate translation: “Every man who carries a fire in his chest will burn his clothes.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -6:27 sew8 without burning 0 Alternate translation: “without destroying” or “and not destroy” -6:27 pt18 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy his clothes 0 His clothes stand for him as a whole person. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -6:28 r98z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Can a man walk on hot coals without scorching his feet? 0 Walking on hot coals will scorch a person’s feet, so the implied answer is “no.” Alternate translation: “Every man who walks on hot coals will have scorched feet.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -6:28 tw8h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor walk on hot coals 0 This stands for committing adultery. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -6:28 fy6m walk 0 That is to slowly walk a long distance, without using tricks or magic. -6:28 kf2l scorching 0 Alternate translation: “burning” -6:29 gh7k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism the man who goes in to his neighbor’s wife 0 This is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “the man who has sexual relations with his neighbor’s wife” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -6:30 fwq5 despise a thief 0 Alternate translation: “do not regard a thief with contempt” or “do not think a thief is evil” -6:31 n1t7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive if he is caught 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “if someone catches him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -6:31 b9ns rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom in his house 0 This figure of speech is saying that everything in his house is all that he owns. Alternate translation: “that he owns” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -6:32 s8mh The one 0 Alternate translation: “The person” or “The man” -6:33 m2lu what he deserves 0 Alternate translation: “the appropriate punishment for what he has done” -6:33 t99k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy his disgrace 0 This figure of speech is using the term “disgrace” to refer to the feeling of him acting shamefully. Alternate translation: “the memory of his shameful act” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -6:33 c8nh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes will not be wiped away 0 This figure of speech is using the negative “will not be wiped away” to refer to it always being there. Alternate translation: “will always remain” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -6:34 lyk4 furious 0 very angry -6:34 qsy2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes he will show no mercy 0 The “he” is the neighbor whose wife has committed adultery with another man. Alternate translation: “he will not limit the pain he will cause you” or “he will hurt you as much as he can” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -6:34 rc71 when he takes his revenge 0 Alternate translation: “in the moment of his revenge” or “when the moment arrives when he can take his revenge” -6:34 tk3n takes his revenge 0 If a person takes revenge, it is to cause hurt to the person who hurt him first. -6:35 b2ym compensation 0 payment by one who does wrong to the person to whom he has done wrong -6:35 fly2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive he cannot be bought off 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you cannot pay him enough money to change his mind” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -6:35 pc8x off, though 0 Alternate translation: “off. This will be true even if” -7:intro pk5f 0 # Proverbs 7 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 7 continues a collection of proverbs that ends in chapter nine.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Parallelism\n\nProverbs are often written without any surrounding context and in two lines of text. Each line will have a certain relationship to the other line. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])\n\nMany of the proverbs are stated as promises or commands, but they are intended to be advice.\n\n### My Son\n\nOccasionally the author addresses a proverb to “my son.” This is not intended to restrict the words of that proverb to only males, but is still given in the context of a father warning his son.\n\n### Adulteress\n\nThis chapter continues the theme about the adulteress and warns the young man to avoid her. -7:1 at6w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor keep my words 0 Here keeping represents obeying. Alternate translation: “obey my words” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -7:1 k635 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor store up my commands within yourself 0 Here God’s commands are spoken of as if they were objects that someone could put into a storeroom. Alternate translation: “memorize my commands” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -7:2 a8m4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor keep my instruction 0 Here keeping represents obeying. Alternate translation: “obey my instructions” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -7:2 xfb2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom as the apple of your eye 0 The apple of the eye is the pupil inside the eye, which people normally instinctively protect when an object flies at their face. Here “the apple of the eye” represents whatever a person values and protects the most. Alternate translation: “as your most valuable possession” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -7:3 g5jv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Tie them on your fingers 0 This could mean: (1) that the writer wanted his son to engrave certain commands from God on a ring and wear it, or (2) that the writer wanted his son to always remember God’s commands, as if he always wore a certain ring. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -7:3 c4yy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor write them on the tablet of your heart 0 Here the heart represents a person’s mind, and remembering something well is spoken of as if the person were writing it on a stone tablet. See how you translated this in [Proverbs 3:3](../03/03.md). Alternate translation: “remember my commands well as if you were writing them in stone” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -7:4 jn44 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification Say to wisdom, “You are my sister 0 Here wisdom is spoken of as if it were a person. Alternate translation: “Value wisdom as you would love your sister” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -7:4 z4x8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification call understanding your kinsman 0 Here the quality of understanding is spoken of as if it were a kinsman or relative. Alternate translation: “treat understanding as you would treat your kinsman” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -7:4 j17k kinsman 0 Alternate translation: “relative” or “family member” -7:5 xkl2 the adulterous woman 0 This refers to any woman to whom a man is not married. Alternate translation: “the woman whom you should have nothing to do with” -7:5 y9gh the immoral woman 0 This refers to any woman who is not known to a man. -7:5 s251 with her smooth words 0 Words intended to deceive are spoken of as if they were smooth objects. Alternate translation: “who says pleasant things, but wants to deceive you” -7:6 v7n1 lattice 0 a covering over a window made of thin strips of wood that cross one another in a slanted pattern that forms square-shaped openings in the pattern -7:7 ie51 naive 0 inexperienced or immature -7:8 i1kl her corner 0 Here “her” refers to any female stranger, as referred to in [Proverbs 7:5](../07/05.md). She was standing at a certain corner, waiting for a suitable man to pass by. Alternate translation: “the corner where a female stranger was standing” -7:8 v7v4 corner 0 This refers to where two roads meet. -7:9 zn5n twilight 0 the time of day when it is getting darker and about to become night -7:10 bu68 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor with a false heart 0 Here “heart” represents intentions or plans. Alternate translation: “she planned to deceive someone” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -7:11 vkd8 She was loud and wayward 0 Alternate translation: “She talked loudly and acted in the ways she wished to” -7:11 es4s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche her feet did not stay at home 0 The phrase “her feet” represent the woman. Alternate translation: “she did not stay at home” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -7:12 h64f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor she waited in ambush 0 Here the woman is spoken of as if she were preparing to physically trap a person or an animal. Also, the idea of trapping someone here represents persuading someone to commit sin. Alternate translation: “she waited to trap someone” or “she waited to find someone she could persuade to sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -7:13 l1ic she 0 the woman who was introduced in [Proverbs 7:10](./10.md) -7:13 sa2m grabbed him 0 Alternate translation: “took hold of him firmly” -7:13 vef7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom with a strong face 0 Here “strong” represents “stubborn.” A “strong face” means a stubborn expression on a person’s face. This implies that the woman is acting in a stubborn way, that she is deliberately doing what she knows is wrong. Alternate translation: “with a shameless expression on her face” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -7:14 ei2g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy I paid my vows 0 Here “vows” represents what the person promised to sacrifice to God. Alternate translation: “I made the sacrifices I promised to God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -7:15 fys2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche seek your face 0 Here “face” represents the person and especially the person’s presence. Alternate translation: “look for you” or “find out where you are” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -7:17 g7k4 sprinkled my bed with 0 Alternate translation: “scattered on my bed” -7:17 ibk7 aloes 0 A type of wood from a tree that smells good. -7:17 q1mx cinnamon 0 This is a spice made from the bark of a tree that smells and tastes good. -7:18 h91x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor let us drink our fill of love 0 Here the pleasures of romantic love are spoken of as if they were something good to drink. Alternate translation: “let us make love to each other as much as we want” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -7:19 vc42 is not at his house 0 Alternate translation: “is not at home” -7:20 zw96 full moon 0 The moon is said to be full when it is a perfectly round disk, shining at its brightest. -7:21 ptg3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor she turned him 0 To persuade someone to act in a certain way is spoken of as if it were changing the direction that person was walking. Alternate translation: “she persuaded him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -7:21 ev91 her & she & him 0 The female is the married woman who wants to sleep with “him,” the young man. -7:21 l3nt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy smooth lips 0 Here “lips” represents what a person says. When a person flatters someone else by saying things that are not sincere, these words are spoken of as if they were a smooth object. Alternate translation: “flattering, deceiving words” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -7:21 c6k6 she misled him 0 Alternate translation: “she convinced him to sin with her” -7:22 rvi9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit He went after her suddenly 0 This seems to imply that the young man took very little time to think about what he should do. Alternate translation: “He quickly decided to go after her” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -7:22 tal5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile like an ox going to slaughter & a deer caught in a trap 0 The naive and unsuspecting way the young man follows the adulteress is compared to the way two animals are unaware of the danger they are in. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -7:22 pk4m slaughter 0 This refers to killing an animal in order to eat its meat. -7:22 qrn6 deer 0 See how you translated this word in [Proverbs 5:19](../05/19.md). -7:23 r6zr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile like a bird rushing into a snare 0 The naive and unsuspecting way the young man follows the adulteress is compared to the way an animal is unaware of the danger he is in. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -7:23 t5u4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit until an arrow pierces through its liver 0 This passage implies that a hunter has trapped the deer in order to shoot it with arrows. Alternate translation: “until a hunter shoots it in its most important part” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -7:23 i4e6 liver 0 Here this organ represents a very important part of the deer’s body. -7:23 zvp5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom it would cost his life 0 This is a way of saying that this person will die as a result. Alternate translation: “it would kill him” or “he would die soon” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -7:24 wen3 Now 0 This is to focus the attention of the speaker’s sons on the conclusion of this lesson. -7:25 gk8c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor May your heart not turn aside onto her paths 0 Here “ways” means the paths that a person chooses to walk on. It represents the person’s behavior, the things that he decides to do in life. Alternate translation: “Make your heart stay far away from the ways of the adulterous woman” or “Do not let your heart want to do the things that the adulterous woman does” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -7:25 wm1h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche your heart 0 Here “heart” represents a person, emphasizing his desires. Alternate translation: “you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -7:25 l3s9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism do not be led astray onto her paths 0 This means the same as the sentence before it. It strengthens the first warning. Alternate translation: “do not leave the right path in order to go on her paths” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -7:26 xx9k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy She has caused many people to fall down pierced 0 Being pierced by spears or arrows represents being killed. Alternate translation: “She has caused many people to fall dead” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -7:27 g21s Her house is on the paths to Sheol & they go down 0 Here “paths” represents the kinds of behavior that foolish people participate in. Sheol was the name for the world of the dead. -7:27 ry42 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism on the paths to Sheol & down to the dark bedrooms of death 0 These two phrases basically mean the same thing and are repeated to emphasize that the woman’s victims will be destroyed. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -7:27 prr1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the dark bedrooms of death 0 This expression pictures the dead as sleeping in many different rooms in Sheol. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -8:intro z8jj 0 # Proverbs 8 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 8 continues a collection of proverbs that ends in chapter nine. These chapters operate more as a unit then many of the following chapters in this book.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Wisdom calls out\n\nThe addressee of this chapter is broader than “my son,” but is personal like the previous chapters’ use of “my son.” In this case, Wisdom is calling out for all to come and learn of her, in contrast to the adulteress mentioned in chapters 5-7. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]]) -8:1 qsc7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nIn chapter 8 wisdom is spoken of as a woman who teaches people how to be wise. Many verses in chapter 8 have parallelisms. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -8:1 v9h5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Does not Wisdom call out? 0 This question is used to remind the readers of something they should already know. Alternate translation: “Wisdom calls out” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -8:1 i9hu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification Does not Wisdom call out? 0 Here wisdom is imagined as a woman. If a language does not allow this kind of metaphor, other possible translations are: (1) “Is not wisdom like a woman who calls out?” (2) “Does not a woman named Wisdom call out?” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -8:1 pt6p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Does not Understanding raise her voice? 0 Here “Understanding” means the same as “Wisdom.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -8:1 k4ug raise her voice 0 Alternate translation: “speak” -8:3 z73y the gates at the entrance into the city 0 In ancient times, cities usually had outer walls with gates in them. -8:3 nkc9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification she calls out 0 This continues to refer to Wisdom, personified as a woman. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -8:4 gv2w General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nWisdom speaks to the people in verses 4-36. -8:4 jxm5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy my voice is for the sons of mankind 0 Here “voice” represents the words that are spoken. Alternate translation: “my words are for the sons of mankind” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -8:4 j5l1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the sons of mankind 0 This is metonymy representing all human beings. Alternate translation: “all people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -8:5 er9q naive 0 inexperienced or immature -8:5 t3h2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns learn wisdom 0 The abstract word “wisdom’ refers to what a wise person believes and to the way in which he acts. Alternate translation: “learn how a wise person acts” or “learn what it means to be wise” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -8:5 bg5r you must get an understanding mind 0 Alternate translation: “you must begin to understand things with your mind” -8:6 uv73 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche when my lips open 0 Here “lips” represents a person’s mouth, with which he speaks. Alternate translation: “when I open my mouth to speak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -8:6 a3zk upright 0 proper or just -8:7 s9bj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche my mouth speaks 0 Here “mouth” represents a person who speaks. Alternate translation: “I speak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -8:7 f6mp what is trustworthy 0 Alternate translation: “what people should believe” -8:7 juy2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche wickedness is disgusting to my lips 0 Here “lips” represents a person who is speaking. Alternate translation: “wickedness is disgusting to me” or “saying wicked things would be disgusting to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -8:7 hz9e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns wickedness 0 Here, **wickedness** represents wicked speech. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **wickedness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -8:8 am3k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche the words of my mouth 0 The “mouth” stands for the person who is speaking. Alternate translation: “The things I teach” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -8:8 btx5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor nothing twisted 0 Twisting a message is a metaphor for changing a true message into a false one. Alternate translation: “nothing false” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -8:9 nn5r straight 0 honest and clear -8:9 jyh4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy my words are upright for those who find knowledge 0 This probably means that those who find knowledge will easily understand that the speaker’s words are upright. Here “words” represent a message or teaching. Alternate translation: “those who know what is right and what is wrong consider what I teach to be right” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -8:9 f1c2 upright 0 true and honest -8:10 w8ks Acquire my instruction rather than silver 0 Alternate translation: “You should try much harder to understand my instructions than to get silver” -8:11 wl6p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations For Wisdom is better than jewels; no treasure is equal to her 0 Here Wisdom, personified as a woman, is not speaking. However, it is possible to make Wisdom the speaker here as well. Alternate translation: “For I, Wisdom, am better than jewels; no treasure is equal to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) -8:12 mj24 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification I, Wisdom, live with Prudence 0 Prudence is also represented here as a person. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -8:12 b8xj Prudence 0 caution or good judgment -8:12 jk94 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns I possess knowledge and discretion 0 The abstract ideas “knowledge” and “discrete” can be expressed in other ways. Alternate translation: “I am knowledgeable and discreet” or “I know many things, and I am careful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -8:12 xcu8 discretion 0 being careful about what we say and do; being cautious not to cause hurt or harm to others -8:13 rf21 perverted speech 0 Alternate translation: “wicked talk” -8:13 gp8g perverted 0 turned from what is right -8:14 cnc2 good advice 0 Alternate translation: “wise suggestions” -8:14 guc9 advice 0 counsel that is given to help someone -8:14 sne9 sound 0 good, reliable -8:14 w3ju rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification I am insight 0 Here Wisdom is spoken of as if she were insight. Alternate translation: “I have insight” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -8:16 hg7e nobles 0 noblemen, leading members of important families in the nation -8:17 xz9h love 0 This refers to brotherly love or love for a friend or family member. This is natural human love between friends or relatives. -8:17 e3jr diligently 0 with careful and continued effort -8:18 k7hf With me are riches and honor 0 Alternate translation: “I have riches and honor” -8:18 a275 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases lasting wealth and righteousness 0 This explains what is meant by “riches and honor.” This can be made clear with the connecting statement “therefore.” Alternate translation: “therefore, I will give lasting wealth and righteousness to those who find me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) -8:18 q481 righteousness 0 Alternate translation: “the ability to live in a right way” -8:19 eyc2 My fruit 0 what wisdom produces or causes -8:19 rqy3 my produce 0 the benefit or gain that wisdom causes -8:20 tks1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I walk in the path of righteousness 0 Living the right way is spoken of as walking on the right road. Alternate translation: “I live right” or “I do what is right” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -8:20 rg74 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor in the midst of the paths of justice 0 This tells more of what is meant by “the path of righteousness.” Alternate translation: “I do what is perfectly just” or “I only do what is just” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -8:21 mg4q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor treasuries 0 storehouses for valuable things. Wisdom is spoken of as a woman who fills the storehouses of her followers with valuable things. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -8:22 xu3p the first of his deeds then 0 Alternate translation: “I was the first of the things he created then” -8:23 mh2d In ages long ago 0 Alternate translation: “Very long ago” -8:23 v4tq ages 0 The word “age” refers to a general, extended period of time. -8:23 mth7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns from the beginnings of the earth 0 The idea of beginnings can be translated in a less abstract way. Alternate translation: “from when God created the earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -8:25 u2m1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Before the mountains were settled 0 “Before the bases of the mountains were put into place.” This can also be put into active form. Alternate translation: “Before God made the foundations of the mountains and put them into their proper places” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -8:26 z5y4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification I was born 0 This is wisdom speaking about herself. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -8:26 asn5 was born 0 Alternate translation: “I was alive” -8:27 nk15 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification I was there 0 This is wisdom speaking about herself. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -8:27 z8lx established 0 To establish something is to bring into being on a stable basis. Alternate translation: “created” or “made” -8:27 b5db rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit when he drew a circle on the surface of the deep 0 This refers to setting a limit to how far someone in a ship at sea can see all around himself. Alternate translation: “when he marked on the ocean’s surface how far a person at sea can see in every direction” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -8:27 ae6e the deep 0 Alternate translation: “the ocean” -8:28 wnj8 established 0 brought into permanent being -8:28 z2v2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive when the springs in the deep became fixed 0 This can be put into active form. Alternate translation: “when God fixed the springs in the deep” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -8:28 zv8f the springs in the deep 0 The ancient Hebrews thought that the ocean got its water from springs at the bottom of the sea. -8:29 pd76 when he made his limit for the sea 0 “when he created the shorelines for the oceans. The “limit for the sea” divided the oceans from the dry land. -8:29 vk7f when there was set the limit for the foundations of the dry land 0 The Hebrew word for “earth” also often means “land.” -8:29 f3j9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive when there was set the limit for the foundations of the dry land 0 This can be put into active form. Alternate translation: “when God set the limit for the foundations of the earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -8:30 ph2f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification I was beside him 0 This is still wisdom speaking. Wisdom now says she was right next to Yahweh, implying that she was his assistant in creating the world. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -8:30 ky7x skilled craftsman 0 This is a person who has trained for years to make useful things very well, like furniture or houses. -8:30 k4ct rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns I was his delight 0 “I was what made him happy.” The word “delight” is an abstract noun that can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “he was happy because of me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -8:30 a22n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom day after day 0 This is a way to express the idea of a habitual action or of a continuous condition. Alternate translation: “continually” or “the whole time” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -8:31 pw91 his whole world 0 Alternate translation: “the whole world he created” or “everything he created” -8:31 wnq9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom the sons of mankind 0 This refers to human beings in general. Alternate translation: “the people he brought into existence” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -8:32 ly1a Now 0 This is to focus the attention of the children to the conclusion of this lesson. -8:32 hwt3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification listen to me 0 This is still wisdom talking about herself. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -8:32 m6ib rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor those who keep my ways 0 Here “my ways” represents wisdom’s behavior. Alternate translation: “those who do what I teach” or “the people who follow my example” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -8:33 ky6l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes do not neglect 0 “do not disregard” Alternate translation: “be sure to pay attention to” or “be sure to follow” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -8:34 i55j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism watching every day at my doors, waiting beside the posts of my doors 0 These two phrases basically mean the same thing. Wisdom is described as having a home; possible meanings of **watching** are: (1) a wise person waits outside wisdom’s home in the morning in order to serve her, or (2) a wise person waits outside wisdom’s house for her to come and teach him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -8:35 z6lm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification finds me 0 This is still wisdom talking about herself. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -8:36 hfn9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification hate me 0 This is still wisdom talking about herself. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -8:36 yl6t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit he who fails 0 The complete thought is, “he who fails to find me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -8:36 w73k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy his own life 0 Here “life” represents the person’s self. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -9:intro y75r 0 # Proverbs 9 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 9 concludes a collection of proverbs that operate as a unit about wisdom. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Wisdom calls out\n\nThe addressee of chapters 8 and 9 is broader than “my son,” but is personal like the previous chapters’ use of “my son.” In this case, Wisdom is calling out for all to come and learn of her. -9:1 m12a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses begin a parable in which wisdom is imagined to be a woman who is giving good advice to people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -9:1 s64d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification Wisdom has built 0 The writer speaks about wisdom as if it were a woman who has built her own house. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -9:2 x5sw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy She has slaughtered her animals 0 This refers to animals whose meat will be eaten in the dinner that Wisdom will give. Alternate translation: “She has killed the animals for meat at dinner” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -9:2 ywr6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit mixed her wine 0 In ancient Israel, people often mixed wine with water. Alternate translation: “prepared her wine by mixing it with water” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -9:2 h2zm she has set her table 0 Alternate translation: “she has prepared her table” -9:3 p6e2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses begin to give the message of Wisdom, who is personified as a woman. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -9:3 akl3 She has sent out her maids 0 These maids went out and invited people to come to the feast that Wisdom had prepared. -9:3 ugn5 her maids 0 Young women or girls who are in the service of a respectable, adult woman, such as Wisdom. -9:3 n6ha she calls out 0 Alternate translation: “she loudly recites her invitation” -9:3 x798 the highest points of the city 0 The invitation is shouted from the highest points so that it will be best heard by all the people. -9:4 h6sj Who is naive? Let & the one lacking good sense 0 These two phrases describe the same group of people, those who need more wisdom in their lives. Here the question is addressed to all such people. Alternate translation: “Anyone who is naive, let … anyone lacking good sense” -9:4 dj7m is naive 0 Alternate translation: “is inexperienced or immature” -9:4 s4da turn aside here 0 Alternate translation: “leave his path and come into my house” -9:5 h6ck General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the message of Wisdom. -9:5 n3eu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you Come & eat & drink 0 All of these commands are plural; Wisdom is addressing many people at the same time. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -9:5 stm9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit the wine I have mixed 0 In ancient Israel, people often mixed wine with water. Alternate translation: “prepared her wine by mixing it with water” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -9:6 b9ma rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you Leave & live & walk 0 All of these commands are plural; Wisdom is addressing many people at the same time. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -9:6 ejw3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Leave your naive actions 0 Here naive actions are spoken of as if they were a place that a person could leave. Alternate translation: “Stop your naive behavior” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -9:6 f53k naive actions 0 Alternate translation: “inexperienced, immature actions” -9:6 lpn8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the path of understanding 0 Here the process of understanding wisdom is spoken of as if it were a path that a person could follow. Alternate translation: “the manner of living that a wise person has” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -9:7 x5sc General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the message of Wisdom. -9:7 vif7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Whoever disciplines & whoever rebukes 0 These two phrases basically say the same thing. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -9:7 kjm2 a mocker 0 Someone who habitually mocks people. Alternate translation: “someone who says insulting things about other people” or “someone who likes to make other people look bad” -9:7 m22a receives abuse 0 Alternate translation: “receives harsh treatment” -9:7 g88g whoever rebukes 0 Alternate translation: “whoever corrects” -9:8 fpc4 Do not reprove 0 Alternate translation: “Do not correct” -9:9 c8r2 Give to a wise person, and he & teach a righteous person, and he 0 These two commands actually represent conditional statements. Alternate translation: “If you give to a wise person, he … if you teach a righteous person, he” -9:9 y95j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Give to a wise person & teach a righteous person 0 These two phrases basically say the same thing. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -9:9 n1f2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Give to a wise person 0 This refers to giving instruction to a wise person. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -9:10 s7rg General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses finish the message of Wisdom. -9:10 l6yl The fear of Yahweh 0 See how you translated this phrase in [Proverbs 1:7](../01/07.md). -9:11 uv8i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive through me your days will be multiplied 0 This may be put into active form. Alternate translation: “I will multiply your days” or “I will cause you to live many more days” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -9:11 wpx5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification through me 0 Wisdom, personified as a woman, continues to speak here. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -9:11 rk9c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism your days will be multiplied, and years of life will be added to you 0 These two phrases basically mean the same thing and are used to emphasize the great benefits wisdom has. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -9:11 u5qf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor years of life will be added to you 0 Wisdom speaks of years of life as if they were physical objects. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I will add years of life to you” or “I will add years to your life” or “I will enable you to live longer” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -9:12 z3ez If you are wise & and if you mock 0 These two statements seem to mean that wise people gain advantages for themselves because of their wisdom, and mockers suffer because of their behavior. -9:12 zei6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you will carry it 0 This speaks of the consequence of one’s bad behavior as if it were a heavy load that one had to carry on his back. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -9:13 q38d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses begin to describe foolishness, which is also personified as a woman. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -9:13 ix9a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification The woman of foolishness 0 It is possible to translate “foolishness” as a description such as “A foolish woman.” However, if a language allows wisdom to be personified, as in the previous part of this chapter, it may also allow foolishness to be personified. Alternate translation: “The woman Foolishness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -9:13 lbv9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism she is untaught and knows nothing 0 These two expressions basically mean the same thing, which is repeated to show how useless the foolish woman is. Alternate translation: “she does not know anything at all” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -9:13 tk38 she is untaught 0 Alternate translation: “she has not learned from experience” or “she is young and naive” -9:15 cqd1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom walking straight on their way 0 This seems to be an idiom for “thinking only of their own affairs” or “minding their own business.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -9:16 ck1n is naive 0 Alternate translation: “is inexperienced or immature” -9:16 rs92 turn aside here 0 Alternate translation: “leave his path and come here” -9:16 zyq4 she says 0 This is the foolish woman who was introduced in [Proverbs 9:13](./13.md). -9:16 lfx9 those who have no sense 0 Alternate translation: “those who do not have wisdom” or “those who are not wise” -9:17 jsi6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Stolen waters are sweet, and bread of secrecy is delicious 0 The foolish woman speaks of the pleasure of stolen waters and bread of secrecy to tell men that if they sleep with her, they will have pleasure. This can be stated clearly in a simile: “You can enjoy me just as you enjoy water that you have stolen or bread that is secret” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -9:18 kg4h that the dead are there 0 Alternate translation: “that the men who have gone to her are now dead” -9:18 k1fh in the depths of Sheol 0 “Sheol” refers to the world of the dead. -10:intro fhy5 0 # Proverbs 10 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 10 starts a new section of the book, which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Themes\n\nThere are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often using contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, and wicked/righteous. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -10:1 i2yb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nMany verses in Chapter 10 are contrasting parallelisms (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -10:1 tab7 The proverbs of Solomon 0 After the introduction of Chapters 1-9, Chapter 10 begins the collection of the proverbs; short sayings that teach wisdom. -10:2 ffz8 accumulated 0 acquired over time -10:3 df3m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Yahweh does not let the soul of the righteous person go hungry 0 Here “soul” refers to the person. This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh makes sure those who do what is right have food to eat” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -10:4 e3ef rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy A lazy hand 0 “Hand” represents the strength and ability of a person. Alternate translation: “A person unwilling to work” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -10:4 yly7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy hand of the diligent 0 “Hand” represents the strength and ability of a person. Alternate translation: “person who works hard” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -10:6 k7j2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom are upon the head 0 The “head” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “are given to” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -10:6 y4mb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy mouth of the wicked 0 The “mouth” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “words the wicked speak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -10:6 k4dp covers up 0 hides the truth -10:7 e1w8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy name 0 The word “name” represents a person’s reputation. Alternate translation: “memory” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -10:8 e725 come to ruin 0 Alternate translation: “be destroyed” or “be made useless” -10:9 ps6l crooked 0 not straight; deformed; dishonest; deceitful -10:10 mi1k rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction He who winks the eye 0 “Winking the eye” represents a secretive sign for being cruel to someone else. Alternate translation: “He who makes a signal with a gesture” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -10:10 p957 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor will be thrown down 0 A person who is ruined is spoken of as if he were thrown down. Alternate translation: “others will ruin him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -10:11 f47s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy The mouth of the righteous 0 Here “mouth” represents what a persons says. Alternate translation: “The speech of a righteous person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -10:11 tv58 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun the righteous 0 This refers to righteous people in general. Alternate translation: “righteous people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) -10:11 h2ny rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor is a water spring of life 0 This person’s speech is spoken of as if it preserved living animals or people, as a water spring would do in a dry land. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -10:11 bz8g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the mouth of the wicked covers up violence 0 That is, the wicked person appears to say harmless things, but plans to violent things against other people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -10:11 elp1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the mouth of the wicked 0 Here “mouth” represents what a persons says. Alternate translation: “the speech of a wicked person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -10:11 jt58 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun the wicked 0 This refers to wicked people in general. Alternate translation: “wicked people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) -10:12 ph1a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification love covers over 0 Love acts like a person who quiets trouble between people instead of stirring it up. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -10:13 n8pk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy on the lips of a discerning person 0 “Lips” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “in what a sensible person says” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -10:13 ww93 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy a rod is for the back 0 “Rod” represents strong, physical punishment and “the back” represents the person who receives the punishment. Alternate translation: “a person who has no sense needs forceful punishment” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -10:14 ej72 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the mouth of a fool 0 “Mouth” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “the words from a foolish person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -10:15 fd3s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor his fortified city 0 This represents wealth as a safe place. Alternate translation: “his safety” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -10:16 im19 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The wage & the profit 0 These terms normally refer to the money a worker earns. Here they represents the results of either doing what is right or doing what is wrong. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -10:17 k6n3 There is a path to life for the one who follows discipline 0 Alternate translation: “The person who obeys wise instruction will have a long and happy life” -10:17 st2j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive but the one who rejects correction is led astray 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “but the one who does not obey wise instruction will not have a good life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -10:18 d6bj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy has lying lips 0 “Lips” represent what a person says. Alternate translation: “tells lies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -10:19 zc3a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes transgression is not lacking 0 This phrase uses a negative to emphasize a positive idea. Alternate translation: “there is much sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -10:20 h1pz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy The tongue of the righteous person 0 “Tongue” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “Whatever a righteous person says” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -10:20 pvj4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor is pure silver 0 “Silver” represents valuable sayings. Alternate translation: “is extremely valuable” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -10:21 h4rr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy The lips of the righteous 0 “Lips” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “The sayings of a righteous man” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -10:21 kp6k nourish 0 cause them to develop or grow stronger -10:23 l951 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Wickedness is a game a fool plays 0 A game is an activity people do for pleasure. Alternate translation: “Fools find pleasure in wickedness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -10:24 xai5 overtake 0 overcome someone -10:25 ci43 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile The wicked are like the storm 0 Just as storm comes and sweeps everything away so wicked people will disappear. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -10:25 v58h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor is a foundation that lasts forever 0 “Foundation” represents the base or a beginning of something that people build over. Alternate translation: “is a start for something that lasts forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -10:26 fk5l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile Like vinegar on the teeth and smoke in the eyes, so is the sluggard to those who send him 0 “Vinegar” and “smoke” represent things that hurt a person’s teeth and eyes. Alternate translation: “Sending a lazy person to accomplish a task is irritating and unpleasant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -10:26 i1xh vinegar 0 a sour liquid used to flavor or preserve foods -10:27 rv8w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the years of the wicked 0 “Years” represent the time a person lives. Alternate translation: “the lifetime of the evil person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -10:28 pds2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the years of wicked people 0 Here “years” represent the time a person lives. Alternate translation: “the lifetime of the evil person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -10:30 ub25 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes will never be overthrown 0 This can be stated as active and positive: Alternate translation: “will be secure” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -10:31 f7hy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Out of the mouth of the righteous person 0 “Mouth” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “From the righteous man’s words” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -10:31 amx2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the perverse tongue will be cut out 0 “Tongue” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “God will shut the mouths of people who say what is false” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -10:32 y79y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy lips of the righteous person know what is acceptable 0 “Lips” represent what a person says. Alternate translation: “righteous person knows how to speak acceptably” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -10:32 ay8q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy mouth of the wicked 0 “Mouth” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “the words of the wicked” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -11:intro uk6v 0 # Proverbs 11 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 11 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with individual proverbs.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Themes\n\nThere are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often using contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -11:1 hzq7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nMany verses in Chapter 11 are contrasting parallelisms (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -11:1 g3jt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Yahweh hates scales that are not accurate 0 “Scales” represent measuring accurately in negotiating. Alternate translation: “God hates deceiving scales” or “God hates it when people are deceitful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -11:1 pe2q but he delights in a precise weight 0 Here, **precise weight** represents accuracy in negotiating. Alternate translation: “but he delights in honest ways” or “but he is happy when people are honest” -11:3 rj24 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the treacherous 0 This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “treacherous people” or “those who are treacherous” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -11:4 r538 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Wealth is worthless on the day of wrath 0 The “day of wrath” represents a specific event, such as the “day of Yahweh” or “judgment day” or “last days.” Alternate translation: “A person’s wealth will do him no good when God comes to judge” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -11:5 lc4r makes his way straight 0 Alternate translation: “has clear direction” -11:5 vhe9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the wicked 0 This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “those who are wicked” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -11:6 v49j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the treacherous 0 This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “those who are treacherous” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -11:6 b5vy the treacherous are trapped by their cravings 0 Alternate translation: “those who do evil are captured by their passions” -11:6 rhq7 treacherous 0 ready to betray trust; traitorous; deceptive -11:7 dz8x the hope that was in his strength 0 Alternate translation: “the confidence he has in his own power” -11:7 zn33 comes to nothing 0 Alternate translation: “disappears” -11:8 z4am rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive The righteous person is kept away from trouble 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God keeps away from trouble the person who does what is right” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -11:8 u873 it comes 0 Alternate translation: “trouble comes” -11:9 r7vl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy With his mouth the godless 0 “Mouth” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “The words of the godless” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -11:11 sim1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the city becomes great 0 “City” represents the community or people group. Alternate translation: “the people group prospers” or “the community becomes prosperous” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -11:11 p4sd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy by the mouth of the wicked 0 “Mouth” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “the words of evil people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -11:13 en2e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor keeps a matter covered 0 “Covered” represents keeping things concealed as much as possible. Alternate translation: “does not tell” or “does not speak about the matter” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -11:14 a9wq advisors 0 those who give recommendations as a guide to action; counselors -11:15 j2ce one who hates giving 0 Alternate translation: “one who refuses to give” -11:16 bvh9 ruthless people 0 people without pity or compassion; cruel people -11:16 h7rd grasp for wealth 0 Alternate translation: “are greedy for wealth” -11:17 dxp9 one who 0 Alternate translation: “a person who” -11:18 imr8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor sows what is right 0 To “sow” represents spreading out to gain more. Alternate translation: “spreads out what is right” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -11:18 ln8a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor reaps the wages of truth 0 To “reap” represents acquiring or gathering in” Alternate translation: “will surely be rewarded” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -11:19 ibb6 the one who 0 Alternate translation: “the person who” -11:19 un2d pursues evil 0 Alternate translation: “chases after evil” or “seeks to do evil” -11:20 r5lt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy whose hearts are perverse 0 “Heart” represents the feelings, attitudes and motivations of a person. Alternate translation: “who have wicked thoughts” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -11:21 gh2a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes will not go unpunished 0 This phrase uses a negative to emphasize a positive idea. Alternate translation: “will certainly be punished” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -11:22 y2me rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile Like a gold ring & without discretion 0 A beautiful woman without discretion is compared to a useless and unsuitable golden ring in a pig’s nose. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -11:22 fe2p without discretion 0 Alternate translation: “without common sense” or “who is foolish” -11:24 x29n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor There is one who scatters—he will accumulate even more 0 This is a metaphor for a person who becomes more wealthy by being generous. Alternate translation: “Some people give freely to others and yet become more wealthy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -11:24 v6x4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit one who scatters 0 You may need to make explicit that the person scatters seeds for crops to grow. Alternate translation: “one who scatters much seed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -11:24 gmp8 will accumulate even more 0 Alternate translation: “will gain even more” -11:24 p1q7 withholds what he should give 0 This refers to a person who thinks that he can become rich by refusing to be generous. -11:25 q9vb will prosper 0 Alternate translation: “will gain more” -11:25 lf1i the one who 0 Alternate translation: “the generous person who” or “anyone who” -11:26 eb69 the man who refuses to sell 0 This describes the person who hoards his wealth instead of helping those in need. -11:26 h1qp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor good gifts crown the head of him who sells it 0 “Crown” represents the reward or award for the person who is willing to sell grain. Alternate translation: “good gifts are given as a crown of honor to him who sells it” or “the person who sells it is honored with many blessings” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -11:27 k6ug The one who diligently seeks 0 the one who seeks with careful and continued effort -11:28 q218 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom will fall 0 This is an idiom. Here “fall” represents destruction or failure. Alternate translation: “will be destroyed” or “awaits a bad future” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -11:28 p1e2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile like the leaf, righteous people will flourish 0 “Leaf” represents growth and prosperity. Alternate translation: “righteous people will prosper in the same way a healthy green leaf grows” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -11:28 mf6v righteous people will flourish 0 This means that righteous people will thrive or prosper. -11:29 p1pb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor inherit the wind 0 The “wind” is a metaphor for something that cannot be grasped or has no value. Alternate translation: “inherit nothing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -11:30 q7ul rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile The righteous person will be like a tree of life 0 A person who does what is right is compared to a tree that produces life as its fruit. Alternate translation: “Those who do right will bring life to themselves and others” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -11:30 hlz7 tree of life 0 See how you translated this in [Proverbs 3:18](../03/18.md). -11:31 s8p9 how much more 0 Alternate translation: “even more so” -12:intro x2lg 0 # Proverbs 12 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 12 continues the section of the book (Chapter 10-22) which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Themes\n\nThere are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often using contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility and integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -12:1 ktr2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThe author uses [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] throughout this chapter. Verses 1-15 contrast wisdom and foolishness. -12:1 r7h6 Whoever 0 Alternate translation: “Any person who” -12:1 tz7m the one who hates correction 0 Alternate translation: “the person who does not want to be told what to do” -12:1 nj5f is stupid 0 Alternate translation: “is foolish” or “is unwise” -12:3 nly2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive A person cannot be established by wickedness 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “No one can become safe and secure by doing what is wicked” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -12:3 md5p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor cannot be uprooted 0 “Uprooted” represents being pulled out of the ground like a plant or a tree. This cannot happen to those who do right. Alternate translation: “are as stable as a tree with deep roots” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -12:4 wh4l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor A worthy wife is her husband’s crown 0 A crown represents the greatest honor a person can receive. Alternate translation: “A good wife is a sign of great honor for her husband” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -12:4 ced6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile she who brings shame is like a disease that rots his bones 0 A disease that rots the bones represents the spoiling of a person’s life. Alternate translation: “a wife’s shameful acts destroy her husband’s influence and happiness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -12:6 sw3s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The words of wicked people are an ambush waiting for a chance to kill 0 The deceitful things that wicked people say in order to harm other people are spoken of as if their words are waiting to kill someone by surprise. Alternate translation: “The deceitful things wicked people say are like a person who waits to kill someone by surprise” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -12:6 n6s7 the words of the upright keep them safe 0 Alternate translation: “the advice from an upright person keeps people safe” -12:6 au1h the upright 0 Alternate translation: “the righteous person” or “the honest person” or “the just person” -12:7 qw8f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Wicked people are overthrown 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “People will overthrow the wicked people” or “People will remove the wicked people from power” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -12:7 t5c3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy house 0 The term “house” is often used figuratively in the Bible to refer to a person’s ancestors, descendants or other relatives. Alternate translation: “family” or “descendants” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -12:8 hfu6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive A person is praised by how much wisdom he has 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “People will praise those who have wisdom” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -12:8 hq69 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive the one who makes perverse choices is despised 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people will hate the one who always thinks evil thoughts” or “people will hate the one who takes good things and twists them into bad” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -12:10 uxx4 is cruel 0 Alternate translation: “causes suffering” -12:11 wl9h worthless projects 0 Alternate translation: “worthless plans” or “worthless tasks” -12:12 b6y1 the fruit 0 This refers to a person’s actions and thoughts. Just as fruit on a tree shows what kind of tree it is, in the same way a person’s words and actions reveal what his character is like. -12:13 ak1y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy An evil person is trapped by his wicked talk 0 “Trapped” represents being caught in a snare or being tricked. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The wicked things an evil person says will trap him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -12:14 z5v9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy just as the work of his hands rewards him 0 The phrase, “the work of his hands” represents work done by physical labor. Alternate translation: “just as the good work he does rewards him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -12:15 lr2l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom in his own eyes 0 This phrase represents the idea he has from his own observation, imagination or memory. Alternate translation: “in his own opinion” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -12:15 wlp9 advice 0 wise suggestions -12:16 n8pr is prudent 0 Alternate translation: “is wise” or “has good sense.” -12:18 k26n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile The words of one who speaks rashly are like the thrusts of a sword 0 The phrase, “thrusts of a sword” represents cruel words that hurt another. Alternate translation: “What a person says without thinking can hurt as much as if he stabbed with a sword” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -12:18 avt2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the tongue of the wise 0 “Tongue” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “what wise people say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -12:18 mpg6 brings healing 0 Alternate translation: “comforts and heals” -12:19 wm6n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Truthful lips last forever 0 “Lips” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “A truthful person endures forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -12:19 r5ql rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy a lying tongue is only for a moment 0 “Tongue” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “the one who lies lasts only for a moment” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -12:20 xs9w advisors 0 those who give recommendations as a guide to action; counselors -12:21 d4zt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes No ill comes 0 The negative, “No” cancels out the idea of “ill” (bad things that happen). Alternate translation: “Good things come” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -12:22 x3ha rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Yahweh hates lying lips 0 “Lips” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “Yahweh detests those who tell lies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -12:23 qi9m conceals his knowledge 0 Alternate translation: “does not tell everything he knows” -12:24 j53h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy The hand of the diligent 0 “Hand” represents what a person does -- his works. Alternate translation: “Diligent people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -12:24 ymw6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy will be put to forced labor 0 “Forced labor” describes what a person must do who is not free to do what he wants. Alternate translation: “will become a slave” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -12:25 qts2 Anxiety 0 uneasy feeling of fear or dread, worry -12:25 n82f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor weighs him down 0 “Weighing down” represents the idea of putting a very heavy load on a person so he cannot move freely. This phrase means to make a person sad or depressed. Alternate translation: “causes him to become sad or depressed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -12:25 z6n9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns but a good word makes him glad 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **word**, you could express the same idea with the verb “speak.” Alternate translation: “but when others speak kindly to him, he is cheerful again” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -12:27 gdt7 would not roast their own game 0 “Game” means animals caught and killed while hunting. And “roast” is a way of cooking food. -12:27 vz9v precious wealth 0 Alternate translation: “valuable treasure” -13:intro nh7k 0 # Proverbs 13 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 13 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Themes\n\nThere are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -13:1 ugs5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy A wise son hears 0 Here “hears” represents listening in order to do it. Alternate translation: “A wise son obeys” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -13:1 sy9c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy will not listen to rebuke 0 Here “listen” represents paying attention in order to do it. Alternate translation: “will not learn from rebuke” or “will not obey, despite rebuke” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -13:2 zu98 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy From the fruit of his mouth 0 Here “fruit” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “From the words of his mouth” or “From what he says” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -13:2 w883 the appetite 0 the desire or liking for something -13:2 mgn1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the treacherous 0 This nominal adjective can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “the treacherous person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -13:3 xb3d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy his mouth 0 Here “mouth” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “what he says” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -13:3 bd6a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor opens wide his lips 0 Opening the lips represents speaking, and opening them wide represents speaking too often or too much. Alternate translation: “speaks a lot” or “talks too much” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -13:4 c7yc The appetite & the appetite 0 See how you translated this in [Proverbs 13:2](../13/02.md). -13:4 z2sk craves but gets nothing 0 Alternate translation: “strongly desires but gets nothing” -13:4 rj8j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive the appetite of diligent people will be richly satisfied 0 Here “appetite” represents desire. Alternate translation: “diligent people will have a richly satisfied life” or “being diligent will make people richly satisfied” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -13:4 z1wm diligent people 0 people who work with careful and continued effort -13:5 i9t2 repugnant 0 causing a strong feeling of disgust -13:6 gt48 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification Righteousness protects those 0 “Righteousness” represents a way of life approved by Yahweh. This quality acts like a person who protects. Alternate translation: “A way of life approved by Yahweh protects” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -13:6 iac2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy who are faultless in their path 0 Here “path” represents how a person directs his life. Alternate translation: “who are faultless in their way of living” or “who live lives of integrity” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -13:6 r21h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification wickedness turns away those who commit sin 0 Here “wickedness” represents an evil conduct of life. This quality acts like a person who turns away those who commit sin. Alternate translation: “wickedness turns sinners away from a successful path” or “wickedness ruins sinners’ lives” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -13:7 z16h who enriches himself 0 Alternate translation: “who makes himself rich” -13:8 mre8 does not hear a threat 0 This could mean: (1) no one will threaten to steal from him because he has nothing anyone would want to steal or (2) he will not listen when people correct him because he has nothing to lose if they punish him. Alternate translation: “does not listen to rebuke” -13:9 ev8k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The light of righteous people rejoices 0 Here the light represents the righteous person’s life or good behavior, and rejoicing represents causing people to rejoice. Alternate translation: “The life of a righteous person is like a light that causes people to rejoice” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -13:9 ibt9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the lamp of wicked people will be put out 0 Here the lamp represents the life or behavior of wicked people, and “be put out” is an idiom that means that a fire is stopped. The lamp being put out represents either the person dying or the person’s life not giving any joy. Alternate translation: “the lives of wicked people are like a lamp whose fire will be stopped” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -13:10 c8hy Pride only breeds conflict 0 Alternate translation: “Pride always causes conflict” -13:10 n32q listen to 0 Alternate translation: “heed” or “follow” -13:10 ujq3 good advice 0 suggestions that are helpful and profitable -13:11 u1q4 Wealth dwindles away 0 Alternate translation: “Wealth decreases” or “Wealth slowly disappears” -13:11 i2l4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy working with his hand 0 The phrase “working with his hand” refers to physical work instead of only mental or other types of work. Many people give physical work a low value. Alternate translation: “working with physical strength” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -13:11 j3nn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor make his money grow 0 Money is compared to a tree that grows. Alternate translation: “make his money increase” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -13:12 v8h6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy When hope is postponed 0 Here “hope” represents the thing a person hopes for. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “When a person hopes for something but does not receive it for a very long time” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -13:12 gfi6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom it breaks the heart 0 Breaking a person’s heart represents overwhelming that person with sadness. Alternate translation: “it causes intense sadness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -13:12 k7pf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor a longing fulfilled is a tree of life 0 Someone receiving what they hoped for and becoming very happy is spoken of as if the fulfillment of their hope were a tree that gives life. Alternate translation: “a longing fulfilled is like a tree of life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -13:12 isa3 tree of life 0 “a tree that gives life” or “a tree whose fruit sustains life.” See how you translated this in [Proverbs 3:18](../03/18.md). -13:13 a5vy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive he who respects the commandment will be rewarded 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “they will reward the one who respects the command” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -13:14 uhi9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor fountain of life 0 A fountain is a good source of water and here represents a source of life. Alternate translation: “a bountiful source of life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -13:14 h871 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor snares of death 0 Here “snares” represent dangers that will kill. Alternate translation: “traps that lead to death” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -13:15 r4vi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor but the way of the treacherous is never-ending 0 Here a person’s behavior or conduct is spoken of as if it were a way or path that a person walks. A person being ruined by their own treachery is spoken of as if they are on a way or path that never ends. Alternate translation: “but the behavior of the treacherous will cause their own destruction” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -13:15 up13 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the treacherous 0 This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “the treacherous person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -13:16 g6vs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor a fool parades his folly 0 To “parade” means to display in front of everyone. Alternate translation: “a fool displays his foolishness to everyone” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -13:17 h4gr falls into trouble 0 Alternate translation: “is unreliable” or “does something evil” -13:17 pfh6 a faithful envoy 0 Alternate translation: “a faithful messenger” or “a faithful diplomat” -13:18 m4d7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns learns from correction 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **correction**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “learns when someone corrects him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -13:19 h11i is sweet 0 Alternate translation: “is a delight” or “brings joy” -13:19 fv8k the appetite 0 the desire or liking for something -13:20 k77z will suffer harm 0 Alternate translation: “will experience harm” or “will be ruined” -13:21 ddh8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification Disaster runs after sinners 0 “Disaster” is given human characteristics like the ability to run. Alternate translation: “Sinners have trouble wherever they go” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -13:21 ecr7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive righteous people are rewarded with good 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God rewards righteous people with good” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -13:22 amv1 his grandchildren 0 Alternate translation: “the sons of his sons” or “the children of his children” or “his descendants” -13:22 fi9c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive a sinner’s wealth is stored up for the righteous person 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the one who does right will receive the wealth that a sinner has stored up” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -13:23 z3px An unplowed field 0 Alternate translation: “A field that is not prepared for food production” or “An empty field not ready for planting” -13:23 h46l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor but it is swept away by injustice 0 “Swept away” represents completely removing something. This can be stated in active from. Alternate translation: “but injustice takes away that food” or “but unjust people take the food away” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -13:24 jp8a is careful to instruct him 0 Alternate translation: “makes sure to instruct him” -13:25 a593 he satisfies his appetite 0 Alternate translation: “he has satisfied himself” or “he fulfills his desires” -13:25 azl9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the stomach of the wicked is always hungry 0 Here “stomach” represents the desires of a person. Alternate translation: “the wicked person is always hungry for more” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -14:intro gbj2 0 # Proverbs 14 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 14 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Themes\n\nThere are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -14:1 r3rp builds her house 0 Alternate translation: “builds up her house” or “makes her house better” -14:1 tv3l house 0 This could mean: (1) this may refer to her actual house, that is the building she lives in or (2) this may refer to her family. -14:1 l2y8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche with her own hands 0 The woman is represented by her “hands.” Alternate translation: “by herself” or “by the way she behaves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -14:2 qgn4 The one who & the one who 0 Alternate translation: “The person who … the person who” -14:2 qnc4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor walks uprightly 0 “Walks” represents the conduct of life. Alternate translation: “conducts his life in a just and honest way” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -14:2 we9s despises him 0 Alternate translation: “grossly disrespects him” or “shows that he hates him” -14:2 c17i in his ways despises him 0 The word “his” refers to the dishonest man and “him” refers to Yahweh. -14:3 a16n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the mouth of & the lips of 0 The mouth and the lips both refer to what a person says. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -14:3 ixb4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy a rod for his back 0 The rod with which people will punish the fool by hitting him on his back for his foolish words is a metonym for the words that come out of his mouth. Alternate translation: “words that will cause people to punish him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -14:3 c2ir the wise 0 This word is plural. “wise men” or “wise people” -14:3 gru7 will preserve them 0 Alternate translation: “will keep them from harm” or “will keep them safe” -14:4 w12s the feeding trough 0 A “trough” is a container in which you put the food for animals. -14:4 e3k8 an abundant crop 0 Alternate translation: “a good harvest” -14:4 diy9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy by the strength of an ox 0 “Strength” represents the strong work an ox can do. Alternate translation: “because of the work an ox does” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -14:5 j6d2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom breathes out lies 0 This figure of speech uses “breathes” to refer to lying constantly. Alternate translation: “constantly lies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) See how you translated this phrase in [Proverbs 6:19](../06/19.md). -14:6 wm35 and there is none 0 Alternate translation: “and wisdom is not there” or “but he will not find wisdom” -14:6 ek6h comes easy to 0 Alternate translation: “is easily found by” or “acquires without difficulty” -14:6 xv2j the one who is discerning 0 Alternate translation: “the one who is wise” or “a person who has understanding” -14:7 ud4w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy on his lips 0 The word “lips” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “from his speech” or “with his comments” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -14:8 e2qn the prudent 0 a person who has good judgment or sense -14:8 vp9q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy his own way 0 The word “way” represents the conduct of life of a person. Alternate translation: “his conduct” or “how he lives” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -14:8 vug2 the folly of fools is deception 0 The foolishness of fools is that they think they are wise, when they are not. -14:9 m1s1 when the guilt offering is sacrificed 0 “at guilt” or “at the guilt offering” The meaning behind this phrase is that fools do not apologize to God or men for the things they do wrong. -14:9 t24p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive but among the upright favor is shared 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “but the upright enjoy favor together” or “but God’s favor is experienced together among the upright” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -14:10 xxe9 its own bitterness 0 Alternate translation: “its own sorrow” or “its own sadness” -14:10 y94d no stranger 0 Alternate translation: “those who do not know him” -14:11 c5yp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the tent 0 The word “tent” represents everything that happens within it. Alternate translation: “the household” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -14:11 d165 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor flourish 0 The word “flourish” means vigorous blooming of flowers and so represents anything that grows strongly. Alternate translation: “to do well and last long” or “to be healthy” or “to be very successful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -14:12 y8gw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor There is a way that seems right to a man 0 The word “way” represents the conduct of life a person follows. Alternate translation: “People think that the way they are living is the right way” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -14:13 n7lp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor A heart can laugh 0 The word “heart” represents a person’s feelings, attitudes and motivations. Alternate translation: “A person’s feelings can show laughter” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -14:13 j3ih be in pain 0 Alternate translation: “experience pain” or “hurt” -14:14 a8j9 The one who 0 Alternate translation: “The person who” -14:14 c5in rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor what his ways deserve 0 The word “ways” represents a person’s conduct of life. Alternate translation: “what he deserves, based on how he lived” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -14:14 qe8k what is his 0 Alternate translation: “what belongs to him” or “what he has a right to” -14:15 i558 naive 0 inexperienced or immature -14:15 h73m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor his steps 0 Here the idea of footsteps represents a person’s behavior. Alternate translation: “his actions” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -14:16 z79v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor turns away from evil 0 Here evil is spoken of as if it were a place. Alternate translation: “avoids doing evil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -14:16 dy6s confidently dismisses 0 Alternate translation: “boldly ignores” -14:17 yez8 is quick to become angry 0 Alternate translation: “becomes angry quickly” -14:18 j5kv naive 0 inexperienced or immature -14:18 c2ql rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy inherit foolishness 0 Here “inherit” represents having permanent possession of something. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -14:18 aj35 foolishness 0 The word “foolishness” is an abstract noun that represents foolish thinking and foolish actions. -14:18 rq9a prudent people 0 Alternate translation: “wise people” -14:18 spn1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor are crowned with knowledge 0 Here knowledge is spoken of as if it were a beautiful ornament worn on one’s head, such as a turban with jewels. Alternate translation: “wear knowledge as a turban” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -14:19 b4i8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction bow down 0 This means to bend over to humbly express respect and submission toward someone. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -14:19 e892 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy at the gates of the righteous 0 The word “gates” represents an entrance to meet with another. This means the wicked will have to wait for the righteous person and beg to enter his presence. Alternate translation: “to meet with the righteous person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -14:20 h5ns rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive The poor person is hated even by his own companions 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Everyone hates the poor person even his own neighbors” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -14:21 fy3m The one & the one 0 Alternate translation: “The person … the person” -14:21 d4gp the poor 0 Alternate translation: “poor people” -14:22 m1cw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Do not those who plot evil go astray? 0 The assumed answer to this question is “yes.” Alternate translation: “Those who plot evil will go astray.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -14:22 ie8f who plot evil 0 Alternate translation: “who make evil plans” or “who make plans to do evil things” -14:22 mmn3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns those who plan to do good will receive covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness 0 The abstract nouns “faithfulness” and “trustworthiness” can be stated as “faithful” and “trustworthy.” Alternate translation: “God will show himself to be trustworthy and faithful to his covenant to those who plan to do what is good” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -14:23 k11f but when there is only talk 0 Alternate translation: “but if you only talk” or “but when all a person does is talking” -14:24 dc97 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The crown of wise people 0 The word “crown” represents the highest achievement possible and visible to all. Alternate translation: “The reward of wise people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -14:24 u3bw the folly of fools 0 See how you translated this phrase in [Proverbs 14:8](../14/08.md). -14:25 wkc7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom breathes out lies 0 This figure of speech uses “breathes” to refer to lying constantly. See how you translated this phrase in [Proverbs 6:19](../06/19.md). Alternate translation: “constantly lies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -14:27 c8u2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor fountain of life 0 A “fountain” is a bountiful source of water and represents here the source of life. Alternate translation: “source of life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -14:27 r5t6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor from the snares of death 0 A “snare” is a sort of trap used to hunt animals and represents something tricky and dangerous that will kill. Alternate translation: “from the trap that will kill” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -14:28 vxf7 the great number of his people 0 Alternate translation: “how many people he rules” -14:28 yp94 the prince is ruined 0 Alternate translation: “the prince has nothing and his kingdom will fall” -14:29 n61r the quick-tempered 0 a person who is quick to become angry -14:30 lqn3 A tranquil heart 0 Alternate translation: “A peaceful mindset” or “An attitude that is at peace” -14:30 l819 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor rots the bones 0 The word “rots” represents the decay of a person and “bones” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “causes a person to be unhealthy in body and spirit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -14:31 k67r The one who & the one who 0 Alternate translation: “The person who … the person who” -14:31 b6nz curses 0 This means to express a desire that bad things will happen to someone. -14:31 xhv2 the poor & the needy 0 Alternate translation: “a poor person … a needy person” -14:31 k2td shows favor to 0 Alternate translation: “is kind to” or “helps” -14:32 t8gr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive is brought down by his evil actions 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “evil actions push over” or “evil actions destroy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -14:33 axk6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Wisdom rests in the heart 0 The word “heart” represents the feelings, attitudes and motivations of a person. Alternate translation: “Wisdom is in the attitude” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -14:33 t41l the discerning 0 Alternate translation: “a discerning person” -14:33 r61l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive she lets herself be known 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “she makes sure people know her” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -14:33 xi3x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification she 0 The word “she” refers to wisdom. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -14:34 dl6h is a disgrace 0 Alternate translation: “brings shame upon to any people” or “should cause any people to be ashamed” -14:35 qjf7 who acts prudently 0 Alternate translation: “who acts wisely” or “who makes sure bad things do not happen” -14:35 vi56 the one who 0 Alternate translation: “the servant who” -15:intro l872 0 # Proverbs 15 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 15 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Themes\n\nThere are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -15:1 x2lh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor A gentle answer turns away wrath 0 Causing a person to stop being angry is spoken of as if it were turning that person’s wrath away. Alternate translation: “Answering a person gently will calm that person’s wrath” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -15:1 hu6m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor but a harsh word stirs up anger 0 Causing a person to become more angry is spoken of as if it were stirring up or awakening anger. Alternate translation: “but speaking harshly causes that person to become more angry” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -15:2 w6ic rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche The tongue of wise people compliments knowledge 0 Here the word “tongue” refers to the person who speaks. Alternate translation: “Wise people compliment knowledge when they speak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -15:2 sjz8 compliments knowledge 0 Alternate translation: “makes knowledge attractive” or “uses knowledge correctly” -15:2 ncr7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the mouth of fools pours out folly 0 The writer speaks of fools’ mouths as if they were containers and of folly as if it were the liquid that filled them. When fools speak, their mouths pour out the liquid. The word “mouth” represents those who speak. Alternate translation: “fools are always speaking folly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -15:3 w8rc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche The eyes of Yahweh are everywhere 0 Here the word “eyes” represents Yahweh and emphasizes his ability to see everything. Alternate translation: “Yahweh sees everything” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -15:3 bw6f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the evil and the good 0 The words “evil” and “good” refer to people. Alternate translation: “evil people and good people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -15:4 wt85 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy A healing tongue is a tree of life 0 The word “tongue” refers to speech. The writer speaks of the words of a person who says things that help and encourage others as if they were a tree that provides life-giving nourishment. Alternate translation: “Kind words are like a tree that gives life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -15:4 eg2w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy a deceitful tongue crushes the spirit 0 The phrase “a deceitful tongue” refers to speech that is deceitful or hurtful. The writer speaks of a person being hurt or in despair as if that person’s spirit were an object that words have crushed. Alternate translation: “deceitful speech causes a person to despair” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -15:5 kix4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns he who learns from correction 0 The word “correction” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “he who learns when someone corrects him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -15:5 x86t is prudent 0 Alternate translation: “is wise” -15:6 h7yy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns the earnings of the wicked person give 0 The word “earnings” can be translated as a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “the wealth that a wicked person earns gives” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -15:7 tk6t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The lips of wise people scatter knowledge about 0 The word “lips” represents what wise people say. The writer speaks of knowledge as if it were seeds that wise people scatter around when they speak. Alternate translation: “The speech of wise people spreads knowledge” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -15:7 wet2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche not so the hearts of fools 0 This could mean: (1) the word “hearts” is synecdoche for the fools themselves and means that they do not scatter knowledge like wise people do. Alternate translation: “fools do not scatter knowledge about” or (2) fools do not have knowledge in their hearts, with “hearts” being a metonym for the thoughts. Alternate translation: “fools do not understand knowledge” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -15:8 a5ry upright people 0 Alternate translation: “people who live rightly” -15:8 fci9 is his delight 0 Alternate translation: “pleases him” -15:9 ui9i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Yahweh hates the way of wicked people 0 The lifestyles of wicked people are spoken of as if they are paths on which those people walk. Alternate translation: “Yahweh hates the way that wicked people live” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -15:9 pj1l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the one who pursues what is right 0 Being diligent to live rightly is spoken of as if it were chasing after right things. Alternate translation: “the person who strives to live rightly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -15:10 j3mw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor anyone who forsakes the way 0 Here “the way” refers to the way of righteousness. A person who stops doing what is right is spoken of as if he has stopped walking on the correct path. Alternate translation: “anyone who stops living rightly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -15:10 jus3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns he who hates correction 0 The word “correction” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “the person who hates it when others correct him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -15:11 n1e2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet Sheol and destruction are open before Yahweh 0 The words “Sheol and destruction” both refer to the place of the dead. Yahweh knowing everything about the place of the dead is spoken of as if it were open before Yahweh. Alternate translation: “Yahweh knows everything about the place where dead people are” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -15:11 b6if rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion how much more the hearts of the sons of mankind? 0 This rhetorical question emphasizes that since Yahweh knows everything about the place of the dead, it is more obvious that he knows everything about the hearts of men. Alternate translation: “so he certainly knows the hearts of the sons of mankind!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -15:11 r3gz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the hearts of the sons of mankind 0 Here the word “hearts” represents the thoughts and motivations. The phrase “the sons of mankind” is an idiom for humanity. Alternate translation: “the thoughts of humans” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -15:12 dl8g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns The mocker resents correction 0 The word “correction” can be translated with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “The mocker hates when others correct him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -15:12 f5d9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit he will not go to the wise 0 It is implied that he will not go to the wise to seek their counsel or advice. Alternate translation: “he will not go to the wise to seek their counsel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -15:13 b4lv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche A joyful heart makes the face cheerful 0 Here the word “heart” represents the person. Alternate translation: “When a person is joyful, his face is cheerful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -15:13 dm7a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor crushes the spirit 0 The writer speaks of a person being discouraged as if that person’s spirit were an object that is crushed. See how you translated this in [Proverbs 15:4](../15/04.md). Alternate translation: “makes a person discouraged” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -15:14 d9uh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy The heart of the discerning 0 Here the word “heart” represents the mind and thoughts. Alternate translation: “The mind of the discerning person” or “The discerning person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -15:14 k3ct rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche the mouth of fools feeds on folly 0 Here the word “mouth” represents the person. The writer speaks of fools desiring foolish things as if they ate foolish things. Alternate translation: “foolish people desire folly as if it were the food that they eat” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -15:15 r1yn All the days of oppressed people are miserable 0 Alternate translation: “Oppressed people are miserable all of their days” -15:15 en6x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche a cheerful heart has an unending feast 0 Here the word “heart” represents the person. The writer speaks of a cheerful person enjoying life as if that person were celebrating a feast that does not end. Alternate translation: “the cheerful person enjoys life, as if he were celebrating an unending feast” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -15:15 m9lg an unending feast 0 Alternate translation: “a feast that never ends” -15:16 iix3 with confusion 0 Alternate translation: “with anxiety” -15:17 via5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy a meal with vegetables 0 The vegetables represent a small meal with very little food. Alternate translation: “a small meal” or “very little food” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -15:17 ux23 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns where there is love 0 The word “love” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “where people love one another” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -15:17 m9u4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive a fatted calf served with hatred 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “a fatted calf that someone serves with hatred” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -15:17 x4f2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy a fatted calf 0 This refers to a calf that has been fed a lot of food so that it will become fat. Here it represents a delicious meal or a feast. Alternate translation: “a luxurious meal” or “a feast” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -15:17 vw92 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns with hatred 0 The word “hatred” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “where people hate one another” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -15:18 p4ji rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor stirs up arguments 0 Causing people to argue more is spoken of as if it were stirring up or awakening arguments. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **arguments**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “argue.” Alternate translation: “causes people to argue more” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -15:19 awv2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The path of the sluggard & the path of the upright 0 The writer speaks of a person’s life as if it were a path on which the person walks. Alternate translation: “The life of the sluggard … the life of the upright” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -15:19 gy92 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile The path of the sluggard is like a place with a hedge of thorns 0 The writer compares the lifestyle of the sluggard with trying to walk through a hedge of thorns. Both cause the person to suffer pain. Alternate translation: “The life of the sluggard is like a person trying to walk through a hedge of thorns” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -15:19 zqz8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the path of the upright is a built-up highway 0 The writer speaks of the blessings that upright people experience in life as if they were walking on a smooth road. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -15:19 c95z built-up highway 0 This is a road that is wide, flat, and without obstacles or potholes. -15:21 itu5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the one who has understanding walks a straight path 0 The writer speaks of a person doing the right thing as if he were walking straight ahead on a path. Alternate translation: “the person who has understanding does what is right” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -15:22 p1yb Plans go wrong 0 Alternate translation: “Plans fail” -15:22 et1u where there is no advice 0 Alternate translation: “when there is no one to give advice” -15:22 re1s advisors 0 people who give recommendations as a guide to action -15:22 q31z they succeed 0 Alternate translation: “plans succeed” -15:23 wg81 a pertinent reply 0 Alternate translation: “a fitting reply” or “an appropriate answer” -15:23 jnm2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations how good is a timely word 0 This exclamation emphasizes that a word spoken at the right time is very good. Alternate translation: “a word that a person speaks at the right time is very good” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) -15:24 b9kb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The path of life leads upward & from Sheol beneath 0 The writer speaks of a lifestyle that results in life as if it were a path that goes upward towards life and of a lifestyle that results in death as if it were a path that leads down to the place of the dead. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -15:25 h2dg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche house 0 This is a synecdoche for the person’s household, property, and wealth. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -15:26 h9s4 the words of kindness are pure 0 Alternate translation: “kind words are pure” or “pleasant words are pure” -15:28 avu5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy The heart of the righteous person ponders before it answers 0 Here the word “heart” is a metonym for the mind and thoughts. This represents the person who thinks. Alternate translation: “The person who does right ponders what to say before he answers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -15:28 zzd4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the mouth of wicked people pours out all its evil 0 The writer speaks of wicked people’s mouths as if they were containers and speaks of evil as if it were the liquid that filled them. When wicked people speak, their mouths pour out the liquid. The word “mouths” represents those who speak. Alternate translation: “wicked people are always saying evil things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -15:28 zr4l the mouth of wicked people pours out all its evil 0 It may be more natural in you language to translate all these words as either singular or plural. Alternate translation: “the mouth of the wicked person pours out all its evil” or “the mouths of wicked people pour out all their evil” -15:29 nq5q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Yahweh is far away from wicked people 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh not listening to wicked people as if he were physically far away from them. Alternate translation: “Yahweh does not listen to wicked people” or “Yahweh does not answer wicked people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -15:30 msq2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The light of the eyes 0 The writer speaks of an expression of joy on one’s face as if the person’s eyes emitted light. Alternate translation: “A cheerful expression” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -15:30 d2bg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche brings joy to the heart 0 The word “heart” represents the person. This could mean: (1) the person who has a cheerful expression becomes joyful or (2) other people become joyful when they see someone with a cheerful expression. Alternate translation: “causes a person to be joyful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -15:30 hhj8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche good news is health to the body 0 Here the word “body” represents the person. Alternate translation: “receiving good news makes a person feel good” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -15:31 vet3 you will remain among wise people 0 This could mean: (1) people will continue to consider you to be a wise person or (2) you will continue to enjoy the company of wise people. -15:32 l9cd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns listens to correction 0 The word “correction” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “listens when others correct him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -15:33 nhk9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns The fear of Yahweh teaches wisdom 0 The words “fear” and “wisdom” can be translated with verbal phrases. Alternate translation: “When one fears Yahweh, he will learn to be wise” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -15:33 t56g The fear of Yahweh 0 See how you translated this phrase in [Proverbs 1:7](../01/07.md). -15:33 w2h2 humility comes before honor 0 This means that a person must first learn humility before Yahweh will honor him. -16:intro mu2u 0 # Proverbs 16 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 16 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### King and royalty\n\nSome of these proverbs mention a king. As in other cases, this is intended to apply to all rulers.\n\n### Themes\n\nThere are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -16:1 bqu9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy The plans of the heart belong to a person 0 Here the word “heart” represents the person’s mind and thoughts. Alternate translation: “A person makes plans in his mind” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -16:1 hf8a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor from Yahweh comes the answer from his tongue 0 This could mean: (1) Yahweh speaks his answer to a person’s plans, which is a metaphor meaning that Yahweh determines the outcome of that person’s plans or (2) Yahweh enables a person to speak words about the plans that he has made. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -16:1 j1hu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche the answer from his tongue 0 The person is represented by his “tongue” to emphasize his speech. Alternate translation: “the answer that he speaks” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -16:2 m6li rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor All of a person’s ways are pure in his own eyes 0 The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. The writer speaks of what a person does as if that person were walking down a path. Alternate translation: “A person thinks that everything he does is pure” or “A person judges everything he does as pure” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -16:2 ky4t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Yahweh weighs the spirits 0 Here the word “spirits” represents people’s desires and motives. The writer speaks of Yahweh discerning and judging a person’s desires and motives as if he were weighing that person’s spirit. Alternate translation: “Yahweh judges the person’s motives” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -16:4 ccq1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis even the wicked for the day of trouble 0 The verbal phrase may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “he has made even the wicked for the day of trouble” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -16:5 lkb8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche everyone who has an arrogant heart 0 Here the word “heart” represents the person. Alternate translation: “everyone who is arrogant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -16:5 cq2g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes they will not go unpunished 0 The two negatives in this phrase strongly emphasize the positive. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will certainly punish them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -16:6 t6t9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns By covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness iniquity is atoned for 0 The abstract nouns “faithfulness” and “trustworthiness” can be stated as “faithful” and “trustworthy.” If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. This could mean: (1) Alternate translation: “Because Yahweh is faithful to his covenant and trustworthy he forgives people’s sins” or (2) Alternate translation: “Yahweh will forgive the sins of those who are faithful to the covenant and trustworthy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -16:6 sn15 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor people turn away from evil 0 The writer speaks of people no longer doing evil things as if they were turning away from evil. Alternate translation: “people stop doing evil things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -16:7 i6tc he makes 0 Alternate translation: “Yahweh makes” -16:8 u992 a large income 0 Alternate translation: “earning a lot of money” -16:8 a4dx with injustice 0 Alternate translation: “with wrongdoing” -16:9 wyx2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy In his heart a person plans out his way 0 Here the word “heart” represents the mind and thoughts. The writer speaks of a person’s actions as if the person were walking on a path. Alternate translation: “A person plans in his mind what he will do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -16:9 y8rt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Yahweh directs his steps 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh determining the outcome of a person’s plans as if Yahweh were telling that person where to walk. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -16:10 ak2q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Insightful decisions are on the lips of a king 0 Here the word “lips” is a metonym for what the king says. Alternate translation: “What a king says are insightful decisions” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -16:10 ul24 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche his mouth should not betray justice 0 The word “mouth” represents the king himself. Alternate translation: “he should not speak deceitfully when he judges” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -16:11 hb1i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Honest scales come from Yahweh 0 Yahweh requires justice and fairness when doing business. Dishonest people used heavier or lighter weights in their scales in order to gain more when buying or selling. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -16:11 c4kd all the weights in the bag are his work 0 Merchants carried their weights in bags. This could mean: (1) Yahweh has determined how much every weight must weigh or (2) Yahweh is concerned with every weight that a merchant uses. -16:12 tie4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive that is something to be despised 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that is something that people despise” or “that is something that Yahweh despises” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -16:12 yr8j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy for a throne is established by doing what is right 0 Here the word “throne” represents the king’s rule. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “for the king establishes his reign by doing what is right” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -16:13 sfa1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche lips that say what is right 0 Here the word “lips” represents the person who speaks. Alternate translation: “a person who speaks the truth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -16:14 lfm4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor A king’s wrath is a messenger of death 0 The writer speaks of an angry king causing someone to die as if the king’s wrath were a messenger that he sends out to kill someone. Alternate translation: “An angry king can put people to death” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -16:15 av7j General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nVerse 15 contrasts with verse 14. -16:15 f1pr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor In the light of a king’s face is life 0 The writer speaks of an expression of joy on the king’s face as if his face emitted light. Alternate translation: “When the king is cheerful, people live” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -16:15 a5n5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile his favor is like a cloud that brings a spring rain 0 The writer compares the king showing favor towards someone with a cloud that brings rain to make crops grow. Both promise blessing to those who receive them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -16:16 rgj4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations How much better it is to get wisdom than gold 0 This exclamation emphasizes that having wisdom is much better than having gold. Alternate translation: “It is much better to get wisdom than to get gold” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) -16:16 bn5c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive To get understanding should be chosen more than silver 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “A person should choose to get understanding more than to get silver” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -16:17 ffx6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The highway of upright people 0 The writer speaks of the lifestyle of upright people as if it were a well-built road, free of obstacles. Alternate translation: “The righteous way that upright people live” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -16:17 a2qn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor turns away from evil 0 The writer speaks of avoiding or no longer doing evil things as if it were turning away from evil. Alternate translation: “keeps them from doing evil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -16:18 qp3l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy a haughty spirit 0 Here the word “spirit” represents the person’s attitude and temperament. Alternate translation: “an arrogant attitude” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -16:18 yz53 a downfall 0 Alternate translation: “ruin” or “failure” -16:19 s4fk spoil 0 goods taken in battle -16:20 zg3i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive what they are taught 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “what someone has taught them” or “what they have learned” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -16:21 lrv9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive The one who is wise in heart is called discerning 0 This person will have a reputation of being a discerning person. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “People will call the one who is wise in heart discerning” or “The one who is wise in heart will have a reputation of being a discerning person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -16:21 hq6m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy The one who is wise in heart 0 Here the heart represents the mind and thoughts. Alternate translation: “The one who is wise” or “The one who is wise in his thinking” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -16:21 w5ly rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor sweetness of speech 0 The writer speaks of kind or pleasant speech as if it were something that tastes sweet. Alternate translation: “kind speech” or “pleasant speech” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -16:22 y5ux rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Understanding is a fountain of life 0 The writer speaks of “Understanding” as if it were a fountain that continuously flows with water and which sustains the life of those who drink from it. Alternate translation: “Understanding is like a fountain flowing with life-giving water” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -16:23 rbc8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy The heart of a wise person gives 0 Here the word “heart” represents the mind and thoughts. Alternate translation: “The thoughts of a wise person gives” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -16:23 qa4q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy gives insight to his mouth 0 Here the word “mouth” is a metonym for speech. Alternate translation: “makes his speech wise” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -16:23 i4qn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy to his lips 0 Here the word “lips” is a metonym for speech. Alternate translation: “to what he says” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -16:24 r6ef rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy sweet to the soul 0 Here, **soul** could mean: (1) it represents a person’s inward desires and pleasures. Alternate translation: “sweet enough to make a person happy” or (2) it can mean “throat” and is a metonym for a person’s tongue and ability to taste. Alternate translation: “sweet to a person’s taste” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -16:24 ye3n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche healing to the bones 0 Here the word “bones” represent a person’s body. Alternate translation: “healing to the body” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -16:25 v8l9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy There is a way that seems right to a man 0 The writer speaks of a person’s conduct or behavior as if it were a road on which the person is traveling. Alternate translation: “A person thinks that the way he is living is right” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -16:25 es6x but its end is the way to death 0 The word “its” refers to “way” in the previous line. This “way” is the road that leads to death. -16:26 fc7p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification The laborer’s appetite works for him 0 The writer speaks of the appetite as if it were a person who works on behalf of the laborer. This means that the person who labors is motivated by his desire to eat. Alternate translation: “The laborer works to satisfy his appetite” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -16:26 gb4l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification his hunger urges him on 0 The writer speaks of “hunger” as if it were a person who urges the laborer to continue working. Alternate translation: “he keeps on working because he is hungry” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -16:27 r16q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor A worthless person digs up mischief 0 The writer speaks of a person trying to find ways to harm other people as if that person were digging in the ground to find something buried. Alternate translation: “A worthless person looks for mischief as if he were digging for something in the ground” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -16:27 sga2 worthless 0 Alternate translation: “useless” or “wicked” -16:27 q5zk mischief 0 trouble -16:27 xs7m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile his speech is like a scorching fire 0 The writer compares the way this person’s words hurt others with the way that fire burns things. Alternate translation: “he hurts people with his words, like a fire scorches the things it touches” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -16:28 x2b5 a gossip 0 a person who gossips or spreads rumors -16:29 mk94 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit A man of violence lies to his neighbor 0 It is implied that this man lies to his neighbor in order to get his neighbor to join him in violent actions. Alternate translation: “A man of violence entices his neighbor” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -16:29 i6a5 A man of violence 0 Alternate translation: “A violent man” or “A man who practices violence” -16:29 f3dd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor leads him down a path that is not good 0 The writer speaks of a person’s actions as if they were a road on which the person walks. Alternate translation: “gets him to do things that are not good” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -16:29 m8qs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit a path that is not good 0 The writer uses an understatement to emphasize how bad this path is. Alternate translation: “a very bad path” or “a terrible path” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -16:30 p1tu The one who winks the eye & those who purse the lips 0 Both of these are facial gestures which people might use to signal their plans to others. See how you translated “winks the eye” in [Proverbs 10:10](../10/10.md). -16:30 wy6w will bring evil to pass 0 Alternate translation: “will do evil things” -16:31 aj89 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Gray hair is a crown of glory 0 The writer speaks of gray hair as if it were a crown. “Gray hair” is a metonym for old age. Alternate translation: “A person who has lived long enough to have gray hair is like one who wears a glorious crown on his head” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -16:31 y1am rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive it is gained 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “a person gains it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -16:32 x3rg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor one who rules his spirit 0 The writer speaks of a person being able to control his own temper and emotions as if he ruled over his spirit like a king rules his people. Alternate translation: “one who controls his temper” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -16:33 ei8c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive The lots are cast into the lap 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “A person throws the lots into his lap” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -16:33 js5x the decision is from Yahweh 0 This could mean: (1) Yahweh decides how the lots will land or (2) it is not the lots, but Yahweh who determines what will happen. -17:intro br3v 0 # Proverbs 17 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 17 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Themes\nThere are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -17:1 ecu4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy to have quiet 0 Here “quiet” refers to “peace.” Alternate translation: “to have peace” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -17:1 p2y8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis than a house full of feasting with strife 0 The words “to have” are understood from the previous phrase. They can be repeated. Alternate translation: “than to have a house full of feasting with strife” or “than to be in a house full of feasting where there is strife” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -17:3 fh66 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit The crucible is for silver and the furnace is for gold 0 This refers to how gold and silver are refined. A metal is refined by heating it to a high temperature so that it melts and the impurities may be removed. Alternate translation: “The crucible is used to refine silver and the furnace is used to refine gold” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -17:3 fi3n crucible 0 a pot in which metals are melted at a very high temperature -17:3 aq7i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Yahweh refines hearts 0 This speaks of Yahweh testing people to help them stop being evil and foolish as if their hearts were a metal that Yahweh was refining to remove everything that is impure. Alternate translation: “Yahweh tests peoples’ hearts” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -17:4 bar9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche wicked lips 0 The word **lips** can be translated as either: (1) a synecdoche for the person or (2) a metonym for the words that come out from those lips. Alternate translation: “a wicked person” or “wicked talk” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -17:4 cj9s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom gives ear 0 This idiom means “listens.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -17:4 ef8i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche destructive tongue 0 The word **tongue** can be translated as either: (1) a synecdoche for the person or (2) a metonym for the words that the tongue produces. Alternate translation: “a destructive person” or “destructive talk” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -17:5 a5ue rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the poor 0 This refers to poor people. Alternate translation: “those who are poor” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -17:5 gs4i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns his Maker 0 This is a name that refers to Yahweh. This is also an abstract noun that can be written as a verb. Alternate translation: “the one who made him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -17:5 dj8b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit at misfortune 0 This refers to the misfortune of others. Alternate translation: “at others’ misfortune” or “at other peoples’ troubles” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -17:6 y71i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor are the crown of 0 This speaks of older peoples’ grandchildren being a sign of honor for them as if their grandchildren were a crown. Alternate translation: “bring honor and respect to” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -17:6 v99u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the aged 0 This refers to older people. Alternate translation: “those who are older” or “older people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -17:7 i2ze Eloquent speech 0 Alternate translation: “Fine speech” or “Excellent speech” -17:7 clc1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche much less are lying lips suitable for royalty 0 This describes people lying as if it were actually their “lips” that were lying. Alternate translation: “even more it is not suitable for royalty to lie” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -17:8 mi9y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile A bribe is like a magic stone to the one who gives it 0 This speaks of a person’s bribe working by comparing it to a magical stone or amulet. Alternate translation: “A bribe works like a magical stone for the one who gives it” or “A bribe works like magic for the one who is giving the bribe” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -17:8 iq11 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom wherever he turns 0 Here “turning” refers to the various things the person does. Specifically, this refers to the different things the person does by bribery. Alternate translation: “in whatever he does” or “in everything he tries to do by giving bribes” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -17:9 nk6k an offense 0 an action or word that has hurt him -17:9 r2e2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit who repeats a matter 0 This refers to bringing up a past situation in which a friend was hurt or offended. Alternate translation: “who repeats a past offense” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -17:9 s8p6 alienates close friends 0 Alternate translation: “causes people to stop being close friends” or “causes close friends to stop liking each other” -17:10 dra2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor A rebuke goes deeper into a person & than a hundred blows go into a fool 0 This compares how a rebuke effects a man of understanding to how a beating effects a fool. This speaks of the effect on these people as if it could be measured by the depth that it goes into them. Alternate translation: “A rebuke has more effect on a person … than a hundred blows have on a fool” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -17:10 fs5v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns a person who has understanding 0 “a person who has good judgment.” The word “understand” can be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “a person who understands” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -17:10 hy6y a hundred blows go 0 Alternate translation: “a beating of a hundred blows goes” -17:11 rz73 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns seeks rebellion 0 The word “rebellion” can be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “seeks to rebel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -17:11 zqf6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive a cruel messenger will be sent against him 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “a cruel messenger will come against him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -17:11 suj6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom will be sent against him 0 To be “sent against” someone means to be sent to harm them. Alternate translation: “will be sent to harm him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -17:12 fk5m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive a bear robbed of her cubs 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “a bear who has just lost her cubs” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -17:12 j1ly rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns in his foolishness 0 The word “foolishness” can be expressed as an adjective. Alternate translation: “who is acting foolish” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -17:13 p537 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification evil will never leave his house 0 Here “evil” is spoken of as if it were a person who would not leave the man’s house. Here the word “house” may be taken literally, but it is also a metonym for his family. Alternate translation: “bad things will continue to happen to him and his family” or “bad things will never stop happening to him and his family” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -17:14 e1bw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile The beginning of conflict is like one who releases water everywhere 0 This compares how easily a conflict spreads to how spilled water flows everywhere. Alternate translation: “Starting a conflict is like pumping water and letting it run everywhere” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -17:14 al2h has broken out 0 Alternate translation: “starts”or “begins” -17:15 z95a acquits 0 justifies, declares someone not guilty -17:16 kk5n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Why should a fool pay money to learn about wisdom, when he has no ability to learn it? 0 This rhetorical question emphasizes that the fool should not do this. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “A fool should not pay money to learn about wisdom because he does not have the ability to learn it.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -17:17 az6z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit a brother is born for times of trouble 0 One of the purposes of a brother is to be there to help his brother or sister in times of trouble. Alternate translation: “a brother is there for times of trouble” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -17:18 f3yd no sense 0 Alternate translation: “no good judgement” -17:18 r6wn binding promises 0 This refers to promises that must be kept and are often a burden on the person who made them. -17:19 bpz3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit causes bones to be broken 0 This means that someone will trip on the threshold and break bones, probably in their foot. Alternate translation: “is sure to cause someone trip and break their the bones in their foot” or “is sure to cause someone to trip and injure himself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -17:20 a3mi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy who has a crooked heart 0 The “heart” represents a person’s feelings, attitudes and motivations. Alternate translation: “who is deceptive” or “who is dishonest” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -17:20 s659 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy has a perverse tongue 0 The “tongue” represents a person’s speech. Alternate translation: “speaks perversely” or “speaks wickedly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -17:20 qjp9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom falls into calamity 0 “falls into trouble” To “fall into” something means to get into that situation. Alternate translation: “will have calamity” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -17:22 b1n1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor A cheerful heart is good medicine 0 This speaks of a cheerful heart as being good medicine because it makes you feel better. Alternate translation: “A cheerful heart is like medicine that makes you feel better” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -17:22 ga2p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy A cheerful heart 0 The “heart” represents a person’s feelings, attitudes and motivations. Alternate translation: “Being cheerful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -17:22 u1vh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy a broken spirit 0 Here the “spirit” represents a person’s feelings and emotional state. A broken spirit refers to a poor emotional state. Alternate translation: “depression” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -17:22 gei3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy dries up the bones 0 A person’s bones represent their physical health and strength. If a person’s bones dry up it means that they are very sick and unhealthy. Alternate translation: “makes a person unhealthy and weak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -17:23 r7p6 to pervert the ways of justice 0 Alternate translation: “to prevent justice from being rendered” or “to pervert justice” -17:24 ba2e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor sets his face toward wisdom 0 This speaks of a person’s focus on acting wisely as if he were looking at wisdom. Alternate translation: “focuses on acting wisely” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -17:24 r7ww rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche the eyes of a fool are 0 This refers to a fool by his eyes to emphasize what he is focusing on. Alternate translation: “the fool is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -17:24 qef2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the ends of the earth 0 This speaks of a fool’s impossible dreams as if they were the ends of the earth to emphasize that they are unrealistic. Alternate translation: “strive for things that are as far from him as the ends of the earth” or “focus on impossible things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -17:25 cn74 A foolish son is a grief to his father 0 This speaks of a son causing his father grief as if the son himself were “grief.” Alternate translation: “A foolish son brings grief to his father” -17:25 mw1t A foolish son & and bitterness to the woman 0 This speaks of a son causing his mother bitterness as if the son himself were “bitterness.” Alternate translation: “A foolish son … and brings bitterness to the woman” -17:25 t9yj who bore him 0 Alternate translation: “who gave birth to him” -17:25 lm5j bitterness 0 emotional pain, sorrow -17:26 lw6w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes it is never good & neither is it good 0 These statements can be written in positive form. Alternate translation: “it is always wrong … and it is evil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -17:26 wfd1 the righteous person 0 Another possible meaning is “the innocent person,” anyone whom others have accused of a crime that he did not commit. -17:26 s7mg flog 0 whip severely -17:26 dj91 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns who have integrity 0 The word “integrity” can be expressed with the adjective “honest.” Alternate translation: “who are honest” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -17:27 je2b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit uses few words 0 This refers to the way he speaks. Alternate translation: “speaks with few words” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -17:28 b5ay rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Even a fool is thought to be wise 0 This can be written in active form. Alternate translation: “People even think a fool is wise” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -17:28 i81a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom keeps his mouth shut 0 This means that he does not speak. Alternate translation: “does not speak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -17:28 q1jm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive he is considered to be intelligent 0 This can be written in active form. Alternate translation: “people consider him to be intelligent” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -18:intro k5qz 0 # Proverbs 18 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 18 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Themes\n\nThere are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -18:1 n34r isolates himself 0 Alternate translation: “keeps away from other people” -18:1 vun3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification quarrels with all sound judgment 0 This speaks of a person disagreeing with sound judgment as if “sound judgment” were a person he fought with. Alternate translation: “he disagrees with all sound judgment” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -18:1 r3yq sound judgment 0 Alternate translation: “good judgment” or “wise choices” -18:2 u731 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes A fool finds no pleasure in understanding, but only 0 “A fool does not care about understanding, but only about” This means the fool considers “understanding” the opposite of pleasure. Alternate translation: “A fool detests understanding and only finds pleasure in” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -18:2 ey4y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit but only in revealing what is in his own heart 0 This means that the fool only finds pleasure in telling other people what he feels and desires in his heart. Alternate translation: “but only in telling others what is in his own heart” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -18:2 yp8r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy what is in his own heart 0 The contents of a person’s heart refers to the person’s thoughts and feelings. Alternate translation: “what he thinks” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -18:3 fw1y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification contempt comes with him—along with shame and reproach 0 Here “contempt,” “shame,” and “reproach” are spoken of as if they are people who accompany a wicked man. This could mean: (1) people show contempt towards the wicked man and cause him to feel shame and reproach. Alternate translation: “people feel contempt for him along with shame and reproach” or (2) the wicked man shows contempt for others and causes them to feel shame and reproach. Alternate translation: “he shows his contempt for other people and causes them to feel shame and reproach” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -18:3 ps5e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet shame and reproach 0 These two words have similar meaning and are used together to emphasize the “shame” felt by either the wicked man or other people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -18:4 izv2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism The words of a man’s mouth are deep waters; & the fountain of wisdom is a flowing stream 0 These two lines are parallel and it is implied that the man in the first line is a wise man. Alternate translation: “The words of a wise man’s mouth are deep waters; … the fountain of wisdom is a flowing stream” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -18:4 nv82 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The words of a man’s mouth are deep waters 0 This speaks of a wise man’s words being profound as if they were profound and as deep as deep waters. Alternate translation: “The words of a man’s mouth are as profound as deep waters” or “The words of a man’s mouth are deep and profound” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -18:4 mk4j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche a man’s mouth 0 Here the man is referred to by his mouth to emphasize what he says. Alternate translation: “of a man” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -18:4 mn87 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the fountain of wisdom is a flowing stream 0 This speaks of the source of wisdom being plentiful as if it were a gushing spring. The gushing of the spring is spoken of as if it were a flowing stream. Alternate translation: “the source of wisdom is as plentiful as the water of a gushing spring” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -18:5 fi7d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes It is not good to & to the righteous person 0 These phrases can be written in positive form. Alternate translation: “It is good to treat the wicked person as he deserves, and to be just to the righteous person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -18:6 p2qv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche A fool’s lips bring 0 Here the fool is referred to by his “lips” to emphasize what he says. Alternate translation: “what a fool says brings” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -18:6 w2xd bring 0 Alternate translation: “cause” -18:6 zxu7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor his mouth invites a beating 0 This speaks of the fool saying things that cause people to want to beat him as if he were inviting them to beat him. Alternate translation: “his mouth makes people want to beat him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -18:6 z4ii rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy his mouth 0 Here what the fool says is referred to as his “mouth.” Alternate translation: “what he says” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -18:7 iwj7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy A fool’s mouth & with his lips 0 Both of these phrases refer to what a fool says. Alternate translation: “What a fool says … by what he says” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -18:7 v6hu is his ruin 0 Alternate translation: “will ruin him” -18:7 e4r4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he ensnares himself 0 This speaks of the man causing problems and trouble for himself as if he were trapping himself like a man traps an animal. Alternate translation: “he will cause problems for himself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -18:8 iu3y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile The words of a gossip are like delicious morsels 0 This speaks of the words of a gossip being desirable to listen to as if they were delicious food to eat. Alternate translation: “The words of a gossip are desirable to listen to” or (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -18:8 vd95 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession The words of a gossip 0 This refers to what a gossiping person says. Alternate translation: “The words that a gossiping person speaks” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) -18:8 lms4 morsels 0 small bites of food -18:8 mr15 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor they go down into the inner parts of the body 0 This speaks of the words of a gossip going into a person’s mind and affecting his thoughts as if they were food that was going into his stomach. Alternate translation: “and they enter a person’s mind and affect his thoughts” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -18:9 uih2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor one who is slack in his work is a brother to the one who destroys 0 This speaks of the one who is slack being similar to the one who destroys as if they were actually related. Alternate translation: “is closely related to” or “is very similar to” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -18:9 i66j is slack 0 Alternate translation: “is lazy” or “is not interested” -18:9 mch5 the one who destroys the most 0 Alternate translation: “the one who destroys everything” or “the one who is always destructive” -18:10 ktq8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The name of Yahweh is a strong tower 0 This speaks of Yahweh protecting his people as if he were a strong tower in which they could take refuge. Alternate translation: “Yahweh protects like a strong tower” or “Yahweh protects his people like a strong tower” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -18:10 f4nm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy The name of Yahweh 0 Here Yahweh is referred to by his name. Alternate translation: “Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -18:10 dtz5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the righteous 0 This refers to righteous people. Alternate translation: “those who are righteous” or “righteous people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -18:10 gkx2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor runs into it and is safe 0 This speaks of people seeking safety from Yahweh and Yahweh protecting them as if he were a strong tower that they ran into for safety. Alternate translation: “run to him and they are safe” or “seek him and they are safe” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -18:11 vhu8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The wealth of the rich is his fortified city 0 This speaks of a rich person depending on his wealth as if his wealth were a fortified wall that protects him. Alternate translation: “The wealthy person depends on his wealth as a city depends on its fortified wall” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -18:11 bgq7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the rich 0 This refers to people who are rich. Alternate translation: “the rich person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -18:11 tz4b fortified city 0 a city with strong defenses like walls and towers -18:11 kei5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile in his imagination it is like a high wall 0 This speaks of the rich person believing his wealth will keep him safe like a high wall keeps those inside a city safe. Alternate translation: “he thinks it protects him as well as a high wall” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -18:12 r28e Before his downfall a person’s heart is proud 0 Alternate translation: “First a person’s heart is proud, but then comes his downfall” -18:12 uet1 downfall 0 This refers to a significant decline in a person’s reputation or health. -18:12 t2l5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche a person’s heart 0 Here a person is referred to by his heart to emphasize his thoughts and feelings. Alternate translation: “a person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -18:12 dy4x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns humility comes before honor 0 The word “humility” may be expressed as an adjective and the word “honor” may be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “a person must be humble before he can be honored” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -18:13 cj6q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns it is his folly and shame 0 The abstract nouns “folly” and “shame” may be expressed as adjectives. Alternate translation: “it is foolish of him, and he should be ashamed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -18:14 jnm1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche A person’s spirit will survive sickness 0 Here a person is referred to by his spirit to emphasize his attitude. Alternate translation: “A person who is hopeful will survive sickness” or “If a person is full of hope in his inner being, he will survive being sick” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -18:14 v3f4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion but a broken spirit who can bear it? 0 This is a rhetorical question, expecting the answer that few can bear it. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “but it is very hard to bear a broken spirit.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -18:14 b1vb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom a broken spirit 0 This refers to being depressed. Alternate translation: “being depressed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -18:15 e4fm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche The heart of the intelligent acquires 0 Here the intelligent person is referred to by his heart to emphasize his desires. Alternate translation: “The intelligent desire to acquire” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -18:15 p7l8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the intelligent 0 This refers to people who are intelligent. Alternate translation: “those who are intelligent” or “intelligent people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -18:15 ptl8 acquires 0 Alternate translation: “gains” or “obtains” -18:15 xwh7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the hearing of the wise seeks it out 0 Here the wise person is referred to by his hearing to emphasize what he desires to listen to. Alternate translation: “the wise seeks to learn about it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -18:15 a1ba rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the wise 0 This refers to people who are wise. Alternate translation: “those who are wise” or “wise people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -18:15 enq3 seeks it out 0 Here the word “it” refers to “knowledge” -18:16 zkj3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom may open the way 0 Here to “open the way” means to create an opportunity. Alternate translation: “may create an opportunity for him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -18:16 wr8f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom bring him before 0 This means to be allowed to see someone. Alternate translation: “let him meet” or “let him be introduced to” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -18:17 ct71 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal The first to plead his case 0 This refers to the person who pleads his case before his opponent pleads his case. Alternate translation: “The first person to plead his case” or “The person who pleads his case first” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -18:18 qs89 Casting the lot 0 Alternate translation: “Casting lots” -18:18 n3hk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit separates strong opponents 0 This refers to people who are fighting harshly over a dispute. When they are separated, they are no longer fighting over their dispute. Alternate translation: “causes opponents to stop fighting over their dispute” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -18:19 dcj5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor An offended brother is harder to be won than a strong city 0 This speaks of the difficulty of making peace with a brother you have offended by comparing it to the difficulty of winning a war against a strong city. Alternate translation: “If you offend your brother, finding a way to have peace with him again may be harder than waging a battle to win a city” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -18:19 zq5y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile quarreling is like the bars of a castle 0 This speaks of the difficulty of resolving quarreling by comparing it to the difficulty of breaking down the bars of a castle. Alternate translation: “resolving quarreling is as difficult as breaking down the bars of a castle” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -18:19 ef13 castle 0 a fortified palace -18:20 qaf4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism From the fruit of his mouth one’s stomach is filled; with the harvest of his lips he is satisfied 0 These two lines have the same meaning and are used together to emphasize what is said. They can be combined. Alternate translation: “A person is satisfied by the results of the good things that he says” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -18:20 h4tr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the fruit of his mouth 0 This speaks of the good things that a person says as if they were fruit that came from his mouth. Alternate translation: “his wise speech” or “his good words” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -18:20 p1z6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor one’s stomach is filled 0 This speaks of a person being satisfied or content by the result of what they have said as if they had eaten and become satisfied” Alternate translation: “a person is satisfied” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -18:20 r4ee rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the harvest of his lips 0 This speaks of the good things that a person says as if they were fruit that is harvested. Alternate translation: “his wise speech” or “his good words” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -18:20 x66t he is satisfied 0 Alternate translation: “he is pleased” -18:21 flt4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Death and life are controlled by the tongue 0 This can be written in active form. Alternate translation: “The tongue can lead to life of death” or “What people say can lead to life or death” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -18:21 n65f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy by the tongue & love the tongue 0 Here the “tongue” refers to speech. Alternate translation: “by what people say … love speaking” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -18:21 l141 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor will eat its fruit 0 This speaks of a person receiving the consequence for what he says as if the consequences were fruit that he receives. Alternate translation: “will receive its consequences” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -18:24 wg3n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive many friends is brought to ruin by them 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “many friends--they will bring him to ruin” or “many friends--his friends will destroy him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -18:24 zc7f comes closer than 0 Alternate translation: “is more faithful than” or “stays more loyal than” -19:intro nbz8 0 # Proverbs 19 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 19 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Themes\n\nThere are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -19:1 ev8n Better is a poor person 0 Alternate translation: “It is better to be a poor person” -19:1 bpi4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom who walks in his integrity 0 This is an idiom. Here walking refers to living. Alternate translation: “who lives in his integrity” or “who lives an honest life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -19:1 wj4i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns is perverse in speech 0 The word “speech” may be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “speaks perversely” or “speaks in an evil way” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -19:2 u1uj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit to have desire without knowledge 0 This refers to people trying to do something without the knowledge for how to correctly do it. Alternate translation: “to work hard without knowing what you are doing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -19:2 f2pu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the one who runs too fast misses the path 0 This speaks of a person doing something too quickly and making mistakes as if running too quickly and missing the path. Alternate translation: “the one who acts too quickly makes mistakes” or “the one who acts too quickly makes poor choices” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -19:3 ivv9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche his heart rages 0 Here a person is referred to by his “heart” to emphasize his emotions. Alternate translation: “he rages” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -19:4 q8uv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Wealth adds many friends 0 This means that a person who is wealthy will have many friends because wealth attracts people. The full meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: “Those who are wealthy easily find many friends” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -19:4 v5qy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit a poor person is separated from his friends 0 A poor person is separated from many of his friends because of his poverty. The meaning of this can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “poverty causes a person to lose his friends” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -19:5 l99e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives A false witness will not go unpunished 0 This can be written in positive and active form. Alternate translation: “They will certainly punish a false witness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -19:5 i2ws rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes he who breathes out lies will not escape 0 This means that he will be captured. Alternate translation: “they will capture the one who breathes out lies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -19:5 q13j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom breathes out lies 0 This is an idiom. Here “breathes” refers to lying constantly. See how you translated this phrase in [Proverbs 6:19](../06/19.md). Alternate translation: “constantly lies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -19:6 gms6 a generous person 0 someone who often gives away things -19:6 q978 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole everyone is a friend 0 The word “everyone” is an exaggeration. Alternate translation: “it seems that everyone is a friend” or “almost everyone is a friend” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -19:7 vs3i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit how much more do his friends who go far away from him! 0 This phrase is an exclamation to show that this is more likely than the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “therefore his friends will certainly hate him and go far away from him!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -19:8 ll4q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy loves his own life 0 Here the person is referred to by his “life” to emphasize himself being alive. Alternate translation: “loves himself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -19:8 v9e9 keeps understanding 0 Alternate translation: “has understanding” -19:9 phm9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives A false witness will not go unpunished 0 This can be written in positive and active form. See how you translated this phrase in [Proverbs 19:5](../19/05.md). Alternate translation: “They will certainly punish a false witness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -19:9 a1nm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom breathes out lies 0 This figure of speech uses “breathes” to refer to lying constantly. See how you translated this phrase in [Proverbs 6:19](../06/19.md). Alternate translation: “constantly lies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -19:10 f4zn It is not fitting 0 Alternate translation: “It is not right” -19:10 pq5q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis much less for a slave 0 The words “it is” and “fitting” are understood from the previous phrase. They can be repeated. Alternate translation: “it is much less fitting for a slave” or “it is even worse for a slave” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -19:11 ah27 Discretion makes a person slow to anger 0 Alternate translation: “A person who has discretion is slow to become angry” -19:11 j1li Discretion 0 This means to know what should be done in a particular situation. See how you translated this word in [Proverbs 1:4](../01/04.md). -19:11 p96c it is his glory to overlook 0 Alternate translation: “it will bring him glory to overlook” or “others will consider it honorable if he overlooks” -19:11 gc21 to overlook 0 to forget on purpose -19:12 vbv5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile The wrath of the king is like the roaring of a young lion 0 Here the lion’s roaring refers to attacking. The wrath of a king is compared to the unpredictable and dangerous attack of a young lion. Alternate translation: “The wrath of the king is as dangerous as the attack of a young lion” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -19:12 m29g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile but his favor is like dew on the grass 0 The favor of the king is compared to the refreshing water that appears on grass in the morning. Alternate translation: “but his favor is refreshing like dew on grass” or “but his favor is refreshing like the dew on the ground in the morning” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -19:13 v325 is ruin to his father 0 Alternate translation: “will ruin a father” -19:13 s1nw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor a quarreling wife is a constant dripping of water 0 This speaks of an annoying wife as if she were the constant dripping of water. Alternate translation: “a quarreling wife is as annoying and distracting as a constant dripping of water” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -19:13 l7wk a quarreling wife 0 Alternate translation: “an arguing wife” or “a disagreeing wife” -19:14 t54q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive A house and wealth are inherited from parents 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Children inherit a house and wealth from their parents” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -19:14 csr4 prudent 0 See how you translated this word in [Proverbs 12:23](../12/23.md). -19:14 jw8q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive a prudent wife is from Yahweh 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh gives a prudent wife” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -19:15 ye6v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification Laziness throws a person into a deep sleep 0 This speaks of how laziness causes a person to sleep a lot as if laziness forcefully throws the person into sleep. Alternate translation: “Laziness makes a person sleep a lot” or “A lazy person sleeps a lot” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -19:15 jcb5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom go hungry 0 This is an idiom which means to not eat. Alternate translation: “not eat” or “be hungry” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -19:16 xr2k the command 0 Alternate translation: “the command that he was taught” -19:16 v2yl guards his life 0 Alternate translation: “protects his life” -19:16 ik59 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom his ways 0 This is an idiom which refers to how he lives. Alternate translation: “the way that he lives” or “how he lives” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -19:17 zw6r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Whoever is kind to the poor lends to Yahweh 0 Yahweh considers kindness shown to the poor to be kindness shown to him. One of the ways people are kind to the poor is by giving. Alternate translation: “The person who gives to the poor is giving to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -19:17 qx9d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the poor 0 This refers to poor people. Alternate translation: “those who are poor” or “poor people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -19:18 nw29 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit while there is hope 0 This refers to while the child is young and will still accept discipline and instruction. The full meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: “while he is young” or “while he can still be taught” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -19:18 md5c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit and do not set your desire on putting him to death 0 This could mean: (1) this phrase describes punishing your child. Alternate translation: “but do not punish him so severely that he might die” or (2) this phrase describes what it is like if you do not punish your child. Alternate translation: “for if you do not punish him you are helping him destroy himself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -19:18 hky1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom set your desire on putting him 0 This idiom means to be determined to cause something to happen. Alternate translation: “be determined to put him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -19:19 n85t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom A hot-tempered person 0 This idiom refers to a person who is easily angered. Alternate translation: “A person who does not control his temper” or “A person who becomes angry quickly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -19:19 f2vs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom must pay the penalty 0 This refers to the person bearing the consequences for what happens when he gets angry. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “must bear the consequences of his anger” or “must bear the consequences of what he does in his anger” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -19:19 s1da rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit if you rescue him 0 “if you save him.” This refers to rescuing him when he has acted out of his anger. The meaning of this can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “if you rescue him after he has had an outburst” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -19:19 dnq3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal a second time 0 “another time” or “again” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -19:20 gby8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Listen to advice and accept instruction 0 These two phrases mean basically the same and are repeated to emphasize how important it is. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -19:20 egn7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Listen to advice 0 This is an idiom. Here “listening” does not mean to merely listen, but to learn from the advice you are given and to follow it. Alternate translation: “Pay attention to advice” or “Follow advice” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -19:21 c7qg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy in a person’s heart 0 Here the “heart” is used to refer to the “mind” to emphasize a person’s desire. Alternate translation: “in a person’s mind” or “that a person desires” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -19:21 f82d the purpose of Yahweh 0 Alternate translation: “Yahweh’s purpose” or “Yahweh’s plans” -19:21 q568 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom that will stand 0 This idiom means to “happen.” Alternate translation: “that will happen” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -19:23 x7qy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Honor for Yahweh leads people to life; anyone who has it will be satisfied 0 This means that they will live a long time if they honor Yahweh. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “Those who honor Yahweh will live a long time; anyone who honors Yahweh will be satisfied” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -19:23 h31x anyone who has it 0 Here the word “it” refers to “honor for Yahweh.” -19:23 gyg5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive satisfied and not afflicted by harm 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “satisfied; nothing will harm him” or “satisfied; he will be safe” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -19:24 wf2e sluggard 0 See how you translated this word in [Proverbs 10:26](../10/26.md). -19:24 r5yj buries his hand in the dish 0 “dips his hand in the dish” or “puts his hand in his plate.” In the Biblical culture people usually ate with their hands as people do in many cultures today. -19:24 r3ts rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit he will not even bring it back up to his mouth 0 He does not bring his hand back to his mouth because he is too lazy. Alternate translation: “but he is too lazy to bring his hand up to his mouth to feed himself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -19:25 svj3 Strike a mocker, and the naive person 0 Alternate translation: “If you strike a mocker, the naive person” -19:25 k69j Strike a mocker 0 Alternate translation: “Punish a mocker” -19:25 zh2b naive person 0 Alternate translation: “inexperienced person” or “immature person” -19:25 v49d prudent 0 See how you translated this word in [Proverbs 12:23](../12/23.md). -19:25 m391 discipline one who is discerning, and 0 Alternate translation: “if you discipline one who is discerning,” -19:25 wwq5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns he will gain knowledge 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **knowledge**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “know.” Alternate translation: “he will know more” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -19:26 g233 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit brings shame and reproach 0 This could mean: (1) he brings it to himself. Alternate translation: “brings shame and reproach to himself” or (2) he brings it to his family. Alternate translation: “brings shame and reproach to his family” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -19:27 n4av rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy If you cease to hear instruction 0 Here “listening and obeying” is spoken of as if it were “hearing.” Alternate translation: “If you stop paying attention to instruction” or “If you stop obeying instruction” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -19:27 s24z you will stray from 0 Alternate translation: “you will abandon” or “you will turn your back on” -19:27 y3ln the words of knowledge 0 Alternate translation: “knowledge” -19:28 d2w1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the mouth of the wicked swallows iniquity 0 This speaks of how wicked people enjoy doing evil by saying that they swallow iniquity as easily as they swallow food. Alternate translation: “the wicked enjoy doing evil as much as they enjoy eating food” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -19:28 aq9f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche the mouth of the wicked swallows 0 The phrase “the mouth of the wicked” represents wicked people. Alternate translation: “wicked people swallow” or “the wicked swallow” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -19:28 g9y4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the wicked 0 This refers to wicked people. Alternate translation: “the wicked person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -19:29 d4f3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns Condemnation is ready for mockers and flogging for 0 The words “condemnation” and “flogging” may be expressed as verbs. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is ready to condemn mockers and to flog” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -19:29 ray2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis flogging for the backs of fools 0 The words “is ready” are understood from the previous phrase and may be repeated. Alternate translation: “flogging is ready for the backs of fools” or “he is ready to flog the backs” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -19:29 r21d flogging 0 beating with a whip or stick -20:intro e8g2 0 # Proverbs 20 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 20 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Themes\n\nThere are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -20:1 p893 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Wine is a mocker and strong drink is a brawler 0 These two phrases mean basically the same thing and are combined to emphasize the danger of too much alcohol. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -20:1 v7zx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Wine is a mocker 0 Here “wine” refers to the person who is drunk with wine. Alternate translation: “A person who is drunk with wine mocks” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -20:1 qa7m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy strong drink is a brawler 0 Here “strong drink” refers to a person who is drunk with strong drink. Alternate translation: “a person who is drunk with strong drink starts fights” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -20:1 c6m7 a brawler 0 a person who fights noisily, usually in a public place -20:1 ne6h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive whoever is led astray by drink is not wise 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “whoever drinks until they can no longer think clearly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -20:1 g7rv by drink 0 Here “drink” refers to alcoholic drinks -20:1 k4sv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes is not wise 0 This means the opposite of “wise” which is “foolish.” Alternate translation: “is foolish” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -20:2 p628 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile The fear of a king is like the fear of a young lion that is roaring 0 This compares how people fear a king’s wrath to how they fear a young roaring lion. Alternate translation: “The king’s wrath makes people as afraid as if they were facing a young lion roaring at them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -20:2 xa6x makes him angry 0 Alternate translation: “makes the king angry” -20:2 rl5y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism forfeits his life 0 This refers to being killed. “Life” here refers to physical life. Alternate translation: “will die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -20:3 ru7h It is an honor 0 “It is honorable.” This means that a person will be honored. -20:3 gf5b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor every fool jumps into an argument 0 This speaks of entering an argument quickly as if the argument were something the fool physically jumped into. Alternate translation: “every fool quickly gets into an argument” or “every fool is quick to join an argument” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -20:4 cva3 plow 0 to prepare land for planting -20:4 tdr6 in autumn 0 Alternate translation: “during the season for planting crops” -20:4 z5wi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit but will have nothing 0 This means that there will be nothing growing in his field for him to harvest. Alternate translation: “but will have nothing to harvest” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -20:5 f8de rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile The purpose in a human heart is like deep water 0 This speaks of how difficult it is to understand the reasons for a person’s actions by comparing it to the difficulty of reaching the water in a deep well. Alternate translation: “It is as difficult to understand the purpose in the human heart as it is to reach the water in a deep well” or “The purpose of in the human heart is very difficult to understand” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -20:5 qr3j someone with understanding 0 Alternate translation: “a person who has understanding” -20:5 fk7w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor will draw it out 0 This speaks of figuring out the purpose of the human heart as if it was water being drawn from a deep well. Alternate translation: “will cause the purpose to be known” or “will figure it out” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -20:6 lmq9 is loyal 0 Alternate translation: “is faithful” or “is trustworthy” -20:6 xut9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion but who can find one who is faithful? 0 The implicit answer is “few can find someone like that.” This rhetorical question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “but few men can find a person who is faithful!” or “but it is hard to find a person who really is faithful!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -20:7 s7th rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom walks in his integrity 0 Here walking refers to living. See how you translated this phrase in [Proverbs 19:1](../19/01.md). Alternate translation: “lives by his integrity” or “lives an honest life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -20:7 y2ed rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit his sons who follow after him 0 This simply means that they “follow after him” since they are younger than he and his children. If this phrase is awkward in your language it may be left to be implied. Alternate translation: “his sons after him” or “his sons” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -20:8 j9up rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor is winnowing with his eyes all the evil that is before him 0 This speaks of the king judging between various types of evil as if he were separating them as a person winnows grain. Alternate translation: “sees and sorts the different kinds of evils that are brought before him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -20:9 p5m8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Who can say, “I have kept my heart pure; I am clean from my sin”? 0 The implicit answer to this question is, “No one can say that.” This rhetorical question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one can say that his heart is clean and that he is free from sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -20:9 s43m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy my heart 0 Here a person’s “heart” refers to his thoughts and desires. Alternate translation: “my thoughts” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -20:9 d5hx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor clean 0 A person who God considers spiritually acceptable is spoken of as if the person where physically clean. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -20:9 xb5x I am clean from my sin 0 Alternate translation: “I am without sin” or “I have not sinned” -20:11 yym3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Even a youth is known by his actions 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “People know a young man by his actions” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -20:11 m4db whether his conduct is pure and upright 0 Alternate translation: “whether his conduct is pure and upright or not” -20:11 xm83 his conduct 0 Alternate translation: “his deeds” or “what he does” -20:11 we5b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet pure and upright 0 These two words basically mean the same thing and emphasize how good this young person is. They can be combined into one word if necessary. Alternate translation: “pure” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -20:13 h9et rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom come to poverty 0 The phrase “come to” here means to transition into a new situation; to become. Alternate translation: “become poor” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -20:13 ee3x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy open your eyes 0 Here “opening one’s eyes” is spoken of as “being awake.” Alternate translation: “stay awake” or “be alert” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -20:14 zh4l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit “Bad! Bad!” says the buyer, but when he goes away he boasts 0 Here a buyer is criticizing what someone is selling to get a low price from him. After he buys he boasts about the good price that he pursuaded the seller to give him. The full meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: “‘Bad! Bad!’ says the buyer criticizing the seller’s wares, but after he buys he goes away he boasting about the low price that he paid” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -20:15 cv2k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor lips of knowledge are a precious jewel 0 This speaks of the value of lips of knowledge by comparing them to a precious jewel. Alternate translation: “lips of knowledge are as valuable as an expensive jewel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -20:15 tt4d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy lips of knowledge 0 Here “words” are referred to as “lips.” Alternate translation: “wise words” or “words of knowledge” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -20:16 sn35 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Take a garment of one who has put up security for a stranger 0 When lending money, the lender would take something from the borrower, such as a garment, as a guarantee of repayment. He would return it after the money was repaid. If the borrower was too poor, someone else could give something to the lender as a guarantee for him. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “Take a garment as security from the one who guarantees that what a stranger has borrowed will be paid back” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -20:16 cv1m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom puts up security 0 This is an idiom. It means that someone gives something to a lender as a guarantee that what was borrowed will be paid. Alternate translation: “guarantees that what has been borrowed will be paid back” or “promises to pay a loan” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -20:16 e647 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom hold it in pledge 0 This is an idiom. To “hold something in pledge” means to hold on to something that someone has given as a pledge, or promise, that he will pay a debt. Alternate translation: “hold onto his coat as a guarantee of repayment” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -20:17 zi4r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Bread gained by deceit 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Bread that someone gained by deceit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -20:17 gjt2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns by deceit 0 The word “deceit” can be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “by deceiving others” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -20:17 lnt5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Bread 0 Here “bread” refers to food in general. Alternate translation: “Food” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -20:17 fz1i tastes sweet 0 Alternate translation: “tastes good” -20:17 tu5a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor but afterward his mouth will be full of gravel 0 This speaks of the food tasting unpleasant as if his mouth were actually full of gravel instead of food. Alternate translation: “but afterwards it tastes like gravel in his mouth” or “but soon it tastes like sand in his mouth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -20:17 du9w gravel 0 small pieces of rock -20:18 mjl4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Plans are established by advice 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “People establish plans based on advice” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -20:19 i4ch A gossip 0 This means someone who gossips a lot. -20:19 i2mb you should not associate with 0 Alternate translation: “you should not be friends with” -20:20 v9ff If a person curses 0 This means if a someone express a desire that bad things will happen to someone else. -20:20 el23 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor his lamp will be snuffed out in the middle of darkness 0 This speaks of a person dying suddenly and unexpectedly as if his life were a lamp snuffed out in the dark. Alternate translation: “his life will end as suddenly as the light of a lamp that is snuffed out in the dark” or “he will die suddenly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -20:20 e6a4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive his lamp will be snuffed out 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “his lamp will go out” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -20:20 un31 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche his lamp 0 This refers to a lamp with a burning flame. Here the lamp’s flame is referred to as the lamp itself. Alternate translation: “the flame of his lamp” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -20:20 a13a snuffed out 0 to cause a flame to go out -20:21 mk5b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit at the beginning 0 This refers to a person receiving his inheritance before he is supposed to receive it. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “before the right time” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -20:22 pj94 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom I will pay you back 0 This means to do wrong to someone because they have done wrong to you. Alternate translation: “I will punish you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -20:22 ti5g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Wait for Yahweh 0 This means to have faith that Yahweh will deal with the situation. Alternate translation: “Have faith in Yahweh” or “Hope in Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -20:23 x2rc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Yahweh hates unequal weights and dishonest scales are not good 0 These two phrases basically mean the same thing and are combined to emphasize how bad this is. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -20:24 re6n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive A person’s steps are directed by Yahweh 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh directs a person’s steps” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -20:24 i9ej rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche A person’s steps 0 This refers to the various things a person does. Alternate translation: “A person’s actions” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -20:24 mfy9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion how then can he understand his way? 0 The implicit answer is that he cannot understand it. This rhetorical question may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “therefore, a person cannot understand his way” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -20:24 s44t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom understand his way 0 This is an idiom. The phrase “his way” refers to the person’s life. Alternate translation: “understand why some things happen in his life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -20:25 qfw5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor It is a snare 0 This speaks of something being dangerous as if it were a trap or a snare. Alternate translation: “It is dangerous” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -20:25 x37x to say rashly 0 to say something quickly and without careful consideration of what it might mean -20:25 tt8z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit making his vow 0 The person has made a vow declaring that something is holy and dedicated to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “dedicating it to Yahweh” or “declaring it holy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -20:26 cgd9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor winnows the wicked 0 This speaks of the king separating the wicked people as if they were grain that he was winnowing. Alternate translation: “separates the wicked” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -20:26 m44h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the wicked 0 This refers to wicked people. Alternate translation: “those who are wicked” or “the wicked people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -20:26 rs2y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he turns a threshing wheel over them 0 This speaks of the king punishing the wicked as if he were driving a threshing wheel over them. Alternate translation: “he severely punishes them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -20:26 sy6b threshing wheel 0 “threshing cart.” This is a tool used to crush grain and help separate it from the chaff. -20:27 x5vx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The spirit of a person is the lamp of Yahweh, searching all his inmost parts 0 This speaks of a person’s spirit as if it were a lamp. A person’s spirit helps him to understand his inner self. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has given us a spirit to understand our deepest selves, just as a lamp makes you see in the dark” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -20:28 f9he rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness preserve the king 0 The abstract nouns “faithfulness” and “trustworthiness” can be stated as “faithful” and “trustworthy.” This can also be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The king preserves himself by being trustworthy and faithful to the covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -20:28 dyd6 preserve the king 0 keep the king safe from harm -20:28 dym8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy his throne is made secure by love 0 Here “throne” represents the king’s power to rule. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **love**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Also, If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “a king ensures that he will rule for a long time by loving others” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -20:30 g7u1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Blows that make a wound cleanse away evil and beatings make the innermost parts clean 0 Both statements mean the same thing and are repeated for emphasis. Using physical punishment to correct a person is spoken of as if the evil were dirt and the beatings cleansed him. Alternate translation: “Beating a person who has done wrong will correct him and cause him to be a better person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -21:intro ge8s 0 # Proverbs 21 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 21 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Themes\n\nThere are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -21:1 w5md rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The king’s heart is a stream of water in the hand of Yahweh 0 The writer speaks of the king’s heart as if it were an irrigation ditch in a dry area through which people direct water to plants that need it. Alternate translation: “Yahweh controls the king’s heart as a man directs water for irrigation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -21:1 t1m8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy The king’s heart 0 The heart is a metaphor for what a person thinks and what he wants to do. Alternate translation: “The king’s thoughts and actions” or “What the king thinks and what he wants to do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -21:2 yz3c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Every person’s way is right in his own eyes 0 The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. The writer speaks of what a person does as if it that person were walking down a path. Alternate translation: “Every person thinks that what he does is good” or “Every person judges what he does as good” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -21:2 xmb4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor who weighs the hearts 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh deciding whether a person desires to do what is right as if Yahweh were looking at a physical object and deciding whether it is of good quality. Alternate translation: “who will judge the motives” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -21:3 qs6t To do what is right 0 Alternate translation: “To do what Yahweh thinks is right” -21:3 ezq6 To do what is & just 0 Alternate translation: “To treat people the way Yahweh wants people to treat other people” -21:3 f31f just is more acceptable to Yahweh 0 Alternate translation: “just—Yahweh wants this more” -21:4 ps7v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Haughty eyes and a proud heart 0 The words “eyes” and “heart” are synecdoches for a person who considers himself better than other people and wants other people to know it. Alternate translation: “People who want others to think that they are better than other people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -21:4 xvr4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Haughty eyes 0 This is a synecdoche for a person who wants others to know that he thinks he is better than they are. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -21:4 gk4s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche proud heart 0 This is a synecdoche for a person who thinks he is better than others. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -21:4 y68u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the lamp of the wicked 0 The things that help the wicked are spoken of as a lamp. Alternate translation: “the things that help a wicked person like a lamp helps to see in the dark” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -21:5 mmd8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the diligent 0 This nominal adjective can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “a diligent man” or “a man who works hard” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -21:5 xi4l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns comes only to poverty 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **poverty**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “only becomes poor” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -21:6 vsi8 Acquiring riches 0 Alternate translation: “Gaining wealth” -21:6 bc5d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy a lying tongue 0 The tongue is a metonym for the words a person uses the tongue to speak. Alternate translation: “speaking lies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -21:6 w3kd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor a fleeting vapor 0 The writer likens the riches a person gains by lying to a mist that quickly goes away in the morning. Alternate translation: “a disappearing mist” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -21:6 l9ag rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor a snare that kills 0 The writer speaks of the riches that a person gains by lying as if it were the bait in a hunter’s trap; the word “snare” is a metonym for the bait that attracts the animal into the snare. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -21:7 zn7h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification The violence of the wicked will drag them away 0 The writer speaks as though violence were a person who could drag other people away. God will punish wicked people who harm their innocent neighbors. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -21:7 ce4f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns violence of the wicked 0 Here, **violence** refers to violent deeds or things people do to harm their innocent neighbors. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **violence**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. The word **wicked** is a nominal adjective that refers to wicked people. Alternate translation: “The violent actions of wicked people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -21:7 i5j5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit drag them away 0 This phrase refers to dragging a net through water to catch fish. The wicked being destroyed by their own actions is spoken of as if their actions trapped them in a net like one would catch fish. AT “drag them away like fish” or “destroy them as easily as one catches fish in a net” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -21:8 qgr2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom The way of a guilty person is crooked 0 This compares the way one lives to a crooked road one may travel. This is also an idiom. Alternate translation: “The way a guilty person lives is crooked” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -21:8 y9c2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor crooked 0 Here “crooked” means bent or not straight. This is a metaphor for morally wrong. Alternate translation: “wrong” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -21:9 gff3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit a corner of the roof 0 Houses in those days had flat roofs. Ancient Israelites spent much time on their roofs, where it was often cooler than inside the house, and sometimes people would build a shelter large enough for a person to sleep in on one corner of the roof. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -21:9 j9e1 quarrelsome wife 0 Alternate translation: “wife who often argues and complains” -21:10 x3rs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification The appetite of the wicked craves evil 0 The writer speaks of a person’s appetite, the physical desire for food and drink, as if it were a person who could desire something. The word “wicked” is a nominal adjective that refers to evil people, and the word “evil” is a nominal adjective that refers to evil deeds. Alternate translation: “Evil people desire to do evil deeds just as they desire to eat and drink” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -21:10 a2dz craves 0 desires strongly -21:10 d5qd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom his neighbor finds no favor in his eyes 0 The idiom to “find favor” means to have someone approve of and act kindly towards the one who finds favor. Also, the eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents a person’s thoughts and attitude towards another person. Alternate translation: “his neighbor does not receive favor from him” or “he does not act kindly towards his neighbor” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -21:11 rd8s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive When the mocker is punished 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “When someone punishes the mocker” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -21:11 a11r the naive 0 Alternate translation: “those who have no experience” or “those who are not mature” -21:11 a6a5 the mocker 0 Alternate translation: “the person who mocks others” -21:11 m512 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive when the wise person is instructed 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “when someone instructs the wise person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -21:11 ylu9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor lays hold of knowledge 0 Here knowledge is spoken of as if it were an object that someone could grasp and keep for himself. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -21:12 t3bj The righteous 0 This could mean: (1) any righteous person or (2) “Yahweh the one who is righteous.” -21:12 bc3u watches the house 0 Alternate translation: “pays careful attention to the house” “looks to see what happens to the house” -21:12 tem1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he brings wicked people to disaster 0 Here disaster is spoken of as if it were a place that someone could be brought to. Alternate translation: “he destroys them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -21:13 uc5n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom The one who shuts his ears to the cry of the poor 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “The one who will not listen when poor people ask for help” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -21:13 iv38 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy he will not be answered 0 The word “answered” is a metonym for a person hearing another person ask for help and acting to help. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one will do anything to help him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -21:14 h1vz appeases anger 0 Alternate translation: “makes an angry person feel better so he is no longer angry” -21:15 p2ln rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns When justice is done 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **justice**, you could express the same idea with a noun phrase. These words can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “When rulers do what is just” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -21:16 cj4z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom wanders from the way of understanding 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “no longer lives wisely” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -21:16 t6m2 he will rest in the assembly of the dead 0 Alternate translation: “he will remain in the assembly of dead spirits” -21:18 mh2v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor is ransom for 0 The word “ransom” is a metaphor for one person who takes the place of another person. Here the person who does what is wrong is punished instead of the person who does what is right. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -21:18 qt7k the treacherous 0 a person who harms those who trust him by lying and otherwise dealing falsely -21:18 n28n upright people 0 Alternate translation: “righteous people” or “honest people” or “just people” -21:20 r84p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj wise 0 This nominal adjective can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “wise person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -21:20 nw25 swallows it all up 0 Alternate translation: “uses it all for no good purpose” or “wastes it” -21:22 d84j scales the city 0 Alternate translation: “climbs up and over the wall that surrounds the city” -21:22 v5jk the city of the mighty ones 0 Alternate translation: “a city in which mighty men are living” or “a city of mighty warriors” -21:22 p6cm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom he brings down 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “he destroys” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -21:22 w292 the stronghold in which they trusted 0 Alternate translation: “the walls and towers around the city that they did not think anyone would be able to get past into the city, so they felt safe” -21:23 xw3q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet Whoever guards his mouth and tongue 0 Both “mouth” and “tongue” refer to what a person says. Alternate translation: “Whoever is careful in what he says” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -21:24 c77j The proud and haughty person & acts with arrogant pride 0 Alternate translation: “You can expect a proud and haughty people to act with arrogant pride” -21:24 m76a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet proud and haughty 0 These two words mean basically the same thing and emphasize how prideful the person is. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -21:24 rf25 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy “Mocker” is his name 0 The word “name” is a metonym for what people would call him. Alternate translation: “a mocker is what you should call him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -21:25 pzb9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification The desire of the lazy kills him 0 The writer speaks of what a person wants as if it were a person who could kill a lazy person. Here the lazy person wants to be idle and not work. Alternate translation: “A lazy person only wants to be idle, and because of that he will die” or “A lazy person will die because he does not want to work” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -21:25 dt4f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche his hands refuse 0 The hand is a synecdoche for the person. Alternate translation: “he refuses” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -21:26 vgt6 craves 0 desires strongly -21:26 es9x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes gives and does not hold back 0 The phrase “does not hold back” can be stated positively, and what he gives can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “gives everything he should” or “gives generously” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -21:27 fq9a The sacrifice of the wicked is detestable 0 The writer does not mention Yahweh here, as in [Proverbs 15:8](../15/08.md), but the reader should understand that it is Yahweh who detests the sacrifice of the wicked. -21:27 l3le rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the wicked 0 The nominal adjective “wicked” can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “the wicked person” or “wicked people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -21:27 iy31 it is even more detestable 0 Alternate translation: “Yahweh detests the sacrifice even more” -21:28 h8d4 will speak for all time 0 This is because people will never forget what he said. -21:29 z6tg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom makes his face hard 0 This could mean: (1) “pretends to be courageous” or (2) “will not listen to correction.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -21:29 ts1r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor is certain about his ways 0 A person’s actions are spoken of as if they were a path upon which the person walks. Alternate translation: “is certain about what he does” or “is confident about what he does” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -21:30 n8kt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns There is no wisdom, there is no understanding, and there is no advice that 0 The words “there is” are repeated to emphasize the abstract nouns “wisdom,” “understanding,” and “advice.” Yahweh is greater than anything that anyone can know or think or say. Your language may require that you not repeat “there is no.” The abstract nouns can be translated as adjectives or verbs. Alternate translation: “There is no wise person, there is no one who understands anything, and there is no one who tells others what to do who” or “There is no wisdom, understanding, or advice that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -21:30 k3pe stand against Yahweh 0 Alternate translation: “defeat Yahweh” or “work against what Yahweh wants to do” or “show that he is right and Yahweh is wrong” -21:31 j1hq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive The horse is prepared for the day of battle 0 These words can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Soldiers prepare horses for the day of battle” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -21:31 i6w8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom the day of battle 0 The word “day” refers to time that may be longer or shorter than a day. Alternate translation: “when there is a battle” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -22:intro t5zj 0 # Proverbs 22 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 22 ends the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.\n\nThe second half of this chapter and the first half of the next chapter are attributed to the “Wise Men.” The exact identity of the men is unknown.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Themes\n\nThere are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n### Rhetorical questions\n\nWith this new section of proverbs, the author begins to use many rhetorical questions. The obvious answers should convince the reader. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -22:1 but9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive A good name is to be chosen over great riches 0 These words can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “A person should choose a good name rather than great riches” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -22:1 m8c7 A good name 0 Alternate translation: “To have others think that one is a good person” -22:3 nt9p A prudent man 0 “A man who is wise” or “A man who has good sense.” See how you translated “prudent” in [Proverbs 12:16](../12/16.md). -22:3 cm2a the naive 0 Alternate translation: “the inexperienced and immature” -22:5 e8f6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Thorns and snares lie in the path of the perverse 0 The writer speaks of the way perverse people live as if it were a path on which the perverse will have trouble because of the natural “thorns” and man-made “snares.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -22:5 r2h1 snares 0 traps to catch animals -22:5 dku9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the perverse 0 This nominal adjective can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “perverse people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -22:5 f1ap rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor whoever guards his life 0 A person doing what he needs to do so he can live a long time is spoken of as if that person were keeping thieves away from a physical object. Alternate translation: “people who want to live a long time” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -22:6 je4e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the way he should go 0 How a person lives is spoken of as if it were a path on which he walks. Alternate translation: “how he should live” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -22:7 dk14 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit borrows & lends 0 You may need to make explicit what it is that is borrowed or lent. Alternate translation: “borrows money … lends money” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -22:8 l36j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor He who sows injustice will reap trouble 0 The writer speaks of a ruler or other powerful person treating those less powerful unjustly as if he were planting seeds that will give birth to plants that bring trouble. Alternate translation: “If a person treats those less powerful than he is unjustly, they will cause him trouble later on” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -22:8 htf6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the rod of his fury will fade away 0 The word “rod” is a metonym for power over other people. This could mean: (1) the unjust ruler will lose the power that he had that allowed him to treat other people unjustly or (2) when the people respond to the injustice he had done by harming him, he will have no power to stop them. Alternate translation: “he will no longer have the power that he had used to harm people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -22:8 yu9g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy rod of his fury 0 The word “rod” is a metonym for power over other people. The unjust man was harming innocent people as if he were very angry with them. Alternate translation: “the rod he had used as if he were punishing people” or “the power he used to harm others” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -22:8 kpt4 will fade away 0 The word translated “fade away” is also used of plants drying up. -22:9 nxi8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive The one who has a generous eye will be blessed 0 These words can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will bless the one who has a generous eye” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -22:9 zhf7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy one who has a generous eye 0 The eye is a metonym for seeing what other people need, and the “generous eye” not only sees but gives what the other people need. The eye is also a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “generous person” or “person who is willing to give things to other people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -22:9 vs46 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy bread 0 Since bread was the main food for many people in biblical times, it is often used to refer to food in general. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -22:10 t6nt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns disputes and insults will cease 0 The abstract nouns “disputes” and “insults” can be translated as verbs. Alternate translation: “people will no longer argue with each other or say things to hurt each other” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -22:11 xzb6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche loves a pure heart 0 It is his own heart that the person wants to be pure. The heart is a synecdoche for the person. Alternate translation: “loves having a pure heart” or “wants to be pure” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -22:11 tlq4 is gracious 0 Alternate translation: “is kind” -22:12 swt2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche The eyes of Yahweh keep watch over 0 The eyes are a synecdoche for the person. The writer speaks as if Yahweh had physical eyes like a person. Alternate translation: “Yahweh keeps watch over” or “Yahweh guards knowledge” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -22:12 s2lr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy keep watch over knowledge 0 Keeping watch is s metonym for protecting. Alternate translation: “protect knowledge” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -22:12 zw3l he overthrows 0 Alternate translation: “he destroys” -22:12 q7yt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the treacherous 0 The nominal adjective treacherous can be translated as a noun phrase. Translate “treacherous” as in [Proverbs 11:3](../11/03.md). Alternate translation: “a treacherous person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -22:13 jg67 The lazy person says 0 The quote that follows is a lie and an excuse for not working. If your language introduces false statements in a special way, you can use that here. -22:14 eq5h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy The mouth of an adulteress is a deep pit 0 The word “mouth” is a metonym for the words that come out of the mouth. The writer speaks of a person being unable to escape having people punish him for evil deeds as if that person had fallen into a hole someone had dug in the ground from which he could not escape. Alternate translation: “The words spoken by an adulteress will draw you in, and it will be as if you have fallen into a deep and dangerous pit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -22:14 xrc5 an adulteress 0 See how you translated this in [Proverbs 5:3](../05/03.md). -22:14 l326 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Yahweh’s anger is stirred up 0 Here “stirred up” means that his anger increased. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is angry” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -22:14 fin1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor falls into it 0 Adultery is spoken of as if it is something that a person can fall into. Alternate translation: “sins because of the adulteress” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -22:15 fuj4 Foolishness is bound up in the heart of a child 0 Alternate translation: “The heart of a child is full of foolish things” -22:15 j283 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the rod of discipline 0 The writer speaks of a parent using any form of discipline as if that parent were hitting the child with a wooden rod. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -22:15 dk18 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor drives it far away 0 The writer speaks as if foolishness were a person that another person could use a physical rod to drive away. Alternate translation: “will make a child wise” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -22:16 w7rc to increase his wealth 0 Alternate translation: “to become richer” or “to gain more money” -22:16 fm7f gives to rich people 0 Alternate translation: “gives money to rich people” -22:16 d4td rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom will come to poverty 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “will become poor” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -22:17 nnv4 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nVerse 17 begins the introduction to a new section of the Book of Proverbs. -22:17 lgs9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Incline your ear and listen 0 Here the word “ear” represents the person who is listening. The writer speaks of listening attentively to someone as if it were leaning forward so that the ear is closer to the one speaking. See how you translated “incline your ear” in [Proverbs 4:20](../04/20.md). Alternate translation: “Pay attention and listen” or “Listen attentively” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -22:17 l38x the words of the wise 0 Alternate translation: “what wise people say” -22:17 pi8n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom apply your heart to 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “do your best to understand and remember” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -22:17 i9n2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns my knowledge 0 The person speaking is probably the same as the father from [Proverbs 1:8](../01/08.md). He may be speaking of “the words of the wise” as “my knowledge.” If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **knowledge**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “know.” Alternate translation: “the knowledge I have, which I am sharing with you” or “what I know” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -22:18 nl9j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy all of them are ready on your lips 0 The person being ready to speak is spoken of as if it were the words that were ready. Alternate translation: “you are able to speak of them at any time” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -22:19 wr39 today—even to you 0 “today. Yes, I am teaching you,” The speaker is emphasizing that it is the hearer, not someone else whom he is teaching, and he is teaching the hearer because the hearer needs to learn. If it is awkward in your language to emphasize in this way, you can emphasize in another way or the words “even to you” can be left untranslated. -22:20 bb5s General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue and end the introduction that began in [Proverbs 22:17](./17.md). -22:20 q77c rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants thirty sayings 0 Some translations read, “excellent sayings.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]]) -22:21 q8xu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion to teach you & who sent you? 0 These words end the rhetorical question that began with the words “Have I not written” in Proverbs 22:20. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. “You need to know that I have written … to teach you … who sent you.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -22:21 l5jf to those who sent you 0 This implies that the hearer is or will be one whom others send to gain and bring back information. -22:22 y27s General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses begin the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -22:22 aq5t Do not rob & or crush 0 If your language has a way of showing that this is the way one person would speak strongly to another, different from a general rule that people are supposed to obey, you should use it here. -22:22 su1v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the poor 0 This nominal adjective can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “any poor person” or “poor people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -22:22 tq59 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor crush 0 grind into powder. This is a metaphor for “treat unjustly.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -22:22 ws7l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the needy 0 This nominal adjective can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “any needy person” or “any person who does not have what he needs to live” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -22:22 z1ia rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy at the gate 0 The place where people bought and sold items and settled legal arguments is used as a metonym for business and legal activity. Alternate translation: “in court” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -22:23 a2vp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Yahweh will plead their case 0 The metaphor is of a lawyer defending the needy in front of a judge. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will defend the needy from those who oppress them” or “Yahweh will see that the needy receive justice” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -22:23 m5k2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he will rob of life those who robbed them 0 Yahweh is not a thief, but like a thief he will take life from those who do not choose to give it. Alternate translation: “he will destroy those who oppress poor people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -22:24 cpi3 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -22:24 w16m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor someone who is ruled by anger 0 someone who is unable to control his anger (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -22:24 cc8z rages 0 shows violent anger -22:25 s2i8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you will take bait for your soul 0 A person who wants to be like an angry person is like an animal taking the bait in a trap. Alternate translation: “you will be like an animal that eats the bait that closes a trap and is unable to escape” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -22:25 jh2k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy bait for your soul 0 The soul is a metonym for the person’s life. Alternate translation: “bait that someone has put out so he can kill you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -22:26 ftq6 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -22:26 rnd6 strikes hands 0 A person would strike his hand against another person’s hand to bind himself to do what he had agreed to do. Here the speaker warns the hearer not to strike hands as a way to promise to pay off someone’s debts. -22:26 wt7u in making a pledge 0 Alternate translation: “and agree to pay what someone owes to another person” -22:28 tb1b General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -22:28 g63s ancient 0 very old -22:28 djq5 boundary stone 0 a large stone that shows where one person’s land ends and another person’s land begins -22:28 j4id fathers 0 ancestors -22:29 y4ub rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Do you see a man skilled at his work? 0 This rhetorical question is actually a command. Alternate translation: “Think of someone you know who is skilled at his work” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -22:29 e6ii rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy stand before 0 This represents becoming a servant of the important person. Kings and other important people will think so highly of him that they will use his services. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -23:intro eva7 0 # Proverbs 23 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 23 continues the section beginning in the previous chapter of the book and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.\n\nThe second half of this chapter and the first half of the next chapter are attributed to general sayings.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Themes\n\nThere are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -23:1 z181 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -23:2 lu62 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole put a knife to your throat 0 Possible meanings of this exaggeration are: (1) “be very careful not to eat too much” or (2) “do not eat anything at all” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -23:3 zfk9 Do not crave 0 “Do not strongly desire.” See how you translated “craves” in [Proverbs 21:9](../21/09.md). -23:3 zkz5 his delicacies 0 Alternate translation: “his special and expensive food” -23:3 tjm2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom it is the food of lies 0 This is an idiom. “he is giving it to you so he can deceive you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -23:4 a4va General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -23:4 wh19 Do not work too hard 0 Alternate translation: “Do not work so much that you are always tired” -23:5 n9hd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor light upon it 0 land like a bird upon the wealth (verse 4). This is a metaphor for looking at the wealth for a short time. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -23:5 sp17 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor it will surely take up wings like an eagle and fly off 0 A person losing his wealth is spoken of as if the wealth were a bird. Alternate translation: “the wealth will disappear as quickly as an eagle can fly away” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -23:5 ryq4 wings like an eagle 0 wings like an eagle’s wings -23:6 afl6 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -23:6 su9w do not crave 0 “do not strongly desire.” See how you translated “craves” in [Proverbs 21:9](../21/09.md). -23:6 jtt7 his delicacies 0 “his special and expensive food.” See how you translated this in [Proverbs 23:3](../23/03.md). -23:7 lbe8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom his heart is not with you 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “he really does not want you to enjoy the meal” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -23:8 aw14 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole You will vomit up the little you have eaten 0 This is an exaggeration for wishing one had not eaten anything. Alternate translation: “You will wish that you had not eaten anything” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -23:8 z3l6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you will have wasted your compliments 0 Compliments are spoken of as if they were valuable objects. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **compliments**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “he will not be happy even if you say good things about him and the food” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -23:9 nk6j General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -23:9 u4q5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns in the hearing of a fool 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **hearing**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “where a fool can hear you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -23:10 iha4 ancient 0 very old. See how you translated this in [Proverbs 22:28](../22/28.md). -23:10 de8r boundary stone 0 This is a large stone to show where one person’s land ends and another person’s land begins. See how you translated this in [Proverbs 22:28](../22/28.md). -23:10 a9cb encroach 0 This means to slowly take or begin to use land (or some thing) that belongs to someone else. -23:10 n6i1 orphans 0 children whose parents are dead -23:11 p1uf their Redeemer 0 Yahweh -23:11 bgi8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he will plead their case against you 0 The metaphor is of a lawyer defending the needy in front of a judge. Alternate translation: “he will defend the orphans against you” or “he will see that the orphans receive justice and punish you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -23:12 w7ey General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -23:12 pgj6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Apply your heart to 0 This is an idiom. See how you translated this in [Proverbs 22:17](../22/17.md). Alternate translation: “Do your best to understand and remember” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -23:12 v2r3 instruction 0 This could mean: (1) “what people who know what is right and what is wrong tell you” or (2) “what people say and do when they correct you.” -23:12 jul6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis your ears 0 The ellipsis can be filled in. Alternate translation: “apply your ears” or “listen carefully” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -23:12 gn45 to words of knowledge 0 Alternate translation: “to me when I tell you what I know” -23:13 c9zs General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -23:13 qfa7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns Do not withhold instruction from a child 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **instruction**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “Do not neglect to instruct a child” or “Do not refuse to instruct a child” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -23:13 r8dq withhold 0 refuse to give something that one knows another person needs -23:14 jx2r rod 0 piece of wood -23:14 e27r It is you who must beat him & and save his soul 0 “You are the one who must beat him … and save his soul.” No one else will do it. The hearer is responsible to save the child’s soul from Sheol, and the way to save him is to beat him. -23:14 z89f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy save his soul from Sheol 0 If the hearer beats his children with the rod, they will not die young because they have done foolish or evil things. The word “soul” is a metonym for the person. Sheol is the world of the dead; going to the world of the dead is a euphemism for dying. Alternate translation: “you will keep him from the world of the dead” or “you will keep him from dying” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -23:15 h5yu General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -23:16 sij3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche when your lips speak 0 “Your lips” means the whole person. Alternate translation: “when you speak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -23:17 qz55 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -23:17 zgy6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Do not let your heart envy sinners 0 The word “heart” is a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “Do not allow yourself to envy sinners” or “Make sure you do not envy sinners” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -23:18 d3fz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive your hope will not be cut off 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will not allow anyone to cut off your hope” or “God will keep the promises he made to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -23:19 qj67 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -23:19 f128 Hear—you!—my son 0 “Listen carefully, my son.” The speaker speaks an extra word to make sure the hearer is paying attention. -23:19 jg2g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor direct your heart in the way 0 Deciding to do what is right is spoken of as if one person were showing another person the correct path to follow. Alternate translation: “make sure you do what is wise” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -23:20 sag8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche gluttonous eaters of meat 0 This could mean: (1) “people who eat more meat than they need to” or (2) “meat” represents food in general. Alternate translation: “people who eat more food than they need to” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -23:21 z3sn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification slumber will clothe them with rags 0 The word “slumber” is an exaggeration for a person spending so much time enjoying food and drink that he does not do necessary work. This activity is spoken of as if it were a parent putting clothes on a child. Alternate translation: “because they spend so much time eating and drinking, they will do no work and so will become poor” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -23:22 bzi7 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -23:22 s9it rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes do not despise 0 This can be stated positively. Alternate translation: “show respect for” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -23:23 smm2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns Buy the truth, but do not sell it; buy wisdom, instruction, and understanding 0 Another possible meaning is “Buy the truth, and do not sell wisdom, instruction, or understanding.” The words “truth,” “wisdom,” “instruction,” and “understanding” are abstract nouns that are spoken of as if they were physical items that a person can buy and sell in a market. They can be translated as verbs. Alternate translation: “Do what you need to do so you can know what is true, so you can be wise, so you can learn how to act, and so you can tell good from bad; never think of anything else as more important than these things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -23:24 rzg3 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -23:24 qls1 The father of the righteous person will greatly rejoice, and he who begets a wise child will be glad in him 0 Another possible meaning is that the words “he that begets a wise child” explain who “the father of the righteous person” is. Alternate translation: “The father of the righteous person, he who begets a wise child, will greatly rejoice and will be glad in him” -23:24 b6a9 will be glad in him 0 Alternate translation: “will be glad because of him” -23:26 c77m General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -23:26 ds3t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy give me your heart 0 The word “heart” is a metonym for what a person thinks and decides to do. This could mean: (1) “pay careful attention” or (2) “trust me completely.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -23:26 zdk9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche let your eyes observe 0 The eyes are a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “observe” or “look carefully at” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -23:27 b64j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism prostitute & immoral woman 0 There are two types of sexually immoral women. The “prostitute” is unmarried, “another man’s wife” is married. Together they form a merism for any kind of sexually immoral woman. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -23:27 y9ln rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor a prostitute is a deep pit 0 The word “pit” is a metaphor for what happens to men who sleep with prostitutes. Alternate translation: “sleeping with a prostitute is like falling into a deep pit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -23:27 i17l prostitute 0 Here the word refers to any unmarried woman who engages in sexual activity, not only those who do so for money. -23:27 zt34 deep pit & narrow well 0 These are two places easy to fall into and hard to get out of, the “pit” because it is “deep” and the “well” because it is “narrow.” -23:27 fys1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor an immoral woman is a narrow well 0 Doing evil for which one will be punished is spoken of as falling into a narrow place from which one cannot escape. Alternate translation: “Sleeping with another man’s wife is like falling into a narrow well” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -23:27 ezr3 well 0 a hole in the ground that people have dug to get to water -23:28 x4yu lies in wait 0 stays hidden, ready to attack when a victim approaches -23:28 ll5s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the treacherous 0 This nominal adjective can be translated as an adjective or verb. Alternate translation: “treacherous people” or “those who harm others by deceiving them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -23:29 ek29 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -23:29 l7du rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Who has woe? Who has sorrow? Who has fights? Who has complaining? Who has wounds for no reason? Who has bloodshot eyes? 0 The writer uses these questions to prepare the reader for the point he is about to make about a particular type of person. He does not expect an answer to each question. Your language may have a different way of introducing a lesson. Alternate translation: “Listen to me while I tell you what kind of person has woe, sorrow, fights, complaining, wounds for no reason, and bloodshot eyes.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -23:29 yw3q bloodshot eyes 0 Alternate translation: “eyes red, like the color of blood” -23:30 kqg7 Those who linger over wine, those who try the mixed wine 0 These words answer the questions in verse 29 and describe people who drink too much wine. -23:30 g2tp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism linger over wine 0 spend much time drinking wine and so drink much wine (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -23:30 t96n the mixed wine 0 This could mean: (1) different wines mixed together or (2) other drinks that are stronger than wine. -23:31 v5x1 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -23:32 ip9z In the last 0 Alternate translation: “After you drink it” -23:32 cr4n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor it bites like a serpent & it stings like an adder 0 The word “it” refers to “the wine when it is red.” “Bites” and “stings” are metaphors for the way too much wine makes people feel. Alternate translation: “it makes you feel as bad as if a serpent had bitten you or an adder had stung you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -23:32 q4ct adder 0 a type of poisonous snake -23:33 qfg7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche your heart will utter perverse things 0 The “heart” represents the person and emphasize what he thinks and decides to do. Alternate translation: “you will think about and decide to do perverse things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -23:33 d1kc perverse things 0 things that God says are morally wrong and bad; things that are wicked -23:34 s7qb General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). It is the continuation of the description of a drunk person. -23:34 q7lv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom lies on the top of a mast 0 The place on the mast where the person lies can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “lies in the basket near the top of a mast” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -23:34 lxy2 mast 0 the long wooden pole to which are attached the sails of a sailing ship -23:35 c4na They hit me, & but I was not hurt. They beat me, but I did not feel it. 0 Because the drunk person is not thinking clearly, he is imagining that people are hitting and beating him, yet he feels no pain and cannot remember anything. -23:35 d6ej When will I wake up? 0 The drunk person is wondering when he will be sober again; when the effect of the wine will stop. -24:intro nl8m 0 # Proverbs 24 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 24 continues the section beginning in the previous chapter and is mainly filled with short, individual proverbs.\n\nThe second half of this chapter finishes the section.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Lazy man story\n\nUnlike much of Proverbs, verses 30-34 tell a short story about a lazy man, which ends in a very memorable proverb.\n\n### Themes\nThere are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -24:1 d1dq General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -24:2 dw7g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche their hearts 0 The words “their hearts” refer to the whole person. Alternate translation: “they” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -24:2 m8px rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche their lips 0 The words “their lips” refer to the whole person. Alternate translation: “they” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -24:2 es5l talk about trouble 0 Alternate translation: “talk about causing harm” or “talk about creating problems” -24:3 f9id General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -24:3 hiy4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns Through wisdom a house is built 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **wisdom**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. These words can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “People need to be wise if they are to build a good house” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -24:3 q4cp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns by understanding it is established 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **understanding**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. These words can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “People need to understand what is morally good and what is morally bad if they are to establish a house” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -24:3 mq3v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy it is established 0 The word “established” means made stable and strong. The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house, and the house being physically stable and strong is a metaphor for a family that lives in peace. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -24:4 ry4y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns By knowledge the rooms are filled 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **knowledge**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. These words can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “People need to know what is precious and pleasant if they are to fill their rooms” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -24:5 gah6 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -24:5 gya2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns warrior of wisdom 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **wisdom**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “wise.” Alternate translation: “wise warrior” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -24:5 my2f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns a man of knowledge increases his strength 0 The abstract nouns “knowledge” and “strength” can be translated as the verb “know” and the adjective “strong.” Alternate translation: “a man who knows many things is stronger because he knows these things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -24:6 i9sa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns by wise direction 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **direction**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “if you have wise people telling you what to do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -24:6 e43z wage your war 0 Alternate translation: “fight your war” -24:6 nll1 advisors 0 those who tell government officials what those officials should do -24:7 ten9 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -24:7 r9t9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom too high for a fool 0 This is an idiom. “too difficult for a fool to understand” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -24:7 e2pv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy open his mouth 0 The mouth is a metonym for the words that come from the mouth. Alternate translation: “speak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -24:8 f77e General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -24:8 f9l9 a master of schemes 0 one who is skillful at making evil plans. Alternate translation: “a mischievous person” or “a troublemaker” -24:10 xt51 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -24:10 dbq1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom your strength is small 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “you have very little strength” or “you are certainly weak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -24:11 t92q General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -24:11 xc8k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive those who are being taken away 0 These words can be translated in active form by using the term “they” which could be anyone, but are probably government officials. Alternate translation: “those whom they are taking away” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -24:11 n8k2 taken away 0 Another possible meaning is “dragged away.” -24:11 ru95 staggering 0 walking unsteadily and almost falling. This word would also describe the way a person walks when he is being dragged away. -24:11 kl46 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns the slaughter 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **slaughter**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. The writer speaks as if those who take them away think of them as no better than animals. If your language has a word for killing animals that would fit here, you might want to use it. Alternate translation: “where people will kill them as they would kill animals” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -24:12 k5el If you say, “Behold, & this,” does 0 The writer is answering something that the reader may wrongly be thinking. Alternate translation: “You may say, ‘Behold, … this,’ but does” -24:12 akd7 Behold, we 0 Alternate translation: “Listen to us! We” or “But we” or “We have done nothing wrong, because we” -24:12 yi61 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion does not the one who weighs the heart understand what you are saying? 0 The writer assumes the readers know the answer and asks this for emphasis. Alternate translation: “the one who weighs the heart understands what you are saying.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -24:12 cx5x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism the one who 0 The writer expects the reader to know that “the one” is Yahweh. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, who” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -24:12 zda4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy weighs the heart 0 The word “heart” is a metonym for what a person thinks and desires. The writer speaks as if what a person thinks and desires were a physical object that a person could weigh, and weighing an object is a metaphor for looking closely at something to see how good it is. Alternate translation: “knows how good what people really think and desire is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -24:12 pa6x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion The one who guards your life, does he not know it? 0 The writer assumes the readers know the answer and asks this for emphasis. Alternate translation: “The one who guards your life knows it.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -24:12 m55q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Will God not give to each one what he deserves? 0 The writer assumes the readers know the answer and asks this for emphasis. Alternate translation: “God will give to each one what he deserves.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -24:13 q7s6 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -24:14 p5t6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive your hope will not be cut off 0 This could mean: (1) this is a simple passive that can be translated as in active form. Alternate translation: “no one will take your hope away” or (2) this is litotes that can be translated in positive form. Alternate translation: “your hope will surely continue” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -24:15 i96h General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -24:15 s1ww rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Do not lie in wait 0 The words “lie in wait” are an idiom. Translate “lie in wait” as in [Proverbs 1:11](../01/11.md). Alternate translation: “Do not hide and wait for the right time” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -24:15 g6w6 his home 0 the home of the righteous person -24:16 jrm7 rises again 0 Alternate translation: “gets back on his feet” or “stands up again” -24:16 k8ly rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification wicked people are brought down by calamity 0 The writer speaks as if “calamity” were a person who could do bad things to other people. These words can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will use calamity to bring down the wicked people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -24:16 u49k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor are brought down 0 This is a metaphor of a person who was standing but someone has brought him down to the ground or made him fall. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -24:16 ze9b calamity 0 times when bad things happen to people and their property -24:17 rpu6 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -24:17 t9ei your enemy falls 0 Alternate translation: “something bad happens to your enemy” -24:17 by2h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche let not your heart be glad 0 This is a strong command. The word “heart” represents the person. Alternate translation: “do not allow yourself to be glad” or “stop yourself from being glad” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -24:18 b18i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom turn away his wrath from him 0 The words “turn away his wrath” are an idiom for no longer being angry. What Yahweh would do instead can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “stop being angry with him and be angry with you instead” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -24:19 yp9l General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -24:20 mmf6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the lamp of wicked people will go out 0 The lamp is used as a metaphor for life. The life of wicked people will end just as a lamp goes out. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -24:21 j1fr General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -24:21 vvr9 Fear 0 a deep respect and awe for a person in authority -24:22 jzb3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion who knows the extent of the destruction that will come from both of them? 0 The writer asks this question to emphasize the disaster. Alternate translation: “no one knows the extent of the destruction that will come from both of them.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -24:22 ub7e both of them 0 these words refer to Yahweh and the king -24:23 jq5s These also are sayings of the wise 0 This sentence starts a new collection of proverbs. -24:23 ci6n a case at law 0 a situation that is brought before a judge in which someone is accused of breaking the law -24:24 lma6 Whoever says to the wicked person, & will be cursed by peoples and hated by nations 0 The word “nations” is a metonym for the people who live in the nations. These words can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “People will curse whoever says to the wicked person, … , and the people of other nations will hate him” -24:24 rfb9 the wicked person & a righteous person 0 This could mean: (1) people should never call any wicked person a righteous person or (2) no one should say of a person guilty of a crime that he is innocent. Alternate translation: “a person guilty of a crime … innocent” -24:25 xwv5 will have delight 0 Alternate translation: “will be very happy” -24:25 ufh1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification gifts of goodness will come to them 0 Gifts are spoken of as if they were people who could move by themselves. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **goodness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “people will give them good gifts” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and[[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -24:25 uy7d gifts of goodness 0 Alternate translation: “good things” or “blessings” -24:26 sz6f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom gives a kiss on the lips 0 A kiss was a sign of respect and devotion in that culture. Alternate translation: “shows true friendship” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -24:28 u5rp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy with your lips 0 The lips are a metonym for the words a person speaks. Alternate translation: “by what you say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -24:29 cke7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom pay him back 0 This is an idiom. “take revenge against him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -24:31 w3gw Thorns 0 useless plants with sharp spines -24:31 j4m7 nettles 0 plants that are covered with stinging leaves and hairs -24:31 chw4 was broken down 0 Alternate translation: “had fallen down” -24:32 u9za received instruction 0 Alternate translation: “learned a lesson” -24:34 d7gx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis and poverty comes 0 This finishes a thought begun with the words “A little sleep, a little slumber, a little folding of the hands to rest” (Proverbs 24:33). You may need to fill in the omitted words. “You may say to yourself, ‘A little sleep, a little slumber, a little folding of the hands to rest,’ but then poverty will come” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -24:34 v85w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification poverty comes marching upon you 0 Some translations read, “poverty comes upon you like a robber.” Poverty is spoken of as if it were a person or animal that can attack a lazy person. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -24:34 zx1y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile your needs like an armed soldier 0 Needs are spoken of as if they were a person who could attack the lazy person. Alternate translation: “your needs will come to you like an armed soldier” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -25:intro l94s 0 # Proverbs 25 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 25 begins the second section of the book (Chapter 25-29) which is attributed to Solomon.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Themes\n\nThere are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -25:2 x2ec to conceal a matter 0 Alternate translation: “to keep some things secret” -25:2 cj4p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis but the glory 0 The ellipsis can be filled in. Alternate translation: “but it is the glory” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -25:2 dg6e search it out 0 Alternate translation: “search that matter out” or “search for those things that God has concealed” -25:3 jtp4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile Like the heavens are for height and the earth is for depth, so the heart of kings is unsearchable 0 The hearts of kings are compared to the size of the heavens and the earth. Alternate translation: “Just as no one can measure the height of the heavens or the depth of the earth, even so no one can understand the heart of kings” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -25:3 b947 heavens 0 This refers to everything we see above the earth, including the sun, moon, and stars. -25:4 jgm1 dross 0 the material in a metal that people do not want and they remove by heating the metal -25:5 vvu5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy his throne will be established by doing 0 The throne is a metonym for the power to rule. These words can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the king will establish his throne by doing” or “he will have the power to rule because he does” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -25:7 w69g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit It is better for him to say to you, “Come up here,” than 0 Here “up” means to move to a place at the table that is closer to the king. It is a great honor for a person to sit closer to the king. Alternate translation: “It is better for someone to invite you to sit closer to the king than” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -25:7 qf2z before a nobleman 0 Alternate translation: “in front of a nobleman” -25:8 t9ug rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion For what will you do in the end when your neighbor puts you to shame? 0 This question is asked to make the reader consider the possibility that he may have misunderstood the situation. The way in which the neighbor might put the reader to shame can be stated plainly. Alternate translation: “For you will not know what to do in the end when your neighbor puts you to shame.” or “For if your neighbor has an explanation, he will put you to shame, and you will have nothing to say to defend yourself.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -25:9 lgk7 your case 0 Alternate translation: “your disagreement” -25:9 c77l do not disclose another’s secret 0 Alternate translation: “do not share your neighbor’s secret with other people” -25:10 fr3g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive an evil report about you that cannot be silenced 0 Here “evil report” refers to harmful things that the person will tell others. The phrase “cannot be silenced” can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you will not be able to stop him from telling other people harmful things about you” or “he will tell people evil things about you and you will never have a good reputation again” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -25:11 e2ay rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Apples of gold in settings of silver is a word spoken in the right situation 0 The goodness of “a word spoken at the right time” is spoken of as if it were the physical beauty of “apples of gold in settings of silver.” Most translations translate this metaphor as a simile and change the order of the phrases. Alternate translation: “A word spoken at the right time is beautiful like apples of gold in settings of silver” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -25:11 sq35 Apples of gold in settings of silver 0 The ancient Israelites did not know the apples that most people know today. This could mean: (1) “apples” should be translated as “design.” Alternate translation: “a golden design carved into a silver bowl” or (2) “apples” refers to another type of fruit with a golden color that someone has placed on a silver plate or bowl. Alternate translation: “Golden colored fruit placed in a silver bowl” -25:11 ptu8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive is a word spoken 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “is a message that someone speaks” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -25:12 ir54 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor A gold ring or jewelry made of fine gold is a wise rebuke to a listening ear 0 The value and importance of “a wise rebuke” is spoken of as if it had the beauty and value of gold. Most translations translate this metaphor as a simile and change the order of the phrases. Alternate translation: “A wise rebuke to a listening ear is beautiful and valuable like a golden ring or golden jewelry” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -25:12 i38p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche listening ear 0 The ear is a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “person who is willing to listen” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -25:13 tc4q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile Like the cold of snow at harvest time is a faithful messenger 0 Here a faithful messenger is being compared to the cold of snow, because both are pleasant. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -25:13 sxk7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the cold of snow 0 Snow only fell on the tops of mountains, and the harvest took place in hot weather, so this is probably a metaphor for cool, fresh water from a clean stream. If your language has no word for snow, consider “cool, fresh, clean water.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -25:13 v57a snow 0 white flakes of ice that fall from the sky like rain -25:13 z9pn brings back the life of his masters 0 This means he makes his masters, who are weak and tired, to be strong and rested again. -25:14 hbd4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Clouds and wind without rain is the one who boasts & not give 0 Most translations translate this metaphor as a simile and change the order of the phrases. Rain was important to the Israelites because only small amounts of it fell, so a cloud without rain was useless and brought disappointment to the Israelites. Alternate translation: “The one who boasts … not give is like clouds and wind without rain” or “The one who boasts … not give is useless and a disappointment, like clouds and wind without rain” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -25:15 v2wv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive With patience a ruler can be persuaded 0 These words can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Someone who is patient can persuade a ruler” or “Someone who is patient can speak to a ruler and change his mind” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -25:15 eed7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor a soft tongue can break a bone 0 The word “tongue” is a metonym for the words the person speaks using the tongue. The word “bone” is a metaphor for strong opposition. Alternate translation: “gentle speech can overcome strong opposition” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -25:16 dc7b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nVerse 16 states a general principle, and verse 17 gives one specific example. The idea of eating too much honey and then vomiting it up is a metaphor for taking too much of any good thing and regretting it later. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -25:18 r378 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile A man who bears false witness against his neighbor is like a club used in war, or a sword, or a sharp arrow 0 A false witness is compared to three weapons that can hurt or kill people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -25:19 p8jx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile An unfaithful man in whom you trust in a time of trouble is like a bad tooth or a foot that slips 0 A foolish man is compared to a part of the body that causes trouble for a person. Alternate translation: “Trusting in an unfaithful man in time of trouble will bring you pain like a bad tooth or a foot that slips” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -25:20 j5q4 carbonate of soda 0 This is a kind of mineral that hisses and bubbles violently when it comes into contact with acids like vinegar. Many translations translate this phrase as “a wound.” -25:20 ef6r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit sings songs 0 You may need to make explicit what kind of songs the singer sings. Alternate translation: “sings happy songs” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -25:20 z9sh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche a heavy heart 0 The heart is a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “a sad person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -25:22 eb7p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom shovel coals of fire on his head 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “cause him to have a guilty conscience and be ashamed of what he has done” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -25:23 xj7i the north wind 0 In Israel, wind from the north often brought rain. Translators are free to substitute different kinds of wind for the same effect, for example, “a cold wind.” -25:23 z36v a tongue that tells secrets 0 Some versions read “someone who tells secrets.” -25:23 gn4t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche result in angry faces 0 The face is a synecdoche for the person. Alternate translation: “makes other people so angry you can see it in their faces” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -25:24 siz4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit a corner of the roof 0 Houses in those days had flat roofs. Ancient Israelites spent much time on their roofs, where it was often cooler than inside the house, and sometimes people would build a shelter large enough for a person to sleep in on one corner of the roof. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -25:24 urg5 a quarreling wife 0 a wife who often argues or complains -25:25 p4p8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile Like cold waters to one who is thirsty, so is good news from a far country 0 Cold water is compared to good news that is both refreshing and delightful. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -25:26 p3dy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile Like a fouled spring or a ruined fountain is a righteous person tottering before wicked people 0 One expects a spring or fountain to have clear water, just as one expects a righteous man to stand for what he believes. A polluted spring or fountain is compared to a righteous man who falls. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -25:26 tiq8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor tottering before wicked people 0 Tottering is a metaphor for either: (1) refusing to fight wicked people or (2) joining in their wickedness. Alternate translation: “who allows wicked people to do wickedness” or “who starts to do what wicked people do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -25:26 fe9h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor tottering 0 This is a metaphor for being unable to continue to do good. Alternate translation: “unable to stand” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -25:26 e13r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom before wicked people 0 This could mean: (1) “when wicked people attack him” or (2) “when wicked people urge him to do evil.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -25:27 h7jf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile It is not good to eat too much honey; that is like searching for honor after honor. 0 Both wanting others to honor you and eating honey are good, but you can eat too much honey, and you can try too hard to have people honor you. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -25:27 x6in rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes It is not good 0 This can be stated positively. Alternate translation: “It is a bad thing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -25:27 ea11 that is like searching for honor after honor 0 The meaning of the original language is uncertain. Some versions of the Bible translate this as “that is like speaking too many compliments to people.” Alternate translation: “that is like always thinking about how others should honor you” -25:28 gl3p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile A person without self-control is like a city breached and without walls. 0 Both a person without self-control and a city without walls are weak and vulnerable. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -25:28 jh45 breached and without walls 0 Alternate translation: “whose walls an army has knocked down and destroyed” -26:intro juh9 0 # Proverbs 26 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 26 continues the second section of the book (Chapter 25-29) which is attributed to Solomon.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Themes\n\nThere are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. Wisdom and folly are particularly prominent in this chapter.(See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -26:1 w8yc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile Like snow in summer or rain in harvest 0 Normally snow does not fall during the summer and rain does not fall during the harvest. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “Just as it would be very strange to have snow in summer or rain during the harvest” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -26:2 kdg7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile so an undeserved curse does not alight 0 A curse that does not harm a person is spoken of as if it were a bird that does not land. Alternate translation: “so an undeserved curse does not land on its mark” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -26:2 mf19 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive an undeserved curse 0 This can be stated with an active form. Alternate translation: “a curse on a person who does not deserve it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -26:2 t3fg alight 0 land on someone or something -26:3 v3b7 A whip is for the horse, a bridle is for the donkey and a rod is for the back of fools 0 A whip, a bridle, and a rod are things that people use to make the horse, donkey, and fool do what they want. -26:3 le7r a bridle is for the donkey 0 A bridle is made of straps. People put it on a donkey’s head and hold one of the straps to make the donkey go the way they want it to go. -26:3 q1bg a rod is for the back of fools 0 In the Bible, people would hit their children or their slaves with a wooden rod in order to discipline them. -26:5 rz54 Answer a fool and join in on his folly 0 Joining in on a fool’s folly when answering him represents answering him in a foolish way. Alternate translation: “Answer a fool according to his folly” or “Answer a fool foolishly” -26:5 q48w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor so he will not become wise in his own eyes 0 The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: “so that he will not become wise according to his judgement” or “so that he does not consider himself to be wise” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -26:6 ang1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Whoever sends a message by the hand of a fool 0 Here the hand represents the fool’s responsibility to deliver the message. Alternate translation: “Whoever sends a fool to deliver a message” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -26:6 ife4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor cuts off his own feet 0 Cutting off one’s own feet is an exaggeration for harming one’s self. Alternate translation: “harms himself like a person who cuts off his own feet and drinks violence” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -26:6 a1zc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor drinks violence 0 Violence is spoken of as if it were a poisonous liquid that someone might drink. Alternate translation: “harms himself by being violent” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -26:7 h8yx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile Like the legs & is a proverb in the mouth of fools 0 The phrases can be reordered. Alternate translation: “A proverb in the mouth of fools is like the legs of a paralytic which hang down” or “A proverb in the mouth of fools is as useless as the legs of a paralytic which hang down” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -26:7 m6mr a paralytic 0 a person who is unable to move or feel all or part of his body -26:7 nq9k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy in the mouth of fools 0 Here “mouth” is a metonym for speaking. Alternate translation: “in the speech of fools” or “that fools say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -26:8 vhn4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit tying a stone in a sling 0 In order to throw a stone very far, people put it into a sling and swing the sling so that the stone will fly from it very quickly. The result of tying a stone in a sling can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “tying a stone in a sling so that it cannot be thrown” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -26:8 fy3g giving honor to a fool 0 Alternate translation: “honoring a fool” -26:9 l82z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile Like a thorn & is a proverb in the mouth of fools 0 How the two are alike can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “A proverb in the mouth of fools is as dangerous as a thorn that goes into the hand of a drunkard” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -26:9 z794 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche a thorn that goes into the hand of a drunkard 0 This could mean: (1) if a drunk person holds a thornbush, a thorn will prick his hand, or (2) if a drunk person is angry, he will pick up a thornbush and swing it at people. For the second meaning, the word “thorn” represents a thornbush. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -26:9 q3gg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy in the mouth of fools 0 Here “mouth” is a metonym for speaking. Alternate translation: “in the speech of fools” or “that fools say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -26:10 lu8m hires a fool 0 Alternate translation: “gives a job to a fool” -26:11 dgd2 As a dog returns to his own vomit 0 Alternate translation: “As a dog eats its own vomit” -26:12 cxr5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Do you see someone who is wise in his own eyes? 0 This question is used to lead the reader to think about someone who is wise in his own eyes. The phrase “is wise in his own eyes” means “thinks he is wise,” and here it implies that the person is not truly wise. Alternate translation: “Consider the person who thinks he is wise but is not.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -26:12 n43z There is more hope for a fool than for him 0 Alternate translation: “A fool can become wise more easily than he can” -26:13 y1yv The lazy person says, “There is a lion & between the open places!” 0 The lazy person lies and says that he cannot go outside and work because there is a lion on the road or between the open places. -26:13 xyz8 There is a lion on the road 0 See how you translated this in [Proverbs 22:13](../22/13.md). -26:13 ufn8 the open places 0 This refers to the places in town where there is a lot of room for people to walk around or where people gather. Alternate translation: “the town plazas” or “the streets” -26:14 bfi2 hinges 0 metal pieces that attach a door to something and allow it to open and close -26:14 uv1d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile As the door turns on its hinges, so is the lazy person upon his bed 0 Both the door and the lazy person move, but they do not go anywhere. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -26:15 j4ce puts his hand into the dish 0 Alternate translation: “puts his hand into the dish to get food” or “reaches for food” -26:15 x6us rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole he has no strength to lift it up to his mouth 0 This is an exaggeration for doing necessary work that would clearly do him good. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -26:16 e6pb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The lazy person is wiser in his own eyes than seven men 0 The phrase “his own eyes” represents his thoughts. Alternate translation: “The lazy person thinks he is wiser than seven men” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -26:17 xh36 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile Like one who takes hold of the ears of a dog, is a passerby who becomes angry at a dispute that is not his own 0 This can be reordered. Alternate translation: “A passerby who becomes angry at some other people’s dispute is like a person who grabs hold of a dog’s ears” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -26:17 z69e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Like one who takes hold of the ears of a dog 0 The implied information is that the dog will get angry and bite the person. Alternate translation: “Like a person who angers a dog by grabbing its ears” or “Like a person who grabs a dog’s ears and is bitten by the dog” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -26:17 ul2w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit is a passerby who becomes angry at a dispute that is not his own 0 The implied information is that the passerby will start arguing, and the people who were fighting will get angry with him and hurt him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -26:19 kd8e the one who deceives 0 Both the “madman” (Proverbs 26:18) and the one who deceives hurt people but do not take responsibility for it. -26:19 g1qd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Was I not telling a joke? 0 The deceiver uses this question to imply that since he his joke was only for fun, he should not be blamed for any harm he has caused. Alternate translation: “I did nothing wrong. I was only telling a joke.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -26:20 ivv3 gossiper 0 a person who gossips a lot -26:21 l2ug rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit As charcoal is to burning coals and wood is to fire 0 What charcoal does to coals and what wood does to fire can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “As charcoal helps coals burn and as wood helps fire burn” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -26:21 ud8h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor kindling strife 0 To kindle something means to set it on fire. Setting strife on fire is a metaphor for causing people to fight or argue. Alternate translation: “causing people to fight” or “causing people to argue” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -26:22 ye74 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile The words of a gossip are like delicious morsels 0 This speaks of gossip being desirable to listen to as if it were delicious food to eat. Alternate translation: “The words of a gossip are desirable to listen to” or (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -26:22 rb3s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor they go down into the inner parts of the body 0 This speaks of the words that a gossip says going into a person’s mind and affecting his thoughts as if they were food that was going into his stomach. This sentence is equivalent to [Proverbs 18:8](../18/08.md). Alternate translation: “and they enter a person’s mind and affect his thoughts” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -26:23 i9mz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile Like the glaze overlaying an earthen vessel so are burning lips and an evil heart 0 This simile means that a person who says things to hide the evil in their heart are like a earthen vessel covered in glaze to make it look good. These phrases can be reordered. Alternate translation: “People who have burning lips and an evil heart are like an earthen vessel covered with glaze” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -26:23 ky5d the glaze overlaying an earthen vessel 0 “the shiny glaze that covers a clay pot.” A clay pot is cheap and common. So people covered it was a glaze to make it shiny and appear more expensive. -26:23 u5wy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche so are burning lips and an evil heart 0 This represents a person who has burning lips and an evil heart. Alternate translation: “so is a person who has burning lips and an evil heart” or “so is a person who says nice things but whose heart is evil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -26:23 s94p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor burning lips 0 The word “burning” is a metaphor for “strongly emotional” and the word “lips” is a metonym for “speech.” Alternate translation: “emotional speech” or “saying nice things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -26:23 p5hf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy an evil heart 0 The heart represents a person’s thoughts, attitudes, desires, or feelings. Alternate translation: “evil thoughts” or “evil desires” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -26:24 rhg2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor disguises his feelings with his lips 0 Disguising his feelings represents keeping people from knowing what his feelings are. The phrase “his lips” is a metonym for what he says. Alternate translation: “hides his feelings with what he says” or “speaks in such a way that people cannot know his true feelings” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -26:24 qu8b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he lays up deceit within himself 0 Being deceitful is spoken of as if he were storing deceit within himself. Possible meanings are that “deceit” refers to lies. Alternate translation: (1) “he likes his many lies” or (2) deceit refers secret plans to harm people. Alternate translation: “he secretly plans to harm people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -26:25 f4gf but do not believe him 0 Alternate translation: “but do not believe what he says” -26:25 q7ln rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor for there are seven abominations in his heart 0 The number seven represents completeness. This could mean: (1) “abominations” refers to attitudes that God hates. Alternate translation: “for his heart is completely filled with hateful things” or (2) “abominations” refers to his hatred for people. Alternate translation: “for his heart is completely filled with hatred” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -26:26 iv6j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Though his hatred is covered with deception 0 This can be stated actively. Alternate translation: “Though deception covers his hatred” or “Though he covers his hatred with deception” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -26:26 d99d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Though his hatred is covered with deception 0 Keeping people from knowing that he hates them is spoken of as covering his hatred. Alternate translation: “Though he lies to keep people from knowing that he hates them” or “Though he lies so that people will not know that he hates them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -26:26 slh6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor his wickedness will be exposed in the assembly 0 Being exposed represents being discovered or becoming known. Alternate translation: “his wickedness will become known in the assembly” or “the assembly will discover his wickedness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -26:26 d2jn the assembly 0 Alternate translation: “the community of Israel” -26:27 sg61 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Whoever digs a pit will fall into it 0 It is implied that the person digs the pit as a trap so that someone will fall into it. Alternate translation: “Whoever digs a pit to trap someone will fall into it” or “If someone digs a pit in order to trap someone, the one who dug it will fall into it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -26:27 nj1w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit the stone will roll back on the one who pushed it 0 It is implied that the person pushed a large stone so that it would roll downhill and crush someone there. Alternate translation: “if someone pushed a stone so that it would roll downhill and crush someone, the stone will roll back on him instead” or “if someone maked a stone roll so that it would hurt someone, the stone will crush him instead” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -26:28 wvw9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche A lying tongue hates the people it crushes 0 The phrase “a lying tongue” represents a person who tells lies. Crushing people represents causing them trouble. Alternate translation: “A liar hates those he hurts by his lies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -26:28 dfi2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche a flattering mouth brings about ruin 0 The phrase “a flattering mouth” represents a person who flatters people. This could mean: (1) a person who flatters others causes trouble or (2) a person who flatters others ruins them (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -26:28 qp8a flattering 0 praising someone in a manner that is not sincere, or praising someone about things that are not true -27:intro ec7g 0 # Proverbs 27 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 27 continues the second section of the book (Chapter 25-29) which is attributed to Solomon.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Themes\n\nThere are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -27:1 f85w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Do not boast about tomorrow 0 This is a warning not to brag about what you expect to happen tomorrow. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “Do not speak proudly about your plans for tomorrow” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -27:1 t368 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor what a day may bring 0 Something happening on a certain day is spoken of as if the day were to bring that event. Alternate translation: “what will happen on a day” or “what will happen tomorrow” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -27:2 cyj6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis and not your own mouth & and not your own lips 0 The words “let praise you” are understood from the first phrase. They can be repeated. Here a person is represented by his “mouth” and “lips” because those are the parts of the body used to speak. Alternate translation: “and do not let your own mouth praise you … and do not let your own lips praise you” or “and do not praise yourself … and do not praise yourself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -27:2 jhl7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis a stranger 0 The words “let praise you” are understood from the first phrase. The words can be repeated here. Alternate translation: “let a stranger praise you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -27:3 snl3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the provocation of a fool is heavier than both 0 The difficulty of being patient with a fool who provokes you is spoken of as if that difficulty were heavy. Alternate translation: “the provocation of a fool is harder to tolerate than either of them” or “It is harder to be patient when a fool provokes you than it is to be patient while carrying them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -27:3 hs8d the provocation of a fool 0 “the trouble caused by a fool.” “Provocation” means actions or words that cause anger or irritation. -27:4 j57v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns There is the cruelty of rage and the flood of anger, but who is able to stand before jealousy? 0 The abstract nouns “rage”, “anger” and “jealousy” can be translated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “A raging person is cruel and an angry person is overwhelming, but who can stand before a jealous person?” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -27:4 l3ui cruelty 0 Alternate translation: “harshness” -27:4 srl1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the flood of anger 0 “the destructiveness of anger.” Anger is spoken of here as if it were a powerful flood. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -27:4 nh38 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion but who is able to stand before jealousy? 0 This question implies that no one can stand before jealousy. It can be reworded as a statement. Alternate translation: “but no one is able to stand before jealousy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -27:4 inj9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor to stand before jealousy 0 Here standing represents being strong and resisting being harmed by a jealous person who attacks. Alternate translation: “to resist a jealous person” or “to remain strong when a jealous person attacks him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -27:5 yva8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns Better is an open rebuke 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **rebuke**, you could express the same idea with the verb “rebuke.” Alternate translation: “It is better to be openly rebuked” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -27:5 pz3x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns than hidden love 0 “than love that is not openly shown.” If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **love**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “than to be loved secretly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -27:6 d5v5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Faithful are the wounds caused by a friend 0 “The wounds that a friend causes are trustworthy.” The word “wounds” here represents the pain and sadness that a person feels when a friend rebukes or corrects him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -27:6 uw1k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Faithful are the wounds caused by a friend 0 The trustworthiness of a friend’s rebuke is spoken of as if the sadness that his rebuke causes is trustworthy. Alternate translation: “Though it causes sadness, a friend’s rebuke is trustworthy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -27:6 wzd4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit but an enemy may kiss you profusely 0 It can be stated clearly that the enemy’s kisses are not trustworthy. Alternate translation: “but the enemy’s many kisses are not trustworthy” or “but an enemy may try to deceive you by kissing you profusely” or (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -27:6 d2u7 profusely 0 Alternate translation: “abundantly” or “too many times” -27:7 diy7 A person who has eaten to the full 0 Alternate translation: “A person who is satisfied” or “A person who has eaten enough to be full” -27:7 v4fr rejects even a honeycomb 0 A honeycomb would normally be desirable, but not to the person who has already eaten enough to be satisfied. -27:7 aj75 every bitter thing is sweet 0 Alternate translation: “everything that is bitter tastes sweet” -27:8 tmr6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile Like a bird that wanders from its nest is a man who strays from where he lives 0 The words “wanders” and “strays” mean the same thing in this verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -27:9 p2m8 Perfume 0 The word “perfume” here means a desirable oil or ointment. -27:9 zj6k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy make the heart rejoice 0 Here “the heart” represents the feelings or emotions of a person. Alternate translation: “make a person feel joyful” or “make a person glad” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -27:9 fa3b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the sweetness of a friend comes from his sincere counsel 0 This could mean: (1) “sweetness” represents kindness. Alternate translation: “we recognize our friend’s kindness by his counsel” or (2) “sweetness” represents what we appreciate about a person. Alternate translation: “what we appreciate about a friend is his advice” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -27:10 c6gz your brother’s house 0 Here the word “brother” is a general reference to relatives, such as members of the same tribe, clan, or people group. -27:10 zin1 calamity 0 extreme troubles and misfortune -27:11 v2t7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy make my heart rejoice 0 Here the “heart” represents the person’s feelings or emotions. Alternate translation: “make me feel joyful” or “make me glad” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -27:11 sv31 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit then I will give back an answer to the one who mocks me 0 Here “answer” does not mean to answer a question. It means to respond or to reply to someone who is mocking. How this relates to the clause before it can be made clear. AT “then I will reply to the one who mocks me by telling him about you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -27:11 gm95 mocks 0 makes fun of someone, especially in a cruel way -27:12 y47t A prudent man sees trouble and hides himself, but the naive people go on and suffer because of it 0 See how you translated a similar phrase in [Proverbs 22:3](../22/03.md). -27:12 jm89 A prudent man 0 Alternate translation: “A man who is wise” or “A man who has good sense” -27:12 j5th the naive people 0 Alternate translation: “the inexperienced and immature people” -27:12 bv11 suffer 0 experience something very unpleasant, such as illness, pain, or other hardships -27:13 l1r3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Take a garment of one who has put up security for a stranger 0 When lending money, a lender would take something from the borrower, such as a garment, as a guarantee of repayment. He would return it after the money was repaid. If the borrower was too poor, someone else could give something to the lender as a guarantee for him. See how you translated this in [Proverbs 20:16](../20/16.md). Alternate translation: “Take a garment as security from the one who guarantees that what a stranger has borrowed will be paid back” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -27:13 q6ci rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom who has put up security 0 This means for someone to give something to a lender as a guarantee that what was borrowed will be paid. See how you translated this in [Proverbs 20:16](../20/16.md). Alternate translation: “who has guaranteed that what has been borrowed will be paid back” or “who has promised to pay a loan” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -27:13 gvg7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom hold it in pledge 0 To “hold something in pledge” means to hold on to something that someone has given as a pledge, or promise, that he will pay a debt. See how you translated this in [Proverbs 20:16](../20/16.md). Alternate translation: “hold onto his coat as a guarantee of repayment” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -27:14 xjs1 Whoever gives his neighbor a blessing 0 Alternate translation: “If anyone gives his neighbor a blessing” -27:14 z5ga rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive that blessing will be considered to be a curse 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the neighbor will consider that blessing to be a curse” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -27:15 bh2v quarreling 0 This means making people angry with each other or causing strong disagreements between people. -27:15 caj9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit the constant dripping 0 The implied information is that it is rain that is constantly dripping. Alternate translation: “the constant dripping of rain” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -27:15 ldj6 a rainy day 0 Alternate translation: “a day of continual rain” -27:16 e46j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile restraining her is like restraining the wind, or trying to catch oil in your right hand 0 The implied information is that it is as difficult or useless to try and restrain her as it is to try to restrain the wind or catch oil in your hand (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -27:16 tfg7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit restraining her 0 “holding her back” or “keeping her under control.” The implied information is that it is trying to stop her from quarreling. Alternate translation: “restraining her from quarreling” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -27:16 z86v restraining the wind 0 Alternate translation: “holding back the wind” or “keeping the wind under control” -27:17 w3va rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile Iron sharpens iron; in the same way, a man sharpens his friend. 0 These two phrases are comparing how iron and a man can be improved. Alternate translation: “As iron can sharpen another piece of iron, so a man’s character is improved by contact with his friend” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -27:18 gbr2 who tends 0 Alternate translation: “who takes care of” -27:18 d71d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive the one who protects his master will be honored 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “a master will honor the one who protects him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -27:19 z68a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy a person’s heart 0 Here this means a person’s thoughts. Alternate translation: “what a person thinks” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -27:20 nv5h rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Abaddon 0 This is a name that means “destroyer.” Alternate translation: “the Destroyer” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -27:20 c28l are never satisfied 0 Alternate translation: “are never filled up” -27:20 q6ud rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy a man’s eyes 0 Here the “eyes” represent a man’s desires. Alternate translation: “a man’s desires” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -27:21 c4r4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit A crucible is for silver and a furnace is for gold 0 This refers to how gold and silver are refined. A metal is refined by heating it to a high temperature so that it melts and the impurities may be removed. See how you translated the very similar phrase in [Proverbs 17:3](../17/03.md). Alternate translation: “A crucible is used to refine silver and a furnace is used to refine gold” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -27:21 eg8j rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown crucible 0 a container used for heating substances to very high temperatures (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -27:21 eza1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown furnace 0 an oven that can be made extremely hot (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -27:21 b7qd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive a person is tested when he is praised 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “when one praises a person, they are also testing that person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -27:22 m5zv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Even if you crush a fool & yet his foolishness will not leave him 0 This means that even if a fool is made to suffer hardship or pain (being crushed is often a metaphor for suffering in Hebrew), he will remain foolish. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -27:22 ir3k rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown pestle 0 a hard tool with a rounded end, used for crushing things in a bowl (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -27:23 ixh6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Be sure you know the condition of your flocks and be concerned about your herds 0 These two phrases have basically the same meaning and are used together for emphasis. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -27:23 de7k your flocks 0 Alternate translation: “flocks of sheep” -27:23 b9bu your herds 0 Alternate translation: “herds of goats” -27:24 v1t6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Does a crown endure for all generations? 0 This question expects a negative answer to make the point that the reign of earthly rulers does not last forever. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “A crown does not endure for all generations” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -27:24 gu92 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy a crown 0 Here “crown” is a metonym for a king’s rule over his kingdom. Alternate translation: “a king’s rule” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -27:25 n1ai the new growth appears 0 Alternate translation: “the new sprouts appear” or “the new grass starts to grow” -27:26 ra5w Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nVerses 26 and 27 go together with verses 23 to 25 as one proverb. -27:26 dar8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Those lambs will provide your clothing 0 The implied information is that the wool (hair) from the lambs can be used to make clothing. Alternate translation: “The lambs’ wool will provide you with clothing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -27:26 j2vp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit the goats will provide the price of the field 0 The implied information is that the money received by selling the goats will be enough to buy a field. Alternate translation: “selling your goats will provide the price of the field” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -27:27 q28m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit nourishment for your servant girls 0 The implied information is that there will also be enough goats’ milk to feed the servant girls. Alternate translation: “there will be goat’s milk to nourish your servant girls” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -27:27 xjw4 nourishment 0 Alternate translation: “food” -28:intro g91u 0 # Proverbs 28 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 28 continues the second section of the book (Chapter 25-29) which is attributed to Solomon.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Themes\n\nThere are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -28:2 b4c7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns Because of the transgression of a land 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **transgression**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “Because of how a land transgresses” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -28:2 qks4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the transgression of a land 0 This is a metonym for the sins of the people living in a land. Alternate translation: “the transgression of the people of a land” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -28:2 ivf7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit with a man of understanding and knowledge 0 The implied information is that this man is a ruler or leader. The abstract nouns “understanding” and “knowledge” can be translated as verbs. Alternate translation: “with a man who understands and knows how to rule” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -28:3 tx2c who oppresses 0 Alternate translation: “who severely mistreats” -28:3 pb4k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile like a beating rain that leaves no food 0 The poor man who oppresses other poor people is compared to a rain that falls so hard that it leaves no crop to harvest. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -28:3 p9vx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor beating rain 0 This is a metaphor for a rain coming down hard enough to cause crops to be driven down. Alternate translation: “damaging rain” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -28:4 z1ah forsake the law 0 Alternate translation: “forsake God’s law” -28:4 j98f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor those who keep the law 0 To “keep the law” means to do what God’s law requires. Alternate translation: “those who obey God’s law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -28:4 whf7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor fight against them 0 “struggle against them.” This means to strongly oppose or resist them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -28:5 pi7r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations Evil men 0 Here “men” means people in general. Alternate translation: “People who do evil things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) -28:5 t38q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns do not understand justice 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **justice**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “do not understand what is just” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -28:5 k5mh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor those who seek Yahweh 0 Those who want to know Yahweh and please him are spoken of as if they are literally seeking to find Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -28:5 ru6t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit understand everything 0 The implied information is that those who seek Yahweh understand all about justice. Alternate translation: “completely understand what is just” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -28:6 q4ty It is better for a poor person & than for a rich person 0 Alternate translation: “It is better to be a poor person … than it is to be a rich person” -28:6 pfi9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor walks in his integrity 0 This represents a person living a life of integrity. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **integrity**, you could express the same idea with an adverb. Alternate translation: “walks honestly” or “lives honestly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -28:6 jdf4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor who is crooked in his ways 0 Rich people who are dishonest are spoken of as if they walk on crooked or twisted paths. Alternate translation: “who is not honest in what he does” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -28:7 b5pv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor He who keeps the law 0 To “keep the law” means to do what God’s law requires. Alternate translation: “He who obeys God’s law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -28:7 h42h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns a son who has understanding 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **understanding**, you could express the same idea with a verb. Alternate translation: “a son who understands” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -28:7 rh6n of gluttons 0 “of people who eat too much.” A “glutton” is a person who often eats and drinks excessively. -28:7 q9hm shames his father 0 Alternate translation: “puts his father to shame” or “dishonors his father” -28:8 uef7 makes his fortune 0 Alternate translation: “increases his wealth” -28:8 i36g charging too much interest 0 Alternate translation: “charging extra money to borrow” -28:8 tj5f interest 0 money paid by a borrower for the use of someone else’s money -28:8 xz6i gathers his wealth 0 Alternate translation: “brings his wealth together” -28:8 e1qz for another 0 Alternate translation: “for another person” -28:8 s7xf pity 0 a strong feeling of sadness or sympathy for someone -28:9 w428 If one 0 Alternate translation: “If a person” -28:9 s7cf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche turns away his ear from hearing the law 0 This represents the whole person turning away from and rejecting God’s law. Alternate translation: “turns away from hearing and obeying the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -28:9 ztw6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive even his prayer is detestable 0 “even his prayer is offensive to God.” This can be written in active form. Alternate translation: “God detests even his prayer” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -28:9 a3bi detestable 0 See how you translated this in [Proverbs 3:32](../03/32.md). -28:10 hgy2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Whoever misleads the upright into an evil way 0 This is a metaphor for leading upright people in an evil direction. Alternate translation: “Whoever causes the upright to go in an evil direction” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -28:10 pv8z Whoever misleads & evil way will fall 0 Alternate translation: “If anyone misleads … evil way, he will fall” -28:10 m6rz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the upright 0 This refers to upright persons in general. Alternate translation: “upright persons” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -28:10 tw7h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor will fall into his own pit 0 “will fall into the trap that he has dug.” This is a metaphor for ending up in the same bad place as others had been led toward. Alternate translation: “will end up in the same evil place toward which he guided other people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -28:10 yg55 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the blameless 0 This refers to blameless persons in general. Alternate translation: “blameless persons” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -28:10 w756 will have a good inheritance 0 Alternate translation: “will inherit what is good” -28:11 eg7v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor be wise in his own eyes 0 The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: “be wise in his own thoughts” or “think he is wise” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -28:11 pj9j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns who has understanding 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **understanding**, you could express the same idea with a verb. Alternate translation: “who understands” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -28:11 ynr5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom will find him out 0 This is an idiom that means the poor person will be able to determine whether or not the rich person is really wise. Alternate translation: “will see his true nature” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -28:12 qew3 When the righteous triumph 0 Alternate translation: “When righteous people succeed” -28:12 zkn5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom when the wicked arise 0 This is an idiom that means when the wicked gain power or start to rule. Alternate translation: “when the wicked rise to power” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -28:12 emq6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the wicked 0 This refers to wicked people in general. Alternate translation: “wicked people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -28:12 g949 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit people are sought out 0 You may need to make explicit that those who “are sought out” have hidden themselves to escape from the wicked. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “they seek people out” or “they seek out the people who hide from them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -28:13 h8gm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor hides his sins 0 “covers his sins.” This is the opposite of confessing and forsaking sins, and is spoken of as covering sins rather than bringing them into the open (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -28:13 e7kw will not prosper 0 Alternate translation: “will not succeed” or “will not advance” -28:13 m9fz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive the one who confesses them and forsakes them will be shown mercy 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God will show mercy to the one who confesses and forsakes them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -28:14 nh5t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive The one who always lives with reverence is blessed 0 This can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “God will bless the one who always lives with reverence” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -28:14 ffn2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns lives with reverence 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **reverence**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “lives a reverent life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -28:14 ijf7 reverence 0 This refers to deeply respecting Yahweh and showing that respect by obeying him. -28:14 ymm8 whoever hardens his heart 0 Alternate translation: “the one who hardens his heart” -28:14 ebu1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom hardens his heart 0 This is an idiom that means to be stubborn or unwilling to obey God. Alternate translation: “refuses to obey God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -28:14 l7ee rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor will fall into trouble 0 This represents ending up in misery and distress. Alternate translation: “will end up in trouble” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -28:15 z8ti rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile Like a roaring lion or a charging bear is a wicked ruler over poor people 0 Poor people who are helpless against an evil ruler are compared to people who have a lion roaring at them or a bear attacking them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -28:15 x5l1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown a charging bear 0 A bear is a large, furry, dangerous animal that walks on four legs and has sharp claws and teeth. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -28:16 et9j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns The ruler who lacks understanding 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **understanding**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “The ruler who does not understand” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -28:16 az95 oppressor 0 a person who treats people harshly and makes their lives very difficult -28:16 lv7n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns the one who hates dishonesty 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **dishonesty**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “the one who hates being dishonest” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -28:16 eae9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom prolong his days 0 This could mean: (1) this is an idiom that means his living for more time. Alternate translation: “live longer” or (2) this is an idiom that means extending the length of his reign. Alternate translation: “rule for a longer time” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -28:17 rm8g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy he has shed someone’s blood 0 Here “blood” represents a person’s life. To “shed blood” means to murder someone. Alternate translation: “he has killed someone” or “he has murdered someone” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -28:17 v592 fugitive 0 a person who is running away to avoid being captured -28:17 iz6w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom until death 0 “until he dies.” This means for the rest of his life. Alternate translation: “all of his life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -28:18 nhr1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Whoever walks with integrity will be kept safe 0 This can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “God will keep safe anyone who walks with integrity” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -28:18 u4m5 Whoever 0 Alternate translation: “Anyone who” -28:18 f45f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor walks with integrity 0 This represents a person living a life of integrity. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **integrity**, you could express the same idea with an adverb. Alternate translation: “walks honestly” or “lives honestly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -28:18 kvc6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the one whose way is crooked 0 A dishonest person is spoken of as if he walks on crooked or twisted paths. Alternate translation: “the one who does not live honestly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -28:18 x79a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor will suddenly fall 0 What will happen to a dishonest person is spoken of as if he suddenly fell down. Alternate translation: “will suddenly be ruined” or “will suddenly perish” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -28:19 dlk7 works his land 0 This means to till, sow, and care for his crops. -28:19 uq9z whoever follows 0 Alternate translation: “anyone who follows” -28:19 t64p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom follows worthless pursuits 0 “chases after worthless projects.” The person who is busy doing things that do not produce anything is spoken of as chasing after useless things. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -28:19 b8y8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony will have plenty of poverty 0 The person following worthless pursuits is spoken of as getting the opposite of plenty of food. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **poverty**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “will be very poor” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -28:20 ix4q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes the one who gets rich quickly will not go unpunished 0 The double negative “will not go unpunished” is used for emphasis. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God will certainly punish the one who gets rich quickly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -28:20 nt6p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit the one who gets rich quickly 0 The implied information is that this person gains wealth by unfaithful or dishonest means. Alternate translation: “the one who tries to get rich quickly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -28:21 kg9c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole for a piece of bread a man will do wrong 0 “A piece of bread” here is an exaggeration for a very small bribe or reward. Alternate translation: “a man will sin for very little gain” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -28:21 phu7 do wrong 0 Alternate translation: “sin” -28:22 v63d A stingy man 0 “A selfish man.” This is a person who does not like to share his possessions or spend money. -28:22 f7a8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom hurries after riches 0 The stingy man is spoken of as if he was chasing after wealth. Alternate translation: “is greedy for riches” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -28:22 mz2h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom poverty will come upon him 0 The result of being stingy is spoken of as if poverty was overtaking the stingy person. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **poverty**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “he will suddenly become poor” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -28:23 sr8r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Whoever disciplines someone, afterward will find more favor from him than from the one who flatters him with his tongue 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **favor**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “A person will favor the one who disciplines him more than he favors the person who flatters him with his tongue” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -28:23 q2x8 Whoever disciplines 0 Alternate translation: “If a person disciplines” -28:23 hi86 disciplines 0 trains people to obey a set of guidelines for moral behavior -28:23 k6hl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy flatters him with his tongue 0 The tongue here represents speaking. Alternate translation: “flatters him with words” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -28:23 l9i1 flatters 0 praises someone in a manner that is not sincere, or praises someone about things that are not true -28:24 xcp2 Whoever robs 0 Alternate translation: “The one who robs” -28:24 qt94 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations says, “That is no sin,” he 0 This can be expressed as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “says that it is not a sin, he” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) -28:24 ie7m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom the companion of 0 Possible meanings are: (1) “the friend of” or (2) an idiom that means having the same character as. Alternate translation: “the same kind of person as” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -28:25 e3ce A greedy man 0 a person who selfishly wants more things, money or food than what he needs -28:25 bkj4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor stirs up conflict 0 The action of the greedy man is spoken of as if he were stirring up or awakening conflict. Alternate translation: “causes conflict” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -28:26 pnc4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche One who trusts in his own heart 0 Depending on one’s self is spoken of as trusting in one’s own heart. Alternate translation: “The person who relies on himself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -28:26 dyj3 whoever walks 0 Alternate translation: “any person who walks” -28:26 g7hy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom walks in wisdom 0 This could mean: (1) this is an idiom that means to live wisely. Alternate translation: “lives wisely” or (2) this is an idiom that means to follow the teachings of wise people. Alternate translation: “follows wise teachings” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -28:27 yhn4 The one 0 Alternate translation: “The person” -28:27 y6e6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the poor 0 This refers to poor people in general. Alternate translation: “poor people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -28:27 iwx5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes lack nothing 0 This double negative is used for emphasis. Alternate translation: “have everything they need” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -28:27 ykd8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive whoever closes his eyes to them will receive many curses 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. This could mean: (1) they will receive many curses from the poor. Alternate translation: “the poor will give many curses to whoever closes his eyes to them” or (2) they will receive many curses from people in general. Alternate translation: “people will give many curses to whoever closes his eyes to the poor” or (3) they will receive many curses from God. Alternate translation: “God will give many curses to whoever closes his eyes to the poor” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -28:27 cgl4 whoever closes 0 Alternate translation: “anyone who closes” -28:27 x8x1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy closes his eyes to 0 Closing the eyes represents not responding to the needs of the poor. Alternate translation: “ignores” or “chooses not to help” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -28:28 ku38 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom When the wicked arise 0 This is an idiom that means when wicked people gain power or start to rule. Alternate translation: “When wicked people rise to power” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -28:28 xc51 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole people hide themselves 0 This is an exaggeration for doing everything they can to avoid having wicked people harm them. Alternate translation: “people go into hiding” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) -28:28 vjp8 perish 0 This could mean: (1) “go away” or (2) “fall from power” or (3) “are destroyed.” -28:28 pd87 increase 0 This could mean: (1) “multiply” or (2) “rise to power.” -29:intro pkl4 0 # Proverbs 29 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 29 concludes the second section of the book (Chapter 25-29) which is attributed to Solomon.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Themes\n\nThere are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -29:1 rl7a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor who stiffens his neck 0 A person becoming stubborn is spoken of as if he stiffens his neck. Alternate translation: “who becomes stubborn” or “who refuses to listen” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -29:1 nb5z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive will be broken in a moment 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God will suddenly break him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -29:1 y5ft rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor beyond healing 0 “and no one will be able to heal him.” Sickness is a metaphor for any kind of bad situation. Alternate translation: “and no one will be able to help him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -29:2 w7r2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the people sigh 0 The people let out long, loud breaths that show that they are weary and sad. Alternate translation: “the people will be weary and sad” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -29:4 v6du rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns by justice 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **justice**, you could express the same idea with a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “by doing what is just” or “by making just laws” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -29:5 x5x6 flatters his neighbor 0 knowingly tells his neighbor things that are not true so that the neighbor will do what the speaker wants him to do -29:5 udx2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor spreading a net for his feet 0 The writer compares the flattery of a person to setting that person up to being caught in a trap. Alternate translation: “setting a trap to catch that person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -29:6 k8iq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom In the sin of an evil person is a trap 0 When an evil person sins, it is as if he is stepping into a trap. He desires to do evil to other people, but God will use what he does to punish him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -29:8 g91s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy set a city on fire 0 Here the word “city” represents the people who live in the city. Mockers causing the people to experience turmoil and possibly to become violent is spoken of as if they set the city on fire. Alternate translation: “create turmoil for the people of a city” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -29:8 vcu6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom turn away wrath 0 This idiom means to cause angry people no longer to be angry. Alternate translation: “calm the wrath of angry people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -29:9 el5g has an argument with 0 Another possible meaning is “goes to court against.” -29:9 tzx7 he rages and laughs 0 The fool becomes very angry and tries to keep the wise person from speaking or the court judge from judging. -29:9 kn5t rages 0 This means to be loud and excited and to move with powerful movements like a strong storm. This is a negative word. -29:9 qmv5 there will be no rest 0 Alternate translation: “they will not be able to settle the problem” -29:10 jbu4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom seek the life of 0 This idiom means to “want to kill.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -29:12 ui7k pays attention 0 “listens.” See how you translated this in [Proverbs 17:4](../17/04.md). -29:12 b9es rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor all his officials will be wicked 0 The actions of the ruler are spoken of by stating the result they will cause. Alternate translation: “it is as if he is teaching his officials to be wicked” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -29:13 f56w oppressor 0 a person who treats people harshly and makes their lives very difficult -29:13 psq6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Yahweh gives light to the eyes of them both 0 This idiom means “Yahweh makes both of them alive.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -29:14 x486 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy his throne 0 The throne is a metonym for the kingdom he rules from his throne. Alternate translation: “his kingdom” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -29:15 ybi8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification The rod and reproof give wisdom 0 The writer speaks as if a rod and reproof were people who could give wisdom as a physical gift. Alternate translation: “If a parent uses the rod on his child and reproves him, the child will become wise” or “If parents discipline their child and tell him when he has done wrong, the child will learn to live wisely” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -29:15 p19z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy The rod 0 Parents in Israel used wooden rods as instruments to discipline children by striking them. Alternate translation: “discipline” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -29:15 m43w reproof 0 When a person gives reproof to another person, or reproves that person, he tells that person that he does not approve of what that other person is doing. -29:16 th5t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns transgression increases 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **transgression**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “more people will transgress and their sins will become worse” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -29:16 ha78 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns the downfall of those wicked people 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **downfall**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “fall,” which is a metaphor for losing the power to rule. Alternate translation: “those wicked people fall” or “those wicked people lose their power to rule” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -29:18 s41b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive the one who keeps the law is blessed 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will bless the one who keeps the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -29:19 kl1y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive A slave will not be corrected by words 0 This can be translated in active form.”You will not be able to correct a slave simply by talking to him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -29:20 qfr9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion See a man who is hasty in his words? 0 The writer is using a question to get the reader’s attention. Alternate translation: “You should notice what happens to a man who is hasty in his words.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -29:21 k1j6 who pampers his slave 0 Alternate translation: “who allows his slave to avoid work and who treats his slave better than he treats other slaves” -29:21 qas4 at the end of it 0 Alternate translation: “at the end of the slave’s youth” or “when the slave is grown” -29:21 qs95 there will be trouble 0 These words translate a Hebrew word whose meaning no one knows for sure. Some understand it to mean that the slave will be weak, others that the slave will rule the household. -29:22 s7ha rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor stirs up strife 0 Causing people to argue more is spoken of as if it were stirring up or awakening arguments. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **strife**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “argue.” See how you translated similar words in [Proverbs 15:18](../15/18.md). Alternate translation: “causes people to argue more” or “causes people to argue and fight” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -29:22 ad7m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom a master of rage 0 This idiom means “a person who becomes angry easily.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -29:23 z268 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive one who has a humble spirit will be given honor 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “men will give honor to a person who has a humble spirit” or “a person who has a humble spirit will receive honor from men” or “Yahweh will cause men to honor a person who has a humble spirit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -29:24 jpz1 hates his own life 0 Alternate translation: “becomes his own enemy” -29:24 ej5k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit he hears the curse and says nothing 0 This could mean: (1) people have put the “one who shares with a thief” under oath to tell the truth about what he knows about what the thief stole, and he knows he will be punished if he tells the truth. Alternate translation: “he does not dare to testify under oath” or (2) people do not know who the thief is but they call on God to curse the thief, and the “one who shares” is afraid to confess and so come out from under the curse because he is afraid of the thief. Alternate translation: “he says nothing even after people have cursed him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -29:25 t7d5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The fear of man makes a snare 0 Being afraid of what other people might do is spoken of as stepping into a trap. Alternate translation: “Anyone who is afraid of what other people might do to him is like a person who has become snared in a trap” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -29:25 k5l2 a snare 0 a trap that catches animals with ropes -29:25 t3gk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive the one who trusts in Yahweh will be protected 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will protect the one who trusts in him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -29:26 sa3k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Many are those who seek the face of the ruler 0 The word “face” is a metonym for the ruler listening to people telling him what they want him to do and then doing it. Alternate translation: “Many people want their ruler to pay attention to them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -29:26 w96b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns from Yahweh is justice for a person 0 It is Yahweh, not human rulers, who will see that people treat a person justly. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **justice**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “just.” Alternate translation: “it is Yahweh who is truly just towards a person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -29:27 c4s9 detestable 0 a person who should be hated. See how you translated this in [Proverbs 3:32](../03/32.md). -30:intro aud8 0 # Proverbs 30 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 30 is a chapter in Proverbs attributed to Agur, who is a person otherwise unknown.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n### Agur\n\nHis full title is Agur, Son of Jakeh. Agur comes from a Hebrew word that means “gatherer” and so some scholars believe this is not a real name, but possibly a way of referring to Solomon as a gatherer of proverbs. However, it is still prudent to simply use this as a name.\n\n### Three things and four\n\nFrom verses 15 through 32, the author uses a specific technique to explain some things. He says there are three things and even four and lists items that exemplify a feature like “small and yet wise.” The numbering is not meant to be so literal, but as a memory device that introduces the items. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]])\n\n### Themes\nThere are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -30:1 u8l9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Agur & Jakeh & Ithiel & Ucal 0 These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -30:1 v8qt Agur son of Jakeh 0 This is the literal son of Jakeh, not a grandchild. -30:1 ic3d the utterance 0 Alternate translation: “the message” -30:1 y7qf to Ithiel, to Ithiel and Ucal 0 Alternate translation: “to Ithiel—that is, to Ithiel and Ucal” -30:2 n4d9 Surely 0 Alternate translation: “Certainly” or “There is no doubt that” -30:2 ij38 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns I do not have the understanding of a human being 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **understanding**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “I do not understand anything the way human beings are supposed to understand them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -30:3 ln5f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns nor do I have knowledge of the Holy One 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **knowledge**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “nor do I really know anything about the Holy One” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -30:4 kw1a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Who has & down? Who has & hands? Who has & cloak? Who has & earth? 0 The writer asks these questions to get the reader thinking about how much greater Yahweh is than people. Alternate translation: “No person has ever … down. No person has ever … hands. No person has ever … cloak. No person has ever … earth.” or “Who has … down? Who has … hands? Who has … cloak? Who has … earth? No one has ever done any of these things.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -30:4 eb1b heaven 0 where God lives -30:4 bz7z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor gathered up the wind in the hollow of his hands 0 The writer speaks of the wind as if it were something that a person could catch and hold in his hand. Alternate translation: “has caught the wind in his hands” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -30:4 g4i7 the hollow of his hands 0 the way his hands are shaped when he is scooping up, for example, water or sand. “his cupped hands” -30:4 l4kf gathered up 0 brought small scattered objects into a pile so they can be lifted -30:4 rce5 has established all the ends of the earth 0 Alternate translation: “has set up the limits for where the earth ends” or “has marked the boundaries for the ends of the earth” -30:4 t7g1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion What is his name, and what is the name of his son? 0 The writer uses these questions to command the reader to give an answer. Alternate translation: “Tell me his name and the name of his son, if you know them.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -30:4 jv39 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony Surely you know! 0 The writer uses irony to show that neither he nor the reader know any person who can do what the “who” in the earlier questions can do. Alternate translation: “I do not think you really know anyone who can do those things.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) -30:5 mna2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor is tested 0 Words are spoken of as if they were metals that need someone to clean the bad parts out of them. Alternate translation: “is like a precious metal from which someone has removed all the useless material” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -30:5 u15z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he is a shield to those who take refuge in him 0 The word “shield” is a metaphor for something that protects a person. Alternate translation: “he protects those who come and ask him to protect them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -30:6 lu63 add to his words 0 say more than he has said -30:6 e39x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive you will be proved to be 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “he will prove that you are” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -30:8 v3d5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Put vanity and lies far away from me 0 This could mean: (1) “Do not allow people to speak vanity and lies to me” or (2) “Do not allow me to speak vanity and lies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -30:8 jw32 vanity 0 false, useless words -30:8 wk6q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Give me neither poverty nor riches 0 The writer speaks as if “poverty” and “riches” were physical objects that someone could give to another. They are also abstract nouns that can be stated as “poor” and “rich.” Alternate translation: “Do not allow me to be either very poor or very rich” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -30:9 vrk2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo if I have too much, I might deny you and say 0 This describes a hypothetical situation that has not happened but is possible if the writer becomes rich. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) -30:9 t24i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo if I become poor, I might steal and profane 0 This describes a hypothetical situation that has not happened but is possible if the writer becomes poor. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) -30:9 f4ah I might steal and profane the name of my God 0 Alternate translation: “I might make people who know that I have stolen things think that there is no God” or “I might harm God’s reputation by stealing” -30:10 rz4a slander 0 speak falsely about another person with the desire to harm him -30:10 ycc9 he will curse 0 Alternate translation: “the servant will curse” -30:10 u5fu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive you will be held guilty 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “people will hold you guilty” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -30:11 sz6e a generation that curses & and does not bless 0 Alternate translation: “a generation of people who curse … and do not bless” -30:11 z4bb generation 0 type or class or group -30:12 h8cq a generation that is 0 Alternate translation: “a generation of people that are” -30:12 dp6p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor is pure in their own eyes 0 The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: “considers themselves pure” or “believes they are pure” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -30:12 re7r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor they are not washed of their filth 0 The words “washed” and “filth” speak of God forgiving people who sin as if he were washing physical filth off of the people. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “God has not forgiven them of their sins” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -30:12 fyp5 filth 0 This should be translated with a polite term that includes human or animal vomit and waste. -30:13 ey4d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy eyes are raised up & their eyelids lifted up 0 This describes people who think that they are better than other people. Their eyes show that they are proud, and the way they look at others shows that they think they are better than those other people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -30:14 zca7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor There is a generation whose teeth are swords, and their jawbones are like knives, so they may devour the poor & and the needy 0 The people of the generation who speak very harmful things is spoken of as if they were wild animals with teeth and jawbones made of swords and knives, and they eat the poor and needy. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -30:14 z22j jawbones 0 the bones of the face where teeth grow -30:15 yr92 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The leech has two daughters 0 This is an example of something that always wants more. Alternate translation: “Greed has two daughters” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -30:15 ik61 leech 0 a type of worm that attaches itself to the skin and sucks blood -30:15 n8v6 0 Another possible meaning is “and they are both named Give Me.” Alternate translation: “Give and give” -30:15 snu6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry There are three things that are never satisfied, four that never say, “Enough” 0 This use of the numbers “three” and “four” together here is likely a poetic device. Alternate translation: “There are four things that are never satisfied, who never say, ‘Enough’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]]) -30:15 xlu4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes are never satisfied 0 This can be stated positively. Alternate translation: “always want more” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -30:16 d8p5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification land that is never satisfied with water 0 Land that is no longer producing food because there has been no rain is spoken of as if it were a person who does not have enough water to drink. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -30:17 hr1j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns scorns obedience to a mother 0 The word “obedience” is a metonym for the mother herself. It is also an abstract noun that can be stated as “obey.” Alternate translation: “considers his mother worthless and will not obey her” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -30:17 pr2u his eyes & the vultures 0 The writer says that the person will die by giving two pictures of what happens to people who die away from where people live. -30:17 l9a8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive his eyes will be pecked out by the ravens of the valley 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the ravens of the valley will peck out his eyes” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -30:17 x3vs ravens 0 large, shiny, black birds that eat plants and dead animals -30:17 sxz9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive he will be eaten by the vultures 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the vultures will eat him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -30:17 k8je vultures 0 any one of several large birds that eat dead animals and have small, featherless heads -30:18 njh2 There are three things that are & four that I do not understand: 0 The use of the numbers “three” and “four” here is likely a poetic device. Alternate translation: “There are some things that are too wonderful for me that I do not understand—four of them are:” -30:19 u9rp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor in the heart of the sea 0 The “heart” refers to the middle. Alternate translation: “in the middle of the sea” or “on the open sea” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -30:20 h26k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism she eats and she wipes her mouth 0 This seems to be both a euphemism and a metaphor for committing adultery and then taking a bath. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -30:21 s3e3 Under three things the earth trembles, and under four it cannot bear up 0 The use of the numbers “three” and “four” here is likely a poetic device. “There are some things that make the earth tremble, that it cannot endure. Four of these are:” -30:22 xv9v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive a fool when he is filled with food 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “a fool who has had enough to eat” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -30:23 l8m1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive a hated woman when she marries 0 That is, people rightly hated her before she married; once she marries, she will be worse than she was before she married. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “a woman whom good people have hated when she marries” or “an outcast woman when she marries” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -30:23 dwd5 takes the place of her mistress 0 rules the household -30:26 p11p rock badgers 0 an animal with small, rounded ears, short legs, and no tail -30:28 l4zb lizard 0 a small reptile that has four legs, a long, slender body, and a tail -30:29 u31f There are three things that are & four that are stately in how they walk 0 The use of the numbers “three” and “four” here is likely a poetic device. Alternate translation: “There are some things that walk stately. Four of these are” -30:29 dc44 stately 0 majestic or dignified, like a king -30:31 e3z8 strutting rooster 0 an adult male chicken that walks proudly -30:33 kgm4 churning 0 strongly stirring -30:33 nj7p butter 0 Animal milk that someone has stirred and made thick. -31:intro dd9p 0 # Proverbs 31 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 31 begins with 9 verses from King Lemuel. The last portion of this chapter is a poem about a godly wife. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]])\n\n### King Lemuel\n\nThis person is unknown in Scripture, other than here. It is important to recognize that the words in this chapter are words of his mother addressed to him. They are formed like advice of a mother to her son.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### An acrostic poem\n\nVerse 10 through 31 is tightly formed as a poem in the original language. There are 22 lines in the Hebrew language that each begin with a successive letter of the alphabet. However, each language will have a different set of letters. Therefore, it is important to realize this was a single composition with a single theme of a noble or godly wife.\n\n### Themes\nThere are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -31:2 nw5l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion What, my son? What is it, son of my womb? What do you want, son of my vows? 0 The rhetorical question **What** could mean: (1) “What are you doing?” or “You should not be doing what you are doing” or (2) “What shall I tell you?” or “Listen to what I am telling you” or (3) “Do not do the things I am about to warn you against.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -31:2 ag7f my son & son of my womb & son of my vows 0 The speaker wants the hearer to notice carefully and to respect the one who is talking to him. -31:2 ye5f son of my womb 0 The womb is a synecdoche for the person. It is best to use a polite term for the body part in which babies grow before they are born. -31:2 p2hh son of my vows 0 Here, **vows** could mean: (1) the mother’s marriage vows or (2) a vow after she married that if God allowed her to have a child she would dedicate him to God. -31:3 irw8 Do not give your strength to women 0 “Do not work hard trying to have sex with women,” either outside of marriage or with concubines. -31:3 tuq5 or your ways to those who destroy kings 0 Alternate translation: “or allow those who destroy kings to advise you” -31:3 j3yt your ways 0 This could mean: (1) “the way you live your life” or (2) “the work you do” -31:3 v8um those who destroy kings 0 probably the immoral “women” to whom he is not to give his strength -31:4 s8mw Lemuel 0 This is the name of a man. See how you translated this in [Proverbs 31:1](../31/01.md). -31:5 ex8n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive what has been decreed 0 This can be translated in active form. This could mean: (1) “what God has decreed” or (2) “what the kings themselves have decreed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -31:5 w2jv pervert the rights of all the afflicted 0 Alternate translation: “deny afflicted people their legal rights” -31:5 y3ds pervert 0 exchange good for evil -31:5 mdn6 all the afflicted 0 Alternate translation: “all those people whom others wrongfully harm” -31:6 q63s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis and wine 0 The ellipsis can be filled in. Alternate translation: “and give wine” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -31:6 i7g7 in bitter distress 0 Alternate translation: “who’s souls are bitter” or “who are in misery” -31:7 f15v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns his poverty 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **poverty**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “how poor he is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -31:7 cb4b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns his trouble 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **trouble**, you could express the same idea with a clause. Alternate translation: “the bad things that are happening to him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -31:8 r3tl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Speak for those who cannot speak 0 Speaking is a metonym for using words to defend innocent people. Alternate translation: “Defend those who cannot defend themselves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -31:8 mxp7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy for the causes of all who are perishing 0 The cause represents the person whose cause it is. Alternate translation: “so that people will treat all who are perishing justly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -31:8 e1y9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis for the causes 0 The ellipsis can be filled in. Alternate translation: “speak for the causes” or “speak out for” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -31:9 yc2m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet poor and needy people 0 These two words have basically the same meaning and are used together for emphasis. Alternate translation: “people who are poor and cannot get the things that they need” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -31:10 ufh2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Who can find a capable wife? 0 The writer asks a question to show that he is beginning a new section. Alternate translation: “Not many men can find a capable wife.” or “Not many men can find a wife who is able to do many things well.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -31:10 v97s Her value is far more than jewels 0 Alternate translation: “She is more precious than jewels” -31:11 i7un rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes he will never be poor 0 This litotes can be stated positively. Alternate translation: “he will always have what he needs” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -31:13 usy5 wool 0 sheep’s hair that is used to make cloth -31:13 xs1v flax 0 a plant whose fiber is used to make linen -31:13 n9qr with the delight of her hands 0 Possible meanings are that the word **delight** describes: (1) how she feels as she works, “gladly with her hands,” or (2) how she feels about the wool and flax, “with her hands on things that she enjoys working with” -31:14 h984 merchant 0 someone who buys and sells -31:15 ry3t distributes the work for her female servants 0 Alternate translation: “tells her female servants what work each of them is to do that day” -31:16 fgc9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the fruit of her hands 0 The money she has earned from the work she did with wool and flax ([Proverbs 31:13](../31/13.md)) is spoken of as if it were fruit growing off a tree. The hands are a synecdoche for the person. Alternate translation: “the money she has earned” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -31:17 vv53 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom She dresses herself with strength 0 Putting on clothes is a metonym for preparing for work. Alternate translation: “She prepares herself for hard physical work” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -31:17 fn86 makes her arms strong 0 Alternate translation: “she strengthens her arms by doing her work” -31:18 d4np perceives 0 sees by looking carefully -31:18 jpw6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole all night long her lamp is not extinguished 0 This is probably an exaggeration: she works late into the night, but not from dusk to dawn. Alternate translation: “She burns a lamp through the night as she works” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -31:19 d3iv spindle 0 a thin rod or stick with pointed ends that is used in making thread -31:20 en6l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy reaches out with her hand to poor 0 The hand is a metonym for the help the woman uses her hand to give. Alternate translation: “helps poor” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -31:20 s1we reaches out with her hands to 0 These words translate the same words translated “puts her hands on” in [Proverbs 31:19](../31/19.md). -31:21 tt96 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy are clothed in scarlet 0 Here “scarlet” does not refer to the color of the cloth, but that the clothing is expensive and warm. Alternate translation: “have expensive, warm clothing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -31:21 ail4 scarlet 0 The color red, but with a hint of orange. -31:22 a3x1 linen 0 cloth made of flax yarn -31:23 ra37 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Her husband is known 0 This can be translated in active form. The verb “know” is a metonym for respect. Alternate translation: “People respect her husband” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -31:23 dbz1 when he sits with the elders of the land 0 to make laws and settle arguments -31:24 d6wi linen 0 cloth made from flax yarn -31:24 ghw5 sashes 0 long pieces of cloth worn around the waist or over one shoulder -31:25 k3bi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor She is clothed with strength and honor 0 Having strength and honor is spoken of as if the woman were wearing them. This can be translated in active form. The abstract nouns “strength” and “honor” can be translated by an adjective and a verb, respectively. Alternate translation: “Everyone can see that she is strong, and so they honor her” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -31:25 a29g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole laughs at the time to come 0 This is probably an exaggeration to show that she is not afraid. Alternate translation: “is not afraid of what will happen in the future” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -31:26 lb6q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy opens her mouth with wisdom 0 The act of opening her mouth is a metonym for speaking. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **wisdom**, you could express the same idea with an adverb or an adjective. Alternate translation: “she speaks wisely” or “she speaks wise words” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -31:26 q9jl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the law of kindness is on her tongue 0 The phrase “on her tongue” refers to her speaking, as the tongue is part of the mouth. The phrase “the law of kindness” refers to her teaching people to be kind. Alternate translation: “she teaches people to be kind” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -31:27 uqe6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor watches over the ways of her household 0 The word “ways” refers to the way people live. Alternate translation: “makes sure her whole family lives in a way that pleases God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -31:27 ynb8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom does not eat the bread of idleness 0 To “eat the bread of” something means to do something. Alternate translation: “she is not idle” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -31:27 j79l idleness 0 doing nothing and being lazy -31:28 hq5u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy rise up and 0 This could mean: (1) literally “stand up and” or (2) as a metonym, “actively.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -31:28 lqv2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations call her blessed 0 saying that good things have happened to her because she has done good things. This can be translated as a direct quote. Alternate translation: “congratulate her” or “say, ‘Yay, Mom!’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) -31:29 fl85 you surpassed 0 Alternate translation: “you have done better than” -31:30 e8cj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns Elegance is deceptive 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **elegance**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “A gracious woman can deceive people” or “A woman with good manners could really be evil” See how you translated this in [Proverbs 11:16](../11/16.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -31:30 qcq1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns beauty is vain 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **beauty**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “a woman who is beautiful now will not always be beautiful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -31:30 k9e4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive she will be praised 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “people will praise her” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -31:31 df11 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the fruit of her hands 0 The money she has earned from the work she did with wool and flax ([Proverbs 31:13](../31/13.md)) is spoken of as if it were fruit growing off a tree. The hands are a synecdoche for the person. See how you translated this in [Proverbs 31:16](./16.md). Alternate translation: “the money she has earned” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -31:31 ef6y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy let her works praise her in the gates 0 She will be praised for her works, not by her works. Those “in the gates” are the important people of the city who conduct business and legal affairs near the gates of the city. Alternate translation: “may the important people of the city praise her because of the works she has done” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) +front:intro spe4 0 # Introduction to Proverbs\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of Proverbs\n\n1. Introduction and purpose for Proverbs (1:1–7)\n2. A father teaches his son about wisdom (1:8–9:18)\n3. Proverbs from Solomon (10:1–22:16)\n4. Sayings from wise men (22:17–24:22)\n5. More sayings from wise men (24:23–34)\n6. Hezekiah’s proverbs from Solomon (25:1–29:27)\n7. Sayings from Agur (30:1–33)\n8. Sayings from Lemuel (31:1–9)\n9. Description of a good and capable wife (31:10–31)\n\n### What is the book of Proverbs about?\n\nThe book of Proverbs is a collection of proverbs. A proverb is a saying that gives wise advice or teaches something that is generally true about life. Most societies have their own proverbs and may use specific language that indicates something is a proverb. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs]])\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nThe title of this book is often translated as “Proverbs.” A more general translation would be “Sayings for Wise People,” “Wise Sayings,” or something similar.\n\n### Who wrote the book of Proverbs?\n\nProverbs begins with the words, “The Proverbs of Solomon, son of David and King of Israel.” However, Solomon did not write all of the proverbs in this book. Unnamed wise men wrote the proverbs in [22:17](../22/17.md)–[24:34](../24/34.md). Agur the son of Jakeh wrote the proverbs in [30:1–33](../30/01.md) and King Lemuel wrote the proverbs in [31:1–31](../31/01.md).\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### What is meant by “wisdom” and “foolishness” in the book of Proverbs?\n\n“Wisdom” refers to understanding and doing what is true and morally right. A wise person understands and does what Yahweh considers to be right. Anyone living in this way will also learn to live well with other people and to make good practical decisions in life. Those who fail to live in this way are called “foolish.” For this reason, it is possible for a person to be very intelligent and still be foolish. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]])\n\n### My Son\n\nSeveral parts of Proverbs contain a series of proverbs addressed to “my son” or “sons” ([1:8](../01/08.md)–[9:18](../09/18.md); [19:27](../19/27.md); [23:15](../23/15.md)–[24:22](../24/22.md); [27:11](../27/11.md); [31:2](../31/02.md)–[31](../31/31.md)) This does not mean that all the lessons in those proverbs only apply to males. Rather, these phrases are forms used to pass on advice from a father to his son. Whenever the lesson of such proverbs is not specifically about common temptations of young men, the UST uses more general language that could refer to both male and female children. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### Proverbs\n\nMost of this book consists of individual proverbs. A proverb is a short saying about something that is generally true in life. Proverbs often use parallelism and metaphors to teach a lesson by referring to something or some event that would be familiar to the readers. If possible, translate each proverb in a way that will be recognized as a proverb and be meaningful in your language and culture. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs]])\n\n### Parallelism\n\nMany proverbs have two parts that have a relationship to each other. The second part may strengthen the first part, give more details about the first part, or say what seems to be the opposite of the first part. Translators should take into account that each proverb is also part of a larger group of proverbs. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])\n\n### Personification\n\nIn Proverbs, certain qualities such as wisdom and stupidity are often represented as if they were human. [Proverbs 1:20–33](../01/20.md), [3:15–18](../03/15.md), [4:6–9](../04/06.md), and [8:1](../08/01.md)–[9:12](../09/12.md) refer to wisdom as if it were a woman. [Proverbs 9:13–18](../09/13.md) might also refer to stupidity as if it were a woman. In languages where it is possible for a woman figure to represent these qualities, the translator should translate in this way. However, if direct translation is not possible in your language, you may translate these personifications as similes instead. In that case, wisdom or folly would be presented as being like a wise or stupid woman. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])\n\n### Generic Nouns\n\nProverbs contains many generic noun phrases that refer to people or things in general rather than to specific individuals or things. This type of nouns occur frequently in this book because proverbs tell about things that are true about people in general. Most of the cases of generic nouns will be addressed in the notes. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])\n +1:intro y4et 0 # Proverbs 1 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n1. Introduction and purpose for Proverbs (1:1–7)\n * Title (1:1)\n * The purpose of Proverbs (1:2–6)\n * Main theme: Fearing Yahweh is essential to being wise (1:7)\n2. A father teaches his son about wisdom (1:8–9:18)\n * Avoid evil companions (1:8–19)\n * Do not reject wisdom (1:20–33)\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in This Chapter\n\n### Personification\n\nIn [1:20–33](../01/20.md), wisdom is referred to as if it were a woman. In languages where it is possible for a woman figure to represent an abstract concept like wisdom, the translator should translate the personification directly. However, if direct translation is not possible in your language, you may translate these personifications as similes instead. In that case, wisdom would be presented as being like a wise woman. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +1:1 ej1t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis מִ֭שְׁלֵי שְׁלֹמֹ֣ה 1 The author is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “These are the proverbs of Solomon” +1:1 q6pn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession מִ֭שְׁלֵי שְׁלֹמֹ֣ה 1 Here, the author is using the possessive form to describe **proverbs** that were written by **Solomon**. If this is not clear in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “The proverbs that were written by Solomon” +1:2 sah7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis לָ⁠דַ֣עַת חָכְמָ֣ה וּ⁠מוּסָ֑ר 1 [1:2–6](../01/02.md) form one long sentence that lacks some of the words that a sentence in many languages would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “The purposes of proverbs are to know wisdom and instruction” +1:2 i8k2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal לָ⁠דַ֣עַת & לְ֝⁠הָבִ֗ין 1 **To** and **to** here indicate two purposes for these proverbs. Use a natural way in your language to introduce purpose clauses. Alternate translation: “These proverbs are for the purpose of knowing … and they are for the purpose of understanding” +1:2 iaq1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חָכְמָ֣ה וּ⁠מוּסָ֑ר 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **wisdom** and **instruction**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “wise and instructive things” +1:2 rs3p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession אִמְרֵ֥י בִינָֽה 1 Here, the author is using the possessive form to describe **sayings** that give a person **understanding**. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “sayings that give someone understanding” +1:3 ew1z rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal לָ֭⁠קַחַת מוּסַ֣ר 1 Here, **to** indicates a third purpose for these proverbs. Use a natural way in your language to introduce a purpose clause. You may want to begin a new sentence. Alternate translation: “These proverbs are for the purpose of receiving instruction of” +1:3 aun5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מוּסַ֣ר הַשְׂכֵּ֑ל צֶ֥דֶק וּ֝⁠מִשְׁפָּ֗ט וּ⁠מֵישָׁרִֽים 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **instruction**, **insight**, **righteousness**, **justice**, and **integrity**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “what is instructive of what is insightful, what is righteous, what is just, and what is honest” +1:4 j62d rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal לָ⁠תֵ֣ת לִ⁠פְתָאיִ֣ם עָרְמָ֑ה 1 Here, **to** indicates a fourth purpose for these proverbs. Use a natural way in your language to introduce a purpose clause. You may want to begin a new sentence. Alternate translation: “These proverbs are for the purpose of giving naive ones prudence” +1:4 p2ca rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns עָרְמָ֑ה & דַּ֣עַת וּ⁠מְזִמָּֽה 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **prudence**, **knowledge**, and **discretion**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “what is prudent … what he should know and how he can be discreet” +1:4 wxv5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations לְ֝⁠נַ֗עַר 1 Although the term **young man** is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “to young men and women”\n +1:5 lrm2 0 This verse is parenthetical and interrupts the list of purposes for the proverbs in [1:2–6](../01/02.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could add parentheses, as in the ULT, or use a natural way in your language to indicate a parenthetical statement. +1:5 gagy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism יִשְׁמַ֣ע חָ֭כָם וְ⁠י֣וֹסֶף לֶ֑קַח וְ֝⁠נָב֗וֹן תַּחְבֻּל֥וֹת יִקְנֶֽה 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first clause by repeating the same idea with different words. Hebrew poetry was based on this kind of repetition, so it would be good to show this to your readers by including both phrases in your translation rather than combining them. However, if it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “a wise one will hear and increase insight, yes, the understanding one will acquire guidance” +1:5 r7sn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis יִשְׁמַ֣ע חָ֭כָם 1 The author is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “a wise one will hear these proverbs” +1:5 koqt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun חָ֭כָם & וְ֝⁠נָב֗וֹן 1 Here, **a wise one** and **the understanding one** do not refer to specific people, but refer to types of people in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any wise person … and any understanding person” +1:5 sddg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit תַּחְבֻּל֥וֹת יִקְנֶֽה 1 The author implies that this person **will acquire directions** from proverbs. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “will acquire directions from these proverbs” +1:5 ykul rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תַּחְבֻּל֥וֹת 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea **directions**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “that which directs” +1:6 kp7t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism לְ⁠הָבִ֣ין מָ֭שָׁל וּ⁠מְלִיצָ֑ה דִּבְרֵ֥י חֲ֝כָמִ֗ים וְ⁠חִידֹתָֽ⁠ם 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first clause by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word that indicates that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “to understand a proverb and a satire, yes, to understand the words of the wise ones and their riddles” +1:6 rcl9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal לְ⁠הָבִ֣ין מָ֭שָׁל וּ⁠מְלִיצָ֑ה 1 Here, **to** indicates a fifth purpose for these proverbs. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. You may want to begin a new sentence. Alternate translation: “These proverbs are for the purpose of understanding a proverb and a satire” +1:6 oalz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מָ֭שָׁל וּ⁠מְלִיצָ֑ה 1 Here, **a proverb** and **a satire** refer to these things in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any proverb and any satire”\n +1:6 h2dv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis דִּבְרֵ֥י חֲ֝כָמִ֗ים 1 The author is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the previous clause. Alternate translation: “to understand the words of the wise ones” +1:6 wlac rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy דִּבְרֵ֥י 1 Here, the author uses the term **words** to describe what **the wise ones** say by using **words**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the words spoken by” +1:7 r9nd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession יִרְאַ֣ת יְ֭הוָה 1 Here, the author is using the possessive form to describe **fear** that a person should have for **Yahweh**. If this is not clear in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “The fear for Yahweh” +1:7 ga71 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit רֵאשִׁ֣ית דָּ֑עַת 1 Here, **beginning** refers to the basis of something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “is the prerequisite for acquiring knowledge” or “is what knowledge is based upon” +1:7 l9za rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns יִרְאַ֣ת & דָּ֑עַת חָכְמָ֥ה וּ֝⁠מוּסָ֗ר 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **fear**, **knowledge**, **wisdom**, and **instruction**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. See how you translated **knowledge** in [1:4](../01/04.md) and **wisdom** and **instruction** in [1:2](../01/02.md). Alternate translation: “Being fearful of … knowing something … wise things and instructive things” +1:7 ooap rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast חָכְמָ֥ה וּ֝⁠מוּסָ֗ר אֱוִילִ֥ים בָּֽזוּ 1 This clause is a strong contrast with the previous clause. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a contrast. It may be helpful to begin a new sentence. Alternate translation: “By contrast, fools despise wisdom and instruction” +1:8 v4em rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism שְׁמַ֣ע בְּ֭נִ⁠י מוּסַ֣ר אָבִ֑י⁠ךָ וְ⁠אַל־תִּ֝טֹּ֗שׁ תּוֹרַ֥ת אִמֶּֽ⁠ךָ 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Hear, my son, the instruction of your father, yes, do not forsake the law of your mother” +1:8 p2x9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom שְׁמַ֣ע בְּ֭נִ⁠י מוּסַ֣ר 1 **Hear** often means “hear and obey.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language. Alternative translation: “Pay attention, my son, to the instruction of” +1:8 wp6b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בְּ֭נִ⁠י 1 Although the term **son** is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that could refer to either a male or female child. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “my offspring”\n +1:8 f71k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מוּסַ֣ר 1 See how you translated **instruction** in [1:2](../01/02.md). +1:8 dqtr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person מוּסַ֣ר אָבִ֑י⁠ךָ 1 Solomon is speaking about himself in the third person. If this would not be natural in your language, you could use the first person form. Alternate translation: “the instruction of me, your father” +1:8 xbay rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וְ⁠אַל־תִּ֝טֹּ֗שׁ 1 Here, Solomon speaks of refusing to obey **the law of your mother** as if it were a person whom someone could **forsake**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and do not reject” +1:8 wzq0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes וְ⁠אַל־תִּ֝טֹּ֗שׁ 1 Solomon is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, **not**, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning, **forsake**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “and heed” +1:8 liis rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns תּוֹרַ֥ת 1 Here, the word **law** is singular in form, but it refers to several laws as a group. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the rules of” +1:9 h55y rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֤י 1 **For** here indicates that what follows is a reason for the commands in the previous verse. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “Obey these instructions because” or “Obey your parents because” +1:9 esiw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism לִוְיַ֤ת חֵ֓ן הֵ֬ם לְ⁠רֹאשֶׁ֑⁠ךָ וַ֝⁠עֲנָקִ֗ים לְ⁠גַרְגְּרֹתֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “they are a garland of grace for your head, yes, pendants for your neck” +1:9 lcw8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns לִוְיַ֤ת חֵ֓ן הֵ֬ם 1 Here, the pronoun **they** refers to the instruction and teaching of one’s parents, as stated in the previous verse. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the instruction and law from your parents are a garland of grace” or “the things your parents taught you are a garland of grace” +1:9 qxp8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לִוְיַ֤ת חֵ֓ן הֵ֬ם לְ⁠רֹאשֶׁ֑⁠ךָ וַ֝⁠עֲנָקִ֗ים לְ⁠גַרְגְּרֹתֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 Here Solomon speaks of the rules and instructions that parents teach their children as if they were a **garland** or **pendants.** These two items make a person look more attractive to other people and may cause other people to respect that person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use similes. Alternate translation: “they make you look more beautiful and respectable” or “they are like a garland of grace for your head and like pendants for your neck” +1:9 b1ay rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession לִוְיַ֤ת חֵ֓ן 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **garland** that is characterized by **grace**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “are a gracious garland” +1:10 agm6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בְּנִ֡⁠י 1 See how you translated the same use of this phrase in [1:8](../01/08.md). +1:10 ucf5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical אִם־יְפַתּ֥וּ⁠ךָ חַ֝טָּאִ֗ים 1 Solomon is using a hypothetical situation to help his readers understand how important it is to resist temptation from **sinners**. Use the natural form in your language for expressing a hypothetical situation. Alternate translation: “should it happen that sinners entice you” +1:10 y9bt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אִם־יְפַתּ֥וּ⁠ךָ חַ֝טָּאִ֗ים אַל־תֹּבֵֽא 1 Solomon implies that the **sinners** would **entice** his **son** to sin with them. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “if sinners entice you to join them in sinning, do not consent to sin with them” +1:11 f89h rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical אִם־יֹאמְרוּ֮ 1 Solomon is using a hypothetical situation to help his readers understand how sinners might entice someone to join them in sinning. Use the natural form in your language for expressing a hypothetical situation. Alternate translation: “Suppose they say” +1:11 nvn9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns יֹאמְרוּ֮ 1 Here, the pronoun **they** refers to sinners, as mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “those sinners say” +1:11 kzhn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive אִ֫תָּ֥⁠נוּ נֶאֶרְבָ֥ה & נִצְפְּנָ֖ה 1 By **us**, the sinners are referring to themselves but not other people, so use the exclusive form of that word in your translation if your language marks that distinction. +1:11 easr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism נֶאֶרְבָ֥ה & נִצְפְּנָ֖ה 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a word that shows the connection between these two phrases. Alternate translation: “Let us lie in wait … Yes, let us hide to ambush” +1:11 tbiw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְ⁠דָ֑ם 1 Here, **blood** refers to violently murdering someone, which usually causes **blood** to come out of the person who is murdered. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “to shed blood” or “to murder someone” +1:11 qu4w rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal לְ⁠דָ֑ם נִצְפְּנָ֖ה 1 Here, **for** and **to** introduce the purposes for these actions. The purpose for lying in wait is to shed blood. The purpose for hiding is to ambush someone. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate purposes. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of shedding blood. Let us hide for the purpose of ambushing” +1:11 yxfk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לְ⁠נָקִ֣י 1 The sinners are speaking of an **innocent** person in general, not of one particular **innocent one**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “some innocent person” +1:12 ohx2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive נִ֭בְלָעֵ⁠ם 1 By **us**, the sinners are referring to themselves but not other people, so use the exclusive form of that word in your translation if your language marks that distinction. +1:12 w4w6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נִ֭בְלָעֵ⁠ם 1 The sinners speak of murdering people as if they were swallowing them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Let us destroy them” +1:12 b8bq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism כִּ⁠שְׁא֣וֹל חַיִּ֑ים וּ֝⁠תְמִימִ֗ים כְּ⁠י֣וֹרְדֵי בֽוֹר 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “the living ones, like Sheol, yes, the whole ones, like those going down to a pit” +1:12 uwk1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis כִּ⁠שְׁא֣וֹל 1 The sinners are leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “like Sheol swallows people” +1:12 cvaj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification כִּ⁠שְׁא֣וֹל 1 The Israelites sometimes referred to dying as “going down to **Sheol**.” Here, **Sheol** is spoken of as if it were an animal that could **swallow** someone. The idea of **Sheol** swallowing someone refers to how people are completely gone after they die and are buried. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “like death is complete” +1:12 ewpx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וּ֝⁠תְמִימִ֗ים 1 The sinners are leaving out some of the words that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the beginning of the verse. Alternate translation: “and let us swallow the whole ones” +1:12 kea4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ֝⁠תְמִימִ֗ים 1 Here, **whole** refers to being completely healthy. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and the healthy ones” +1:12 ndi0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis כְּ⁠י֣וֹרְדֵי בֽוֹר 1 The sinners are leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “like those going down to a pit are swallowed” +1:12 ayt4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כְּ⁠י֣וֹרְדֵי בֽוֹר 1 The Israelites referred to dying as **going down to** **Sheol** or a **pit**. Here the sinners are saying that their victims are like **those going down to a pit** because those people will die. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “like those who die” +1:13 ls9y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive נִמְצָ֑א נְמַלֵּ֖א בָתֵּ֣י⁠נוּ 1 In this verse, the sinners use **We** and **our** to refer to themselves but not other people. Use the exclusive form of those words in your translation if your language marks that distinction. +1:13 jh51 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole כָּל 1 The sinners say **all** here as a generalization for emphasis. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “very much” +1:14 x2p6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom גּ֭וֹרָ֣לְ⁠ךָ תַּפִּ֣יל בְּ⁠תוֹכֵ֑⁠נוּ 1 This is an idiom. It could refer to: (1) joining with a group of people that will share the same destiny. Alternate translation: “You must join us and share our destiny” (2) the practice of throwing small objects called lots to determine who would receive something. Alternate translation: “You must join us in sharing loot by casting lots” +1:14 l56r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy כִּ֥יס אֶ֝חָ֗ד יִהְיֶ֥ה לְ⁠כֻלָּֽ⁠נוּ 1 Here, **purse** represents everything that these sinners steal. Some of what they steal would be put in a **purse**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “everything that we steal we will share equally” +1:14 ci4y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive בְּ⁠תוֹכֵ֑⁠נוּ & לְ⁠כֻלָּֽ⁠נוּ 1 In this verse, the sinners use **our** and **us** to refer to themselves but not other people. Use the exclusive form of those words in your translation if your language marks that distinction. +1:15 a6ll rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בְּנִ֗⁠י 1 See how you translated the same use of this phrase in [1:8](../01/08.md). +1:15 vdao rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism אַל־תֵּלֵ֣ךְ בְּ⁠דֶ֣רֶךְ אִתָּ֑⁠ם מְנַ֥ע רַ֝גְלְ⁠ךָ֗ מִ⁠נְּתִיבָתָֽ⁠ם 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word that would show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “do not walk in the way with them, yes, restrain your foot from their path” +1:15 t25u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אַל־תֵּלֵ֣ךְ בְּ⁠דֶ֣רֶךְ אִתָּ֑⁠ם מְנַ֥ע רַ֝גְלְ⁠ךָ֗ מִ⁠נְּתִיבָתָֽ⁠ם 1 Here Solomon uses **walk** to refer to associating with the sinners, and he uses **way** and **path** to refer to the behavior of the sinners. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “have nothing to do with those sinners; keep yourself from behaving like them” +1:15 bcrz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche רַ֝גְלְ⁠ךָ֗ 1 Solomon is using one part of a person, the **foot**, to represent the whole person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “yourself” +1:16 cdbr rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֣י 1 **For** here indicates that what follows is a reason for the commands in the previous verse. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “Do not walk with them because” +1:16 v6fc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche רַ֭גְלֵי⁠הֶם & יָר֑וּצוּ 1 Here, “feet” represents the whole person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “they run” +1:16 vap2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor רַ֭גְלֵי⁠הֶם לָ⁠רַ֣ע יָר֑וּצוּ 1 Here Solomon speaks of how eager the sinners are to do evil as if **their feet** were running to it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “they are eager to do evil” +1:16 m7ui rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִ⁠שְׁפָּךְ־דָּֽם 1 The phrase **pour out blood** refers to violently murdering people, which usually causes **blood** to come out of the people who are murdered. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “to murder others” +1:17 ll92 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive מְזֹרָ֣ה הָ⁠רָ֑שֶׁת 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “does someone spread out a net” +1:17 uzlj rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown מְזֹרָ֣ה הָ⁠רָ֑שֶׁת 1 A **net** is a woven rope or wire trap that hunters use to catch animals. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of trap, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “is the trap set up” +1:17 v3ze rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּ֝⁠עֵינֵ֗י 1 Here, **eyes** refers to what is seen with the **eyes**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in view of” or “in the sight of” +1:17 geds rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בַּ֥עַל כָּנָֽף 1 The phrase **owner of wing** refers to a bird. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly, as in the UST. +1:18 oexi rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast וְ֭⁠הֵם 1 Here, **but** indicates a strong contrast between the bird mentioned in the previous verse and the sinners who speak in [1:11–14](../01/11.md). Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a contrast. You may want to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “By contrast, they” +1:18 ulr3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ֭⁠הֵם & יֶאֱרֹ֑בוּ 1 This phrase finishes the comparison started in the previous verse. Unlike a bird that is smart enough to avoid a net, these sinners destroy themselves by doing sinful things that cause them to be killed. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but they are more foolish than birds. They lie in wait” +1:18 sise rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וְ֭⁠הֵם לְ⁠דָמָ֣⁠ם יֶאֱרֹ֑בוּ יִ֝צְפְּנ֗וּ לְ⁠נַפְשֹׁתָֽ⁠ם׃ 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a word that shows the connection between these two clauses. Alternate translation: “but they lie in wait for their blood; yes, they hide in ambush for their lives” +1:18 mlek rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וְ֭⁠הֵם & יִ֝צְפְּנ֗וּ 1 In this verse, the pronoun **they** refers to the sinners described in [1:10–16](../01/10.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but those sinners … those sinners hide in ambush” +1:18 b16m rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וְ֭⁠הֵם לְ⁠דָמָ֣⁠ם יֶאֱרֹ֑בוּ יִ֝צְפְּנ֗וּ לְ⁠נַפְשֹׁתָֽ⁠ם 1 In this verse, **for** introduces the result of these actions. They **lie in wait** and **hide in ambush** and the result is that it costs them **their blood**and **their lives**. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate results. Alternate translation: “but they lie in wait, which costs them their blood; they hide in ambush, which costs them their lives” +1:18 vs5n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְ⁠דָמָ֣⁠ם 1 See how you translated **blood** in [1:11](../01/11.md). +1:18 rih3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְ⁠נַפְשֹׁתָֽ⁠ם 1 Here, “their own lives” refers to the sinners themselves. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “for themselves” +1:19 fz7s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אָ֭רְחוֹת 1 Here Solomon uses **paths** to refer to the destiny of those sinners. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “are the destinies of” +1:19 cse7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj כָּל 1 Here Solomon uses the adjective **all** as a noun to mean “every person.” Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “every person” +1:19 abzw rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry בֹּ֣צֵֽעַ בָּ֑צַע 1 Here, **unjustly gain unjust gain** is an emphatic construction that uses a verb and its object that come from the same root. You may be able to use the same construction in your language to express the meaning here. Alternatively, your language may have another way of showing the emphasis. +1:19 zdvu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בָּ֑צַע 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **gain**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “what they gain unjustly” +1:19 jk1s rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns בְּעָלָ֣י⁠ו יִקָּֽח 1 Here, the pronouns **it** and **its** refer to the **unjust gain** that is mentioned in the previous clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “that unjust gain takes … unjust gain’s owner” +1:19 su23 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification אֶת־נֶ֖פֶשׁ בְּעָלָ֣י⁠ו יִקָּֽח 1 Solomon speaks of **unjust gain** as if it were a person who could kill his **owner**. He means that the wicked things that sinful people do to **unjustly gain unjust gain** will cause them to die. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “unjust gain results in its owner dying” or “seeking unjust gain kills those who do it” or “it is as if unjust gain takes the life of its owner” +1:20 xza5 0 In [1:20–33](../01/20.md), wisdom is spoken of as if it were a woman speaking to the people. See the discussion of this in the General Notes for this chapter. +1:19 r7lc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אֶת־נֶ֖פֶשׁ & יִקָּֽח 1 Here, the phrase **takes the life of** means to kill someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “it kills” +1:20 kh97 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism חָ֭כְמוֹת בַּ⁠ח֣וּץ תָּרֹ֑נָּה בָּ֝⁠רְחֹב֗וֹת תִּתֵּ֥ן קוֹלָֽ⁠הּ 1 These two clauses and the two clauses of the next verse mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a word that shows the connection between these two clauses. Alternate translation: “Wisdom cries out outside, indeed, she gives her voice in the open places” +1:20 pj5i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification חָ֭כְמוֹת & תָּרֹ֑נָּה & תִּתֵּ֥ן קוֹלָֽ⁠הּ 1 Here Solomon speaks of **Wisdom** as if it were a woman who **cries out** or **gives her voice**. He means that **Wisdom** is available to all people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “Wisdom is available … it is available” or “Wisdom is like a woman who cries out … like a woman who gives her voice” or “It is as if wisdom cries out … it is as if wisdom gives its voice” +1:20 lje6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חָ֭כְמוֹת 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **Wisdom** in [1:2](../01/02.md). +1:20 pj5v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בַּ⁠ח֣וּץ 1 Here, **outside** refers to the public space **outside** of one’s house where there would be many people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “in the streets” +1:20 u7zc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom תִּתֵּ֥ן קוֹלָֽ⁠הּ 1 This is an idiom that means **she** spoke very loudly. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “she speaks with a loud voice” +1:20 njj7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בָּ֝⁠רְחֹב֗וֹת 1 Here, **open areas** refers to large, outdoor public places where there would usually be many people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “in the marketplaces” or “in the plazas” +1:21 b47p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism בְּ⁠רֹ֥אשׁ הֹמִיּ֗וֹת תִּ֫קְרָ֥א בְּ⁠פִתְחֵ֖י שְׁעָרִ֥ים בָּ⁠עִ֗יר אֲמָרֶ֥י⁠הָ תֹאמֵֽר 1 These two clauses and the two clauses of the previous verse mean basically the same thing. These two clauses emphasize the meaning of the first clause of the previous verse by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word that would show that these clauses are repeating the first one in the previous verse, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Yes, at the head of the tumultuous places she calls out; yes, at the opening of the gates in the city she says her sayings” +1:21 ggk1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּ⁠רֹ֥אשׁ 1 Here, **head** refers to the place where busy streets intersect. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “At the intersection of streets in” +1:21 jy0y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification תִּ֫קְרָ֥א & אֲמָרֶ֥י⁠הָ תֹאמֵֽר 1 Here Solomon speaks of wisdom as if it were a woman who **calls out** or **says her sayings**. He means that **Wisdom** is available to all people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “wisdom is available … it is available” or “it is as if wisdom calls out … it is as if wisdom says its sayings” +1:21 b1k3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּ⁠פִתְחֵ֖י שְׁעָרִ֥ים בָּ⁠עִ֗יר 1 Solomon’s readers would have understood that the **the opening of the gates in the city** was a crowded place where many people gathered. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “at the opening of the gates in the city, where many people gather,” +1:21 aeba rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry אֲמָרֶ֥י⁠הָ תֹאמֵֽר 1 Here, **says her sayings** is an emphatic construction that uses a verb and its object that come from the same root. You may be able to use the same construction in your language to express the meaning here. Alternatively, your language may have another way of showing the emphasis. +1:22 atm2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations עַד־מָתַ֣י 1 [1:22–33](../01/22.md) are one long quotation that Solomon presents as if wisdom itself were speaking. Consider natural ways of introducing direct quotations in your language. Alternate translation: “She says, ‘Until when” or “It is as if Wisdom says, ‘Until when” +1:22 jk3x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion עַד־מָתַ֣י ׀ פְּתָיִם֮ תְּֽאֵהֲב֫וּ פֶ֥תִי וְ⁠לֵצִ֗ים לָ֭צוֹן חָמְד֣וּ לָ⁠הֶ֑ם וּ֝⁠כְסִילִ֗ים יִשְׂנְאוּ־דָֽעַת 1 Wisdom is using the question form to emphasize that these types of people should stop acting the way they do. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “For too long the naive ones have loved naiveté, and mockers have delighted in mockery for themselves, and stupid ones have hated knowledge!” +1:22 v3nj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns פֶ֥תִי & לָ֭צוֹן & דָֽעַת 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **naiveté**, **mockery**, and **knowledge**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. See how you translated **knowledge** in [1:4](../01/04.md). Alternate translation: “thinking naively … mocking … knowing something” +1:23 la68 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit תָּשׁ֗וּבוּ 1 **Turn** here implies turning one’s head in order to listen better to what someone is saying. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Turn your heads and listen” +1:23 uv1b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הִנֵּ֤ה 1 **Behold** is a term meant to focus the attention of the listener on what the speaker is about to say. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use some emphatic term or expression in your language that would have this same effect. Alternate translation: “Listen carefully” +1:23 jw6o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism אַבִּ֣יעָה לָ⁠כֶ֣ם רוּחִ֑⁠י אוֹדִ֖יעָה דְבָרַ֣⁠י אֶתְ⁠כֶֽם 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word that would show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “I shall allow my spirit to gush forth to you, yes, I shall cause you to know my words” +1:23 c7ci rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor רוּחִ֑⁠י 1 Here, **spirit** refers to a person’s thoughts. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “my thoughts” +1:23 t4c9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אַבִּ֣יעָה לָ⁠כֶ֣ם רוּחִ֑⁠י 1 Wisdom telling the people what she thinks is spoken of as if her thoughts were a liquid that she would **gush forth**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I shall tell you what I think” +1:23 mwpx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy דְבָרַ֣⁠י 1 Here, Wisdom uses the term **words** to describe what she says by using **words**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the words that I speak” +1:24 rpx7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result יַ֣עַן 1 **Because** here indicates that what follows in this verse and the next verse is the reason for the result, which is stated in [1:26–27](../01/26.md). Use the most natural way in your language to state a reason. If you divide [1:24–27](../01/24.md) into two sentences, then you will need to remove **Because** here and add a word to express result at the beginning of [1:26](../01/26.md), as in the UST. Alternate translation: “Since” +1:24 p5wg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism קָ֭רָאתִי וַ⁠תְּמָאֵ֑נוּ נָטִ֥יתִי יָ֝דִ֗⁠י וְ⁠אֵ֣ין מַקְשִֽׁיב 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word that would show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “I have called and you have refused, yes, I have stretched out my hand and there was no one listening attentively” +1:24 e734 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠תְּמָאֵ֑נוּ 1 Wisdom implies that people **refused** to listen to what she said. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and you have refused to listen to me” +1:24 i835 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom נָטִ֥יתִי יָ֝דִ֗⁠י 1 This phrase **stretched out my hand** is an idiom that refers to beckoning someone or inviting a person to come. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I stretched out my hand to beckon you” or “I beckoned you” +1:25 h2ki rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וַ⁠תִּפְרְע֥וּ כָל־עֲצָתִ֑⁠י וְ֝⁠תוֹכַחְתִּ֗⁠י לֹ֣א אֲבִיתֶֽם 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “and you have ignored all my counsel, yes, my rebuke you did not accept” +1:25 l0le rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns עֲצָתִ֑⁠י וְ֝⁠תוֹכַחְתִּ֗⁠י 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **counsel** and **rebuke**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “that I have counseled, and … what I said to rebuke you” +1:26 r8lx rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result גַּם־אֲ֭נִי 1 [1:26–27](../01/26.md) state the result of what was stated in [1:24–25](../01/24.md). If you divided [1:24–27](../01/24.md) into two sentences and removed **Because** from [1:24](../01/24.md), then you will need to add a word here to express the result of the reasons given in [1:24–25](../01/24.md). Alternate translation: “As a result, I too” or “So, I too” +1:26 sl5u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism גַּם־אֲ֭נִי בְּ⁠אֵידְ⁠כֶ֣ם אֶשְׂחָ֑ק אֶ֝לְעַ֗ג בְּ⁠בֹ֣א פַחְדְּ⁠כֶֽם 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word that shows that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “I too shall laugh in your calamity, yes, I shall mock when your dread comes” +1:26 rfi6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit גַּם־אֲ֭נִי 1 The phrase translated as **I too** shifts the focus from the foolish people mentioned in [1:24–25](../01/24.md) to the person speaking, who represents wisdom. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation,n: “I, in turn,” or “I, for my part” +1:26 p97h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּ⁠אֵידְ⁠כֶ֣ם & בְּ⁠בֹ֣א פַחְדְּ⁠כֶֽם 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **calamity** and **dread**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “when you suffer … when you are scared” +1:26 jucu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification בְּ⁠בֹ֣א פַחְדְּ⁠כֶֽם 1 Here, wisdom speaks of experiencing **dread** as if it were a person who **comes** to someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “when you experience dread” +1:27 efxq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification בְּ⁠בֹ֤א & פַּחְדְּ⁠כֶ֗ם 1 See how you translated this phrase in the previous verse. +1:27 qn3z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns פַּחְדְּ⁠כֶ֗ם וְֽ֭⁠אֵידְ⁠כֶם 1 See how you translated **dread** and **calamity** in the previous verse. +1:27 kd9m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כ⁠שאוה & כְּ⁠סוּפָ֣ה 1 Here, wisdom compares the manner in which **dread** and **calamity** will happen to the destructive power of a **storm** or **whirlwind**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “violently … violently” +1:27 uy59 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile בְּ⁠בֹ֥א עֲ֝לֵי⁠כֶ֗ם צָרָ֥ה וְ⁠צוּקָֽה 1 Here, wisdom speaks of experiencing **distress and anguish** as if they were a person who could **come upon** someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “when you experience distress and anguish” +1:27 xrk8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns צָרָ֥ה וְ⁠צוּקָֽה 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **distress** and **anguish**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “what is distressing and what makes you anguished” +1:28 m9t9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism אָ֣ז יִ֭קְרָאֻ⁠נְנִי וְ⁠לֹ֣א אֶֽעֱנֶ֑ה יְ֝שַׁחֲרֻ֗⁠נְנִי וְ⁠לֹ֣א יִמְצָאֻֽ⁠נְנִי 1 These two sentences mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the sentences with a word that shows that the second sentence is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Then they will call out to me, but I will not answer. Yes, they will diligently seek me, but they will not find me” +1:28 g5w7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns יִ֭קְרָאֻ⁠נְנִי & יְ֝שַׁחֲרֻ֗⁠נְנִי וְ⁠לֹ֣א יִמְצָאֻֽ⁠נְנִי 1 In this verse, the pronoun **they** refers to the foolish people who ignored wisdom, as described in [1:22–27](../01/22.md). If it would be clearer in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “those who ignored me will call out to me … those people will diligently seek me, but they will not find me” +1:28 zous rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יִ֭קְרָאֻ⁠נְנִי 1 Here, **call out** implies crying out for help. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “they will call out to me for help” +1:29 ty8c rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result תַּ֭חַת כִּי 1 This phrase indicates that what follows in this verse and the next verse are the reasons why the foolish people will not find wisdom, as stated in the previous verse. Use the most natural way in your language to express reasons. Alternate translation: “because” +1:29 xk1e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns דָ֑עַת 1 See how you translated **knowledge** in [1:4](../01/04.md). +1:29 iu3z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְ⁠יִרְאַ֥ת יְ֝הֹוָ֗ה 1 See how you translated **the fear of Yahweh** in [1:7](../01/07.md). +1:30 q2mi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism לֹא־אָב֥וּ לַ⁠עֲצָתִ֑⁠י נָ֝אֲצ֗וּ כָּל־תּוֹכַחְתִּֽ⁠י 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “they did not want my counsel, yes, they despised my every rebuke” +1:30 jhg8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns לֹא־אָב֥וּ & נָ֝אֲצ֗וּ 1 In this verse, the pronoun **they** refers to the foolish people who ignored wisdom, as described in [1:22–27](../01/22.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “those who ignored me did not want … and those people despised” +1:30 h1ds rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns לַ⁠עֲצָתִ֑⁠י & כָּל־תּוֹכַחְתִּֽ⁠י 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **counsel** and **rebuke** in [1:25](../01/25.md). +1:31 nr9k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וְֽ֭⁠יֹאכְלוּ מִ⁠פְּרִ֣י דַרְכָּ֑⁠ם וּֽ⁠מִ⁠מֹּעֲצֹ֖תֵי⁠הֶ֣ם יִשְׂבָּֽעוּ 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “And they will eat from the fruit of their way, yes, from their plans they will be satisfied” +1:31 wkf7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְֽ֭⁠יֹאכְלוּ מִ⁠פְּרִ֣י דַרְכָּ֑⁠ם 1 Here, people suffering the consequences of their behavior are spoken of as if they were eating **the fruit of their way**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a similar idiom from your language or express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And they will experience the consequences of their behavior” +1:31 c1jc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וּֽ⁠מִ⁠מֹּעֲצֹ֖תֵי⁠הֶ֣ם יִשְׂבָּֽעוּ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and their plans will satisfy them” +1:31 bk2c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּֽ⁠מִ⁠מֹּעֲצֹ֖תֵי⁠הֶ֣ם יִשְׂבָּֽעוּ 1 Here, the word translated as **satisfied** means “to be made full of.” This word can have either a positive or negative meaning, but here the meaning is negative. It means that these foolish people will suffer the full consequences of **their** foolish **plans**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “they will experience the consequences of their plans” +1:32 t8af rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases כִּ֤י 1 **For** here indicates that what follows in [1:32–33](../01/32.md) is the conclusion to what Wisdom stated in [1:22–31](../01/22.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In conclusion,” +1:32 bxu4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism מְשׁוּבַ֣ת פְּתָיִ֣ם תַּֽהַרְגֵ֑⁠ם וְ⁠שַׁלְוַ֖ת כְּסִילִ֣ים תְּאַבְּדֵֽ⁠ם 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “the turning away of the naive ones will slay them, yes, false security will lead stupid ones to ruin” +1:32 bwme rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification מְשׁוּבַ֣ת פְּתָיִ֣ם תַּֽהַרְגֵ֑⁠ם 1 Here, **turning away** is spoken of as if it were a person who could **slay** someone. This expression means that **the naive ones** will die because of their **turning away**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “the naive ones will die because of their turning away” or “the turning away of the naive ones is like someone who will slay them” +1:32 s7ln rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מְשׁוּבַ֣ת פְּתָיִ֣ם 1 Here, refusing to listen to wisdom is spoken of as **turning away** from the one who is speaking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the refusing to listen of the naive ones” +1:32 le64 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וְ⁠שַׁלְוַ֖ת 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **false security**, you could express the same idea with a different expression. Alternate translation: “wrongly feeling secure” +1:32 cmi9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וְ⁠שַׁלְוַ֖ת כְּסִילִ֣ים תְּאַבְּדֵֽ⁠ם 1 Here, **false security** is spoken of as if it were a person who could **lead** someone. This expression means that **stupid ones** will die because of their **false** sense of **security**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “and stupid ones will be ruined because of their false security” or “false security of stupid ones is like someone who will ruin them” +1:33 pspz rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast וְ⁠שֹׁמֵ֣עַֽ 1 **But** here indicates a strong contrast between **the one who listens** and “the naive ones,” who were mentioned in the previous verse. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a contrast. Alternate translation: “However, the one who listens” +1:33 kho1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession מִ⁠פַּ֥חַד רָעָֽה 1 Here, the possessive form describes **dread** that a person has for **evil**. If this is not clear in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “from dreading evil” +1:33 zjk2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מִ⁠פַּ֥חַד רָעָֽה 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **dread** in [1:26](../01/26.md) and **evil** in [1:16](../01/16.md). +2:intro wr6i 0 # Proverbs 2 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n2. A father teaches his son about wisdom (1:8–9:18)\n * Avoid evil companions (1:8–19)\n * Do not reject wisdom (1:20–33)\n * Wisdom prevents people from committing crimes or adultery (2:1–22)\n\n## Special Concepts in This Chapter\n\n### My Son\n\nOccasionally, Solomon addresses a series of proverbs to “my son” or “sons.” This does not mean that those proverbs only apply to males. Instead, these phrases are forms used to pass on advice from a father to his son, and the kind of advice in these proverbs is about common temptations of young men. +2:1 ku26 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בְּ֭נִ⁠י 1 See how you translated the same use of this phrase in [1:8](../01/08.md). +2:1 fkcl rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical אִם 1 Here, **if** indicates the beginning of a conditional sentence that extends from this verse to [2:5](../02/05.md). This is the first of three **if** clauses in this long sentence. If it would be clearer in your language, you could divide this long sentence into shorter sentences and indicate the condition along with the result in [2:5](../02/05.md), as in the UST. +2:1 jh3i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ֝⁠מִצְוֺתַ֗⁠י תִּצְפֹּ֥ן אִתָּֽ⁠ךְ 1 Valuing the father’s **commandments** is spoken of as if the **commandments** were a treasure and the person were a safe place to store that treasure. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and consider my commandments to be as valuable as a treasure” +2:2 hiva rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לְ⁠הַקְשִׁ֣יב לַֽ⁠חָכְמָ֣ה אָזְנֶ֑⁠ךָ תַּטֶּ֥ה לִ֝בְּ⁠ךָ֗ לַ⁠תְּבוּנָֽה 1 The word translated as **to** here indicates that what follows in this verse explains the means by which a person can receive the sayings and commandments mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “by causing your ear to be attentive to wisdom, and by inclining your heart to understanding” +2:2 an5c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לְ⁠הַקְשִׁ֣יב & אָזְנֶ֑⁠ךָ 1 This phrase is an idiom that refers to forcing oneself to listen carefully. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “force yourself to listen carefully” +2:2 w1il rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns לַֽ⁠חָכְמָ֣ה & לַ⁠תְּבוּנָֽה 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **wisdom** and **understanding** in [1:2](../01/02.md). +2:2 ibaf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy תַּטֶּ֥ה לִ֝בְּ⁠ךָ֗ לַ⁠תְּבוּנָֽה 1 Here Solomon uses **heart** to refer a person’s inner being or mind. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “incline your inner being to understanding” or “incline your mind to understanding” +2:2 gme3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom תַּטֶּ֥ה לִ֝בְּ⁠ךָ֗ לַ⁠תְּבוּנָֽה 1 The phrase **incline your heart** is an idiom that refers to fully committing one’s mind to doing something. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “fully commit yourself to gaining understanding” +2:3 j5n7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism אִ֣ם לַ⁠בִּינָ֣ה תִקְרָ֑א לַ֝⁠תְּבוּנָ֗ה תִּתֵּ֥ן קוֹלֶֽ⁠ךָ 1 These two phrases mean similar things. The author is using repetition to emphasize the idea that the phrases express. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could combine the phrases and express the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “if for perceptive understanding you lift up your voice to call out” +2:3 ntaj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification לַ⁠בִּינָ֣ה & לַ֝⁠תְּבוּנָ֗ה 1 Here Solomon speaks of calling out to receive **understanding** and **perception** as if they were people whom someone could summon. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to receive understanding … to receive perception” +2:3 v4y2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns לַ⁠בִּינָ֣ה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **understanding** in the previous verse. +2:3 cda0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns לַ֝⁠תְּבוּנָ֗ה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **perception**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “for what should be perceived” +2:3 q192 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom תִּתֵּ֥ן קוֹלֶֽ⁠ךָ 1 This phrase is an idiom that refers to speaking loudly. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you speak with a loud voice” +2:4 ci1k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism אִם־תְּבַקְשֶׁ֥⁠נָּה כַ⁠כָּ֑סֶף וְֽ⁠כַ⁠מַּטְמוֹנִ֥ים תַּחְפְּשֶֽׂ⁠נָּה 1 These two phrases mean similar things. The author is using repetition to emphasize the idea that the phrases express. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could combine the phrases and express the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “if you diligently search for it like a valuable hidden treasure" +2:4 mvqx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis אִם־תְּבַקְשֶׁ֥⁠נָּה כַ⁠כָּ֑סֶף וְֽ⁠כַ⁠מַּטְמוֹנִ֥ים תַּחְפְּשֶֽׂ⁠נָּה 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “if you seek it as if it were silver and search for it as if it were hidden treasures” or “if you seek it as you would seek silver and search for it as you would search for hidden treasures” +2:4 sm8u rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns תְּבַקְשֶׁ֥⁠נָּה & תַּחְפְּשֶֽׂ⁠נָּה 1 In this verse, the pronoun **it** refers to wisdom. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “you seek wisdom … search for wisdom” +2:4 ll3n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile אִם־תְּבַקְשֶׁ֥⁠נָּה כַ⁠כָּ֑סֶף וְֽ⁠כַ⁠מַּטְמוֹנִ֥ים תַּחְפְּשֶֽׂ⁠נָּה 1 Solomon is saying that wisdom is like **silver** and **hidden treasures** because those are items that people value greatly and work very hard to find. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “if you seek it diligently, like one seeks silver, and search for it diligently, like one searches for hidden treasures” +2:5 y8la rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result אָ֗ז 1 Here, **then** indicates that what follows is the result of meeting the conditions that are stated in [2:1–4](../02/01.md). If you divided this long sentence in [2:1–5](../02/01.md) into shorter sentences, then you will need to indicate the condition before the result here in this new sentence, as in the UST. Alternate translation: “If you do so, then the result will be that” +2:5 ngzm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession יִרְאַ֣ת יְהוָ֑ה 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:7](../01/07.md). +2:5 h49h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠דַ֖עַת אֱלֹהִ֣ים תִּמְצָֽא 1 Obtaining **the knowledge of God** is spoken of as if **the knowledge of God** were an object that a person can **find** by searching for it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and you will have the knowledge of God” +2:5 vknk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְ⁠דַ֖עַת אֱלֹהִ֣ים תִּמְצָֽא 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe knowing **God**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and you will find how to know God” +2:6 cq0z rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּֽי 1 **For** here indicates that what follows is the reason why what Solomon stated in [2:1–4](../02/01.md) is true. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “This is due to the fact that” +2:6 ab3j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חָכְמָ֑ה & דַּ֣עַת וּ⁠תְבוּנָֽה 1 See how you translated **wisdom** in [1:2](../01/02.md) and **knowledge** and **understanding** in the previous verse. +2:6 g5bj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche מִ֝⁠פִּ֗י⁠ו דַּ֣עַת וּ⁠תְבוּנָֽה 1 Here, **mouth** represents Yahweh himself or what he says. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from Yahweh comes knowledge and understanding” +2:7 jn6b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ו⁠צפן לַ֭⁠יְשָׁרִים תּוּשִׁיָּ֑ה 1 Yahweh possessing **sound wisdom** that he gives to people is spoken of as if **sound wisdom** were an item that Yahweh **stores up**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And he has sound wisdom to provide for the upright ones” +2:7 dv7k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תּוּשִׁיָּ֑ה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **sound wisdom**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “soundly wise things” +2:7 m2mi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מָ֝גֵ֗ן לְ⁠הֹ֣לְכֵי תֹֽם 1 Yahweh protecting his people is spoken of as if he were a **shield**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he shields those walking with integrity” +2:7 u4zr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לְ⁠הֹ֣לְכֵי תֹֽם 1 Here, **walking** refers to how people behave. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “who conduct themselves with integrity” +2:7 xk74 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תֹֽם 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **integrity** in [1:3](../01/03.md). +2:8 ajdo rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal לִ֭⁠נְצֹר 1 Here, **to** indicates that what follows is the purpose for Yahweh giving “sound wisdom” and being a “shield,” as stated in the previous verse. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a purpose. You may need to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “Yahweh does these things for the purpose of guarding” +2:8 qt7r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אָרְח֣וֹת מִשְׁפָּ֑ט 1 Here, **paths** could refer to: (1) the behavior of people, in which case the meaning is similar to the next clause in the verse. Alternate translation: “those who behave justly” (2) **justice** itself, as if it were **paths**. Alternate translation: “the path that is justice” or “justice” +2:8 t2qd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠דֶ֖רֶךְ חֲסִידָ֣יו יִשְׁמֹֽר 1 Here Solomon speaks of the lives of God’s **faithful ones** as if they were a **way** or road. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and he will preserve the lives of his faithful ones” +2:9 qn9x rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result אָ֗ז 1 **Then** here indicates that what follows is another result of meeting the conditions stated in [2:1–4](../02/01.md). Use the most natural way in your language to indicate the result of meeting conditions. Alternate translation: “If you do those things, then the result will be that” +2:9 hh3z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns צֶ֣דֶק וּ⁠מִשְׁפָּ֑ט וּ֝⁠מֵישָׁרִ֗ים 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **righteousness**, **justice**, and **integrity** in [1:3](../01/03.md). +2:9 ex8y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor כָּל־מַעְגַּל־טֽוֹב 1 Here Solomon speaks of wise behavior as if it were a **good track**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “every good way of living” +2:10 ftxt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חָכְמָ֣ה & וְ֝⁠דַ֗עַת 1 See how you translated **wisdom** in [1:2](../01/02.md) and **knowledge** in [1:4](../01/04.md). +2:10 sjsp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְ⁠לִבֶּ֑⁠ךָ 1 See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [2:2](../02/02.md). +2:10 kf4i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom תָב֣וֹא & בְ⁠לִבֶּ֑⁠ךָ 1 This phrase is an idiom that refers to fully knowing something. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will be fully known by you” or “will be fully in your mind” +2:10 z4e2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לְֽ⁠נַפְשְׁ⁠ךָ֥ יִנְעָֽם 1 Here, **soul** refers to the whole person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will be pleasant to you” +2:11 oo4b 1 [2:11–17](../02/11.md) are one long sentence. If you divide these verses into multiple sentences, as the UST does, then you may need to repeat some phrases in order to make the meaning clear. +2:11 q2th rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism מְ֭זִמָּה תִּשְׁמֹ֥ר עָלֶ֗י⁠ךָ תְּבוּנָ֥ה תִנְצְרֶֽ⁠כָּה 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Discretion will preserve over you, yes, understanding will protect you” +2:11 jbm7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification מְ֭זִמָּה תִּשְׁמֹ֥ר עָלֶ֗י⁠ךָ תְּבוּנָ֥ה תִנְצְרֶֽ⁠כָּה 1 Here Solomon speaks of **discretion** and **understanding** as if they were people who could **protect** someone else. He means that someone who has **discretion** and **understanding** will be safe. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “If you have discretion, you will be safe; if you have understanding, you will be secure” +2:11 dnu8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מְ֭זִמָּה & תְּבוּנָ֥ה 1 See how you translated **Discretion** in [1:4](../01/04.md) and **understanding** in [1:2](../01/02.md). +2:12 ix2e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification לְ֭⁠הַצִּ֣ילְ⁠ךָ 1 Here Solomon speaks of “discretion” and “understanding” as if they were people who could **rescue** someone. He means that people who have “discretion” and “understanding” will **rescue** themselves from harm. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to rescue yourselves” +2:12 w9je rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal לְ֭⁠הַצִּ֣ילְ⁠ךָ 1 Here, **to** indicates that what follows is the purpose for “discretion” and “understanding” protecting a person, as stated in the previous verse. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a purpose. Alternate translation: “Discretion and understanding will protect you for the purpose of rescuing you” +2:12 xcem rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession מִ⁠דֶּ֣רֶךְ רָ֑ע 1 This phase **the way of evil** could refer to: (1) the **way** of an **evil** person. This interpretation fits the context of the descriptions of evil people given in [2:12–17](../02/12.md). Alternate translation: “from the way of an evil person” (2) a **way** that is characterized by **evil**. Alternate translation: “from the evil way” +2:12 vs4c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִ⁠דֶּ֣רֶךְ 1 Here Solomon uses **way** to refer to how people behave. See how you translated this use of **way** in [1:15](../01/15.md). +2:12 ekbf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רָ֑ע 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **evil** in [1:16](../01/16.md). +2:12 utj7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis מֵ֝⁠אִ֗ישׁ 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and to rescue you from a man” +2:12 vund rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מֵ֝⁠אִ֗ישׁ 1 The word **man** here represents a type of person in general, not one particular **man**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “from any person” +2:13 i8sk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification הַ֭⁠עֹ֣זְבִים 1 See how you translated the same use of **forsake** in [1:8](../01/08.md). +2:13 a5k8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אָרְח֣וֹת יֹ֑שֶׁר 1 Here, **the paths of straightness** refers to behaving in a right manner. The word **paths** refers to human behavior, and **straightness** refers to being righteous. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “doing what is right” or “acting rightly” +2:13 tc6p rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal לָ֝⁠לֶ֗כֶת 1 Here, **to** introduces the purpose for forsaking **the paths of straightness**. Use a natural way in your language to indicate purpose. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of walking” +2:13 q9by rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לָ֝⁠לֶ֗כֶת בְּ⁠דַרְכֵי־חֹֽשֶׁךְ 1 This phrase refers to behaving in an evil manner. The biblical authors often use **walk** to refer to how someone behaves and they use **darkness** to refer to evil. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to do what is evil” or “to behave in an evil manner” +2:14 e571 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רָ֑ע & רָֽע 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **evil** in [1:16](../01/16.md). +2:14 t4yz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְּֽ⁠תַהְפֻּכ֥וֹת רָֽע 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **perverse things** that are characterized by **evil**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “evil perverse things” +2:15 ei69 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism אֲשֶׁ֣ר אָרְחֹתֵי⁠הֶ֣ם עִקְּשִׁ֑ים וּ֝⁠נְלוֹזִ֗ים בְּ⁠מַעְגְּלוֹתָֽ⁠ם 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word other than **and** that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “whose paths are crooked, yes, who go astray in their tracks” +2:15 jpq2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אָרְחֹתֵי⁠הֶ֣ם עִקְּשִׁ֑ים & בְּ⁠מַעְגְּלוֹתָֽ⁠ם 1 Here Solomon refers to human behavior as if it were **paths** and **tracks** that people walk on. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “behavior is crooked … in their behavior” +2:15 lsl5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עִקְּשִׁ֑ים & וּ֝⁠נְלוֹזִ֗ים 1 Here Solomon uses the phrases **are crooked** and **go astray** to refer to being deceptive. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “are deceptive and who are deceptive” +2:16 p5k9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal לְ֭⁠הַצִּ֣ילְ⁠ךָ 1 Here, **to** indicates that what follows is another purpose for “discretion” and “understanding” guarding a person, as stated in the [2:11](../02/11.md). Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a purpose. If you divided up the long sentence in [2:11–17](../02/11.md) into shorter sentences, then here, beginning a new sentence, you will need to repeat some information from [2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: “Discretion and understanding will guard you for the additional purpose of rescuing you” +2:16 wotd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מֵ⁠אִשָּׁ֣ה זָרָ֑ה מִ֝⁠נָּכְרִיָּ֗ה 1 Here Solomon refers to an immoral and adulterous **woman** as if she were a stranger or foreigner. God considers such a **woman** to be **strange** or **foreign** because her sinful acts have caused her to be alienated from God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly, as in the UST. +2:16 dtaw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מֵ⁠אִשָּׁ֣ה זָרָ֑ה מִ֝⁠נָּכְרִיָּ֗ה 1 Solomon is speaking of any women who do these things, not of one particular **woman**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “from any strange woman, from any foreign woman” +2:16 yvpb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis מִ֝⁠נָּכְרִיָּ֗ה 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and to rescue you from a foreign woman” +2:16 zrdj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲמָרֶ֥י⁠הָ הֶחֱלִֽיקָה 1 Here Solomon speaks of this woman speaking seductively as if she were making what she says **smooth**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “who makes her sayings seductive” +2:17 c2iu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אַלּ֣וּף 1 Here, **companion** refers to the husband of the adulterous woman mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the husband of” +2:17 on5o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession אַלּ֣וּף נְעוּרֶ֑י⁠הָ 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **the companion** whom this woman married while she was in **her youth**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the companion whom she married in her youth” +2:17 omt2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns נְעוּרֶ֑י⁠הָ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **youth**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “the time when she was young” +2:17 awb4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְּרִ֖ית אֱלֹהֶ֣י⁠הָ 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **the covenant** that this woman made with **her God.** If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the covenant that she made with her God” +2:17 yeit rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּרִ֖ית 1 Here, **covenant** refers specifically to the **covenant** that a man and woman made with each other and God when they married. This **covenant** included promising not to commit adultery. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the covenant that she made with her God when she married her husband” +2:18 i084 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֤י 1 **For** here indicates that what follows is the reason why “discretion” and “understanding” rescue a man from an adulterous woman, as stated in [2:16](../02/16.md). Use the most natural way in your language to state a reason. Alternate translation: “Discretion and understanding will rescue you from her because” +2:18 v1ud rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism שָׁ֣חָה אֶל־מָ֣וֶת בֵּיתָ֑⁠הּ וְ⁠אֶל־רְ֝פָאִ֗ים מַעְגְּלֹתֶֽי⁠הָ 1 These two phrases mean similar things. The author is using repetition to emphasize the idea that the phrases express. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could combine the phrases and express the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “involvement with her will totally destroy you" +2:18 dn9d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בֵּיתָ֑⁠הּ 1 Here, **house** could refer to: (1) going to the adulterous woman’s **house**. Alternate translation: “going to her house” (2) the adulterous activity that takes place in her house. Alternate translation: “what she does in her house” +2:18 hbh4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שָׁ֣חָה אֶל־מָ֣וֶת 1 Here Solomon speaks of a man doing something that would result in his death as if he were going on a path or to a **house** that **sinks down**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “results in a man dying” or “causes a man to die” +2:18 rkj1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְ⁠אֶל־רְ֝פָאִ֗ים מַעְגְּלֹתֶֽי⁠הָ 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause. Alternate translation: “and her tracks sink down to the spirits of the dead” or “and her tracks lead to the spirits of the dead” +2:18 g44z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מַעְגְּלֹתֶֽי⁠הָ 1 Here, **tracks** could refer to: (1) the path that leads to the adulterous woman. Alternate translation: “the path that leads to her” (2) how she behaves, which is how **tracks** is used in [2:15](../02/15.md). Alternate translation: “her behavior” +2:18 hwl4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy רְ֝פָאִ֗ים 1 Here, **the spirits of dead ones** refers to the place where people’s spirits go when they die, which was called “Sheol” in [1:12](../01/12.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the place where the spirits of dead people dwell” or “the place of the dead” +2:19 n7tg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism בָּ֭אֶי⁠הָ 1 Here, **enter** refers to someone having sex with another person. This is a polite way of referring to something that is offensive or embarrassing in some cultures. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different polite way of referring to this act or you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “those who have sex with her” or “those who sleep with her” +2:19 wzqj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לֹ֣א יְשׁוּב֑וּ⁠ן 1 Here, **return** could refer to: (1) those people coming back to life, as suggested by the references to death in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “will not become alive again” (2) those people returning to a joyful or prosperous life. Alternate translation: “will not return to living well” +2:19 zg4r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠לֹֽא־יַ֝שִּׂ֗יגוּ אָרְח֥וֹת חַיִּֽים 1 This could mean: (1) those people will not be able to come back to life, as suggested by the references to death in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “and they will not return to the land of the living” (2) those people will not be able to enjoy a good life again. Alternate translation: “and they will never live a happy life again” +2:20 ts71 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result לְמַ֗עַן 1 **So** here indicates that what follows is the result of what was stated in [2:11–19](../02/11.md) being true. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate result. Alternate translation: “Because this is true,” +2:20 kzax rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism תֵּ֭לֵךְ בְּ⁠דֶ֣רֶךְ טוֹבִ֑ים וְ⁠אָרְח֖וֹת צַדִּיקִ֣ים תִּשְׁמֹֽר 1 These two phrases mean similar things. The author is using repetition to emphasize the idea that the phrases express. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could combine the phrases and express the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “you shall keep the path of the righteous ones as you walk the way of the good ones' +2:20 hp7d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative תֵּ֭לֵךְ בְּ⁠דֶ֣רֶךְ טוֹבִ֑ים וְ⁠אָרְח֖וֹת צַדִּיקִ֣ים תִּשְׁמֹֽר 1 Solomon is using a future statement to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “walk in the way of the good ones and keep the paths of the righteous ones” +2:20 fiw6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תֵּ֭לֵךְ בְּ⁠דֶ֣רֶךְ & וְ⁠אָרְח֖וֹת & תִּשְׁמֹֽר 1 The phrases **walk in the way of** and **keep the paths of** both refer to how people behave or live their lives. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you shall behave like … and you shall behave like” +2:21 wou9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּֽי 1 **For** here indicates that what follows in [2:21–22](../02/21.md) is the conclusion to what was stated in [2:11–20](../02/11.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. See how you translated a similar use of **For** in [1:32](../01/32.md). Alternate translation: “In conclusion,” +2:21 uy6e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism יְשָׁרִ֥ים יִשְׁכְּנוּ אָ֑רֶץ וּ֝⁠תְמִימִ֗ים יִוָּ֥תְרוּ בָֽ⁠הּ 1 These two phrases mean similar things. The author is using repetition to emphasize the idea that the phrases express. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could combine the phrases and express the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “the blameless, upright ones will remain to dwell in the land” +2:21 bqn1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יִשְׁכְּנוּ אָ֑רֶץ & יִוָּ֥תְרוּ בָֽ⁠הּ 1 Here, **the land** and **it** could refer to: (1) the **land** of Israel, which God had given to the Jewish people and which Solomon was ruling over when he wrote these proverbs. Alternate translation: “will dwell in the land of Israel … will remain in Israel” or “will dwell in our land … will remain in our land” (2) the earth in general, in which case this would refer to staying alive. Alternate translation: “will dwell on the earth … will remain alive on the earth” +2:21 p0cw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּ֝⁠תְמִימִ֗ים 1 Here, **blameless ones** refers to people whom Yahweh does not blame for acting wickedly. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and the ones whom Yahweh rightly does not blame” +2:22 nyod rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast וּ֭⁠רְשָׁעִים 1 Here, **but** indicates a strong contrast between the **wicked** and **treacherous** people and the “upright” and “blameless” people, who were mentioned in the previous verse. See how you translated a similar strong contrast in [1:33](../01/33.md). +2:22 mnw9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יִכָּרֵ֑תוּ &יִסְּח֥וּ 1 If your language does not use these passive forms, you could express the ideas in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The context indicates that Yahweh will do the action. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will cut off … Yahweh will tear away” +2:22 r5sm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִכָּרֵ֑תוּ & יִסְּח֥וּ 1 Solomon speaks of Yahweh removing people from **the land** as if he were cutting those people off, like a person cuts a branch from a tree, or as if he were tearing those people away, like a person violently pulls someone off of something. Solomon does not state if these people are removed by being killed or by being forced to leave **the land**, so it is best to use general expressions for these phrases. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will be removed … will be taken away” +2:22 w94m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מֵ⁠אֶ֣רֶץ & מִמֶּֽ⁠נָּה 1 See how you translated **the land** and **it** in the previous verse. +3:intro a94e 0 # Proverbs 3 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n2. A father teaches his son about wisdom (1:8–9:18)\n * Avoid evil companions (1:8–19)\n * Do not reject wisdom (1:20–33)\n * Wisdom prevents people from committing crime or adultery (2:1–22)\n * Humbly trust Yahweh (3:1–12)\n * The value of wisdom (3:13–20)\n * Do not act wickedly (3:21–35)\n\n## Special Concepts in This Chapter\n\n### My Son\n\nOccasionally, Solomon addresses a series of proverbs to “my son” or “sons.” This does not mean that those proverbs only apply to males. Instead, these phrases are forms used to pass on advice from a father to his son, and the kind of advice in these proverbs is about common temptations of young men.\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in This Chapter\n\n### Personification\n\nIn [3:15–18](../03/15.md), wisdom is referred to as if it were a woman. In languages where it is possible for a woman figure to represent an abstract concept like wisdom, the translator should translate the personification directly. However, if direct translation is not possible in your language, you may translate these personifications as similes instead. In that case, wisdom would be presented as being like a wise woman. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) +3:1 tjcg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בְּ֭נִ⁠י 1 See how you translated the same use of this phrase in [1:8](../01/08.md). +3:1 p6r4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism תּוֹרָתִ֣⁠י אַל־תִּשְׁכָּ֑ח וּ֝⁠מִצְוֺתַ֗⁠י יִצֹּ֥ר לִבֶּֽ⁠ךָ 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “do not forget my law, yes, my commandments let your heart guard” +3:1 jvym rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes אַל־תִּשְׁכָּ֑ח 1 Solomon is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, **not**, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning positively, as in the UST. +3:1 ji5p rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns תּוֹרָתִ֣⁠י 1 Here, the word **law** is singular in form, but it refers to several laws as a group. See how you translated this use of **law** in [1:8](../01/08.md). +3:1 f5cv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וּ֝⁠מִצְוֺתַ֗⁠י 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **commandments** in [2:1](../02/01.md). +3:1 n273 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy יִצֹּ֥ר לִבֶּֽ⁠ךָ 1 See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [2:2](../02/02.md). +3:1 g7i5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification יִצֹּ֥ר לִבֶּֽ⁠ךָ 1 Here Solomon speaks of a person’s **heart** as if it were a person who could **guard** something, and he speaks of **commandments** as if they were things that could be guarded. He means that he wants his son to remember these **commandments** in order to obey them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “remember to obey” +3:2 e1jx rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֤י 1 **For** here indicates that what follows is a reason for the commands in the previous verse. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “Remember my commandments because”\n +3:2 yp9h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure אֹ֣רֶךְ יָ֭מִים וּ⁠שְׁנ֣וֹת חַיִּ֑ים וְ֝⁠שָׁל֗וֹם יוֹסִ֥יפוּ לָֽ⁠ךְ 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could change the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “they will add to you length of days and years of life and peace” +3:2 fmbi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אֹ֣רֶךְ יָ֭מִים 1 Here, **length of days** is an idiom that means “a long life.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a long life” +3:2 r3ia rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וּ⁠שְׁנ֣וֹת חַיִּ֑ים 1 Here, **years of life** is an idiom that means “a long and fulfilling life.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and a fulfilling life” or “and years of fulfilling life” +3:2 jl5c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וְ֝⁠שָׁל֗וֹם 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **peace**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “and a peaceful life” +3:2 f1ut rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns יוֹסִ֥יפוּ 1 Here, the pronoun **they** refers to the law and commandments mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “my law and commandments will add” +3:2 rplu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יוֹסִ֥יפוּ לָֽ⁠ךְ 1 Here Solomon speaks of his commandments as if they could **add length** to a person’s life. He means that obeying his commandments will enable a person to live a long life. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “obeying them will add to you” or “by obeying them you will add to yourself” +3:3 s6k5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism חֶ֥סֶד וֶ⁠אֱמֶ֗ת אַֽל־יַעַ֫זְבֻ֥⁠ךָ קָשְׁרֵ֥⁠ם עַל־גַּרְגְּרוֹתֶ֑י⁠ךָ כָּ֝תְבֵ֗⁠ם עַל־ל֥וּחַ לִבֶּֽ⁠ךָ 1 These three clauses mean basically the same thing. The second and third clauses emphasize the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a word that shows the connection between these three clauses. Alternate translation: “Do not let covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness leave you, yes, bind them on your throats, indeed, write them on the tablet of your heart” +3:3 w5in rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification חֶ֥סֶד וֶ⁠אֱמֶ֗ת אַֽל־יַעַ֫זְבֻ֥⁠ךָ 1 Here Solomon speaks of **covenant faithfulness** and **trustworthiness** as if they were people who could **leave** someone. He means that a person should not stop being faithful and trustworthy. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Do not stop being faithful and trustworthy” +3:3 jx0f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes חֶ֥סֶד וֶ⁠אֱמֶ֗ת אַֽל־יַעַ֫זְבֻ֥⁠ךָ 1 Solomon is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, **not**, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning positively. Alternate translation: “Retain covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness” +3:3 v4wt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חֶ֥סֶד וֶ⁠אֱמֶ֗ת 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **covenant faithfulness** and **trustworthiness**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “being faithful and trustworthy” +3:3 xj6j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor קָשְׁרֵ֥⁠ם עַל־גַּרְגְּרוֹתֶ֑י⁠ךָ 1 Here Solomon speaks of **covenant faithfulness** and **trustworthiness** as if they were objects that a person could **tie** around his **neck** like a necklace. He means that these are valuable qualities that people should display outwardly by their behavior. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “show them outwardly by how you behave” or “display them like one would wear a necklace” +3:3 i4pt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy כָּ֝תְבֵ֗⁠ם עַל־ל֥וּחַ לִבֶּֽ⁠ךָ 1 See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [2:2](../02/02.md). +3:3 i8u6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor כָּ֝תְבֵ֗⁠ם עַל־ל֥וּחַ לִבֶּֽ⁠ךָ 1 Here Solomon speaks of the **heart** as if it were a **tablet** upon which someone could **write** **covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness**. He means that people should always remember to behave with **covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “keep these things in your mind” or “always remember them, as if you had written them permanently on a tablet” +3:4 xajl rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וּ⁠מְצָא־חֵ֖ן 1 Here the word **and** introduces the result of obeying the commands stated in the previous verse. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate results. You may need to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “If you do these things, then you will find favor” or “This will result in you finding favor” +3:4 uwqy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ⁠מְצָא־חֵ֖ן וְ⁠שֵֽׂכֶל־ט֑וֹב 1 Here Solomon speaks of **favor and good insight** as if they were objects that a person could find. He means that **God and man** will show **favor** and **good insight** to the person who does what Solomon commanded in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and you will experience favor and good insight” +3:4 g3fy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּ⁠עֵינֵ֖י 1 Here, **eyes** refers to seeing, and seeing is a metaphor for knowledge, notice, attention, or judgment. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in the judgment of” +3:4 i2ke rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun וְ⁠אָדָֽם 1 Solomon is speaking of people in general, not of one particular **man**. If it would be helpful in your language, use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “and others” +3:5 w345 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִבֶּ֑⁠ךָ 1 See how you translated **heart** in [2:2](../02/02.md). +3:5 m1v4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠אֶל־בִּֽ֝ינָתְ⁠ךָ֗ אַל־תִּשָּׁעֵֽן 1 Here Solomon speaks of relying on one’s own **understanding** as if **understanding** were an object that a person could **lean on**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “do not rely on your own understanding” +3:5 xos0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בִּֽ֝ינָתְ⁠ךָ֗ 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **understanding** in [1:2](../01/02.md). +3:6 c7br rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּ⁠כָל־דְּרָכֶ֥י⁠ךָ & אֹֽרְחֹתֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 Here Solomon speaks of a person’s actions as if they were **ways** or **paths** on which that person walks. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “In all that you do … how you live” +3:6 ftuh rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וְ֝⁠ה֗וּא יְיַשֵּׁ֥ר 1 Here, **and** introduces the result of obeying the commands stated in the previous verse and the beginning of this verse. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate results. You may need to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “If you do these things, then he himself will straighten” or “This will result in he himself straightening” +3:6 vunk rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וְ֝⁠ה֗וּא יְיַשֵּׁ֥ר 1 For emphasis, Solomon is stating the pronoun **himself**, whose meaning is already stated as **he**. If your language can state implied pronouns explicitly for emphasis, you may want to use that construction in your translation. Other languages may have other ways of bringing out this emphasis. The ULT does so by using the intensive pronoun **himself**. Alternate translation: “he indeed will straighten” +3:6 m1v6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ֝⁠ה֗וּא יְיַשֵּׁ֥ר אֹֽרְחֹתֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 Here Solomon speaks of Yahweh showing people what they should do as if Yahweh were removing obstacles and smoothing out **paths** that people walk on. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and he himself will make clear to you what you should do” or “and he himself will guide your actions” +3:7 y6is rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּ⁠עֵינֶ֑י⁠ךָ 1 Here Solomon speaks of a person’s opinion as if that person were seeing something with his **eyes**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in your own opinion” +3:7 dgv0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast יְרָ֥א אֶת־יְ֝הוָ֗ה וְ⁠ס֣וּר מֵ⁠רָֽע 1 This clause is a strong contrast with the previous clause. While the previous clause said what a person should not do, this clause says what that person should do instead. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a contrast. You may need to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “Rather, fear Yahweh and turn from evil”\n +3:7 au5s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠ס֣וּר מֵ⁠רָֽע 1 Here Solomon speaks of refusing to do **evil** actions as if a person were turning away **from evil**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and do not commit evil” +3:7 fwf0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מֵ⁠רָֽע 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **evil** in [1:16](../01/16.md). +3:8 yl6z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism רִ֭פְאוּת תְּהִ֣י לְ⁠שָׁרֶּ֑⁠ךָ וְ֝⁠שִׁקּ֗וּי לְ⁠עַצְמוֹתֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “It will be healing for your navel, yes, refreshment for your bones” +3:8 du95 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns תְּהִ֣י 1 The pronoun **It** here refers to following the commands that Solomon stated in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Obeying these commands will be” +3:8 dtw6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לְ⁠שָׁרֶּ֑⁠ךָ & לְ⁠עַצְמוֹתֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 Solomon is using parts of a person, the **navel** and **bones**, to represent a person’s whole body. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “for your body … for your whole body” +3:8 tca5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְ֝⁠שִׁקּ֗וּי לְ⁠עַצְמוֹתֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and it will be refreshment for your bones” +3:8 ghf9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וְ֝⁠שִׁקּ֗וּי לְ⁠עַצְמוֹתֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **refreshment**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “and will cause your bones to be refreshed” +3:9 j8au rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis מֵ⁠הוֹנֶ֑⁠ךָ וּ֝⁠מֵ⁠רֵאשִׁ֗ית כָּל־תְּבוּאָתֶֽ⁠ךָ 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “by giving from your wealth and by giving from the first of all your produce” +3:9 thp2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּ֝⁠מֵ⁠רֵאשִׁ֗ית 1 Here, **first** refers to the **first** crops that were harvested at harvest time. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and from the first crops harvested of” +3:10 z9am rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וְ⁠יִמָּלְא֣וּ אֲסָמֶ֣י⁠ךָ שָׂבָ֑ע 1 Here, **and** introduces the result of obeying the command stated in the previous verse. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate result. You may need to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “If you do these things, then your storehouses will be full with plenty” or “This will result in your storehouses being full with plenty” +3:10 ti7b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְ⁠יִמָּלְא֣וּ אֲסָמֶ֣י⁠ךָ שָׂבָ֑ע 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and your store houses will become full of plenty” or “and Yahweh will fill your storehouses with plenty” +3:10 y7db rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown אֲסָמֶ֣י⁠ךָ 1 The word **storehouses** refers to buildings or rooms where crops are stored after farmers have harvested them. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of storage place, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “your place for storing harvested crops” +3:10 b6gn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שָׂבָ֑ע 1 Here, **plenty** refers to a plentiful amount of harvested crops. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “a plentiful amount of harvested crops” +3:10 vtx6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown וְ֝⁠תִיר֗וֹשׁ יְקָבֶ֥י⁠ךָ יִפְרֹֽצוּ 1 The word **vats** refers to large containers in which the juice of grapes called **new wine** was processed into **wine**. If a very large amount of **new wine** was put in the **vat**, it could flow out and spill over the top of the **vat**. If your readers would not be familiar with **wine** or the way it is produced, you could refer to something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “and your storage containers will become so extremely full that they break open” +3:11 f4sx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מוּסַ֣ר & בְּ⁠תוֹכַחְתּֽ⁠וֹ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **correction** and **rebuke**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “Being corrected by … being rebuked by him” +3:11 qf59 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בְּנִ֣⁠י 1 See how you translated the same use of this phrase in [1:8](../01/08.md). +3:12 vqzb rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֤י 1 **For** here introduces the reason for obeying the commands stated in the previous verse. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate reasons. You may need to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “Do not do these things, because” +3:12 qsno rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וּ֝⁠כְ⁠אָ֗ב אֶת־בֵּ֥ן יִרְצֶֽה 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and like a father, he rebukes a son he is pleased with” +3:12 gpk5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֶת־בֵּ֥ן יִרְצֶֽה 1 The phrase **he is pleased with** refers to the father’s affection for his **son**. It does not mean that the father approves of his son’s behavior. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “a son in whom he delights” +3:12 oyvb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בֵּ֥ן 1 See how you translated the same use of **son** in [1:8](../01/08.md). +3:13 cg8z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis אַשְׁרֵ֣י אָ֭דָם מָצָ֣א חָכְמָ֑ה וְ֝⁠אָדָ֗ם יָפִ֥יק תְּבוּנָֽה 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “Happy is a man who finds wisdom and happy is a man who obtains understanding” +3:13 cckc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism אַשְׁרֵ֣י אָ֭דָם מָצָ֣א חָכְמָ֑ה וְ֝⁠אָדָ֗ם יָפִ֥יק תְּבוּנָֽה 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word other than **and** that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Happy is a man who finds wisdom, yes, happy is a man who obtains understanding” +3:13 g5fm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אָ֭דָם & וְ֝⁠אָדָ֗ם 1 In this verse, **a man** represents a person in general, not one particular **man**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “is a person … and a person” +3:13 d1nq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מָצָ֣א חָכְמָ֑ה 1 Here Solomon speaks of attaining **wisdom** as if it were an object that a person **finds**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “who attains wisdom” +3:13 gdvg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חָכְמָ֑ה & תְּבוּנָֽה 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **wisdom** and **understanding** in [1:2](../01/02.md). +3:14 xyy7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֤י 1 **For** here indicates that what follows is the reason what was stated in the previous verse is true. Use the most natural way in your language to state a reason. Alternate translation: “This is due to the fact that” +3:14 jir1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וּ֝⁠מֵ⁠חָר֗וּץ תְּבוּאָתָֽ⁠הּ 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and better than the produce of gold is its produce” +3:14 rcci rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism ט֣וֹב סַ֭חְרָ⁠הּ מִ⁠סְּחַר־כָּ֑סֶף וּ֝⁠מֵ⁠חָר֗וּץ תְּבוּאָתָֽ⁠הּ 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word other than **and** that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “better {is} its profit than the profit of silver, yes, better than the produce of gold is its produce” +3:14 eetj rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns סַ֭חְרָ⁠הּ & תְּבוּאָתָֽ⁠הּ 1 In this verse, **its** refers to wisdom. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “is wisdom’s profit … wisdom’s produce” +3:14 jkcm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor סַ֭חְרָ⁠הּ מִ⁠סְּחַר־כָּ֑סֶף 1 Although the word **profit** usually refers to money that someone earns, Solomon uses it here to refer to a benefit in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is its benefit than the benefit of silver” +3:14 gy74 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession מִ⁠סְּחַר־כָּ֑סֶף 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe the monetary **profit** that one gains by selling or investing **silver**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “than the profit one can make from selling silver” +3:14 ssa3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ֝⁠מֵ⁠חָר֗וּץ תְּבוּאָתָֽ⁠הּ 1 Although the word **produce** usually refers to harvested crops, Solomon uses it here to refer to a benefit in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and than gold, its benefit” +3:15 y2yl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification הִ֭יא & בָֽ⁠הּ 1 In [3:15–18](../03/15.md) Solomon speaks of wisdom as if it were a woman. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See the discussion of this in the General Notes for this chapter. Alternate translation: “It … with it” +3:15 vxz8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown יְקָ֣רָה & מִפְּנִינִ֑ים 1 The word translated **corals** could also refer to precious stones called “rubies.” Either word refers to an item that is extremely valuable. If your readers would not be familiar with **corals** or rubies, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “is more precious than valuable stones” or “is more precious than something that is extremely valuable” +3:16 k6ir rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אֹ֣רֶךְ יָ֭מִים 1 See how you translated this idiom in [3:2](../03/02.md). +3:16 e88d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification בִּֽ⁠ימִינָ֑⁠הּ בִּ֝⁠שְׂמֹאולָ֗⁠הּ 1 In this verse, **her** refers to wisdom as if it were a woman. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is in wisdom’s right hand, in wisdom’s left hand” +3:16 p6g3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בִּֽ⁠ימִינָ֑⁠הּ בִּ֝⁠שְׂמֹאולָ֗⁠הּ עֹ֣שֶׁר 1 Here Solomon speaks of wise people receiving **length of days**, **riches**, and **honor** as if they were objects received from the **right** and **left** hands of wisdom. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is received by those who have wisdom; those who have wisdom receive riches” +3:16 yu0r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וְ⁠כָבֽוֹד 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **honor**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “and being honored” +3:17 dpuo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification דְּרָכֶ֥י⁠הָ & נְתִ֖יבוֹתֶ֣י⁠הָ 1 **Her** and **her** here refer to wisdom as if it were a woman. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Wisdom’s ways … wisdom’s beaten paths” +3:17 t64o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism דְּרָכֶ֥י⁠הָ דַרְכֵי־נֹ֑עַם וְֽ⁠כָל־נְתִ֖יבוֹתֶ֣י⁠הָ שָׁלֽוֹם 1 These two phrases mean similar things. Solomon is using repetition to emphasize the idea that the phrases express. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could combine the phrases and express the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Her way of life is one of peaceful pleasantness. +3:17 a7ix rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דְּרָכֶ֥י⁠הָ דַרְכֵי & נְתִ֖יבוֹתֶ֣י⁠הָ שָׁלֽוֹם 1 In this verse, **ways** and **beaten paths** refer to how being wise guides a person’s behavior. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Wise behavior is behavior of … wise behavior brings peace” +3:17 l02t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession דַרְכֵי־נֹ֑עַם 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **ways** that result in **pleasantness**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “are ways that lead to pleasantness” +3:17 aq1s rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result שָׁלֽוֹם 1 Here Solomon implies that **peace** is the result of following the **beaten paths**. Use a natural way in your language to indicate result. Alternate translation: “lead to being peaceful” or “result in living peacefully” +3:17 u5du rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns שָׁלֽוֹם 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **peace**, you could express the same idea in another Alternate translation: “are what is peaceful” +3:18 ac5p rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns הִ֭יא & בָּ֑⁠הּ וְֽ⁠תֹמְכֶ֥י⁠הָ 1 **She** and **her** here refer to wisdom. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Wisdom … of wisdom, and those who grasp wisdom” +3:18 l7hn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession עֵץ־חַיִּ֣ים 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **tree** with fruit that sustains **life**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “is a tree that gives life” or “is a tree with fruit that sustains life” +3:18 le9q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עֵץ־חַיִּ֣ים & לַ⁠מַּחֲזִיקִ֣ים בָּ֑⁠הּ 1 Here Solomon speaks of wisdom as if it were a **tree** that gives **life** to those who eat its fruit. He means that wisdom causes a person to live a long and happy life. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “results in a good life for the ones who take hold of her” or “is like a tree that sustains the lives of the ones who take hold of her” +3:18 ka8x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לַ⁠מַּחֲזִיקִ֣ים בָּ֑⁠הּ וְֽ⁠תֹמְכֶ֥י⁠הָ 1 Here Solomon refers to people who persist in being wise as if they **take hold of** or **grasp** wisdom. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to the ones who obtain wisdom, and those who hold on to wisdom” +3:19 c1nf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יָֽסַד־אָ֑רֶץ 1 Here Solomon speaks of **Yahweh** creating **the earth** as if he were laying the foundation of a building. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “created the earth” +3:19 rkhr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּ⁠חָכְמָ֥ה & בִּ⁠תְבוּנָֽה 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **wisdom** in [1:2](../01/02.md) and **understanding** in [2:2](../02/02.md). +3:20 ulw3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit תְּהוֹמ֣וֹת 1 Here, **depths** refers to bodies of water that were deep under the earth’s surface. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the underground bodies of water” +3:20 aov5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit נִבְקָ֑עוּ 1 Here, **broke open** could refer to: (1) the water from **the depths** bursting out from under the ground to form rivers, which best fits the discussion of creation in [3:19–20](../03/19.md). Alternate translation: “burst forth water that formed rivers” (2) the water from **the depths** bursting out during the global flood of Noah’s time, as described in [7:11](../07/11.md). Alternate translation: “burst forth flood waters” +3:21 gh75 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בְּ֭נִ⁠י 1 See how you translated the same use of this phrase in [1:8](../01/08.md). +3:21 t2j4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure אַל־יָלֻ֣זוּ מֵ⁠עֵינֶ֑י⁠ךָ נְצֹ֥ר תֻּ֝שִׁיָּ֗ה וּ⁠מְזִמָּֽה 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could reverse the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “guard prudence and discretion, do not let them depart from your eyes” +3:21 xa9f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אַל־יָלֻ֣זוּ מֵ⁠עֵינֶ֑י⁠ךָ 1 Here Solomon speaks of not forgetting something as if someone were always able to see that thing with his **eyes**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “do not forget them” +3:21 p05r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נְצֹ֥ר 1 Here Solomon speaks of **prudence** and **discretion** as if they were things that could be guarded. He means that he wants his son to remember these qualities in order to practice them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “remember to practice” +3:21 g4b2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תֻּ֝שִׁיָּ֗ה וּ⁠מְזִמָּֽה 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **prudence** and **discretion** in [1:4](../01/04.md). +3:22 c7za rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וְ⁠יִֽהְי֣וּ 1 Here, **and** introduces the result of obeying the commands stated in the previous verse. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate results. You may need to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “and this will result in them being” or “If you do this, then they will be” +3:22 v7jn rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וְ⁠יִֽהְי֣וּ 1 Here, **they** refers to the “prudence” and “discretion” mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and prudence and discretion will be” +3:22 mr5l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לְ⁠נַפְשֶׁ֑⁠ךָ 1 See how you translated the same use of **soul** in [2:10](../02/10.md). +3:22 aqnl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠יִֽהְי֣וּ חַיִּ֣ים לְ⁠נַפְשֶׁ֑⁠ךָ 1 This phrase is an idiom that refers to having a long life. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and they will cause you to have a long life” +3:22 c3ab rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ֝⁠חֵ֗ן לְ⁠גַרְגְּרֹתֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 Here, **grace** refers to something that looks graceful or attractive to others. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and graceful ornaments for your neck” +3:22 x4q3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ֝⁠חֵ֗ן לְ⁠גַרְגְּרֹתֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 Here Solomon speaks of “prudence” and “discretion” as if they were objects that a person could wear around their **neck** like a necklace. The image suggests that these are valuable things that the person displays outwardly. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use similes. See how you translated a similar expression in [1:9](../01/09.md). Alternate translation: “and a gracious display, like a necklace around your neck” +3:23 lr2g rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result אָ֤ז תֵּלֵ֣ךְ 1 **Then** here introduces more results of obeying the commands stated in [3:21](../03/21.md). Use the most natural way in your language to indicate results. Alternate translation: “Because of having prudence and discretion, you will walk” +3:23 k64j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תֵּלֵ֣ךְ לָ⁠בֶ֣טַח דַּרְכֶּ֑⁠ךָ 1 Here Solomon speaks of living one’s life as if one were walking along a **way**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you will live your life in security” +3:23 hbrf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns לָ⁠בֶ֣טַח 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **security**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “confidently” +3:23 uxka rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וְ֝⁠רַגְלְ⁠ךָ֗ 1 Here, the word “foot” represents the whole person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and you” +3:23 d5hd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ֝⁠רַגְלְ⁠ךָ֗ לֹ֣א תִגּֽוֹף 1 Here, **not stumble** could refer to: (1) a person not experiencing harm, which is similar to the idea in the previous clause. Alternate translation: “and you will not be harmed” (2) not sinning, for for which **stumble** is a common metaphor in other scriptures. Alternate translation: “and you will not sin” +3:24 f69h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit תִּשְׁכַּ֥ב & וְ֝⁠שָׁכַבְתָּ֗ 1 In this verse, **lie down** implies lying down in order to sleep. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly, as in the UST. +3:25 dxf0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מִ⁠פַּ֣חַד פִּתְאֹ֑ם וּ⁠מִ⁠שֹּׁאַ֥ת 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **dread** and **devastation**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “of dreadful things that happen suddenly and of what devastates” +3:25 ds94 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וּ⁠מִ⁠שֹּׁאַ֥ת רְ֝שָׁעִ֗ים 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **the devastation** that is experienced by **the wicked ones**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and of the wicked ones being devastated” +3:25 ri9q rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns תָבֹֽא 1 Here, **it** refers to **the devastation** mentioned earlier in the verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “that devastation comes” +3:26 zyov rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּֽי 1 **For** here indicates that what follows is a reason for the command in the previous verse. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “Do not be afraid of these things because” +3:26 aw88 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְ⁠כִסְלֶ֑⁠ךָ 1 Here, Solomon uses **confidence** to refer to the source of a person’s **confidence**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “your source of confidence” +3:26 gtf1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְ⁠כִסְלֶ֑⁠ךָ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **confidence**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “the one who makes you confident” +3:26 z3ye rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וְ⁠שָׁמַ֖ר רַגְלְ⁠ךָ֣ מִ⁠לָּֽכֶד 1 Here, **foot** represents the whole person. See how you translated the similar use of **foot** in [1:15](../01/15.md). +3:26 jc7f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠שָׁמַ֖ר רַגְלְ⁠ךָ֣ מִ⁠לָּֽכֶד 1 Here Solomon refers to someone experiencing “sudden dread” or “devastation” as if the person were captured in a trap. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and he will keep you from sudden dread or devastation” or “and he will keep you from harm” +3:27 yl8a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ט֥וֹב 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **good**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “something that is good” +3:27 yag5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִ⁠בְּעָלָ֑י⁠ו 1 Here Solomon speaks of the **good** that people deserve as if they were **its owners**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from those to whom it is due” +3:27 sqz5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בִּ⁠הְי֨וֹת לְ⁠אֵ֖ל יָדְךָ֣ 1 Here Solomon speaks of being able to do something as if doing something were **in the power of** one’s **hand**. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “when you have the ability” +3:28 taqg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אַל־תֹּ֘אמַ֤ר לְרֵֽעֲךָ֨ 1 Solomon implies that the **neighbor** needs something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “When your neighbor needs something, do not say to your neighbor” +3:28 r0kt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֶתֵּ֗ן וְ⁠יֵ֣שׁ 1 In this verse, **it** refers to the thing that the **neighbor** needs. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I will give you what you need, yet that thing is” +3:28 e1qg rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous וְ⁠יֵ֣שׁ 1 Here, **and** indicates that what follows is true at the same time as the speaker is speaking in the previous clause. This means that the person speaking refuses to give something to someone even though he has it with him. You can make this clear in your translation with an appropriate connecting word or phrase. Alternate translation: “when it is” +3:29 zok6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אַל־תַּחֲרֹ֣שׁ & רָעָ֑ה 1 Here, **plot evil** implies someone plotting to do **evil**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Do not scheme to do evil” +3:29 rdiz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רָעָ֑ה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **evil** in [1:16](../01/16.md). +3:29 yfoa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לָ⁠בֶ֣טַח 1 Here, **securely** implies that this person trusts **you** and does not expect to be harmed by **you**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “trustfully” +3:29 aheb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אִתָּֽ⁠ךְ 1 Here, **with you** refers to being near someone. It does not mean these people dwell in the same house. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “near you” +3:30 h9r7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אָדָ֣ם & לֹ֖א גְמָלְ⁠ךָ֣ 1 Here, **man** and **he** represent a person in general, not one particular **man**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “a person … that person has not done you” +3:30 ohzi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure חִנָּ֑ם אִם־לֹ֖א גְמָלְ⁠ךָ֣ רָעָֽה 1 This clause gives the reason why the contention mentioned in the beginning of the sentence would be **without cause**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could change the sentence structure to show this explicitly. Alternate translation: “who has not done you evil when there is no reason to argue” +3:30 ykrq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רָעָֽה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **evil** in [1:16](../01/16.md). +3:31 p0vm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְּ⁠אִ֣ישׁ חָמָ֑ס 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **man** who is characterized by **violence**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “of a violent man” +3:31 bqus rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun בְּ⁠אִ֣ישׁ 1 Here, **man** represents a person in general, not one particular **man**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “of any person of” +3:31 pae7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דְּרָכָֽי⁠ו 1 Here Solomon uses **ways** to refer to the behavior of **a man of violence**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the things he does” +3:31 k7bc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠אַל־תִּ֝בְחַ֗ר בְּ⁠כָל־דְּרָכָֽי⁠ו 1 Solomon assumes that his readers will understand that this command refers to choosing not to do something. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and do not choose to do anything he does” +3:32 pi68 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֤י 1 **For** here indicates that what follows is a reason for the command in the previous verse. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “Do not do these things because” +3:32 eu7k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תוֹעֲבַ֣ת יְהוָ֣ה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **abomination**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “an abominable person to Yahweh” +3:32 n8ed rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נָל֑וֹז 1 Here Solomon refers to someone who refuses to act righteously, instead deliberately doing what is wicked, as if that person **goes astray** from a path. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he who acts wickedly” +3:32 uy1e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְֽ⁠אֶת־יְשָׁרִ֥ים סוֹדֽ⁠וֹ 1 Here Solomon speaks of Yahweh giving **secret counsel** to people as if it were an object that could be **with** those people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but to the upright ones he gives his secret counsel” +3:32 bu8s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit סוֹדֽ⁠וֹ 1 The phrase **secret counsel** refers to confidential conversation between friends. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “his confidential conversation” +3:33 h6ns rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession מְאֵרַ֣ת יְ֭הוָה 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **curse** that comes from **Yahweh**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “The curse from Yahweh” +3:33 bsfg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּ⁠בֵ֣ית 1 Solomon speaks of the **curse of Yahweh** as if it were an object that he placed **on** top of the wicked person’s **house**. He means that Yahweh curses that **house**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is against the house of” +3:33 q866 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּ⁠בֵ֣ית & וּ⁠נְוֵ֖ה & יְבָרֵֽךְ 1 Here, the words **house** and **abode** represent the families who live in those houses. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is on the households of … but he blesses the households of” +3:33 hqxt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun רָשָׁ֑ע 1 Here, **the wicked one** refers to wicked people in general, not a specific **wicked** person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “any wicked person” +3:34 bb7k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns הֽוּא־יָלִ֑יץ 1 For emphasis, Solomon is stating the pronoun **himself**, the meaning of which is already stated as **he**. If your language can state implied pronouns explicitly for emphasis, you may want to use that construction in your translation. Other languages may have other ways of bringing out this emphasis. The ULT does so by using the intensive pronoun **himself**. Alternate translation: “he indeed mocks” +3:34 kb65 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִתֶּן־חֵֽן 1 The writer speaks of Yahweh favoring people as if his **favor** were an object that he gives to people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he acts favorably” or “he gives grace” +3:35 y7vz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִנְחָ֑לוּ 1 Here Solomon speaks of wise people receiving **honor** as if **honor** were property or wealth that they could **inherit** from a family member. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Wise ones will receive honor” +3:35 ly3i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor כָּ֭בוֹד & קָלֽוֹן 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **honor** and **dishonor**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. See how you translated **honor** in [3:16](../03/16.md). Alternate translation: “what is honorable … what is dishonorable” +3:35 b6jx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מֵרִ֥ים 1 Here Solomon speaks of **stupid** people being dishonored as if their **dishonor** was lifted up for everyone to see. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will receive” +4:intro z4ah 0 # Proverbs 4 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n2. A father teaches his son about wisdom (1:8–9:18)\n * Avoid evil companions (1:8–19)\n * Do not reject wisdom (1:20–33)\n * Wisdom prevents people from committing crime or adultery (2:1–22)\n * Humbly trust Yahweh (3:1–12)\n * The value of wisdom (3:13–20)\n * Do not act wickedly (3:21–35)\n * Wisdom will benefit you (4:1–9)\n * Behave wisely and avoid those who do not (4:10–19)\n * Live righteously (4:20–27)\n\n## Special Concepts in This Chapter\n\n### My son\n\nOccasionally, Solomon addresses a series of proverbs to “my son” or “sons.” This does not mean that those proverbs only apply to males. Instead, these phrases are forms used to pass on advice from a father to his son, and the kind of advice in these proverbs is about common temptations of young men.\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in This Chapter\n\n### Personification\n\nIn [4:6–9](../04/06.md), wisdom is referred to as if it were a woman. In languages where it is possible for a woman figure to represent an abstract concept like wisdom, the translator should translate the personification directly. However, if direct translation is not possible in your language, you may translate these personifications as similes instead. In that case, wisdom would be presented as being like a wise woman. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])\n +4:1 ik8v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom שִׁמְע֣וּ 1 See how you translated **Hear** in [1:8](../01/08.md). +4:1 hqv1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בָ֭נִים 1 Although the term **sons** is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that could refer to both male and female children. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “offspring” +4:1 rao5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מ֣וּסַר & בִּינָֽה 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **instruction** and **understanding** in [1:2](../01/02.md). +4:1 zck6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person אָ֑ב 1 Here Solomon is speaking about himself in the third person. If this would not be natural in your language, you could use the first person form. Alternate translation: “me, your father” +4:2 s4lm rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֤י 1 **For** here indicates that what follows is a reason for the commands in the previous verse. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “Hear these instructions because”\n +4:2 paf3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you לָ⁠כֶ֑ם 1 Here, **you** is plural and refers to the “sons” referred to in the previous verse. +4:2 emym rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result תּֽ֝וֹרָתִ֗⁠י אַֽל־תַּעֲזֹֽבוּ 1 This clause is the result of what came before in the previous clause. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a result of what came before. You may need to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “this is why you must not forsake my law” +4:2 szcm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes אַֽל־תַּעֲזֹֽבוּ 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:8](../01/08.md).\n +4:2 bzrs rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns תּֽ֝וֹרָתִ֗⁠י 1 See how you translated the collective noun **law** in [1:8](../01/08.md). +4:3 y999 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כִּי־בֵ֭ן הָיִ֣יתִי לְ⁠אָבִ֑⁠י 1 **When** here indicates that what follows refers to the time when Solomon was a child and still lived under his father’s care. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “When I was still a boy learning from my father” +4:3 n5ke rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys רַ֥ךְ וְ֝⁠יָחִ֗יד 1 This phrase expresses a single idea by using two words connected with **and**. The word **tender** tells what the **only one** was like. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this meaning with an equivalent phrase that does not use **and**. Alternate translation: “the tender only one”\n +4:3 ev51 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ֝⁠יָחִ֗יד 1 Here, **only one** could mean: (1) he was his mother’s only child. Alternate translation: “and only child” (2) he was a unique child of his mother. Alternate translation: “and unique one” +4:3 wjy8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לִ⁠פְנֵ֥י אִמִּֽ⁠י 1 Here Solomon speaks of his **mother** considering him to be **the tender and only one** as if he were **before** her **face**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “according to my mother” or “in my mother’s estimation” +6:20 td2d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person אָבִ֑י⁠ךָ 1 See how you translated the same use of **your father** in [1:8](../01/08.md). +4:4 yg9r rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠יֹּרֵ֗⁠נִי 1 Here, **he** refers to Solomon’s father. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly, as in the UST. +4:4 b7y3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִבֶּ֑⁠ךָ 1 See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [2:2](../02/02.md). +4:4 w8fa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִֽתְמָךְ & לִבֶּ֑⁠ךָ 1 Here Solomon speaks of remembering **words** as if the **heart** were holding on tightly to them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Let your heart remember” +4:4 jcen rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy דְּבָרַ֥⁠י 1 See how you translated the similar use of **my words** in [1:23](../01/23.md). +4:4 kgqa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מִצְוֺתַ֣⁠י 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **commandments** in [2:1](../02/01.md). +4:4 f7zk rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וֶֽ⁠חְיֵֽה 1 Here, **and** introduces the result of obeying the command stated in the previous phrase. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate result. You may need to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “and it will result in you living”\n +4:5 ft42 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חָ֭כְמָה & בִינָ֑ה 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **wisdom** and **understanding** in [1:2](../01/02.md). +4:5 m9r6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes אַל־תִּשְׁכַּ֥ח וְ⁠אַל־תֵּ֝֗ט מֵֽ⁠אִמְרֵי־פִֽ⁠י 1 Here, the phrases **do not forget** and **do not veer from** are figures of speech that express strongly positive meanings by using a negative word, **not**, together with expressions that are the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meanings. Alternate translation: “remember and keep going in the direction of the sayings of my mouth” +4:5 l92p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אַל־תִּשְׁכַּ֥ח וְ⁠אַל־תֵּ֝֗ט מֵֽ⁠אִמְרֵי־פִֽ⁠י 1 Here Solomon speaks of not forgetting something as if a person were not veering off of a path. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “do not forget and do not stop remembering the sayings of my mouth” +4:5 fb3y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet אַל־תִּשְׁכַּ֥ח וְ⁠אַל־תֵּ֝֗ט מֵֽ⁠אִמְרֵי־פִֽ⁠י 1 Here, the terms **forget** and **veer** mean similar things. Solomon is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “certainly do not forget the sayings of my mouth” +4:5 m3uv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche מֵֽ⁠אִמְרֵי־פִֽ⁠י 1 Here, **mouth** represents Solomon’s father himself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from my sayings”\n +4:6 vrf5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes אַל־תַּעַזְבֶ֥⁠הָ 1 See how you translated **Do not forsake** in [1:8](../01/08.md). +4:6 xx1v rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וְ⁠תִשְׁמְרֶ֑⁠ךָּ & וְ⁠תִצְּרֶֽ⁠ךָּ 1 Both occurrences of **and** in this verse indicate that what follows are the results of the phrases that precede them. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate results. Alternate translation: “and it will result in her preserving you … and it will result in her guarding you”\n +4:6 zc73 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification אַל־תַּעַזְבֶ֥⁠הָ וְ⁠תִשְׁמְרֶ֑⁠ךָּ אֱהָבֶ֥⁠הָ וְ⁠תִצְּרֶֽ⁠ךָּ 1 In [4:6–9](../04/06.md) Solomon speaks of wisdom as if it were a woman. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. See the discussion of this in the General Notes for this chapter. Alternate translation: “Do not forsake wisdom, and wisdom will be like a woman who preserves you; love wisdom, and wisdom will be like a woman who guards you”\n +4:7 zu2p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit רֵאשִׁ֣ית חָ֭כְמָה 1 Here, **beginning** could refer to: (1) the most important thing. Alternate translation: “the most important thing is wisdom” or “wisdom is supreme” (2) the foundation or basis of something, as it means in [1:7](../01/07.md). Alternate translation: “the foundation of wisdom” or “the prerequisite for acquiring wisdom”\n +4:7 guq5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns קְנֵ֣ה חָכְמָ֑ה & קְנֵ֣ה בִינָֽה 1 See how you translated these phrases in [4:5](../04/05.md). +4:7 qcf1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns וּ⁠בְ⁠כָל־קִ֝נְיָנְ⁠ךָ֗ 1 The word **acquisition** here is singular in form, but it refers to all of a person’s possessions as a group. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this plainly. Alternate translation: “And with all your acquisitions” or “And with everything that you acquire” +4:7 b9ip rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּ⁠בְ⁠כָל־קִ֝נְיָנְ⁠ךָ֗ 1 Here, **all your acquisition** implies the price of everything that someone has acquired. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “And with the price of all your acquisition” or “And with the price of all you possess” +4:8 pa2i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification סַלְסְלֶ֥⁠הָ וּֽ⁠תְרוֹמְמֶ֑⁠ךָּ תְּ֝כַבֵּ֗דְ⁠ךָ כִּ֣י תְחַבְּקֶֽ⁠נָּה 1 In this verse, Solomon speaks of wisdom as if it were a woman. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. See the discussion of this in the General Notes for this chapter. Alternate translation: “Cherish wisdom and wisdom will be like a woman who raises you up; wisdom will be like a woman who honors you when you embrace her” +4:8 x13z rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result סַלְסְלֶ֥⁠הָ וּֽ⁠תְרוֹמְמֶ֑⁠ךָּ 1 Here, **and** introduces the result of obeying the command stated in the previous phrase. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate result. Alternate translation: “If you cherish her, then she will raise you up” or “Cherish her, and it will result in her raising you up”\n +4:8 k4fl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּֽ⁠תְרוֹמְמֶ֑⁠ךָּ 1 Here Solomon speaks of a wise person receiving honor as if wisdom were raising that person **up**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and she will cause you to be honored” +4:8 oyxz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit תְּ֝כַבֵּ֗דְ⁠ךָ 1 Here Solomon implies that wisdom will cause people to **honor** the person who embraces **her**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “she will cause people to honor you” +4:8 o4nx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification תְחַבְּקֶֽ⁠נָּה 1 Here Solomon speaks of someone valuing wisdom as if he were embracing a woman. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you value wisdom” +4:9 bft9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism תִּתֵּ֣ן לְ֭⁠רֹאשְׁ⁠ךָ לִוְיַת־חֵ֑ן עֲטֶ֖רֶת תִּפְאֶ֣רֶת תְּמַגְּנֶֽ⁠ךָּ 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “She will give for your head a garland of grace; yes, with a crown of splendor she will cover you” +4:9 z38e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification תִּתֵּ֣ן לְ֭⁠רֹאשְׁ⁠ךָ לִוְיַת־חֵ֑ן עֲטֶ֖רֶת תִּפְאֶ֣רֶת תְּמַגְּנֶֽ⁠ךָּ 1 In this verse, Solomon speaks of wisdom as if it were a woman. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. See the discussion of this in the General Notes for this chapter. Alternate translation: “Wisdom will be like a woman who gives a garland of grace for your head; wisdom will be like a woman who covers you with a crown of splendor” +4:9 beu8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession לִוְיַת־חֵ֑ן 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:9](../01/09.md). +4:9 z184 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עֲטֶ֖רֶת תִּפְאֶ֣רֶת תְּמַגְּנֶֽ⁠ךָּ 1 Here Solomon speaks of the honor that a person will have from gaining wisdom as if wisdom placed a **crown** upon that person’s head. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “wisdom will cause people to honor you” or “wisdom will be like someone who puts a crown of splendor on your head” +4:9 py0o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession עֲטֶ֖רֶת תִּפְאֶ֣רֶת 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **crown** that is characterized by **splendor**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “with a splendorous crown” +4:10 p1f4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom שְׁמַ֣ע 1 See how you translated the same use of **Hear** in [1:8](../01/08.md). +4:10 suyo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בְּ֭נִ⁠י 1 See how you translated the same use of this phrase in [1:8](../01/08.md). +4:10 ucq5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וְ⁠יִרְבּ֥וּ 1 Here, **and** introduces the result of obeying the commands stated in the previous clause. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate result. You may need to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “If you do these things, then they will multiply” or “This will result in them multiplying”\n +4:10 l7bx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠יִרְבּ֥וּ לְ֝⁠ךָ֗ שְׁנ֣וֹת חַיִּֽים 1 Here Solomon speaks of his **sayings** as if they were able to cause someone to live longer. He means that someone who obeys his **sayings** will live longer than if they did not do so. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and obeying my sayings will multiply for you the years of life” +4:10 t094 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession שְׁנ֣וֹת חַיִּֽים 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe the **years** that a person lives. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the years that you are alive” +4:11 h1ql rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְּ⁠דֶ֣רֶךְ חָ֭כְמָה 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **way** that is characterized by **wisdom**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In the wise way” +4:11 zzp9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּ⁠דֶ֣רֶךְ חָ֭כְמָה 1 Here, **the way** refers to how people behave or live their lives. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the wise behavior” or “how to behave wisely”\n +4:11 i8u1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession הִ֝דְרַכְתִּ֗י⁠ךָ בְּ⁠מַעְגְּלֵי־יֹֽשֶׁר 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **tracks** that are characterized by **uprightness**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “I caused you to tread in the upright tracks” +4:11 m6c7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הִ֝דְרַכְתִּ֗י⁠ךָ בְּ⁠מַעְגְּלֵי־יֹֽשֶׁר 1 Here Solomon refers to how people behave or live their lives as if they **tread in the tracks** of a certain path. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I caused you to behave uprightly” +4:12 xxp4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism בְּֽ֭⁠לֶכְתְּ⁠ךָ לֹא־יֵצַ֣ר צַעֲדֶ֑⁠ךָ וְ⁠אִם־תָּ֝ר֗וּץ לֹ֣א תִכָּשֵֽׁל 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “When you walk, your step will not be restricted; yes, if you run, you will not stumble” +4:12 dnyj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּֽ֭⁠לֶכְתְּ⁠ךָ לֹא־יֵצַ֣ר צַעֲדֶ֑⁠ךָ וְ⁠אִם־תָּ֝ר֗וּץ לֹ֣א תִכָּשֵֽׁל 1 In this verse, Solomon refers to what people do as if they were walking or running along paths, and he refers to their success in what they do as if the paths were free of obstacles that might make the person **stumble**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “When you do something, you will not be hindered; and if you attempt to do something, you will not fail” +4:12 e986 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes לֹא־יֵצַ֣ר & לֹ֣א תִכָּשֵֽׁל 1 Solomon is using a figure of speech in these two phrases that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, **not**, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “will be free … you will keep going” +4:13 d7gk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הַחֲזֵ֣ק בַּ⁠מּוּסָ֣ר אַל־תֶּ֑רֶף 1 Here Solomon speaks of a person remembering **instruction** as if it were an object that the person could **grasp** and **not let go**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated **grasp** in [3:18](../03/18.md). Alternate translation: “Keep on remembering instruction; do not forget it” +4:13 o3nx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בַּ⁠מּוּסָ֣ר 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **instruction** in [1:2](../01/02.md). +4:13 b1b6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes אַל־תֶּ֑רֶף 1 Solomon is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, **not**, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “keep holding on” +4:13 vymy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נִ֝צְּרֶ֗⁠הָ 1 Here Solomon speaks of **instruction** as if it were an object that someone should **guard**. He means that he wants his son to remember to do what he has taught him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated a similar use of **guard** in [3:21](../03/21.md). Alternate translation: “remember to practice it”\n +4:13 ljf9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy הִ֥יא חַיֶּֽי⁠ךָ 1 Here Solomon speaks of **instruction** preserving a person’s **life** as if instruction were that person’s **life** itself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “it will preserve your life” +4:14 hyi4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism בְּ⁠אֹ֣רַח רְ֭שָׁעִים אַל־תָּבֹ֑א וְ⁠אַל־תְּ֝אַשֵּׁ֗ר בְּ⁠דֶ֣רֶךְ רָעִֽים 1 These two phrases mean similar things. Solomon is using repetition to emphasize the idea that the phrases express. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could combine the phrases and express the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Do not follow their ways, but rather, avoid the path of wicked, evil people” +4:14 gi8l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּ⁠אֹ֣רַח & בְּ⁠דֶ֣רֶךְ 1 See how you translated the similar use of “paths” and “ways” in [3:6](../03/06.md). +4:15 cr8d rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns פְּרָעֵ֥⁠הוּ & בּ֑⁠וֹ & מֵ⁠עָלָ֣י⁠ו 1 In this verse, the pronoun **it** refers to “the way of evil ones” mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Avoid the way of evil ones … that way … from that evil way” +4:15 hi51 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor פְּרָעֵ֥⁠הוּ אַל־תַּעֲבָר־בּ֑⁠וֹ שְׂטֵ֖ה מֵ⁠עָלָ֣י⁠ו וַ⁠עֲבֽוֹר 1 In this verse, Solomon speaks of behaving wickedly as if wicked behavior were a path that people could **pass through**, **veer from**, and **pass on**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Avoid acting evilly; do not try it; completely avoid doing evil and do not even think about it” +4:16 w2ac rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֤י 1 **For** here indicates that what follows are reasons why someone should avoid doing **evil**, as stated in the previous verse. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “Avoid acting wickedly because”\n +4:16 vx6n rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns לֹ֣א יִֽ֭שְׁנוּ אִם־לֹ֣א יָרֵ֑עוּ וְֽ⁠נִגְזְלָ֥ה שְׁ֝נָתָ֗⁠ם אִם־לֹ֥א יַכְשִֽׁילוּ 1 In this verse, the pronoun **they** refers to the wicked people mentioned in [4:14](../04/14.md). If it would be clearer in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “wicked ones do not sleep if they do not do evil, and the sleep of wicked ones is robbed if those wicked ones do not cause stumbling” +4:16 n1jz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole לֹ֣א יִֽ֭שְׁנוּ אִם־לֹ֣א יָרֵ֑עוּ וְֽ⁠נִגְזְלָ֥ה שְׁ֝נָתָ֗⁠ם אִם־לֹ֥א יַכְשִֽׁילוּ 1 In these two clauses, Solomon exaggerates to express how intensely these wicked people desire to do evil actions. Solomon did not mean that these people really did not **sleep** without doing **evil**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “they desire to do evil so much that it is as if they would not be able to sleep unless they did evil” +4:16 md91 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְֽ⁠נִגְזְלָ֥ה שְׁ֝נָתָ֗⁠ם 1 Here Solomon is speaking of not being able to **sleep** as if **sleep** were an object that someone could be **robbed** of. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and they are not able to sleep” +4:16 bvp7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אִם־לֹ֥א יַכְשִֽׁילוּ 1 Here Solomon speaks of causing harm to another person as if it were causing that person to **stumble**. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “if they do not harm someone” +4:17 ld87 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֣י 1 **For** here indicates that what follows are more reasons why someone should avoid doing evil, as commanded in [4:15](../04/15.md). Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “Avoid being one who acts wickedly, because” +4:17 w41y rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns לָ֭חֲמוּ & יִשְׁתּֽוּ 1 In this verse, the pronoun **they** refers to the wicked people mentioned in [4:14](../04/14.md). If it would be clearer in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “wicked ones eat … wicked ones drink”\n +4:17 vfi9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לָ֭חֲמוּ לֶ֣חֶם רֶ֑שַׁע וְ⁠יֵ֖ין חֲמָסִ֣ים יִשְׁתּֽוּ 1 These two clauses could mean: (1) these wicked people do acts of **wickedness** and **violence** as regularly as they **eat bread** and **drink wine**. Alternate translation: “wickedness is like the bread that they eat and violence is like the wine that they drink” or (2) these wicked people do acts of **wickedness** and **violence** in order to get their **bread** and **wine**. Alternate translation: “they eat bread that they obtain by doing wicked things and they drink wine that they obtain through violent acts” +4:18 w7hu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠אֹ֣רַח צַ֭דִּיקִים 1 Here, **the path** could refer to: (1) the things that people experience during their lives. Alternate translation: “But what the righteous ones experience” (2) how people behave, as it does in [1:15](../01/15.md). Alternate translation: “But the lifestyle of the righteous ones” +4:18 y8l4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כְּ⁠א֣וֹר נֹ֑גַהּ 1 Here, **the light of brightness** refers to the first sunlight that appears in the morning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “is like the light of dawn” or “is like the first sunlight in the morning” +4:18 etf9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כְּ⁠א֣וֹר נֹ֑גַהּ 1 Here Solomon compares **the path of the righteous ones** to **the light** that appears at sunrise. He means that **righteous** people are safe because they understand what God wants them to do during their lives, just like people can walk safely on a path because **the light** enables them to see where they are going. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is safe” +4:18 jv88 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom הוֹלֵ֥ךְ וָ֝⁠א֗וֹר עַד־נְכ֥וֹן הַ⁠יּֽוֹם 1 The phrase **the day is established** refers to the time of **day** when the sun shines the brightest. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “going and shining until the sun shines the brightest” or “going and shining brighter until full daylight” +4:18 i5k7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile הוֹלֵ֥ךְ וָ֝⁠א֗וֹר עַד־נְכ֥וֹן הַ⁠יּֽוֹם 1 Here Solomon continues the comparison of **the path of the righteous ones** to **the light** at sunrise. Just like the sunlight shines increasingly brighter from sunrise until the middle of the day, so also **the righteous ones** will be safer and safer as they understand more and more of how God wants them to live. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “increasing in safety until they are completely safe” +4:19 bqj5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דֶּ֣רֶךְ 1 Here, **way** has the same meaning as “path” in the previous verse. See how you translated “path” there. +4:19 mj9l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כָּֽ⁠אֲפֵלָ֑ה 1 Here Solomon compares the **way of the wicked ones** to **darkness**. He means that the wicked people are always in danger, just like people who walk in darkness are in danger because they cannot see where they are going. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is dangerous” +4:19 m9yh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לֹ֥א יָ֝דְע֗וּ בַּ⁠מֶּ֥ה יִכָּשֵֽׁלוּ 1 Here Solomon speaks of people experiencing harm as if they were stumbling over an object in the path on which they were walking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “they do not know why they experience harm” +4:20 dih7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בְּ֭נִ⁠י 1 See how you translated the same use of this phrase in [1:8](../01/08.md). +4:20 x1dn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism לִ⁠דְבָרַ֣⁠י הַקְשִׁ֑יבָ⁠ה לַ֝⁠אֲמָרַ֗⁠י הַט־אָזְנֶֽ⁠ךָ 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “listen attentively to my words, yes, incline your ear to my sayings” +4:20 w8jd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִ⁠דְבָרַ֣⁠י 1 See how you translated **my words** in [1:23](../01/23.md). +4:20 kji2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom הַט־אָזְנֶֽ⁠ךָ 1 The phrase **incline your ear** is an idiom that refers to listening carefully to what someone is saying as if the listener was turning his **ear** toward the person speaking. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “listen carefully”\n +4:21 zdv5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אַל־יַלִּ֥יזוּ מֵ⁠עֵינֶ֑י⁠ךָ 1 See how you translated this clause in [3:21](../03/21.md). +4:21 cb9d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שָׁ֝מְרֵ֗⁠ם בְּ⁠ת֣וֹךְ לְבָבֶֽ⁠ךָ 1 See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [2:2](../02/02.md). +4:21 a189 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שָׁ֝מְרֵ֗⁠ם בְּ⁠ת֣וֹךְ לְבָבֶֽ⁠ךָ 1 Here Solomon speaks of remembering something as if someone were keeping it **in the midst of** his **heart**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “always remember them” +4:22 ihlw rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns הֵ֭ם לְ⁠מֹצְאֵי⁠הֶ֑ם 1 In this verse, the pronouns **they** and **them** refer to the “sayings” mentioned in [4:20](../04/20.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “my sayings … to those who find my sayings” +4:22 jnu1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy חַיִּ֣ים הֵ֭ם לְ⁠מֹצְאֵי⁠הֶ֑ם 1 Here Solomon speaks of his sayings as if they were the lives of those who remember them. He means that those who remember what he says will preserve their lives. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “they preserve the life of those who find them” or “they cause those who find them to keep living” +4:22 lby5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לְ⁠מֹצְאֵי⁠הֶ֑ם 1 Here Solomon speaks of people remembering his sayings as if those people have found them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to those who remember them” +4:22 rxml rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וּֽ⁠לְ⁠כָל־בְּשָׂר֥⁠וֹ מַרְפֵּֽא 1 Here Solomon uses the word **flesh** to refer to a person’s whole body, which is made of flesh. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and healing to all of his body”\n +4:22 hqbe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בְּשָׂר֥⁠וֹ 1 Although **his** is masculine, here it refers to anyone who remembers Solomon’s sayings. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “a person’s flesh” +4:22 d57y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּֽ⁠לְ⁠כָל־בְּשָׂר֥⁠וֹ מַרְפֵּֽא 1 Here Solomon speaks of his sayings as if they were **healing** for those who remember them. He means that those who remember what he says will have healthy bodies. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and they preserve their health” or “and they cause their bodies to stay healthy” +4:23 tgel rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נְצֹ֣ר לִבֶּ֑⁠ךָ 1 Here Solomon speaks of a person being careful of what he thinks in his **heart** as if his **heart** were an object that could be guarded. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Protect what you think in your heart” +4:23 pf19 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִבֶּ֑⁠ךָ 1 See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [2:2](../02/02.md). +4:23 klv3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive מִֽ⁠כָּל־מִ֭שְׁמָר 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “more than all that you protect” +4:23 orad rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מִֽ⁠כָּל־מִ֭שְׁמָר 1 This phrase is an idiom that means “with all diligence.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “with utmost diligence”\n +4:23 n8vd rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns מִ֝מֶּ֗⁠נּוּ 1 Here, **it** refers to the **heart**, which refers to a person’s mind. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “from your heart” or “from your mind” +4:23 gmwo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִ֝מֶּ֗⁠נּוּ תּוֹצְא֥וֹת חַיִּֽים 1 Here Solomon speaks of the influence that a person’s **heart** has over what happens in that person’s life as if the **heart** were **sources** that produce **life**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from your heart comes what will direct your life” or “your mind determines what your life will be like” +4:24 jv11 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism הָסֵ֣ר מִ֭מְּ⁠ךָ עִקְּשׁ֣וּת פֶּ֑ה וּ⁠לְז֥וּת שְׂ֝פָתַ֗יִם הַרְחֵ֥ק מִמֶּֽ⁠ךָּ 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Remove from you perversity of mouth, yes, the deviousness of lips put far away from you”\n +4:24 a2sw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom הָסֵ֣ר מִ֭מְּ⁠ךָ עִקְּשׁ֣וּת פֶּ֑ה וּ⁠לְז֥וּת שְׂ֝פָתַ֗יִם הַרְחֵ֥ק מִמֶּֽ⁠ךָּ 1 The phrases **perversity of mouth** and **deviousness of lips** both refer to someone using his **mouth** or **lips** to speak deceitfully. If these phrases do not have that meaning in your language, you could use idioms from your language that do have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Remove from you perverse speech, and devious speech put far away from you” +4:24 tdwn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הָסֵ֣ר מִ֭מְּ⁠ךָ עִקְּשׁ֣וּת פֶּ֑ה וּ⁠לְז֥וּת שְׂ֝פָתַ֗יִם הַרְחֵ֥ק מִמֶּֽ⁠ךָּ 1 In this verse, Solomon speaks of **perversity of mouth** and **the deviousness of lips** as if they were objects that someone could **Remove** or **put far away**. He means that a person should not speak deceitfully. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Do not speak perversely and do not speak deviously” +4:25 d1zl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism עֵ֭ינֶי⁠ךָ לְ⁠נֹ֣כַח יַבִּ֑יטוּ וְ֝⁠עַפְעַפֶּ֗י⁠ךָ יַיְשִׁ֥רוּ נֶגְדֶּֽ⁠ךָ 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Cause your eyes to gaze to the front, yes, cause your eyelids to be straight in front of you” +4:25 il8g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche עֵ֭ינֶי⁠ךָ לְ⁠נֹ֣כַח יַבִּ֑יטוּ וְ֝⁠עַפְעַפֶּ֗י⁠ךָ יַיְשִׁ֥רוּ נֶגְדֶּֽ⁠ךָ 1 In this verse, **eyes** and **eyelids** represent the person who is looking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Cause yourself to gaze to the front, and cause yourself to look straight in front of you” +4:25 wkv8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עֵ֭ינֶי⁠ךָ לְ⁠נֹ֣כַח יַבִּ֑יטוּ וְ֝⁠עַפְעַפֶּ֗י⁠ךָ יַיְשִׁ֥רוּ נֶגְדֶּֽ⁠ךָ 1 In these two clauses, Solomon speaks of committing oneself to behaving wisely and righteously as if those qualities were always **in front** of the person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Keep yourself focused on doing what is right, and keep looking ahead to what is good” +4:26 mnhf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor פַּ֭לֵּס 1 Here Solomon speaks of being careful as if someone were making the ground in front of them flat for walking on it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Be careful with” or “Take heed to” +4:26 nt2z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche מַעְגַּ֣ל רַגְלֶ֑⁠ךָ 1 Here, the word **foot** represents the whole person who is walking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “your track” +4:26 g2a2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מַעְגַּ֣ל רַגְלֶ֑⁠ךָ 1 Here, **track** refers to how someone behaves. See how you translated the same use of **track** in [2:9](../02/09.md). +4:26 uxsk rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וְֽ⁠כָל 1 Here, **and** introduces the result of obeying the command stated in the previous clause. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate result. You may need to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “If you do this, then all” or “This will result in all”\n +4:26 xyn9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דְּרָכֶ֥י⁠ךָ 1 See how you translated the same use of **ways** in [3:6](../03/06.md). +4:26 gbd3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִכֹּֽנוּ 1 Here Solomon speaks of person’s life being successful as if that person were walking safely on solid ground. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will be successful” +4:27 h89u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism אַֽל־תֵּט־יָמִ֥ין וּ⁠שְׂמֹ֑אול 1 Here Solomon uses **right** and **left** to refer to going in any direction other than straight ahead. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Do not go in any direction other than straight ahead” +4:27 vmyt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor אַֽל־תֵּט־יָמִ֥ין וּ⁠שְׂמֹ֑אול הָסֵ֖ר רַגְלְ⁠ךָ֣ מֵ⁠רָֽע 1 In this verse, Solomon continues to make an extended comparison between how a person behaves and a person walking on a path from which he should not **veer** or **turn away**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Do not stop behaving rightly; make yourself avoid doing evil” +4:27 j3tn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche רַגְלְ⁠ךָ֣ 1 See how you translated the same use of **foot** in the previous verse. +4:27 jh5o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מֵ⁠רָֽע 1 See how you translated **from evil** in [3:7](../03/07.md). +5:intro jxf1 0 # Proverbs 5 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n2. A father teaches his son about wisdom (1:8–9:18)\n * Avoid evil companions (1:8–19)\n * Do not reject wisdom (1:20–33)\n * Wisdom prevents people from committing crime or adultery (2:1–22)\n * Humbly trust Yahweh (3:1–12)\n * The value of wisdom (3:13–20)\n * Do not act wickedly (3:21–35)\n * Wisdom will benefit you (4:1–9)\n * Behave wisely and avoid those who do not (4:10–19)\n * Live righteously (4:20–27)\n * Avoid temptation to commit adultery (5:1–23)\n\n## Special Concepts in This Chapter\n\n### My son\n\nOccasionally, Solomon addresses a series of proverbs to “my son” or “sons.” This does not mean that those proverbs only apply to males. Instead, these phrases are forms used to pass on advice from a father to his son, and the kind of advice in these proverbs is about common temptations of young men.\n\n### Adulterous women\n\nThis chapter repeatedly warns young men to avoid any adulterous woman, whom Solomon calls “strange” and “foreign.” (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/adultery]])## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in This Chapter\n\n### Euphemism\n\nIn [5:15–20](../05/15.md), Solomon uses several euphemisms to refer to sexual activity between a man and his wife or an adulterous woman. Although the UST expresses the meaning of these euphemisms plainly, only do so if sexual language would not be offensive in your culture. It is usually best to use a euphemism from your own language that means the same thing. +5:1 lh1j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism לְ⁠חָכְמָתִ֣⁠י הַקְשִׁ֑יבָ⁠ה לִ֝⁠תְבוּנָתִ֗⁠י הַט־אָזְנֶֽ⁠ךָ 1 These two phrases mean similar things. Solomon is using repetition to emphasize the idea that the phrases express. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could combine the phrases and express the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: "listen attentively to my wisdom, inclining your ear to my understanding" +5:1 vi27 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns לְ⁠חָכְמָתִ֣⁠י & לִ֝⁠תְבוּנָתִ֗⁠י 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **wisdom** and **understanding** in [1:2](../01/02.md). +5:1 t72r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לְ⁠חָכְמָתִ֣⁠י & לִ֝⁠תְבוּנָתִ֗⁠י 1 Here, **my wisdom** and **my understanding** refer to the wise lessons that Solomon teaches his **son** and what he tells his **son** to understand. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “to my wise lessons … to what I tell you to understand” +5:1 nl9h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom הַט־אָזְנֶֽ⁠ךָ 1 See how you translated this idiom in [4:20](../04/20.md). +5:2 ntln rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לִ⁠שְׁמֹ֥ר מְזִמּ֑וֹת וְ֝⁠דַ֗עַת & יִנְצֹֽרוּ 1 In this verse, Solomon speaks of **discretion** as if it were an object that someone should **keep**, and he speaks of **knowledge** as if it were an object that someone’s **lips** should **guard**. He means that he wants his son to preserve or remember what he has taught him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in order to remember discretion, and your lips may preserve knowledge” +5:2 cei4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מְזִמּ֑וֹת 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **discretion** in [1:4](../01/04.md). +5:2 la7f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וְ֝⁠דַ֗עַת שְׂפָתֶ֥י⁠ךָ יִנְצֹֽרוּ 1 Here, **lips** represents the person who speaks by moving his **lips**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and you may guard knowledge by what you say” +5:2 uilu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ֝⁠דַ֗עַת 1 Here, **knowledge** refers to what the son has learned from his father. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and … what you have learned”\n +5:3 fyuw rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֤י 1 **For** here indicates that what follows is a reason why someone should obey the commands introduced in [5:1](../05/01.md). Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “Do what I say, because”\n +5:3 zxr9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שִׂפְתֵ֣י זָרָ֑ה & חִכָּֽ⁠הּ 1 Here, **lips** and **palate** represent the words that the **strange woman** speaks. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “what words a strange woman says … is what she says” +5:3 dvhv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor זָרָ֑ה 1 See how you translated **strange woman** in [2:16](../02/16.md). +5:3 z9rm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy נֹ֣פֶת תִּ֭טֹּפְנָה & וְ⁠חָלָ֖ק מִ⁠שֶּׁ֣מֶן 1 Here Solomon speaks of the tempting words that the **strange woman** speaks is as if what she says is **fresh honey** and **oil**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “are delightful like fresh honey and more pleasant than oil” +5:4 p23o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְֽ֭⁠אַחֲרִיתָ⁠הּ 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe the **aftermath** of having a sexual relationship with an adulterous woman. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but the aftermath of having a sexual relationship with her” +5:4 m3sn rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown כַֽ⁠לַּעֲנָ֑ה 1 The word **wormwood** refers to a plant that tastes bitter. People made medicine out of it, but they also believed that it was poisonous in some amounts. If your readers would not be familiar with this plant, you could use the name of a bitter-tasting plant in your area, or you could use a general expression. Alternate translation: “like a bitter-tasting plant”\n +5:4 pd3g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile מָרָ֣ה כַֽ⁠לַּעֲנָ֑ה 1 Here Solomon compares the harm that comes from having a relationship with an adulterous woman to tasting bitter **wormwood**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “is harmful like bitter-tasting wormwood” +5:4 j9aa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis חַ֝דָּ֗ה כְּ⁠חֶ֣רֶב פִּיּֽוֹת 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “her aftermath is sharp like a sword of mouths” +5:4 fcsc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor חַ֝דָּ֗ה כְּ⁠חֶ֣רֶב פִּיּֽוֹת 1 The phrase **sword of mouths** refers to a **sword** with a blade that is sharpened on both sides. Each side can cut a person like a mouth that bites. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “sharp like a sword with a blade that is sharpened on both sides” +5:4 jy84 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor חַ֝דָּ֗ה כְּ⁠חֶ֣רֶב פִּיּֽוֹת 1 Here Solomon speaks of the pain that the adulteress will cause to the one who has a relationship with her as if it were a **sharp** **sword** that cuts the person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “it wounds a person, as if it were a sharp sword of mouths” +5:5 uyhc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism רַ֭גְלֶי⁠הָ יֹרְד֣וֹת מָ֑וֶת שְׁ֝א֗וֹל צְעָדֶ֥י⁠הָ יִתְמֹֽכוּ 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Her feet are going down to death; yes, her steps take hold of Sheol” +5:5 kc88 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor רַ֭גְלֶי⁠הָ יֹרְד֣וֹת מָ֑וֶת שְׁ֝א֗וֹל צְעָדֶ֥י⁠הָ יִתְמֹֽכוּ 1 Here the phrases **her feet** and **her steps** could refer to: (1) the behavior of the adulterous woman as if she were walking along a path. Alternate translation: “Her lifestyle goes down to death; her way of living takes hold of Sheol” (2) the adulterous woman. Alternate translation: “She goes down to death; she takes hold of Sheol” +5:5 u7m0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יֹרְד֣וֹת מָ֑וֶת 1 Here Solomon speaks of the behavior of the adulterous woman causing her death and the death of whoever commits adultery with her as if they were going on a path that leads **down to death**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: "lead to death” or “cause them to die” +5:5 g7qf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification שְׁ֝א֗וֹל & יִתְמֹֽכוּ 1 Here Solomon speaks of the behavior of the adulterous woman causing her death and the death of whoever commits adultery with her as if they were taking **hold of Sheol**, which is the place where people’s spirits go when they die. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “result in death” or “cause them to die” +5:6 yot0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֹ֣רַח חַ֭יִּים פֶּן־תְּפַלֵּ֑ס 1 **Lest** here implies that the adulterous woman has an aversion to **the path of life**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “She refuses to observe the path of life” +5:6 nxc1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֹ֣רַח חַ֭יִּים פֶּן־תְּפַלֵּ֑ס 1 Here Solomon speaks of behavior that results in living a long **life** as if it were a **path** that leads to **life** and can be observed. If it would be helpful for your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Lest she cares about behavior that leads to life”\n +5:6 iki3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מַ֝עְגְּלֹתֶ֗י⁠הָ 1 See how you translated the same use of **tracks** in [2:15](../02/15.md). +5:7 dwp8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases וְ⁠עַתָּ֣ה 1 **And now** here indicates a transition from the description of the adulterous woman in [5:3–6](../05/03.md) to the call to pay attention, which follows. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a transition. Alternate translation: “Next” +5:7 ry9i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וְ⁠עַתָּ֣ה בָ֭נִים שִׁמְעוּ־לִ֑⁠י וְ⁠אַל־תָּ֝ס֗וּרוּ מֵ⁠אִמְרֵי־פִֽ⁠י 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word other than **and** that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “And now, sons, listen to me; yes, do not turn aside from the sayings of my mouth”\n +5:7 lt5l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בָ֭נִים 1 See how you translated the same use of **sons** in [4:1](../04/01.md).\n +5:7 e4q8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠אַל־תָּ֝ס֗וּרוּ מֵ⁠אִמְרֵי־פִֽ⁠י 1 Here Solomon speaks of someone not listening to someone else as if the person physically turned **away** from what he was saying. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “do not stop listening to the sayings of my mouth” +5:7 zb82 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes וְ⁠אַל־תָּ֝ס֗וּרוּ מֵ⁠אִמְרֵי־פִֽ⁠י 1 Solomon is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, **not**, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning positively. Alternate translation: “and listen to the sayings of my mouth”\n +5:7 ih1h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche מֵ⁠אִמְרֵי־פִֽ⁠י 1 See how you translated **the sayings of my mouth** in [4:5](../04/05.md). +5:8 y32e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הַרְחֵ֣ק מֵ⁠עָלֶ֣י⁠הָ דַרְכֶּ֑⁠ךָ 1 Here, **way** represents the person and their daily activities. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Keep yourself far away from her” +5:8 rv57 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns מֵ⁠עָלֶ֣י⁠הָ & בֵּיתָֽ⁠הּ 1 In this verse, **her** refers to the adulterous woman described in [5:3–6](../05/03.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “from an adulteress … the house of an adulteress”\n +5:8 jw5h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go וְ⁠אַל־תִּ֝קְרַ֗ב 1 In a context such as this, your language might say “go” instead of **come**. Alternate translation: “and do not go near” +5:9 pl7u rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases פֶּן 1 **Lest** here indicates that what follows in this verse is what would happen to people if they do not obey the commands in the previous verse. Use a natural form in your language for connecting this statement to the previous one. Alternate translation: “If you do this, then” +5:9 b54w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תִּתֵּ֣ן לַ⁠אֲחֵרִ֣ים הוֹדֶ֑⁠ךָ 1 Here, **splendor** could refer to: (1) everything that a person achieves during the time in a person’s life when he is the strongest, which would be the same meaning as **your years** in the next clause. Alternate translation: “you give to others your vigor” or “you give to others your achievements from your vigorous time of life” (2) a person’s reputation, in which case this clause would refer to a person getting a bad reputation. Alternate translation: “you will lose your good reputation with others” +5:9 bc5b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וּ֝⁠שְׁנֹתֶ֗י⁠ךָ 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and lest you give your years” +5:9 bqa1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּ֝⁠שְׁנֹתֶ֗י⁠ךָ 1 Here, **your years** could refer to: (1) everything that a person achieves during the time in a person’s life when he is his healthiest and strongest. Alternate translation: “and all you have achieved in the best years of your life” (2) the **years** that a person is alive, meaning that **a cruel one** would kill this person. Alternate translation: “and your life” +5:9 dtlx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לְ⁠אַכְזָרִֽי 1 Here, **a cruel one** could refer to: (1) one person, possibly the husband of the adulterous woman. Alternate translation: “a cruel person” or “a cruel man” (2) a group of **cruel** people who are called **others** in the previous clause. Alternate translation: “to cruel people” +5:10 j1mn rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases פֶּֽן 1 **Lest** here indicates that what follows in this verse is what would happen to people if they do not obey the commands in [5:8](../05/08.md). Use a natural form in your language for connecting this statement to the previous one. Alternate translation: “If you do this, then” +5:10 d9br rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יִשְׂבְּע֣וּ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language, as in the UST. +5:10 nxjm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy כֹּחֶ֑⁠ךָ 1 Here, **your strength** refers to everything that a person achieves during the time in a person’s life when he has the most **strength**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “with what you achieved when you were strong” +5:10 iftp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וַ֝⁠עֲצָבֶ֗י⁠ךָ 1 Here, **your toils** refers to everything that a person earns by working hard. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and what you gain from toiling” +5:10 ksf3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּ⁠בֵ֣ית נָכְרִֽי 1 Here, **house** could refer to: (1) the **house** where the **foreigner** keeps the things he takes from this person, as in the UST. (2) the people who live in **the house of a foreigner**. Alternate translation: “be with the household or a foreigner” +5:10 auzu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit נָכְרִֽי 1 Here, **a foreigner** could refer to: (1) one person, possibly the adulterous woman or her husband. Alternate translation: “a foreign person” (2) a group of **foreign** people who are called **strangers** in the previous clause. Alternate translation: “to foreign people” +5:11 i4yh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism בְ⁠אַחֲרִיתֶ֑⁠ךָ בִּ⁠כְל֥וֹת בְּ֝שָׂרְ⁠ךָ֗ וּ⁠שְׁאֵרֶֽ⁠ךָ 1 Here Solomon is referring to dying in a polite way by using the word **end** and the phrase **your body and your flesh are finished**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a polite way of referring to death in your language, or you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “at the time of your death, when your flesh and your body die” +5:11 la5h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet בְּ֝שָׂרְ⁠ךָ֗ וּ⁠שְׁאֵרֶֽ⁠ךָ 1 The words **flesh** and **body** mean basically the same thing and represent the whole person. Solomon is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “you yourself” +5:12 x4di rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism שָׂנֵ֣אתִי מוּסָ֑ר וְ֝⁠תוֹכַ֗חַת נָאַ֥ץ לִבִּֽ⁠י 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first clause by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “I hated correction, yes, my heart despised rebuke”\n +5:12 m4gr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations אֵ֭יךְ שָׂנֵ֣אתִי מוּסָ֑ר 1 “How” here is an exclamation that emphasizes how much he **hated correction**. Use an exclamation that would communicate that meaning in your language. Alternate translation: “I hated correction so very much” +5:12 pm48 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מוּסָ֑ר וְ֝⁠תוֹכַ֗חַת 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **correction** and **rebuke** in [3:11](../03/11.md). +5:12 b7lf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִבִּֽ⁠י 1 See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [2:2](../02/02.md). +5:13 t507 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וְֽ⁠לֹא־שָׁ֭מַעְתִּי בְּ⁠ק֣וֹל מוֹרָ֑⁠י וְ֝⁠לִֽ⁠מְלַמְּדַ֗⁠י לֹא־הִטִּ֥יתִי אָזְנִֽ⁠י 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first clause by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “And I did not listen to the voice of my teachers, no, to my instructors I did not incline my ear” +5:13 n7o7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְֽ⁠לֹא־שָׁ֭מַעְתִּי בְּ⁠ק֣וֹל 1 The phrase **listen to the voice of** is an idiom that refers to obeying someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And I did not obey the instructions of” +5:13 kvf5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לֹא־הִטִּ֥יתִי אָזְנִֽ⁠י 1 See how you translated this idiom in [4:20](../04/20.md). +5:14 kne6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְ⁠כָל־רָ֑ע 1 Here, the adulterous man speaks of experiencing complete disgrace as if **all evil** were a location he was **in**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “experiencing total disgrace” +5:14 he4c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet בְּ⁠ת֖וֹךְ קָהָ֣ל וְ⁠עֵדָֽה 1 The terms **assembly** and **congregation** mean the same thing and refer to the man’s community. The man is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “in the midst of the entire assembly” +5:15 f76j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism שְׁתֵה־מַ֥יִם מִ⁠בּוֹרֶ֑⁠ךָ וְ֝⁠נֹזְלִ֗ים מִ⁠תּ֥וֹךְ בְּאֵרֶֽ⁠ךָ 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first clause by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Drink water from your cistern, yes, drink flowing waters from the midst of your well” +5:15 w3lx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis שְׁתֵה־מַ֥יִם מִ⁠בּוֹרֶ֑⁠ךָ וְ֝⁠נֹזְלִ֗ים מִ⁠תּ֥וֹךְ בְּאֵרֶֽ⁠ךָ 1 Solomon is leaving out a word in the second clause that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply this word from the first clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “Drink water from your cistern, and drink flowing waters from the midst of your well” +5:15 t8av rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism שְׁתֵה־מַ֥יִם מִ⁠בּוֹרֶ֑⁠ךָ וְ֝⁠נֹזְלִ֗ים מִ⁠תּ֥וֹךְ בְּאֵרֶֽ⁠ךָ 1 In both of these clauses, Solomon is referring in a polite way to a man satisfying his sexual desire with his own wife. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more normal polite way of referring to this in your language, or you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Sleep with your own wife only and satisfy yourself only with her” or “Satisfy your sexual desire only with your wife, yes, satisfy your sexual desire only with her” +5:16 pe1s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion יָפ֣וּצוּ מַעְיְנֹתֶ֣י⁠ךָ ח֑וּצָ⁠ה בָּ֝⁠רְחֹב֗וֹת פַּלְגֵי־מָֽיִם 1 Solomon is using the question form to emphasize that a man should not commit adultery. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “Your springs should not overflow outside, channels of water in the open areas!” +5:16 vww6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis יָפ֣וּצוּ מַעְיְנֹתֶ֣י⁠ךָ ח֑וּצָ⁠ה בָּ֝⁠רְחֹב֗וֹת פַּלְגֵי־מָֽיִם 1 Solomon is leaving out some words in the second clause that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the first clause if it would be clearer in your language. You may need to make a new sentence. Alternate translation: “Should your springs overflow outside? Should your channels of water overflow in the open areas?” +5:16 u3ua rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism יָפ֣וּצוּ מַעְיְנֹתֶ֣י⁠ךָ ח֑וּצָ⁠ה בָּ֝⁠רְחֹב֗וֹת פַּלְגֵי־מָֽיִם 1 In both clauses, Solomon is using a polite way to refer to a man having sex with women who are not his wife as if he were allowing his **springs** or **water** to flow in public places. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more polite way of referring to this in your language, or you could express the meaning plainly. See the discussion of euphemisms in the General Notes for this chapter. Alternate translation: “Should you sleep with other women, sleeping with them openly” +5:16 ss2w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ח֑וּצָ⁠ה & בָּ֝⁠רְחֹב֗וֹת 1 Here, **outside** and **open areas** refer to public places where there are many people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “out into public streets … in public places” +5:17 f7ge rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns יִֽהְיוּ 1 Here, **them** refers to the “springs” and “channels of water” mentioned in the previous verse, which are euphemisms for sexual activity. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. See how you translated those euphemisms in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “Let your sexual desires be” +5:17 s9wf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet לְ⁠ךָ֥ לְ⁠בַדֶּ֑⁠ךָ 1 The phrases **for you** and **for you alone** mean the same thing. Solomon is using the two phrases together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “only for you alone” or "for you and no one else" +5:18 eyoy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יְהִֽי־מְקוֹרְ⁠ךָ֥ בָר֑וּךְ 1 This clause is a command like the command to **be glad** in the next clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Be blessed by your fountain” +5:18 xd81 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יְהִֽי־מְקוֹרְ⁠ךָ֥ בָר֑וּךְ 1 Here Solomon speaks of his son’s wife as if she were a **fountain** by which his son should be **blessed**. Here the word **blessed** refers to experiencing joy or sexual pleasure. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “May you experience joy with your wife” +5:18 tz7f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession מֵ⁠אֵ֥שֶׁת נְעוּרֶֽ⁠ךָ 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe the **wife** whom his son married while he was in his **youth**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “from the wife whom you married in your youth”\n +5:18 fcek rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns נְעוּרֶֽ⁠ךָ 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **youth** in [2:17](../02/17.md). +5:19 n93j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אַיֶּ֥לֶת אֲהָבִ֗ים וְֽ⁠יַעֲלַ֫ת־חֵ֥ן 1 Here Solomon speaks of how beautiful the “wife of your youth” is as if she were a **doe of loves and a mountain goat of grace**. The Israelites considered these two animals to be symbols of physical beauty and graceful movements. If it would be helpful in your language or if it would not be appropriate in your language to compare a woman to an animal, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “She is as beautiful as a doe of loves and as graceful as a goat of grace” +5:19 dv45 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession אַיֶּ֥לֶת אֲהָבִ֗ים 1 Here Solomon uses the possessive form to describe a **doe** that is characterized by **loves**. The word **loves** is plural here for emphasis. If it would be helpful in your language, you could indicate this with a different expression. Alternate translation: “A very lovely doe” +5:19 krq7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְֽ⁠יַעֲלַ֫ת־חֵ֥ן 1 Here Solomon uses the possessive form to describe a **mountain goat** that is characterized by **grace**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could indicate this with a different expression. Alternate translation: “a graceful mountain goat” +5:19 x1vq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דַּ֭דֶּי⁠הָ יְרַוֻּ֣⁠ךָ 1 Here Solomon speaks of a wife’s **breasts** satisfying her husband’s sexual desires as they would satisfy the thirst of a hungry baby. Here, **drench** refers to giving a baby a satisfying amount of milk. If it would be helpful in your language or if it would be offensive in your language to refer to **breasts**, then you could use a more general expression. Alternate translation: “may her bosom fill you with delight as a mother’s breasts fill her child with food” or “may she satisfy your sexual desires” +5:19 pb8m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תִּשְׁגֶּ֥ה תָמִֽיד 1 Here Solomon speaks of the exhilarating delight of the love that a man should have for his wife as if he were staggering like an intoxicated person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “may you continually revel” +5:20 d78f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion וְ⁠לָ֤⁠מָּה תִשְׁגֶּ֣ה בְנִ֣⁠י בְ⁠זָרָ֑ה וּ֝⁠תְחַבֵּ֗ק חֵ֣ק נָכְרִיָּֽה 1 Solomon is using the question form to emphasize that a man should not commit adultery. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “And you should not stagger, my son, with a strange woman, or embrace the bosom of a foreign woman!” +5:20 zuu8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְ⁠לָ֤⁠מָּה תִשְׁגֶּ֣ה בְנִ֣⁠י בְ⁠זָרָ֑ה וּ֝⁠תְחַבֵּ֗ק חֵ֣ק נָכְרִיָּֽה 1 Solomon is leaving out some words in the second clause that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the first clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “And why would you stagger, my son, with a strange woman, or why would you embrace the bosom of a foreign woman” +5:20 z71k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תִשְׁגֶּ֣ה 1 See how you translated the same use of **stagger** in the previous verse. +5:20 x9gw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְ⁠זָרָ֑ה & נָכְרִיָּֽה 1 See how you translated **strange woman** and **foreign woman** in [2:16](../02/16.md). +5:21 bsb3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֤י 1 **For** here introduces the reason for obeying the commands stated in [5:15–20](../05/15.md). Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a reason. Alternate translation: “Do not commit adultery because”\n +5:21 jh86 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism נֹ֨כַח ׀ עֵינֵ֣י יְ֭הוָה דַּרְכֵי־אִ֑ישׁ וְֽ⁠כָל־מַעְגְּלֹתָ֥י⁠ו מְפַלֵּֽס 1 These two clauses mean similar things. Solomon is using repetition to emphasize the idea that they express. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could combine the clauses and express the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “seeing everything he does, God observes how a man lives” +5:21 mpi9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נֹ֨כַח ׀ עֵינֵ֣י יְ֭הוָה & מְפַלֵּֽס 1 Here Solomon speaks of **Yahweh** knowing what people do as if everything people do is **in front of** his **eyes** or is what **he observes**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is fully aware of … he is fully aware of” +5:21 p1ar rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דַּרְכֵי & מַעְגְּלֹתָ֥י⁠ו 1 See how you translated the same use of **ways** and **paths** in [3:6](../03/06.md). +5:21 y1w0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אִ֑ישׁ & מַעְגְּלֹתָ֥י⁠ו 1 Although the terms **man** and **his** are masculine, Solomon is using these words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “a person … that person’s paths” +5:22 agzw rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns עַֽווֹנוֹתָ֗י⁠ו יִלְכְּדֻ⁠נ֥וֹ אֶת־הָ⁠רָשָׁ֑ע וּ⁠בְ⁠חַבְלֵ֥י חַ֝טָּאת֗⁠וֹ יִתָּמֵֽךְ 1 **His** in this verse refers to **the wicked one** mentioned in the first clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “The iniquities of the wicked one capture him, and by the cords of the wicked one’s sin, he is grasped” +5:22 yljv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations עַֽווֹנוֹתָ֗י⁠ו יִלְכְּדֻ⁠נ֥וֹ אֶת־הָ⁠רָשָׁ֑ע וּ⁠בְ⁠חַבְלֵ֥י חַ֝טָּאת֗⁠וֹ יִתָּמֵֽךְ 1 Although the terms **His**, **him**, and **he** are masculine, Solomon is using these words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “The wicked person’s iniquities capture that person, and by the cords of that person’s sins that person is grasped” +5:22 u9ya rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification עַֽווֹנוֹתָ֗י⁠ו יִלְכְּדֻ⁠נ֥וֹ & וּ⁠בְ⁠חַבְלֵ֥י חַ֝טָּאת֗⁠וֹ יִתָּמֵֽךְ 1 In this verse, Solomon speaks of a wicked person being unable to avoid the consequences of his **iniquities** and **sin** as if those **iniquities** and **sin** were people who could **capture** or grasp that person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “He will not escape being punished for his iniquities … and he is trapped because of the cords of his sin” +5:22 fmn8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns עַֽווֹנוֹתָ֗י⁠ו & חַ֝טָּאת֗⁠וֹ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **iniquities** and **sin**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “The iniquitous things he does … the sinful things he does” +5:22 ziey rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וּ⁠בְ⁠חַבְלֵ֥י חַ֝טָּאת֗⁠וֹ יִתָּמֵֽךְ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and the cords of his sin grasp him” +5:22 he5d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וּ⁠בְ⁠חַבְלֵ֥י חַ֝טָּאת֗⁠וֹ 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **the cords** that are **sin**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “and by the cords, that is, his sin,” +5:23 w7f9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ה֗וּא & וּ⁠בְ⁠רֹ֖ב אִוַּלְתּ֣⁠וֹ יִשְׁגֶּֽה 1 Although the terms **He** and **his** are masculine, Solomon is using these words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “That person … and in the abundance of that person’s folly that person staggers” +5:23 x16k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּ⁠אֵ֣ין מוּסָ֑ר וּ⁠בְ⁠רֹ֖ב אִוַּלְתּ֣⁠וֹ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **correction**, **abundance**, and **folly**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “because he is not corrected; and in how abundantly foolish he is” +5:23 n1a7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִשְׁגֶּֽה 1 Here Solomon speaks of a person behaving in a sinful manner that will cause him to die as if he were staggering like an intoxicated person who gets lost. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he loses his way” or “he behaves recklessly”\n +6:intro xq95 0 # Proverbs 6 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n2. A father teaches his son about wisdom (1:8–9:18)\n * Avoid evil companions (1:8–19)\n * Do not reject wisdom (1:20–33)\n * Wisdom prevents people from committing crime or adultery (2:1–22)\n * Humbly trust Yahweh (3:1–12)\n * The value of wisdom (3:13–20)\n * Do not act wickedly (3:21–35)\n * Wisdom will benefit you (4:1–9)\n * Behave wisely and avoid those who do not (4:10–19)\n * Live righteously (4:20–27)\n * Avoid temptation to commit adultery (5:1–23)\n * Practical warnings (6:1–19)\n * Adultery will be punished (6:20–35)\n\n## Special Concepts in This Chapter\n\n### My son\n\nOccasionally, Solomon addresses a series of proverbs to “my son” or “sons.” This does not mean that those proverbs only apply to males. Instead, these phrases are forms used to pass on advice from a father to his son, and the kind of advice in these proverbs is about common temptations of young men.\n\n### Adulterous women\n\nThis chapter repeatedly warns young men to avoid any adulterous woman, who is called “strange” and “foreign.” (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/adultery]])\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in This Chapter\n\n### Rhetorical questions\n\nIn [6:9](../06/09.md), [27](../06/27.md), [28](../06/28.md), Solomon uses rhetorical questions to emphasize the importance of what he is saying. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])\n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in This Chapter\n\n### Animals used as examples\n\nIn this chapter, the gazelle, bird, and ant have certain characteristics which Solomon uses to teach about wisdom. If your language does not recognize those animals as being wise, you could add a footnote to explain or possibly substitute other animals from your culture that would help explain the same concept. +6:1 ewfe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בְּ֭נִ⁠י 1 See how you translated the same use of this phrase in [1:8](../01/08.md). +6:1 rs3b rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical אִם 1 Here, **if** indicates that Solomon is using a hypothetical situation to teach his **son**. This verse and the next verse are one long, conditional sentence. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a situation that could happen. Alternate translation: “suppose” +6:1 sb1b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אִם־עָרַ֣בְתָּ לְ⁠רֵעֶ֑⁠ךָ 1 Here Solomon implies that the **pledge** is a promise to pay back a loan of money for **your neighbor** if he is unable to pay back the loan himself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “if you promise to pay back the loan for your neighbor when he is unable to pay it” +6:1 z256 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis תָּקַ֖עְתָּ לַ⁠זָּ֣ר כַּפֶּֽי⁠ךָ 1 Solomon is leaving out a word that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply the word from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “if you clasp your palms for a stranger”\n +6:1 p3wd rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction תָּקַ֖עְתָּ & כַּפֶּֽי⁠ךָ 1 The function of this action in this culture was to confirm a contractual agreement with someone. If there is a gesture with similar meaning in your culture, you could consider using it here in your translation, or you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you shake hands to confirm an agreement” or “you confirm an agreement” +6:2 aw5e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism נוֹקַ֥שְׁתָּ בְ⁠אִמְרֵי־פִ֑י⁠ךָ נִ֝לְכַּ֗דְתָּ בְּ⁠אִמְרֵי־פִֽי⁠ךָ 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “you are ensnared by the sayings of your mouth, yes, you are caught by the sayings of your mouth” +6:2 amo2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis נוֹקַ֥שְׁתָּ בְ⁠אִמְרֵי־פִ֑י⁠ךָ נִ֝לְכַּ֗דְתָּ בְּ⁠אִמְרֵי־פִֽי⁠ךָ 1 In both of these clauses, Solomon is leaving out a word that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply the word from the first clause of the previous verse if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “if you are ensnared by the sayings of your mouth, if you are caught by the sayings of your mouth” +6:2 eoxs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive נוֹקַ֥שְׁתָּ בְ⁠אִמְרֵי־פִ֑י⁠ךָ נִ֝לְכַּ֗דְתָּ בְּ⁠אִמְרֵי־פִֽי⁠ךָ 1 If your language does not use these passive forms, you could express the ideas in active forms or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the sayings of your mouth ensnared you, the sayings of your mouth caught you” +6:2 p9iu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נוֹקַ֥שְׁתָּ בְ⁠אִמְרֵי־פִ֑י⁠ךָ נִ֝לְכַּ֗דְתָּ בְּ⁠אִמְרֵי־פִֽי⁠ךָ 1 In these clauses, Solomon refers to someone getting into trouble because of what he said as if his **sayings** were a trap that could ensnare or catch him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “if you get into trouble by the sayings of your mouth, if you encounter difficulty by the sayings of your mouth” +6:2 qta7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche בְ⁠אִמְרֵי־פִ֑י⁠ךָ & בְּ⁠אִמְרֵי־פִֽי⁠ךָ 1 Here, **mouth** represents the **ensnared** or **caught** person himself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “by your sayings … by your sayings”\n +6:3 d6yp rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result עֲשֵׂ֨ה זֹ֥את אֵפ֪וֹא 1 Here, **then** indicates that what follows is what someone should do if the hypothetical conditions stated in the previous two verses take place. Use the most natural way to express this in your language. Alternate translation: “then do this in response” +6:3 qqa1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בְּנִ֡⁠י 1 See how you translated the same use of this phrase in [1:8](../01/08.md). +6:3 f6je rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal וְֽ⁠הִנָּצֵ֗ל 1 Here, **and** indicates that what follows is the purpose for doing what Solomon commands his son to do in this verse. Use a connector in your language that indicates a purpose. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of rescuing yourself” +6:3 s2sb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְֽ⁠הִנָּצֵ֗ל 1 Here Solomon implies that his **son** should **rescue** himself from his obligation to fulfill the promise referred to in [6:1–2](../06/01.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could say this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and rescue yourself from your obligation” +6:3 zn5u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בָ֤אתָ בְ⁠כַף־רֵעֶ֑⁠ךָ 1 Here Solomon speaks of his **son** being controlled by his **neighbor** as if he had **come into the palm** of his **neighbor**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “your neighbor has power over you” +6:3 mzx9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ⁠רְהַ֥ב 1 Here Solomon speaks of his **son** begging his **neighbor** as if he were pressing him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and plead with” +6:3 bc7l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּ⁠רְהַ֥ב רֵעֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 Here Solomon implies that his **son** should **press** his **neighbor** to free him from his obligation to fulfill the promise referred to in [6:1–2](../06/01.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and press your neighbor to release you from your obligation” +6:4 ul9q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis אַל־תִּתֵּ֣ן שֵׁנָ֣ה לְ⁠עֵינֶ֑י⁠ךָ וּ֝⁠תְנוּמָ֗ה לְ⁠עַפְעַפֶּֽי⁠ךָ 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words in the second clause that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the first clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “Do not give sleep to your eyes and do not give slumber to your eyelids” +6:4 be5i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism אַל־תִּתֵּ֣ן שֵׁנָ֣ה לְ⁠עֵינֶ֑י⁠ךָ וּ֝⁠תְנוּמָ֗ה לְ⁠עַפְעַפֶּֽי⁠ךָ 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word other than **and** that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Do not give sleep to your eyes, yes, do not give slumber to your eyelids” +6:4 t2dt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אַל־תִּתֵּ֣ן שֵׁנָ֣ה לְ⁠עֵינֶ֑י⁠ךָ וּ֝⁠תְנוּמָ֗ה לְ⁠עַפְעַפֶּֽי⁠ךָ 1 Here Solomon is speaking of allowing oneself to **sleep** and **slumber** as if they were objects that one could **give** to oneself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Do not let your eyes sleep or your eyelids slumber” +6:4 q1t2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אַל־תִּתֵּ֣ן שֵׁנָ֣ה 1 Solomon implies that this person should not allow himself to **sleep** until he goes to his neighbor to get out of the agreement. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Until you rescue yourself from this problem, do not give sleep” +6:4 n831 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לְ⁠עֵינֶ֑י⁠ךָ & לְ⁠עַפְעַפֶּֽי⁠ךָ 1 Here Solomon is using **eyes** and **eyelids** to refer to one’s whole body. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to yourself … to yourself” +6:5 j8za rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis הִ֭נָּצֵל כִּ⁠צְבִ֣י מִ⁠יָּ֑ד וּ֝⁠כְ⁠צִפּ֗וֹר מִ⁠יַּ֥ד יָקֽוּשׁ 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “Rescue yourself like a gazelle would rescue itself from a hand, and rescue yourself like a bird would rescue itself from the hand of the trapper” +6:5 xjb3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism הִ֭נָּצֵל כִּ⁠צְבִ֣י מִ⁠יָּ֑ד וּ֝⁠כְ⁠צִפּ֗וֹר מִ⁠יַּ֥ד יָקֽוּשׁ 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word other than **and** that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Rescue yourself like a gazelle from a hand, yes, rescue yourself like a bird from the hand of the trapper” +6:5 lcv3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כִּ⁠צְבִ֣י & וּ֝⁠כְ⁠צִפּ֗וֹר 1 Solomon is saying that the person should act like a **gazelle** and a **bird** because both of those animals are wise and quick enough to escape from hunters. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “quickly, like a gazelle … and quickly, like a bird” +6:5 r5ir rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown כִּ⁠צְבִ֣י 1 A **gazelle** is a land animal that is known for running quickly and gracefully. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of animal, you could use the name of something similar in your area, or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “like an animal that runs swiftly” +6:6 il7a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לֵֽךְ־אֶל־נְמָלָ֥ה 1 **Go** here implies going for the purpose of looking at **the ant**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Go and observe the ant” +6:6 nd7f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun נְמָלָ֥ה 1 The word **ant** represents ants in general, not one particular **ant**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “ants” +6:6 xh1r rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown נְמָלָ֥ה 1 An **ant** is a small insect that lives underground in large groups. Ants are known for diligently working together to collect food and maintain their nests. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of insect, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “the hard-working insect” +6:6 vpy8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit רְאֵ֖ה 1 **See** here means to observe for the purpose of learning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “See and learn” +6:6 uze2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דְרָכֶ֣י⁠הָ 1 See how you translated the same use of **ways** in [3:6](../03/06.md). +6:6 vmwn rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal וַ⁠חֲכָֽם 1 Here, **and** indicates that what follows is the purpose for doing what Solomon commands his son to do in this verse. Use a connector in your language that indicates a purpose. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of becoming wise” +6:7 tmb7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet קָצִ֗ין שֹׁטֵ֥ר וּ⁠מֹשֵֽׁל 1 These three words mean basically the same thing and are used to emphasize that no one commands ants to work diligently. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “any ruler whatsoever” +6:8 d2rl rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast תָּכִ֣ין 1 The idea in this verse is contrary to what one would expect after knowing the information in the previous verse. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a contrast. Alternate translation: “but prepares” +6:8 w9jc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism תָּכִ֣ין בַּ⁠קַּ֣יִץ לַחְמָ֑⁠הּ אָגְרָ֥ה בַ֝⁠קָּצִ֗יר מַאֲכָלָֽ⁠הּ 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “prepares its bread in the summer; yes, it gathers its food in the harvest” +6:8 r349 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit תָּכִ֣ין & אָגְרָ֥ה 1 Here, **prepares** and **gathers** refer to collecting and storing food for winter, which is the time when food is scarce. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “acquires … it stockpiles” +6:8 ifjh rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns לַחְמָ֑⁠הּ אָגְרָ֥ה & מַאֲכָלָֽ⁠הּ 1 In this verse, **its** refers to “the ant” mentioned in [6:7](../06/07.md), which is a collective word for ants in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the ant’s bread … the ant gathers its food” or “the ants’ bread … the ants gather their food” +6:8 c8we rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בַּ⁠קַּ֣יִץ & בַ֝⁠קָּצִ֗יר 1 In the location where this book was written, **summer** is the time of year when people **harvest** crops. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “in the time for harvesting crops … in the harvesting time” +6:9 r6u4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion עַד־מָתַ֖י עָצֵ֥ל ׀ תִּשְׁכָּ֑ב מָ֝תַ֗י תָּק֥וּם מִ⁠שְּׁנָתֶֽ⁠ךָ 1 Solomon is using the question form twice in this verse for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “You should stop lying down! You should rise from your sleep!” +6:9 woeb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit תִּשְׁכָּ֑ב 1 The phrase **lie down** implies that the person has been lying on a bed to sleep. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “will you sleep in your bed” +6:9 qdlj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תָּק֥וּם מִ⁠שְּׁנָתֶֽ⁠ךָ 1 Here Solomon refers to waking up as if a person were rising up from **sleep**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will you wake up” +6:10 q6ab rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks מְעַ֣ט שֵׁ֭נוֹת מְעַ֣ט תְּנוּמ֑וֹת מְעַ֓ט ׀ חִבֻּ֖ק יָדַ֣יִם לִ⁠שְׁכָּֽב 1 This verse is a quotation of what the “lazy one” might say. If it would be helpful in your language, you could indicate this with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. +6:10 kye3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis מְעַ֣ט שֵׁ֭נוֹת מְעַ֣ט תְּנוּמ֑וֹת 1 The lazy person is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “Let me have a little more sleep; let me have a little more slumber” +6:10 f9h7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet מְעַ֣ט שֵׁ֭נוֹת מְעַ֣ט תְּנוּמ֑וֹת 1 These two phrases mean the same thing. The lazy person is using them together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “Just a little more sleep” +6:10 c54p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מְעַ֓ט ׀ חִבֻּ֖ק יָדַ֣יִם לִ⁠שְׁכָּֽב 1 This phrase refers to an action that people often do in order to rest more comfortably when they **lie down** to sleep. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “a little folding of the hands comfortably to lie down and sleep” +6:11 fcrn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וּ⁠בָֽא־כִ⁠מְהַלֵּ֥ךְ רֵאשֶׁ֑⁠ךָ וּ֝⁠מַחְסֹֽרְ⁠ךָ֗ כְּ⁠אִ֣ישׁ מָגֵֽן 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and your poverty will come like one who walks and your need will come like a man of shield” +6:11 vvx1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וּ⁠בָֽא־כִ⁠מְהַלֵּ֥ךְ רֵאשֶׁ֑⁠ךָ וּ֝⁠מַחְסֹֽרְ⁠ךָ֗ כְּ⁠אִ֣ישׁ מָגֵֽן 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word other than **and** that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “and your poverty will come like one who walks, yes, your need will come like a man of shield” +6:11 qm7m rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וּ⁠בָֽא & רֵאשֶׁ֑⁠ךָ 1 Here, **and** introduces the result of what the lazy person does and says in the two previous verses. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate results. Alternate translation: “and all this will cause your poverty to come”\n +6:11 msvl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רֵאשֶׁ֑⁠ךָ וּ֝⁠מַחְסֹֽרְ⁠ךָ֗ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **poverty** and **need**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “you being poor … and you being needy” +6:11 lkuz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וּ⁠בָֽא & רֵאשֶׁ֑⁠ךָ 1 Here Solomon speaks of experiencing **poverty** as if it were a person who could **come** to someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and you will experience poverty” +6:11 i2rb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom כִ⁠מְהַלֵּ֥ךְ 1 Here, the phrase **one who walks** refers to a robber. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “like a robber” +6:11 zz4v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כִ⁠מְהַלֵּ֥ךְ 1 Here Solomon speaks of how suddenly a lazy person becomes poor as if **poverty** were a robber who unexpectedly steals everything the person owns. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “abruptly” +6:11 ajxy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom כְּ⁠אִ֣ישׁ 1 Here, the phrase **a man of shield** refers to a robber with weapons. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “like a robber with weapons” or “like an armed man” +6:11 r7za rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כְּ⁠אִ֣ישׁ מָגֵֽן 1 Here Solomon speaks of how suddenly a lazy person becomes needy as if **need** were a robber with weapons who steals everything the person owns. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “abruptly” +6:12 sk3y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet אָדָ֣ם בְּ֭לִיַּעַל אִ֣ישׁ אָ֑וֶן 1 The phrases **man of worthlessness** and **man of iniquity** mean the same thing. Solomon is using them together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “A completely useless man” +6:12 dfsx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession אָדָ֣ם בְּ֭לִיַּעַל אִ֣ישׁ אָ֑וֶן 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **man** that is characterized by **worthlessness** and **iniquity**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “A worthless man, an iniquitous man” +6:12 wtik rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אָדָ֣ם & אִ֣ישׁ 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “A person of … a person of” +6:12 q9ly rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ה֝וֹלֵ֗ךְ 1 See how you translated the similar use of “walking” in [2:7](../02/07.md). +6:12 fxq7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom עִקְּשׁ֥וּת פֶּֽה 1 See how you translated this phrase in [4:24](../04/24.md). +6:13 dcgf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis קֹרֵ֣ץ בְּ֭⁠עֵינָ⁠ו מֹלֵ֣ל בְּ⁠רַגְלָ֑⁠ו מֹ֝רֶ֗ה בְּ⁠אֶצְבְּעֹתָֽי⁠ו 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous verse if it would be clearer in your language. You may need to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “He is one who winks with his eye, one who rubs with his foot, and one who points with his fingers” +6:13 ghua rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations קֹרֵ֣ץ בְּ֭⁠עֵינָ⁠ו מֹלֵ֣ל בְּ⁠רַגְלָ֑⁠ו מֹ֝רֶ֗ה בְּ⁠אֶצְבְּעֹתָֽי⁠ו 1 Although the term **his** is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that make this clear. Alternate translation: “one who winks with one’s eye, one who rubs with one’s foot, one who points with one’s fingers” +6:13 b2zu rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction קֹרֵ֣ץ בְּ֭⁠עֵינָ⁠ו מֹלֵ֣ל בְּ⁠רַגְלָ֑⁠ו מֹ֝רֶ֗ה בְּ⁠אֶצְבְּעֹתָֽי⁠ו 1 These three clauses refer to actions that someone uses when deceiving people. If this would not be clear to your readers, you could explain the significance of these actions in the text or in a footnote. Alternate translation: “one who winks with his eye, rubs with his foot, and points with his fingers to deceive people” +6:14 oqcy rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous תַּֽהְפֻּכ֨וֹת ׀ בְּ⁠לִבּ֗⁠וֹ חֹרֵ֣שׁ רָ֣ע בְּ⁠כָל־עֵ֑ת 1 These two clauses are describing two situations that are occurring at the same time. You can make this clear in your translation with an appropriate connecting word or phrase. Alternate translation: “Perverse things are in his heart while he plots evil on every occasion” +6:14 za5w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בְּ⁠לִבּ֗⁠וֹ & יְשַׁלֵּֽחַ 1 Although the terms **his** and **he** are masculine, Solomon is using the words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “are in that person’s heart … that person sends forth” +6:14 bbx6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּ⁠לִבּ֗⁠וֹ 1 See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [2:2](../02/02.md). +6:14 zud5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רָ֣ע 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **evil** in [1:16](../01/16.md). +6:14 lq43 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מדנים יְשַׁלֵּֽחַ 1 Here Solomon speaks of **quarrels** as if they were objects that a person **sends forth**. He means that this person causes other people to quarrel. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he causes people to quarrel” +6:15 q038 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אֵיד֑⁠וֹ & יִ֝שָּׁבֵ֗ר 1 Although the terms **his** and **he** are masculine, Solomon is using the words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “that person’s calamity … that person will be broken” +6:15 csdg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns אֵיד֑⁠וֹ 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **calamity** in [1:26](../01/26.md). +6:15 fz64 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification יָב֣וֹא 1 Here Solomon speaks of **calamity** occurring as if it were a person who could **come** to someone else. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will occur” +6:15 j5gd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יִ֝שָּׁבֵ֗ר 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “his calamity will cause him to be broken” +6:15 qzeh וְ⁠אֵ֣ין מַרְפֵּֽא 1 Alternate translation: “and he will not heal” +6:16 it1e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism שֶׁשׁ־הֵ֭נָּה שָׂנֵ֣א יְהוָ֑ה וְ֝⁠שֶׁ֗בַע תועבות נַפְשֽׁ⁠וֹ 1 To make a comprehensive statement, Solomon is using a rhetorical device in which the speaker names a number that should be sufficient to illustrate his point and then increases that number by one for emphasis. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Yahweh absolutely hates these seven things, and they are abominations to his self” +6:16 akh6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj שֶׁשׁ & וְ֝⁠שֶׁ֗בַע 1 Here Solomon is using the adjectives **Six** and **seven** as nouns to mean **six** and **seven** things. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “Six things … and seven things” +6:16 zqfk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תועבות 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **abominations**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “are abominable to” +6:16 f9x2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy נַפְשֽׁ⁠וֹ 1 Here, **self** refers to **Yahweh** himself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “him” +6:17 zib9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy עֵינַ֣יִם רָ֭מוֹת 1 Here Solomon refers to pride as **uplifted eyes**, which is a characteristic facial expression of proud people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “pride” +6:17 c99k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession לְשׁ֣וֹן שָׁ֑קֶר 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **tongue** that is characterized by **falsehood**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “a false tongue” or "lying" or "telling lies" +6:17 kpi4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְשׁ֣וֹן שָׁ֑קֶר 1 Here, **tongue** represents what a person says. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “telling lies” +6:17 cip3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וְ֝⁠יָדַ֗יִם 1 Here, **hands** refers to the whole person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and people” +6:17 vy22 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שֹׁפְכ֥וֹת דָּם־נָקִֽי 1 See how you translated a similar phrase in [1:16](../01/16.md). +6:18 jq4t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לֵ֗ב & רַגְלַ֥יִם 1 Here, **heart** and **feet** refer to a whole person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “people … people” +6:18 ex5v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession מַחְשְׁב֣וֹת אָ֑וֶן 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **plans** that are characterized by **iniquity**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “iniquitous plans” or "sinful plans" +6:18 jmu9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns אָ֑וֶן & לָֽ⁠רָעָה 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **iniquity** in [6:12](../06/12.md) and **evil** in [1:16](../01/16.md). +6:18 l6zj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מְ֝מַהֲר֗וֹת לָ⁠ר֥וּץ לָֽ⁠רָעָה 1 Here Solomon speaks of being eager to do **evil** as if **evil** were a place that a person could **run to**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “eager to do evil” +6:19 d68t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession עֵ֣ד שָׁ֑קֶר 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **witness** that is characterized by **falsehood**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “a false witness” +6:19 g2tz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יָפִ֣יחַ כְּ֭זָבִים 1 Here Solomon speaks of someone who lies easily as if that person **breathes out lies**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “who easily lies” +6:19 avm1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ⁠מְשַׁלֵּ֥חַ מְ֝דָנִ֗ים 1 See how you translated **sends forth quarrels** in [6:14](../06/14.md). +6:19 k9xh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אַחִֽים 1 Although the term **brothers** is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “family members” +6:20 rk2n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism נְצֹ֣ר בְּ֭נִ⁠י מִצְוַ֣ת אָבִ֑י⁠ךָ וְ⁠אַל־תִּ֝טֹּ֗שׁ תּוֹרַ֥ת אִמֶּֽ⁠ךָ 1 These two clauses mean similar things. Solomon is using repetition to emphasize the idea that the clauses express. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could combine them and express the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: "Be careful, son, to remember to follow the important instructions both of your parents taught you” +6:20 tplj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נְצֹ֣ר 1 Here Solomon speaks of a **commandment** as if it were an object that someone should **Guard**. He means that he wants his son to remember to do what he has commanded him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated a similar use of guard in [3:21](../03/21.md). Alternate translation: “Remember to practice”\n +6:20 ejdg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בְּ֭נִ⁠י 1 See how you translated the same use of this phrase in [1:8](../01/08.md). +6:20 u11d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes וְ⁠אַל־תִּ֝טֹּ֗שׁ תּוֹרַ֥ת אִמֶּֽ⁠ךָ 1 See how you translated this clause in [1:8](../01/08.md). +6:21 y710 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism קָשְׁרֵ֣⁠ם עַל־לִבְּ⁠ךָ֣ תָמִ֑יד עָ֝נְדֵ֗⁠ם עַל־גַּרְגְּרֹתֶֽ⁠ךָ 1 These two phrases mean similar things. Solomon is using repetition to emphasize the idea that the phrases express. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could combine the phrases and express the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Keep them very close to you at all times" +6:21 qz2z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor קָשְׁרֵ֣⁠ם עַל־לִבְּ⁠ךָ֣ 1 Here Solomon is speaking of remembering his commands as if they were objects that people could **bind** on their **hearts**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Remember them” +6:21 b76k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עָ֝נְדֵ֗⁠ם עַל־גַּרְגְּרֹתֶֽ⁠ךָ 1 Here Solomon is speaking of remembering his commands as if they were objects that people could **tie around** their **necks**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “remember them” or "keep them close to you" +6:22 r61q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification בְּ⁠הִתְהַלֶּכְ⁠ךָ֨ ׀ תַּנְחֶ֬ה אֹתָ֗⁠ךְ בְּֽ֭⁠שָׁכְבְּ⁠ךָ תִּשְׁמֹ֣ר עָלֶ֑י⁠ךָ וַ֝⁠הֲקִיצ֗וֹתָ הִ֣יא תְשִׂיחֶֽ⁠ךָ 1 In this verse, Solomon speaks of the lessons he called “the command” and “the teaching” in [6:20](../06/20.md) as if they were a person who could **guide**, **preserve**, and **converse with** a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use similes. Alternate translation: “When you walk about, it will enable you to know what to do; when you lie down, it will enable you to be safe; and you will wake up, it will be advice for you” or “When you walk about, it will be like a guide for you; when you lie down, it will be like someone who preserves you; and you will wake up, it will be like someone who converses with you” +6:22 bvpr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּ⁠הִתְהַלֶּכְ⁠ךָ֨ 1 Here, **walk about** refers to doing one’s daily activities. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “When you do your daily activities” +6:22 krtg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּֽ֭⁠שָׁכְבְּ⁠ךָ 1 See how you translated the same use of **lie down** in [3:24](../03/24.md). +6:23 d41x rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֤י 1 **For** here indicates that what follows is a reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “This is because” +6:23 u5p1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism נֵ֣ר מִ֭צְוָה וְ⁠ת֣וֹרָה א֑וֹר 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word other than **and** that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “the commandment is a lamp, yes, the law is a light” +6:23 itt0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מִ֭צְוָה וְ⁠ת֣וֹרָה 1 Here, **the commandment** and **the law** could refer to: (1) the commands of the father and mother, which were referred to in the previous two verses. Alternate translation: “my commandments … and your mother’s law” (2) good commandments and laws in general. Alternate translation: “what people command … and the rules people make” +6:23 p2mx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מִ֭צְוָה 1 Solomon is speaking of commandments in general, and he is not speaking of one particular **commandment**. If it would be helpful in your language, use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “the commandments”\n +6:23 lk32 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מִ֭צְוָה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun “commandments” in [2:1](../02/01.md). +6:23 s8lq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נֵ֣ר & א֑וֹר 1 Here Solomon refers to the **commandment** and **law** enabling people to understand how to live as if they were a **lamp** and a **light** that shows people the path in front of them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “enables one to understand … enables one to perceive” +6:23 bjz1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns וְ⁠ת֣וֹרָה 1 See how you translated this use of **law** in [1:8](../01/08.md). +6:23 llas rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תּוֹכְח֥וֹת מוּסָֽר 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns “rebuke” in [1:25](../01/25.md) and **instruction** in [1:2](../01/02.md). +6:23 n5j2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession תּוֹכְח֥וֹת מוּסָֽר 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **rebukes** that are included in the **instruction** process. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the rebukes that come from instruction” +6:23 wxd6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְ⁠דֶ֥רֶךְ חַ֝יִּ֗ים 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **the way** that results in **life**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “and … the way that results in life” +6:23 ywhm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠דֶ֥רֶךְ 1 Here Solomon uses **way** to refer to how people behave. See how you translated this use of **way** in [1:15](../01/15.md). +6:24 p7az rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal לִ֭⁠שְׁמָרְ⁠ךָ 1 Here, **to** indicates that what follows is the purpose for the “commandments,” “law,” and “rebukes of instruction” referred to in the previous verse. Use a connector in your language that indicates a purpose. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of keeping you”\n +6:24 sjp3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession מֵ⁠אֵ֣שֶׁת רָ֑ע 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **woman** who is characterized by **evil**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “from an evil woman” +6:24 sw14 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מֵֽ֝⁠חֶלְקַ֗ת לָשׁ֥וֹן 1 Here Solomon refers to the seductive speech of an adulterous woman as if it were **the smoothness of the tongue**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the seductive speech of” +6:24 ae9n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נָכְרִיָּֽה 1 See how you translated the same use of **foreign woman** in [2:16](../02/16.md). +6:25 ty32 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns יָ֭פְיָ⁠הּ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **beauty**, you could express the same idea in another way, as in the UST. +6:25 rx3p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בִּ⁠לְבָבֶ֑⁠ךָ 1 See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [2:2](../02/02.md).\n +6:25 m7d2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ⁠אַל־תִּ֝קָּֽחֲ⁠ךָ֗ 1 Here Solomon refers to a woman seducing a man as if she could **take** him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and do not let her tempt you” +6:25 f4km rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּ⁠עַפְעַפֶּֽי⁠הָ 1 This phrase refers to a woman using her **eyelashes** to look more attractive and seduce a man. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly or use an expression that has the same meaning in your language. Alternate translation: “by glancing seductively” +6:26 o5j1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֤י 1 **For** here indicates that what follows is a reason for the commands in the previous verse. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “Do not do those things because”\n +6:26 xrol rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְעַד־אִשָּׁ֥ה זוֹנָ֗ה 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to refer to **the price** that a person pays to have sex with **a prostitute woman**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly or use a euphemism for this idea. Alternate translation: “the price to sleep with a prostitute woman” +6:26 p3jv rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown כִּכַּ֫ר לָ֥חֶם 1 In this culture, **a loaf of bread** was inexpensive daily food. A **loaf of bread** is a lump of flour dough that a person has shaped and baked. If your readers would not be familiar with **bread** should could use the name of an inexpensive food that is commonly eaten in your country or you could use a general expression. Alternate translation: “inexpensive food” +6:26 iizq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠אֵ֥שֶׁת אִ֑ישׁ 1 Here Solomon implies that this **wife of a man** is an adulterous woman. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but a married woman who commits adultery” +6:26 k5fu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נֶ֖פֶשׁ יְקָרָ֣ה תָצֽוּד 1 Here Solomon speaks of a adulterous woman causing the man she commits adultery with to die as if she **hunts** him the way a hunter **hunts** an animal. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “kills a precious life” +6:27 gzh2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲ⁠יַחְתֶּ֤ה אִ֓ישׁ אֵ֬שׁ בְּ⁠חֵיק֑⁠וֹ וּ֝⁠בְגָדָ֗י⁠ו לֹ֣א תִשָּׂרַֽפְנָה 1 Solomon is using the question form to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “Surely a man could not carry a fire on his chest and his clothes not be burned!” +6:27-28 s1ud rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism הֲ⁠יַחְתֶּ֤ה אִ֓ישׁ אֵ֬שׁ בְּ⁠חֵיק֑⁠וֹ וּ֝⁠בְגָדָ֗י⁠ו לֹ֣א תִשָּׂרַֽפְנָה׃ & אִם־יְהַלֵּ֣ךְ אִ֭ישׁ עַל־הַ⁠גֶּחָלִ֑ים וְ֝⁠רַגְלָ֗י⁠ו לֹ֣א תִכָּוֶֽינָה׃ 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Could a man carry a fire on his chest and his clothes not be burned? Indeed, if a man walks on coals then will his feet not be scorched?” +6:27 f8ut rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo הֲ⁠יַחְתֶּ֤ה אִ֓ישׁ אֵ֬שׁ בְּ⁠חֵיק֑⁠וֹ וּ֝⁠בְגָדָ֗י⁠ו לֹ֣א תִשָּׂרַֽפְנָה 1 Here Solomon is referring to the negative consequences of committing adultery as if a man were burning himself with **fire**. Since this comparison is explained in [6:29](../06/29.md), you do not need to explain its meaning further here. +6:27 t3xy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אִ֓ישׁ & בְּ⁠חֵיק֑⁠וֹ וּ֝⁠בְגָדָ֗י⁠ו 1 Here, **a man** and **his** do not refer to a specific **man**. They refer to any person who does this thing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any person … on that person’s chest and that person’s clothes” +6:27 sew8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וּ֝⁠בְגָדָ֗י⁠ו לֹ֣א תִשָּׂרַֽפְנָה 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and the fire not burn his clothes” +6:27 pt18 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּ֝⁠בְגָדָ֗י⁠ו 1 Here, **clothes** refers to the person who is wearing those **clothes**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and he” or “and that person” +6:28 r98z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion אִם־יְהַלֵּ֣ךְ אִ֭ישׁ עַל־הַ⁠גֶּחָלִ֑ים וְ֝⁠רַגְלָ֗י⁠ו לֹ֣א תִכָּוֶֽינָה 1 Solomon is using the question form to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “Surely if a man walks on coals, then his feet will be scorched!” +6:28 tw8h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo אִם־יְהַלֵּ֣ךְ אִ֭ישׁ עַל־הַ⁠גֶּחָלִ֑ים וְ֝⁠רַגְלָ֗י⁠ו לֹ֣א תִכָּוֶֽינָה 1 Here Solomon is referring to the negative consequences of committing adultery as if a man were burning himself with **coals**. Since this comparison is explained in [6:29](../06/29.md), you do not need to explain its meaning further here. +6:28 fy6m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אִ֭ישׁ & וְ֝⁠רַגְלָ֗י⁠ו לֹ֣א תִכָּוֶֽינָה 1 Here, **a man** and **his** do not refer to a specific **man**. They refer to any person who does this thing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any person … then will that person’s feet not be scorched” +6:28 kf2l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַ⁠גֶּחָלִ֑ים 1 Here, **coals** refers to small pieces of burning wood that are often used for cooking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “burning wood pieces” +6:29 xlmj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כֵּ֗ן 1 **So** here indicates that what follows explains the meaning of the statements made in the previous two verses. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a fuller expression. Alternate translation: “In the same situation” +6:29 gh7k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism הַ֭⁠בָּא אֶל & הַ⁠נֹּגֵ֥עַ בָּֽ⁠הּ 1 Here, **going to** and **touches** both refer to someone having sex with another person. This is a polite way of referring to something that is offensive or embarrassing in some cultures. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different polite way of referring to this act or you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the same use of “enter” in [2:19](../02/19.md). Alternate translation: “is the one who has sexual relations with … one who has sexual relations with her” or “is the one who sleeps with … one who sleeps with her”\n +6:29 vc2l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes לֹ֥א יִ֝נָּקֶ֗ה 1 Solomon is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, **not**, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning positively. Alternate translation: “will certainly be guilty” +6:29 cmmu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לֹ֥א יִ֝נָּקֶ֗ה 1 Here Solomon uses **not remain blameless** to refer to the outcome of not being **blameless**, which is being punished for being guilty. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will not avoid punishment” or “will not remain unpunished”\n +6:30 fwq5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns לֹא־יָב֣וּזוּ 1 **They** here refers to people in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “People” +6:30 zfch rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לַ֭⁠גַּנָּב & יִגְנ֑וֹב &נַ֝פְשׁ֗⁠וֹ & יִרְעָֽב 1 Here, **the thief**, **he**, and **his** do not refer to a specific **thief**, but any person who steals. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “thieves … they steal … their appetites … they are hungry” +6:30 i4y9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis יִגְנ֑וֹב 1 Solomon is leaving out a word that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply this word from the context, as in the UST. +6:30 kzru rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns נַ֝פְשׁ֗⁠וֹ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **appetite**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “his desire for food” +6:31 jnq4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun וְ֭⁠נִמְצָא יְשַׁלֵּ֣ם & בֵּית֣⁠וֹ יִתֵּֽן 1 Here, **he** and **his** refer to any person who steals, as indicated in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “But if someone is found … that person must repay … that person’s house that person must give” +6:31 ugyl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ֭⁠נִמְצָא 1 Here. **found** implies not only discovering the thief but also catching him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “But if he is caught” +6:31 n1t7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְ֭⁠נִמְצָא 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “But if someone finds him” or “But if someone catches him” +6:31 scwc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יְשַׁלֵּ֣ם שִׁבְעָתָ֑יִם 1 This clause implies that the thief **must repay** seven times the amount of what he stole to those to whom he stole it from. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “he must repay sevenfold the amount of things that he stole to those people he stole them from” +6:31 b9ns rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom כָּל־ה֖וֹן בֵּית֣⁠וֹ 1 This phrase is an idiom that refers to everything that someone owns. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “all that he owns” +6:32 nu7m rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast נֹאֵ֣ף 1 This verse says something that is in contrast to what was said about the thief in the previous two verses. Use a natural way in your language to express a strong contrast. Alternate translation: “However, one who commits adultery” +6:32 s8mh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns נֹאֵ֣ף 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **adultery**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “One who acts adulterously” +6:32 zker rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy חֲסַר־לֵ֑ב 1 Here Solomon uses **heart** to refer to a person’s ability to think. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is lacking the ability to think” +6:32 jhbb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure מַֽשְׁחִ֥ית נַ֝פְשׁ֗⁠וֹ ה֣וּא יַעֲשֶֽׂ⁠נָּה 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could change the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “he does what results in destroying his life” +6:32 a1pq rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result מַֽשְׁחִ֥ית נַ֝פְשׁ֗⁠וֹ 1 This clause is the result of what is described in the next clause. Use a natural way in your language to indicate a result. Alternate translation: “what will result in destroying his life” +6:32 r8fx rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ה֣וּא יַעֲשֶֽׂ⁠נָּה 1 Here, the pronoun **it** refers to **adultery**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “he commits adultery” +6:33 mv0l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit נֶֽגַע־וְ⁠קָל֥וֹן יִמְצָ֑א וְ֝⁠חֶרְפָּת֗⁠וֹ לֹ֣א תִמָּחֶֽה 1 Solomon implies that these things will happen to the adulterous man because he committed adultery. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Because he committed adultery, he will find a wound and disgrace and his shame will not be wiped out” +6:33 m2lu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נֶֽגַע־וְ⁠קָל֥וֹן יִמְצָ֑א 1 Here Solomon speaks of the adulterous man receiving **a wound and disgrace** as if they were objects that a person would **find**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “He will receive a wound and disgrace” or “He will become wounded and disgraced” +6:33 t4bo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וְ⁠קָל֥וֹן & וְ֝⁠חֶרְפָּת֗⁠וֹ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **disgrace** and **shame**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “and be disgraced, and how shameful he is” +6:33 xhjy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive לֹ֣א תִמָּחֶֽה 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “he will never wipe out” +6:33 c8nh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes לֹ֣א תִמָּחֶֽה 1 Solomon is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, **not**, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “will always remain” +6:33 wuyt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לֹ֣א תִמָּחֶֽה 1 Here Solomon refers to the adulterous man’s **shame** never ceasing as if **shame** were a stain that could **not be wiped** away. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will not cease” +6:34 lyk4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּֽי 1 **For** here indicates that what follows is the reason why what Solomon stated in in the previous verse is true. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “This is due to the fact that”\n +6:34 q8d2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns קִנְאָ֥ה & נָקָֽם 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **jealousy** and **vengeance**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “being jealous … being avenged” +6:34 w6nf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy חֲמַת־גָּ֑בֶר 1 Here, **heat** refers to extreme anger, which causes the angry person’s body to become hot. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is the rage of a man” +6:34 htuv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit גָּ֑בֶר וְ⁠לֹֽא־יַ֝חְמ֗וֹל 1 Here, **man** and **he** refer to the husband who has just found out that his wife has committed adultery. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “a husband of an adulterous woman, and that husband will not spare” +6:34 qsy2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes וְ⁠לֹֽא־יַ֝חְמ֗וֹל 1 Solomon is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, **not**, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “and he will be merciless”\n +6:34 f6oy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְ⁠לֹֽא־יַ֝חְמ֗וֹל 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and he will not spare the man who slept with his wife” +6:34 rc71 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְּ⁠י֣וֹם נָקָֽם 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **the day** when **vengeance** occurs. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “when vengeance occurs” +6:35 b2ym rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns לֹא־יִ֭שָּׂא & וְ⁠לֹֽא־יֹ֝אבֶ֗ה 1 In this verse, the pronoun **he** refers to the man who has just found out that his wife has committed adultery. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “The husband of an adulterous wife will not lift up … and that husband will not be willing” +6:35 fly2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לֹא־יִ֭שָּׂא פְּנֵ֣י 1 Here, the phrase **lift up the face of** is an idiom that means “regard.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “He will not regard” +6:35 pc8x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כֹּ֑פֶר & שֹֽׁחַד 1 Here, the words **ransom** and **bribe** refer to money that a man would give to the husband of the woman he has committed adultery with in order to avoid harm or stop the man from being angry. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “money offered to appease him … that money” +6:35 w09z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְ⁠לֹֽא־יֹ֝אבֶ֗ה 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and he will not be willing to be appeased” or “and he will not stop being angry” +7:intro pk5f 0 # Proverbs 7 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n2. A father teaches his son about wisdom (1:8–9:18)\n * Avoid evil companions (1:8–19)\n * Do not reject wisdom (1:20–33)\n * Wisdom prevents people from committing crime or adultery (2:1–22)\n * Humbly trust Yahweh (3:1–12)\n * The value of wisdom (3:13–20)\n * Do not act wickedly (3:21–35)\n * Wisdom will benefit you (4:1–9)\n * Behave wisely and avoid those who do not (4:10–19)\n * Live righteously (4:20–27)\n * Avoid temptation to commit adultery (5:1–23)\n * Practical warnings (6:1–19)\n * Adultery will be punished (6:20–35)\n * The Story of an Adulterer (7:1–27)\n\n## Special Concepts in This Chapter\n\n### My son\n\nOccasionally Solomon addresses a series of proverbs to “my son” or “sons.” This does not mean that those proverbs only apply to males. Instead, these phrases are forms used to pass on advice from a father to his son, and the kind of advice in these proverbs is about common temptations of young men.\n\n### Adulterous women\n\nThis chapter continues the theme about adulterous women and warns young men to avoid any adulterous woman, who is called “strange” and “foreign.” (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/adultery]])\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in This Chapter\n\n### The historic present\n\nTo call attention to developments in the story, Solomon uses the present tense in past narration in [7:8–13](../07/08.md) and [21–22](../07/21.md). If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you could use the past tense in your translation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense]]) +7:1 at6w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תִּצְפֹּ֥ן 1 See how you translated the same use of **store up** in [2:1](../02/01.md). +7:1 e0if rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וּ֝⁠מִצְוֺתַ֗⁠י 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **commandments** in [2:1](../02/01.md). +7:2 a8m4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns שְׁמֹ֣ר מִצְוֺתַ֣⁠י וֶ⁠חְיֵ֑ה 1 See how you translated the same clause in [4:4](../04/04.md). +7:2 mzcb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְ֝⁠תוֹרָתִ֗⁠י כְּ⁠אִישׁ֥וֹן עֵינֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 Solomon is leaving out a word that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply the word from the first clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and keep my law as the pupil of your eyes”\n +7:2 sxxs rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns וְ֝⁠תוֹרָתִ֗⁠י 1 See how you translated **law** in [1:8](../01/08.md). +7:2 xfb2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom כְּ⁠אִישׁ֥וֹן עֵינֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 Here Solomon refers to his **law** as if it were **the pupil of your eyes**. He means that people should value wise rules as much as they value their ability to see and protect their eyes. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “as your most valuable possession” +7:3 g5jv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor קָשְׁרֵ֥⁠ם עַל־אֶצְבְּעֹתֶ֑י⁠ךָ 1 Here Solomon speaks of always remembering something as if what should be remembered were an object tied to the person’s fingers. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Remember them at all times” +7:3 wszl rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns קָשְׁרֵ֥⁠ם & כָּ֝תְבֵ֗⁠ם 1 In this verse, **them** refers to “my commandments,” which are referred to in the previous two verses. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Tie my commandments … write my commandments” +7:3 c4yy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor כָּ֝תְבֵ֗⁠ם עַל־ל֥וּחַ לִבֶּֽ⁠ךָ 1 See how you translated this clause in [3:3](../03/03.md). +7:4 zi3r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism אֱמֹ֣ר לַֽ֭⁠חָכְמָה אֲחֹ֣תִ⁠י אָ֑תְּ וּ֝⁠מֹדָ֗ע לַ⁠בִּינָ֥ה תִקְרָֽא 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Say to wisdom, ‘You {are} my sister,’ yes, call to understanding, ‘Kinsman,’” +7:4 hv4f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations אֱמֹ֣ר לַֽ֭⁠חָכְמָה אֲחֹ֣תִ⁠י אָ֑תְּ וּ֝⁠מֹדָ֗ע לַ⁠בִּינָ֥ה תִקְרָֽא 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could express these two clauses as indirect quotations. Alternate translation: “Say to wisdom than she is your sister, and call to understanding that she is your kinsman” +7:4 b9wf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns לַֽ֭⁠חָכְמָה & לַ⁠בִּינָ֥ה 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **wisdom** and **understanding** in [1:2](../01/02.md).\n +7:4 jn44 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification אֱמֹ֣ר לַֽ֭⁠חָכְמָה אֲחֹ֣תִ⁠י אָ֑תְּ 1 Here Solomon speaks of **wisdom** as if it were a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Value wisdom as if it were a woman to whom you would say, ‘You are my sister,’” +7:4 z4x8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וּ֝⁠מֹדָ֗ע לַ⁠בִּינָ֥ה תִקְרָֽא 1 Here, Solomon speaks of **understanding** as if it were a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and value understanding as if it were someone to whom you would call, ‘Kinsman,’” +7:4 j17k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations וּ֝⁠מֹדָ֗ע לַ⁠בִּינָ֥ה תִקְרָֽא 1 Although the term **Kinsman** is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that could refer to any close relative. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “and call to understanding, ‘Family member,’” +7:5 xkl2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מֵ⁠אִשָּׁ֣ה זָרָ֑ה 1 See how you translated **strange woman** in [2:16](../02/16.md). +7:5 y9gh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis מִ֝⁠נָּכְרִיָּ֗ה 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “to keep you from the foreign woman” +7:5 s251 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִ֝⁠נָּכְרִיָּ֗ה אֲמָרֶ֥י⁠הָ הֶחֱלִֽיקָה 1 See how you translated the same clause in [2:16](../02/16.md). +7:6 bs2w rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases כִּ֭י 1 **For** here introduces a story that Solomon tells in [7:6–23](../07/06.md) in order to warn his son against committing adultery. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different word or phrase that introduces a story. Alternate translation: “There was a time when” +7:6 qhy6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּ⁠חַלּ֣וֹן בֵּיתִ֑⁠י 1 Solomon implies that he was standing **at the window** while looking out of it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly, as in the UST. +7:6 orkg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְּ⁠חַלּ֣וֹן בֵּיתִ֑⁠י 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **window** that is in the side of his **house**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “at the window that is in the side of my house” +7:6 v7n1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown אֶשְׁנַבִּ֣⁠י 1 A **lattice** consists of thin strips of wood that cross one another in a slanted pattern and are placed over a **window** to partially cover it. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of **window** covering, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “the window screen” or “the covering on the window” +7:6 ad5w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit נִשְׁקָֽפְתִּי 1 Here Solomon implies that he was standing at a location that was higher than the street outside. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I looked down at the street outside” +7:7 ie51 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וָ⁠אֵ֤רֶא בַ⁠פְּתָאיִ֗ם 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the next clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “And I saw a young man among the naive ones” +7:7 il3p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בַ⁠בָּנִ֗ים 1 Here, **sons** refers to young men. It does not specifically refer to Solomon’s **sons**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “among the young men” +7:7 cwb9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy חֲסַר־לֵֽב 1 See how you translated this phrase in [6:32](../06/32.md). +7:8 i1kl rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns פִּנָּ֑⁠הּ & בֵּיתָ֣⁠הּ 1 In this verse, **her** refers to an adulterous woman, as referred to in [7:5](../07/05.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the corner of an adulterous woman … that woman’s house” +7:8 v7v4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit פִּנָּ֑⁠הּ 1 Here, **corner** refers to the place where two roads intersect. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “her place at the intersection of two streets” +7:8 az9m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְ⁠דֶ֖רֶךְ בֵּיתָ֣⁠הּ יִצְעָֽד 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **way** that leads to **her house**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and he steps in the way that leads to her house” +7:8 ek8n rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense יִצְעָֽד 1 Here Solomon uses the present tense in past narration in order to call attention to a development in the story. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you could use the past tense. Alternate translation: “he stepped in” +7:9 ttvd rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background בְּ⁠נֶֽשֶׁף־בְּ⁠עֶ֥רֶב י֑וֹם בְּ⁠אִישׁ֥וֹן לַ֝֗יְלָה וַ⁠אֲפֵלָֽה 1 In this verse, Solomon provides this background information about the time period when the young man went to the adulterous woman’s house. Use the natural form in your language for expressing background information. You may need to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “Now it was the time of the twilight breeze, in the evening of day, in the pupil of the night and darkness” +7:9 ho8x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּ⁠נֶֽשֶׁף־בְּ⁠עֶ֥רֶב י֑וֹם בְּ⁠אִישׁ֥וֹן לַ֝֗יְלָה וַ⁠אֲפֵלָֽה 1 The phrases **twilight breeze** and **evening of day** refer to the time when **evening** begins, but **the pupil of the night and darkness** refers to the time later in the **night**. Together these phrases indicate that it was getting progressively darker as the young man went to the adulterous woman’s house. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “in the twilight breeze, in the evening of day, and even in the pupil of the night and darkness” +7:9 zn5n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּ⁠אִישׁ֥וֹן לַ֝֗יְלָה 1 Here, the middle of **the night** is referred to as a **pupil** because the **pupil** is the darkest part of the eye. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in the middle of the night” +7:10 g5f8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense וְ⁠הִנֵּ֣ה 1 Here Solomon uses the present tense in past narration in order to call attention to a development in the story. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you could use the past tense. Alternate translation: “And behold, there is” +7:10 gfjz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠הִנֵּ֣ה 1 Here, **behold** is a term meant to focus the attention of the reader on what is about to happen next in the story. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use some emphatic term or expression in your language that would have this same effect. Alternate translation: “And pay attention to this: there was”\n +7:10 m3bj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis לִ⁠קְרָאת֑⁠וֹ 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “who came out to meet him” +7:10 bu68 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וּ⁠נְצֻ֥רַת לֵֽב 1 The phrase **guarded of heart** is an idiom that refers to hiding one’s intentions or plans from other people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use an idiom from your language. Alternate translation: “and she planned to deceive someone” or “and being wily of heart” +7:11-12 vkd8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background 1 In these two verses, Solomon provides background information about the adulterous woman. In your translation, present this information in a way that makes it clear that this is background information. +7:11 p460 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense הֹמִיָּ֣ה & לֹא־יִשְׁכְּנ֥וּ 1 Here Solomon uses the present tense in past narration in order to call attention to a development in the story. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you could use the past tense. Alternate translation: “was a loud … did not stay” +7:11 es4s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche בְּ֝⁠בֵיתָ֗⁠הּ לֹא־יִשְׁכְּנ֥וּ רַגְלֶֽי⁠הָ 1 Solomon is using one part of a person, the **feet**, to represent the whole person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “she did not stay in her house” +7:12 akyj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure פַּ֤עַם ׀ בַּ⁠ח֗וּץ פַּ֥עַם בָּ⁠רְחֹב֑וֹת וְ⁠אֵ֖צֶל כָּל־פִּנָּ֣ה תֶאֱרֹֽב 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could change the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “She lies in wait at one time in the street, at another time in the open areas, and beside every corner” +7:12 uo9h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun בַּ⁠ח֗וּץ 1 The word **street** represents streets in general, not one particular street. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “in the streets” +7:12 hiss rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit פִּנָּ֣ה 1 See how you translated **corner** in [7:8](../07/08.md). +7:12 dezc rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense תֶאֱרֹֽב 1 Here, Solomon uses the present tense in past narration in order to call attention to a development in the story. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you could use the past tense. Alternate translation: “she lay in wait” +7:12 h64f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תֶאֱרֹֽב 1 Here Solomon speaks of the adulterous woman looking for a man to persuade to have sex with her as if she were preparing to attack someone by surprise. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “she waited to find someone she could persuade to have sex with her” +7:13 l1ic rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential וְ⁠הֶחֱזִ֣יקָה 1 **And** here indicates that what follows is the continuation of the narrative from [7:10](../07/10.md), which Solomon had interrupted with background information in [7:11–12](../07/11.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could show reference to earlier events by translating this relationship by using a fuller phrase. Alternate translation: “After she meets him, she grabs”\n +7:13 lfso rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense וְ⁠הֶחֱזִ֣יקָה & וְ⁠נָ֣שְׁקָה & הֵעֵ֥זָה & וַ⁠תֹּ֣אמַר 1 Here Solomon uses the present tense in past narration in order to call attention to a development in the story. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you could use the past tense. Alternate translation: “And she grabbed … and kissed … she strengthened … and said” +7:13 vef7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom הֵעֵ֥זָה פָ֝נֶ֗י⁠הָ 1 Here, **strengthens her face** means that the woman had a facial expression that showed how shameless or impudent she was. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a similar expression from your language or express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “she had a brazen face” or “with a shameless expression on her face” +7:14 sa2m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit זִבְחֵ֣י שְׁלָמִ֣ים עָלָ֑⁠י 1 The woman implies that she has meat to eat at her home because someone who made **peace offerings** was allowed to keep some of the meat that was offered to Yahweh in the temple (see [Leviticus 7:11–17](../lev/07/11.md) and [1 Samuel 9:11–13](../1sa/09/11.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I have leftover meat from the sacrifices of peace offerings I made to Yahweh in the temple” +7:14 ei2g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַ֝⁠יּ֗וֹם שִׁלַּ֥מְתִּי נְדָרָֽ⁠י 1 Here, **vows** refers to the **sacrifices of peace offerings** that the woman promised to sacrifice to God. According to [Leviticus 7:16](../lev/07/16.md), the woman would have to eat the meat leftover from paying her **vows** by the end of the next day. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “today I made the sacrifices I promised to give to God” +7:15 zhni rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis לְ⁠שַׁחֵ֥ר 1 The woman is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “I came out to diligently seek” +7:15 fys2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche פָּ֝נֶ֗י⁠ךָ 1 Here, **face** refers to being in the presence of the whole person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “your presence” or “where you were” +7:16 k6lt rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown עַרְשִׂ֑⁠י 1 Here, **couch** refers to a platform that wealthy people would sit or lie on in order to rest or sleep. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of furniture, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “my place for resting” +7:16 bi4j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מַ֭רְבַדִּים & חֲ֝טֻב֗וֹת אֵט֥וּן מִצְרָֽיִם 1 Here, the woman describes the **coverings** as being **colored linen of Egypt**, which is expensive and luxurious fabric. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “with coverings, which are luxurious colored linen of Egypt” +7:17 g7k4 נַ֥פְתִּי מִשְׁכָּבִ֑⁠י 1 Alternate translation: “I have scattered on my bed” +7:17 ibk7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown מֹ֥ר אֲ֝הָלִ֗ים וְ⁠קִנָּמֽוֹן 1 This mixture of **myrrh**, **aloes**, and **cinnamon** consisted of pleasant-smelling substances that were mixed together and used like perfume. If your readers would not be familiar with these substances, you could use a general expression. Alternate translation: “with pleasant-smelling substances”\n +7:18 w7yl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נִרְוֶ֣ה דֹ֭דִים 1 The word translated **drench** refers to giving a baby a satisfying amount of milk. Here, the woman speaks about satisfying one’s sexual desires as if one were satisfying the thirst of a hungry baby. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a more general expression. Alternate translation: “let us satisfy our sexual desires” or “let us satisfy ourselves with lusts as a mother’s breasts fill her child with food”\n +7:18 h91x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit דֹ֭דִים & בָּ⁠אֳהָבִֽים 1 The words **lusts** and **loves** are plural here for emphasis. In this verse, both words refer to passionate sexual activity. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “intense lust … with intense love” +7:19 ykvp rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֤י 1 **For** here indicates that what follows is the reason why the woman thinks that it is safe for the young man to come with her, as she told him in the previous verse. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a reason. Alternate translation: “We can do this because” +7:19 vc42 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הָ⁠אִ֣ישׁ 1 Here, **the man** refers to the woman’s husband. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the man whom I married” +7:19 jib6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּ⁠בֵית֑⁠וֹ 1 Here, the woman speaks of the **house** that she lives in with her husband as if it were **his house**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “in our house” +7:19 lzod rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּ⁠דֶ֣רֶךְ מֵ⁠רָחֽוֹק 1 Here, **road** refers to a journey that would include traveling on a **road**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “on a journey to a faraway place” +7:20 v65w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit צְֽרוֹר־הַ֭⁠כֶּסֶף לָקַ֣ח בְּ⁠יָד֑⁠וֹ 1 This clause implies that the woman’s husband will be gone for a long time because he took a lot of money with him when he left. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “He will be gone for a long time because he took the bag of the silver in his hand” +7:20 aop7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession צְֽרוֹר־הַ֭⁠כֶּסֶף 1 Here, the woman is using the possessive form to describe a **bag** that is full of **silver**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the bag full of silver” +7:20 zw96 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַ֝⁠כֵּ֗סֶא 1 The phrase **full moon** refers to the **moon** when it looks like a perfectly round disk in the sky, shining at its brightest. This occurs at the middle of each month. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the moon shining its brightest” +7:20 hel0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בֵיתֽ⁠וֹ 1 See how you translated this phrase in the previous verse. +7:21 rcm0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense הִ֭טַּתּ⁠וּ & תַּדִּיחֶֽ⁠נּוּ 1 Here Solomon uses the present tense in past narration in order to call attention to a development in the story. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you could use the past tense. Alternate translation: “She led him astray … she compelled him” +7:21 ev91 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns הִ֭טַּתּ⁠וּ & לִקְחָ֑⁠הּ & שְׂ֝פָתֶ֗י⁠הָ תַּדִּיחֶֽ⁠נּוּ 1 **She** and **her** in this verse refer to the adulterous woman who was spoke in [7:14–20](../07/14.md) and **him** refers to the young man whom she is seducing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “The adulterous woman led the young man astray … that woman’s teaching … that woman’s lips she compels that man” +7:21 ptg3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הִ֭טַּתּ⁠וּ 1 Here Solomon speaks of the woman persuading the young man to do something as if she were causing him to change the direction in which he was walking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “She persuaded him” +7:21 lq2h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְּ⁠רֹ֣ב לִקְחָ֑⁠הּ 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to refer to an abundant amount of **teaching**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “with her abundant amount of teaching” +7:21 l3nt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּ⁠חֵ֥לֶק שְׂ֝פָתֶ֗י⁠הָ 1 Here Solomon refers to the seductive speech of the adulterous woman as if it were **the smoothness of her lips**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “with her seductive speech”\n +7:21 c6k6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit תַּדִּיחֶֽ⁠נּוּ 1 Here Solomon implies that the adulterous woman compelled the young man to commit adultery with her. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “she compelled him to go with her” or “she compelled him to have sex with her” +7:22 sscq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis כְּ֭⁠שׁוֹר אֶל־טָ֣בַח 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “like an ox that is going to slaughter” +7:22 rvi9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כְּ֭⁠שׁוֹר אֶל־טָ֣בַח יָב֑וֹא 1 Solomon compares the young man who does not know that he was going to die to **an ox** that was unknowingly going to be slaughtered. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “he unknowingly goes to be killed” +7:22 qxqd rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense יָב֑וֹא 1 Here Solomon uses the present tense in past narration in order to call attention to a development in the story. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you could use the past tense. Alternate translation: “he went” +7:22 pk4m rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants וּ֝⁠כְ⁠עֶ֗כֶס אֶל־מוּסַ֥ר אֱוִֽיל 1 The ULT is a translation of the Hebrew text for this clause. However, some ancient translations of this clause read “and like a deer to a trap.” If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT. +7:22 tal5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ֝⁠כְ⁠עֶ֗כֶס אֶל־מוּסַ֥ר אֱוִֽיל 1 Here Solomon compares the man not being able to escape his death as if he were a **fool** who could not escape **correction** because he had a **chain** around his **ankle**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the language plainly. Alternate translation: “and he will inevitably die” +7:22 qrn6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מוּסַ֥ר 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **correction** in [3:11](../03/11.md). +7:23 t5u4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יְפַלַּ֪ח חֵ֡ץ כְּֽבֵד֗⁠וֹ 1 Here, **liver** refers to an organ in one’s body that one needs in order to remain alive. Solomon means that the **arrow** will kill whomever it strikes. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “an arrow pierces his vital organs” or “an arrow kills him” +7:23 r6zr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כְּ⁠מַהֵ֣ר צִפּ֣וֹר אֶל־פָּ֑ח 1 Solomon compares the young man who is quickly doing something that will kill him to **a bird rushing into a trap**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and he quickly goes to be killed” +7:23 qgxo rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns הֽוּא 1 The pronoun **it** here refers to committing adultery. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “committing adultery” or “having sex with a married woman” +7:23 zvp5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בְ⁠נַפְשׁ֥⁠וֹ הֽוּא 1 This phrase is an idiom that means that this person will die as a result of what he did. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an idiom with the same meaning from your language or you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “it would cost him his life” or “it would kill him” +7:24 wen3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases וְ⁠עַתָּ֣ה בָ֭נִים שִׁמְעוּ־לִ֑⁠י 1 **And now** here indicates a transition from the story of the adulterous woman and young man in [7:6–23](../07/06.md) to the call to pay attention that follows. See how you translated the same clause in [5:7](../05/07.md).\n +7:24 mtq9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases לְ⁠אִמְרֵי־פִֽ⁠י 1 See how you translated this phrase in [4:5](../04/05.md). +7:25 l3s9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism אַל־יֵ֣שְׂטְ אֶל־דְּרָכֶ֣י⁠הָ לִבֶּ֑⁠ךָ אַל־תֵּ֝תַע בִּ⁠נְתִיבוֹתֶֽי⁠הָ 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Do not let your heart turn aside to her ways; yes, do not wander into her tracks”\n +7:25 gk8c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אַל־יֵ֣שְׂטְ אֶל־דְּרָכֶ֣י⁠הָ לִבֶּ֑⁠ךָ אַל־תֵּ֝תַע בִּ⁠נְתִיבוֹתֶֽי⁠הָ 1 Here, Solomon speaks of behaving like an adulterous woman as if one were turning **aside** to go on **her ways** or wandering **into her tracks**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated **ways** in [3:6](../03/06.md) and **tracks** in [2:15](../02/15.md). Alternate translation: “Do not let your heart want to do the things that the adulterous woman does; do not do anything that she does” +7:25 wm1h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִבֶּ֑⁠ךָ 1 See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [2:2](../02/02.md). +7:26 ncnb rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּֽי 1 **For** here indicates that what follows is a reason for the commands in the previous verse. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “Do not do those things because”\n +7:26 umha rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun הִפִּ֑ילָה & הֲרֻגֶֽי⁠הָ 1 In this verse, **she** and **her** refer to any adulterous woman, not one specific adulterous wife. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “an adulterous woman has caused … to fall … ones slain by such a woman” +7:26 xx9k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy חֲלָלִ֣ים 1 Here, **pierced ones** refers to people who have been killed, since people were often killed by being **pierced** by spears or arrows. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “dead ones” +7:26 hewm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הִפִּ֑ילָה 1 Here Solomon uses **fall** to refer to dying. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “she has caused … to die” +7:26 xb2q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive הֲרֻגֶֽי⁠הָ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the ones whom she has slain” +7:27 h6jn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בֵּיתָ֑⁠הּ 1 See how you translated the same use of **Her house** in [2:18](../02/18.md). +7:27 cs4s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit דַּרְכֵ֣י שְׁא֣וֹל 1 Although **ways** here is plural, it refers to the singular **house** at the beginning of this verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use the singular form here. Alternate translation: “is the way of Sheol” +7:27 g21s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession דַּרְכֵ֣י שְׁא֣וֹל 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **ways** that result in someone going to **Sheol**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “is the way that leads to Sheol” or “is the way that causes one to go to Sheol” +7:27 ayvy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דַּרְכֵ֣י 1 See how you translated the same use of **ways** in [3:6](../03/06.md). +7:27 ry42 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יֹ֝רְד֗וֹת אֶל־חַדְרֵי־מָֽוֶת 1 Here Solomon speaks of a man doing something that would result in his death as if he were going on a path that is **descending to the rooms of death**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “results in a man dying” or “causes a man to die”\n +7:27 fvmk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy חַדְרֵי־מָֽוֶת 1 This phrase refers to the place where people’s spirits go when they die, which was called **Sheol** in the previous clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the place where the spirits of dead people dwell” or “the place of the dead”\n +8:intro z8jj 0 # Proverbs 8 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n2. A father teaches his son about wisdom (1:8–9:18)\n * Avoid evil companions (1:8–19)\n * Do not reject wisdom (1:20–33)\n * Wisdom prevents people from committing crime or adultery (2:1–22)\n * Humbly trust Yahweh (3:1–12)\n * The value of wisdom (3:13–20)\n * Do not act wickedly (3:21–35)\n * Wisdom will benefit you (4:1–9)\n * Behave wisely and avoid those who do not (4:10–19)\n * Live righteously (4:20–27)\n * Avoid temptation to commit adultery (5:1–23)\n * Practical warnings (6:1–19)\n * Adultery will be punished (6:20–35)\n * The Story of an Adulterer (7:1–27)\n * Wisdom benefits the wise (8:1–36)\n\n## Special Concepts in This Chapter\n\n### Wisdom calls out\n\nIn this chapter and the next chapter, wisdom is referred to as if it were a woman who calls out for all to learn from her; she was with God when he created the universe. In languages where it is possible for something like wisdom to be spoken of as if it were a person who speaks, the translator should translate in this way. However, if direct translation is not possible in your language, you may translate the personification as similes instead,. In that case, wisdom would be presented as being like a wise woman. When wisdom speaks in [8:4–36](../08/04.md), the notes will use the proper noun “Wisdom” to indicate that the personification of wisdom is speaking. See how you translated similar references to wisdom in [1:20–33](../01/20.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])\n +8:1 v9h5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲ⁠לֹֽא־חָכְמָ֥ה תִקְרָ֑א וּ֝⁠תְבוּנָ֗ה תִּתֵּ֥ן קוֹלָֽ⁠הּ 1 Solomon is using the question form to emphasize that **wisdom** is available to everyone. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “Surely wisdom calls out, and understanding gives her voice!”\n +8:1 yywn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis הֲ⁠לֹֽא־חָכְמָ֥ה תִקְרָ֑א וּ֝⁠תְבוּנָ֗ה תִּתֵּ֥ן קוֹלָֽ⁠הּ 1 Solomon is leaving out some words in the second clause that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply the word from the first clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “Does not Wisdom call out, and does not understanding give her voice”\n +8:1 qsc7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism הֲ⁠לֹֽא־חָכְמָ֥ה תִקְרָ֑א וּ֝⁠תְבוּנָ֗ה תִּתֵּ֥ן קוֹלָֽ⁠הּ 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Does not Wisdom call out, yes, does not understanding give her voice” or “Surely Wisdom calls out, yes, surely understanding gives her voice!”\n +8:1 meo7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חָכְמָ֥ה & וּ֝⁠תְבוּנָ֗ה 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **Wisdom** and **understanding** in [1:2](../01/02.md). +8:1 i9hu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification תִקְרָ֑א & תִּתֵּ֥ן קוֹלָֽ⁠הּ 1 In this verse, **Wisdom** and **understanding** are spoken of as if they were women. See the discussion of such personification in the General Notes for this chapter. Alternate translation: “call out as if it were a woman … give her voice as if it were a woman” +8:1 k4ug rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom תִּתֵּ֥ן קוֹלָֽ⁠הּ 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:20](../01/20.md). +8:2 co6l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure בְּ⁠רֹאשׁ־מְרוֹמִ֥ים עֲלֵי־דָ֑רֶךְ בֵּ֖ית נְתִיב֣וֹת נִצָּֽבָה 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could change the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “She stations herself at the head of the heights beside the road, the house of the paths” +8:2 gpgq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּ⁠רֹאשׁ־מְרוֹמִ֥ים עֲלֵי־דָ֑רֶךְ בֵּ֖ית נְתִיב֣וֹת 1 The phrases **the head of the heights beside the road** and **the house of the paths** both refer to the same place, which is a place where there would be many people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “At the public place at the head of the heights beside the road, the house of the paths” +8:2 a8s0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּ⁠רֹאשׁ־מְרוֹמִ֥ים 1 The phrase **the head of the heights** refers to the top of a hill or elevated place. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “At the top of hill” or “At the highest place” +8:2 meix rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בֵּ֖ית נְתִיב֣וֹת 1 This phrase refers to the place where roads intersect. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “where roads intersect” or “the crossroads” +8:2 qbmv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification נִצָּֽבָה 1 Here, **she** refers to wisdom as if it were a woman. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “wisdom stations herself” or “wisdom stations itself as if it were a woman” +8:3 kbb0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure לְ⁠יַד־שְׁעָרִ֥ים לְ⁠פִי־קָ֑רֶת מְב֖וֹא פְתָחִ֣ים תָּרֹֽנָּה 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could change the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “She cries out at the hand of the gates, at the mouth of the city, the entrance of the openings” +8:3 knp4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לְ⁠יַד־שְׁעָרִ֥ים לְ⁠פִי־קָ֑רֶת מְב֖וֹא פְתָחִ֣ים 1 The phrases **the hand of the gates**, **the mouth of the city**, and **the entrance of the openings** all refer to the same place, which is inside the main gate of the city where there would be many people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “At the public place at the hand of the gates, at the mouth of the city, the entrance of the openings” +8:3 z73y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification לְ⁠יַד 1 Here, **hand** refers to the place beside **the gates**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “At the side of” +8:3 htxz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification לְ⁠פִי־קָ֑רֶת 1 Here, **mouth** refers to the entrance to **the city**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly, as in the UST. +8:3 q3hb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun קָ֑רֶת 1 The word **city** represents cities in general, not one particular **city**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “any city” +8:3 mwys rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession מְב֖וֹא פְתָחִ֣ים 1 This phrase refers to the main **entrance** into the city, which had **gates**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the main entrance” +8:3 nkc9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification תָּרֹֽנָּה 1 Here, **she** refers to wisdom as if it were a woman. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “wisdom cries out” or “wisdom cries out as if it were a woman” +8:4 f4h9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אִישִׁ֣ים 1 Although **men** is masculine, here it refers to people in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “people”\n +8:4 jxm5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ֝⁠קוֹלִ֗⁠י 1 Here, **voice** refers to what wisdom is saying. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and what I am saying” +8:4 j5l1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בְּנֵ֥י אָדָֽם 1 Although **sons** and **man** are masculine, this phrase refers to all human beings. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “humankind” +8:5 er9q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns עָרְמָ֑ה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **prudence** in [1:4](../01/04.md). +8:5 bg5r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לֵֽב 1 Here, **heart** refers to discernment. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “discernment” +8:6 a3zk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּ⁠מִפְתַּ֥ח שְׂ֝פָתַ֗⁠י 1 Here, **the opening of my lips** refers to what is said when Wisdom opens her **lips** to speak. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “when I open my mouth to speak” +8:7 s9bj rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּֽי 1 **For** here indicates that what follows in [8:7–9](../08/07.md) are additional reasons why people should listen to Wisdom, as commanded in the previous verse. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows are reasons. Alternate translation: “Listen because”\n +8:7 juy2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche חִכִּ֑⁠י & שְׂפָתַ֣⁠י 1 Here, **palate** and **lips** refer to the person who is speaking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I … me” +8:7 f6mp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns אֱ֭מֶת & וְ⁠תוֹעֲבַ֖ת & רֶֽשַׁע 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **truth**, **wickedness**, and **abomination**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. See how you translated **wickedness** in [4:17](../04/17.md) and **abomination** in [3:32](../03/32.md). Alternate translation: “true things, and wicked things are abominable to” +8:8 m1kf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אִמְרֵי 1 See how you translated the similar use of **words** in [1:23](../01/23.md).\n +8:8 am3k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche פִ֑⁠י 1 Here, **mouth** refers to the person who is speaking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “mine” +8:8 k4ps rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis בְּ⁠צֶ֥דֶק 1 Wisdom is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “are spoken in righteousness” or “are spoken righteously” +8:8 btx5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נִפְתָּ֥ל וְ⁠עִקֵּֽשׁ 1 Here, Wisdom speaks of something that is false as if it were **twisted**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “untrue” +8:8 jbcr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠עִקֵּֽשׁ 1 See how you translated the same use of **crooked** in [2:15](../02/15.md). +8:8 byoi rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns בָּ֝⁠הֶ֗ם 1 Here, **them** refers to **the words of my mouth** stated in the previous clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “in those words” or “in what I say” +8:9 nn5r rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns כֻּלָּ֣⁠ם 1 See how you translated **them** in the previous verse. +8:9 ga8o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וִֽ֝⁠ישָׁרִ֗ים 1 Wisdom is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and all of them are upright things” +8:9 jyh4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לְ⁠מֹ֣צְאֵי דָֽעַת 1 Here, Wisdom speaks of acquiring **knowledge** as if it were something that people find. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “for people who acquire knowledge” +8:9 f1c2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns דָֽעַת 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **knowledge** in [1:4](../01/04.md). +8:10 w8ks rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis קְחֽוּ־מוּסָרִ֥⁠י וְ⁠אַל־כָּ֑סֶף וְ֝⁠דַ֗עַת מֵ⁠חָר֥וּץ נִבְחָֽר 1 Solomon is leaving out a word in the second clause that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply this word from the first clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “Take my instruction and not silver, and take knowledge rather than choice gold”\n +8:10 siva rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism קְחֽוּ־מוּסָרִ֥⁠י וְ⁠אַל־כָּ֑סֶף וְ֝⁠דַ֗עַת מֵ⁠חָר֥וּץ נִבְחָֽר 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first clause by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Take my instruction and not silver, yes, take knowledge rather than choice gold”\n +8:10 y385 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor קְחֽוּ 1 Here, Wisdom speaks of acquiring **instruction** and **knowledge** as if they were objects that a person can **Take**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Acquire” +8:10 z0vl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מוּסָרִ֥⁠י & וְ֝⁠דַ֗עַת 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **instruction** in [1:2](../01/02.md) and **knowledge** in [1:4](../01/04.md). +8:10 ls6l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠אַל־כָּ֑סֶף 1 Here, **and not** means the same as **rather than** in the next clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “rather than silver” +8:10 v5jl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מֵ⁠חָר֥וּץ נִבְחָֽר 1 Here, **choice gold** refers to **gold** that is the best quality. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “rather than the best gold” +8:11 wl6p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person חָ֭כְמָה & בָֽ⁠הּ 1 Here, **Wisdom**, personified as a woman, speaks about herself in the third person. If this would not be natural in your language, you could use the first-person form. Alternate translation: “I … with me” +8:11 ph7f rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown מִ⁠פְּנִינִ֑ים 1 See how you translated **corals** in [3:15](../03/15.md). +8:12 mj24 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification שָׁכַ֣נְתִּי עָרְמָ֑ה 1 Here, **Wisdom** speaks of being associated with **prudence** as if **prudence** were a person whom **Wisdom** dwells with. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “What is wise is associated with what is prudent” or “I dwell with prudence like two people live in the same house” +8:12 w6pq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חָ֭כְמָה & עָרְמָ֑ה וְ⁠דַ֖עַת מְזִמּ֣וֹת 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **Wisdom** in [1:2](../01/02.md), and **prudence**, **knowledge**, and **discretion** in [1:4](../01/04.md). +8:12 m5lo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְ⁠דַ֖עַת מְזִמּ֣וֹת 1 Here, Wisdom is using the possessive form to describe a **knowledge** that is about **discretion**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “and knowledge about discretion” +8:12 jk94 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠דַ֖עַת מְזִמּ֣וֹת אֶמְצָֽא 1 Here, **Wisdom** speaks of enabling people to have **knowledge of discretion** as if they were objects that one could **find**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I enable you to acquire knowledge of discretion” or “What is wise enables you to acquire knowledge of discretion” +8:13 gp8g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession יִֽרְאַ֣ת יְהוָה֮ 1 See how you translated the **fear of Yahweh** in [1:7](../01/07.md). +8:13 v5jj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רָ֥ע גֵּ֘אָ֤ה וְ⁠גָא֨וֹן 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **evil**, **Pride**, and **arrogance**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. See how you translated **evil** in [1:16](../01/16.md). Alternate translation: “evil things … Being proud and arrogant” +8:13 mixv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠דֶ֣רֶךְ רָ֭ע 1 See how you translated this use of **way** in [1:15](../01/15.md). +8:13 kjg4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וּ⁠פִ֨י תַהְפֻּכ֬וֹת 1 Here, Wisdom is using the possessive form to describe a **mouth** that speaks **perverse things**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “and the mouth that speaks perverse things” +8:13 cnc2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וּ⁠פִ֨י 1 Here, **mouth** represents the person speaking **perverse things**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and the person who speaks”\n +8:14 guc9 עֵ֭צָה וְ⁠תוּשִׁיָּ֑ה & בִ֝ינָ֗ה & גְבוּרָֽה 1 See how you translated **Counsel** in [1:25](../01/25.md), **wisdom** and ** understanding** in [1:2](../01/02.md), and **strength** in [5:10](../05/10.md). +8:14 sne9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לִֽ⁠י־עֵ֭צָה וְ⁠תוּשִׁיָּ֑ה & לִ֣⁠י גְבוּרָֽה 1 Here, Wisdom speaks of enabling people to have **Counsel**, **sound wisdom**, and **strength** as if they were objects that belong to Wisdom. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I enable you to acquire counsel and sound wisdom … I enable you to acquire strength” or “What is wise enables you to acquire counsel and sound wisdom … what is wise enables you to acquire strength” +8:15 dewa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְ֝⁠רוֹזְנִ֗ים יְחֹ֣קְקוּ צֶֽדֶק 1 Wisdom is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and by me dignitaries decree righteousness” or “and by what is wise dignitaries decree righteousness”\n +8:15 sajw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns צֶֽדֶק 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **righteousness** in [1:3](../01/03.md). +8:16 yk59 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וּ֝⁠נְדִיבִ֗ים 1 Wisdom is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and by me nobles rule” or “and by what is wise nobles rule” +8:16 qn4w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish וּ֝⁠נְדִיבִ֗ים כָּל־שֹׁ֥פְטֵי צֶֽדֶק 1 This phrase is making a distinction between **nobles** who are **judges of righteousness** and those who are not. It is not giving us further information about the **nobles**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the relationship between these phrases more clear. Alternate translation: “and nobles, that is, all those nobles who are judges of righteousness”\n +8:16 hg7e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession שֹׁ֥פְטֵי צֶֽדֶק 1 Here, Wisdom is using the possessive form to describe **judges** who are characterized by **righteousness**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “righteous judges” +8:17 e3jr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns אֲ֭נִי & אֵהָ֑ב 1 Wisdom uses the word **myself** to emphasize how significant it is that wisdom is like a woman who loves those who love her. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this significance. Alternate translation: “Even I love” +8:17 kpvv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification אֲ֭נִי אֹהֲבַ֣י אֵהָ֑ב 1 Here, wisdom is depicted as if it were a person who can **love** and be loved by people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “Wisdom benefits those who value it” or “It is as if wisdom were a woman who loves those who love her” +8:17 xz9h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וּ֝⁠מְשַׁחֲרַ֗⁠י יִמְצָאֻֽ⁠נְנִי 1 Here, people trying to be wise and succeeding is spoken of as if wisdom were a person whom people can **seek** and **find**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and those who diligently try to become wise will become wise” +8:18 k7hf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עֹֽשֶׁר־וְ⁠כָב֥וֹד אִתִּ֑⁠י 1 Here, Wisdom speaks of enabling people to have **Riches**, **honor**, **surpassing wealth**, and **righteousness** as if they were objects that were **with** Wisdom. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I enable you to have riches, honor, surpassing wealth, and righteousness” or “What is wise enables you to have riches, honor, surpassing wealth, and righteousness” +8:18 a275 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ה֥וֹן עָ֝תֵ֗ק וּ⁠צְדָקָֽה 1 Wisdom is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “surpassing wealth and righteousness are with me” or “surpassing wealth and righteousness are with what is wise” +8:18 q481 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וְ⁠כָב֥וֹד & וּ⁠צְדָקָֽה 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **honor** in [3:16](../03/16.md) and **righteousness** in [1:3](../01/03.md). +8:19 eyc2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ט֣וֹב פִּ֭רְיִ⁠י 1 Here, **fruit** refers to the benefits that a person receives from having wisdom. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “My benefits are better” or “The benefits I can give you are better” +8:19 hudk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet מֵ⁠חָר֣וּץ וּ⁠מִ⁠פָּ֑ז 1 The terms **gold** and **refined gold** mean similar things. Wisdom is using them together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “than the finest gold” +8:19 rqy3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ֝⁠תְבוּאָתִ֗⁠י 1 Here, **produce** refers to the benefits that a person receives from having wisdom. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and my benefits” or “and the benefits I can give you” +8:19 dzjk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis מִ⁠כֶּ֥סֶף נִבְחָֽר 1 Wisdom is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “is better than choice silver” +8:19 i7wp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מִ⁠כֶּ֥סֶף נִבְחָֽר 1 Here, **choice silver** refers to **silver** that is the best quality. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “than the best silver” +8:20 tks1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּ⁠אֹֽרַח־צְדָקָ֥ה אֲהַלֵּ֑ך 1 Here Wisdom speaks of behaving righteously as if she were walking on a **path**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I behave righteously” +8:20 wask rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְּ⁠אֹֽרַח־צְדָקָ֥ה 1 Here, Wisdom is using the possessive form to describe **the path** that is characterized by **righteousness**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the righteous path” +8:20 ax2e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis בְּ֝⁠ת֗וֹךְ נְתִיב֥וֹת מִשְׁפָּֽט 1 Wisdom is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “I walk in the midst of the beaten paths of justice” +8:20 rg74 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession נְתִיב֥וֹת מִשְׁפָּֽט 1 Here, Wisdom is using the possessive form to describe **the beaten paths** that are characterized by **justice**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the just, beaten paths” +8:21 kx1e rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal לְ⁠הַנְחִ֖יל אֹהֲבַ֥⁠י 1 Here, **to** indicates that what follows is the purpose for what Wisdom does in the previous verse. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose. You may want to begin a new sentence. Alternate translation: “I do that for the purpose of causing those who love me to inherit”\n +8:21 mg4q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠אֹצְרֹ֖תֵי⁠הֶ֣ם 1 The word **treasuries** refers to buildings or rooms where people store valuable things. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and their buildings where they store precious things” +8:22 f91m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis יְֽהוָ֗ה קָ֭נָ⁠נִי רֵאשִׁ֣ית דַּרְכּ֑⁠וֹ קֶ֖דֶם מִפְעָלָ֣י⁠ו מֵ⁠אָֽז 1 Wisdom is leaving out a word in the second clause that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply this word from the first clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh possessed me at the beginning of his way; Yahweh possessed me before his works from then”\n +8:22 eias rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism יְֽהוָ֗ה קָ֭נָ⁠נִי רֵאשִׁ֣ית דַּרְכּ֑⁠וֹ קֶ֖דֶם מִפְעָלָ֣י⁠ו מֵ⁠אָֽז 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first clause by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word that shows that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Yahweh possessed me at the beginning of his way, yes, Yahweh possessed me before his works from then”\n +8:22 ucgn rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants קָ֭נָ⁠נִי 1 Some scholars believe that the word translated as **possessed** could also mean “created.” Either way, the point is that **Yahweh** had wisdom before he created the universe. If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT. +8:22 xu3p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit דַּרְכּ֑⁠וֹ & מִפְעָלָ֣י⁠ו 1 The phrases **his way** and **his works** both refer to Yahweh creating the universe. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “his creating … his creative works” +8:22 g6hj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מֵ⁠אָֽז 1 Here, **then** refers to **the beginning** mentioned in the previous clause, which refers to when **Yahweh** started creating the universe. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “from the beginning” +8:23 hkmu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure מֵ֭⁠עוֹלָם נִסַּ֥כְתִּי מֵ⁠רֹ֗אשׁ מִ⁠קַּדְמֵי־אָֽרֶץ 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could change the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “I was poured out from eternity, from the head, from the ancient times of the earth”\n +8:23 mh2d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מֵ֭⁠עוֹלָם 1 Here, **eternity** refers to the distant past. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Very long ago” +8:23 swag rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive נִסַּ֥כְתִּי 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The context implies that Yahweh did the action. Alternate translation: “Yahweh poured me out” +8:23 vhov rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נִסַּ֥כְתִּי 1 Here, Wisdom speaks of being established as if she were a liquid that was **poured out**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I was established” +8:23 v4tq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מֵ⁠רֹ֗אשׁ 1 Here, **head** refers to the first in a series of something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “at the first” +8:23 mth7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מִ⁠קַּדְמֵי־אָֽרֶץ 1 The phrase **the ancient times of the earth** refers to the time when the earth was made. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “from when God created the earth” +8:24 oijk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure בְּ⁠אֵין־תְּהֹמ֥וֹת חוֹלָ֑לְתִּי בְּ⁠אֵ֥ין מַ֝עְיָנ֗וֹת נִכְבַּדֵּי־מָֽיִם 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could change the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “I was brought forth when there were no watery depths and when there were no springs heavy with water” +8:24 erhg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive חוֹלָ֑לְתִּי 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The context implies that Yahweh did the action. Alternate translation: “Yahweh brought me forth” +8:24 jo9p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit חוֹלָ֑לְתִּי 1 Here, Wisdom speaks of starting to exist as if it were something that was **brought forth**, which is an idiomatic way to say “born.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I started to exist” +8:24 el5o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מַ֝עְיָנ֗וֹת נִכְבַּדֵּי־מָֽיִם 1 Here, Wisdom speaks of **springs** being full of **water** that flows out as if they were **heavy with water**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “springs full of flowing water” +8:25 u2m1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure בְּ⁠טֶ֣רֶם הָרִ֣ים הָטְבָּ֑עוּ לִ⁠פְנֵ֖י גְבָע֣וֹת חוֹלָֽלְתִּי 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could change the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “I was brought forth before the mountains were sunk and before the face of the hills” +8:25 z5y4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive הָרִ֣ים הָטְבָּ֑עוּ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh sunk the mountains” +8:25 ryrx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הָרִ֣ים הָטְבָּ֑עוּ 1 Here Wisdom speaks of the creation of **the mountains** as if their foundations **were sunk** in the earth. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the mountains were created” +8:25 f9dm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification לִ⁠פְנֵ֖י גְבָע֣וֹת 1 Here, **face** represents the existence of **the hills** as if they were a person with a **face**. Wisdom is referring to the time **before** **the hills** existed. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before the existence of the hills”\n +8:25 asn5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor חוֹלָֽלְתִּי 1 See how you translated this phrase in the previous verse. +8:26 r8jv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure עַד־לֹ֣א עָ֭שָׂה אֶ֣רֶץ וְ⁠חוּצ֑וֹת וְ֝⁠רֹ֗אשׁ עָפְר֥וֹת תֵּבֵֽל 1 This verse continues the sentence that began in the previous verse. If you divide the previous verse and this verse into separate sentences, then you will need to repeat the main clause from the previous verse. Alternate translation: “I was brought forth before he made the earth or the outside places or the head of the loose soil of the world” +8:26 y533 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠חוּצ֑וֹת 1 Here, **outside places** refers to the fields in the countryside. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “open spaces of the countryside” +8:26 tb6t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ֝⁠רֹ֗אשׁ 1 Here, **the head** refers to the first part of something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “or the first of” +8:27 t648 This verse is the beginning of a sentence that continues through [8:29](../08/29.md). If you make each of these verses a separate sentence, then you will need to repeat **I was there** in each of those verses. +8:27 nk15 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure בַּ⁠הֲכִינ֣⁠וֹ שָׁ֭מַיִם שָׁ֣ם אָ֑נִי 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could change the order of these phrases. This verse is the beginning of a sentence that continues through [8:29](../08/29.md). If you make each verse a separate sentence, then you will need to repeat the main clause of this verse in each of those verses. Alternate translation: “I was there when he established the heavens” +8:27 b5db rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּ⁠ח֥וּק⁠וֹ ח֝֗וּג עַל־פְּנֵ֥י תְהֽוֹם 1 This clause refers to Yahweh forming the horizon between the sky and ocean as if he were drawing a **circle** on the ocean’s surface. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “when he made the horizon between the heavens and the surface of the ocean” +8:28 wnj8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּ⁠אַמְּצ֣⁠וֹ שְׁחָקִ֣ים 1 Here, Wisdom speaks of God forming **the clouds** as if he made them **firm**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “when he created the clouds” +8:28 z2v2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification בַּ֝⁠עֲז֗וֹז עִינ֥וֹת תְּהוֹם 1 Here Wisdom speaks of the **springs** flowing with much water as if they were people who **became strong**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “when the springs of the watery deep flowed strongly” +8:28 ii3s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession עִינ֥וֹת תְּהוֹם 1 Here Wisdom is using the possessive form to describe **the springs** that supply water to **the watery deep**, which refers to the bottom of the ocean. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the springs that fill the watery deep” +8:29 titz rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns בְּ⁠שׂ֘וּמ֤⁠וֹ & פִ֑י⁠ו & בְּ֝⁠חוּק֗⁠וֹ 1 In this verse, **he** and **his** refer to Yahweh. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “when Yahweh set up … Yahweh’s mouth … when Yahweh inscribed” +8:29 pd76 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor חֻקּ֗⁠וֹ 1 Here, **its statute** refers to the limit or boundary of **sea**, where the **sea** ends and the dry land begins. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “its limit” +8:29 vk7f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy פִ֑י⁠ו 1 Here, **mouth** refers to God’s **statute** that was mentioned in the previous clause as if it were a command spoken by God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “his command” or “that limit” +8:29 f3j9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּ֝⁠חוּק֗⁠וֹ 1 This clause refers to Yahweh designating **the foundations of the earth** as if he were drawing them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “when he designated” or “when he decreed” +8:29 j9sa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מ֣וֹסְדֵי אָֽרֶץ 1 This phrase could refer to: (1) the limits of the land, which were considered to be the bottoms of the mountains (see [Micah 6:2](../mic/06/02.md)). Alternate translation: “the limits of the land” (2) where Yahweh placed **the earth**, which was spoken as if **the earth** were resting on top of **foundations**. Alternate translation: “where the earth would be placed” +8:30 ph2f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וָֽ⁠אֶהְיֶ֥ה אֶצְל֗⁠וֹ אָ֫מ֥וֹן 1 Here Yahweh using Wisdom to create the universe is spoken of as if Wisdom were **a skilled worker** who was **beside him**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “Then he used Wisdom skillfully” or “Then I was like a skilled worker beside him” +8:30 ky7x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns שַׁ֭עֲשֻׁעִים 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **delight**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “delightful” +8:30 a22n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מְשַׂחֶ֖קֶת 1 Here, **frolicking** refers to dancing or playing in a way that expresses great joy. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “acting joyfully” +8:30 mhxo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְ⁠פָנָ֣י⁠ו 1 Here, **face** refers to Yahweh’s presence. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in his presence”\n +8:31 bf8t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מְ֭שַׂחֶקֶת 1 See how you translated this word in the previous verse. +8:31 pw91 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בְּ⁠תֵבֵ֣ל אַרְצ֑⁠וֹ 1 The phrase **world of his earth** could refer to: (1) the whole **world**. Alternate translation: “his entire world” (2) the inhabited part of the **world**. Alternate translation: “his inhabited world” +8:31 tpzd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וְ֝⁠שַׁעֲשֻׁעַ֗⁠י 1 See how you translated “delight” in the previous verse. +8:31 wnq9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בְּנֵ֥י אָדָֽם 1 See how you translated this phrase in [8:4](../08/04.md) +8:32 ly1a rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases וְ⁠עַתָּ֣ה 1 **And now** here indicates a transition from what Wisdom said in [8:4–31](../08/04.md) to the call to pay attention that follows. See how you translated the same clause in [5:7](../05/07.md) and [7:24](../07/24.md).\n +8:32 mgid rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בָ֭נִים 1 See how you translated the same use of **sons** in [4:1](../04/01.md). +8:32 hwt3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וְ֝⁠אַשְׁרֵ֗י 1 Here, **and** introduces the reason for obeying the command stated in the previous clause. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a reason. Alternate translation: “since happy”\n +8:32 m6ib rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דְּרָכַ֥⁠י יִשְׁמֹֽרוּ 1 Here, **ways** refers to behavior. See how you translated the similar use of **keep** and “paths” in [2:20](../02/20.md). Alternate translation: “are they who behave like me” +8:33 uqpl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מוּסָ֥ר 1 See how you translated **instruction** in [1:2](../01/02.md). +8:33 ky6l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes וְ⁠אַל־תִּפְרָֽעוּ 1 Wisdom is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, **not**, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “be sure to pay attention to me” or “be sure to follow me” +8:34 ao5a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אָדָם֮ 1 The word **man** represents a person in general, not one particular **man**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “is the person” +8:34 i55j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism לִ⁠שְׁקֹ֣ד עַל־דַּ֭לְתֹתַ⁠י י֤וֹם ׀ י֑וֹם לִ֝⁠שְׁמֹ֗ר מְזוּזֹ֥ת פְּתָחָֽ⁠י 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “keeping vigil over my doors day by day, yes, keeping watch over the doorposts of my entrances”\n +8:34 vj3r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לִ⁠שְׁקֹ֣ד עַל־דַּ֭לְתֹתַ⁠י י֤וֹם ׀ י֑וֹם לִ֝⁠שְׁמֹ֗ר מְזוּזֹ֥ת פְּתָחָֽ⁠י 1 Here Wisdom speaks of someone being eager to listen to her as if that person was vigilantly waiting at the door to her house. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “being eager to listen to me” or “being eager to listen to me as if one were keeping vigil over my doors day by day, keeping watch over the doorposts of my entrances” +8:34 rlm0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לִ⁠שְׁקֹ֣ד עַל־דַּ֭לְתֹתַ⁠י י֤וֹם ׀ י֑וֹם לִ֝⁠שְׁמֹ֗ר מְזוּזֹ֥ת פְּתָחָֽ⁠י 1 Here, **doors** and **doorposts of my entrances** implies that Wisdom has a house. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “keeping vigil over the doors of my house day by day, keeping watch over the doorposts of the entrances of my house” +8:35 z6lm rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֣י 1 **For** here indicates that what follows is a reason why someone who listens to Wisdom will be happy, as stated in the previous verse. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “That man will be happy because”\n +8:35 hfn9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification מֹצְאַי 1 Here, learning wisdom is spoken of as if wisdom were a person whom someone could find. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated a similar phrase in [3:13](../03/13.md) and [8:17](../08/17.md). Alternate translation: “those who attain wisdom” or “those who become wise” +8:35 i5ov rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification מֹצְאֵי חַיִּ֑ים 1 Having a long **life** is spoken of as if **life** were an object that a person can find by searching for it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “are those who will have long lives”\n +8:35 du0q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations וַ⁠יָּ֥פֶק 1 Although the term **he** is masculine, Wisdom is using the word in a generic sense that could refer to either a man or woman. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “and that person obtains” +8:35 qybq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רָ֝צ֗וֹן 1 See how you translated **favor** in [3:4](../03/04.md). +8:36 gfoj rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants וְֽ֭⁠חֹטְאִ⁠י 1 The phrase translated **a sinner against me** could also be translated as “one who misses me,” which has the idea of failing to “find” wisdom. If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT. +8:36 hmls rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וְֽ֭⁠חֹטְאִ⁠י 1 Here, Wisdom is spoken of as if it were a person whom people could sin **against**. This phrase refers to people who sin by rejecting wisdom. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “But someone who sins by rejecting me” or “But someone who sins by rejecting Wisdom” +8:36 yl6t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חֹמֵ֣ס & מָֽוֶת 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **violence** in [3:31](../03/31.md) and **death** in [2:18](../02/18.md). +8:36 w73k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy נַפְשׁ֑⁠וֹ 1 Here, **life** refers to the person himself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “himself” +8:36 tttn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole אָ֣הֲבוּ מָֽוֶת 1 This phrase is an exaggeration that emphasizes that people who hate wisdom choose to live in a way that will cause them to die. It does not mean that people who hate wisdom actually **love death**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “show by their actions that they choose to die” or “act as if they love death” +9:intro y75r 0 # Proverbs 9 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n2. A father teaches his son about wisdom (1:8–9:18)\n * Avoid evil companions (1:8–19)\n * Do not reject wisdom (1:20–33)\n * Wisdom prevents people from committing crime or adultery (2:1–22)\n * Humbly trust Yahweh (3:1–12)\n * The value of wisdom (3:13–20)\n * Do not act wickedly (3:21–35)\n * Wisdom will benefit you (4:1–9)\n * Behave wisely and avoid those who do not (4:10–19)\n * Live righteously (4:20–27)\n * Avoid temptation to commit adultery (5:1–23)\n * Practical warnings (6:1–19)\n * Adultery will be punished (6:20–35)\n * The Story of an Adulterer (7:1–27)\n * Wisdom benefits the wise (8:1–36)\n * Wisdom and folly (9:1–18)\n\n## Special Concepts in This Chapter\n\n### Wisdom calls out\n\nIn this chapter and the previous chapter, wisdom is referred to as if it were a woman who prepares a meal and calls out for all to come and learn from her. In languages where it is possible for something like wisdom to be spoken of as if it were a person who speaks, the translator should translate in this way. However, if direct translation is not possible in your language, you may translate the personification as similes instead. In that case, wisdom would be presented as being like a wise woman. When wisdom speaks in [9:4–12](../09/04.md), the notes will use the proper noun “Wisdom” to indicate that the personification of wisdom is speaking. See how you translated similar references to wisdom in [1:20–33](../01/20.md) and [8:4–36](../08/04.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])\n +9:1 m12a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification חָ֭כְמוֹת בָּנְתָ֣ה בֵיתָ֑⁠הּ חָצְבָ֖ה עַמּוּדֶ֣י⁠הָ שִׁבְעָֽה 1 In [9:1–12](../09/01.md), **Wisdom** is spoken of as if it were a woman. See the discussion of this in the General Notes for this chapter. Alternate translation: “It is as if wisdom were a woman who has built her house and has hewn out her seven pillars”\n +9:1 s64d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit חָצְבָ֖ה עַמּוּדֶ֣י⁠הָ שִׁבְעָֽה 1 This clause refers to part of the process of building the **house** that was mentioned in the previous clause. A **house** with **seven pillars** would have been very large. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “she has hewn out seven pillars to support the roof of her house” +9:2 zr00 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification טָבְחָ֣ה טִ֭בְחָ⁠הּ מָסְכָ֣ה יֵינָ֑⁠הּ אַ֝֗ף עָֽרְכָ֥ה שֻׁלְחָנָֽ⁠הּ 1 In this verse, wisdom is spoken of as if it were a woman. See the discussion of such personification in the General Notes for this chapter. Alternate translation: “It is as if wisdom were a woman who has slaughtered her slaughter, mixed her wine, and arranged her table” +9:2 hk6e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit טָבְחָ֣ה טִ֭בְחָ⁠הּ מָסְכָ֣ה יֵינָ֑⁠הּ אַ֝֗ף עָֽרְכָ֥ה שֻׁלְחָנָֽ⁠הּ 1 All three of these clauses refer to parts of the process of preparing a special meal for guests. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “She has prepared a meal for guests by slaughtering her slaughter, mixing her wine, and arranging her table” +9:2 x5sw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy טָבְחָ֣ה טִ֭בְחָ⁠הּ 1 Here, **slaughter** refers to the animals that Wisdom has **slaughtered** so that their meat may be eaten at a meal. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “She has slaughtered the animals so that their meat may be eaten at the meal” +9:2 ywr6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מָסְכָ֣ה יֵינָ֑⁠הּ 1 In ancient Israel, people often prepared **wine** for drinking by mixing it with water. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “she has prepared her wine by mixing it with water” +9:2 h2zm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עָֽרְכָ֥ה שֻׁלְחָנָֽ⁠הּ 1 This phrase refers to putting the food and eating utensils on a table in order to prepare for a meal. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “she has prepared her table for people to eat a meal” +9:3 p6e2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification שָֽׁלְחָ֣ה נַעֲרֹתֶ֣י⁠הָ תִקְרָ֑א 1 In this verse, wisdom is spoken of as if it were a wealthy woman who has servants and **calls out** in public. See the discussion of such personification in the General Notes for this chapter. Alternate translation: “It is as if wisdom were a woman who has sent out her young women and calls out” +9:3 akl3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שָֽׁלְחָ֣ה נַעֲרֹתֶ֣י⁠הָ 1 Solomon implies that the **young women** were **sent out** in order to invite people to the meal that Wisdom had prepared. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “She has sent out her young women to invite people to the meal” +9:3 n6ha rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עַל־גַּ֝פֵּ֗י מְרֹ֣מֵי 1 See how you translated the similar phrase “the head of the heights” in [8:2](../08/02.md). +9:4 vxav rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure מִי־פֶ֭תִי יָסֻ֣ר הֵ֑נָּה חֲסַר־לֵ֝֗ב אָ֣מְרָה לּֽ⁠וֹ 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could reverse the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “She says to him lacking of heart, ‘Whoever is naive, let him turn aside here,’” +9:4-5 dv2y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor מִי־פֶ֭תִי יָסֻ֣ר הֵ֑נָּה חֲסַר־לֵ֝֗ב אָ֣מְרָה לּֽ⁠וֹ & לְ֭כוּ לַחֲמ֣וּ בְֽ⁠לַחֲמִ֑⁠י וּ֝⁠שְׁת֗וּ בְּ⁠יַ֣יִן מָסָֽכְתִּי 1 In these two verses, Wisdom speaks of people acquiring wisdom as they were turning **aside** from a path to enter Wisdom’s house, **eat** Wisdom’s **bread**, and **drink** Wisdom’s **wine**. Just as **bread** and **wine**are good and keep people alive, so wisdom also is good and something that enables people to live for a long time. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the comparison. Alternate translation: “She says to him lacking of heart, ‘Whoever is naive, benefit your lives by acquiring wisdom. Doing so is like turning aside here, coming to me, eating my bread, and drinking the wine I have mixed” +9:4 s4da rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יָסֻ֣ר הֵ֑נָּה 1 Here, Wisdom implies that the **naive** person should **turn aside** and come to her house. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “let him leave his path and come to my house” +9:4 bjtb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations יָסֻ֣ר & לּֽ⁠וֹ 1 Although **him** is masculine, here it refers to any **naive** person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “let that person turn aside … to that person”\n +9:4 ea5r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy חֲסַר־לֵ֝֗ב 1 See how you translated the same use of this phrase in [7:7](../07/07.md). +9:5 h6ck rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche בְֽ⁠לַחֲמִ֑⁠י 1 Here, **bread** is used to refer to food in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or express the meaning plainly, as in the UST.\n +9:5 n3eu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you לְ֭כוּ לַחֲמ֣וּ & וּ֝⁠שְׁת֗וּ 1 All three of these commands are plural because Wisdom is addressing all the “naive” people at the same time. +9:5 stm9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּ⁠יַ֣יִן מָסָֽכְתִּי 1 See how you translated the similar phrase in [9:2](../09/02.md). +9:6 b9ma rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you עִזְב֣וּ & וִֽ⁠חְי֑וּ וְ֝⁠אִשְׁר֗וּ 1 All three of these commands are plural because Wisdom is addressing all the **naive** people at the same time. +9:6 ejw3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification עִזְב֣וּ פְתָאיִ֣ם 1 Here, Wisdom tells people to stop doing **naive things** as if those **things** were people whom a person could **Forsake**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Stop your naive behavior” or “Stop doing naive things” +9:6 f53k rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal וִֽ⁠חְי֑וּ 1 Here, **and** indicates that what follows is the purpose for doing what Wisdom commands people to do earlier in this verse. Use a connector in your language that indicates a purpose. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of living”\n +9:6 d5j8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וִֽ⁠חְי֑וּ 1 Here, **live** refers to living a long life. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and live a long life” +9:6 lpn8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ֝⁠אִשְׁר֗וּ בְּ⁠דֶ֣רֶךְ בִּינָֽה 1 Here, Wisdom speaks of a people behaving in a manner that will enable them to acquire **understanding** as if they were striding on a path. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and behave in a manner that will enable you to acquire understanding” +9:6 ycu8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בִּינָֽה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **understanding** in [1:2](../01/02.md). +9:7 xm8y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun יֹ֤סֵ֨ר ׀ לֵ֗ץ לֹקֵ֣חַֽ ל֣⁠וֹ קָל֑וֹן וּ⁠מוֹכִ֖יחַ לְ⁠רָשָׁ֣ע מוּמֽ⁠וֹ 1 Here, the terms **The instructor**, **a mocker**, **himself**, **the rebuker**, **a wicked one**, and **his** do not refer to specific people, but refer to types of people in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any instructor of any mocker receives disgrace for that person, and any rebuker of any wicked one, that person’s injury” +9:7 k7j1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יֹ֤סֵ֨ר ׀ לֵ֗ץ 1 Since **a mocker** does not accept instruction, this phrase implies that someone attempted to be an **instructor of a mocker**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “The one who attempts to instruct a mocker” +9:7 x5sc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לֹקֵ֣חַֽ ל֣⁠וֹ קָל֑וֹן 1 Here, Wisdom speaks of **disgrace** as if it were an object that a person **receives**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will himself be disgraced” +9:7 oad5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns קָל֑וֹן 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **disgrace** in [6:33](../06/33.md). +9:7 vif7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וּ⁠מוֹכִ֖יחַ לְ⁠רָשָׁ֣ע מוּמֽ⁠וֹ 1 Wisdom is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and the rebuker of a wicked one receives his injury”\n +9:7 k4b9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מוּמֽ⁠וֹ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **injury**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “his being injured”\n +9:8 fpc4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result אַל־תּ֣וֹכַח 1 This clause states what Wisdom wants people to do as a result of what Wisdom said in the previous verse. Use the most natural way to express an intended result in your language. Alternate translation: “Therefore, do not rebuke” +9:8 mjq3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לֵ֭ץ פֶּן־יִשְׂנָאֶ֑⁠ךָּ & לְ֝⁠חָכָ֗ם וְ⁠יֶאֱהָבֶֽ⁠ךָּ 1 Here, **a mocker**, **he**, and **a wise one** do not refer to specific people, but refer to types of people in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any mocker, lest that person hate you … any wise one, and that person will love you” +9:8 g1qu rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast הוֹכַ֥ח לְ֝⁠חָכָ֗ם 1 This clause says something that is in contrast to what was said in the previous clause. Use a natural way in your language to express a strong contrast. Alternate translation: “By contrast, rebuke a wise one”\n +9:8 rpxq rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וְ⁠יֶאֱהָבֶֽ⁠ךָּ 1 Here, **and** introduces the result of obeying the command stated in the previous phrase. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate result. Alternate translation: “and it will result in him loving you”\n +9:9 y95j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis תֵּ֣ן 1 Wisdom is leaving out a word that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply this word from the context. Alternate translation: “Give instruction” or “Give what is wise”\n +9:9 c8r2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לְ֭⁠חָכָם וְ⁠יֶחְכַּם־ע֑וֹד & לְ֝⁠צַדִּ֗יק וְ⁠י֣וֹסֶף 1 Here, **a wise one**, **he**, and **a righteous one** do not refer to specific people but refer to these types of people in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “to any wise one, and that person will become more wise … any righteous one, and that person will increase” +9:10 zryv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession תְּחִלַּ֣ת 1 See how you translated the same use of **beginning** in [1:7](../01/07.md). +9:10 oxjy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חָ֭כְמָה & וְ⁠דַ֖עַת & בִּינָֽה 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **wisdom** and **understanding** in [1:2](../01/02.md) and **knowledge** in [1:4](../01/04.md). +9:10 l6yl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession יִרְאַ֣ת יְהוָ֑ה 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:7](../01/07.md). +9:11 xbl2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases כִּי 1 **For** here indicates that Wisdom is emphasizing what follows in this verse. Use a connector in your language that makes that emphasis clear. Alternate translation: “Truly”\n +9:11 uv8i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִרְבּ֣וּ יָמֶ֑י⁠ךָ 1 Here Wisdom speaks of people living for a long time as if the **days** that they are alive were something that could **increase** in number. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you will live many more days” +9:11 jt1z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠יוֹסִ֥יפוּ לְּ֝⁠ךָ֗ שְׁנ֣וֹת חַיִּֽים 1 Here Wisdom speaks of people living for a long time as if the **years** that they are alive were something that could **be added** to their lives. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and you will live many more years” +9:11 wpx5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom שְׁנ֣וֹת חַיִּֽים 1 See how you translated this idiom in [3:2](../03/02.md). +9:11 u5qf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְ⁠יוֹסִ֥יפוּ לְּ֝⁠ךָ֗ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and … I will add to you”\n +9:12 z3ez rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לָּ֑⁠ךְ 1 Here, **for** implies that being **wise** is for the benefit of the **wise** person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “for the benefit of yourself” +9:12 sr5q rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast וְ֝⁠לַ֗צְתָּ 1 Here, **and** indicates that what follows is a strong contrast to what was stated in the previous clause. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a contrast. Alternate translation: “however, if you mock”\n +9:12 zei6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לְֽ⁠בַדְּ⁠ךָ֥ תִשָּֽׂא 1 Here, Wisdom speaks of someone experiencing the consequences of one’s bad behavior as if **it** were a heavy object that one had to carry on one’s back. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you alone will experience the consequences” +9:13 ix9a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession אֵ֣שֶׁת כְּ֭סִילוּת הֹֽמִיָּ֑ה פְּ֝תַיּ֗וּת וּ⁠בַל־יָ֥דְעָה מָּֽה 1 The phrase **woman of insolence** could refer to: (1) a **woman** who is characterized by **stupidity**, in which case this phrase would refer to stupid women in general. Alternate translation: “A stupid woman is loud, naive, and she does not know anything” or “Stupid women are loud, naive, and do not know anything” (2) **stupidity** as if it were a **woman**, which is how wisdom was spoken of in the previous part of this chapter. Alternate translation: “Lady Stupidity is loud, naive, and she does not know anything” +9:13 lbv9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole וּ⁠בַל־יָ֥דְעָה מָּֽה 1 This phrase is an exaggeration that Solomon uses to emphasize how ignorant this **woman** is. It does not mean that **she does not know anything** at all. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and she does not know much” or “and she knows very little”\n +9:14 tk38 וְֽ֭⁠יָשְׁבָה לְ⁠פֶ֣תַח בֵּיתָ֑⁠הּ עַל־כִּ֝סֵּ֗א מְרֹ֣מֵי קָֽרֶת 1 If you translated the phrase “woman of stupidity” as a plural form in the previous verse, then you should use plural forms in this verse. Alternate translation: “And they sit at the opening of their houses, on seats by the heights of the city” +9:14 h74g לְ⁠פֶ֣תַח בֵּיתָ֑⁠הּ 1 See how you translated this phrase in [5:8](../05/08.md). +9:14 mz9x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עַל־כִּ֝סֵּ֗א 1 This clause could refer to: (1) the specific location of **the opening of her house**. Alternate translation: “which is on a seat” (2) a second location where **she sits**. Alternate translation: “or on a seat”\n +9:14 sqcz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מְרֹ֣מֵי קָֽרֶת 1 See how you translated this phrase in [9:3](../09/03.md). +9:15 zygf rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal לִ⁠קְרֹ֥א 1 Here, **to** indicates that what follows is the purpose for the “woman of stupidity” sitting in a public place, as stated in the previous verse. Use a natural way in your language to express a purpose. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of calling” +9:15 tcdj לְ⁠עֹֽבְרֵי־דָ֑רֶךְ 1 Alternate translation: “to those walking by on the road” +9:15 cqd1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom הַֽ֝⁠מְיַשְּׁרִ֗ים אֹֽרְחוֹתָֽ⁠ם 1 This clause is an idiom that describes people who are only thinking of their own affairs. If this clause does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the ones minding their own business” or “the ones only thinking about their own affairs” +9:16 ck1n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מִי־פֶ֭תִי יָסֻ֣ר הֵ֑נָּה וַ⁠חֲסַר־לֵ֝֗ב וְ⁠אָ֣מְרָה לּֽ⁠וֹ 1 See how you translated the nearly identical clauses in [9:4](../09/04.md). +9:17 gr7d rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result מַֽיִם־גְּנוּבִ֥ים יִמְתָּ֑קוּ 1 The stupid woman implies that what she says in this verse is the reason why the “naive” should “turn aside” to her. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Turn aside here because stolen waters are sweet” +9:17 jsi6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מַֽיִם־גְּנוּבִ֥ים יִמְתָּ֑קוּ וְ⁠לֶ֖חֶם סְתָרִ֣ים יִנְעָֽם 1 In this verse, the foolish woman refers to the pleasure of having sex with someone to whom one is not married as if it were as **sweet** as **stolen waters** or as **pleasant** as **bread of secrecies**. Water and food are also used as euphemisms for sexual activity in [5:15–19](../05/15.md) and [30:20](../30/20.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile: “Having sex with me is truly enjoyable” or “Having sex with me is as enjoyable as drinking stolen waters or eating bread of secrecies” +9:17 v8z3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְ⁠לֶ֖חֶם סְתָרִ֣ים 1 The phrase **bread of secrecies** could refer to: (1) **bread** that a person secretly eats by himself. Alternate translation: “and bread that is eaten in secrecy” (2) **bread** that one obtains through secret deeds, which implies stealing the **bread**. Alternate translation: “and bread obtained secretly” or “and stolen bread” +9:18 kjuw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun וְֽ⁠לֹא־יָ֭דַע 1 Here, **he** refers to any naive man to whom the stupid woman calls. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “But any naive man does not know” +9:18 kg4h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor רְפָאִ֣ים שָׁ֑ם 1 Here, Solomon speaks of those men who died because they went to the stupid woman’s house as if their dead **spirits** were **there**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “that the men who have gone to her house are now dead” +9:18 m5oj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive קְרֻאֶֽי⁠הָ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the ones whom she called” +9:18 k1fh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit קְרֻאֶֽי⁠הָ 1 This phrase refers to the men who went to the stupid woman’s house to commit adultery with her in response to her calling them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the men whom she called and they accepted her call” or “the men who went to her house after she called them” +10:intro fhy5 0 # Proverbs 10 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n### Outline of Proverbs\n\n3. Proverbs from Solomon (10:1–22:16)\n\nChapter 10 starts a new section of the book, which is mainly filled with short, individual proverbs that were written by Solomon.\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in This Chapter\n\n### Contrasting parallelism\n\nExcept for [10:10](../10/10.md), [18](../10/18.md), [22](../10/22.md), [26](../10/26.md), all the proverbs in this chapter consist of two parallel clauses that contrast with each other. +10:1 tab7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis מִשְׁלֵ֗י שְׁלֹ֫מֹ֥ה 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:1](../01/01.md). +10:1 sank rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בֵּ֣ן חָ֭כָם יְשַׂמַּח־אָ֑ב וּ⁠בֵ֥ן כְּ֝סִ֗יל תּוּגַ֥ת אִמּֽ⁠וֹ 1 Although the terms **son** and **his** are masculine, Solomon is using these words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “Any wise person gladdens that person’s father, but any stupid person is the grief of that person’s mother”\n +10:1 a6oo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אָ֑ב 1 Here, **father** refers specifically to the **father** of the **son** mentioned earlier in the sentence. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly, as in the UST. +10:1 msr4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תּוּגַ֥ת אִמּֽ⁠וֹ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **grief**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “grieves his mother” +10:2 ffz8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession אוֹצְר֣וֹת רֶ֑שַׁע 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **Treasures** that someone gained by **wickedness**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “Treasures gained in wicked ways” or “Treasures obtained by wicked means” +10:2 xnh7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis לֹא־י֭וֹעִילוּ 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “do not profit those who possess them” +10:2 iavl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וּ֝⁠צְדָקָ֗ה & מִ⁠מָּֽוֶת 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **righteousness** in [1:3](../01/03.md) and **death** in [2:18](../02/18.md). +10:2 kdl3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis תַּצִּ֥יל 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “delivers a person” +10:3 df3m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche נֶ֣פֶשׁ צַדִּ֑יק 1 Here **life** refers to the whole person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the righteous person” +10:3 u9iu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יֶהְדֹּֽף 1 Here Solomon speaks of **Yahweh** preventing **the wicked ones** from getting what they **desire** as if that **desire** were an object that **Yahweh thrusts away**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he thwarts” +10:4 e3ef rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche כַף־רְמִיָּ֑ה וְ⁠יַ֖ד חָרוּצִ֣ים 1 Here, **palm** and **hand** represent the whole person, who works by using a **palm** or **hand**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “A person unwilling to work … but people who work diligently” +10:4 yly7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רָ֗אשׁ 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **poverty** in [6:11](../06/11.md). +10:5 o7c1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אֹגֵ֣ר & בֵּ֣ן & נִרְדָּ֥ם & בֵּ֣ן 1 **One who gathers**, **a son**, and **one who keeps** refer to types of people in general, not specific people or sons. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who gathers … is any son … but any person who sleeps … is any son” +10:5 i51x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֹגֵ֣ר בַּ֭⁠קַּיִץ & בַּ֝⁠קָּצִ֗יר 1 See how you translated the same use of **gathers**, **summer**, and **harvest** in [6:8](../06/08.md). +10:5 mwm2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis אֹגֵ֣ר 1 Solomon is leaving out a word that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply the word from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “One who gathers food” +10:5 o82h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מַשְׂכִּ֑יל 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **insight** in [1:3](../01/03.md). +10:6 k7j2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לְ⁠רֹ֣אשׁ צַדִּ֑יק 1 Here, **head** represents the whole person. In Solomon’s culture people would place their hands on top of the **head** of the person whom they were blessing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “are given to the righteous person” +10:6 y4mb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּ⁠פִ֥י רְ֝שָׁעִ֗ים 1 Here, **mouth** could refer to: (1) what **the wicked ones** say. Alternate translation: “but the speech of the wicked ones” (2) **the wicked ones** themselves. Alternate translation: “but the wicked ones themselves”\n +10:6 todb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy יְכַסֶּ֥ה 1 Here, Solomon refers to someone concealing **violence** as if it were an object that someone **covers**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “conceals” +10:6 k4dp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חָמָֽס 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **violence** in [3:31](../03/31.md). +10:7 k8ro rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession זֵ֣כֶר צַ֭דִּיק לִ⁠בְרָכָ֑ה 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe the **memory** that other people have about **the righteous one**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “The righteous one will be remembered for a blessing” +10:7 gzif rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun צַ֭דִּיק 1 Although **righteous one** here is singular, it refers to all **righteous** people in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “any righteous person” +10:7 nmda rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לִ⁠בְרָכָ֑ה 1 This phrase indicates that people will be blessed when they remember **the righteous one**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “will be a blessing to others” or “will bless others” +10:7 edf9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun וְ⁠שֵׁ֖ם 1 Although **name** here is singular, it refers to the names of all the **wicked ones** in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “but the names of” +10:7 e1w8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ⁠שֵׁ֖ם 1 Here, **name** refers to a person’s reputation. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but the reputation of” or “but what people think of” +10:7 s7ja rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִרְקָֽב 1 Here, Solomon speaks of people forgetting **the name of the wicked ones** as if that **name** is an object that rots and disappears. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “will be forgotten” or “will be forgotten like something that rots away” +10:8 m4yh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom חֲכַם־לֵ֭ב 1 This phrase refers to a person who thinks wisely. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “A wise thinker” +10:8 q33f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִקַּ֣ח מִצְוֺ֑ת 1 Here Solomon refers to obeying **commands** as if they were objects that a person **receives**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “obeys commands” +10:8 vu21 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מִצְוֺ֑ת 1 Solomon implies that **wise** people obey good **commands**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “good commands” +10:8 lays rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וֶ⁠אֱוִ֥יל שְׂ֝פָתַ֗יִם 1 Here, **the one stupid of lips** refers to someone who speaks foolishly. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a similar expression in your language or express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but a chattering fool” or “but one who speaks stupidly” +10:8 bmhd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יִלָּבֵֽט 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “will throw themselves down” +10:8 e725 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִלָּבֵֽט 1 Here Solomon refers to a person’s life becoming ruined or destroyed as if that person were **thrown down** on the ground. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will be destroyed” or “will be made useless” +10:9 ps6l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הוֹלֵ֣ךְ בַּ֭⁠תֹּם 1 See how you translated the similar phrase “walking with integrity” in [2:7](../02/07.md). +10:9 e1m3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יֵ֣לֶךְ בֶּ֑טַח 1 See how you translated a similar use of **walk** in [3:23](../03/23.md). +10:9 f151 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ⁠מְעַקֵּ֥שׁ דְּ֝רָכָ֗י⁠ו 1 See how you translated the similar use of “paths” and **crooked** in [2:15](../02/15.md). +10:9 oc4h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יִוָּדֵֽעַ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people will know” or “God will know” +10:9 xw85 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יִוָּדֵֽעַ 1 Here, **known** refers to the **one who causes his ways to be crooked** being discovered or found out. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “will be discovered” or “will be found out” +10:10 mi1k rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction קֹ֣רֵֽץ עַ֭יִן 1 See how you translated a similar phrase is [6:13](../06/13.md). +10:10 zlfb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִתֵּ֣ן עַצָּ֑בֶת 1 Here Solomon speaks of causing people to feel **pain** or grief as if **pain** were an object that someone **gives** to someone else. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “causes pain” +10:10 p957 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וֶ⁠אֱוִ֥יל שְׂ֝פָתַ֗יִם יִלָּבֵֽט 1 See how you translated the nearly identical clause in [10:8](../10/08.md). +10:11 tv58 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession מְק֣וֹר חַ֭יִּים 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **fountain** that gives **life**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “A fountain that gives life” +10:11 uifo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מְק֣וֹר חַ֭יִּים 1 Here Solomon is speaking of **the mouth of the righteous one** as if it were a **fountain of life**. He means that what a **righteous** person says is beneficial to a person’s **life**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Something that benefits a person’s life” +10:11 f47s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy פִּ֣י 1 In this verse, **mouth** refers to what a person says by using his **mouth**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is the speech of” +10:11 bz8g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ⁠פִ֥י רְ֝שָׁעִ֗ים יְכַסֶּ֥ה חָמָֽס 1 See how you translated the identical clause in [10:6](../10/06.md). +10:12 t8a8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification שִׂ֭נְאָה תְּעוֹרֵ֣ר מְדָנִ֑ים 1 Here Solomon speaks of **Hatred** as if it were a living thing that could cause **quarrels**. He means that people who hate cause such **quarrels**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Being hateful causes one to stir up quarrels” +10:12 ph1a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וְ⁠עַ֥ל כָּל־פְּ֝שָׁעִ֗ים תְּכַסֶּ֥ה אַהֲבָֽה 1 Here Solomon speaks of **love** as if it were a living thing that could cover over **transgressions**. He means that people who love forgive **transgressions**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but being hateful causes one to forgive transgressions” +10:12 rrwo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns פְּ֝שָׁעִ֗ים 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **transgressions**, you could express the same idea in another way. Here, **transgressions** refers to crimes committed against people. Alternate translation: “that people do to harm others” +10:13 n8pk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּ⁠שִׂפְתֵ֣י נָ֭בוֹן 1 Here Solomon refers to what a **discerning** person says as if it were an object on that person’s **lips**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “In what a discerning person says” +10:13 i0xo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תִּמָּצֵ֣א חָכְמָ֑ה 1 Here, Solomon refers to the existence of **wisdom** as if it were an object that could be found. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “wisdom exists” or “there is wisdom” +10:13 xjnm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חָכְמָ֑ה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **wisdom** in [1:2](../01/02.md). +10:13 ww93 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ֝⁠שֵׁ֗בֶט לְ⁠גֵ֣ו 1 The phrase **rod for the back** refers to a form of punishment that involved beating a person on **the back** with a **rod**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a general expression for physical punishment. Alternate translation: “but physical punishment is for” +10:13 qqcn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy חֲסַר־לֵֽב 1 See how you translated **lacking of heart** in [6:32](../06/32.md). +10:14 m077 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִצְפְּנוּ 1 See how you translated the same use of **store up** in [2:1](../02/01.md). +10:14 gzs8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns דָ֑עַת 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **knowledge** in [1:4](../01/04.md).\n +10:14 ej72 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּ⁠פִֽי 1 See how you translated the same use of **mouth** in [10:11](../10/11.md). +10:14 u04u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מְחִתָּ֥ה קְרֹבָֽה 1 Here Solomon speaks of what a **fool** says causes **ruin** as if that fool’s **mouth** was **near ruin**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “causes ruin” +10:15 ip06 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom קִרְיַ֣ת עֻזּ֑⁠וֹ 1 The phrase **city of his strength** is an idiom that refers to a **city** with walls that protect the people inside the **city**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is a walled city” or “is a city with strong walls” +10:15 fd3s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor קִרְיַ֣ת עֻזּ֑⁠וֹ 1 Here Solomon refers to **wealth** enabling its owners to be safe as if it were a strong **city** that protects them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is his protection” +10:15 izlm rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast מְחִתַּ֖ת דַּלִּ֣ים רֵישָֽׁ⁠ם 1 This clause is in strong contrast to the previous clause. In your translation, indicate this strong contrast in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “by contrast, the ruin of lowly ones is their poverty”\n +10:15 wgyj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דַּלִּ֣ים 1 The phrase **lowly ones** refers to poor people as if they were located in a place that is lower than that of people who are not poor. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “people who are poor” +10:15 xiq7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רֵישָֽׁ⁠ם 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **poverty** in [6:11](../06/11.md). +10:16 im19 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor פְּעֻלַּ֣ת 1 Here Solomon speaks of the reward that **the righteous one** receives as if it were a **wage** that someone pays. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The reward for” +10:16 rya2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun צַדִּ֣יק & רָשָׁ֣ע 1 The phrases **the righteous one** and **the wicked one** represent types of people in general, not one particular **righteous one** or **wicked one**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any righteous person … any wicked person” +10:16 pxqo rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result לְ⁠חַיִּ֑ים & לְ⁠חַטָּֽאת 1 In this verse, the phrase **is for** indicates that what follows is the result of what was previous stated. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate result. Alternate translation: “leads to life … leads to sin” or “results in life … results in sin” +10:16 y9vo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לְ⁠חַיִּ֑ים 1 Here, **life** refers to a long **life**. If it would be helpful in your family, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “is to a long life” “is to living a long time” +10:16 arpw rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast תְּבוּאַ֖ת רָשָׁ֣ע לְ⁠חַטָּֽאת 1 This clause is a strong contrast with the previous clause. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a contrast. Alternate translation: “by contrast, the income of the wicked one is to sin” +10:16 m318 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תְּבוּאַ֖ת 1 Here Solomon speaks of the recompense or punishment that **the wicked one** receives as if it were **income**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the recompense for” +10:16 y0f9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְ⁠חַטָּֽאת 1 Here, **sin** could refer to: (1) the punishment that someone receives for **sin**, which is suggested by the contrasting parallelism between this clause and the previous clause. Alternate translation: “is for punishment for sin” (2) **sin** itself. Alternate translation: “is to sin more” +10:17 k6n3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֹ֣רַח 1 See how you translated the same use of **path** in [8:20](../08/20.md). +10:17 whb1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result לְ֭⁠חַיִּים 1 Here, **to** indicates that what follows is the result of keeping **instruction**. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate result. Alternate translation: “that leads to life” or “that results in life” +10:17 uz9m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מוּסָ֑ר & תּוֹכַ֣חַת 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **instruction** in [1:2](../01/02.md) and **rebuke** in [1:25](../01/25.md). +10:17 st2j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וְ⁠עוֹזֵ֖ב 1 See how you translated the same use of “forsake” in [1:8](../01/08.md). +10:17 w1bh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מַתְעֶֽה 1 Here Solomon refers to someone deliberately doing wicked things that will result in that person’s destruction as if that person were wandering away from a road. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “does what will result in that person’s destruction” +10:18 b97z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מְכַסֶּ֣ה 1 See how you translated the same use of **covers** in [10:6](../10/06.md). +10:18 yvue rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession שִׂפְתֵי־שָׁ֑קֶר 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **lips** that are characterized by **falsehood**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “has false lips” +10:18 d6bj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שִׂפְתֵי 1 Here, **lips** refers to what people say by moving their **lips**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “tells” +10:18 hrop rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ה֣וּא 1 Although the term **he** is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that could refer to either a man or woman. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “that person”\n +10:19 zfsi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּ⁠רֹ֣ב דְּ֭בָרִים 1 Here Solomon implies that someone is speaking **a multitude of words**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “When someone speaks a multitude of words” +10:19 gn9t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns פָּ֑שַׁע 1 See how you translated “transgressions” in [10:12](../10/12.md). +10:19 zc3a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes לֹ֣א יֶחְדַּל 1 Solomon is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, **not**, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning, forsake. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “continues”\n +10:19 bemw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠חֹשֵׂ֖ךְ שְׂפָתָ֣י⁠ו 1 This phrase is an idiom that refers to someone who stops himself from speaking. If it would be helpful, you could use an equivalent idiom from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but one who keeps his mouth shut” or “but one who prevents himself from speaking” +10:20 f3ev rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor כֶּ֣סֶף נִ֭בְחָר 1 Here Solomon speaks of the value of what righteous people say as if it were the best quality **silver**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “Extremely valuable” or “Like choice silver” +10:20 h1pz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְשׁ֣וֹן 1 See how you translated the same use of **tongue** in [6:17](../06/17.md). +10:20 hqr6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לְשׁ֣וֹן צַדִּ֑יק 1 See how you translated **the righteous one** in [10:16](../10/16.md). +10:20 j8nh rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast לֵ֖ב רְשָׁעִ֣ים כִּ⁠מְעָֽט 1 This clause is a strong contrast with the previous clause. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a contrast. Alternate translation: “by contrast, the heart of the wicked ones is like little” +10:20 pvj4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לֵ֖ב 1 See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [2:2](../02/02.md). +10:20 np2p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כִּ⁠מְעָֽט 1 Here, **like little** refers to having **little** value. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “has little value” or “is not valuable” +10:21 h4rr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שִׂפְתֵ֣י 1 Here, **lips** refers to what people say by moving their **lips**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The sayings of” +10:21 zs7h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun צַ֭דִּיק 1 See how you translated this phrase in [10:16](../10/16.md). +10:21 kp6k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification יִרְע֣וּ 1 Here, Solomon speaks of what **righteous** people say benefitting people as if their words were shepherding the hearers. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “help” +10:21 p2vv rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result בַּ⁠חֲסַר־לֵ֥ב יָמֽוּתוּ 1 Here, **by** indicates that what follows is the reason why **fools die**. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a reason. Alternate translation: “die as a result of lacking heart” +10:21 hxdd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לֵ֥ב 1 See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [6:32](../06/32.md). +10:22 es92 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants וְ⁠לֹֽא־יוֹסִ֖ף עֶ֣צֶב עִמָּֽ⁠הּ 1 The word translated as **pain** can also mean “toil.” Some scholars think this word is the subject of the phrase **does not add**. If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT. Alternate translation: “and toil does not add to it” or “and hard work does not add more riches to it” +10:23 ipb2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כִּ⁠שְׂח֣וֹק לִ֭⁠כְסִיל עֲשׂ֣וֹת זִמָּ֑ה 1 Solomon is saying that **doing a wicked plan** is like **laughter** because **a stupid one** enjoys it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “Doing a wicked plan is as much fun as laughing for a stupid one” +10:23 s120 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְ֝⁠חָכְמָ֗ה לְ⁠אִ֣ישׁ תְּבוּנָֽה 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words in this clause that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “but wisdom is like laughter for a man of understanding”\n +10:23 xso2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וְ֝⁠חָכְמָ֗ה & תְּבוּנָֽה 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **wisdom** and **understanding** in [1:2](../01/02.md). +10:23 a7he rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations לְ⁠אִ֣ישׁ תְּבוּנָֽה 1 Although **man** is masculine, here it refers to any person with **understanding**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “for a person of understanding”\n +10:23 l951 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession לְ⁠אִ֣ישׁ תְּבוּנָֽה 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **man** who is characterized by **understanding**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “for an understanding man” or “for a person who has understanding” +10:24 xai5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מְגוֹרַ֣ת 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **terror**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “That which terrifies” +10:24 vsxc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun רָ֭שָׁע הִ֣יא תְבוֹאֶ֑⁠נּוּ 1 In this verse, **the wicked one** and **him** refer to **wicked** people in general. See how you translated **the wicked one** in [3:33](../03/33.md). Alternate translation: “any wicked person, it will come to that person” +10:24 qvlu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification הִ֣יא תְבוֹאֶ֑⁠נּוּ 1 Here Solomon speaks of someone experiencing **terror** as if **terror** were a living thing that could **come** to someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “it will happen to him” +10:24 o37f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis יִתֵּֽן 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “will be given to them” +10:24 t4gc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יִתֵּֽן 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The context implies that Yahweh will do the action. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will give” +10:25 ba1i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor כַּ⁠עֲב֣וֹר ס֭וּפָה 1 This could refer to: (1) any destructive event. Alternate translation: “At the occurring of a disaster” or “When a disaster occurs” (2) a storm. Alternate translation: “When a storm occurs” +10:25 ci43 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous וְ⁠אֵ֣ין רָשָׁ֑ע 1 The word translated **and** here indicates that the event it introduces took place at the same time as the event stated in the previous clause. Use a natural form in your language for introducing an event that happened at the same time as another event. Alternate translation: “at that time there is no wicked one” +10:25 fhvg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠אֵ֣ין רָשָׁ֑ע 1 Here Solomon implies that the **whirlwind** blew away every **wicked one**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and there is no wicked one because the whirlwind blew them away” +10:25 lf8h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun וְ֝⁠צַדִּ֗יק 1 Solomon is speaking of **righteous** people in general, not of one particular **righteous** person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “but any righteous person” +10:25 v58h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יְס֣וֹד עוֹלָֽם 1 Here Solomon refers to **a righteous one** being able to endure disasters as if that person were the **foundation** of a building that storms do not damage. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “endures to eternity” or “remains forever” +10:25 a7e2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession יְס֣וֹד עוֹלָֽם 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **foundation** that lasts to **eternity**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “is an eternal foundation” or “is a foundation that lasts to eternity” +10:26 fk5l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כַּ⁠חֹ֤מֶץ ׀ לַ⁠שִּׁנַּ֗יִם וְ⁠כֶ⁠עָשָׁ֥ן לָ⁠עֵינָ֑יִם 1 Solomon is saying that **the lazy one** is like **vinegar to the teeth and smoke to the eyes** because **vinegar** irritates **teeth** and **smoke** irritates **eyes**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “Like vinegar is irritating to teeth and smoke is irritating to eyes” +10:26 i1xh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun הֶ֝⁠עָצֵ֗ל לְ⁠שֹׁלְחָֽי⁠ו 1 In this verse, **the lazy one** and **him** refer to **lazy** people in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “is any lazy person to one who sends that person” +10:26 t15r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לְ⁠שֹׁלְחָֽי⁠ו 1 Here Solomon implies that **the lazy one** was sent to do some errand for the person who sent him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “to one who sends him to do an errand” +10:27 rv8w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession יִרְאַ֣ת יְ֭הוָה 1 See how you translated the **fear of Yahweh** in [1:7](../01/07.md).\n +10:27 s8vi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תּוֹסִ֣יף יָמִ֑ים 1 Here Solomon speaks of the **fear of Yahweh** as if it could **add days** to a person’s life. He means that fearing **Yahweh** will enable a person to live a long life. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will result in days being added”\n +10:27 ubhw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit תּוֹסִ֣יף יָמִ֑ים 1 Here Solomon implies that **days** are added to the length of a person’s life. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “will add days to the length of a person’s life” +10:27 qdwt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ⁠שְׁנ֖וֹת רְשָׁעִ֣ים 1 Here Solomon uses **years** to refer to the length of time that a person lives. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but the lifetimes of the wicked ones” +10:28 pds2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תּוֹחֶ֣לֶת & שִׂמְחָ֑ה 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **hope** and **joy**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “What is hoped by … is what is joyful” +10:28 rrjz rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result שִׂמְחָ֑ה 1 This could mean: (1) the **hope** results in **joy**. Alternate translation: “results in joy” (2) **joy** is what **the righteous ones** hope for, as in the ULT. +10:28 zqr5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠תִקְוַ֖ת רְשָׁעִ֣ים תֹּאבֵֽד 1 Here Solomon speaks of **the wicked ones** having unfulfilled expectations as if their **expectation will perish**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but the expectation of the wicked ones will remain unfulfilled” +10:29 gey1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מָע֣וֹז 1 Here Solomon refers to **the way of Yahweh** protecting people as if it were a **stronghold**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Protection” +10:29 xa49 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns לַ֭⁠תֹּם & אָֽוֶן 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **integrity** in [1:3](../01/03.md) and **iniquity** in [6:12](../06/12.md). +10:29 m9nr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy דֶּ֣רֶךְ יְהוָ֑ה 1 Here, **way** refers to what **Yahweh** does, or his behavior. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is what Yahweh does” or “is the behavior of Yahweh” +10:29 e60k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וּ֝⁠מְחִתָּ֗ה 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “but the way of Yahweh is ruin” +10:30 url1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun צַדִּ֣יק 1 See how you translated the same phrase in [9:9](../09/09.md). +10:30 ub25 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes בַּל־יִמּ֑וֹט 1 Solomon is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, **not**, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “will be secure” +10:30 fpnl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אָֽרֶץ 1 See how you translated the same use of **the land** in [2:21](../02/21.md). +10:31 f7hy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy פִּֽי־צַ֭דִּיק 1 See how you translated this phrase in [10:11](../10/11.md). +10:31 h789 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יָנ֣וּב חָכְמָ֑ה 1 Here Solomon refers to a **righteous** person saying wise things as if **wisdom** were a **fruit** that a plant **bears**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “speaks wisdom” or “speaks wisdom like a plant bears fruit” +10:31 amx2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּ⁠לְשׁ֥וֹן 1 See how you translated the same use of **tongue** in [6:17](../06/17.md). +10:31 p9y1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive תִּכָּרֵֽת 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The context implies that Yahweh will do the action. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will cut off” +10:31 s2vb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole תִּכָּרֵֽת 1 Here Solomon speaks of **the perverse ones** not being permitted to speak as if someone **cut off** their tongues. He does not mean that someone would literally **cut off** their tongues. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will not be allowed to speak” or “will be stopped” +10:32 y79y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שִׂפְתֵ֣י צַ֭דִּיק 1 See how you translated this phrase in [10:21](../10/21.md). +10:32 gn3b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification יֵדְע֣וּ⁠ן רָצ֑וֹן 1 Here, Solomon speaks of a **righteous** person saying pleasing things as if that person’s **lips** were people who **know favor**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “express favor” +10:32 bx51 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רָצ֑וֹן 1 See how you translated **favor** in [3:4](../03/04.md). +10:32 scfp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וּ⁠פִ֥י רְ֝שָׁעִ֗ים תַּהְפֻּכֽוֹת 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “but the mouth of the wicked ones speaks perverse things” or “but the mouth of the wicked ones expresses perverse things” +10:32 ay8q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּ⁠פִ֥י רְ֝שָׁעִ֗ים 1 See how you translated this phrase in [10:6](../10/06.md). +11:intro uk6v 0 # Proverbs 11 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nChapter 11 continues the section of the book written by Solomon that is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in This Chapter\n\n### Contrasting parallelism\n\nExcept for [11:7](../11/07.md), [10](../11/10.md), [22](../11/22.md), [25](../11/25.md), and [11:29–31](../11/29.md), all the proverbs in this chapter consist of two parallel clauses that contrast with each other. +11:1 nux3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מֹאזְנֵ֣י & וְ⁠אֶ֖בֶן שְׁלֵמָ֣ה 1 Solomon does not mean that **Yahweh** actually hates these **Scales** or has **delight** in this **whole stone**. Rather, he means that **Yahweh** hates people using these **Scales** and has **delight** in people using **a whole stone**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The use of scales of … but the use of a whole stone” +11:1 wl8y rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown מֹאזְנֵ֣י מִ֭רְמָה 1 **Scales** describes an instrument for determining the weight of an object or comparing the weight of two objects. It consists of a central post with a crossbar from which two pans are hung. An object may be placed in one pan and known weights placed in the other pan until the crossbar remains level, indicating that both pans contain an equal weight. Or one object may be placed in one pan and a different object in the other pan; the pan that hangs lower contains the heavier object. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of weighing instrument, you could use the name of something similar in your area, or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “a balancing scale of deceit” or “a weighing instrument of deceit”\n +11:1 qsoh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession מֹאזְנֵ֣י מִ֭רְמָה 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **Scales** that are used for **deceit**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “Scales used to deceive people” or “Scales people use to deceive others” +11:1 g3jt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תּוֹעֲבַ֣ת יְהוָ֑ה 1 See how you translated **an abomination to Yahweh** in [3:32](../03/32.md). +11:1 pe2q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠אֶ֖בֶן שְׁלֵמָ֣ה 1 Here, **whole stone** refers to a **stone** people use as a weight on a pair of **Scales** that accurately weighs the **whole** amount that people expect it to weigh. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but an accurate weight” or “but a stone that weighs the correct weight” +11:1 x8n5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רְצוֹנֽ⁠וֹ 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **delight** in [8:30](../08/30.md). +11:2 fofi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification בָּֽא־זָ֭דוֹן וַ⁠יָּבֹ֣א קָל֑וֹן 1 Here Solomon speaks of a person acting with **presumptuousness** and experiencing **disgrace** as if **presumptuousness** and **disgrace** were living things that come to someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “When someone acts with presumptuousness, then that person experiences disgrace”\n +11:2 zylz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns זָ֭דוֹן 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **presumptuousness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “being presumptuous” +11:2 xgro rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential וַ⁠יָּבֹ֣א קָל֑וֹן 1 The word translated **then** at the beginning of this phrase indicates that this event happened after the event described in the previous phrase. Use a natural form in your language for introducing the next event in a sequence of events. Alternate translation: “disgrace comes afterward” +11:2 n8ow rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns קָל֑וֹן & חָכְמָֽה 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **disgrace** in [6:33](../06/33.md) and **wisdom** in [1:2](../01/02.md). +11:3 bg97 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification תֻּמַּ֣ת יְשָׁרִ֣ים תַּנְחֵ֑⁠ם 1 Here Solomon speaks of **integrity** as if it were a living thing that could **guide** a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “When upright ones act with integrity, doing so will enable them to know what to do” or “The integrity of the upright ones is like a guide for them” +11:3 rj24 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תֻּמַּ֣ת 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **integrity** in [1:3](../01/03.md). +11:3 k9jr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וְ⁠סֶ֖לֶף בּוֹגְדִ֣ים יְשָׁדֵּֽם 1 Here Solomon speaks of **crookedness** as if it were a living thing that could **destroy** a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use similes. Alternate translation: “but when treacherous ones act with crookedness, doing so will destroy them” or “but the crookedness of the treacherous ones is like a person who destroys them” +11:3 cq7k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠סֶ֖לֶף 1 See how you translated a similar use of “crooked” in [2:15](../02/15.md). +11:4 wqkk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis לֹא־יוֹעִ֣יל ה֭וֹן בְּ⁠י֣וֹם עֶבְרָ֑ה וּ֝⁠צְדָקָ֗ה תַּצִּ֥יל מִ⁠מָּֽוֶת 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages both of these clauses would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “Wealth will not profit you in the day of rage, but righteousness will deliver you from death” or “Wealth will not profit people in the day of rage, but righteousness will deliver people from death” +11:4 sgq1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לֹא־יוֹעִ֣יל 1 See how you translated the same use of **profit** in [3:14](../03/14.md). +11:4 r538 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּ⁠י֣וֹם עֶבְרָ֑ה 1 Here, **the day of rage** refers to a time when God will judge wicked people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “in the day of Yahweh’s judgment” +11:4 fc86 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וּ֝⁠צְדָקָ֗ה תַּצִּ֥יל מִ⁠מָּֽוֶת 1 Here Solomon speaks of **righteousness** enabling a person to escape **death** as if ""righteousness** were a living thing that could **deliver** that person **from death**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “but righteousness will enable someone to be delivered from death” or “but righteousness is like someone who delivers a person from death” +11:4 zlmx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וּ֝⁠צְדָקָ֗ה & מִ⁠מָּֽוֶת 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **righteousness** in [1:3](../01/03.md) and **death** in [2:18](../02/18.md). +11:5 lc4r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns צִדְקַ֣ת & וּ֝⁠בְ⁠רִשְׁעָת֗⁠וֹ 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **righteousness** in [1:3](../01/03.md) and **wickedness** in [4:17](../04/17.md). +11:5 ytaf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun תָּ֭מִים 1 The phrase **a blameless one** represents **blameless** people in general, not one particular **blameless one**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “any blameless person” +11:5 aqrm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit תָּ֭מִים 1 Here, **a blameless one** refers to someone whom Yahweh does not blame for acting wickedly. See how you translated the same use of “blameless ones” in [2:21](../02/21.md). +11:5 d5mr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תְּיַשֵּׁ֣ר דַּרְכּ֑⁠וֹ 1 Here Solomon refers to enabling someone to know what that person should do as making that person’s **way straight**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated a similar idea in [3:6](../03/06.md). Alternate translation: “will cause that person to know what to do” +11:5 lmxk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun רָשָֽׁע 1 See how you translated this phrase in [9:7](../09/07.md). +11:5 vhe9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִפֹּ֥ל 1 Here Solomon speaks of someone experiencing disaster as if that person were falling down. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will experience disaster” +11:6 v49j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns צִדְקַ֣ת 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **righteousness** in [1:2](../01/02.md). +11:6 av1p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification צִדְקַ֣ת יְ֭שָׁרִים תַּצִּילֵ֑⁠ם 1 Here, Solomon speaks of **righteousness** enabling a person to escape something as if **righteousness** were a person who could **deliver** that person from harm. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. See how you translated a similar expression in [11:4](../11/04.md). Alternate translation: “The righteousness of the upright ones will enable them to be delivered” or “The righteousness of the upright ones is like someone who delivers them” +11:6 koj4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns יִלָּכֵֽדוּ 1 The pronoun **they** here refers to **the treacherous ones**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “those treacherous ones will be captured” +11:6 b5vy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יִלָּכֵֽדוּ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “someone will capture them” +11:7 zn33 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּ⁠מ֤וֹת אָדָ֣ם רָ֭שָׁע 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **death**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “When a wicked man dies” +11:7 jaln rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אָדָ֣ם רָ֭שָׁע 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “a wicked person” +11:7 snm5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification תֹּאבַ֣ד & אָבָֽדָה 1 In this verse, Solomon speaks of **expectation** and **hope** remaining unfulfilled as if they were living things that could **perish**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use similes. Alternate translation: “will remain unfulfilled … remains unfulfilled” or “will be like someone who perishes … is like someone who perishes” +11:7 dz8x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וְ⁠תוֹחֶ֖לֶת 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **hope** in [10:28](../10/28.md). +11:7 modb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אוֹנִ֣ים 1 Here, **strong ones** could refer to: (1) people who rely on their own strength to get what they hope for. Alternate translation: “those who rely on their own strength” (2) people who rely on their wealth to get what they hope for. Alternate translation: “those who rely on their wealth” +11:8 rh97 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun צַ֭דִּיק & רָשָׁ֣ע 1 See how you translated **A righteous one** in [9:9](../09/09.md) and **a wicked one** in [9:7](../09/07.md). +11:8 q5ed rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor צַ֭דִּיק מִ⁠צָּרָ֣ה נֶחֱלָ֑ץ וַ⁠יָּבֹ֖א רָשָׁ֣ע תַּחְתָּֽי⁠ו 1 In this verse, Solomon speaks of avoiding and experiencing **distress** as if **distress** were a place that someone could be **drawn away from** or enter. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “A righteous one is prevented from experiencing distress, but a wicked one experiences distress instead of him” +11:8 z4am rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive צַ֭דִּיק & נֶחֱלָ֑ץ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The context implies that Yahweh does the action. Alternate translation: “Yahweh draws away a righteous one” +11:8 dt68 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מִ⁠צָּרָ֣ה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **distress** in [1:27](../01/27.md). +11:8 u873 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וַ⁠יָּבֹ֖א רָשָׁ֣ע 1 Solomon is leaving out a word that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply this word from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “but a wicked one enters distress” +11:9 r7vl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּ⁠פֶ֗ה 1 See how you translated the same use of **mouth** in [10:11](../10/11.md). +11:9 ekbj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun חָ֭נֵף 1 The phrase **a godless one** represents **godless** people in general, not one particular **godless one**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “any godless person” +11:9 d00a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit חָ֭נֵף 1 Here, **a godless one** refers to any person who rebels against God or behaves as if God did not exist. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “a person who rebels against God” +11:9 p5y0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations רֵעֵ֑⁠הוּ 1 Although the term **his** is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “that person’s neighbor” +11:9 p5mk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וּ֝⁠בְ⁠דַ֗עַת 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **knowledge** in [1:4](../01/04.md). +11:9 cyae rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וּ֝⁠בְ⁠דַ֗עַת צַדִּיקִ֥ים יֵחָלֵֽצוּ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “but knowledge will deliver righteous ones” +11:10 f28a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְּ⁠ט֣וּב צַ֭דִּיקִים 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **the good** things that happen to **the righteous ones**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In the good things that happen to righteous ones,” or “When good things happen to the righteous ones,” +11:10 hkq7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy תַּעֲלֹ֣ץ קִרְיָ֑ה 1 Here, **city** refers to the people who live in a **city**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the people of a city exult” +11:10 mdln rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וּ⁠בַ⁠אֲבֹ֖ד רְשָׁעִ֣ים רִנָּֽה 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and when wicked ones perish, there is a shout of joy” or “and when wicked ones perish, a city gives a shout of joy” +11:11 mx3p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive בְּ⁠בִרְכַּ֣ת יְ֭שָׁרִים תָּר֣וּם קָ֑רֶת וּ⁠בְ⁠פִ֥י רְ֝שָׁעִ֗ים תֵּהָרֵֽס 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The blessing of the upright ones raises up a city, but the mouth of the wicked ones tears down a city” +11:11 eeiz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְּ⁠בִרְכַּ֣ת יְ֭שָׁרִים 1 Here, **the blessing of the upright ones** could refer to: (1) **the blessing** that **the upright ones** give to **a city**. Alternate translation: “With the blessing given by the upright ones” (2) **the blessing** that God gives **the upright ones**. Alternate translation: “With the blessing God gives the upright ones” +11:11 sim1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תָּר֣וּם קָ֑רֶת 1 Here Solomon refers to **a city** becoming great as if it were **raised up**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a city is made great” +11:11 p4sd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּ⁠בְ⁠פִ֥י 1 See how you translated the same use of **mouth** in [10:11](../10/11.md). +11:11 d0z9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy תֵּהָרֵֽס 1 Here Solomon uses **a city** being **torn down** to refer to it being destroyed, which could include tearing **down** its walls and buildings. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a city is destroyed” +11:12 z5t5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בָּז־לְ⁠רֵעֵ֥⁠הוּ 1 Contrasting this clause with the second clause indicates that Solomon is referring to someone who **despises his neighbor** by what he says. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “One who vocally despises his neighbor” or “One who despises his neighbor in what he says” +11:12 l0yt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations לְ⁠רֵעֵ֥⁠הוּ & וְ⁠אִ֖ישׁ תְּבוּנ֣וֹת 1 Although **he** and **man** are masculine, Solomon is using these words in a generic sense that could refer to either a man or woman. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “that person’s neighbor … but a person of understanding”\n +11:12 dj0z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy חֲסַר־לֵ֑ב 1 See how you translated this phrase in [6:32](../06/32.md).\n +11:12 wdiz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְ⁠אִ֖ישׁ תְּבוּנ֣וֹת 1 See how you translated **a man of understanding** in [10:23](../10/23.md). +11:13 yb2c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj רָ֭כִיל 1 Here Solomon is using the adjective **gossip** as a noun to mean “someone who gossips.” Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “Someone who gossips” +11:13 en2e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מְגַלֶּה 1 Here Solomon refers to revealing **secret** information as if that information were a hidden object that people were **uncovering**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “revealing” +11:13 s2og rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְ⁠נֶאֱמַן־ר֝֗וּחַ 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe someone who is characterized by being **faithful**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “but a faithful one”\n +11:13 ot6x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מְכַסֶּ֥ה 1 See how you translated the same use of **covers** in [10:6](../10/06.md). +11:14 xqvv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּ⁠אֵ֣ין תַּ֭חְבֻּלוֹת & וּ֝⁠תְשׁוּעָ֗ה בְּ⁠רֹ֣ב יוֹעֵֽץ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **directions**, **salvation**, **abundance**, and **counsel**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. See how you translated **abundance** in [5:23](../05/23.md) and **counsel** in [1:25](../01/25.md). Alternate translation: “When no one directs … but many people counseling someone will save that person” +11:14 tw7g rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns עָ֑ם 1 In this verse, the word **people** is singular in form, but it refers to multiple people as a group that could also be called a “nation” or “country.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could say this plainly. Alternate translation: “a group of people” or “a nation” +11:14 j012 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִפָּל 1 See how you translated the same use of “fall” in [11:5](../11/05.md). +11:14 a9wq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ֝⁠תְשׁוּעָ֗ה בְּ⁠רֹ֣ב יוֹעֵֽץ 1 Here Solomon is speaking of **salvation** as if it were an object that could be found **in an abundance of counsel**. He means that **an abundance of counsel** can result in **salvation**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but salvation is the result of an abundance of counsel” +11:15 ir1y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations עָ֣רַב 1 Although the term **he** is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “one pledged for” or “that person pledges for” +11:15 j2ce rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עָ֣רַב 1 See how you translated the same use of “pledge” in [6:1](../06/01.md). +11:15 z46f rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction תֹקְעִ֣ים 1 The function of this action in this culture was to confirm a contractual agreement between people. If there is a gesture with a similar meaning in your culture, you could consider using it here in your translation, or you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar phrase “clasp your palms” in [6:1](../06/01.md). Alternate translation: “shaking hands to confirm an agreement” or “confirming an agreement”\n +11:16 uqha rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אֵֽשֶׁת־חֵ֭ן 1 Here, **woman** refers to a type of **woman** in general, not one particular **woman**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “Any woman of grace” +11:16 bvh9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession אֵֽשֶׁת־חֵ֭ן 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **woman** who is characterized by **grace**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “A woman who is gracious” +11:16 qm22 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תִּתְמֹ֣ךְ & יִתְמְכוּ 1 Here Solomon speaks of people obtaining **honor** and **riches** as if they were objects that someone could **grasp**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will obtain … will obtain” +11:16 h7rd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns כָּב֑וֹד 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **honor** in [3:16](../03/16.md). +11:16 ojz8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יִתְמְכוּ־עֹֽשֶׁר 1 Solomon contrasts this clause with the previous clause in order to imply that **riches** are not as important as **honor**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “will merely grasp riches” +11:17 du8b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations גֹּמֵ֣ל נַ֭פְשׁ⁠וֹ אִ֣ישׁ חָ֑סֶד & שְׁ֝אֵר֗⁠וֹ 1 Although **man** and **his** are masculine, Solomon is using the words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “A person of covenant faithfulness deals fully with that person’s soul … that person’s flesh” +11:17 b60p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession אִ֣ישׁ חָ֑סֶד 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **man** who is characterized by **covenant faithfulness**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “A man who has covenant faithfulness” +11:17 dxp9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom גֹּמֵ֣ל 1 Here, the phrase **deals fully** refers to rewarding or benefiting someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “rewards” +11:17 acrd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche נַ֭פְשׁ⁠וֹ & שְׁ֝אֵר֗⁠וֹ 1 Here, **soul** and **flesh** refer to people, who have a **soul** and **flesh**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly, as in the UST.\n +11:17 ehrk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אַכְזָרִֽי 1 The phrase **a cruel one** represents cruel people in general, not one particular person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “any cruel person” +11:18 c37s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun רָשָׁ֗ע 1 See how you translated this phrase in [9:7](../09/07.md). +11:18 fjg0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession פְעֻלַּת־שָׁ֑קֶר & שֶׂ֣כֶר אֱמֶֽת 1 In this verse, Solomon is using possessive forms to describe a **wage** that is characterized by **falsehood** and to describe a **wage** that is characterized by **truth**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use different expressions. Alternate translation: “a false wage … a true wage” +11:18 k8u1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor פְעֻלַּת־שָׁ֑קֶר & שֶׂ֣כֶר אֱמֶֽת 1 Here, Solomon speaks of results or rewards as if they were a **wage** someone receives. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a false reward … a true reward” +11:18 rfix rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְ⁠זֹרֵ֥עַ צְ֝דָקָ֗ה שֶׂ֣כֶר אֱמֶֽת 1 Solomon is leaving out a word that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply this word from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “makes a wage of truth”\n +11:18 imr8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠זֹרֵ֥עַ צְ֝דָקָ֗ה 1 Here Solomon refers to doing righteous deeds as if one were sowing seeds in a field. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but one who does righteous deeds” +11:19 ibb6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis כֵּן־צְדָקָ֥ה 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words in this clause that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the next clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “Pursuing veritable righteousness” or “Behaving with veritable righteousness”\n +11:19 w39m rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result לְ⁠חַיִּ֑ים & לְ⁠מוֹתֽ⁠וֹ 1 In this verse, **is to** indicates that what follows is the result of the preceding phrase. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate result. Alternate translation: “leads to life … leads him to his death”\n +11:19 s86d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לְ⁠חַיִּ֑ים 1 See how you translated the same use of **life** in [10:16](../10/16.md). +11:19 un2d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ⁠מְרַדֵּ֖ף רָעָ֣ה 1 Here Solomon refers to someone who eagerly does **evil** as if that person were pursuing it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but one who eagerly does evil” +11:19 ey2s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns לְ⁠מוֹתֽ⁠וֹ 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **death** in [2:18](../02/18.md). +11:20 r5lt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תּוֹעֲבַ֣ת יְ֭הוָה 1 See how you translated this phrase in [3:32](../03/32.md). +11:20 rvki rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עִקְּשֵׁי 1 See how you translated the same use of **crooked** in [2:15](../02/15.md). +11:20 vxth rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לֵ֑ב 1 See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [2:2](../02/02.md). +11:20 spnb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וּ֝⁠רְצוֹנ֗⁠וֹ 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **delight** in [8:30](../08/30.md). +11:20 rrdd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession תְּמִ֣ימֵי דָֽרֶךְ 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **way** that is characterized by being **blameless**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “is those whose way is blameless” +11:20 p8r5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דָֽרֶךְ 1 See how you translated the same use of **way** in [1:15](../01/15.md). +11:21 gum3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom יָ֣ד לְ֭⁠יָד 1 This phrase is an idiom that refers to something being certain. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “As sure as the sun comes up” or “Assuredly” +11:21 kwnz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun רָּ֑ע 1 See how you translated this phrase in [9:7](../09/07.md). +11:21 gh2a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes לֹא־יִנָּ֣קֶה 1 See how you translated this phrase in [6:29](../06/29.md). +11:21 ckyd rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns וְ⁠זֶ֖רַע 1 Here, the word **seed** is singular in form, but it refers to all seeds as a group. If it would be helpful in your language, you could say this plainly. Alternate translation: “but the seeds of” +11:21 kk9p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠זֶ֖רַע 1 Here Solomon refers to the descendants of **the righteous ones** as if they were **the seed** of a plant. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but the descendants of”\n +11:21 cqgr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit נִמְלָֽט 1 Here Solomon implies **escape** from punishment. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “will escape punishment” or “will not be punished” +11:22 qn7y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure נֶ֣זֶם זָ֭הָב בְּ⁠אַ֣ף חֲזִ֑יר אִשָּׁ֥ה יָ֝פָ֗ה וְ⁠סָ֣רַת טָֽעַם 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could reverse the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “A beautiful woman that turns away from discretion is a ring of gold in the nose of a pig” +11:22 y2me rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נֶ֣זֶם זָ֭הָב בְּ⁠אַ֣ף חֲזִ֑יר אִשָּׁ֥ה יָ֝פָ֗ה וְ⁠סָ֣רַת טָֽעַם 1 In this verse, Solomon speaks of how inappropriate it is for a **beautiful woman** not to have **discretion**. He speaks as if that **woman** were a **ring of gold** in a pig’s **nose**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a simile. Alternate translation: “A beautiful woman that turns away from discretion is inappropriate, like a ring of gold in the nose of a pig” +11:22 lnjp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor חֲזִ֑יר 1 A **pig** is an animal that is considered to be unclean and disgusting by Jews and many cultures of the Ancient Near East. It would be very inappropriate for a **pig** to have **a ring of gold** in its **nose**. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of animal, you could use the name of a disgusting animal in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “a disgusting animal”\n +11:22 fe2p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠סָ֣רַת טָֽעַם 1 Here Solomon speaks of refusing to act with **discretion** as if someone were turning **away** from it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “that does not act with discretion”\n +11:22 utzq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns טָֽעַם 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **discretion** in [1:4](../01/04.md). +11:23 rzak rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit תַּאֲוַ֣ת צַדִּיקִ֣ים אַךְ־ט֑וֹב תִּקְוַ֖ת רְשָׁעִ֣ים עֶבְרָֽה 1 This verse could mean: (1) **The desire** of **righteous** people results in what is **good**, but **the expectation** of **wicked** people results in **rage**. Alternate translation: “The desire of the righteous ones leads only to good; the expectation of the wicked ones leads to rage” (2) **righteous** people **only desire** what is **good**, but **wicked** people expect anger. Alternate translation: “The righteous ones only desire good; the wicked ones expect rage” +11:23 bqva rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast תִּקְוַ֖ת רְשָׁעִ֣ים עֶבְרָֽה 1 This clause is a strong contrast with the previous clause. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a contrast. Alternate translation: “by contrast, the expectation of the wicked ones is rage”\n +11:23 wwdu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עֶבְרָֽה 1 Here, **rage** could refer to: (1) Yahweh’s wrath. Alternate translation: “is the wrath of Yahweh” (2) the wrath of other people. Alternate translation: “is the wrath of other people” +11:23 unoz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns עֶבְרָֽה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **rage**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “is being enraged” or “enrages” +11:24 wlh2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis יֵ֣שׁ מְ֭פַזֵּר וְ⁠נוֹסָ֥ף ע֑וֹד 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. The context is about a person sharing what they have with others. Alternate translation: “There is one who scatters what he has and adds more to what he has” +11:24 vwny rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מְ֭פַזֵּר & וְ⁠חוֹשֵׂ֥ךְ 1 In this verse, **one** refers to **one** type of person. It does not mean that there is only **one** person who does each of these two things. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “a type of person who scatters … but a type of person who withholds” +11:24 o9r8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וְ⁠נוֹסָ֥ף ע֑וֹד 1 Here, **and** introduces the result of what was stated in the previous clause. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a result. Alternate translation: “and it results in that person having more”\n +11:24 x97i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְ⁠חוֹשֵׂ֥ךְ מִ֝⁠יֹּ֗שֶׁר 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. The context is about a person not sharing what they have with others. Alternate translation: “but one who withholds from those in need more of what he has than is right” +11:24 p1q7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result אַךְ־לְ⁠מַחְסֽוֹר 1 Here, **for** introduces the result of what was stated earlier in the clause. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a result. Alternate translation: “will only lack as a result” +11:25 xagi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun נֶֽפֶשׁ & וּ֝⁠מַרְוֶ֗ה & ה֥וּא 1 In this verse, **A life**, **the one**, and **he** refer to types of people in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any life of … and any person who drenches, that person” +11:25 q9vb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession נֶֽפֶשׁ־בְּרָכָ֥ה 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **life** that is characterized by **blessing**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “A life that blesses” +11:25 azqr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy נֶֽפֶשׁ 1 Here, **life** refers to the person himself. See how you translated the same use of **life** in [8:36](../08/36.md). +11:25 isim rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּרָכָ֥ה 1 Here Solomon implies that the **blessing** is given to other people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “blessing other people” +11:25 lf1i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive תְדֻשָּׁ֑ן & יוֹרֶֽא 1 If your language does not use these passive forms, you could express the ideas in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The context implies that Yahweh will do the action. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will fatten … Yahweh will drench” +11:25 xmj0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תְדֻשָּׁ֑ן 1 Here Solomon refers to a person becoming prosperous as if they were **fattened**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will become prosperous” +11:25 sglx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ֝⁠מַרְוֶ֗ה גַּם־ה֥וּא יוֹרֶֽא 1 Here Solomon refers to someone giving and receiving a generous amount of water as if that person were drenching others with water and being **drenched**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning carefully. Alternate translation: “and the one who freely gives water to others will also freely receive water” +11:26 eb69 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מֹ֣נֵֽעַ & יִקְּבֻ֣⁠הוּ & מַשְׁבִּֽיר 1 In this verse, **One**, **him**, and **the seller** refer to types of people in general. They do not refer to specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who withholds … will curse that person … any seller” +11:26 fuax rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מֹ֣נֵֽעַ בָּ֭ר 1 Here Solomon implies that this person selfishly **withholds grain** in order to sell it later for a greater profit. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “One who selfishly withholds grain from the sale of it” +11:26 h1qp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וּ֝⁠בְרָכָ֗ה לְ⁠רֹ֣אשׁ 1 See how you translated the similar expression in [10:6](../10/06.md). +11:26 dvu5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מַשְׁבִּֽיר 1 Here Solomon implies that **the seller** sells **grain**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the one who sells grain” +11:27 gt1o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun שֹׁ֣חֵֽר & וְ⁠דֹרֵ֖שׁ & תְבוֹאֶֽ⁠נּוּ 1 In this verse, **One who diligently seeks**, **one who searches for**, and **him** refer to types of people in general. They do not refer to specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who diligently seeks … but any person who searches for … it will come to that person” +11:27 k983 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שֹׁ֣חֵֽר & וְ⁠דֹרֵ֖שׁ 1 In this verse, Solomon refers to people trying to do **good** and trying to do **evil** as if **good** and **evil** were objects that someone **seeks** or **searches for**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “One who diligently tries to do good … but one who tries to do evil” +11:27 k6ug rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ט֭וֹב & רָצ֑וֹן & רָעָ֣ה 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **good**, **favor**, and **evil**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “what is good … to be favored … what is evil” +11:27 z1tk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יְבַקֵּ֣שׁ רָצ֑וֹן 1 Solomon implies that the one **who diligently seeks good** also **seeks favor** and receives it from Yahweh and other people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “finds favor from Yahweh and people” +11:27 vzfw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification תְבוֹאֶֽ⁠נּוּ 1 Here, Solomon speaks of someone experiencing **evil** as if **evil** were a person who could **come** to that person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly Alternate translation: “he will experience it” or “it will happen to him” +11:28 c636 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun בּוֹטֵ֣חַ בְּ֭⁠עָשְׁר⁠וֹ ה֣וּא יִפֹּ֑ל 1 **One**, **his**, and **he** in this verse refer to a type of person in general. They do not refer to a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who trusts in that person’s own riches, that person will fall” +11:28 kny5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns ה֣וּא יִפֹּ֑ל 1 Solomon uses the word **himself** to emphasize who **will fall**. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this emphasis. Alternate translation: “that very person will fall” +11:28 q218 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ה֣וּא יִפֹּ֑ל 1 See how you translated the same use of **fall** in [11:5](../11/05.md). +11:28 p1e2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile וְ֝⁠כֶ⁠עָלֶ֗ה צַדִּיקִ֥ים יִפְרָֽחוּ 1 Solomon is saying that **righteous ones** are like **a leaf** that sprouts out of a plant because they prosper and thrive. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “but righteous ones prosper like a leaf sprouts and grows” +11:28 mf6v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ֝⁠כֶ⁠עָלֶ֗ה 1 Here Solomon refers to a green **leaf** that is growing, rather than a fallen or withered **leaf**. If it would be helpful in your language, or if you language uses different words for a fresh or withered **leaf**, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but like a healthy leaf,” +11:29 qggj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun עוֹכֵ֣ר בֵּ֭ית⁠וֹ 1 **One** and **his** in this verse refer to a type of person in general. They do not refer to a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “Any person who troubles that person’s own house” +11:29 f3z5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בֵּ֭ית⁠וֹ 1 Here, **house** represents the family who lives in **his house**. See how you translated the same use of **house** in [3:33](../03/33.md). +11:29 p1pb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִנְחַל־ר֑וּחַ 1 Here Solomon speaks of **wind** as if it were property that someone could **inherit**. He means that someone **who troubles his house** will not **inherit** anything. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will inherit nothing” +11:29 n7ak rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לַ⁠חֲכַם־לֵֽב 1 See how you translated **wise of heart** in [10:8](../10/08.md). +11:30 q7ul rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession פְּֽרִי־צַ֭דִּיק 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **fruit** that is produced by **the righteous one**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “The fruit produced by the righteous one” +11:30 wt50 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor פְּֽרִי 1 Here Solomon refers to what **righteous** people do as if it were **fruit** that they produced. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The deeds of” +11:30 bcng rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun צַ֭דִּיק & וְ⁠לֹקֵ֖חַ נְפָשׂ֣וֹת 1 In this verse, **the righteous one** and **the taker of souls** refer to types of people in general. They do not refer to specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated **the righteous one** in [10:3](../10/03.md). Alternate translation: “any righteous person … and any person who takes souls” +11:30 hlz7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עֵ֣ץ חַיִּ֑ים 1 See how you translated this phrase in [3:18](../03/18.md). +11:30 azis rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants וְ⁠לֹקֵ֖חַ נְפָשׂ֣וֹת חָכָֽם 1 Some ancient translations translate this clause as “and the one who takes away lives is violent.” That would be indicating that this clause refers to violent people who kill others, which is in contrast with the type of person described in the previous clause. If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of ULT.\n +11:30 b3eo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠לֹקֵ֖חַ נְפָשׂ֣וֹת 1 Here, **taker of souls** refers to someone who influences other people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and the one who influences others” +11:31 s8p9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הֵ֣ן 1 See how you translated the same use of **Behold** in [1:23](../01/23.md).\n +11:31 vmnq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun צַ֭דִּיק & רָשָׁ֥ע וְ⁠חוֹטֵֽא 1 In this verse, **a righteous one**, **a wicked one**, and **a sinner** refer to types of people in general. They do not refer to specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated **a righteous one** in [9:9](../09/09.md) and **a wicked one** in [9:7](../09/07.md). Alternate translation: “any righteous person … any wicked person and any sinner” +11:31 q0g2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בָּ⁠אָ֣רֶץ 1 Here, **the land** refers to the earth in general. It does not refer to the land of Israel, as it does in [2:21–22](../02/21.md) and [10:30](../10/30.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “in the earth” +11:31 leti rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יְשֻׁלָּ֑ם 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The context implies that Yahweh will do the action. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will repay” +11:31 x6ww rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יְשֻׁלָּ֑ם 1 Here Solomon refers to people receiving what they deserve for their actions as if they were being **repaid** for what they have done. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will receive what is due to them” +11:31 wlsw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis אַ֝֗ף כִּֽי־רָשָׁ֥ע וְ⁠חוֹטֵֽא 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “how much more will a wicked one and a sinner be repaid” +12:intro x2lg 0 # Proverbs 12 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nChapter 12 continues the section of the book written by Solomon that is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in This Chapter\n\n### Contrasting parallelism\n\nExcept for [12:7](../12/07.md), [14](../12/14.md), [28](../12/28.md), all the proverbs in this chapter consist of two parallel clauses that contrast with each other. +12:1 ktr2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מ֭וּסָר & דָּ֑עַת & תוֹכַ֣חַת 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **correction** in [3:11](../03/11.md), **knowledge** in [1:4](../01/04.md), and **rebuke** in [1:25](../01/25.md). +12:2 rz0a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun ט֗וֹב 1 **A good one** here does not refer to a specific person, but refers to this type of person in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “Any good person”\n +12:2 b11m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רָ֭צוֹן 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **favor** in [3:4](../03/04.md). +12:2 z6x0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations וְ⁠אִ֖ישׁ 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that could refer to either a man or woman. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “but a person of”\n +12:2 yy0n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְ⁠אִ֖ישׁ מְזִמּ֣וֹת 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **man** who makes **schemes**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “but a man who schemes” +12:3 jf61 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אָדָ֣ם 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that could refer to either a man or woman. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “A person” +12:3 nly2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive לֹא־יִכּ֣וֹן & בַּל־יִמּֽוֹט 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “will not establish himself … nobody will shake” +12:3 h4n3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לֹא־יִכּ֣וֹן 1 Here the word translated as **established** refers to having a stable and secure life. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “will not be made secure” +12:3 qpmv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּ⁠רֶ֑שַׁע 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **wickedness** in [4:17](../04/17.md). +12:3 md5p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠שֹׁ֥רֶשׁ צַ֝דִּיקִ֗ים בַּל־יִמּֽוֹט 1 Here Solomon refers to someone’s life remaining secure as if that person’s security were a **root** that could **not be shaken**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but the security of the righteous ones will not end” or “but the security of the righteous ones will remain” +12:4 n7wf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession אֵֽשֶׁת־חַ֭יִל 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **wife** that is characterized by **worth**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “A worthy wife” +12:4 wh4l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עֲטֶ֣רֶת בַּעְלָ֑⁠הּ 1 Here Solomon refers to a woman causing her husband to be honored as if she were his **crown**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “is a sign of great honor for her husband” or “honors her husband as if she were his crown” +12:4 ced6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile וּ⁠כְ⁠רָקָ֖ב בְּ⁠עַצְמוֹתָ֣י⁠ו מְבִישָֽׁה 1 Solomon is saying that a woman **who causes shame** for her husband is like **rottenness in his bones** because she gradually ruins his life. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but she who causes shame is what makes his life miserable” +12:4 n1gd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּ⁠כְ⁠רָקָ֖ב בְּ⁠עַצְמוֹתָ֣י⁠ו 1 Here, **rottenness** refers to a disease like cancer that slowly destroys a person’s body. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “is like cancer in his bones” +12:4 bdlp rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns בְּ⁠עַצְמוֹתָ֣י⁠ו 1 Here, the pronoun **his** refers to the husband of the woman **who causes shame**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “in her husband’s bones” +12:5 ncfg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מִשְׁפָּ֑ט 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **justice** in [1:3](../01/03.md). +12:5 mrn0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast תַּחְבֻּל֖וֹת רְשָׁעִ֣ים מִרְמָֽה 1 This clause is a strong contrast with the previous clause. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a contrast. Alternate translation: “by contrast, the directions of the wicked ones are deceit”\n +12:6 sw3s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy דִּבְרֵ֣י & וּ⁠פִ֥י 1 See how you translated the same use of **words** in [1:23](../01/23.md) and **mouth** in [10:11](../10/11.md). +12:6 n6s7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification אֱרָב־דָּ֑ם 1 Here, Solomon refers to **the wicked ones** saying things that will cause other people to die as if what they say is a person who waits to ambush someone on the road. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. See how you translated this phrase in [1:11](../01/11.md). Alternate translation: “result in people dying” or “are like someone who lies in wait to murder someone” +12:6 au1h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification יַצִּילֵֽ⁠ם 1 Here, Solomon refers to **the upright ones** rescuing themselves from trouble through what they say as if what they say were a person who could **deliver them**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will result in them delivering themselves” +12:7 qw8f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive הָפ֣וֹךְ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The word **overthrown** here refers to being ruined or destroyed. Alternate translation: “Wicked people experience destruction” +12:7 t5c3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּ⁠בֵ֖ית 1 See how you translated the same use of **house** in [3:33](../03/33.md). +12:7 krk8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יַעֲמֹֽד 1 Here Solomon refers to the families of **the righteous ones** continuing to exist as if they were a **house** that would continue to **stand**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will remain” or “will keep on existing” +12:8 fxg8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לְֽ⁠פִי 1 **For the mouth of** is an idiom that means “According to.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “In proportion to” +12:8 wa5p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations שִׂ֭כְל⁠וֹ & אִ֑ישׁ 1 Although **his** and **man** are masculine, Solomon is using these words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “that person’s insight that person” +12:8 z31b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns שִׂ֭כְל⁠וֹ 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **insight** in [1:3](../01/03.md). +12:8 hfu6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יְהֻלַּל־אִ֑ישׁ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people will praise that man” +12:8 hq69 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠נַעֲוֵה־לֵ֝֗ב 1 Here Solomon is speaking of people who think wrongly, as if they have a **twisted** **heart**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but one who thinks wrongly” +12:8 eq1i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יִהְיֶ֥ה לָ⁠בֽוּז 1 Here Solomon implies that people will have **contempt** for this type of person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “will be held in contempt” or “will be despised by people” +12:9 k522 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive נִ֭קְלֶה 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the one whom others dishonor” +12:9 v47i rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast וְ⁠עֶ֣בֶד ל֑⁠וֹ & וַ⁠חֲסַר־לָֽחֶם 1 In both of these phrases, **and** indicates that what follows is in contrast to what precedes it. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a contrast. Alternate translation: “but has a servant … but is lacking of bread” +12:9 d86j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לָֽחֶם 1 See how you translated the same use of **bread** in [9:5](../09/05.md). +12:10 uxx4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun צַ֭דִּיק 1 See how you translated this phrase in [9:9](../09/09.md). +12:10 wni1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יוֹדֵ֣עַ & נֶ֣פֶשׁ 1 Here, the phrase **knows the life** refers to being concerned with the wellbeing of one’s **animal**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “is concerned with the wellbeing of” or “cares about the life of” +12:10 mmog rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בְּהֶמְתּ֑⁠וֹ 1 Although the term **his** is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “that person’s animal” +12:10 mqot rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וְֽ⁠רַחֲמֵ֥י רְ֝שָׁעִ֗ים 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **compassion**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “but something compassionate that wicked people do” +12:11 wl9h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לָ֑חֶם 1 See how you translated the same use of **bread** in [9:5](../09/05.md). +12:11 dd6f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עֹבֵ֣ד אַ֭דְמָת⁠וֹ 1 This phrase refers to a farmer who plants, cultivates, and harvests crops on **his ground**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly or you could use a general expression for working hard. Alternate translation: “a farmer who cultivates his land” or “someone who works hard at their job” +12:11 xsga rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אַ֭דְמָת⁠וֹ 1 Although the term **his** is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “that person’s ground” +12:11 ipcr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor רֵיקִ֣ים 1 Here Solomon refers to worthless things that people do as if they were **empty** containers. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “worthless activities” +12:11 a0v1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy חֲסַר־לֵֽב 1 See how you translated **lacking of heart** in [6:32](../06/32.md). +12:12 b6y1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun רָ֭שָׁע 1 See how you translated this phrase in [9:7](../09/07.md). +12:12 hy7e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מְצ֣וֹד 1 Here Solomon refers to what **the evil ones** catch in a **snare** as if it were the **snare** itself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the plunder of” +12:12 j853 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠שֹׁ֖רֶשׁ צַדִּיקִ֣ים 1 See how you translated this phrase in [12:3](../12/03.md). +12:12 npcz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יִתֵּֽן 1 Here Solomon uses **give** to refer to producing something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “will produce fruit” or “will be productive” +12:13 rwf3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְּ⁠פֶ֣שַׁע שְׂ֭פָתַיִם 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **lips** that are characterized by **transgression**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “In the lips that speak transgression” +12:13 fmze rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שְׂ֭פָתַיִם 1 See how you translated the same use of **lips** in [10:18](../10/18.md). +12:13 ak1y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מוֹקֵ֣שׁ רָ֑ע 1 Here Solomon refers to the disasters that **the evil one** experiences because of what he says as if it were a **snare** he was trapped in. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is what destroys an evil one” +12:13 dwqo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun רָ֑ע & צַדִּֽיק 1 See how you translated **the righteous one** in [10:16](../10/16.md) and **the wicked one** in [3:33](../03/33.md). +12:13 s16y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַ⁠יֵּצֵ֖א מִ⁠צָּרָ֣ה צַדִּֽיק 1 Here Solomon refers to avoiding **distress** as if it were a place that one could **go out from**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but the righteous one will avoid distress” +12:13 nuzm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מִ⁠צָּרָ֣ה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **distress** in [1:27](../01/27.md).\n +12:14 owwa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִ⁠פְּרִ֣י פִי־אִ֭ישׁ 1 Here Solomon refers to what a person says as if it were **fruit** that was produced by that person’s **mouth**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “From what a man says”\n +12:14 vkix rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אִ֭ישׁ יִשְׂבַּע & אָ֝דָ֗ם יָשִׁ֥יב לֽ⁠וֹ 1 Although **a man**, **he**, and **him** are masculine, Solomon is using the words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “a person will that person be satisfied with … a person will return to that person” +12:14 kaag rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive מִ⁠פְּרִ֣י פִי־אִ֭ישׁ יִשְׂבַּע־ט֑וֹב 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The fruit of the mouth of a man will satisfy that him with good” +12:14 mxho rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ט֑וֹב 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **good** in [11:27](../11/27.md). +12:14 z5v9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּ⁠גְמ֥וּל יְדֵי־אָ֝דָ֗ם 1 Here Solomon refers to what a person accomplishes through physical labor as if it were the **accomplishment** of that person’s **hands**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and what a man accomplishes through physical labor” +12:14 xt3t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification יָשִׁ֥יב לֽ⁠וֹ 1 Here Solomon refers to the benefits that a person receives as a result of working hard as if that **accomplishment** were a person who could **return to him**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will benefit him” +12:15 g1od rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דֶּ֣רֶךְ 1 See how you translated this use of **way** in [1:15](../01/15.md). +12:15 lr2l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יָשָׁ֣ר בְּ⁠עֵינָ֑י⁠ו 1 See how you translated the same use of **eyes** in [3:7](../03/07.md). +12:15 wlp9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns לְ⁠עֵצָ֣ה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **counsel** in [1:25](../01/25.md). +12:16 xpnt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations כַּעְס֑⁠וֹ 1 Although the term **his** is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “that person’s anger” +12:16 ydmg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns כַּעְס֑⁠וֹ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **anger**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “when he is angry,” +12:16 n8pr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יִוָּדַ֣ע 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people know” +12:16 gfvd בַּ֭⁠יּוֹם 1 Alternate translation: “on the same day” or “right away” +12:16 e5k5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠כֹסֶ֖ה 1 See how you translated the same use of **covers** in [10:6](../10/06.md).\n +12:16 f1gx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns קָל֣וֹן 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **dishonor** in [3:35](../03/35.md). +12:17 oy5d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations יָפִ֣יחַ 1 Although the term **He** is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “A person who breathes out”\n +12:17 zuz3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יָפִ֣יחַ 1 See how you translated the same use of **breathes out** in [6:19](../06/19.md). +12:17 azjn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns אֱ֭מוּנָה יַגִּ֣יד צֶ֑דֶק & שְׁקָרִ֣ים מִרְמָֽה 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **faithfulness** and **righteousness**, **falsehoods**, and **deceit**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “what is faithful tells what is righteous … false things, what is deceitful” +12:17 r0fd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְ⁠עֵ֖ד שְׁקָרִ֣ים מִרְמָֽה 1 Solomon is leaving out a word in this clause that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply this word from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “but a witness of falsehoods tells deceit”\n +12:17 mtnz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun וְ⁠עֵ֖ד שְׁקָרִ֣ים 1 Although**a witness** here is singular, it refers to any **witness of falsehoods** in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different form. Alternate translation: “but any witness of falsehoods”\n +12:17 n20u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְ⁠עֵ֖ד שְׁקָרִ֣ים 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **witness** who speaks **falsehoods**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “but a witness who speaks falsehoods” +12:18 xuou rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun בּ֭וֹטֶה 1 Here, **one** refers to a type of person. It does not mean that there is only **one** person who does this thing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “a type of person who speaks thoughtlessly”\n +12:18 k26n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כְּ⁠מַדְקְר֣וֹת חָ֑רֶב 1 Solomon is saying that what people who speak **thoughtlessly** say is **like the thrusts of a sword** because it hurts people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “and hurt others as if he stabbed them with a sword” +12:18 keo3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun וּ⁠לְשׁ֖וֹן 1 The word **tongue** represents tongues in general, not one particular **tongue**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “but the tongues of” +12:18 gzdu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּ⁠לְשׁ֖וֹן 1 See how you translated the same use of **tongue** in [6:17](../06/17.md). +12:19 wm6n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun שְֽׂפַת 1 Here, the word **lip** represents lips in general, not one particular **lip**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “Lips of” +12:19 vhel rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שְֽׂפַת 1 Here, **lip** refers to what people say by moving their lips. See how you translated the same use of “lips” in [10:18](../10/18.md). +12:19 dsad rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession שְֽׂפַת־אֱ֭מֶת 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **lip** that speaks **truth**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “A lip that speaks truth” or “True sayings” +12:19 r5ql rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive תִּכּ֣וֹן 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “will exist” +12:19 rlc8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns לָ⁠עַ֑ד 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **perpetuity**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “perpetually” +12:19 opmz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְ⁠עַד־אַ֝רְגִּ֗יעָה לְשׁ֣וֹן שָֽׁקֶר 1 Solomon is leaving out a word in this clause that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply this word from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “but a tongue of falsehood will be established for as long as I would blink” or “but a tongue of falsehood will exist for as long as I would blink” +12:19 ftu0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְשׁ֣וֹן שָֽׁקֶר 1 See how you translated this phrase in [6:17](../06/17.md). +12:19 e5v9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠עַד־אַ֝רְגִּ֗יעָה 1 The phrase **as long as I would blink** is an idiom that refers to a short amount of time, such as the time it takes to **blink** an eye. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but … in the blink of an eye” or “but … for a brief time” +12:20 xs9w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מִ֭רְמָה & רָ֑ע & שָׁל֣וֹם שִׂמְחָֽה 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **Deceit** in [11:1](../11/01.md), **evil** in [1:16](../01/16.md), **joy** in [10:28](../10/28.md), and **peace** in [3:1](../03/01.md). +12:20 o3fw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּ⁠לֶב 1 See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [2:2](../02/02.md). +12:20 l6zw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וּֽ⁠לְ⁠יֹעֲצֵ֖י שָׁל֣וֹם שִׂמְחָֽה 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **advisers** who advise others to do what results in **peace**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “but joy is for people who advise others to do what will result in peace” +12:21 d4zt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אָ֑וֶן 1 Here, **iniquity** refers to harm that someone might experience as a result of **iniquity**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “harm” +12:21 m6wp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive לֹא־יְאֻנֶּ֣ה 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will not allow to happen” +12:21 rfa5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לַ⁠צַּדִּ֣יק 1 See how you translated **the righteous one** in [10:16](../10/16.md). +12:21 t0jj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מָ֣לְאוּ רָֽע 1 The phrase **full of evil** could mean: (1) the **wicked ones** experience much evil. Alternate translation: “experience much evil” (2) the **wicked ones** do much evil. Alternate translation: “do much evil” +12:21 jc9l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy רָֽע 1 Here, **evil** refers to trouble that someone might experience as a result of **evil**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “trouble” +12:22 x3ha rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תּוֹעֲבַ֣ת יְ֭הוָה 1 See how you translated this phrase in [3:32](../03/32.md). +12:22 b9zs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession שִׂפְתֵי־שָׁ֑קֶר 1 See how you translated this phrase in [10:18](../10/18.md). +12:22 qwxv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns אֱמוּנָ֣ה רְצוֹנֽ⁠וֹ 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **faithfulness** in [12:17](../12/17.md) and **delight** in [8:30](../08/30.md). +12:23 eeau rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אָדָ֣ם עָ֭רוּם 1 Although **man** is masculine, here it refers to any **prudent** person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “A prudent person”\n +12:23 qi9m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor כֹּ֣סֶה 1 See how you translated the same use of **covers** in [10:6](../10/06.md).\n +12:23 v32y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns דָּ֑עַת & אִוֶּֽלֶת 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **knowledge** in [1:4](../01/04.md) and **folly** in [5:23](../05/23.md). +12:23 frtb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וְ⁠לֵ֥ב כְּ֝סִילִ֗ים 1 Here, **heart** refers to the whole person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but the stupid one”\n +12:24 j53h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche יַד־חָרוּצִ֥ים 1 See how you translated the same phrase in [10:4](../10/04.md). +12:24 ymw6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun ו֝⁠רְמִיָּ֗ה 1 Although **an idle one** here is singular, it refers to all **idle** people in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “any idle person”\n +12:25 qts2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns דְּאָגָ֣ה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **Concern**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “That which is concerning” +12:25 vuie rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְ⁠לֶב 1 See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [2:2](../02/02.md). +12:25 bd10 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אִ֣ישׁ 1 Although **man** is masculine, here it refers to any person in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “a person”\n +12:25 n82f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יַשְׁחֶ֑⁠נָּה 1 Here Solomon refers to **Concern** making a person depressed as if it were something that **weighs down** a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “causes the heart of a man to become sad” +12:25 z6n9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ⁠דָבָ֖ר ט֣וֹב 1 Here Solomon uses the phrase **good word** to describe something kind that someone says by using words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but a kind word that someone speaks”\n +12:26 ujm8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun צַדִּ֑יק 1 See how you translated this phrase in [9:9](../09/09.md). +12:26 aku2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יָתֵ֣ר מֵ⁠רֵעֵ֣⁠הוּ 1 This could mean: (1) **A righteous one** guides **his neighbor**. Alternate translation: “guides his neighbor” (2) **A righteous one** carefully examines a person before choosing that person to be **his neighbor**. Alternate translation: “examines carefully whom he chooses to be his neighbor” +12:26 dh4u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations מֵ⁠רֵעֵ֣⁠הוּ 1 Although the term **his** is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “from that person’s neighbor”\n +12:26 d18w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠דֶ֖רֶךְ רְשָׁעִ֣ים 1 See how you translated **the way of the wicked ones** in [4:19](../04/19.md). +12:26 mr1w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification תַּתְעֵֽ⁠ם 1 Here Solomon refers to **wicked ones** deliberately doing wicked things that will result in their destruction as if their behavior is a person who leads them **astray**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated a similar meaning for **astray** in [10:17](../10/17.md). Alternate translation: “will cause them to do what will result in their destruction”\n +12:27 t7lm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun רְמִיָּ֣ה 1 **A negligent one** here does not refer to a specific person, but refers to a type of person in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “Any negligent one”\n +12:27 gdt7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לֹא־יַחֲרֹ֣ךְ & צֵיד֑⁠וֹ 1 Here, **game** refers to animals that someone has hunted and killed in order to eat their meat. And **roast** refers to cooking food over a fire. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “will not use fire to cook the meat from the animals he has hunted” +12:27 nepd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠הוֹן־אָדָ֖ם יָקָ֣ר חָרֽוּץ 1 This could mean: (1) **a diligent one** will acquire **precious** **wealth**. Alternate translation: “but a diligent one will acquire precious wealth” (2) **a diligent one** considers his **wealth** to be **precious**. Alternate translation: “but a diligent one’s wealth is precious to him” +12:27 vz9v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אָדָ֖ם & חָרֽוּץ 1 Here, **a man** and **a diligent one** do not refer to a specific person, but refer to a type of person in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any person … for any diligent person” +12:28 mogk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism בְּ⁠אֹֽרַח־צְדָקָ֥ה חַיִּ֑ים וְ⁠דֶ֖רֶךְ נְתִיבָ֣ה אַל־מָֽוֶת 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** that shows that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “In the path of righteousness is life, yes, the way of the beaten path is not death”\n +12:28 wiv0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּ⁠אֹֽרַח־צְדָקָ֥ה 1 See how you translated **the path of righteousness** in [8:20](../08/20.md). +12:28 cf0m rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result חַיִּ֑ים & אַל־מָֽוֶת 1 In this verse, **is** indicates that what follows is the result of the preceding phrase. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate result. Alternate translation: “results in life … results in no death”\n +12:28 ihyn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit חַיִּ֑ים 1 See how you translated the same use of **life** in [10:16](../10/16.md). +12:28 y24r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְ⁠דֶ֖רֶךְ נְתִיבָ֣ה 1 Here Solomon uses the possessive form to indicate that **the way** is **the beaten path**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and the way that is the beaten path” +12:28 h4sg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠דֶ֖רֶךְ נְתִיבָ֣ה 1 Here, **the way of the beaten path** refers to **the path of righteousness** in the previous clause. Solomon refers to living righteously as if one were walking on a **beaten path** that is safe because it was made well. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and living righteously” +12:28 d3it rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אַל־מָֽוֶת 1 Here, **no death** could refer to: (1) a person not dying earlier than expected, which is the opposite way of saying the same idea used for **life** in the previous clause. Alternate translation: “is not dying early” (2) a person having immortality. Alternate translation: “is immortality” +13:intro nh7k 0 # Proverbs 13 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nChapter 13 continues the section of the book written by Solomon that is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in This Chapter\n\n### Contrasting parallelism\n\nExcept for [13:14](../13/14.md), all the proverbs in this chapter consist of two parallel clauses that contrast with each other. +13:1 ugs5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis בֵּ֣ן חָ֭כָם מ֣וּסַר אָ֑ב 1 Solomon is leaving a word that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “A wise son listens to the instruction of a father” +13:1 c2rk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בֵּ֣ן חָ֭כָם 1 See how you translated the same use of **son** in [1:8](../01/08.md). +13:1 au6w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מ֣וּסַר & גְּעָרָֽה 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **instruction** in [1:2](../01/02.md) and **rebuke** in [1:25](../01/25.md). +13:1 gk2w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun וְ֝⁠לֵ֗ץ 1 Here, **a mocker** refers to this type of person in general, not a specific **mocker**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “but any mocker” +13:1 uwpq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אָ֑ב 1 Here, **father** refers to the **father** of the **son** mentioned earlier in the clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “his father” +13:2 zu98 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִ⁠פְּרִ֣י פִי־אִ֭ישׁ 1 See how you translated the same phrase in [12:14](../12/14.md). +13:2 w883 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ט֑וֹב & וְ⁠נֶ֖פֶשׁ & חָמָֽס 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **good** in [11:27](../11/27.md), **appetite** in [6:30](../06/30.md), and **violence** in [3:31](../03/31.md). +13:2 mgn1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠נֶ֖פֶשׁ 1 Here, Solomon refers to the desire of **the treacherous ones** as if it were their **appetite**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but the desire of” +13:3 o7lu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun נֹצֵ֣ר פִּ֭י⁠ו שֹׁמֵ֣ר נַפְשׁ֑⁠וֹ פֹּשֵׂ֥ק שְׂ֝פָתָ֗י⁠ו מְחִתָּה־לֽ⁠וֹ 1 **One who guards his mouth**, **his**, **one who opens his lips**, and **him** here do not refer to specific people, but to types of people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Anyone who guards one’s mouth keeps one’s life; anyone who opens one’s lips is ruin for that person” +13:3 xb3d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom נֹצֵ֣ר פִּ֭י⁠ו 1 The phrase **guards his mouth** is an idiom that refers to being careful about what one says. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “One who speaks carefully” +13:3 f4rg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שֹׁמֵ֣ר נַפְשׁ֑⁠וֹ 1 Here Solomon speaks of someone preserving one’s **life** as if one’s **life** were an object that one **keeps**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “preserves his life” +13:3 zq0o rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast פֹּשֵׂ֥ק שְׂ֝פָתָ֗י⁠ו מְחִתָּה־לֽ⁠וֹ 1 This clause is in strong contrast to the previous clause. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a contrast. Alternate translation: “on the contrary, one who opens his lips, ruin for him”\n +13:3 an2t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis פֹּשֵׂ֥ק שְׂ֝פָתָ֗י⁠ו מְחִתָּה־לֽ⁠וֹ 1 Solomon is leaving out a word that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply this word from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “one who opens his lips keeps ruin for himself” +13:3 bd6a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom פֹּשֵׂ֥ק שְׂ֝פָתָ֗י⁠ו 1 The phrase **opens his lips** is an idiom that could refer to: (1) speaking carelessly, which would be in contrast to the meaning of **guards his mouth** in the previous clause. Alternate translation: “one who talks without thinking” (2) speaking too much. Alternate translation: “one who talks too much” +13:3 qfrc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מְחִתָּה־לֽ⁠וֹ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **ruin**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “ruins himself” +13:4 ly1m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun נַפְשׁ֣⁠וֹ עָצֵ֑ל 1 **A lazy one** and **his** do not refer to a specific person, put to a type of person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “Anyone who is lazy, that one’s appetite” +13:4 c7yc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns נַפְשׁ֣⁠וֹ & וְ⁠נֶ֖פֶשׁ 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **appetite** in [6:30](../06/30.md). +13:4 mjxy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מִתְאַוָּ֣ה & נַפְשׁ֣⁠וֹ 1 Here, **craving** describes the **appetite** of a **lazy** person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “he has a craving appetite” or “he craves” +13:4 z2sk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וָ֭⁠אַיִן 1 Here, Solomon implies that **there is nothing** to satisfy the **lazy** person’s **craving**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and there is nothing to satisfy that craving” +13:4 kakf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive תְּדֻשָּֽׁן 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “will become fat” +13:4 rj8j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification תְּדֻשָּֽׁן 1 Here Solomon refers to **the appetite of the diligent ones** being satisfied as if **the appetite** were a person who could be **fattened**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will be satisfied” +13:5 i9t2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun צַדִּ֑יק 1 See how you translated **A righteous one** in [9:9](../09/09.md). +13:5 xfcg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession דְּבַר־שֶׁ֭קֶר 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **word** that is characterized by **falsehood**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “a false word”\n +13:5 xrle rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy דְּבַר 1 See how you translated the similar use of **word** in [12:25](../12/25.md). +13:5 lygo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun וְ֝⁠רָשָׁ֗ע 1 See how you translated **a wicked one** in [9:7](../09/07.md). +13:5 c74k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יַבְאִ֥ישׁ 1 Here Solomon refers to people causing others to feel disgust for them as if they smell bad. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “causes others to feel disgust for him” or “disgusts others” +13:6 iac2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns צְ֭דָקָה & וְ֝⁠רִשְׁעָ֗ה 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **Righteousness** in [1:3](../01/03.md) and **wickedness** in [4:17](../04/17.md). +13:6 zhal rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification תִּצֹּ֣ר תָּם־דָּ֑רֶךְ 1 Here Solomon refers to people protecting themselves by acting righteously as if **Righteousness** were a person who **guards** them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “enables the blameless of way to be protected” or "protects those who live blamelessly" +13:6 df15 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession תָּם־דָּ֑רֶךְ 1 See how you translated this phrase in [11:20](../11/20.md). +13:6 r21h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification תְּסַלֵּ֥ף חַטָּֽאת 1 Here Solomon refers to people deliberately doing wicked things that will result in their destruction as if **wickedness** were a person who **leads** them **astray**. See how you translated the same use of **leads** **astray** in [12:16](../12/16.md). +13:7 z16h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun יֵ֣שׁ מִ֭תְעַשֵּׁר & מִ֝תְרוֹשֵׁ֗שׁ 1 The phrases **one who pretends to be rich** and **one who pretends to be poor** do not refer to specific people, but to types of people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “There are people who pretend to be rich … people who pretend to be poor” +13:7 z2e4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole וְ⁠אֵ֣ין כֹּ֑ל 1 Solomon says **nothing at all** here as a generalization for emphasis. He means either that this person has **nothing** valuable or has very few possessions. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “but has nothing valuable at all” or “but truly does not have much wealth” +13:8 tjrj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession כֹּ֣פֶר נֶֽפֶשׁ־אִ֣ישׁ 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **ransom** that must be paid to redeem **the life of a man**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “The ransom that must be paid to redeem the life of a man” or “What a man must pay to buy back his own life” +13:8 q5kf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אִ֣ישׁ עָשְׁר֑⁠וֹ 1 Although **a man** and **his** are masculine, Solomon is using these words in a generic sense that could refer to either **a man** or woman. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “a person is that person’s riches”\n +13:8 ccrr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun וְ֝⁠רָ֗שׁ 1 Solomon is speaking of **poor** people in general, not of one particular **poor one**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “but any poor person”\n +13:8 xoce rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לֹא־שָׁמַ֥ע 1 Here Solomon refers to **a poor one** completely ignoring **a rebuke** as if that person didn’t even hear it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “ignores” or “ignores as if he did not even hear” +13:8 mq75 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit גְּעָרָֽה 1 Here, the word translated **rebuke** refers to a threat that someone makes against the life of **a poor one**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “a threat” +13:9 trqq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אוֹר & וְ⁠נֵ֖ר 1 **The light** and **the lamp** refer to lights and lamps in general, not one particular **light** and **lamp**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “The lights of … but the lamps of”\n +13:9 xs1o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אוֹר־צַדִּיקִ֥ים יִשְׂמָ֑ח 1 Here Solomon refers to the lives of **the righteous ones** being enjoyable as if their lives were a **light** that could be **glad**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “The lives of the righteous ones will be enjoyable” or “The lives of the righteous ones will be enjoyable like a brightly shining light” +13:9 upv1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠נֵ֖ר רְשָׁעִ֣ים יִדְעָֽךְ 1 Here, Solomon refers to the death of **the wicked ones** as if their lives were lamps that stop burning to produce light. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “but the life of the wicked ones will end” or “but the life of the wicked ones is like a lamp that will be extinguished” +13:9 pbds rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יִדְעָֽךְ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “will stop shining” or “will stop producing light” +13:10 n32q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּ֭⁠זָדוֹן & מַצָּ֑ה & חָכְמָֽה 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **presumptuousness**, **contention**, and **wisdom**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. See how you translated **presumptuousness** in [11:2](../11/02.md) and **wisdom** in [1:2](../01/02.md). Alternate translation: “with being presumptuous … contending with others … being wise” +13:10 rxsw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְ⁠אֶת־נ֖וֹעָצִ֣ים חָכְמָֽה 1 Solomon is leaving out a word that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply this word from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “but with those who are counseled comes wisdom” +13:10 ujq3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive נ֖וֹעָצִ֣ים 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “those whom people counsel” +13:11 u1q4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מֵ⁠הֶ֣בֶל 1 Here, **from emptiness** refers to obtaining something easily or without effort. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “obtained easily” or “that someone gains without effort” +13:11 db1v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun וְ⁠קֹבֵ֖ץ עַל־יָ֣ד 1 Solomon is speaking of people who gather **by hand** in general, not of one particular person **who gathers by hand**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “but any person who gathers by hand”\n +13:11 xlrs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ⁠קֹבֵ֖ץ עַל־יָ֣ד 1 Here, **gathers by hand** could refer to: (1) working hard to gather something, as if one were using one’s hands to do the work. Alternate translation: “but one who gathers by laboring” (2) gathering something gradually in small amounts as if one were gathering it in one’s **hand**. Alternate translation: “but one who gathers gradually” +13:11 kmpo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis יַרְבֶּֽה 1 Solomon is leaving out a word that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply this word from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “will increase wealth” +13:12 jeiv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תּוֹחֶ֣לֶת 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **hope** in [10:28](../10/28.md). +13:12 l1gc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive מְ֭מֻשָּׁכָה & בָאָֽה 1 If your language does not use these passive forms, you could express the ideas in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that does not yet become reality … that becomes reality” or “that is not yet realized … that is realized” +13:12 v8h6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מַחֲלָה־לֵ֑ב 1 This phrase is an idiom that refers to someone despairing or feeling sad. If it would be helpful in you language, you could express the meaning plainly or use an equivalent idiom in your language. Alternate translation: “makes a person sad” or “breaks a person’s heart” +13:12 k7pf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠עֵ֥ץ חַ֝יִּ֗ים 1 See how you translated **a tree of life** in [3:18](../03/18.md). +13:13 gajo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun בָּ֣ז 1 Solomon is speaking of people who despise advice in general, not of one particular person **who despises**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “Anyone who despises”\n +13:13 k3tc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְ֭⁠דָבָר 1 Here, **word** refers to instructions or advice that people say by using words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “instruction” or “people instructing him” +13:13 a5vy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יֵחָ֣בֶל ל֑⁠וֹ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “must pay for it” +13:13 t75v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יֵחָ֣בֶל ל֑⁠וֹ 1 Here Solomon refers to someone experiencing the negative consequences of despising **a word** as if he were paying money for doing so. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will experience the consequences for doing so” +13:13 fzbj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations וִ⁠ירֵ֥א מִ֝צְוָ֗ה ה֣וּא יְשֻׁלָּֽם 1 Although the terms **he** and **himself** are masculine, Solomon is using these words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “but someone with fear of a command, that one will be rewarded”\n +13:13 r1bk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ה֣וּא יְשֻׁלָּֽם 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God will reward that very person” +13:14 xmie rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תּוֹרַ֣ת 1 **The law** here does not refer to a specific **law** but refers to lessons or instructions in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “The instruction of”\n +13:14 l87y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj חָ֭כָם 1 Here Solomon is using the adjective **wise** as a noun to mean **wise** people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “the wise ones” +13:14 uhi9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מְק֣וֹר חַיִּ֑ים 1 See how you translated this phrase in [10:11](../10/11.md). +13:14 po7m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לָ֝⁠ס֗וּר מִ⁠מֹּ֥קְשֵׁי מָֽוֶת 1 Here Solomon speaks of someone avoiding dangerous situations that could result in that person dying as if that person were turning away from **the snares of death**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to avoid the snares of death”\n +13:14 qfy7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis לָ֝⁠ס֗וּר 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “the law of the wise turns people away” +13:14 h871 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִ⁠מֹּ֥קְשֵׁי מָֽוֶת 1 Here Solomon refers to dangerous situations that could result in someone dying as if they were **snares**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “from deadly situations” or “from dangers that are like traps that lead to death” +13:15 ztj7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification שֵֽׂכֶל־ט֭וֹב יִתֶּן־חֵ֑ן 1 Here Solomon speaks of a person receiving **favor** because that person has **Good insight** as if the **insight** were a person who could give **favor**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Good insight causes the person who has it to be favored by others” +13:15 up13 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns שֵֽׂכֶל & חֵ֑ן 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **insight** in [1:3](../01/03.md) and **favor** in [3:4](../03/04.md). +13:15 sp95 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠דֶ֖רֶךְ 1 See how you translated this use of **way** in [1:15](../01/15.md). +13:15 r4vi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֵיתָֽן 1 Here the word translated **permanent** refers to something that is unrelenting. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “is unrelenting” or “does not relent” +13:15 vilf rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants אֵיתָֽן 1 Instead of **permanent**, some ancient translations read “their ruin.” If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT. +13:16 n8lr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְ⁠דָ֑עַת & אִוֶּֽלֶת 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **knowledge** in [1:4](../01/04.md) and **folly** in [5:23](../05/23.md). +13:16 p3dc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִפְרֹ֥שׂ אִוֶּֽלֶת 1 Here Solomon refers to **a stupid one** displaying how foolish he is as if his **folly** were an object that he spreads out for other people to see. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “displays his folly” +13:16 n3ey rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יִפְרֹ֥שׂ אִוֶּֽלֶת 1 Here Solomon implies that **a stupid one spreads folly** by how he acts. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “spreads folly by what he says and does” +13:17 n29k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מַלְאָ֣ךְ רָ֭שָׁע 1 Here, **wicked messenger** specifically refers to a **messenger** who is unreliable. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “An unreliable messenger” +13:17 h4gr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִפֹּ֣ל בְּ⁠רָ֑ע 1 Here Solomon refers to someone experiencing **evil** as if it were a place into which that person **falls**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “experiences evil” +13:17 tmcp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּ⁠רָ֑ע 1 Here, **evil** refers to trouble that someone might experience as a result of **evil**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “into trouble”\n +13:17 pfh6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְ⁠צִ֖יר אֱמוּנִ֣ים 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe an **envoy** that is characterized by **faithfulness**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “but a faithful envoy” +13:18 m4d7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רֵ֣ישׁ וְ֭⁠קָלוֹן & מוּסָ֑ר & תּוֹכַ֣חַת 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **Poverty** in [6:11](../06/11.md), **shame** in [6:33](../06/33.md), and **correction** and **rebuke** in [3:11](../03/11.md). +13:18 f6rv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun פּוֹרֵ֣עַ & וְ⁠שׁוֹמֵ֖ר 1 Here, **one who avoids** and **one who keeps** refer to people who do these things in general, but not to any specific **one**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “are for those who avoid … but those who keep” +13:18 b3wd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠שׁוֹמֵ֖ר 1 Here Solomon refers to someone accepting **a rebuke** from someone else as if **a rebuke** were an object that one **keeps**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but one who accepts” +13:18 owqo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יְכֻבָּֽד 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people will honor” +13:19 h11i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לְ⁠נָ֑פֶשׁ 1 Here Solomon implies that **self** refers to the same person who has the **desire** mentioned earlier in the verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “to one’s self” +13:19 fv8k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וְ⁠תוֹעֲבַ֥ת & מֵ⁠רָֽע 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **abomination** in [3:32](../03/32.md) and **evil** in [1:16](../01/16.md). +13:19 j2fq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ס֣וּר מֵ⁠רָֽע 1 See how you translated “turn away from evil” in [3:7](../03/07.md). +13:20 rdzm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun הוֹלֵ֣ךְ & וְ⁠רֹעֶ֖ה 1 **One who walks** and **one who associates with** refer to people who do these things in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Those who walk … but those who associate with” +13:20 k77z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הוֹלֵ֣ךְ 1 See how you translated the same use of “walk” in [1:15](../01/15.md). +13:21 qnbp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רָעָ֑ה & טֽוֹב 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **Evil** and **goodness**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. See how you translated **Evil** in [1:16](../01/16.md). Alternate translation: “What is evil … what is good” +13:21 s35w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification תְּרַדֵּ֣ף 1 Here Solomon refers to **sinners** experiencing **Evil** as if **Evil** were a person who could **pursue** them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will happen to” or “will be experienced by” +13:21 ovgd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification יְשַׁלֶּם 1 Here Solomon refers to **righteous ones** experiencing **goodness** as if **goodness** were a person who could **reward** them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will happen to” or “will be experienced by” +13:22 zohr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun ט֗וֹב & לַ֝⁠צַּדִּ֗יק & חוֹטֵֽא 1 **A good one**, **a sinner**, and **the righteous one** refer to types of people in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any good one … any sinner … for any righteous person” +13:22 tull rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis יַנְחִ֥יל בְּנֵֽי־בָנִ֑ים 1 Solomon is leaving out words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the next clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “will cause sons of sons to inherit his wealth”\n +13:22 amv1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּנֵֽי־בָנִ֑ים 1 Here, Solomon implies that **sons of sons** refers to the grandchildren of **A good one** mentioned earlier in the verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “his sons of sons” +13:22 fi9c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְ⁠צָפ֥וּן לַ֝⁠צַּדִּ֗יק חֵ֣יל חוֹטֵֽא 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “but the righteous one will receive the wealth that a sinner has stored up” +13:23 z3px rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown נִ֣יר 1 An **unplowed field** is a **field** that has not been prepared for growing crops. If your readers would not be familiar with plowing fields for farming, you could use the name of a similar farming practice in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “is in the field that is not prepared for food production” +13:23 bdzr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְ⁠יֵ֥שׁ נִ֝סְפֶּ֗ה 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “but there is a being swept away of the poor ones’ food” +13:23 jv3c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive נִ֝סְפֶּ֗ה בְּ⁠לֹ֣א מִשְׁפָּֽט 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “no justice sweeping it away” +13:23 h46l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נִ֝סְפֶּ֗ה 1 Here, **swept away** refers to completely removing something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a removal” +13:23 vz3l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification בְּ⁠לֹ֣א מִשְׁפָּֽט 1 Here, Solomon refers to **no justice** as if it were a person who causes the food of poor people to be **swept away**. He means that injustice results in poor people lacking food. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “because of injustice” or “because people act unjustly” +13:24 jp8a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun חוֹשֵׂ֣ךְ שִׁ֭בְט⁠וֹ שׂוֹנֵ֣א בְנ֑⁠וֹ וְ֝⁠אֹהֲב֗⁠וֹ שִֽׁחֲר֥⁠וֹ מוּסָֽר׃ 1 Here the terms **One who withholds**, **his**, **one who loves**, and **him** do not refer to specific people, but refer to these types of people in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Those who withhold their rods hate their sons, but those who love them diligently seek them with discipline”\n +13:24 ksnf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole שׂוֹנֵ֣א 1 Solomon says **hates** here as an overstatement for emphasis. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “acts unlovingly toward” +13:24 lqcu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בְנ֑⁠וֹ & וְ֝⁠אֹהֲב֗⁠וֹ שִֽׁחֲר֥⁠וֹ 1 Although the term **son** and **him** are masculine, Solomon is using those words in a generic sense that could refer to either a male or female child. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “his child, but one who loves that child diligently seeks that child”\n +13:24 yu2d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שִֽׁחֲר֥⁠וֹ מוּסָֽר 1 Here Solomon refers to a parent **diligently** disciplining that parent’s child as if that parent were **diligently** seeking that child **with discipline**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “diligently disciplines him” +13:25 a593 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun צַדִּ֗יק & נַפְשׁ֑⁠וֹ 1 **A righteous one** and**his** here do not refer to specific people, but refer to a type of person in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any righteous one … that person’s appetite” +13:25 wby5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun וּ⁠בֶ֖טֶן 1 The word **stomach** represents stomachs in general, not one particular **stomach**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “but the stomachs of” +13:25 azl9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּ⁠בֶ֖טֶן רְשָׁעִ֣ים תֶּחְסָֽר 1 Here Solomon refers to **the wicked ones** always being hungry as if their stomachs **lack**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but the wicked ones can never eat enough” or “but the hunger of the wicked ones is never satisfied” +14:intro gbj2 0 # Proverbs 14 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nChapter 14 continues the section of the book written by Solomon that is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in This Chapter\n\n### Contrasting parallelism\n\nExcept for [14:7](../14/07.md), [10](../14/10.md), [13](../14/13.md), [17](../14/17.md), [26](../14/26.md), [27](../14/27.md), and [34](../14/34.md), all the proverbs in this chapter consist of two parallel clauses that contrast with each other. +14:1 r3rp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun חַכְמ֣וֹת נָ֭שִׁים בָּנְתָ֣ה בֵיתָ֑⁠הּ 1 **The wisest of women** and **her** here do not refer to a specific person, but refer to a type of person in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Those women who are most wise build their houses”\n +14:1 zntm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בָּנְתָ֣ה בֵיתָ֑⁠הּ 1 Here Solomon refers to a woman making her family prosper as if she were building a **house**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “causes her house to prosper” +14:1 hx7s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בֵיתָ֑⁠הּ 1 Here, **house** represents the family who lives in the **house**. See how you translated the same use of **house** in [3:33](../03/33.md). +14:1 dmak rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun וְ֝⁠אִוֶּ֗לֶת בְּ⁠יָדֶ֥י⁠הָ תֶהֶרְסֶֽ⁠נּוּ 1 Here, **a foolish woman** and **her** do not refer to a specific person, but refer to a type of person in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “but those women who are foolish tear it down with their hands”\n +14:1 tv3l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תֶהֶרְסֶֽ⁠נּוּ 1 Here, Solomon refers to a woman ruining her family as if she were tearing **down** a house. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “harms it” or "destroys it" +14:1 l2y8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּ⁠יָדֶ֥י⁠הָ 1 Here, **hands** refers to what a person does, which often involves using **hands**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “by her deeds”\n +14:2 qgn4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun הוֹלֵ֣ךְ בְּ֭⁠יָשְׁר⁠וֹ & וּ⁠נְל֖וֹז דְּרָכָ֣י⁠ו 1 **One who walks**, **his**, and **one who is crooked** refers to types of people in general, not to any specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “The person who walks in that person’s uprightness … but any person who is crooked in that person’s ways” +14:2 qnc4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הוֹלֵ֣ךְ בְּ֭⁠יָשְׁר⁠וֹ 1 Here Solomon refers to someone behaving in a upright manner as if that person **walks in his uprightness**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated a similar use of “walk” in [3:23](../03/23.md). Alternate translation: “One who conducts his life in an upright manner”\n +14:2 we9s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ⁠נְל֖וֹז דְּרָכָ֣י⁠ו 1 Here Solomon uses the phrase **crooked in his ways** to refer to someone who acts deceptively. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar use of **crooked** in [2:15](../02/15.md). Alternate translation: “but one who is deceptive”\n +14:3 ht6u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּֽ⁠פִי־אֱ֭וִיל חֹ֣טֶר גַּאֲוָ֑ה 1 In this clause, Solomon refers to what **a fool** says with his **mouth** resulting in him being punished with **a rod** as if **a rod** were **in** his **mouth**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Because of what a fool says, he is punished for pride” or “A fool is punished because of the proud things he says” +14:3 ixb4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession חֹ֣טֶר גַּאֲוָ֑ה 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **rod** that is used to punish someone for having **pride**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “is a rod for punishing proud people” +14:3 c2ir rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ⁠שִׂפְתֵ֥י 1 See how you translated the same use of **lips** in [10:21](../10/21.md). +14:3 gru7 תִּשְׁמוּרֵֽ⁠ם 1 Alternate translation: “will keep them from harm” or “will keep them safe” +14:4 uqel rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession אֵב֣וּס בָּ֑ר 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **trough** that is characterized by **cleanness**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “is a clean trough” +14:4 w12s rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown אֵב֣וּס 1 A **trough** is a container that holds food for domesticated animals such as **cattle**. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of animal food container, you could use the name of something similar in your area, or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “is a food container of” +14:4 rd3o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וְ⁠רָב 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **abundance** in [5:23](../05/23.md). +14:4 e3k8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis בְּ⁠כֹ֣חַ שֽׁוֹר 1 Solomon is leaving out a word that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply this word from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “is produced by the strength of an ox”\n +14:4 diy9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּ⁠כֹ֣חַ שֽׁוֹר 1 Here, **strength** refers to the work **an ox** does that involves using **strength**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is by the work done by a strong ox” +14:4 huma rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun שֽׁוֹר 1 Here, the word **ox** represents oxen in general, not one particular **ox**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression, as in the UST. +14:5 ew9y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession עֵ֣ד אֱ֭מוּנִים 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **witness** who is characterized by **faithfulness**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “A faithful witness” +14:5 xtdm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession עֵ֣ד שָֽׁקֶר 1 See how you translated this phrase in [6:19](../06/19.md). +14:5 j6d2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠יָפִ֥יחַ כְּ֝זָבִ֗ים 1 See how you translated **breathes out lies** in [6:19](../06/19.md). +14:6 sfgf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לֵ֣ץ & לְ⁠נָב֣וֹן 1 See how you translated **a mocker** in [9:7](../09/07.md) and **the understanding one** in [1:5](../01/05.md). +14:6 xavx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בִּקֶּשׁ 1 Here ,**wisdom** is described as if it were an object that people, trying to be wise, could “seek.” See how you translated the same use of **seeks** in [11:27](../11/27.md). +14:6 mc72 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חָכְמָ֣ה & וְ⁠דַ֖עַת 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **wisdom** in [1:2](../01/02.md) and **knowledge** in [1:4](../01/04.md). +14:6 wm35 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וָ⁠אָ֑יִן 1 Here Solomon means that **a mocker** cannot acquire **wisdom**, not that **wisdom** does not exist. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and he finds none” or “and there is no wisdom for him” +14:6 ek6h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְ⁠דַ֖עַת 1 Solomon is leaving out a word that, in many languages, a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply this word from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “but finding knowledge” or “but acquiring knowledge” +14:7 mvxr מִ֭⁠נֶּגֶד 1 Alternate translation: “from the presence of” +14:7 vk5h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession לְ⁠אִ֣ישׁ כְּסִ֑יל 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **man** who is characterized by **stupidity**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “a stupid man” +14:7 vhev rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לְ⁠אִ֣ישׁ 1 Here, **a man** represents a type of people in general, not one particular **man**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “any person of” +14:7 va2c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ⁠בַל־יָ֝דַ֗עְתָּ 1 Here Solomon refers to **you** not receiving **knowledge** from what a stupid person says as if **you** did **not know** such **knowledge**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “for you will not receive” +14:7 ud4w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שִׂפְתֵי־דָֽעַת 1 Here, **lips** refers to what people say by moving their **lips**. Solomon is referring to words that express **knowledge**. See how you translated the same use of **lips** in [10:18](../10/18.md). Alternate translation: “words that express knowledge” +14:8 e2qn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חָכְמַ֣ת & וְ⁠אִוֶּ֖לֶת & מִרְמָֽה 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **wisdom** in [1:2](../01/02.md), **folly** in [5:23](../05/23.md), and **deceit** in [11:1](../11/01.md). +14:8 vug2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun עָ֭רוּם 1 See how you translated this phrase in [12:16](../12/16.md). +14:8 vp9q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דַּרְכּ֑⁠וֹ 1 See how you translated the same use of **way** in [1:15](../01/15.md). +14:9 f44d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אָשָׁ֑ם 1 Mocking **the guilt offering** implies that **Fools mock** the need for people to offer **the guilt offering** in order to ask Yahweh to forgive them for sinning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “offering guilt offerings to Yahweh for forgiveness”\n +14:9 t24p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רָצֽוֹן 1 See how you translated **favor** in [3:4](../03/04.md). +14:9 pui7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit רָצֽוֹן 1 Here Solomon implies that this **favor** is from Yahweh. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “is Yahweh’s favor” +14:10 xxe9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לֵ֗ב & נַפְשׁ֑⁠וֹ & וּ֝⁠בְ⁠שִׂמְחָת֗⁠וֹ 1 **A heart**, **itself**, and **its** refer to the whole person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “A person … that person, and in that person’s joy,” +14:10 y94d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מָרַּ֣ת & וּ֝⁠בְ⁠שִׂמְחָת֗⁠וֹ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **bitterness** and **joy**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “how bitter it is … and in its feeling joyful,” +14:11 c5yp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בֵּ֣ית & וְ⁠אֹ֖הֶל 1 In this verse, **house** and **tent** refer to the people who live in them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The household of … but the household of” +14:11 bfxk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יִשָּׁמֵ֑ד 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will destroy” +14:11 d165 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יַפְרִֽיחַ 1 Here Solomon refers to a family prospering as if it were a plant with blooming flowers that **flourish**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will prosper” +14:12 ojy4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דֶּ֣רֶךְ 1 See how you translated the same use of **way** in [1:15](../01/15.md). +14:12 y8gw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לִ⁠פְנֵי־אִ֑ישׁ 1 Here, **before the face of** refers to what a person perceives. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “that a man perceives” +14:12 hslo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אִ֑ישׁ 1 The word **man** represents a person in general, not one particular **man**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “a person” +14:12 e0n4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ֝⁠אַחֲרִיתָ֗⁠הּ 1 Here, **end** refers to a final result. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but its result” +14:12 o8df rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דַּרְכֵי־מָֽוֶת 1 Here Solomon uses **ways** to refer to the destiny of those people who live according to what they themselves think is **a right way**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is the destiny of death”\n +14:12 c1cp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession דַּרְכֵי־מָֽוֶת 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **the ways** that are **death**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “is the ways that are death” or “is the destiny that is death” +14:13 j3ih rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בִּ⁠שְׂח֥וֹק יִכְאַב & שִׂמְחָ֣ה תוּגָֽה 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **laughter**, **pain**, **joy**, and **grief**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “when laughing … may feel painful … feeling joyful may be feeling sad” +14:13 a8j9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לֵ֑ב 1 Here, **heart** refers to the whole person. See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [14:10](../14/10.md). +14:14 ocu0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מִ⁠דְּרָכָ֣י⁠ו & ס֣וּג לֵ֑ב וּ֝⁠מֵ⁠עָלָ֗י⁠ו אִ֣ישׁ טֽוֹב 1 **The turning away of heart**, **his**, and **a good man** each refer to types of people in general, not to specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person turning away of heart … from that person’s ways, but any good person from that person”\n +14:14 qe8k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ס֣וּג לֵ֑ב 1 Here Solomon refers to the person who has stopped behaving righteously and is now behaving wickedly as if that person’s **heart** is **turning away** from behaving righteously. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The person who stops living righteously” +14:14 hiz5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יִ֭שְׂבַּע 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will fill” +14:14 jxno rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יִ֭שְׂבַּע 1 In this clause, the word translated **filled** implies that **the turning away of heart** will fully experience the negative consequences of **his ways**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “will experience all the consequences” or “will be fully repaid” +14:14 c5in rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִ⁠דְּרָכָ֣י⁠ו 1 See how you translated the same use of **ways** in [3:6](../03/06.md). +14:14 tuqm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וּ֝⁠מֵ⁠עָלָ֗י⁠ו אִ֣ישׁ טֽוֹב 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “but a good man will be filled from his ways”\n +14:15 i558 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun פֶּ֭תִי & וְ֝⁠עָר֗וּם 1 **A naive one** and **a prudent one** refer to types of people in general, not to specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated **a prudent one** in [12:16](../12/16.md). Alternate translation: “Any naive person … but any prudent person” +14:15 nkj9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy דָּבָ֑ר 1 See how you translated the same use of **word** in [12:25](../12/25.md). +14:15 h73m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לַ⁠אֲשֻׁרֽ⁠וֹ 1 Here, **step** refers to a person’s behavior. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “his behavior” or "his actions" +14:16 xojs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun חָכָ֣ם & וּ֝⁠כְסִ֗יל 1 See how you translated **a wise one** in [1:5](../01/05.md) and **a stupid one** in [10:18](../10/18.md). +14:16 z79v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠סָ֣ר מֵ⁠רָ֑ע 1 See how you translated the similar phrase “turn away from evil” in [3:7](../03/07.md). +14:16 jexo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּ⁠בוֹטֵֽחַ 1 Here, **confident** refers to the negative quality of being unreasonably self-confident or careless. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and is overly confident” or “and is careless” +14:17 a76z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom קְֽצַר־אַ֭פַּיִם 1 The phrase **short of nostrils** is an idiom that refers to a person who becomes angry quickly. The word **nostrils** means “anger” by association with the way that a person who is angry breathes heavily through his nose, causing his **nostrils** to open wide. Your language and culture may also associate anger with a particular part of the body. If so, you could use an expression involving that part of the body in your translation. You could also use plain language. Alternate translation: “One who easily vents his spleen” or “One who becomes angry quickly”\n +14:17 ndbc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun קְֽצַר־אַ֭פַּיִם & וְ⁠אִ֥ישׁ מְ֝זִמּ֗וֹת 1 **One short of nostrils** and **a man of schemes** refer to types of people in general, not to specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated **a man of schemes** in [12:2](../12/02.md). Alternate translation: “Any person short of nostrils … and any person of schemes” or “Any person who gets angry quickly … and any person who schemes” +14:17 xri2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns אִוֶּ֑לֶת 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **folly** in [5:23](../05/23.md). +14:17 ib3s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְ⁠אִ֥ישׁ מְ֝זִמּ֗וֹת 1 See how you translated **a man of schemes** in [12:2](../12/02.md). +14:17 erby rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יִשָּׂנֵֽא 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language, as in the UST. +14:18 c2ql rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy נָחֲל֣וּ & אִוֶּ֑לֶת 1 Here, Solomon speaks of **Naive ones** becoming foolish as if **folly** were property or wealth that they could **inherit** from a family member. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar use of **inherit** in [3:35](../03/35.md). Alternate translation: “become foolish”\n +14:18 aj35 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns אִוֶּ֑לֶת & דָֽעַת 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **folly** in [5:23](../05/23.md) and **knowledge** in [1:4](../01/04.md). +14:18 spn1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יַכְתִּ֥רוּ דָֽעַת 1 Here Solomon speaks of people being rewarded with **knowledge** as if **knowledge** were a **crown** they **will wear**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “will be rewarded with knowledge” or “will be rewarded with knowledge as if it were a crown they wore”\n +14:19 b4i8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction שַׁח֣וּ 1 Bowing **down** is a symbolic action that shows humble respect or submission to someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could explain the significance of this action in the text or in a footnote. Alternate translation: “will bow down to show respect” +14:19 mch0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י 1 Here, the word **face** represents the presence of a person by association with the way people can see the **face** of someone who is present. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in the presence of” +14:19 resy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וּ֝⁠רְשָׁעִ֗ים עַֽל־שַׁעֲרֵ֥י צַדִּֽיק 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and wicked ones will bow down at the gates of the righteous one”\n +14:19 e892 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עַֽל־שַׁעֲרֵ֥י 1 Here, **gates** refers to the doorway of the house of **the righteous one**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “at the gates of the house of” +14:19 tt7h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun צַדִּֽיק 1 See how you translated the same use of this phrase in [10:3](../10/03.md). +14:20 lsnx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לְ֭⁠רֵעֵ⁠הוּ & רָ֑שׁ & עָשִׁ֣יר 1 The expressions **One who is poor**, **his neighbor**, and **the rich one** each refer to types of people in general, not to specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who is poor … by that person’s neighbors … any rich person”\n +14:20 h5ns rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive גַּם־לְ֭⁠רֵעֵ⁠הוּ יִשָּׂ֣נֵא רָ֑שׁ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Even a poor person’s neighbor hates him” +14:21 fy3m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun בָּז־לְ⁠רֵעֵ֥⁠הוּ חוֹטֵ֑א וּ⁠מְחוֹנֵ֖ן עניים אַשְׁרָֽי⁠ו 1 **One who sins**, **his neighbor**, **one who shows favor**, and **he** refer to types of people in general, not to specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who sins despises that person’s neighbors, but any person who shows favor to afflicted ones, happy is that person” +14:21 d4gp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּ⁠מְחוֹנֵ֖ן 1 Here, **shows favor** refers to being kind to someone, not to favoring one person over another. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but the one who is compassionate to” +14:22 m1cw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲֽ⁠לוֹא־יִ֭תְעוּ חֹ֣רְשֵׁי רָ֑ע 1 Solomon is using the question form to emphasize what he is saying. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “Devisers of evil certainly go astray!” +14:22 ie8f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רָ֑ע וְ⁠חֶ֥סֶד וֶ֝⁠אֱמֶ֗ת & טֽוֹב 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **evil** in [1:16](../01/16.md), **covenant faithfulness** and **trustworthiness** in [3:3](../03/03.md), and **good** in [11:27](../11/27.md). +14:22 mmn3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הֲֽ⁠לוֹא־יִ֭תְעוּ 1 Here Solomon uses the phrase **go astray** to refer to being deceptive. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Are not … deceptive”\n +14:22 aqg9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit חֹ֣רְשֵׁי טֽוֹב 1 Here, **are for** indicates that **devisers of good** are those who will benefit from receiving the **covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness** of others. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “benefit devisers of good” +14:23 d7ni rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns עֶ֭צֶב & מוֹתָ֑ר & לְ⁠מַחְסֽוֹר 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns “toils” in [5:10](../05/10.md), **profit** in [3:14](../03/14.md), and **lack** in [6:11](../06/11.md). +14:23 dbn5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּ⁠דְבַר־שְׂ֝פָתַ֗יִם 1 Here Solomon implies that this refers to **the words of lips** without any **toil**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but the word of lips without toil” or “but the word of lips by itself” +14:23 vvln rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וּ⁠דְבַר־שְׂ֝פָתַ֗יִם 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **the word** that is spoken with **lips**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “but the word spoken by lips” +14:23 r2lz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּ⁠דְבַר 1 See how you translated the similar use of **word** in [12:25](../12/25.md). +14:23 a06s rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result אַךְ־לְ⁠מַחְסֽוֹר 1 Here, **is only** indicates that **lack** is the result of the preceding phrase. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate result. Alternate translation: “results only in lack”\n +14:24 dc97 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עֲטֶ֣רֶת 1 Here Solomon speaks of the reward of **the wise ones** as if it were a **crown** they wear. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. See how you translated the similar use of **crown** in [14:18](../14/18.md). Alternate translation: “The reward of” or “The reward that is like a crown of”\n +14:24 u3bw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns אִוֶּ֖לֶת כְּסִילִ֣ים 1 See how you translated this phrase in [14:8](../14/08.md). +14:24 gr0a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns אִוֶּ֖לֶת & אִוֶּֽלֶת 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **folly** in [5:23](../05/23.md). +14:25 xf3q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession עֵ֣ד אֱמֶ֑ת 1 See how you translated the same use of **A witness of** in [14:5](../14/05.md). +14:25 wkc7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠יָפִ֖חַ כְּזָבִ֣ים 1 See how you translated **breathes out lies** in [6:19](../06/19.md). +14:26 f120 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּ⁠יִרְאַ֣ת יְ֭הוָה מִבְטַח־עֹ֑ז 1 Here Solomon refers to someone having **confidence** because that person has **the fear of Yahweh** as if **the fear of Yahweh** were a location in which **confidence** resided. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The fear of Yahweh is the source of the confidence of the strong one” or “The confidence of the strong one is because he has the fear of Yahweh” +14:26 tky7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְּ⁠יִרְאַ֣ת יְ֭הוָה 1 See how you translated **the fear of Yahweh** in [1:7](../01/07.md). +14:26 zfgw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מִבְטַח 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **confidence** in [3:26](../03/26.md). +14:26 b73j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun עֹ֑ז וּ֝⁠לְ⁠בָנָ֗י⁠ו יִהְיֶ֥ה 1 Here, **the strong one**, **his**, and **he** refer to a type of person in general, not to one specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any strong person, and for that person’s sons that person will be”\n +14:26 nbdi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations וּ֝⁠לְ⁠בָנָ֗י⁠ו 1 Although the term **sons** is masculine, Solomon is using the word here in a generic sense that could refer to either male or female children. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “and for his children”\n +14:26 gyit rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִהְיֶ֥ה מַחְסֶֽה 1 Here, Solomon refers to a person protecting **his** children as if he were **a refuge** for them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “he will provide protection” or “he will be like a refuge” +14:26 dh54 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מַחְסֶֽה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **refuge**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “someone who protects” +14:27 n41g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession יִרְאַ֣ת יְ֭הוָה 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:7](../01/07.md) and in the previous verse. +14:27 c8u2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מְק֣וֹר חַיִּ֑ים 1 See how you translated **a fountain of life** in [10:11](../10/11.md) and [13:14](../13/14.md). +14:27 r5t6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לָ֝⁠ס֗וּר מִ⁠מֹּ֥קְשֵׁי מָֽוֶת 1 See how you translated the same clause in [13:14](../13/14.md). +14:28 vxf7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּ⁠רָב־עָ֥ם הַדְרַת־מֶ֑לֶךְ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **abundance** and **majesty**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “An abundant number of people is what makes a king majestic” +14:28 c3y9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מֶ֑לֶךְ & רָזֽוֹן 1 Here, **a king** and **the potentate** refer to types of people in general, not to specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any king … any potentate” +14:28 l6zi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּ⁠בְ⁠אֶ֥פֶס 1 Here, **end** refers to a lack of people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but with the decline of” +14:29 c6lj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אֶ֣רֶךְ אַ֭פַּיִם & וּ⁠קְצַר־ר֝֗וּחַ 1 **One long of nostrils** and **one short of spirit** refer to types of people in general, not to specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person long of nostrils … but any person short of spirit” +14:29 xc7n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אֶ֣רֶךְ אַ֭פַּיִם 1 The phrase **long of nostrils** is an idiom that refers to a type of person who does not become angry quickly. The word "nostrils" means “anger” by association with the way that a person who is angry breathes heavily through his nose, causing his nostrils to open wide. Your language and culture may also associate anger with a particular part of the body. If so, you could use an expression involving that part of the body in your translation. You could also use plain language. Alternate translation: “One who does not easily vent his spleen” or “One who does not become angry quickly”\n +14:29 hh4x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תְּבוּנָ֑ה & אִוֶּֽלֶת 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **understanding** in [1:2](../01/02.md) and **folly** in [5:23](../05/23.md). +14:29 lf5u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וּ⁠קְצַר־ר֝֗וּחַ 1 The phrase **short of spirit** is an idiom that refers to a type of person who gets angry quickly. Your language and culture may also associate anger with a particular part of the body. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but a short-tempered person” or “but one who becomes angry quickly” +14:29 pd65 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מֵרִ֥ים 1 Here Solomon speaks of someone publicly showing **folly** as if **folly** were an object that someone **lifts up** for everyone to see. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “publicly displays” or “lets everyone observe” +14:30 o4ww rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession לֵ֣ב מַרְפֵּ֑א 1 Here Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **heart** that is characterized by **healing**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “A healed heart” or "A sound heart" +14:30 e9g7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לֵ֣ב 1 Here Solomon uses **heart** to refer to a person’s inner being or mind. See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [2:2](../02/02.md). +14:30 bdfl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun בְ֭שָׂרִים לֵ֣ב 1 **A heart of healing** and **the body** refer to hearts and bodies in general, not to a specific **heart** and **body**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any heart of … any body” +14:30 e78q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit חַיֵּ֣י בְ֭שָׂרִים 1 Here, **life to the body** refers to a something being healthy for a person’s **body**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “is healthy for one’s body” or “causes one’s body to be healthy” +14:30 h3vt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ⁠רְקַ֖ב עֲצָמ֣וֹת קִנְאָֽה 1 Here Solomon is saying that **envy** harms a person’s health like a disease that causes **the decay of bones**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “but envy ruins a person’s health” or “but envy harms one’s health like disease decays one’s bones”\n +14:30 l2al rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns קִנְאָֽה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **envy**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “being envious” +14:31 k67r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun עֹ֣שֵֽׁק דָּ֭ל & עֹשֵׂ֑⁠הוּ & חֹנֵ֥ן אֶבְיֽוֹן 1 **The oppressor**. **a lowly one**, **his**, **one showing favor**, and **a needy one** refer to types of people in general, not to specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any oppressor of any lowly person … that person’s maker … any person who shows favor to any needy person” +14:31 jij6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דָּ֭ל 1 The phrase **lowly one** refers to a poor person. See how you translated the same use of “lowly ones” in [10:15](../10/15.md). +14:31 xhv2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עֹשֵׂ֑⁠הוּ 1 Here, **maker** refers to Yahweh. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “God, his maker” or “his maker, who is God” or “his Maker” +14:31 u5rq rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וּ֝⁠מְכַבְּד֗⁠וֹ 1 Here, **him** refers to Yahweh. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but … honors Yahweh” +14:31 k2td rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit חֹנֵ֥ן 1 See how you translated the same use of “shows favor to” in [14:21](../14/21.md). +14:32 kw4c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun בְּֽ֭⁠רָעָת⁠וֹ & רָשָׁ֑ע & בְ⁠מוֹת֣⁠וֹ צַדִּֽיק 1 Here, **his**, **the wicked one**, and **the righteous one** refer to types of people in general, not to specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated **the wicked one** in [3:33](../03/33.md) and **the righteous one** in [10:16](../10/16.md). Alternate translation: “By the evil of any wicked person that person … any righteous person … in that person’s death” +14:32 nxxe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּֽ֭⁠רָעָת⁠וֹ & בְ⁠מוֹת֣⁠וֹ 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **evil** in [1:16](../01/16.md) and **death** in [2:18](../02/18.md). +14:32 t8gr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יִדָּחֶ֣ה 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “thrusts himself down” +14:32 b0he rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִדָּחֶ֣ה 1 Here Solomon refers to a person’s life becoming ruined or destroyed as if that person were **thrust down**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar use of “thrown down” in [10:8](../10/08.md). Alternate translation: “is destroyed”\n +14:32 yk75 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠חֹסֶ֖ה & צַדִּֽיק 1 Here Solomon speaks of **refuge** as if it were an object that someone **finds**. He means that someone feels safe or protected. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but the righteous one feels protected” +14:32 qhzn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְ⁠מוֹת֣⁠וֹ 1 Here Solomon speaks of the time when someone dies as if **death** were a place where that person enters. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “when dying” +14:33 gsbg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּ⁠לֵ֣ב נָ֭בוֹן תָּנ֣וּחַ חָכְמָ֑ה 1 Here Solomon refers to **the understanding one** thinking wisely as if **wisdom** were an object that **rests** inside that person’s **heart**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [2:2](../02/02.md). Alternate translation: “The understanding one thinks with wisdom” +14:33 ip9w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun נָ֭בוֹן 1 See how you translated **the understanding one** in [1:5](../01/05.md). +14:33 sg1c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חָכְמָ֑ה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **wisdom** in [1:2](../01/02.md). +14:33 r61l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive תִּוָּדֵֽעַ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people will know her” +14:33 xi3x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification תִּוָּדֵֽעַ 1 Here, **she** refers to **wisdom** as if it were a woman. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “wisdom will be known”\n +14:34 ousu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns צְדָקָ֥ה & וְ⁠חֶ֖סֶד & חַטָּֽאת 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **Righteousness** in [1:3](../01/03.md), **sin** in [5:22](../05/22.md), and **shame** in [6:33](../06/33.md). +14:34 tavd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תְרֽוֹמֵֽם־גּ֑וֹי 1 Here, Solomon refers to a **nation** becoming great as if it were an object that **Righteousness** **raises** up. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar use of “raised up” in [11:11](../11/11.md). Alternate translation: “makes a nation great”\n +14:34 w56h rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns לְאֻמִּ֣ים 1 The plural use of **peoples** here refers to several groups of people that could also be called “nations” or “countries.” See how you translated “people” in [11:14](../11/14.md). +14:35 vi56 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רְֽצוֹן & מַשְׂכִּ֑יל וְ֝⁠עֶבְרָת֗⁠וֹ 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **delight** in [8:30](../08/30.md), **insight** in [1:3](../01/03.md), and **rage** in [11:23](../11/23.md). +14:35 c522 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מֶ֭לֶךְ לְ⁠עֶ֣בֶד & וְ֝⁠עֶבְרָת֗⁠וֹ תִּהְיֶ֥ה מֵבִֽישׁ 1 Here, **a king**, **the servant**, **his**, and **one who acts shamefully** refer to types of people, not to specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any king is for any servant … but any king’s rage is for any person who acts shamefully” +15:intro l872 0 # Proverbs 15 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nChapter 15 continues the section of the book written by Solomon that is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Contrasting parallelism\n\nExcept for [15:3](../15/03.md), [10–12](../15/10.md), [16–17](../15/16.md), [23–24](../15/23.md), [30–31](../15/30.md), and [33](../15/33.md), all the proverbs in this chapter consist of two parallel clauses that contrast with each other. +15:1 qcqk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מַֽעֲנֶה־רַּ֭ךְ יָשִׁ֣יב חֵמָ֑ה וּ⁠דְבַר־עֶ֝֗צֶב יַעֲלֶה־אָֽף 1 In this verse, Solomon implies that the **gentle answer** and **word of pain** are spoken to an angry person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “A gentle answer spoken to an angry person turns back that person’s heat, but a word of pain spoken to an angry person lifts up that person’s nose” +15:1 ydyg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מַֽעֲנֶה־רַּ֭ךְ & וּ⁠דְבַר־עֶ֝֗צֶב 1 **A gentle answer** and **a word of pain** refer to types of things people say, not to a specific **answer** or **word**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any gentle answer … but any word of pain”\n +15:1 jrxm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom יָשִׁ֣יב חֵמָ֑ה 1 The phrase is an idiom that refers to decreasing a person’s anger as if that anger were **heat** that someone **turns back**. The word **heat** means “anger” by association with the way that an angry person’s body increases in **heat**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “decreases anger” or “causes an angry person to become calm” +15:1 kv69 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ⁠דְבַר־עֶ֝֗צֶב 1 The phrase **a word of pain** refers to something that is spoken harshly, as if what is spoken would cause **pain** to the listener. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but what is spoken harshly” or "a hurtful word" +15:1 w9mq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom יַעֲלֶה־אָֽף 1 The phrase is an idiom that refers to increasing a person’s anger. The word **nose** means “anger” by association with the way that a person who is angry breathes heavily through his **nose**. Your language and culture may also associate anger with a particular part of the body. If so, you could use an expression involving that part of the body in your translation. You could also use plain language. Alternate translation: “increases anger” or “causes an angry person to become angrier” +15:2 fgjl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לְשׁ֣וֹן חֲ֭כָמִים & וּ⁠פִ֥י כְ֝סִילִ֗ים 1 **The tongue of the wise ones** and **the mouth of stupid ones** refer to what these types of people say in general, not to a specific **tongue** or **mouth**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “The tongues of wise ones … but the mouths of stupid ones” +15:2 w6ic rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְשׁ֣וֹן חֲ֭כָמִים 1 See how you translated this phrase in [12:18](../12/18.md). +15:2 jwme rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit תֵּיטִ֣יב דָּ֑עַת 1 The phrase **makes knowledge good** refers to speaking **knowledge** in a way that **makes knowledge** pleasant or attractive to others. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “makes knowledge pleasing to others” +15:2 we31 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns דָּ֑עַת & אִוֶּֽלֶת 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **knowledge** in [1:4](../01/04.md) and **folly** in [5:23](../05/23.md). +15:2 ncr7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ⁠פִ֥י כְ֝סִילִ֗ים יַבִּ֥יעַ אִוֶּֽלֶת 1 Here Solomon refers to **stupid** people always saying foolish things as if their mouths were places from which **folly gushes forth** like flowing water. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but the mouths of stupid ones are always speaking folly” +15:2 xupd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּ⁠פִ֥י כְ֝סִילִ֗ים 1 See how you translated the same use of **the mouth of** in [10:6](../10/06.md). +15:3 w8rc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּֽ⁠כָל־מָ֭קוֹם עֵינֵ֣י יְהוָ֑ה 1 Here Solomon refers to Yahweh’s ability to see everything as if Yahweh had **eyes** that were located **in every place**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Yahweh sees what is happening everywhere” +15:4 lpvd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מַרְפֵּ֣א לָ֭שׁוֹן & וְ⁠סֶ֥לֶף בָּ֝֗⁠הּ שֶׁ֣בֶר בְּ⁠רֽוּחַ 1 **A healing tongue**, **it**, and **a breaking in the spirit** do not refer to specific things but represent these things in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any healing tongue … but crookedness in any such tongue is what breaks spirits” +15:4 wt85 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מַרְפֵּ֣א לָ֭שׁוֹן 1 **A healing tongue** refers to what someone says that soothes the listener. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar use of **tongue** in [6:17](../06/17.md). Alternate translation: “The comforting thing someone says” +15:4 sutw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עֵ֣ץ חַיִּ֑ים 1 See how you translated **a tree of life** in [3:18](../03/18.md). +15:4 jib7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠סֶ֥לֶף בָּ֝֗⁠הּ 1 Here, Solomon refers to deceitful speech as if it were a crooked tongue. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but the deceitful thing someone says” +15:4 frhx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom שֶׁ֣בֶר בְּ⁠רֽוּחַ 1 The phrase **a breaking in the spirit** is an idiom that refers to making a person despair. If it would be helpful, you could use an equivalent idiom from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “makes a person feel down in the dumps” or “makes a person despair” +15:5 kapn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אֱוִ֗יל & אָבִ֑י⁠ו וְ⁠שֹׁמֵ֖ר תּוֹכַ֣חַת 1 **A fool**, **his**, and **one who keeps rebuke** do not refer to specific people but represent types of people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any fool … that fool’s father, but any person who keeps a rebuke” +15:5 kix4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מוּסַ֣ר & תּוֹכַ֣חַת 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **correction** in [3:11](../03/11.md) and **rebuke** in [1:25](../01/25.md). +15:5 x86t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠שֹׁמֵ֖ר תּוֹכַ֣חַת 1 See how you translated **one who keeps rebuke** in [13:18](../13/18.md). +15:6 w41m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun בֵּ֣ית צַ֭דִּיק & וּ⁠בִ⁠תְבוּאַ֖ת רָשָׁ֣ע 1 **The house of the righteous one** and **the produce of the wicked one** do not refer to specific things and people, but represent those things and types of people in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any house of righteous ones … but any produce of wicked ones” +15:6 j47b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּ⁠בִ⁠תְבוּאַ֖ת 1 Here, **produce** refers to the income that is gained from selling **produce**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but in the income of” +15:6 vh44 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ⁠בִ⁠תְבוּאַ֖ת רָשָׁ֣ע נֶעְכָּֽרֶת 1 Here Solomon refers to **the produce of the wicked one** causing **the wicked one** to be **troubled** as if **being troubled** were an object located **in the produce**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but the produce of the wicked one causes them trouble” +15:7 tk6t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שִׂפְתֵ֣י חֲ֭כָמִים 1 See how you translated this phrase in [14:3](../14/03.md). +15:7 uatn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יְזָ֣רוּ דָ֑עַת 1 Here Solomon refers to teaching other people knowledge as if **knowledge** were the seeds that a farmer scatters to plant in a field. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “teach others knowledge” +15:7 xs5z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns דָ֑עַת 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **knowledge** in [1:4](../01/04.md). +15:7 j7fl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ⁠לֵ֖ב כְּסִילִ֣ים 1 See how you translated **the heart of stupid ones** in [12:23](../12/23.md). +15:8 nz2i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun זֶ֣בַח & וּ⁠תְפִלַּ֖ת 1 **The sacrifice** and **the prayer** represent sacrifices and prayers in general, not one particular **sacrifice** or **prayer**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “The sacrifices of … but the prayers of” +15:8 a5ry rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns זֶ֣בַח רְ֭שָׁעִים & וּ⁠תְפִלַּ֖ת יְשָׁרִ֣ים 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **sacrifice** and **prayer**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “What the wicked ones sacrifice … but what the upright ones pray” +15:8 bzvy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תּוֹעֲבַ֣ת יְהוָ֑ה 1 See how you translated **an abomination to Yahweh** in [3:32](../03/32.md). +15:8 fci9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רְצוֹנֽ⁠וֹ 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **delight** in [11:1](../11/01.md). +15:9 ui9i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תּוֹעֲבַ֣ת יְ֭הוָה 1 See how you translated this phrase in the previous verse. +15:9 i7dh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דֶּ֣רֶךְ 1 See how you translated the same use of **way** in [1:15](../01/15.md). +15:9 otm4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun רָשָׁ֑ע & וּ⁠מְרַדֵּ֖ף 1 Here, **the wicked one** and **a pursuer** represent types of people, not one particular **wicked one** or **pursuer**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “the wicked ones … but the pursuers of” +15:9 pj1l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ⁠מְרַדֵּ֖ף צְדָקָ֣ה 1 Here Solomon refers to someone being diligent to live righteously as if that person were **a pursuer** of it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but someone who strives to be righteous” +15:9 w7vg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns צְדָקָ֣ה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **righteousness** in [1:3](../01/03.md).\n +15:10 oz4u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מוּסָ֣ר & תוֹכַ֣חַת 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **discipline** in [13:24](../13/24.md) and **rebuke** in [1:25](../01/25.md). +15:10 ni0v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לְ⁠עֹזֵ֣ב & שׂוֹנֵ֖א 1 Here, **one who forsakes** and **one who hates** represent types of people, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “is for any person who forsakes … any person who hates” +15:10 j3mw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לְ⁠עֹזֵ֣ב אֹ֑רַח 1 Here Solomon refers to a person who is no longer behaving righteously, but behaving wickedly, as if that person **forsakes** the righteous **path**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is for one who stops living righteously”\n +15:11 n1e2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet שְׁא֣וֹל וַ֭⁠אֲבַדּוֹן 1 **Sheol** and **Abaddon** both refer to the place where people’s spirits go when they die. Solomon is using them together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. See how you translated **Sheol** in [1:12](../01/12.md). Alternate translation: “the place where the spirits of dead people dwell” or “the place of the dead” +15:11 ysty rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נֶ֣גֶד 1 Here Solomon refers to **Yahweh** knowing everything about **Sheol and Abaddon** as if they were in front of him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “are fully known by” +15:11 r3gz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִבּ֥וֹת 1 See how you translated the same use of “heart” in [2:2](../02/02.md). +15:11 x6mt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בְּֽנֵי־אָדָֽם 1 See how you translated this phrase in [8:4](../08/04.md). +15:12 dksc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לֵ֭ץ הוֹכֵ֣חַֽ ל֑⁠וֹ & לֹ֣א יֵלֵֽךְ 1 **A mocker**, **one who rebukes**, **he**, and **him** represent types of people, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any mocker … any person who rebukes that person … that person will not go” +15:12 kaat rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes לֹ֣א יֶאֱהַב 1 Solomon is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, **not**, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “really hates” +15:12 f5d9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לֹ֣א יֵלֵֽךְ 1 Here Solomon implies going **to the wise ones** in order to get advice from them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he will not go to receive their advice” +15:13 b4lv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לֵ֣ב שָׂ֭מֵחַ 1 Here, Solomon uses **heart** to refer a person’s inner being or mind. See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [2:2](../02/02.md). +15:13 hbnx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification יֵיטִ֣ב פָּנִ֑ים 1 Here Solomon refers to someone smiling as if that person’s **face** were a person who is **glad**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “causes one to smile” +15:13 l2ya rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּ⁠בְ⁠עַצְּבַת־לֵ֝ב 1 Here Solomon refers to a person who is feeling sad as if that person has **pain of heart**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but by feeling sad” +15:13 y5e6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ר֣וּחַ נְכֵאָֽה 1 Here Solomon refers to a person despairing as if that person’s **spirit** were hit or crushed by something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a person feels despair”\n +15:14 d9uh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לֵ֣ב נָ֭בוֹן יְבַקֶּשׁ־דָּ֑עַת וּפִ֥י 1 **The heart**, **the understanding one**, and **the mouth** represent these things and type of people in general, not one particular **heart**, **understanding one**, or **mouth**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “The hearts of the understanding ones seek knowledge … but the mouths of” +15:14 xdul rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לֵ֣ב & וּפִ֥י 1 In this verse, **heart** and **mouth** refer to the whole person. See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [6:18](../06/18.md) and **mouth** in [4:5](../04/05.md). +15:14 wwrp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יְבַקֶּשׁ 1 See how you translated the same use of **seeks** in [11:27](../11/27.md). +15:14 qzhq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns דָּ֑עַת & אִוֶּֽלֶת 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **knowledge** in [1:4](../01/04.md) and **folly** in [5:23](../05/23.md). +15:14 k3ct rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִרְעֶ֥ה 1 Here Solomon refers to **stupid ones** being satisfied with **folly** as if **folly** were something they feed on like cattle feed on grass. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “are satisfied by” +15:15 m9lg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy כָּל־יְמֵ֣י עָנִ֣י 1 **All the days** here refers to what happens during the **days** that **the afflicted one** is alive. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “What happens during all the days that the afflicted one is alive” +15:15 ijbq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun עָנִ֣י & וְ⁠טֽוֹב־לֵ֝֗ב 1 Here, **the afflicted one** and **the good of heart** represent types of people, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any afflicted one … but any person who is good of heart” +15:15 xw56 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit רָעִ֑ים 1 Here, **evil** refers to what is miserable or troublesome. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “are troublesome ones” or “are troublesome” +15:15 en6x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠טֽוֹב־לֵ֝֗ב 1 Here, **the good of heart** refers to a person who feels cheerful. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but the one who feels cheerful” +15:15 dgon rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִשְׁתֶּ֥ה תָמִֽיד 1 Here Solomon refers to a person enjoying life as if that person is always eating at a **feast**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a simile or express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “lives as if he is continually feasting” or “is always enjoying life” +15:16 qghs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis מְ֭עַט & מֵ⁠אוֹצָ֥ר רָ֝֗ב 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “is having a little … than having much treasure” +15:16 vujm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj מְ֭עַט 1 Here, Solomon is using the adjective **little** as a noun to refer to a small amount of something. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “is having a small amount” +15:16 wyym rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּ⁠יִרְאַ֣ת יְהוָ֑ה 1 Here Solomon refers to fearing **Yahweh** as if that **fear** were an object that someone could have **with** even **a little** of whatever they have. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “while having fear of Yahweh” or “and fearing Yahweh” +15:16 rjza rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּ⁠יִרְאַ֣ת יְהוָ֑ה 1 See how you translated **the fear of Yahweh** in [1:7](../01/07.md).\n\n +15:16 uuve rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ⁠מְה֥וּמָה בֽ⁠וֹ 1 Here Solomon refers to feeling **anxiety** as if that **anxiety** were an object that someone could have **with** **much treasure**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and having anxiety” or “and having anxiety” +15:16 owmw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וּ⁠מְה֥וּמָה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **anxiety**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “and being anxious” +15:17 ipjz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis אֲרֻחַ֣ת יָ֭רָק וְ⁠אַהֲבָה & מִ⁠שּׁ֥וֹר אָ֝ב֗וּס וְ⁠שִׂנְאָה 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “is having a portion of vegetables and having love … than having a fattened ox and having hatred” +15:17 via5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אֲרֻחַ֣ת יָ֭רָק 1 Here, **a portion of vegetables** refers to a small meal without much food. This kind of meal would be eaten by someone who cannot afford to buy meat. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is very little food” or “is a poor person’s meal” +15:17 ux23 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וְ⁠אַהֲבָה & וְ⁠שִׂנְאָה 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **love** and **hatred** in [10:12](../10/12.md). +15:17 i3b2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מִ⁠שּׁ֥וֹר אָ֝ב֗וּס 1 Here, **a fattened ox** refers to a large meal including meat such as **a fattened ox**. This kind of meal would be eaten by a wealthy person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “than very much food” or “than a wealthy person’s meal” +15:17 m9u4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠שִׂנְאָה־בֽ⁠וֹ 1 Here Solomon refers to feeling **hatred** as if that **hatred** were an object that someone could have **with a fattened ox**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “while having hatred” +15:18 u7qg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אִ֣ישׁ חֵ֭מָה 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “A person of heat” +15:18 vi23 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אִ֣ישׁ חֵ֭מָה 1 **A man of heat** refers to someone who gets angry easily. Here, **heat** refers to extreme anger, which causes the angry person’s body to become hot. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar use of **heat** in [6:34](../06/34.md). Alternate translation: “A person who becomes angry easily”\n +15:18 oog0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יְגָרֶ֣ה 1 Here Solomon refers to starting **a quarrel** as if it were something that a person **stirs up**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “starts” or “causes” +15:18 tzzu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מָד֑וֹן & רִֽיב 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **quarrel** and **dispute**, you could express the same ideas in another way. See how you translated “quarrels” in [6:14](../06/14.md). Alternate translation: “quarreling … disputing” +15:18 b28g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מָד֑וֹן וְ⁠אֶ֥רֶך אַ֝פַּ֗יִם & רִֽיב 1 Here, **quarrel**, **the long of nostrils**, and **dispute** represent events and a type of person in general, not a specific event or person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “quarrels, but any person long of nostrils … disputes” +15:18 p4ji rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠אֶ֥רֶך אַ֝פַּ֗יִם 1 See how you translated **one long of nostrils** in [14:29](../14/29.md). +15:18 ecma rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יַשְׁקִ֥יט רִֽיב 1 Here, Solomon refers to someone causing people who are arguing to become calm and stop arguing as if that person were causing the **dispute** to become **quiet**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will calm disputing people” +15:19 ai0e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun דֶּ֣רֶךְ עָ֭צֵל כִּ⁠מְשֻׂ֣כַת חָ֑דֶק וְ⁠אֹ֖רַח יְשָׁרִ֣ים סְלֻלָֽה׃ 1 **The way of the lazy one** and **the path** do not refer to specific things and people, but represent those things and types of people in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated **the lazy one** in [10:26](../10/26.md). Alternate translation: “The ways of lazy ones are like a hedge of brier, but the paths of the upright ones are a built-up highway”\n +15:19 awv2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דֶּ֣רֶךְ & וְ⁠אֹ֖רַח 1 In this verse, Solomon uses **way** and **path** to refer to a person’s progress throughout that person’s lifetime. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The life progress of … the life progress of” +15:19 gy92 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כִּ⁠מְשֻׂ֣כַת חָ֑דֶק 1 Here, Solomon compares the difficult and unproductive lifestyle of a **lazy** person with a **hedge of brier** that prevents someone from walking down a path. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “is difficult” +15:19 lefw rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown כִּ⁠מְשֻׂ֣כַת חָ֑דֶק 1 The phrase **hedge of brier** refers to a dense group of bushes that contains sharp thorns. Because the **hedge** is thick and has thorns, people cannot walk through it. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of plant, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “is like a large thorn bush” or “is like a plant that blocks the way” +15:19 zqz8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor סְלֻלָֽה 1 Here Solomon refers to the productive lifestyle of **the upright ones** as if it were a **highway** that was well-made and easy to walk on. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is productive” +15:20 imhi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בֵּ֣ן חָ֭כָם יְשַׂמַּח־אָ֑ב 1 See how you translated this clause in [10:1](../10/01.md). +15:20 uira rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations וּ⁠כְסִ֥יל אָ֝דָ֗ם בּוֹזֶ֥ה אִמּֽ⁠וֹ 1 Although **a stupid man** and **his** are masculine, Solomon is using these words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “but any stupid person despises that person’s mother” +15:21 q3mf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns אִ֭וֶּלֶת שִׂמְחָ֣ה & תְּ֝בוּנָ֗ה 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **Folly** in [5:23](../05/23.md), **joy** in [10:28](../10/28.md), and **understanding** in [1:2](../01/02.md). +15:21 ywh5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לַ⁠חֲסַר־לֵ֑ב וְ⁠אִ֥ישׁ תְּ֝בוּנָ֗ה 1 See how you translated **the lacking of heart** in [9:16](../09/16.md) and **man of understanding** in [10:23](../10/23.md). +15:21 etw6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis יְיַשֶׁר־לָֽכֶת 1 Solomon is leaving out a word that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply this word from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “makes himself to go straight” +15:21 itu5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יְיַשֶׁר־לָֽכֶת 1 Here Solomon speaks of a person doing what is right as if he were walking **straight** ahead on a path. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “does what is right” +15:22 p1yb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive הָפֵ֣ר מַ֭חֲשָׁבוֹת 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Plans fail” +15:22 et1u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ס֑וֹד 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **counsel** in [1:25](../01/25.md). +15:22 re1s rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns תָּקֽוּם 1 The pronoun **it** refers to the **Plans** in the previous clause. If this is not clear for your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “those plans will stand” +15:22 q31z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification תָּקֽוּם 1 Here, Solomon refers to **Plans** that are successful as if they were a person who would continue to **stand**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “they will be successful”\n +15:23 n4u3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שִׂמְחָ֣ה לָ֭⁠אִישׁ בְּ⁠מַעֲנֵה־פִ֑י⁠ו 1 Here Solomon refers to a person feeling joyful because of **the answer** that person gave. Solomon uses a metaphor in which he refers to **Joy** as if it were an object that could be found **in the answer**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The man has joy because of the answer of his mouth” +15:23 v8kk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun שִׂמְחָ֣ה לָ֭⁠אִישׁ בְּ⁠מַעֲנֵה־פִ֑י⁠ו 1 Here, **the man**, **the answer**, and **his** refer to a type of people and answers in general, not a specific **man** or **answer**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person has joy because of an answer of that person’s mouth” +15:23 l86m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns שִׂמְחָ֣ה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **joy** in [10:28](../10/28.md). +15:23 e60o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּ⁠מַעֲנֵה־פִ֑י⁠ו 1 The phrase **a word in its time** in the second clause implies that **the answer** in the first clause is a good or fitting **answer**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “in the good answer of his mouth” or “in the fitting reply of his mouth” +15:23 bamt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְּ⁠מַעֲנֵה־פִ֑י⁠ו 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe an **answer** that someone says with **his mouth**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “in the good answer he says” or “in what he says well in reply” +15:23 jnm2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations וְ⁠דָבָ֖ר בְּ⁠עִתּ֣⁠וֹ מַה־טּֽוֹב 1 This clause is a positive exclamation that emphasizes that something spoken at the right time is very good. If it would be helpful in your language, you could show this by making it a separate sentence and using a positive exclamation that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “A word in its time is very good!” +15:23 wg81 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠דָבָ֖ר בְּ⁠עִתּ֣⁠וֹ מַה־טּֽוֹב 1 The phrase **a word in its time** refers to a **word** that is spoken at the appropriate time. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and how good is a word spoken at the appropriate time” +15:23 a1d9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ⁠דָבָ֖ר & מַה־טּֽוֹב 1 See how you translated the similar use of **word** in [12:25](../12/25.md). +15:24 xb8a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אֹ֣רַח חַ֭יִּים לְ⁠מַ֣עְלָ⁠ה לְ⁠מַשְׂכִּ֑יל 1 **The path of life** and **the insightful one** represent paths and insightful people in general, not a specific **path** or **insightful one**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “The paths of lives are upward for those who are insightful” +15:24 b9kb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֹ֣רַח חַ֭יִּים לְ⁠מַ֣עְלָ⁠ה 1 Here Solomon speaks of a lifestyle that results in a long life as if it were a **path** that goes **upward**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The lifestyle results in a long life” +15:24 uzup rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit חַ֭יִּים 1 Here, **life** refers to a long **life**. See how you translated the same use of **life** in [10:16](../10/16.md). +15:24 x359 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis לְמַ֥עַן ס֝֗וּר 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “in order for the insightful one to turn away” +15:24 pzkw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לְמַ֥עַן ס֝֗וּר מִ⁠שְּׁא֥וֹל 1 Here Solomon speaks of avoiding **Sheol** as if **Sheol** were a place that a person could **turn away from**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in order to avoid going to Sheol”\n +15:24 xagl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִ⁠שְּׁא֥וֹל מָֽטָּה 1 The Israelites referred to dying as going down to **Sheol**, which is the place where people’s spirits go when they die. Here Solomon refers to **Sheol** as if it were **below** the place where living people are. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. See how you translated **Sheol** in [1:12](../01/12.md). Alternate translation: “from the place where the spirits of dead people dwell” or “from the place of the dead”\n +15:25 wip1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִסַּ֥ח 1 Here Solomon refers to Yahweh destroying **the house of the proud ones** as if he were tearing it **down**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will ruin” +15:25 n0a4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun בֵּ֣ית גֵּ֭אִים & גְּב֣וּל אַלְמָנָֽה 1 Here, **the house**, **the boundary**, and **the widow** refer to houses, boundaries, and widows in general, not one particular **house**, **boundary**, or **widow**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “the houses of the proud ones … the boundaries of the widows” +15:25 w73c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בֵּ֣ית 1 Here, **house** refers to both the building someone lives in and the items within that **house**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the property of” +15:25 jbdr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ֝⁠יַצֵּ֗ב 1 Here Solomon refers to Yahweh protecting or maintaining **the boundary of the widow** as if it were an object that he **set up**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but he will protect” +15:25 an5t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy גְּב֣וּל 1 The word **boundary** refers to stones that were used to mark the borders of the land that a person owned. Here, Solomon uses **boundary** to refer to all the land and possessions within the **boundary** of the land that **the widow** owns. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the property of” +15:25 h2dg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אַלְמָנָֽה 1 Solomon assumes that his readers will understand that **the widow** is helpless and poor because widows were some of the poorest people in ancient societies. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “the helpless widow” +15:26 w1qt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תּוֹעֲבַ֣ת יְ֭הוָה 1 See how you translated **an abomination to Yahweh** in [3:32](../03/32.md). +15:26 o90x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession אִמְרֵי־נֹֽעַם 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **words** that are characterized by **pleasantness**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “pleasant words” +15:26 hrdu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אִמְרֵי 1 See how you translated the same use of **words** in [1:23](../01/23.md). +15:27 u06f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun בֵּ֭ית⁠וֹ בּוֹצֵ֣עַ & וְ⁠שׂוֹנֵ֖א 1 **One who unjustly gains**, **his**, and **one who hates** represent types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who unjustly gains … that person’s house, but any person who hates”\n +15:27 okhs rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry בּוֹצֵ֣עַ בָּ֑צַע 1 See how you translated the similar emphatic use of “unjustly gain unjust gain” in [1:19](../01/19.md). +15:27 rayg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בֵּ֭ית⁠וֹ 1 See how you translated the same use of **house** in [3:33](../03/33.md). +15:27 sm83 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠שׂוֹנֵ֖א מַתָּנֹ֣ת 1 The phrase **one who hates bribes** refers to a person who refuses to receive **bribes** that someone else might offer them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but one who refuses to accept bribes” +15:27 ctnz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יִחְיֶֽה 1 Here, **live** refers to living a long life. See how you translated the same use of **live** in [9:6](../09/06.md). +15:28 ikau rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לֵ֣ב צַ֭דִּיק יֶהְגֶּ֣ה & וּ⁠פִ֥י רְ֝שָׁעִ֗ים יַבִּ֥יעַ 1 **The heart**, **the righteous one**, and **the mouth** represent things and a type of people in general, not a specific **heart**, **righteous one** or **mouth**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “The hearts of any righteous ones consider how … but the mouths of the wicked ones gush forth" +15:28 avu5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לֵ֣ב 1 Here, **heart** refers to the whole person. See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [6:18](../06/18.md). +15:28 zn2x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis לַ⁠עֲנ֑וֹת 1 Solomon is leaving out a word that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply this word from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “to answer a person” +15:28 m6cf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּ⁠פִ֥י 1 See how you translated the same use of **the mouth of** in [10:6](../10/06.md). +15:28 zzd4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יַבִּ֥יעַ 1 See how you translated the same use of **gushes forth** in [15:2](../15/02.md). +15:28 zr4l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רָעֽוֹת 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **evils**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “evil things” +15:29 nq5q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor רָח֣וֹק יְ֭הוָה מֵ⁠רְשָׁעִ֑ים 1 Here Solomon speaks of Yahweh not listening to **the wicked ones** as if he were physically **far** away from them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Yahweh does not heed wicked people” +15:29 q26p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun וּ⁠תְפִלַּ֖ת 1 The word **prayer** represents prayers in general, not one particular **prayer**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “but the prayers of” +15:29 s6ro rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וּ⁠תְפִלַּ֖ת 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **prayer** in [15:8](../15/08.md). +15:29 em15 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יִשְׁמָֽע 1 Here, **hears** implies that **Yahweh** **hears** and responds to what he **hears**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “he hears and responds” +15:30 um1l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מְֽאוֹר־עֵ֭ינַיִם יְשַׂמַּֽח־לֵ֑ב & עָֽצֶם 1 **The luminary**, **the heart**, and **the bone** represents those things in general, not one particular **luminary**, **heart**, or **bone**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Luminaries of the eyes gladdens hearts … bones” +15:30 xdfr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מְֽאוֹר־עֵ֭ינַיִם 1 Solomon assumes that his readers will understand that he is referring to someone seeing **The luminary of the eyes**. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “Seeing the luminary of the eyes” +15:30 msq2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מְֽאוֹר־עֵ֭ינַיִם 1 Here Solomon refers to a joyful facial expression as if the person’s **eyes** shined brightly like a **luminary** body, such as the Sun. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “A cheerful expression” +15:30 d2bg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לֵ֑ב 1 Here, **heart** refers to the whole person. See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [6:18](../06/18.md). +15:30 e7v1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שְׁמוּעָ֥ה ט֝וֹבָ֗ה 1 Solomon assumes that his readers will understand that he is referring to someone hearing **good news**. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “hearing good news” +15:30 w1t5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom תְּדַשֶּׁן־עָֽצֶם 1 Here Solomon refers to **good news** making people feel healthy as if it **fattens** their bones. The word **bone** here refers to a person’s whole body. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “causes people to feel healthy” +15:31 vet3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אֹ֗זֶן & תּוֹכַ֣חַת 1 **An ear** and **the rebuke** represent those things in general, not one particular **ear** or **rebuke**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Ears … the rebukes of” +15:31 kgsf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche אֹ֗זֶן 1 Here, **ear** refers to the whole person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “A person” +15:31 lmpa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession תּוֹכַ֣חַת חַיִּ֑ים 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **rebuke** that results in **life**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the rebuke that leads to life” +15:31 rsnj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תּוֹכַ֣חַת 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **rebuke** in [1:25](../01/25.md). +15:31 k8b8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit תּוֹכַ֣חַת חַיִּ֑ים 1 Here, **life** refers to remaining alive. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the rebuke that keeps one alive” +15:31 o3rh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּ⁠קֶ֖רֶב חֲכָמִ֣ים תָּלִֽין 1 Here Solomon refers to a person being considered wise as if that person were dwelling with **the wise ones**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will be considered one of the wise ones” +15:32 eoi4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun פּוֹרֵ֣עַ & נַפְשׁ֑⁠וֹ וְ⁠שׁוֹמֵ֥עַ 1 **One who avoids**, **his**, and **one who hears** represent types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who avoids … that person’s life, but any person who hears” +15:32 l9cd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מ֭וּסָר & תּ֝וֹכַ֗חַת 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **correction** in [3:11](../03/11.md) and **rebuke** in [1:25](../01/25.md). +15:32 u67i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole מוֹאֵ֣ס 1 Solomon says **rejects** here as an overstatement for emphasis. He means that someone who **avoids correction** is doing what will ruin **his life**, as if he actually despises **his life**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “behaves as if he rejects” +15:32 y19w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche נַפְשׁ֑⁠וֹ 1 Here, **his life** refers to the person himself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “himself” +15:32 rzdx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לֵּֽב 1 Here, Solomon uses **heart** to refer to a person’s ability to think. See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [6:32](../06/32.md). +15:33 nhk9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession יִרְאַ֣ת יְ֭הוָה 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:7](../01/07.md). +15:33 t56g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מוּסַ֣ר חָכְמָ֑ה & כָב֣וֹד 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **wisdom** and **instruction** in [1:2](../01/02.md) and **honor** in [3:16](../03/16.md). +15:33 lbcz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession מוּסַ֣ר חָכְמָ֑ה 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **instruction** that results in **wisdom**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “is instruction that results in wisdom” +15:33 atwb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וְ⁠לִ⁠פְנֵ֖י כָב֣וֹד עֲנָוָֽה 1 Here Solomon refers to a person having **humility** before receiving **honor** as if **humility** were a person who stands **before the face of honor**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the same use of **before the face of** in [8:25](../08/25.md). Alternate translation: “and humility exists before the honor exists” or "and humility precedes honor" +15:33 w2h2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns עֲנָוָֽה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **humility**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “is being humble” +16:intro mu2u 0 # Proverbs 16 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nChapter 16 continues the section of the book written by Solomon that is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in This Chapter\n\n### Parallelism\n\nChapters 10–15 mostly contain proverbs that consist of two parallel clauses that contrast with each other. Chapters 16–22 mostly contain proverbs in which the second of two parallel clauses completes, emphasizes, or qualifies the idea of the first clause. Chapter 16 also contains contrasting parallelism ([16:1](../16/01.md), [2](../16/02.md), [9](../16/09.md), [14](../16/14.md), [22](../16/22.md), [33](../16/33.md)) and parallelism in which both clauses have the same meaning for emphasis ([16:11](../16/11.md), [16](../16/16.md), [18](../16/18.md), [30](../16/30.md)). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +16:1 aoh9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לְ⁠אָדָ֥ם מַֽעַרְכֵי־לֵ֑ב וּ֝⁠מֵ⁠יְהוָ֗ה מַעֲנֵ֥ה לָשֽׁוֹן 1 Here, **the heart**, **a man's**, **the answer**, and **the tongue** refer to these things and people in general, not a specific thing or person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “The arrangements of the hearts are those people’s, but the answers of the tongues are from Yahweh” +16:1 lzbp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מַֽעַרְכֵי־לֵ֑ב & מַעֲנֵ֥ה לָשֽׁוֹן 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **arrangements** and **answer**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. See how you translated **answer** in [15:1](../15/01.md). Alternate translation: “Things that the heart arranges … what the tongue answers” +16:1 e2qs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מַֽעַרְכֵי־לֵ֑ב 1 **The arrangements of the heart** here could mean: (1) **arrangements** about what to say, which is suggested by the phrase **the answer of the tongue** in the next clause. Alternate translation: “The arrangements of the heart regarding what to say” (2) human **arrangements** in general. Alternate translation: “The arrangements of the heart about something” +16:1 bqu9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לֵ֑ב 1 See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [2:2](../02/02.md). +16:1 ynq4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession לְ⁠אָדָ֥ם 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **arrangements** that are determined by the person who makes them. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “are determined by a man” or “are determined by those who make them” +16:1 hf8a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מַעֲנֵ֥ה לָשֽׁוֹן 1 Here, **the answer of the tongue** refers to **the answer** that someone speaks by using **the tongue**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the same use of **tongue** in [6:17](../06/17.md). Alternate translation: “what one says in reply” or “the spoken answer” +16:1 ggkx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מַעֲנֵ֥ה לָשֽׁוֹן 1 Here, **the answer of the tongue** could refer to: (1) an **answer** related to the **arrangements** in the previous clause. Alternate translation: “the answer of the tongue about those arrangements” (2) an **answer** in general. Alternate translation: “any answer of the tongue” +16:1 j1hu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּ֝⁠מֵ⁠יְהוָ֗ה 1 Here, **is from Yahweh** indicates that **Yahweh** is who determines **the answer of the tongue**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “is determined by Yahweh” +16:2 rtc8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דַּרְכֵי 1 See how you translated the same use of **ways** in [3:6](../03/06.md).\n +16:2 y7ag rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אִ֭ישׁ & בְּ⁠עֵינָ֑י⁠ו 1 Although the terms **man** and **his** are masculine, Solomon is using these words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “any person … in that person’s eyes” +16:2 m6li rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּ⁠עֵינָ֑י⁠ו 1 See how you translated the same use of **eyes** in [3:4](../03/04.md). +16:2 g38w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠תֹכֵ֖ן & יְהוָֽה 1 Here, **examines** refers to judging or evaluating. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but Yahweh judges” +16:2 cdo5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor רוּח֣וֹת 1 Here, **spirits** refers to the thoughts and motives of people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “people’s thoughts”\n +16:3 ejds rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor גֹּ֣ל אֶל־יְהוָ֣ה מַעֲשֶׂ֑י⁠ךָ 1 Here Solomon refers to people depending on Yahweh for the outcome of their **works** as if those **works** were objects that one could **Roll to Yahweh**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Depend on Yahweh for the outcome of your works” +16:3 x2z7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מַעֲשֶׂ֑י⁠ךָ & מַחְשְׁבֹתֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **works** in [8:22](../08/22.md) and **plans** in [1:31](../01/31.md). +16:3 ivq4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְ֝⁠יִכֹּ֗נוּ מַחְשְׁבֹתֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and Yahweh will establish your plans” +16:3 rubi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ֝⁠יִכֹּ֗נוּ 1 Here, Solomon uses **established** to refer to something being achieved or successful. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and … will be successful”\n +16:4 oswg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj כֹּ֤ל & לַֽ⁠מַּעֲנֵ֑⁠הוּ 1 Solomon is using the adjective **all** as a noun to mean everything that exists. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “all things for their own purposes” +16:4 xn40 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns לַֽ⁠מַּעֲנֵ֑⁠הוּ & רָעָֽה 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **purpose** and **evil**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. See how you translated **evil** in [1:16](../01/16.md). Alternate translation: “for what they will accomplish … what is evil” +16:4 ccq1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְ⁠גַם־רָ֝שָׁ֗ע 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and Yahweh has even made a wicked one” +16:4 opfb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun רָ֝שָׁ֗ע 1 See how you translated this phrase in [9:7](../09/07.md). +16:4 zekt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לְ⁠י֣וֹם רָעָֽה 1 Here, **the day of evil** could refer to a time when **wicked** people experience disaster. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “for the time of disaster”\n +16:5 zp0g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תּוֹעֲבַ֣ת יְ֭הוָה 1 See how you translated this phrase in [3:32](../03/32.md). +16:5 lkb8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor גְּבַהּ־לֵ֑ב 1 Here Solomon refers to a proud person as if that person had a **heart** that was **high**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “one who is proud” or “arrogant one” +16:5 wh4a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom יָ֥ד לְ֝⁠יָ֗ד 1 See how you translated this phrase in [11:21](../11/21.md). +16:5 ixub rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לֹ֣א יִנָּקֶֽה 1 Although the term **he** is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “that person will not remain blameless” +16:5 cq2g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes לֹ֣א יִנָּקֶֽה 1 See how you translated **will not remain blameless** in [11:21](../11/21.md). +16:6 uii6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis בְּ⁠חֶ֣סֶד וֶ֭⁠אֱמֶת יְכֻפַּ֣ר עָוֺ֑ן 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “By having covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness a person’s iniquity is atoned for” +16:6 t6t9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּ⁠חֶ֣סֶד וֶ֭⁠אֱמֶת & עָוֺ֑ן & מֵ⁠רָֽע 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **covenant faithfulness** and **trustworthiness** in [3:3](../03/03.md), **iniquity** in [6:12](../06/12.md), and **evil** in [1:16](../01/16.md). +16:6 qe14 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive בְּ⁠חֶ֣סֶד וֶ֭⁠אֱמֶת יְכֻפַּ֣ר עָוֺ֑ן 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness atones for iniquity” +16:6 hi9v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וּ⁠בְ⁠יִרְאַ֥ת יְ֝הוָ֗ה 1 See how you translated **the fear of Yahweh** in [1:7](../01/07.md). +16:6 sn15 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ס֣וּר מֵ⁠רָֽע 1 See how you translated **turns away from evil** in [14:16](../14/16.md). +16:7 i6tc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דַּרְכֵי 1 See how you translated the same use of **ways** in [3:6](../03/06.md). +16:7 n3cb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אִ֑ישׁ גַּם־א֝וֹיְבָ֗י⁠ו & אִתּֽ⁠וֹ 1 Although **man**, **his**, and **him** are masculine, Solomon is using these words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “a person … even that person’s enemies … with that person” +16:8 zarx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis מְ֭עַט & מֵ⁠רֹ֥ב תְּ֝בוּא֗וֹת בְּ⁠לֹ֣א מִשְׁפָּֽט 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “is having a little … than having an abundance of produce without having justice”\n +16:8 u992 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj טוֹב־מְ֭עַט 1 See how you translated this phrase in [15:16](../15/16.md). +16:8 a4dx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בִּ⁠צְדָקָ֑ה 1 Here, Solomon refers to being righteous as if that **righteousness** were an object that someone could have **with** **a little**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “while having righteousness” or “while being righteous”\n +16:8 kbzx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מֵ⁠רֹ֥ב תְּ֝בוּא֗וֹת בְּ⁠לֹ֣א מִשְׁפָּֽט 1 See how you translated **an abundance of produce** in [14:4](../14/04.md) and **no justice** in [13:23](../13/23.md). +16:8 m215 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּ⁠לֹ֣א מִשְׁפָּֽט 1 Here, Solomon refers to lacking **justice** as if **justice** were an object that someone did not have **with** **an abundance of produce**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and not having justice” or “while having no justice”\n +16:9 wyx2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לֵ֣ב 1 See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [2:2](../02/02.md). +16:9 e22o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אָ֭דָם & דַּרְכּ֑⁠וֹ &צַעֲדֽ⁠וֹ 1 Although **man** and **his** are masculine, Solomon is using these words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “a person … that person’s way … that person’s step” +16:9 knxw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דַּרְכּ֑⁠וֹ 1 Here, Solomon refers to what a person wants to do as if it were a **way** he walks on. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “what he wants to do” +16:9 y8rt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יָכִ֥ין צַעֲדֽ⁠וֹ 1 Here, Solomon speaks of Yahweh determining the individual events related to the working out of a person’s plans as if Yahweh were guiding that person where to **step**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “determines how that plan proceeds” +16:10 drmu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit קֶ֤סֶם ׀ עַֽל־שִׂפְתֵי־מֶ֑לֶךְ 1 **Divination** usually refers to the practice of trying to get information from spirits, which is a practice that Yahweh prohibited. However, Solomon uses the word here to refer to **a king** correctly communicating God’s decisions as God’s representative. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Divinely inspired decisions are on the lips of a king” +16:10 ibur rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns קֶ֤סֶם & בְּ֝⁠מִשְׁפָּ֗ט 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **Divination** and **judgment**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “What someone discerns from God … when he judges” +16:10 ak2q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שִׂפְתֵי 1 See how you translated the same use of **lips** in [10:21](../10/21.md). +16:10 bwly rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מֶ֑לֶךְ 1 This verse describes the traits of an ideal, righteous **king**, not any **king** in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “an ideal king” +16:10 bhie rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מֶ֑לֶךְ & פִּֽי⁠ו 1 Here, **king** and **his** represents righteous kings, not one particular **king**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any good king … that king’s mouth” +16:10 ul24 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy פִּֽי⁠ו 1 See how you translated the same use of **mouth** in [10:11](../10/11.md). +16:10 mh41 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification לֹ֣א יִמְעַל 1 Here, Solomon refers to what a king says not being unjust as if **his mouth** were a person who **will not act unfaithfully**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will not be unjust” +16:10 gn12 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes לֹ֣א יִמְעַל 1 Solomon is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, **not**, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “will certainly act faithfully” +16:11 c4kd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit פֶּ֤לֶס ׀ וּ⁠מֹאזְנֵ֣י מִ֭שְׁפָּט לַֽ⁠יהוָ֑ה מַ֝עֲשֵׂ֗⁠הוּ כָּל־אַבְנֵי־כִֽיס 1 The implication of the references to a **balance**, **scales**, and **stones** in this verse is that God wants people to be honest when selling or buying things. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “A balance and scales of justice are for Yahweh; all the stones of the bag are his work, so be honest” +16:11 fhps rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism פֶּ֤לֶס ׀ וּ⁠מֹאזְנֵ֣י מִ֭שְׁפָּט לַֽ⁠יהוָ֑ה מַ֝עֲשֵׂ֗⁠הוּ כָּל־אַבְנֵי־כִֽיס 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “A balance and scales of justice are for Yahweh; yes, all the stones of the bag are his work” +16:11 o2bm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession פֶּ֤לֶס ׀ וּ⁠מֹאזְנֵ֣י מִ֭שְׁפָּט 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **balance and scales** that are characterized by **justice**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “A just balance and scales” +16:11 qzsp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet פֶּ֤לֶס ׀ וּ⁠מֹאזְנֵ֣י 1 Both of the terms **balance** and **scales** refer to instruments that are used for determining the weight of an object or comparing the weight of two objects. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could use a single phrase. See how you translated **scales** in [11:1](../11/01.md). Alternate translation: “Instruments for measuring weight of” +16:11 hb1i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לַֽ⁠יהוָ֑ה מַ֝עֲשֵׂ֗⁠הוּ 1 In this verse, the phrases **are for Yahweh** and **are his work** indicate that accurate weighing instruments belong to **Yahweh** in that the idea of honest weighing instruments originated with him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “come from Yahweh … are his design” or “originated with Yahweh … are designed by him” +16:11 w1gk rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown כָּל־אַבְנֵי־כִֽיס 1 The phrase **stones of the bag** refers to the weights that were placed on the **scales** in order to determine the weight of an object. These **stones** were carried by merchants in a **bag**. The **scales** consist of a central post with a crossbar from which two pans are hung. An object may be placed in one pan and these **stones** that have specific weights are placed in the other pan until the crossbar remains level, meaning that both pans contain an equal weight. If your readers would not be familiar with this method of determining weight, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “all the weights” or “all the stones used for determining weight” +16:12 qobz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תּוֹעֲבַ֣ת & רֶ֑שַׁע & בִ֝⁠צְדָקָ֗ה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **abomination** in [3:32](../03/32.md), **wickedness** in [4:17](../04/17.md), and **righteousness** in [1:3](../01/03.md). +16:12 u9g5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מְ֭לָכִים 1 This verse describes the traits of ideal, righteous **kings**, not any **kings** in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “ideal kings” +16:12 z6fm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive בִ֝⁠צְדָקָ֗ה יִכּ֥וֹן כִּסֵּֽא 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “righteousness establishes a throne” +16:12 hqs7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יִכּ֥וֹן כִּסֵּֽא 1 Here, **established** refers to a king having stable and enduring authority over his people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “is a throne made secure” or “is a throne made to endure”\n +16:12 yr8j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy כִּסֵּֽא 1 Here, **throne** refers to a king’s authority, which is represented by the **throne** that a king sits on. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a king’s authority” +16:13 nnfm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism רְצ֣וֹן מְ֭לָכִים שִׂפְתֵי־צֶ֑דֶק וְ⁠דֹבֵ֖ר יְשָׁרִ֣ים יֶאֱהָֽב 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “The delight of kings are lips of righteousness, yes, he loves one who speaks upright things” +16:13 q2uj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רְצ֣וֹן & צֶ֑דֶק 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **delight** in [14:35](../14/35.md) and **righteousness** in [8:20](../08/20.md). +16:13 sfa1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מְ֭לָכִים 1 This verse describes the traits of ideal, righteous **kings**, not any **kings** in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “ideal kings” +16:13 c0v0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession שִׂפְתֵי־צֶ֑דֶק 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **lips** that are characterized by **righteousness**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “are righteous lips”\n +16:13 k2h7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שִׂפְתֵי 1 Here, **lips** refers to what people say by moving their **lips**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “are sayings of”\n +16:13 c9xz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun יֶאֱהָֽב 1 Here, **he** refers to the **kings** in the previous clause, not one particular king. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “kings love” +16:13 t9or rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun וְ⁠דֹבֵ֖ר 1 Here, **one who speaks** refers to a type of people in general, not one particular person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “and … any person who speaks” +16:14 rn5t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy חֲמַת 1 See how you translated the same use of **heat** in [6:34](../06/34.md). +16:14 qy87 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מֶ֥לֶךְ & וְ⁠אִ֖ישׁ חָכָ֣ם 1 Here, **a king** and **a wise man** represent types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any king … but any wise man”\n +16:14 xdvk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession מַלְאֲכֵי־מָ֑וֶת 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **messengers** who cause **death**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “is messengers who cause death” +16:14 lfm4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification מַלְאֲכֵי־מָ֑וֶת 1 Here, Solomon speaks of an angry king causing people to die as if his anger were **messengers** whom he sends out to kill someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “puts people to death” or “causes death” +16:14 afh0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מָ֑וֶת 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **death** in [2:18](../02/18.md). +16:14 lsz0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יְכַפְּרֶֽ⁠נָּה 1 Here, **atone for it** refers to doing something that will cause an angry **king** to stop being angry. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “assuage the king’s anger” or “do what can stop the king from being angry” +16:15 f1pr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּ⁠אוֹר־פְּנֵי־מֶ֥לֶךְ חַיִּ֑ים 1 Here, Solomon refers to people staying alive as if **life** were an object that is located **In the light of the face of the king**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The light of the face of the king causes people to stay alive” +16:15 av7j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּ⁠אוֹר־פְּנֵי 1 Here, Solomon refers to **the king** smiling because he is happy as if it were **the light of the face**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “In the smile of” or “In the happiness of” +16:15 wigt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מֶ֥לֶךְ & וּ֝⁠רְצוֹנ֗⁠וֹ 1 The words **the king** and **his** represents kings in general, not one particular **king**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any king … and that king’s favor” +16:15 fnnl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וּ֝⁠רְצוֹנ֗⁠וֹ 1 See how you translated **favor** in [3:4](../03/04.md). +16:15 a5n5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כְּ⁠עָ֣ב מַלְקֽוֹשׁ 1 Here, Solomon compares the king showing **favor** towards someone with a **cloud** that brings **rain** in the **spring** that is needed for crops to grow. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “benefits a person” or “refreshes a person like clouds bring rain in springtime that refreshes crops” +16:16 rgj4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism קְֽנֹה־חָכְמָ֗ה מַה־טּ֥וֹב מֵ⁠חָר֑וּץ וּ⁠קְנ֥וֹת בִּ֝ינָ֗ה נִבְחָ֥ר מִ⁠כָּֽסֶף 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “How better it is to acquire wisdom than gold, yes, to acquire understanding is to be chosen more than silver” +16:16 ylp2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חָכְמָ֗ה & בִּ֝ינָ֗ה 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **wisdom** in [1:2](../01/02.md) and **understanding** in [2:2](../02/02.md).\n +16:16 bn5c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וּ⁠קְנ֥וֹת בִּ֝ינָ֗ה נִבְחָ֥ר 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and people should choose to acquire understanding” +16:17 ffx6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מְסִלַּ֣ת 1 Here, Solomon speaks of **upright** behavior as if it were a well-built **highway** that is free of obstacles. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The behavior of”\n +16:17 a2qn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ס֣וּר מֵ⁠רָ֑ע 1 See how you translated this phrase in [14:16](../14/16.md). +16:17 m87o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מֵ⁠רָ֑ע & נַ֝פְשׁ֗⁠וֹ 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **evil** in [1:16](../01/16.md) and **life** in [10:16](../10/16.md). +16:17 t8nc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun שֹׁמֵ֥ר נַ֝פְשׁ֗⁠וֹ נֹצֵ֥ר דַּרְכּֽ⁠וֹ 1 Here, **one who protects** and **his** refer to a type of person in general, not one particular person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “any person who protects that person’s life guards that person’s way” +16:17 a6l2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שֹׁמֵ֥ר נַ֝פְשׁ֗⁠וֹ 1 Here, Solomon speaks of a person who wants to stay alive as if **his life** were something that he **protects**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “one who keeps himself alive” +16:17 svdh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נֹצֵ֥ר דַּרְכּֽ⁠וֹ 1 Here, Solomon refers to a person being careful about how he behaves as if his behavior were a **way** that he **guards**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the same use of **way** in [1:15](../01/15.md). Alternate translation: “behaves carefully” or “is careful in how he behaves” +16:18 k7sh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism לִ⁠פְנֵי־שֶׁ֥בֶר גָּא֑וֹן וְ⁠לִ⁠פְנֵ֥י כִ֝שָּׁל֗וֹן גֹּ֣בַהּ רֽוּחַ 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Before the face of breaking is pride, yes, before the face of a stumbling is a height of spirit” +16:18 b9ws rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification לִ⁠פְנֵי־שֶׁ֥בֶר גָּא֑וֹן 1 Here, Solomon refers to someone having **pride** before experiencing **breaking** as if **breaking** were a person with a **face** that **pride** could be in front of. See how you translated the same use of **Before the face of** in [8:25](../08/25.md). Alternate translation: “Pride exists before breaking”\n +16:18 l2gv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לִ⁠פְנֵי־שֶׁ֥בֶר גָּא֑וֹן 1 Here, Solomon implies that **pride** results in **breaking**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Pride results in breaking” +16:18 fmx7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שֶׁ֥בֶר 1 Here, Solomon refers to a person being destroyed as if they experience **breaking**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “destruction” or “being destroyed” +16:18 uxwn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns גָּא֑וֹן 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **pride** in [8:13](../08/13.md). +16:18 tfak rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וְ⁠לִ⁠פְנֵ֥י כִ֝שָּׁל֗וֹן גֹּ֣בַהּ רֽוּחַ 1 Here, Solomon refers to someone having **height of spirit** before experiencing **stumbling** as if **stumbling** were a person with a **face** that **height of spirit** could be in front of. See how you translated the same use of **before the face of** in the previous clause. Alternate translation: “a height of spirit exists before stumbling” +16:18 qw9r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠לִ⁠פְנֵ֥י כִ֝שָּׁל֗וֹן גֹּ֣בַהּ רֽוּחַ 1 Here, Solomon implies that **a height of spirit** results in **stumbling**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and a height of spirit results in a stumbling” +16:18 ak0b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor כִ֝שָּׁל֗וֹן 1 Here, Solomon refers to a person being destroyed as if they experience **stumbling**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “destruction” or “being destroyed” +16:18 qp3l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor גֹּ֣בַהּ רֽוּחַ 1 Here, Solomon refers to a person being proud as if pride were **a height of spirit**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is pride” or “is being proud”\n +16:19 s4fk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שְׁפַל־ר֭וּחַ 1 Here, Solomon refers to a being humble as if humility were being **lowly of spirit**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to be humble” or “is being humble” +16:19 u04r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מֵֽ⁠חַלֵּ֥ק שָׁ֝לָ֗ל אֶת־גֵּאִֽים 1 Here, Solomon uses **share** to imply that the one who is sharing **a portion of spoil** is also one of the **proud ones**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “than to be one of the proud ones and share a portion of their spoil” +16:19 xjkz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שָׁ֝לָ֗ל 1 The word **spoil** refers to things that victorious soldiers take from the enemies they have defeated. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “goods taken in battle” +16:20 nuo9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מַשְׂכִּ֣יל & וּ⁠בוֹטֵ֖חַ & אַשְׁרָֽי⁠ו 1 **One who comprehends**, **one who trusts**, and **he** here represent types of people in general, not particular people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who comprehends … and any person who trusts … that person is happy” +16:20 tkio rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מַשְׂכִּ֣יל עַל־דָּ֭בָר 1 This phrase could refer to: (1) someone who acts prudently in various matters. Alternate translation: “One who acts sensibly” (2) someone who heeds instruction, in which case the word translated **matter** would refer to instruction. Alternate translation: “One who heeds instruction” +16:20 zg3i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִמְצָא־ט֑וֹב 1 Here, Solomon refers to someone prospering as if they found **good**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will prosper” +16:21 hq6m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לֵ֭ב 1 See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [2:2](../02/02.md). +16:21 lrv9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יִקָּרֵ֣א נָב֑וֹן 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “People will call an understanding one” +16:21 cj0r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun נָב֑וֹן 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:5](../01/05.md). +16:21 w5ly rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ⁠מֶ֥תֶק שְׂ֝פָתַ֗יִם 1 Here, Solomon speaks of kind or pleasant speech as if it were **sweetness** that comes from what people say by speaking with their **lips**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “pleasant speech” +16:21 f79y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שְׂ֝פָתַ֗יִם 1 See how you translated the same use of **lips** in [10:18](../10/18.md). +16:22 y5ux rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מְק֣וֹר חַ֭יִּים 1 See how you translated this phrase in [10:11](../10/11.md). +16:22 c2nb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns שֵׂ֣כֶל & וּ⁠מוּסַ֖ר & אִוֶּֽלֶת 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **insight** in [1:3](../01/03.md), **instruction** in [1:2](../01/02.md), and **folly** in [5:23](../05/23.md). +16:22 ux8d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וּ⁠מוּסַ֖ר אֱוִלִ֣ים אִוֶּֽלֶת 1 This clause could mean: (1) **folly** causes punishment for **fools**, in which case the word translated **instruction** refers to discipline or punishment. Alternate translation: “but folly causes punishment for fools” (2) it is **foolish** to try to instruct **fools**. Alternate translation: “but instructing fools is folly” +16:23 rbc8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לֵ֣ב חָ֭כָם יַשְׂכִּ֣יל פִּ֑י⁠הוּ וְ⁠עַל־שְׂ֝פָתָ֗י⁠ו יֹסִ֥יף לֶֽקַח 1 **The heart of the wise**, **his**, and **it** here refer to these things and people in general, not a specific **heart** or **wise** person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “The hearts of wise people make their mouths insightful, and on their lips they increase learning”\n +16:23 ve5a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לֵ֣ב 1 See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [2:2](../02/02.md). +16:23 qa4q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שְׂ֝פָתָ֗י⁠ו 1 See how you translated the same use of **mouth** in [10:11](../10/11.md) and **lips** in [10:18](../10/18.md). +16:23 i4qn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יֹסִ֥יף לֶֽקַח 1 Here, Solomon implies that what **the wise** says **increases learning** of other people who hear what **the wise** say. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “it increases what other people learn” +16:24 rw56 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy צוּף־דְּ֭בַשׁ 1 The phrase **dripping of honey** refers to honeycomb, which is what bees store honey in, so that **honey** drips from it. However, here Solomon is using the phrase to refer to how pleasing **words of pleasantness** are. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “Extremely pleasing” or “Please like a honeycomb” +16:24 spni rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אִמְרֵי־נֹ֑עַם 1 See how you translated **words of pleasantness** in [15:26](../15/26.md).\n +16:24 leud rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis מָת֥וֹק לַ֝⁠נֶּפֶשׁ וּ⁠מַרְפֵּ֥א לָ⁠עָֽצֶם 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “those words are sweet to the soul and healing to the bone” +16:24 tse2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification מָת֥וֹק לַ֝⁠נֶּפֶשׁ 1 Here, Solomon refers to a person feeling pleasant as if that person’s **soul** were a person who had tasted something **sweet**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “pleasing a person” or “like something that tastes sweet to the soul” +16:24 ye3n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וּ⁠מַרְפֵּ֥א לָ⁠עָֽצֶם 1 Here, **bone** refers to a person’s whole body. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated a similar use of **bone** in [15:30](../15/30.md). Alternate translation: “healing to the body” +16:25 v8l9 יֵ֤שׁ דֶּ֣רֶךְ יָ֭שָׁר לִ⁠פְנֵי־אִ֑ישׁ וְ֝⁠אַחֲרִיתָ֗⁠הּ דַּרְכֵי־מָֽוֶת 1 See how you translated the identical sentence in [14:12](../14/12.md). +16:26 gu5u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun נֶ֣פֶשׁ עָ֭מֵל עָ֣מְלָה לּ֑⁠וֹ כִּֽי־אָכַ֖ף עָלָ֣י⁠ו פִּֽי⁠הוּ 1 **The appetite**, **the laborer**, **him**, and **his** here refer to appetites and laborers in general, not to any particular **appetite** or **laborer**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “The appetites of laborers labor for them, for their mouths press on them” +16:26 qgqh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns נֶ֣פֶשׁ 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **appetite** in [6:30](../06/30.md). +16:26 fc7p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification עָ֣מְלָה לּ֑⁠וֹ 1 Here, Solomon speaks of **The appetite of the laborer** benefitting **the laborer** as if it were a person who **labors** on his behalf. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “benefits him” or “is like a person who helps him while he is working” +16:26 qj24 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy פִּֽי⁠הוּ 1 Here, **mouth** refers to the desire to eat, which involves using one’s **mouth**. It has the same meaning as **appetite** in the previous clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “his hunger” or “his desire to eat” +16:26 gb4l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification אָכַ֖ף עָלָ֣י⁠ו פִּֽי⁠הוּ 1 Here, Solomon speaks of hunger motivating a **laborer** to continue working as if that laborer’s **mouth** were a person who **presses on him**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “being hungry makes him keep working” or “being hungry is like a person who urges him to keep working” +16:27 sga2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession אִ֣ישׁ בְּ֭לִיַּעַל 1 See how you translated this phrase in [6:12](../06/12.md). +16:27 whee rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אִ֣ישׁ בְּ֭לִיַּעַל & שפתי⁠ו 1 **A man of worthlessness** and **his** refer to a type of person in general, not a specific **man**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person of worthlessness … that person’s lips” +16:27 r16q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor כֹּרֶ֣ה רָעָ֑ה 1 Here, Solomon speaks of a person planning how to harm other people as if that person were digging **evil** out of the ground. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “plans how to harm people” or “plans how to harm people as if he were digging up evil” +16:27 q5zk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy רָעָ֑ה 1 Here, **evil** refers to trouble that someone experiences as a result of the **evil** done by **A man of worthlessness**. See how you translated the same use of **evil** in [12:21](../12/21.md). +16:27 h7wl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ⁠עַל־שפתי⁠ו כְּ⁠אֵ֣שׁ צָרָֽבֶת 1 Here, **on his lips** refers to what a person says while moving his **lips**. See how you translated the same use of **lips** in [10:13](../10/13.md). Alternate translation: “and what he says is like a scorching fire” +16:27 xs7m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כְּ⁠אֵ֣שׁ צָרָֽבֶת 1 Solomon is saying that the **evil** things that **A man of worthlessness** says are **like a scorching fire** because both can hurt people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “it hurts people like a scorching fire” +16:28 nw1b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אִ֣ישׁ תַּ֭הְפֻּכוֹת & וְ֝נִרְגָּ֗ן מַפְרִ֥יד אַלּֽוּף 1 **A man of perverse things**, **a murmurer**, **one who separates**, and **a close friend** here refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any man of perverse things … and any murmurer is a person who separates close friends” +16:28 x2b5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession אִ֣ישׁ תַּ֭הְפֻּכוֹת 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **man** who is characterized by saying **perverse things**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “A perverse man” or “A man who says perverse things” +16:28 e2vj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification יְשַׁלַּ֣ח מָד֑וֹן 1 Here, Solomon refers to **A man of perverse things** causing **strife** between other people as if **strife** were an animal that he **lets loose**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “causes strife” +16:28 r0e6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מָד֑וֹן 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **strife**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “people arguing” +16:28 h4u0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ֝נִרְגָּ֗ן 1 Here, Solomon calls a person who gossips or tells harmful rumors about people **a murmurer** because they speak quietly when they gossip. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and a gossiper” or “and one who whispers to gossip” +16:28 q6aj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מַפְרִ֥יד 1 Here, Solomon refers to causing friends to no longer be friends as if someone **separates** them from each other. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is one who destroys the friendship of” +16:28 is7k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מַפְרִ֥יד אַלּֽוּף 1 Solomon assumes that his readers will understand that this phrase refers to separating **a close friend** from that person’s friend. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “is one who separates a close friend from his friend” or “is one who separates close friends” +16:29 mk94 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אִ֣ישׁ חָ֭מָס & רֵעֵ֑⁠הוּ וְ֝⁠הוֹלִיכ֗⁠וֹ 1 **A man of violence**, **his neighbor**, **he**, and **him** here refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person of violence … that person’s neighbor, and that person leads that neighbor” +16:29 i6a5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession אִ֣ישׁ חָ֭מָס 1 See how you translated this phrase in [3:31](../03/31.md). +16:29 f3dd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ֝⁠הוֹלִיכ֗⁠וֹ בְּ⁠דֶ֣רֶךְ 1 Here, Solomon refers to **A man of violence** causing **his neighbor** to behave in a manner **that is not good** as if he were leading **his neighbor** down a path. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the same use of **way** in [1:15](../01/15.md). Alternate translation: “and he causes him to behave in a manner” +16:29 c2qk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּ⁠דֶ֣רֶךְ לֹא־טֽוֹב 1 This could refer to: (1) behavior **that is not good**. Alternate translation: “to behave in a manner that is not good” (2) behavior that results in something **not good** happening to that person. Alternate translation: “to behave in a manner that has not good results” +16:29 m8qs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לֹא־טֽוֹב 1 Here, Solomon uses the negative word **not** with **good** to emphasize how bad this **way** is. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “that is very bad” +16:30 wy6w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun עֹצֶ֣ה עֵ֭ינָי⁠ו לַ⁠חְשֹׁ֣ב & קֹרֵ֥ץ שְׂ֝פָתָ֗י⁠ו כִּלָּ֥ה רָעָֽה 1 **One who shuts his eyes** and **one who compresses his lips** here refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “People who shut their eyes plan … people who compress their lips bring evil to completion” +16:30 p1tu rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction עֹצֶ֣ה עֵ֭ינָי⁠ו & קֹרֵ֥ץ שְׂ֝פָתָ֗י⁠ו 1 The phrases **shuts his eyes** and **compresses his lips** both describe facial gestures which people could use to signal to others that they were about to do something **evil** that they had planned. If this would not be clear to your readers, you could explain the significance of this action in the text or in a footnote. Alternate translation: “One who signals to others by shutting his eyes … one who signals to others by compressing his lips” +16:30 lie4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy רָעָֽה 1 Here, **evil** refers to an evil action that **one who compresses his lips** had planned to do. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “an evil act he had planned” +16:31 hqfg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שֵׂיבָ֑ה 1 **Gray hair** here refers to old age, which is when people’s **hair** usually becomes **Gray**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Old age” +16:31 aj89 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עֲטֶ֣רֶת תִּפְאֶ֣רֶת 1 Here, Solomon refers to the honor of being an old person as if the old person’s **Gray hair** were a **crown of splendor**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning or use a simile. See how you translated **a crown of splendor** in [4:9](../04/09.md). Alternate translation: “is a great honor” or “is like a crown of splendor on an old person’s head” +16:31 thaf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּ⁠דֶ֥רֶךְ 1 See how you translated the same use of **way** in [1:15](../01/15.md). +16:31 d1fq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְּ⁠דֶ֥רֶךְ צְ֝דָקָ֗ה 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **way** that is characterized by **righteousness**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “in the righteous way” +16:31 y1am rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive תִּמָּצֵֽא 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “a person finds it” +16:31 andi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תִּמָּצֵֽא 1 Here, Solomon refers to becoming old, which **Gray hair** represents, as if it were an object that a person could find. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “it is obtained”\n +16:32 x3rg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אֶ֣רֶךְ אַ֭פַּיִם מִ⁠גִּבּ֑וֹר וּ⁠מֹשֵׁ֥ל בְּ֝⁠רוּח֗⁠וֹ מִ⁠לֹּכֵ֥ד 1 Here, **one long of nostrils**, **a mighty one**, **on who rules his spirit**, and **one who captures** represent these types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “is any person long of nostrils than any mighty person, and any person who rules over that person’s spirit than any person who captures” +16:32 q1pm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אֶ֣רֶךְ אַ֭פַּיִם 1 See how you translated **one long of nostrils** in [14:29](../14/29.md). +16:32 jxus rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וּ⁠מֹשֵׁ֥ל בְּ֝⁠רוּח֗⁠וֹ 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and better is one who rules his spirit” +16:32 omyt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וּ⁠מֹשֵׁ֥ל בְּ֝⁠רוּח֗⁠וֹ 1 Here, Solomon speaks of a person controlling **his spirit** as if it were a person who could be ruled over. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and one who controls his spirit” +16:32 upn1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּ֝⁠רוּח֗⁠וֹ 1 Here, **spirit** refers to a person’s emotions. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “his emotions”\n +16:32 kovo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification מִ⁠לֹּכֵ֥ד עִֽיר 1 Here, Solomon speaks of a person conquering a **city** and capturing the people who live in it as if the **city** were a person who could captured. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “than one who conquers a city” +16:32 mzu5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מִ⁠לֹּכֵ֥ד עִֽיר 1 Solomon assumes that his readers will understand that **one who captures a city** is very **mighty**. You could include this information if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “than one mighty enough to capture a city” +16:33 kg6g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun בַּ֭⁠חֵיק יוּטַ֣ל אֶת־הַ⁠גּוֹרָ֑ל & כָּל־מִשְׁפָּטֽ⁠וֹ 1 **A lot**, **the lap**, and **its** refer to these things in general, not to a specific **lot** and **lap**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any lot is cast into a person’s lap … that lots every judgment” +16:33 rvg6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown בַּ֭⁠חֵיק יוּטַ֣ל אֶת־הַ⁠גּוֹרָ֑ל 1 **A lot** was a marked stone that was thrown or rolled on the ground in order to help decide something. People believed that God would guide the **lot** so that it showed them what to do. If your culture has a similar object, you could use the word for that in your language here. Alternate translation: “A marked stone is cast into the lap” or “People throw dice”\n +16:33 ei8c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive בַּ֭⁠חֵיק יוּטַ֣ל אֶת־הַ⁠גּוֹרָ֑ל 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “A person throws a lot into a lap” +16:33 js5x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כָּל־מִשְׁפָּטֽ⁠וֹ 1 Here, **judgment** refers to the decision that is made based on the result of casting lots. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “its every decision” or “whatever happens with the lot” +17:intro br3v 0 # Proverbs 17 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 17 continues the section of the book written by Solomon that is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Parallelism\n\nChapters 16–22 mostly contain proverbs in which the second of two parallel clauses completes, emphasizes, or qualifies the idea of the first clause. Chapter 17 also contains contrasting parallelism ([17:9](../17/09.md), [22](../17/22.md), [24](../17/24.md)) and parallelism in which both clauses have the same meaning for emphasis ([17:21](../17/21.md), [28](../17/28.md)). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +17:1 b79i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis פַּ֣ת חֲ֭רֵבָה & מִ֝⁠בַּ֗יִת מָלֵ֥א 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. See how you translated the same use of these phrases in [15:16–17](../15/16.md). Alternate translation: “is having a dry morsel … than having a house full of” +17:1 ecu4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠שַׁלְוָה 1 Here, **ease** refers to a situation in which someone feels peaceful because there is no **quarreling**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and a peaceful situation” +17:1 p2y8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠שַׁלְוָה־בָ֑⁠הּ 1 Here, Solomon refers to feeling peaceful as if that **ease** were an object that someone could have **with** **a dry morsel**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “while feeling ease” or “while feeling peaceful” +17:1 r9a1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִ֝⁠בַּ֗יִת מָלֵ֥א 1 Here, Solomon refers to a **house** in which people frequently eat meat from **sacrifices** as if the **house** were **full of sacrifices**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “than a house in which people frequently have” +17:1 qkaw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy זִבְחֵי 1 Here, **sacrifices** refers to feasts in which Israelites would eat the meat from the **sacrifices** they had offered to Yahweh at the temple in Jerusalem. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “feasts of” +17:1 tu8o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor זִבְחֵי־רִֽיב 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe feasts that are characterized by **quarreling**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “feasts characterized by quarreling” +17:2 d2td rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun עֶֽבֶד & בְּ⁠בֵ֣ן & יַחֲלֹ֥ק 1 **A servant**, **a son**, and **he** refer to types of people in general, not to a specific **servant** or **son**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any servant … any son … that person will share” +17:2 buwy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מַשְׂכִּ֗יל 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **insight** in [1:3](../01/03.md). +17:2 yc3k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּ⁠בֵ֣ן & אַ֝חִ֗ים 1 Here, Solomon implies that **a son** and **brothers** refer to the children of the master who owns the **servant**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “his master’s son … the brothers of his master’s son” +17:2 gcvs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ⁠בְ⁠ת֥וֹךְ אַ֝חִ֗ים 1 Here, Solomon refers to the **servant** having equal status with these **brothers** as if he were **in the midst** of them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and as an equal of the son’s brothers” +17:2 voso rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns נַחֲלָֽה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **inheritance**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “what people inherit” +17:3 etyr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מַצְרֵ֣ף לַ֭⁠כֶּסֶף וְ⁠כ֣וּר לַ⁠זָּהָ֑ב 1 **The smelting-pot**, **the silver**, **the furnace**, and **the gold** represents these things in general, not any specific things. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any smelting-pot is for silver and any furnace is for gold” +17:3 fi3n rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown מַצְרֵ֣ף 1 A **smelting-pot** is a container in which metals are melted at a very high temperature so that impurities may be discovered and removed from the metal. Since the second clause mentions **tests**, most likely Solomon is referring to using the pot to discover impurities. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of container, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “The pot used for testing and refining metal” +17:3 xoku rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מַצְרֵ֣ף לַ֭⁠כֶּסֶף וְ⁠כ֣וּר לַ⁠זָּהָ֑ב 1 Solomon assumes that his readers will understand that the **smelting-pot** and **furnace** are used to refine and test the purity of **silver** and **gold**. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “The smelting-pot is for testing and refining the silver and the furnace is for testing and refining the gold” +17:3 aq7i rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases וּ⁠בֹחֵ֖ן לִבּ֣וֹת יְהוָֽה 1 Solomon uses **and** here to indicate that he is making a comparison between the first clause and the second clause. How **Yahweh tests hearts** is similar to how **The smelting-pot** and **furnace** are used to test **silver** and **gold** to see how pure they are. If this connection is not clear, you may want to use a connecting word to show how this statement relates to what came before it. Alternate translation: “likewise Yahweh tests hearts” +17:3 hgq0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ⁠בֹחֵ֖ן לִבּ֣וֹת יְהוָֽה 1 Here, Solomon speaks of Yahweh evaluating what people think as if their **hearts** were metal that he was testing to discover impurities. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Yahweh evaluates peoples’ hearts” +17:3 mnly rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִבּ֣וֹת 1 See how you translated the same use of “heart” in [2:2](../02/02.md). +17:4 tztu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מֵ֭רַע & שְׂפַת־אָ֑וֶן שֶׁ֥קֶר & לְשׁ֥וֹן הַוֺּֽת 1 **The evildoer**, **the lips of iniquity**, **a liar**, and **a tongue of destruction** represent types of people and things in general, not specific people or things. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any evildoer … any lips of iniquity; any liar … any tongues of destruction” +17:4 c409 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession שְׂפַת־אָ֑וֶן 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **lips** that are characterized by **iniquity**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “iniquitous lips” +17:4 bar9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שְׂפַת 1 See how you translated the same use of **lips** in [16:13](../16/13.md). +17:4 cj9s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מֵ֝זִין 1 The phrase **give ear** refers to listening carefully to what someone is saying as if the listener were giving his **ear** to the person speaking. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use a similar expression from your language or express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “listen carefully”\n +17:4 hi1p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession לְשׁ֥וֹן הַוֺּֽת 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **a tongue** that is characterized by **destruction**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “a destructive tongue” +17:4 d93h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְשׁ֥וֹן 1 See how you translated the same use of **tongue** in [6:17](../06/17.md). +17:5 a5ue rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לֹעֵ֣ג לָ֭⁠רָשׁ חֵרֵ֣ף עֹשֵׂ֑⁠הוּ שָׂמֵ֥חַ לְ֝⁠אֵ֗יד 1 **A mocker**, **one who is poor**, **his**, and **one glad at calamity** represents types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any mocker of any poor person taunts that person’s maker; any person glad at calamity” +17:5 gbgn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit חֵרֵ֣ף עֹשֵׂ֑⁠הוּ 1 See how you translated this phrase in [14:31](../14/31.md). +17:5 gs4i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns לְ֝⁠אֵ֗יד 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **calamity** in [1:26](../01/26.md). +17:5 dj8b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes לֹ֣א יִנָּקֶֽה 1 See how you translated this phrase in [6:29](../06/29.md). +17:6 y71i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עֲטֶ֣רֶת 1 Here, Solomon speaks honor as if it were a **crown** upon the heads of **old ones**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. See how you translated a similar use of **crown** in [4:9](../04/09.md). Alternate translation: “The honor of”\n +17:6 exvc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession עֲטֶ֣רֶת זְ֭קֵנִים בְּנֵ֣י בָנִ֑ים 1 **The crown of old ones** could refer to: (1) the honor or pride that **old ones** feel for their **sons of sons**. Alternate translation: “The honor that old ones feel is for their sons of sons” (2) the honor that **old ones** receive from others because they have **sons of sons**. Alternate translation: “Old ones are honored because of their sons of sons” or “Sons of sons cause others to honor old ones” +17:6 v99u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בְּנֵ֣י בָנִ֑ים & בָּנִ֣ים אֲבוֹתָֽ⁠ם 1 Although **sons** and **fathers** are masculine, here Solomon is using these words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “are children of children … children is their parents” +17:6 fag8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְ⁠תִפְאֶ֖רֶת בָּנִ֣ים אֲבוֹתָֽ⁠ם 1 Since the word translated as **splendor** is parallel to **crown** in the previous clause, here **the splendor of sons** refers to the honor or pride that **sons** feel for **their fathers**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and the honor that sons feel is for their fathers” +17:7 i2ze rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לְ⁠נָבָ֣ל שְׂפַת־יֶ֑תֶר & לְ⁠נָדִ֥יב שְׂפַת־שָֽׁקֶר 1 **A lip of excess**, **a worthless one**, **a lip of falsehood**, and **a noble** represent these things and people in general, not specific things or people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Lips of excess … for worthless ones … lips of falsehood for noble ones” +17:7 n7sw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שְׂפַת־יֶ֑תֶר 1 The phrase **lips of excess** refers to excellent or eloquent speech that people say by moving their lips. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Fine speech” or “Speaking excellently”\n +17:7 clc1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שְׂפַת־שָֽׁקֶר 1 See how you translated the same use of “lips of falsehood” in [10:18](../10/18.md). +17:8 n8xm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אֶֽבֶן־חֵ֣ן 1 **A stone of favor** refers to an object that someone thinks is magical and will make **its owner** successful. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “A lucky rabbit’s foot” or “A charm” +17:8 vlmn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּ⁠עֵינֵ֣י 1 See how you translated this phrase in [3:4](../03/04.md). +17:8 vjxj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יַשְׂכִּֽיל 1 Here, **he succeeds** refers to what the **owner** of a **bribe** thinks would happen as a result of giving people bribes. It does not refer to something that is true. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “he thinks that he succeeds” +17:8 iq11 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֶֽל־כָּל־אֲשֶׁ֖ר יִפְנֶ֣ה 1 Here, Solomon refers to everything that the a person does as if it were **all** the places **that he turns** toward. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in whatever he does” +17:9 ezkz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מְֽכַסֶּה־פֶּ֭שַׁע & וְ⁠שֹׁנֶ֥ה בְ֝⁠דָבָ֗ר & אַלּֽוּף 1 **One who covers**, **a transgression**, **one who repeats**, **a matter**, and **a close friend** represent these things and people in general, not specific things or people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who covers any transgression … but any person who repeats any matter … close friends” +17:9 nk6k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מְֽכַסֶּה 1 Here, Solomon speaks of forgiving someone for a **transgression** as if it were an object that someone **covers**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “One who forgives”\n +17:9 pdeb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns פֶּ֭שַׁע & אַהֲבָ֑ה 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **transgression** in [10:19](../10/19.md) and **love** in [10:12](../10/12.md). +17:9 jnt6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מְבַקֵּ֣שׁ 1 See how you translated the same use of **seeks** in [11:27](../11/27.md).\n +17:9 r2e2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠שֹׁנֶ֥ה בְ֝⁠דָבָ֗ר 1 The phrase **one who repeats a matter** refers to someone who repeatedly speaks about a past situation in which that person or a friend was hurt or offended. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but one who repeatedly mentions a past offense” +17:9 s8p6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מַפְרִ֥יד אַלּֽוּף 1 See how you translated this phrase in [16:28](../16/28.md). +17:10 t08m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun גְּעָרָ֣ה בְ⁠מֵבִ֑ין & כְּסִ֣יל 1 Here, **a rebuke**, **an understanding one**, and **a stupid one** represent this thing and these types of people in general, not one particular **rebuke** or person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated **a stupid one** in [10:18](../10/18.md). Alternate translation: “Any rebuke … into any understanding person … any stupid person” +17:10 fs5v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns גְּעָרָ֣ה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **rebuke** in [1:25](../01/25.md). +17:10 dra2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תֵּ֣חַת & בְ⁠מֵבִ֑ין 1 Here, Solomon refers to **an understanding one** learning from a **rebuke** as if it were an object that **goes down into** that person’s mind. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “teaches an understanding one” +17:10 hy6y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis מֵ⁠הַכּ֖וֹת כְּסִ֣יל מֵאָֽה 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “more than striking a stupid one a hundred times goes down into that stupid one” or “more than striking a stupid one a hundred times teaches that stupid one” +17:11 xm34 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun רָ֑ע וּ⁠מַלְאָ֥ךְ אַ֝כְזָרִ֗י & בּֽ⁠וֹ 1 **An evil one**, **a cruel messenger**, and **him** represent types of people in general, not one particular **evil one** or **messenger**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any evil person … and any cruel messenger … against that person” +17:11 ksen rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אַךְ־מְרִ֥י יְבַקֶּשׁ 1 See how you translated the same use of **seeks** in [11:27](../11/27.md). +17:11 rz73 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מְרִ֥י 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **rebellion**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “being rebellious” +17:11 nxzz rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וּ⁠מַלְאָ֥ךְ אַ֝כְזָרִ֗י 1 Here, **and** introduces the result of an **evil one** rebelling. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate result. You may need to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “As a result, a cruel messenger”\n +17:11 zqf6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וּ⁠מַלְאָ֥ךְ אַ֝כְזָרִ֗י יְשֻׁלַּח 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and someone will send a cruel messenger” +17:11 suj6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יְשֻׁלַּח־בּֽ⁠וֹ 1 Here, **against him** implies that the **messenger** will punish the **evil one**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “will be sent to punish him” +17:12 pzb3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis פָּג֬וֹשׁ דֹּ֣ב שַׁכּ֣וּל בְּ⁠אִ֑ישׁ וְ⁠אַל־כְּ֝סִ֗יל בְּ⁠אִוַּלְתּֽ⁠וֹ 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words to the second clause from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “Let a female bear robbed of offspring meet a man and not a stupid one in his folly meet a man” +17:12 hbnr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit פָּג֬וֹשׁ דֹּ֣ב שַׁכּ֣וּל בְּ⁠אִ֑ישׁ וְ⁠אַל־כְּ֝סִ֗יל בְּ⁠אִוַּלְתּֽ⁠וֹ 1 In this verse, Solomon implies that meeting **a female bear robbed of offspring** is better than meeting **a stupid one in his folly**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “A female bear robbed of offspring meeting a man is better than meeting a stupid one in his folly” +17:12 pknt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun דֹּ֣ב & בְּ⁠אִ֑ישׁ & כְּ֝סִ֗יל בְּ⁠אִוַּלְתּֽ⁠וֹ 1 Here, **a female bear**, **a man**, **a stupid one**, and **his** represent bears and types of people in general, not one particular **bear** or people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any female bear … any person … any stupid person in that person’s folly” +17:12 fk5m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive דֹּ֣ב שַׁכּ֣וּל 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “a female bear that someone has stolen offspring from” +17:12 p2k2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit דֹּ֣ב 1 Solomon assumes that his readers will understand that **a female bear robbed of offspring** would be extremely angry and violent. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “an angry female bear” +17:12 u55w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שַׁכּ֣וּל 1 Although the word **offspring** is singular in form, but here it refers to all a bear’s cubs as a group. If it would be helpful in your language, you could say this plainly. Alternate translation: “robbed of cubs” +17:12 j1ly rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּ⁠אִוַּלְתּֽ⁠וֹ 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **folly** in [5:23](../05/23.md). +17:13 gv9o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure מֵשִׁ֣יב רָ֭עָה תַּ֣חַת טוֹבָ֑ה לֹא־תָמ֥וּשׁ רָ֝עָ֗ה מִ⁠בֵּיתֽ⁠וֹ 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could reverse the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “Evil will not depart from the house of one who returns evil for good” +17:13 cnro rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מֵשִׁ֣יב & מִ⁠בֵּיתֽ⁠וֹ 1 **One who returns** and **his** represent a type of person in general, not one particular person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who returns … that person’s house” +17:13 dztm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רָ֭עָה & טוֹבָ֑ה & רָ֝עָ֗ה 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **evil** in [1:16](../01/16.md) and **good** in [11:27](../11/27.md). +17:13 p537 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification לֹא־תָמ֥וּשׁ רָ֝עָ֗ה מִ⁠בֵּיתֽ⁠וֹ 1 Here, Solomon speaks of **evil** affecting someone’s family as if it were a person who would not leave the person’s **house**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “evil will not stop affecting his house” +17:13 uqlu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מִ⁠בֵּיתֽ⁠וֹ 1 See how you translated the same use of **house** in [3:33](../03/33.md). +17:14 ce2y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מָד֑וֹן & הָ⁠רִ֥יב 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **quarrel** and **dispute** in [15:18](../15/18.md). +17:14 e1bw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor פּ֣וֹטֵֽר מַ֭יִם 1 Here, Solomon refers to how difficult it is to stop a **quarrel** after it starts as if it were **water** that started to leak out of a container or dam. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “is difficult to stop” or “is as difficult to stop as water leaking from a container” +17:14 d5wx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הָ⁠רִ֥יב נְטֽוֹשׁ 1 Here, Solomon refers to stopping a **dispute** before it begins as if it were a place that someone can **leave**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “end the dispute” +17:14 al2h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הִ֝תְגַּלַּ֗ע 1 Here, Solomon refers to a **quarrel** starting as if it were water that suddenly **breaks out** of a container or dam. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “suddenly begins” +17:15 hpuk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מַצְדִּ֣יק רָ֭שָׁע וּ⁠מַרְשִׁ֣יעַ צַדִּ֑יק & גַּם־שְׁנֵי⁠הֶֽם 1 **One who declares**, **a wicked one**, **a righteous one**, and **the two of them** represent types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who declares any wicked person righteous and any person who declares any righteous person wicked, even both types of people” +17:15 z95a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מַצְדִּ֣יק רָ֭שָׁע וּ⁠מַרְשִׁ֣יעַ צַדִּ֑יק 1 In this verse, **wicked** refers to being guilty of doing something **wicked** and **righteous** refers to being innocent of doing something **wicked**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “One who declares a guilty one innocent and one who declares an innocent one to be guilty” +17:15 uowc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תּוֹעֲבַ֥ת יְ֝הוָ֗ה 1 See how you translated **an abomination to Yahweh** in [3:32](../03/32.md). +17:16 kk5n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion לָ⁠מָּה־זֶּ֣ה מְחִ֣יר בְּ⁠יַד־כְּסִ֑יל לִ⁠קְנ֖וֹת חָכְמָ֣ה וְ⁠לֶב־אָֽיִן 1 Solomon is using the question form to emphasize how nonsensical it is for a **stupid** person to try to buy **wisdom**. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “It is ridiculous that a payment is in the hand of a stupid one to acquire wisdom but there is no heart!” +17:16 xh06 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מְחִ֣יר בְּ⁠יַד־כְּסִ֑יל 1 Here, **a payment**, **the hand**, and **a stupid one** represent these things and people in general, not specific things or people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “payments are in the hands of stupid people” +17:16 ig70 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מְחִ֣יר בְּ⁠יַד־כְּסִ֑יל 1 Here, Solomon refers to **a stupid one** trying to buy **wisdom** as if he were holding in his **hand** the money with which to buy it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a stupid one tries to pay money” +17:16 t90h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חָכְמָ֣ה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **wisdom** in [1:2](../01/02.md). +17:16 j69w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ⁠לֶב־אָֽיִן 1 Here, Solomon uses **heart** to refer to a person’s ability to think. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar phrase “lacking of heart” in [6:32](../06/32.md). Alternate translation: “but he has no ability to think”\n +17:17 axcg בְּ⁠כָל־עֵ֭ת 1 Alternate translation: “At all times” or “All the time” +17:17 wjk7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun הָ⁠רֵ֑עַ 1 Here, **the friend** refers to people in general, not a specific **friend**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “any friend” +17:17 gqew rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis אֹהֵ֣ב 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “loves his friends” +17:17 faqw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations וְ⁠אָ֥ח 1 Although the term **brother** is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “and a relative” +17:17 az6z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לְ֝⁠צָרָ֗ה 1 Here, Solomon indicates that one purposes for which **a brother is born** is to help his siblings when they are in **distress**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of helping during a time of distress” +17:17 jk5g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns לְ֝⁠צָרָ֗ה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **distress** in [1:27](../01/27.md). +17:18 f3yd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אָדָ֣ם & תּוֹקֵ֣עַ כָּ֑ף & עֲ֝רֻבָּ֗ה & רֵעֵֽ⁠הוּ 1 **A man**, **one who clasps**, **a palm**, **a pledge**, and **his** refer to types of people and things in general, not specific people or things. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person is a person who clasps palms … any pledge … that person’s neighbor” +17:18 r6wn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy חֲסַר־לֵ֭ב 1 See how you translated the same use of this phrase in [7:7](../07/07.md). +17:18 gdc6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom תּוֹקֵ֣עַ כָּ֑ף 1 See how you translated the same idiom in [6:1](../06/01.md). +17:18 e1yu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִ⁠פְנֵ֥י 1 This could refer to: (1) being in the presence of **his neighbor**, as in [14:19](../14/19.md). Alternate translation: “in the presence of” (2) doing something on the behalf of **his neighbor**. Alternate translation: “on behalf of”\n +17:19 v7lg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אֹ֣הֵֽב & מַגְבִּ֥יהַּ פִּ֝תְח֗⁠וֹ 1 **One who loves**, **one who makes his doorway high**, and **his** refer to types of people and things in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who loves … any person who makes that person’s opening high” +17:19 z5yf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns פֶּ֭שַׁע & מַצָּ֑ה 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **transgression** in [10:19](../10/19.md) and **contention** in [13:10](../13/10.md). +17:19 c1d2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מַגְבִּ֥יהַּ פִּ֝תְח֗⁠וֹ 1 This phrase could refer to: (1) someone who speaks proudly, as if his mouth were an **opening** located at a **high** place above others. Alternate translation: “one who speaks proudly” (2) someone who makes a fancy doorway for his house, as if he put the doorway at a **high** place. Alternate translation: “one who makes his doorway fancy” +17:19 bpz3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מְבַקֶּשׁ־שָֽׁבֶר 1 Here, Solomon speaks of a person doing something that will cause that person to be destroyed as if that person **seeks** for someone to break his bones. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “causes himself to be destroyed” or “causes his own ruin” +17:20 p4sc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun עִקֶּשׁ־לֵ֭ב & וְ⁠נֶהְפָּ֥ךְ בִּ֝⁠לְשׁוֹנ֗⁠וֹ 1 **One crooked of heart**, **one who is turned away**, and **his** refer to types of people and things in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person crooked of heart … and any person who is turned away” +17:20 a3mi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עִקֶּשׁ־לֵ֭ב 1 See how you translated **crooked of heart** in [11:20](../11/20.md). +17:20 opgi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לֹ֣א יִמְצָא־ט֑וֹב 1 Here, Solomon refers to someone experiencing **goodness** as if **goodness** were an object that a person can **find** by searching for it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will not experience goodness”\n +17:20 grav rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ט֑וֹב & בְּ⁠רָעָֽה 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **goodness** in [13:21](../13/21.md) and **evil** in [1:16](../01/16.md). +17:20 s659 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠נֶהְפָּ֥ךְ בִּ֝⁠לְשׁוֹנ֗⁠וֹ 1 Here, Solomon refers to a person who speaks deceitfully as if that person **is turned away in his tongue**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and one who speaks perversely” or “and one who speaks wickedly” +17:20 qjp9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִפּ֥וֹל בְּ⁠רָעָֽה 1 See how you translated “falls into evil” in [13:17](../13/17.md). +17:21 al3n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism יֹלֵ֣ד כְּ֭סִיל לְ⁠ת֣וּגָה ל֑⁠וֹ וְ⁠לֹֽא־יִ֝שְׂמַ֗ח אֲבִ֣י נָבָֽל 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** that shows that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “One who begets a stupid one, it is for grief for him, yes, the father of a worthless one will not rejoice”\n +17:21 qf34 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun יֹלֵ֣ד כְּ֭סִיל & ל֑⁠וֹ & אֲבִ֣י נָבָֽל 1 **One who begets**, **a stupid one**, **him**, **the father**, and **a worthless one** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. See how you translated **a stupid one** in [10:18](../10/18.md) and **a worthless one** in [17:7](../17/07.md). Alternate translation: “Any person who begets any stupid person … for that person … any father of any worthless one” +17:21 oqe1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result לְ⁠ת֣וּגָה 1 Here, **it is for** indicates that what follows is the result of begetting **a stupid one**. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate result. Alternate translation: “results in grief”\n +17:21 ral0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns לְ⁠ת֣וּגָה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **grief** in [10:1](../10/01.md). +17:22 b1n1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לֵ֣ב שָׂ֭מֵחַ 1 See how you translated this phrase in [15:13](../15/13.md). +17:22 a6ok rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יֵיטִ֣ב גֵּהָ֑ה 1 Here, **make healing good** refers to causing the person with a **joyful heart** to become healthy. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “will make that person healthy” +17:22 u1vh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ⁠ר֥וּחַ נְ֝כֵאָ֗ה 1 Here, **a broken spirit** refers to feeling sad. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but being depressed” +17:22 gei3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy תְּיַבֶּשׁ־גָּֽרֶם 1 Here, Solomon refers to people becoming unhealthy as if their bones were drying up. The word **bone** here refers to a person’s whole body. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar phrase “decay of bones” in [14:30](../14/30.md). Alternate translation: “causes that person to be unhealthy”\n +17:23 bkxx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun שֹׁ֣חַד מֵ֭⁠חֵיק רָשָׁ֣ע יִקָּ֑ח 1 **A wicked one**, **a bribe**, and **the bosom** represent these things and people in general, not specific things or people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “Any wicked person takes any bribe from any bosom” +17:23 gd0d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מֵ֭⁠חֵיק 1 Here, **from the bosom** indicates that **a bribe** is given to someone secretly, as if it were hidden in a person’s clothes near that person’s **bosom**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in secret” +17:23 r7p6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לְ֝⁠הַטּ֗וֹת אָרְח֥וֹת מִשְׁפָּֽט 1 Here, Solomon refers to causing judges to make an unjust verdict as if the legal process were **paths** that a person could **bend**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to prevent justice from being rendered” or “to prevent judges from giving just verdicts” +17:23 gi7z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מִשְׁפָּֽט 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **justice** in [1:3](../01/03.md). +17:24 hied rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חָכְמָ֑ה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **Wisdom** in [1:2](../01/02.md). +17:24 jny0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מֵבִ֣ין & כְ֝סִ֗יל 1 See how you translated **an understanding one** in [17:10](../17/10.md) and **a stupid one** in [10:18](../10/18.md). +17:24 ba2e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֶת־פְּנֵ֣י 1 Here, Solomon refers to **an understanding one** always paying attention to **Wisdom** as if **Wisdom** were in front of **the face** of that person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is in the mind of” or “is the focus of” +17:24 r7ww rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠עֵינֵ֥י כְ֝סִ֗יל בִּ⁠קְצֵה־אָֽרֶץ 1 Here, Solomon refers to **a stupid one** being unable to pay attention to anything as if that person’s **eyes** were **at the end of the earth**. If it would be helpful, you could use an equivalent idiom from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but a stupid one’s mind is all over the place” or “but a stupid one is unable to concentrate” +17:25 ieui rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לְ֭⁠אָבִי⁠ו בֵּ֣ן כְּסִ֑יל & לְ⁠יוֹלַדְתּֽ⁠וֹ 1 **A stupid son**, **his**, **her**, and **him** represent types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated a **stupid son** in [10:1](../10/01.md). Alternate translation: “Any stupid son … to that persons father … to the person who bore that person” +17:25 cn74 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy כַּ֣עַס לְ֭⁠אָבִי⁠ו 1 Here, Solomon speaks of a **son** causing his father to feel **grief** as if that **son** himself were that **grief**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “causes grief for his father” or “causes his father to feel grief” +17:25 mw1t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns כַּ֣עַס & וּ֝⁠מֶ֗מֶר 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **grief** in [10:1](../10/01.md) and **bitterness** in [14:10](../14/10.md). +17:25 idoy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּ֝⁠מֶ֗מֶר לְ⁠יוֹלַדְתּֽ⁠וֹ 1 Here, Solomon speaks of a **son** causing his mother to feel **bitterness** as if that **son** himself were that **bitterness**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and causes bitterness for her who bore him” or “and causes her who bore him to feel bitter” +17:26 vyxn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עֲנ֣וֹשׁ לַ⁠צַּדִּ֣יק 1 Here, **fine** refers to requiring a **the righteous** to pay money as a penalty for a crime that **the righteous** did not do. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “to wrongly require the righteous to pay a penalty” +17:26 wfd1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj לַ⁠צַּדִּ֣יק 1 Solomon is using the adjective **righteous** as a noun to mean **righteous** people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “the righteous ones”\n +17:26 lw6w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes לֹא־ט֑וֹב 1 Solomon is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, **not**, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “is evil” +17:26 jr2s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לְ⁠הַכּ֖וֹת נְדִיבִ֣ים 1 The parallelism with the previous clause indicates that Solomon is referring to striking **nobles** who did not do anything wrong. Here, **nobles** refers to people who have noble character, not nobility. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “to wrongly strike noble people” +17:26 s7mg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns יֹֽשֶׁר 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **uprightness** in [4:11](../04/11.md). +17:27 je2b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun חוֹשֵׂ֣ךְ & יוֹדֵ֣עַ & ו⁠קר־ר֝֗וּחַ אִ֣ישׁ תְּבוּנָֽה 1 **One who restrains**, **one who knows knowledge**, **the cool of spirit**, and **a man of understanding** represent types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated **One who restrains** in [10:19](../10/19.md) and **a man of understanding** in [10:23](../10/23.md). Alternate translation: “Any person who restrains … is a person who knows … and any person who is cool of spirit is a person of understanding” +17:27 s10i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אֲ֭מָרָי⁠ו 1 See how you translated the same use of **words** in [1:23](../01/23.md). +17:27 o9r9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns דָּ֑עַת & תְּבוּנָֽה 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **knowledge** in [1:4](../01/04.md) and **understanding** in [1:2](../01/02.md). +17:27 hm6v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ו⁠קר־ר֝֗וּחַ 1 Here, **the cool of spirit** is an idiom that refers to someone who controls their emotions. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and the coolheaded person” or “and someone who controls his emotions” +17:28 b5ay rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism גַּ֤ם אֱוִ֣יל מַ֭חֲרִישׁ חָכָ֣ם יֵחָשֵׁ֑ב אֹטֵ֖ם שְׂפָתָ֣י⁠ו נָבֽוֹן 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word that shows that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Even a fool who keeps silent will be considered wise, yes, one who shuts his lips is an understanding one” +17:28 i81a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אֱוִ֣יל & אֹטֵ֖ם שְׂפָתָ֣י⁠ו נָבֽוֹן 1 Here, **a fool** and **one who shuts his lips** represent types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated **a fool** in [7:22](../07/22.md). Alternate translation: “any fool … any person who shuts that person’s lips is an understanding person” +17:28 a5qc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מַ֭חֲרִישׁ 1 This phrase refers to someone who refrains from speaking unnecessarily. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “who does not speak unnecessarily” +17:28 q1jm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יֵחָשֵׁ֑ב 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people will consider to be” +17:28 ps9h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אֹטֵ֖ם שְׂפָתָ֣י⁠ו 1 Here, Solomon refers to someone who refrains from speaking unnecessarily as if that person **shuts his lips**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “one who does not speak unnecessarily” +18:intro k5qz 0 # Proverbs 18 General Notes\n\nChapter 18 continues the section of the book written by Solomon that is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Parallelism\n\nChapters 16–22 mostly contain proverbs in which the second of two parallel clauses completes, emphasizes, or qualifies the idea of the first clause. Chapter 18 also contains contrasting parallelism ([18:2](../18/02.md), [12](../18/12.md), [14](../18/14.md), [23](../18/23.md), [24](../18/24.md)) and parallelism in which both clauses have the same meaning for emphasis ([18:7](../18/07.md), [15](../18/15.md), [20](../18/20.md)). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +18:1 y10d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לְֽ֭⁠תַאֲוָה יְבַקֵּ֣שׁ נִפְרָ֑ד & יִתְגַּלָּֽע 1 **One who separates himself** and **he** refer to a type of person in general, not a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “People who separate themselves seek for desire … those people break out” +18:1 n34r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit נִפְרָ֑ד 1 Here, Solomon implies that this person **separates himself** from other people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “One who keeps away from other people” +18:1 debc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לְֽ֭⁠תַאֲוָה יְבַקֵּ֣שׁ 1 Here, Solomon implies that this person **seeks** to fulfill his own **desire**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “seeks to fulfill his own desire” +18:1 vun3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification בְּ⁠כָל־תּ֝וּשִׁיָּ֗ה יִתְגַּלָּֽע 1 Here, Solomon refers to someone refusing to act according to **all sound wisdom** as if **all sound wisdom** were a person who the **One who separates himself** starts a quarrel with. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated **breaks out** in [17:14](../17/14.md). Alternate translation: “he refuses to act according to all sound wisdom” +18:1 r3yq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּ⁠כָל־תּ֝וּשִׁיָּ֗ה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **sound wisdom**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “against anything that is soundly wise” +18:2 urhy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun כְּ֭סִיל & לִבּֽ⁠וֹ 1 **A stupid one** and **his** refer to a type of person in general, not a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any stupid person … that person’s heart” +18:2 u731 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes לֹֽא־יַחְפֹּ֣ץ & בִּ⁠תְבוּנָ֑ה 1 Solomon is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, **not**, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “detests understanding” +18:2 lwfw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בִּ⁠תְבוּנָ֑ה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **understanding** in [1:2](../01/02.md).\n +18:2 ey4y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis בְּ⁠הִתְגַּלּ֥וֹת לִבּֽ⁠וֹ 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “a stupid one delights in his heart revealing itself” +18:2 hvgu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּ⁠הִתְגַּלּ֥וֹת לִבּֽ⁠וֹ 1 Here, Solomon refers to a **stupid one** telling people what he thinks as if his **heart** were **revealing itself**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated **heart** in [2:2](../02/02.md). Alternate translation: “in telling people what he thinks” +18:3 fw1y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification גַם־בּ֑וּז 1 Here, Solomon speaks of experiencing **contempt** as if it were a person who can come to a location. This could mean: (1) people show **contempt** towards **a wicked one**. Alternate translation: “people feel contempt for him” (2) **a wicked one** shows **contempt** for others. Alternate translation: “he shows his contempt for other people” +18:3 uzj6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בּ֑וּז & קָל֥וֹן חֶרְפָּֽה 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **contempt**, **shame**, and **reproach**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. See how you translated **contempt** in [12:8](../12/08.md) and **shame** in [6:33](../06/33.md). Alternate translation: “feeling contemptuous … feeling shameful, being reproached” +18:3 ps5e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְֽ⁠עִם־קָל֥וֹן חֶרְפָּֽה 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and with shame comes reproach” +18:4 izv2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession דִּבְרֵ֣י פִי־אִ֑ישׁ 1 This phrase refers to the **words** that **a man** says by using his **mouth**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The words that a man says with his mouth” +18:4 diqg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit דִּבְרֵ֣י פִי־אִ֑ישׁ 1 The second clause indicates that Solomon is referring to wise **words** spoken by a wise **man**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “The wise words of the mouth of a wise man” +18:4 dk9y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun פִי־אִ֑ישׁ 1 Here, **the mouth** and **a man** represent mouths and people in general, not one particular **mouth** and **man**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “the mouths of people”\n +18:4 nv82 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מַ֣יִם עֲ֭מֻקִּים 1 Here, Solomon speaks of a wise man’s words being profound as if they were **deep waters**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “are profound” or “are deep like deep waters” +18:4 mk4j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession מְק֣וֹר חָכְמָֽה 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **fountain** that gives **wisdom**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “a fountain that gives wisdom” +18:4 mn87 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מְק֣וֹר חָכְמָֽה 1 Here, Solomon speaks of a wise person being a source of **wisdom** as if he were a **fountain**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “a wise person is source of wisdom and” or “a wise person is like a fountain of wisdom and” +18:4 mcky rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חָכְמָֽה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **wisdom** in [1:2](../01/02.md). +18:4 gxso rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נַ֥חַל נֹ֝בֵ֗עַ 1 Here, Solomon speaks of a wise person having plentiful **wisdom** as if he were a **gushing stream**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “is plentiful” or “is plentiful like a gushing stream” +18:5 fi7d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes לֹא־ט֑וֹב 1 Solomon is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, **not**, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “It is surely bad” +18:5 gs7d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun שְׂאֵ֣ת פְּנֵי־רָשָׁ֣ע & צַ֝דִּ֗יק בַּ⁠מִּשְׁפָּֽט 1 Here, **the face**, **the wicked one**, **the righteous one**, and **the judgment** represent these things and people in general, not specific things and people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “to lift the faces of the wicked ones … the righteous ones in the judgments” +18:5 xz0a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom שְׂאֵ֣ת פְּנֵי 1 Here, **to lift the face** is an idiom that means “to show partiality” or “to favor”. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to give pride of place to” or “to be partial to” +18:5 hylk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy רָשָׁ֣ע & צַ֝דִּ֗יק 1 In this verse, **the wicked one** refers to someone who is guilty of doing something **wicked** and **the righteous one** refers to someone who is innocent of doing something wicked. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar use of **wicked** and **righteous** in [17:15](../17/15.md). Alternate translation: “the guilty one … the innocent one”\n +18:5 btf8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal לְ⁠הַטּ֥וֹת 1 Here, **to** marks **turn aside** as the goal or purpose of lifting **the face of the wicked one**. Use a natural way in your language to express a purpose. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of turning aside” +18:5 otoj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לְ⁠הַטּ֥וֹת 1 Here, depriving an innocent person of a just **judgment** is spoken of as if **the righteous one** were made to **turn aside** when judged in court. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to deprive of justice”\n +18:5 k02r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בַּ⁠מִּשְׁפָּֽט 1 Here, **the judgment** refers to the verdict of a judge in a legal case. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “regarding the verdict of his case” or “when his case is decided” +17:20 gekd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שִׂפְתֵ֣י & וּ֝⁠פִ֗י⁠ו 1 See how you translated the same use of **lips** in [10:18](../10/18.md) and **mouth** in [10:11](../10/11.md). +18:6 w2xd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun כְ֭סִיל & בְ⁠רִ֑יב וּ֝⁠פִ֗י⁠ו 1 Here, **a stupid one**, **a dispute** and **his** refer to stupid people and disputes in general, not one particular **stupid one** or **dispute**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any stupid one … into any dispute, and that person’s mouth”\n +18:6 p2qv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification יָבֹ֣אֽוּ בְ⁠רִ֑יב 1 Here, Solomon speaks of what a **stupid one** says with his **lips** causing that person to start a **dispute** as if his **lips** were a person who could **enter into a dispute**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “results in him starting an argument” +18:6 zxu7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לְֽ⁠מַהֲלֻמ֥וֹת יִקְרָֽא 1 Here, Solomon speaks of what a **stupid one** says with **his mouth** causing people to want to beat him as if **his mouth** were a person who **calls for blows**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “causes people to want to beat him” +18:7 umea rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism פִּֽי־כְ֭סִיל מְחִתָּה־ל֑⁠וֹ וּ֝⁠שְׂפָתָ֗י⁠ו מוֹקֵ֥שׁ נַפְשֽׁ⁠וֹ 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “The mouth of a stupid one is ruin for him, yes, his lips are a snare of his life” +18:7 iwj7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy פִּֽי & וּ֝⁠שְׂפָתָ֗י⁠ו 1 See how you translated the same use of **mouth** and **lips** in the previous verse. +18:7 v6hu rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result מְחִתָּה־ל֑⁠וֹ 1 Here, **is** indicates that what follows is the result of what **a stupid one** says. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate result. Alternate translation: “causes ruin for him” or “will result in his ruin”\n +18:7 e4r4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מוֹקֵ֥שׁ נַפְשֽׁ⁠וֹ 1 Here, Solomon refers to what **a stupid one** says with **his lips** causing him trouble as if **his lips** were a **snare** that traps him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “will cause him trouble” or “are like a snare that causes him trouble” +18:7 ffo5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy נַפְשֽׁ⁠וֹ 1 Here, **life** refers to the person himself. See how you translated the same use of **life** in [8:36](../08/36.md). +18:8 vd95 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy דִּבְרֵ֣י 1 See how you translated the same use of **words** in [1:23](../01/23.md). +18:8 iu3y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כְּ⁠מִֽתְלַהֲמִ֑ים 1 Solomon is saying that the **words of a murmurer** are like **things swallowed greedily** because people are eager to hear gossip. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “are listened to eagerly” +18:8 lms4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns וְ֝⁠הֵ֗ם יָרְד֥וּ 1 Solomon uses the word **themselves** to emphasize how significant it was that what murmurers say is listened to by others. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this significance. Alternate translation: “and those very words go down into” +18:8 mr15 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ֝⁠הֵ֗ם יָרְד֥וּ חַדְרֵי־בָֽטֶן 1 Here, Solomon speaks of the **words of a murmurer** staying in a person’s mind and affecting that person’s thoughts as if they were food that goes **down into** a person’s stomach. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and they enter a person’s mind and affect his thoughts” +18:8 za80 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit חַדְרֵי־בָֽטֶן 1 Here, **the rooms of the belly** refers to the innermost part of a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the innermost part of a person” +18:9 upvp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מִתְרַפֶּ֣ה בִ⁠מְלַאכְתּ֑⁠וֹ אָ֥ח ה֝֗וּא לְ⁠בַ֣עַל מַשְׁחִֽית 1 Here, **one who slacks**, **his**, **a brother**, and **an owner of destruction** represent types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any person who slacks in that person’s work, that person is a brother to any owner of destruction” +18:9 uih2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אָ֥ח 1 Here, Solomon speaks of the **one who slacks** being similar to **an owner of destruction** as if he were that person’s **brother**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is closely related” or “is very similar” +18:9 mch5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְ⁠בַ֣עַל מַשְׁחִֽית 1 Here, Solomon refers to a person who destroys things as if that person were **an owner of destruction**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to the one who destroys everything” or “to the one who is always destructive” +18:10 f4nm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שֵׁ֣ם יְהוָ֑ה 1 Here, **name of Yahweh** refers to **Yahweh** himself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly, as in the UST.\n +18:10 mzvb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession מִגְדַּל־עֹ֭ז 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **tower** that is characterized by **strength**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “is a tower characterized by strength” +18:10 ktq8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִגְדַּל־עֹ֭ז 1 Here, Solomon speaks of Yahweh protecting his people as if he were a **tower** in which they could take refuge. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “protects his people” or “protects his people like a strong tower” +18:10 dtz5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun צַדִּ֣יק 1 Here, **the righteous one** represents **righteous** people in general, not one particular **righteous one**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “any righteous one” +18:10 gkx2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בּֽ⁠וֹ־יָר֖וּץ 1 Here, Solomon speaks of someone desiring **Yahweh** to protect that person as if **Yahweh** were a **tower** which that person **runs into**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “seek safety from him” or “seek safety from him as if running to him” +18:10 o4to rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠נִשְׂגָּֽב 1 Here, Solomon speaks of a person being safe as if that person were **set on** a **high** place where no one could harm that person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and is secure” +18:11 bgq7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ה֣וֹן עָ֭שִׁיר קִרְיַ֣ת עֻזּ֑⁠וֹ 1 See how you translated the same clause in [10:15](../10/15.md). +18:11 tz4b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile וּ⁠כְ⁠חוֹמָ֥ה נִ֝שְׂגָּבָ֗ה 1 Solomon is saying that the **wealth of a rich one** is like **a wall set on high** because **the rich one** thinks that his **wealth** will protect him from enemies like a **high** **wall** does. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “and it will protect him like a wall set on high” +18:11 kei5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּ⁠מַשְׂכִּיתֽ⁠וֹ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **imagination**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “according to what he imagines” +18:12 r28e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification לִ⁠פְנֵי־שֶׁ֭בֶר 1 Here, Solomon refers to someone being proud before experiencing **breaking** as if **breaking** were a person with a face that **the heart of a man** could be **exalted** in front of. See how you translated this phrase in [16:18](../16/18.md). Alternate translation: “Before breaking” or “Before he is ruined” +18:12 j9yv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יִגְבַּ֣הּ לֵב־אִ֑ישׁ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “a man exalts his heart” +18:12 uet1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לֵב 1 See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [2:2](../02/02.md). +18:12 t2l5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אִ֑ישׁ 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “a person” +18:12 dy4x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וְ⁠לִ⁠פְנֵ֖י כָב֣וֹד עֲנָוָֽה 1 See how you translated the same clause in [15:33](../15/33.md). +18:13 dkwr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מֵשִׁ֣יב דָּ֭בָר בְּ⁠טֶ֣רֶם יִשְׁמָ֑ע & ל֝֗⁠וֹ 1 **One who returns**, **a word**, **he**, and **him** refer to a type of person and **word** in general, not one particular person or **word**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who returns any word before listening … to that person” +18:13 u40x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מֵשִׁ֣יב דָּ֭בָר 1 Here, **returns** refers to replying to what someone has said. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “One who replies with a word” +18:13 dsv2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy דָּ֭בָר 1 See how you translated the similar use of **word** in [12:25](../12/25.md). +18:13 cj6q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns אִוֶּ֥לֶת & וּ⁠כְלִמָּֽה 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **folly** in [5:23](../05/23.md) and **shame** in [6:33](../06/33.md). +18:14 jnm1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy רֽוּחַ & וְ⁠ר֥וּחַ נְ֝כֵאָ֗ה 1 In this verse, **spirit** refers to a person’s attitude. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The attitude of … but a crushed attitude” +18:14 inr3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יְכַלְכֵּ֣ל 1 Here, Solomon implies that a person’s **spirit** enables that person to **endure his illness**. if it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “will enable him to endure” +18:14 b1vb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠ר֥וּחַ נְ֝כֵאָ֗ה 1 Here, Solomon refers to a person who despairs as if that person’s **spirit** were **crushed** by something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar expression in [15:13](../15/13.md). Alternate translation: “but a person who feels despair”\n +18:14 v3f4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion מִ֣י יִשָּׂאֶֽ⁠נָּה 1 Solomon is using the question form to emphasize the difficulty of helping a depressed person feel better. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “surely no one can lift it!” +18:14 dqmo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִשָּׂאֶֽ⁠נָּה 1 Here, Solomon refers to helping a depressed person feel better as if one could **lift** that persons **spirit**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “can help him feel better” +18:15 wnou rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism לֵ֣ב נָ֭בוֹן יִקְנֶה־דָּ֑עַת וְ⁠אֹ֥זֶן חֲ֝כָמִ֗ים תְּבַקֶּשׁ־דָּֽעַת 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word other than **and** that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “The heart of an understanding one acquires knowledge, yes, and the ear of the wise ones seeks knowledge”\n +18:15 igjr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לֵ֣ב נָ֭בוֹן יִקְנֶה־דָּ֑עַת וְ⁠אֹ֥זֶן 1 **The heart**, **an understanding one**, and **the ear** represents these things and type of people in general, not specific things or people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “The hearts of understanding ones acquire knowledge, and the ears of” +18:15 e4fm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לֵ֣ב 1 Here, **heart** refers to the whole person. See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [15:14](../15/14.md). +18:15 p7l8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns דָּ֑עַת & דָּֽעַת 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **knowledge** in [1:4](../01/04.md). +18:15 ptl8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וְ⁠אֹ֥זֶן חֲ֝כָמִ֗ים תְּבַקֶּשׁ 1 Here, **ear** refers to the whole person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and the wise ones seek” +18:15 fwnu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תְּבַקֶּשׁ 1 See how you translated the same use of **seeks** in [11:27](../11/27.md). +18:16 z6j4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מַתָּ֣ן אָ֭דָם & ל֑⁠וֹ & יַנְחֶֽ⁠נּוּ 1 **The gift**, **a man**, **him**, and **it** refer to gifts and people in general, not one particular **gift** or person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “A gift of any person … for that person … it will guide that person” +18:16 wr8f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession מַתָּ֣ן אָ֭דָם 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **gift** that is given by **a man**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “What a man gives” +18:16 zkj3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom יַרְחִ֣יב 1 Here, **make room** is an idiom that means “create an opportunity.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will open doors” or “will create an opportunity” +18:16 aseb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠לִ⁠פְנֵ֖י 1 See how you translated the same use of **before the face of** in [14:19](../14/19.md). +18:16 qxsf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification יַנְחֶֽ⁠נּוּ 1 Here, Solomon speaks of **The gift** as if it were a person who could **guide** the person who gives it. He means that giving a **gift** could result in a person meeting **great ones**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “it will enable him to go” +18:17 jwv7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit צַדִּ֣יק הָ⁠רִאשׁ֣וֹן בְּ⁠רִיב֑⁠וֹ וּבָֽא־רֵ֝עֵ֗⁠הוּ וַ⁠חֲקָרֽ⁠וֹ 1 This verse refers to a dispute in which one person states **his case** that seems to be **right** until that person’s **neighbor** **examines him** by asking him questions. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “When people dispute, the first one states his case and seems to be right, then his neighbor comes and questions what he said” +18:17 dzjx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun הָ⁠רִאשׁ֣וֹן בְּ⁠רִיב֑⁠וֹ & רֵ֝עֵ֗⁠הוּ וַ⁠חֲקָרֽ⁠וֹ 1 **The first one**, **his**, and **him** refer to a type of person, not a particular **first one**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any first person with that person’s case … that person’s neighbor … and examines that person” +18:17 ct71 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal הָ⁠רִאשׁ֣וֹן 1 If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you could use a cardinal number here or an equivalent expression. Alternate translation: “Person one” +18:17 xjwc rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast וּבָֽא־רֵ֝עֵ֗⁠הוּ 1 Solomon uses the word **then** here to indicate a contrast between the idea of the previous clause and this clause. Solomon implies that the results of examining the **first one** will be that **his case** is not **right**. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a contrast. Alternate translation: “but then his neighbor comes” +18:18 seol rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun הַ⁠גּוֹרָ֑ל 1 **The lot** refers to casting lots in general, not a specific **lot**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “Casting lots” +18:18 qs89 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown הַ⁠גּוֹרָ֑ל 1 See how you translated **lot** in [16:33](../16/33.md). +18:18 sp3e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מִ֭דְיָנִים 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **quarrels** in [6:14](../06/14.md). +18:18 n3hk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יַפְרִֽיד 1 The phrase **makes a separation** refers to discerning which of the **mighty ones** is correct in an argument. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “it discerns who is correct” +18:19 r1i8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אָ֗ח 1 Here, **brother** refers to any relative or close friend. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “A relative” +18:19 yk7f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis מִ⁠קִּרְיַת־עֹ֑ז 1 Solomon is leaving out a word that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply this word from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “is more unyielding than a city of strength” or “is more difficult to approach than a city of strength” +18:19 dcj5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession מִ⁠קִּרְיַת־עֹ֑ז 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **city** that is characterized by **strength**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “is more than a strong city” +18:19 ogca rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ו⁠מדונים 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **quarrels** in [6:14](../06/14.md). +18:19 zq5y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כִּ⁠בְרִ֥יחַ אַרְמֽוֹן 1 This could mean: (1) **quarrels** cause people to stay away from each other, as if a **fortress** **gate bar** were between them. Alternate translation: “separate people” (2) resolving **quarrels** is as difficult as trying to enter a **fortress** that has a **bar** across its **gate**. Alternate translation: “are very difficult to resolve” +18:19 ef13 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown כִּ⁠בְרִ֥יחַ 1 A **gate bar** is a large **bar** that was placed across a **gate** in order to make the **gate** difficult to break down. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of **bar**, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “are like the bar placed across the gate of” +18:20 pe4v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism מִ⁠פְּרִ֣י פִי־אִ֭ישׁ תִּשְׂבַּ֣ע בִּטְנ֑⁠וֹ תְּבוּאַ֖ת שְׂפָתָ֣י⁠ו יִשְׂבָּֽע 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “From the fruit of the mouth of a man his belly is satisfied; yes, with the produce of his lips he is satisfied” +18:20 g5py rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive מִ⁠פְּרִ֣י פִי־אִ֭ישׁ תִּשְׂבַּ֣ע בִּטְנ֑⁠וֹ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The fruit of the mouth of a man satisfies his belly” +18:20 h4tr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִ⁠פְּרִ֣י פִי־אִ֭ישׁ 1 See how you translated this phrase in [12:14](../12/14.md). +18:20 p1z6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification תִּשְׂבַּ֣ע בִּטְנ֑⁠וֹ 1 Here, Solomon speaks of a person eating enough food to feel **satisfied** as if that person’s **belly** were a person who could be **satisfied**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will eat enough to feel satisfied” +18:20 bsu9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive תְּבוּאַ֖ת שְׂפָתָ֣י⁠ו יִשְׂבָּֽע 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the produce of his lips satisfies him” +18:20 r4ee rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תְּבוּאַ֖ת שְׂפָתָ֣י⁠ו 1 Here, Solomon refers to what a person says as if it were **produce** from that person’s **lips**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “with what he says”\n +18:21 t0m6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification מָ֣וֶת וְ֭⁠חַיִּים בְּ⁠יַד־לָשׁ֑וֹן 1 Here, Solomon speaks of a person’s **tongue** as if it were a person who held **Death and life** in his **hand**. He means that what people say can cause people to die or stay alive. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “A person’s death and life can be determined by what another person says” +18:21 flt4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מָ֣וֶת וְ֭⁠חַיִּים 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **Death** in [2:18](../02/18.md) and **life** in [8:36](../08/36.md). +18:21 n65f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לָשׁ֑וֹן 1 See how you translated the same use of **tongue** in [6:17](../06/17.md). +18:21 l141 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יֹאכַ֥ל פִּרְיָֽ⁠הּ 1 Here, Solomon speaks of people receiving the consequences for what they say as if those consequences were **fruit** that they **eat**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will receive its consequences” +18:22 d7ll rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מָצָ֣א אִ֭שָּׁה & וַ⁠יָּ֥פֶק 1 **He who finds**, **a wife**, and **he** refer to people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who finds a wife … and that person obtains” +18:22 hgt4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מָצָ֣א & מָ֣צָא 1 Obtaining **a wife** and something **good** are spoken of as if they are objects that a person **finds** by searching for it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “He who obtains … obtains”\n +18:22 v40v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ט֑וֹב & רָ֝צ֗וֹן 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **good** in [11:27](../11/27.md) and **favor** in [3:4](../03/04.md).\n +18:22 jbeb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit רָ֝צ֗וֹן 1 Here, **favor** could refer to: (1) Yahweh being pleased with the man **who finds a wife**, as in the identical phrase in [8:35](../08/35.md). Alternate translation: “approval” (2) the **wife** mentioned in the previous clause, in which case **favor** would mean “gift.” Alternate translation: “a gift” +18:23 hxwm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun רָ֑שׁ וְ֝⁠עָשִׁ֗יר 1 **One who is poor** and **a rich one** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any poor person … but any rich person” +18:23 hqmv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit תַּחֲנוּנִ֥ים יְדַבֶּר 1 The phrase **speaks pleas** refers to someone humbly asking or begging for mercy. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “pleads for mercy” +18:23 o12y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יַעֲנֶ֥ה 1 Here, Solomon implies that **a rich one answers** the **pleas** of **One who is poor**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “answers the poor one” +18:24 mv8d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אִ֣ישׁ רֵ֭עִים & אֹ֝הֵ֗ב & מֵ⁠אָֽח 1 **A man**, **one who loves**, and **a brother** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person of companions … any person who loves … more than any brother” +18:24 a0zx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession אִ֣ישׁ רֵ֭עִים 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **man** who has **companions**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “A man with companions” +18:24 w72m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אִ֣ישׁ רֵ֭עִים 1 This phrase could refer to: (1) a person who has false or unreliable **companions** who harm him, which contrasts with **one who loves** in the next clause. Alternate translation: “A man with unreliable companions” (2) a person who has too many **companions**. Alternate translation: “A man with too many companions” +18:24 jsbe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לְ⁠הִתְרֹעֵ֑עַ 1 Here, Solomon refers to a person being destroyed as if he were **broken**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will experience destruction” or “will be destroyed”\n +18:24 wg3n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive לְ⁠הִתְרֹעֵ֑עַ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “will experience ruin” +18:24 zc7f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דָּבֵ֥ק מֵ⁠אָֽח 1 Here, Solomon refers to a person’s friend being more loyal than **a brother** as if that friend were **clinging** to him **more than a brother** would. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is more faithful than” +19:intro nbz8 0 # Proverbs 19 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 19 continues the section of the book written by Solomon that is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Parallelism\n\nChapters 16–22 mostly contain proverbs in which the second of two parallel clauses completes, emphasizes, or qualifies the idea of the first clause. Chapter 19 also contains contrasting parallelism ([19:4](../19/04.md), [12](../19/12.md), [14](../19/14.md), [16](../19/16.md), [21](../19/21.md)) and parallelism in which both clauses have the same meaning for emphasis ([19:5](../19/05.md), [9](../19/09.md)). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +19:1 nu2b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun רָ֭שׁ & בְּ⁠תֻמּ֑⁠וֹ מֵ⁠עִקֵּ֥שׁ שְׂ֝פָתָ֗י⁠ו וְ⁠ה֣וּא כְסִֽיל 1 Here, **one who is poor**, **his**, **one who is crooked**, **he**, and **a stupid one** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “is a poor person … in that person’s integrity than a person who is crooked in that one’s lips and is a stupid person” +19:1 ljmz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הוֹלֵ֣ךְ בְּ⁠תֻמּ֑⁠וֹ 1 Here, Solomon speaks of a person behaving with **integrity** as if **integrity** were a place that person **walks in**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated a similar use of “walk” in [3:23](../03/23.md). Alternate translation: “who behaves with integrity”\n +19:1 eixg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּ⁠תֻמּ֑⁠וֹ 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **integrity** in [1:3](../01/03.md). +19:1 wj4i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מֵ⁠עִקֵּ֥שׁ שְׂ֝פָתָ֗י⁠ו 1 Here, Solomon uses the phrase **crooked in his lips** to refer to someone who speaks deceptively. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar use of **crooked** in [2:15](../02/15.md). Alternate translation: “than one who speaks with deception”\n +19:2 hytc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun נֶ֣פֶשׁ & וְ⁠אָ֖ץ 1 Here, **a life** and **one who hurries** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any life … and any person who hurries” +19:2 dg4h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נֶ֣פֶשׁ 1 Here, **life** could refer to: (1) a living person. Alternate translation: “a person” (2) a person’s desire or zeal. Alternate translation: “desire” +19:2 ni3t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns דַ֣עַת 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **knowledge** in [1:4](../01/04.md). +19:2 u1uj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes לֹא־ט֑וֹב 1 Solomon is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, **not**, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “is extremely bad” +19:2 f2pu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠אָ֖ץ בְּ⁠רַגְלַ֣יִם 1 Here, Solomon speaks of a person doing something too hastily as if he **hurries** by running **with** his **feet**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and one who acts too quickly” +19:2 ilzr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠אָ֖ץ בְּ⁠רַגְלַ֣יִם 1 If you translated **life** in the previous clause as “person,” then this parallel clause would refer to someone **who hurries** to do something before having the **knowledge** to act rightly. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and one who acts too quickly without knowledge” +19:2 mmjs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit חוֹטֵֽא 1 Here, the word translated as **sins** could refer to: (1) someone acting sinfully, which is the most frequent meaning for this word. Alternate translation: “acts sinfully” (2) someone making a mistake. Alternate translation: “makes a mistake” or “errs” +19:3 nqlp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns אִוֶּ֣לֶת 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **folly** in [5:23](../05/23.md). +19:3 aksc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אָ֭דָם & דַּרְכּ֑⁠וֹ & לִבּֽ⁠וֹ 1 Although **man** and **his** are masculine, Solomon is using these words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “a person … that person’s way … that person’s heart” +19:3 e60t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification תְּסַלֵּ֣ף 1 Here, **folly** is spoken of as if it were a person who could **lead** someone **astray**. This expression means that foolish people will ruin their lives because they act foolishly. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will result in ruining”\n +19:3 ugj4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דַּרְכּ֑⁠וֹ 1 Here, **way** refers to a person’s life circumstances. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “his life” +19:3 h7id rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠עַל־יְ֝הוָ֗ה יִזְעַ֥ף לִבּֽ⁠וֹ 1 Here, Solomon implies that the foolish **man** rages **against Yahweh** because he blames **Yahweh** for his destruction. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and his heart will rage against Yahweh because he blames Yahweh for his destruction” +19:3 ivv9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לִבּֽ⁠וֹ 1 Here, **heart** refers to the whole person with emphasis on that person’s emotions. See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [15:14](../15/14.md).\n +19:4 q8uv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ה֗וֹן יֹ֭סִיף רֵעִ֣ים רַבִּ֑ים 1 Here, Solomon implies that a person who is wealthy will have **many companions** because **wealth** attracts people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Wealth causes a person to have many friends” +19:4 crq1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun וְ֝⁠דָ֗ל מֵרֵ֥ע⁠הוּ 1 Here, **a lowly one** and **his** refer to a type of person in general, not a specific **lowly one**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “but any lowly person … from that person’s companions” +19:4 zxhi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ֝⁠דָ֗ל 1 See how you translated the same use of **lowly** in [10:15](../10/15.md). +19:4 vuv5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְ֝⁠דָ֗ל & יִפָּרֵֽד 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “but poverty separates a lowly one” +19:4 v5qy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מֵרֵ֥ע⁠הוּ יִפָּרֵֽד 1 Solomon implies that **a lowly one is separated from** his friends because of his poverty. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “is separated from his friends because of his poverty” +19:5 kpgl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism עֵ֣ד שְׁ֭קָרִים לֹ֣א יִנָּקֶ֑ה וְ⁠יָפִ֥יחַ כְּ֝זָבִ֗ים לֹ֣א יִמָּלֵֽט 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second phrase emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “A witness of falsehoods will not be blameless, yes, he who breathes out lies will not escape” +19:5 g51i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun עֵ֣ד שְׁ֭קָרִים & וְ⁠יָפִ֥יחַ כְּ֝זָבִ֗ים 1 **A witness of falsehoods** and **he who breathes out lies** refer to a type of person, not a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any witness of falsehoods … and any person who breathes out lies” +19:5 z13t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession עֵ֣ד שְׁ֭קָרִים 1 See how you translated this phrase in [12:17](../12/17.md). +19:5 i2ws rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes לֹ֣א יִנָּקֶ֑ה 1 Solomon is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, **not**, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “will certainly be blamed” +19:5 q13j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠יָפִ֥יחַ כְּ֝זָבִ֗ים 1 See how you translated **breathes out lies** in [6:19](../06/19.md). +19:5 u24z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes לֹ֣א יִמָּלֵֽט 1 Solomon is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, **not**, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “will certainly be caught” +19:5 h9bo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לֹ֣א יִמָּלֵֽט 1 Here, Solomon implies that someone **who breathes out lies will not escape** punishment. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “will not escape punishment” +19:6 gms6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj רַ֭בִּים 1 Here, Solomon uses the adjective **many** as a noun to mean “many people.” Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “Many people”\n +19:6 w6ck rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun פְנֵֽי־נָדִ֑יב & הָ֝⁠רֵ֗עַ לְ⁠אִ֣ישׁ מַתָּֽן 1 Here, **the face**, **a noble**, **the friend**, and **a man of gift** refer to faces and types of people in general, not a specific **face** or person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “the faces of any noble … is any friend of any man of gift” +19:6 pb47 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche פְנֵֽי־נָדִ֑יב 1 The phrase **face** refers to the whole person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the noble person” +19:6 ggdr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit נָדִ֑יב 1 Here, **noble** refers to someone who has **noble** character, not nobility. See how you translated the same use of “nobles” in [17:26](../17/26.md).\n +19:6 q978 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole וְ⁠כָל 1 Solomon says **everyone** here as an extreme statement for emphasis. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “and almost everyone” +19:6 beuw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הָ֝⁠רֵ֗עַ 1 Here, Solomon implies that **everyone** wants to be **the friend of a man of gift**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “want to be the friend” +19:6 pt1f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession לְ⁠אִ֣ישׁ מַתָּֽן 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **man** who is characterized by giving gifts. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “of a man who gives gifts” +19:7 hqla rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אֲחֵי 1 Although the term brothers is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. See how you translated the same use of **brothers** in [6:19](../06/19.md).\n +19:7 t9i5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun רָ֨שׁ ׀ שְֽׂנֵאֻ֗⁠הוּ & מְ֭רֵעֵ⁠הוּ & מִמֶּ֑⁠נּוּ מְרַדֵּ֖ף 1 Here, **one who is poor**, **him**, **his**, and **He** refer to a type of person in general, not one particular **poor** person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated **one who is poor** in [14:20](../14/20.md). Alternate translation: “any person who is poor hate that person … that person’s friends … from that person! That person pursues” +19:7 yznv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שְֽׂנֵאֻ֗⁠הוּ 1 This could mean: (1) these people despise the **one who is poor**, as in the UST. (2) these people avoid or shun **one who is poor**, which would have a similar meaning to **go far away from** in the next clause. Alternate translation: “shun him” +19:7 vs3i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis מְרַדֵּ֖ף אֲמָרִ֣ים לא־הֵֽמָּה 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “He pursues them with words, but they are not there” +19:7 s6qc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מְרַדֵּ֖ף אֲמָרִ֣ים 1 Here, Solomon refers to someone pleading for help from his **brothers** and **friends** as if he were using **words** to chase them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “He pleads with them for help” +19:7 xpq8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אֲמָרִ֣ים 1 See how you translated the same use of **words** in [1:23](../01/23.md). +19:8 zntn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun קֹֽנֶה & נַפְשׁ֑⁠וֹ & שֹׁמֵ֥ר 1 **One who is acquires**, **his**, and **one who keeps** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated **one who keeps** in [10:17](../10/17.md). Alternate translation: “any person who is acquires … that person’s life … any person who keeps” +19:8 g01m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy קֹֽנֶה־לֵּ֭ב 1 Here, Solomon uses **heart** to refer to a person’s ability to think. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “One who acquires the ability to think”\n +19:8 xthn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֹהֵ֣ב נַפְשׁ֑⁠וֹ 1 Here, **loves his life** has the positive meaning of taking care of oneself or doing what is best for one’s well-being. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “does what benefits his life” +19:8 ll4q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy נַפְשׁ֑⁠וֹ 1 Here, **life** refers to the person himself. See how you translated the same use of **life** in [8:36](../08/36.md). +19:8 v9e9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שֹׁמֵ֥ר תְּ֝בוּנָ֗ה 1 Here, Solomon speaks of someone preserving or remembering **understanding** as if it were an object that someone **keeps**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar use of “keep” in [5:2](../05/02.md). Alternate translation: “one who preserves understanding” +19:8 frod rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תְּ֝בוּנָ֗ה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **understanding** in [1:2](../01/02.md). +19:8 qxjz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לִ⁠מְצֹא 1 Here, **is to** means “is destined to” or “is certain of.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “is destined to find” or “is certain of finding” +19:8 u993 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לִ⁠מְצֹא־טֽוֹב 1 See how you translated **find good** in [16:20](../16/20.md). +19:9 o5k1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism עֵ֣ד שְׁ֭קָרִים לֹ֣א יִנָּקֶ֑ה וְ⁠יָפִ֖יחַ כְּזָבִ֣ים יֹאבֵֽד 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “A witness of falsehoods will not be blameless, yes, one who breathes out lies will perish” +19:9 phm9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes עֵ֣ד שְׁ֭קָרִים לֹ֣א יִנָּקֶ֑ה 1 See how you translated this clause in [19:5](../19/05.md). +19:9 a1nm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠יָפִ֖יחַ כְּזָבִ֣ים 1 See how you translated **breathes out lies** in [6:19](../06/19.md) and [19:5](../19/05.md). +19:10 f4zn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תַּעֲנ֑וּג 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **Luxury**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “What is luxurious” +19:10 ddav rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לִ⁠כְסִ֣יל & לְ⁠עֶ֤בֶד 1 See how you translated **a stupid one** in [10:18](../10/18.md) and **a slave** in [11:29](../11/29.md). +19:10 pq5q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis אַ֝֗ף כִּֽי־לְ⁠עֶ֤בֶד 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “how much less suitable is it for a slave” +19:11 ah27 שֵׂ֣כֶל & וְ֝⁠תִפאַרְתּ֗⁠וֹ & פָּֽשַׁע 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **insight** in [1:3](../01/03.md), **splendor** in [4:9](../04/09.md), and **transgression** in [10:19](../10/19.md). +19:11 xl98 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אָ֭דָם & אַפּ֑⁠וֹ וְ֝⁠תִפאַרְתּ֗⁠וֹ 1 Although **a man** and **his** are masculine, Solomon is using the words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “a person … that person’s nose … and that person’s splendor”\n +19:11 j1li rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom הֶאֱרִ֣יךְ אַפּ֑⁠וֹ 1 Here, Solomon refers to not becoming angry quickly as if a person’s **nose** became **long**. The word **nose** here means “anger” by association with the way that a person who is angry breathes heavily through his **nose**. Your language and culture may also associate anger with a particular part of the body. If so, you could use an expression involving that part of the body in your translation. You could also use plain language. See how you translated the similar expression “long of nostrils” in [14:29](../14/29.md). Alternate translation: “causes him to not easily vent his spleen” or “causes him not to become angry quickly”\n +19:11 p96c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עֲבֹ֣ר עַל 1 Here, Solomon refers to a person ignoring or forgiving **a transgression** as if that person passes **over** it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is to ignore” or “is to forgive” +19:11 d4i4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun פָּֽשַׁע 1 Here, the word **transgression** represents transgressions in general, not one particular **transgression**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “any transgression” +19:11 n3cv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit פָּֽשַׁע 1 Here, Solomon implies that this is **a transgression** that someone has committed against the person who passes **over** it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a transgression that someone has committed against him” +19:12 ctdo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns זַ֣עַף & רְצוֹנֽ⁠וֹ 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **rage** in [11:23](../11/23.md) and **favor** in [3:4](../03/04.md). +19:12 wihx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun כַּ֭⁠כְּפִיר & מֶ֑לֶךְ & רְצוֹנֽ⁠וֹ 1 Here, **a king**, **the young lion**, and **his** refer to kings and young lions in general, not to a specific **king** or **young lion**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any king … like any young lion … that king’s favor” +19:12 r1hu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis נַ֣הַם כַּ֭⁠כְּפִיר 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “is a growling like the growling of the young lion” +19:12 vbv5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile נַ֣הַם כַּ֭⁠כְּפִיר 1 Solomon is saying that **The rage of a king** is like the **growling** of **the young lion** because both frighten people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “is frightening like the growling of the young lion” +19:12 m29g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile וּ⁠כְ⁠טַ֖ל עַל־עֵ֣שֶׂב רְצוֹנֽ⁠וֹ 1 Solomon is saying that a king’s **favor** is like **dew on vegetation** because both are refreshing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “but his favor is refreshing like dew on vegetation” +19:13 l2im rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations לְ֭⁠אָבִי⁠ו בֵּ֣ן כְּסִ֑יל 1 Although **son** and **his** are masculine, Solomon is using those words in a generic sense that could refer to either a male or female child. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “A stupid child … to that child’s father”\n +19:13 u5yi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הַוֺּ֣ת לְ֭⁠אָבִי⁠ו 1 Here, Solomon refers to a **stupid son** ruining the life of **his father** as if he were his father’s **destruction**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “ruins his father” +19:13 kqaf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְ⁠דֶ֥לֶף טֹ֝רֵ֗ד מִדְיְנֵ֥י אִשָּֽׁה 1 Solomon is leaving out a word that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply this word from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and a continual dripping are the quarrels of a wife” +19:13 s1nw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠דֶ֥לֶף טֹ֝רֵ֗ד 1 Here, Solomon speaks of **the quarrels of a wife** being annoying as if they were continually **dripping** water. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “and bothersome” or “and as annoying as a continual dripping of water” +19:13 l7wk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מִדְיְנֵ֥י 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **quarrels** in [6:14](../06/14.md). +19:13 i66m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מִדְיְנֵ֥י אִשָּֽׁה 1 Here, **quarrels** could refer to: (1) **quarrels** between **a wife** and her husband. Alternate translation: “the quarrels of a wife with her husband” (2) **quarrels** between **a wife** and other people in general. Alternate translation: “the quarrels of a wife with other people” +19:13 v325 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אִשָּֽׁה 1 See how you translated **a wife** in [18:22](../18/22.md). +19:14 t54q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun בַּ֣יִת וָ֭⁠הוֹן נַחֲלַ֣ת אָב֑וֹת & אִשָּׁ֥ה מַשְׂכָּֽלֶת 1 **A house**, **the inheritance**, and **a wife** here do not refer to specific things or people, but refer to these things and people in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Houses and wealth are the inheritances of fathers … are wives who have insight”\n +19:14 xvb4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns נַחֲלַ֣ת & מַשְׂכָּֽלֶת 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **inheritance** in [17:2](../17/02.md) and **insight** in [1:3](../01/03.md). +19:15 ye6v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עַ֭צְלָה תַּפִּ֣יל תַּרְדֵּמָ֑ה 1 Here, Solomon speaks of a lazy person sleeping deeply as if **Laziness** were something that **causes deep sleep to fall** on that person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Laziness makes a person sleep deeply” or “A lazy person sleeps deeply” +19:15 wpre rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וְ⁠נֶ֖פֶשׁ רְמִיָּ֣ה תִרְעָֽב 1 Here, **and** indicates that what follows is the result of the **deep sleep** caused by **Laziness** in the previous phrase. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate result. Alternate translation: “and results in that life of idleness being hungry”\n +19:15 hg8f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns עַ֭צְלָה & רְמִיָּ֣ה 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **Laziness** and **idleness**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. See how you translated **idleness** in [10:4](../10/04.md). Alternate translation: “Being lazy … being idle” +19:15 nob9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְ⁠נֶ֖פֶשׁ רְמִיָּ֣ה 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **life** that is characterized by **idleness**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “and an idle life” +19:15 k2ii rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ⁠נֶ֖פֶשׁ 1 Here, **life** refers to the person himself. See how you translated the same use of **life** in [8:36](../08/36.md). +19:16 xr2k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun שֹׁמֵ֣ר מִ֭צְוָה שֹׁמֵ֣ר נַפְשׁ֑⁠וֹ בּוֹזֵ֖ה דְרָכָ֣י⁠ו 1 **One who keeps**, **a commandment**, **his**, and **one who despises** here do not refer to specific things or people, but refer to these things and people in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Ones who keep commandments keep their lives, ones who despise their ways” +19:16 z605 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מִ֭צְוָה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **commandment** in [6:20](../06/20.md). +19:16 v2yl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שֹׁמֵ֣ר נַפְשׁ֑⁠וֹ 1 See how you translated this phrase in [13:3](../13/03.md).\n +19:16 mkt3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast בּוֹזֵ֖ה דְרָכָ֣י⁠ו יָמֽוּת 1 The content of this clause is in strong contrast to the content of the previous verse. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a contrast. Alternate translation: “by contrast, one who despises his ways will die” +19:16 ik59 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דְרָכָ֣י⁠ו 1 See how you translated the same use of **ways** in [3:6](../03/06.md). +19:17 dv44 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun ח֣וֹנֵֽן דָּ֑ל וּ֝⁠גְמֻל֗⁠וֹ יְשַׁלֶּם־לֽ⁠וֹ 1 **One who is gracious**, **a lowly one**, **him**, and **his** here refer to types of people in general, not to specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who is gracious to any lowly person … and that gracious person’s dealing he will repay to that person” +19:17 qx9d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דָּ֑ל 1 See how you translated the same use of **lowly** in [10:15](../10/15.md). +19:17 zw6r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מַלְוֵ֣ה יְ֭הוָה 1 Here, Solomon speaks of someone doing something that Yahweh will reward that person for doing as if that person **lends** money **to Yahweh** that **he will repay**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “does something that Yahweh will reward” or “is like one who lends to Yahweh” +19:17 uq7u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּ֝⁠גְמֻל֗⁠וֹ 1 Here, **dealing** refers to what the person did to be **gracious to a lowly one**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and his gracious deed” +19:17 few9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יְשַׁלֶּם־לֽ⁠וֹ 1 Here, Solomon speaks of Yahweh rewarding someone for being **gracious to a lowly one** as if Yahweh were repaying a debt to him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he will reward him for” +19:18 briy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בִּ֭נְ⁠ךָ & הֲ֝מִית֗⁠וֹ 1 Although **son** and **him** are masculine, Solomon is using those words in a generic sense that could refer to either a male or female child. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “your child … put that child to death” +19:18 nw29 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כִּי־יֵ֣שׁ תִּקְוָ֑ה 1 Here, the phrase **when there is hope** refers to the time when a child is still willing to accept discipline from his parents. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “while he can still be taught” +19:18 hky1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠אֶל־הֲ֝מִית֗⁠וֹ אַל־תִּשָּׂ֥א נַפְשֶֽׁ⁠ךָ 1 Here, the phrase **lift up your soul** is an idiom that refers to being determined to do something. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and do not set your heart on putting him to death” or “and do not be determined to put him to death” +19:19 u02b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun גְּֽדָל־חֵ֭מָה 1 **One great of heat** represents a type of person in general, not one particular person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “Any person great of heat” +19:19 rynj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy גְּֽדָל־חֵ֭מָה 1 **One great of heat** refers to someone who is extremely angry. Here, **heat** refers to anger, which causes the angry person’s body to become hot. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar use of **heat** in [6:34](../06/34.md). Alternate translation: “An extremely angry person”\n +19:19 f2vs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom נֹ֣שֵׂא עֹ֑נֶשׁ 1 Here, Solomon speaks of a person experiencing the consequences for what happens when he gets angry as if those consequences were a **fine** that he **lifts up**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “must experience the consequences” +19:19 ubjy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עֹ֑נֶשׁ 1 Here, Solomon implies that this **fine** is for something bad that the extremely angry has done. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “a fine for what he does when he is angry” +19:19 s1da rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis אִם־תַּ֝צִּ֗יל 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “if you rescue him from paying a fine” or “if you rescue him from trouble” +19:20 tu0g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns עֵ֭צָה & מוּסָ֑ר 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **counsel** in [1:25](../01/25.md) and **instruction** in [1:2](../01/02.md). +19:20 d4eg rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal לְ֝מַ֗עַן תֶּחְכַּ֥ם 1 Here, **so that** indicates that what follows is the purpose for obeying the commands in the previous clause. Use the most natural way in your language to express a purpose. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of becoming wise” +19:20 by9v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּ⁠אַחֲרִיתֶֽ⁠ךָ 1 This could refer to: (1) the time near the **end** of one’s **life**. Alternate translation: “when your life is almost over” (2) a future point in time. Alternate translation: “in the future” or “eventually” +19:21 iuki rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מַחֲשָׁב֣וֹת בְּ⁠לֶב 1 Here, Solomon speaks of **the plans** that a person thinks about as if they were objects located **in** that person’s **heart**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the same use of heart in [2:2](../02/02.md). Alternate translation: “are the plans thought about by” +19:21 iadc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אִ֑ישׁ 1 Although **man** is masculine, here it refers to any person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “a person”\n +19:21 f82d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וַ⁠עֲצַ֥ת יְ֝הוָ֗ה 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe the **counsel** that **Yahweh** gives. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “but the counsel that Yahweh gives” +19:21 m00n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וַ⁠עֲצַ֥ת 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **counsel** in the previous verse. +19:21 q568 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification הִ֣יא תָקֽוּם 1 Here, Solomon refers to **counsel** that is successful as if it were a person who could **stand**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the same phrase in [15:22](../15/22.md). Alternate translation: “will be successful”\n +19:22 go5u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession תַּאֲוַ֣ת אָדָ֣ם 1 This phrase could mean: (1) what others desire **a man** a man to be like. Alternate translation: “What people desire in a man” or (2) what **a man** desires from other people. Alternate translation: “What a man desires” +19:22 dmcn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אָדָ֣ם חַסְדּ֑⁠וֹ & רָ֝שׁ מֵ⁠אִ֥ישׁ כָּזָֽב 1 Here, **a man**, **his**, **one who is poor**, and **a man of lying** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “a person is that person’s covenant faithfulness … is a person who is poor than a person of lying” +19:22 o1tb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חַסְדּ֑⁠וֹ 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **covenant faithfulness** in [3:3](../03/03.md). +19:22 y02z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession מֵ⁠אִ֥ישׁ כָּזָֽב 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **man** who is characterized by **lying**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “than a man characterized by lying” or “than a liar” +19:23 h31x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession יִרְאַ֣ת יְהוָ֣ה 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:7](../01/07.md). +19:23 x7qy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לְ⁠חַיִּ֑ים 1 See how you translated this phrase in [10:16](../10/16.md). +19:23 i3m1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun וְ⁠שָׂבֵ֥עַ & בַּל־יִפָּ֥קֶד 1 Here, **the satisfied one** and **he** refer to a type of person in general, not a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “and any satisfied one … that person will not be visited by” +19:23 rsor rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠שָׂבֵ֥עַ 1 Here, **the satisfied one** refers to a person who has **The fear of Yahweh**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and such a person is a satisfied one who” +19:23 lmjn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom יָ֝לִ֗ין 1 The phrase **stay overnight** here is an idiom that refers to resting or sleeping. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will rest” +19:23 gyg5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive בַּל־יִפָּ֥קֶד רָֽע 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “evil will not visit him” +19:23 lg6g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification בַּל־יִפָּ֥קֶד רָֽע 1 Here, Solomon speaks of a person experiencing **evil** as if **evil** were a person who could visit him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he will not experience evil” +19:23 x8ul rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy רָֽע 1 Here, **evil** refers to trouble that someone might experience as a result of **evil**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “trouble”\n +19:24 wf2e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun עָצֵ֣ל יָ֭ד⁠וֹ & גַּם־אֶל־פִּ֝֗י⁠הוּ לֹ֣א יְשִׁיבֶֽ⁠נָּה 1 **A lazy one**, **his**, and **he** refer to a type of person in general, not a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated this **A lazy one** in [10:26](../10/26.md). Alternate translation: “Any lazy one … that person’s hand … that person will not even return it to that person’s own mouth” +19:24 r5yj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit טָ֘מַ֤ן & יָ֭ד⁠וֹ בַּ⁠צַּלָּ֑חַת 1 In Solomon’s culture, people usually ate with their hands and put their hands **in a dish** in order to pick up food and eat it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “puts his hand in the dish in order to pick up food” +19:24 r3ts rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit גַּם־אֶל־פִּ֝֗י⁠הוּ לֹ֣א יְשִׁיבֶֽ⁠נָּה 1 Here, Solomon implies that **A lazy one** does not **return** his hand **to his mouth** because he is too lazy to do so. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “he is too lazy to even bring his hand up to his mouth to feed himself” +19:25 atws rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לֵ֣ץ תַּ֭כֶּה 1 Solomon assumes that his readers will understand that **Strike** refers to a way of punishing **a mocker**. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “Punish a mocker by striking him” +19:25 svj3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לֵ֣ץ & וּ⁠פֶ֣תִי & לְ֝⁠נָב֗וֹן יָבִ֥ין 1 Here, **a mocker**, **a naive one**, **an understanding one**, and **he** refer to a types of person in general, not to specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated this **a mocker** in [9:7](../09/07.md), **a naive one** in [14:15](../14/15.md), and **an understanding one** in [17:10](../17/10.md). Alternate translation: “any mocker and any naive one … is for any understanding one, that person will understand” +19:25 k69j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּ⁠פֶ֣תִי יַעְרִ֑ם 1 Solomon assumes that his readers will understand that **a naive one will become prudent** as the result of seeing someone **Strike a mocker**. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and a naive one will see this happen and become prudent” +19:25 wwq5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns דָּֽעַת 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **knowledge** in [1:4](../01/04.md). +19:26 h1xp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מְֽשַׁדֶּד & מֵבִ֥ישׁ וּ⁠מַחְפִּֽיר 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **violence**, **shame**, and **embarrassment**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. See how you translated **violence** in [3:31](../03/31.md) and **shame** in [6:33](../06/33.md). Alternate translation: “One who is violent … who shames and embarrasses” +19:26 ofqn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מְֽשַׁדֶּד־אָ֭ב 1 **One who does violence** here refers to this type of person in general, not a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “Any person who does violence” +19:26 qnqz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אָ֭ב & אֵ֑ם 1 Solomon implies that **father** and **mother** here refer to the **father** and **mother** of **One who does violence**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “to his father … his mother” or “to that person’s father … that person’s mother” +19:26 lqgg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בֵּ֝֗ן 1 Although **son** is masculine, Solomon is using those words in a generic sense that could refer to either a male or female child. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “is a child”\n +19:27 sdsu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בְּ֭נִ⁠י 1 See how you translated the same use of this phrase in [1:8](../01/08.md). +19:27 n4av rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony חַֽדַל & לִ⁠שְׁמֹ֣עַ מוּסָ֑ר 1 Here, Solomon is using irony. By doing so, Solomon actually means to communicate the opposite of the literal meaning of his words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “do not cease to hear instruction” +19:27 tmrr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מוּסָ֑ר & דָֽעַת 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **instruction** in [1:2](../01/02.md) and **knowledge** in [1:4](../01/04.md). +19:27 s24z rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result לִ֝⁠שְׁג֗וֹת 1 Here, **to** indicates that what follows is the result of doing what was stated in the previous clause. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate result. Alternate translation: “with the result that you stray”\n +19:27 yn2a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לִ֝⁠שְׁג֗וֹת מֵֽ⁠אִמְרֵי־דָֽעַת 1 Here, Solomon refers to a person ceasing to heed the **words of knowledge** that he knows as if that person were wandering away from those **words**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to stop accepting the words of knowledge” +19:27 y3ln rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession מֵֽ⁠אִמְרֵי־דָֽעַת 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **words** that are characterized by **knowledge**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “from the knowledgeable words” +19:27 r4pg rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal מֵֽ⁠אִמְרֵי 1 See how you translated the similar use of **words** in [1:23](../01/23.md). +19:28 v7ia rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun עֵ֣ד בְּ֭לִיַּעַל & וּ⁠פִ֥י רְ֝שָׁעִ֗ים יְבַלַּע 1 **A witness of worthlessness** and **the mouth** here refer to this type of people and mouths in general, not a specific **witness** or **mouth**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any witness of worthlessness … and the mouths of the wicked ones swallow” +19:28 iixm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession עֵ֣ד בְּ֭לִיַּעַל 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **witness** who is characterized by **worthlessness**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “a worthless witness”\n +19:28 w12b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּ֭לִיַּעַל & מִשְׁפָּ֑ט & אָֽוֶן 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **worthlessness** and **iniquity** in [6:12](../06/12.md) and **justice** in [1:3](../01/03.md). +19:28 d2w1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ⁠פִ֥י רְ֝שָׁעִ֗ים יְבַלַּע־אָֽוֶן 1 Here, Solomon speaks of **the wicked ones** enjoying doing **iniquity** as if **iniquity** were delicious food that they swallow with their mouths. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “the wicked ones enjoy iniquity” or “the wicked enjoy doing iniquity as much as they enjoy eating delicious food” +19:29 d4f3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns נָכ֣וֹנוּ לַ⁠לֵּצִ֣ים שְׁפָטִ֑ים 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **Judgments**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is prepared to judge mockers” +19:29 ray2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וּ֝⁠מַהֲלֻמ֗וֹת 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and blows are prepared” +19:29 r21d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לְ⁠גֵ֣ו 1 The word **back** represents the backs of **stupid ones** in general, not one particular **back**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “for the backs of” +20:intro e8g2 0 # Proverbs 20 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 20 continues the section of the book written by Solomon that is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Parallelism\n\nChapters 16–22 mostly contain proverbs in which the second of two parallel clauses completes, emphasizes, or qualifies the idea of the first clause. Chapter 20 also contains contrasting parallelism ([20:3](../20/03.md), [6](../20/06.md), [14](../20/14.md), [15](../20/15.md), [17](../20/17.md), [29](../20/29.md)) and parallelism in which both clauses have the same meaning for emphasis ([20:23](../20/23.md)). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +20:1 p893 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לֵ֣ץ הַ֭⁠יַּין 1 This could mean: (1) people who drink too much **wine** are spoken of as if they were **wine** itself. Alternate translation: “Someone who drinks too much wine is a mocker” (2) people who drink too much **wine** act foolishly, which causes others to mock them. Alternate translation: “Someone who drinks too much wine is mocked by others” +20:1 qa7m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy הֹמֶ֣ה שֵׁכָ֑ר 1 Here, Solomon speaks of people who drink too much **intoxicating drink** as if they were **intoxicating drink** itself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “someone who drinks too much intoxicating drink is a brawler” +20:1 c6m7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שֹׁ֥גֶה 1 Here, **staggers** refers to someone who **staggers** because they are intoxicated. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “who staggers drunkenly” +20:1 r2c5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns בּ֝֗⁠וֹ 1 Here, **it** refers to both **wine** and **intoxicating drink** that were mentioned in the previous clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “by drinking too much alcohol” +20:1 k4sv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes לֹ֣א יֶחְכָּֽם 1 Solomon is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, **not**, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “is quite foolish” +20:2 xa6x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns אֵ֣ימַת 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **terror** in [10:24](../10/24.md). +20:2 kygp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun כַּ֭⁠כְּפִיר & מֶ֑לֶךְ מִ֝תְעַבְּר֗⁠וֹ חוֹטֵ֥א נַפְשֽׁ⁠וֹ 1 Here, **a king**, **the young lion**, **one who infuriates**, **him**, and **his** refer to types of people and young lions in general, not to specific people or a a specific **young lion**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any king … like any young lion … any person who infuriates that king forfeits that person’s own life”\n +20:2 p628 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile נַ֣הַם כַּ֭⁠כְּפִיר 1 See how you translated the same expression in [19:12](../19/12.md). +20:2 rl5y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism חוֹטֵ֥א נַפְשֽׁ⁠וֹ 1 Here, in a polite way Solomon refers to causing one’s own death by using the phrase **wrongs his life**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more polite way of referring to this in your language, or you could state this plainly. Alternate translation: “will cause his end” or “will cause himself to be killed” +20:3 ru7h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns כָּב֣וֹד & שֶׁ֣בֶת מֵ⁠רִ֑יב 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **Honor**, **cessation** and **strife**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “Being honorable … is ceasing to strive” +20:3 jxne rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לָ֭⁠אִישׁ 1 The word **man** represents people in general, not one particular **man**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “for a person” +20:3 gf5b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִתְגַּלָּֽע 1 Here, Solomon refers to a **fool** eagerly starting an argument as if the argument were something that suddenly **breaks out**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “every fool eagerly gets into an argument” +20:4 hvid rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun עָצֵ֣ל & וְשָׁאַ֖ל 1 **A lazy one** and **he** here refer to a type of person in general, not a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any lazy person … and that person begs” +20:4 cva3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מֵ֭⁠חֹרֶף 1 The phrase **from winter** refers to the time when the people in Solomon’s area would prepare their fields to grow crops. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “during the proper time to plow” +20:4 qkwb rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וְשָׁאַ֖ל 1 Here, **and** introduces the result of what happened in the previous verse. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate results. You may need to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “and it causes him to bed”\n +20:4 tnx6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְשָׁאַ֖ל 1 Here, Solomon refers to a **lazy one** looking carefully for crops in his field as if he were begging the field to provide crops. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and he searches his fields carefully for crops” +20:4 yywc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בַּ⁠קָּצִ֣יר 1 Here, **the harvest** refers to the time when farmers **harvest** their crops. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “during the time when farmers harvest crops” +20:4 z5wi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וָ⁠אָֽיִן 1 Here, Solomon implies that **there is nothing** for the **lazy one** to harvest **in the harvest**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but has nothing to harvest” +20:5 wyy7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns עֵצָ֣ה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **Counsel** in [1:25](../01/25.md). +20:5 mtun rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְ⁠לֶב 1 See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [2:2](../02/02.md). +20:5 a2aw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אִ֑ישׁ וְ⁠אִ֖ישׁ 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “a person … and a person of”\n +20:5 f8de rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מַ֣יִם עֲ֭מֻקִּים & יִדְלֶֽ⁠נָּה 1 Here, Solomon speaks of how difficult it is to discern a persons **Counsel** as if it were **water** that one must **draw** **out** from a **deep** well. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “is difficult to understand … is able to understand it” or “is difficult like deep waters … is able to draw it out” +20:5 qr3j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְ⁠אִ֖ישׁ תְּבוּנָ֣ה 1 See how you translated **a man of understanding** in [10:23](../10/23.md). +20:6 lmq9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אָדָ֗ם & אִ֣ישׁ חַסְדּ֑⁠וֹ וְ⁠אִ֥ישׁ 1 Although **man** and **his** are masculine, Solomon is using these words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “a person … each person, that person’s covenant faithfulness, but a person of” +20:6 v682 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חַסְדּ֑⁠וֹ 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **covenant faithfulness** in [3:3](../03/03.md). +20:6 xut9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion וְ⁠אִ֥ישׁ אֱ֝מוּנִ֗ים מִ֣י יִמְצָֽא 1 Solomon is using the question form to emphasize how few people act faithfully. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “but it is very difficult to find a man of faithful acts!” +20:6 e2or rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְ⁠אִ֥ישׁ אֱ֝מוּנִ֗ים 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **man** who is characterized by doing **faithful acts**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “but a man who does faithful acts” +20:7 te6p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun בְּ⁠תֻמּ֣⁠וֹ צַדִּ֑יק & בָנָ֣י⁠ו אַחֲרָֽי⁠ו 1 **A righteous one**, **his**, **sons**, and **him** refer to people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated a **righteous one** in [9:9](../09/09.md). Alternate translation: “Any righteous person … in that person’s integrity … are that person’s children after that person” +20:7 s7th rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִתְהַלֵּ֣ךְ בְּ⁠תֻמּ֣⁠וֹ 1 Here, Solomon speaks of a person behaving with **integrity** as if **integrity** were a place that person **walks about in**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated a similar phrase in [19:1](../19/01.md). Alternate translation: “who behaves with integrity”\n +20:7 a0hc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּ⁠תֻמּ֣⁠וֹ 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **integrity** in [1:3](../01/03.md). +20:7 y2ed rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אַחֲרָֽי⁠ו 1 Here, **after him** means that **his sons** were born **after** he was born. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “his sons who exist after him” +20:8 vbz6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מֶ֗לֶךְ 1 This verse describes the traits of an ideal, righteous **king**, not any **king** in general. See how you translated the same use of **king** in [16:10](../16/10.md).\n +20:8 mow8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מֶ֗לֶךְ & כִּסֵּא־דִ֑ין מְזָרֶ֖ה בְ⁠עֵינָ֣י⁠ו כָּל־רָֽע 1 **A king**, **the throne**, **one who winnows**, and **his** refers to righteous kings and their thrones, not a specific **king** or **throne**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any good king … his throne of judgment is a king who winnows all evil with his eyes” +20:8 vvj9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession כִּסֵּא־דִ֑ין 1 This phrase could refer to: (1) a **throne** that a **king sits on** for the purpose of **judgment**. Alternate translation: “the throne for judgment” (2) a **throne** that is characterized by “justice,” which is another possible translation for the word **judgment**. Alternate translation: “the just throne” +20:8 siw6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns דִ֑ין & רָֽע 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **judgment** in [16:10](../16/10.md) and **evil** in [1:16](../01/16.md). +20:8 j9up rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מְזָרֶ֖ה 1 Here, Solomon speaks of a **king** removing **evil** from his kingdom as if that **evil** were chaff that a farmer **winnows** out of the grain. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “is one who removes” or “is one who removes like someone winnowing grain” +20:8 jkjm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְ⁠עֵינָ֣י⁠ו 1 Here, **eyes** refers to seeing, and seeing is a metaphor for perceiving something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “according to his perception” or “according to what he perceives”\n +20:9 p5m8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion מִֽי־יֹ֭אמַר זִכִּ֣יתִי לִבִּ֑⁠י טָ֝הַ֗רְתִּי מֵ⁠חַטָּאתִֽ⁠י 1 Solomon is using the question form to emphasize that no one is sinless. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “Certainly no one can say, ‘I have made my heart pure, I am clean from my sin!’” +20:9 znss rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations מִֽי־יֹ֭אמַר זִכִּ֣יתִי לִבִּ֑⁠י טָ֝הַ֗רְתִּי מֵ⁠חַטָּאתִֽ⁠י 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “Who can say that he has made his heart pure, that he is clean from his sin” +20:9 lv4x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor זִכִּ֣יתִי לִבִּ֑⁠י 1 Here, Solomon refers to a person who no longer thinks sinfully as if that person **made** his **heart pure**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “My heart is now innocent” +20:9 s43m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִבִּ֑⁠י 1 See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [2:2](../02/02.md). +20:9 d5hx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor טָ֝הַ֗רְתִּי מֵ⁠חַטָּאתִֽ⁠י 1 Here, Solomon refers to a person who no longer sins as if that person were **clean from** his **sin**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I no longer sin” +20:9 xb5x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מֵ⁠חַטָּאתִֽ⁠י 1 See how you translated abstract noun **sin** in [5:22](../05/22.md). +20:10 qsys rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אֶ֣בֶן וָ֭⁠אֶבֶן אֵיפָ֣ה וְ⁠אֵיפָ֑ה 1 **Stone and stone** here refers to two different stones used for weighing goods (see this use of **stone** in [11:1](../11/01.md)). The phrase **ephah and ephah** refers to two different measurements used for measuring amounts of grain. Solomon is referring to different weights and measurements that a merchant pretends are the same in order to deceive a customer. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Unequal weights and unequal measurements” +20:10 j6j4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֶ֣בֶן וָ֭⁠אֶבֶן אֵיפָ֣ה וְ⁠אֵיפָ֑ה 1 Solomon implies that these unequal weights and measurements are used to benefit the dishonest person who uses them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Unequal weights and unequal measurements that people use dishonestly” +20:10 d19h rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume אֵיפָ֣ה וְ⁠אֵיפָ֑ה 1 An **ephah** is a measurement of volume equivalent to 22 liters of dry solids (such as grain). However, Solomon is using the word here to refer to volume measurement in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a general expression in your translation for volume measurement. Alternatively, Alternate translation: “measurement and measurement” +20:10 fk9t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תּוֹעֲבַ֥ת יְ֝הוָ֗ה 1 See how you translated this phrase in [3:32](../03/32.md). +20:10 zuu4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שְׁנֵי⁠הֶֽם 1 This phrase refers to the unequal weights and measurements called **Stone and stone** and **ephah and ephah** earlier in the verse. However, Solomon does not mean that **Yahweh** actually hates these weights and measurements. Rather, he means that **Yahweh** hates people using these things dishonestly. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the dishonest use of these things” +20:11 kul3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun בְּ֭⁠מַעֲלָלָי⁠ו יִתְנַכֶּר־נָ֑עַר & פָּעֳלֽ⁠וֹ 1 Here, **a young man**, **himself** and **his** refer to a young person in general, not a specific **young man**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “youths will make themselves known by their deeds … are their behavior” +20:11 yym3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יִתְנַכֶּר 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “will make other people know him” +20:12 we5b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אֹ֣זֶן שֹׁ֭מַעַת וְ⁠עַ֣יִן רֹאָ֑ה & שְׁנֵי⁠הֶֽם 1 Here, **ear** and **eye** represent these body parts in general, not one particular **ear** and **eye**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Hearing ears and seeing eyes … all of them” +20:13 h9et rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אַל־תֶּֽאֱהַ֣ב שֵׁ֭נָה 1 The phrase**love sleep** means to **sleep** a lot because one loves to **sleep**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Do not sleep a lot” +20:13 ell4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast פְּקַ֖ח עֵינֶ֣י⁠ךָ שְֽׂבַֽע־לָֽחֶם 1 The idea of this clause is in contrast with the idea of the previous clause. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a contrast. Alternate translation: “instead, open your eyes, be satisfied with bread” +20:13 ee3x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy פְּקַ֖ח עֵינֶ֣י⁠ךָ 1 Here, Solomon says **open your eyes** to refer to staying awake. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “remain awake” +20:13 ls12 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit פְּקַ֖ח עֵינֶ֣י⁠ךָ 1 Here, Solomon implies that the person who opens his **eyes** does so in order to work. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “open your eyes to do your work” +20:13 rfqp rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result שְֽׂבַֽע־לָֽחֶם 1 This phrase states the result of obeying the command to **open your eyes** in the previous phrase. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate result. Alternate translation: “so that you will be satisfied with bread” +20:13 qwdy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לָֽחֶם 1 Here, **bread** is used to refer to food in general. See how you translated the same use of **bread** in [9:5](../09/05.md). +20:14 zh4l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit רַ֣ע רַ֭ע יֹאמַ֣ר הַ⁠קּוֹנֶ֑ה 1 Here, a **buyer** is criticizing the quality of something that he wants to buy in order to get the seller to decrease its price. **Bad** refers to bad quality. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “‘These goods are bad quality! Bad quality!’ says the buyer criticizing the seller’s goods” +20:14 b5yx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet רַ֣ע רַ֭ע יֹאמַ֣ר הַ⁠קּוֹנֶ֑ה 1 Solomon is repeating the same word twice for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “‘It is really bad quality!’ says the buyer” +20:14 e4gf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations רַ֣ע רַ֭ע יֹאמַ֣ר הַ⁠קּוֹנֶ֑ה 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “The buyer says that it is very bad” +20:14 ii45 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun הַ⁠קּוֹנֶ֑ה וְ⁠אֹזֵ֥ל ל֝֗⁠וֹ אָ֣ז יִתְהַלָּֽל 1 Here, **the buyer**, **he**, **his**, and **himself** represent buyers in general, not one particular **buyer**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any buyer, but when that buyer departs on his way, then that buyer praises himself” +20:14 kn96 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠אֹזֵ֥ל ל֝֗⁠וֹ אָ֣ז יִתְהַלָּֽל 1 Here, Solomon implies that **the buyer** bought the item and boasts to his friends about the good price he paid for it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but when he departs on his way after buying that thing, he boasts about the bargain he got” +20:15 vhn7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown פְּנִינִ֑ים 1 See how you translated **corals** in [3:15](../03/15.md). +20:15 cv2k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ⁠כְלִ֥י יְ֝קָ֗ר שִׂפְתֵי־דָֽעַת 1 Here, Solomon speaks of the value of **lips of knowledge** as if they were **a vessel of preciousness**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but lips of knowledge are as valuable as a vessel of preciousness” +20:15 tt4d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שִׂפְתֵי־דָֽעַת 1 See how you translated this phrase in [14:7](../14/07.md). +20:15 cw2t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וּ⁠כְלִ֥י יְ֝קָ֗ר 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **vessel** that is characterized by **preciousness**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “but … are a precious vessel” +20:15 t9yh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּ⁠כְלִ֥י יְ֝קָ֗ר 1 Solomon contrasts **abundance** in the previous clause with **preciousness** in this clause in order to imply that **lips of knowledge** are rarer and more valuable than **gold** and **corals**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but … are a vessel that is even more precious than those” +20:16 lhgm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism לְֽקַח־בִּ֭גְד⁠וֹ כִּי־עָ֣רַב זָ֑ר וּ⁠בְעַ֖ד נָכְרִיָּ֣ה חַבְלֵֽ⁠הוּ 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Take his garment when he has pledged for a stranger, yes, on behalf of a foreign woman hold it in pledge” +20:16 yhul rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun בִּ֭גְד⁠וֹ כִּי־עָ֣רַב זָ֑ר וּ⁠בְעַ֖ד נָכְרִיָּ֣ה 1 Here, **his**, **he**, **a stranger** and **a foreign woman** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “a person’s garment when that person has pledged for any stranger, and on behalf of any foreign woman” +20:16 qwzo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לְֽקַח־בִּ֭גְד⁠וֹ כִּי־עָ֣רַב זָ֑ר 1 When someone borrowed money in Solomon’s culture, the lender would take something from the borrower, such as a **garment**, as a guarantee of repayment. The lender would return the **garment** after the money was repaid. If the borrower was too poor, someone else could give something to the lender as a pledge for the poor person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Take a garment as security from the one who guarantees that what a stranger has borrowed will be paid back” +20:16 sn35 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עָ֣רַב זָ֑ר 1 See how you translated the same use of “he pledges for a stranger” in [11:15](../11/15.md). +20:16 cv1m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וּ⁠בְעַ֖ד נָכְרִיָּ֣ה 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and when he has pledged on behalf of a foreign woman” +20:16 e647 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit חַבְלֵֽ⁠הוּ 1 Here, **it** refers to **his garment** in the previous clause. Solomon is referring to the practicing of holding on to something that someone has given as a **pledge** to repay someone’s debt. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “hold onto his garment as a guarantee of repayment” +20:17 ji7z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עָרֵ֣ב 1 Here, Solomon speaks of a person being pleased by eating **bread of falsehood** as if the **bread** were **Sweet**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “Pleasant” or “Pleasant like something sweet” +20:17 deur rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations לָ֭⁠אִישׁ & פִ֥י⁠הוּ 1 Although the terms **man** and **his** are masculine, Solomon is using these words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “to a person … that person’s mouth”\n +20:17 iz5r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession לֶ֣חֶם שָׁ֑קֶר 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **bread** that is obtained by **falsehood**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “bread obtained by falsehood” +20:17 lnt5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לֶ֣חֶם 1 See how you translated the same use of **bread** in [9:5](../09/05.md). +20:17 gjt2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns שָׁ֑קֶר 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **falsehood** in [6:17](../06/17.md). +20:17 zi4r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִמָּֽלֵא־פִ֥י⁠הוּ חָצָֽץ 1 Here, Solomon speaks of a person experiencing bad results because of eating **bread of falsehood** as if **his mouth** were **filled with gravel**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express them meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “he will experience unpleasantness” or “he will have bad results as if his mouth were filled with sand” +20:18 mjl4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive מַ֭חֲשָׁבוֹת בְּ⁠עֵצָ֣ה תִכּ֑וֹן 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Counsel establishes plans” +20:18 amqi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּ⁠עֵצָ֣ה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **counsel** in [1:25](../01/25.md). +20:18 b3nm rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וּ֝⁠בְ⁠תַחְבֻּל֗וֹת 1 Here, **and** indicates that what follows is the intended result of what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a result of what came before. You may need to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “Therefore, by guidance” +20:18 a1pw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וּ֝⁠בְ⁠תַחְבֻּל֗וֹת עֲשֵׂ֣ה מִלְחָמָֽה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **guidance**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “and let others guide you when you make war” +20:19 i4ch rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun גּֽוֹלֶה־סּ֭וֹד הוֹלֵ֣ךְ רָכִ֑יל וּ⁠לְ⁠פֹתֶ֥ה שְׂ֝פָתָ֗י⁠ו 1 **One who goes about**, **a gossip**, **a secret**, and **one who opens his lips** refer to types of people and secrets in general, not a specific person or **secret**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who goes about as a gossip reveals secrets, and with any person who opens his lips” +20:19 eugx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj רָכִ֑יל 1 See how you translated this phrase in [11:13](../11/13.md). +20:19 md8q rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וּ⁠לְ⁠פֹתֶ֥ה 1 Here, **and** indicates that what follows is the intended result of what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a result of what came before. You may need to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “Therefore, with one who opens” +20:19 i2mb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וּ⁠לְ⁠פֹתֶ֥ה שְׂ֝פָתָ֗י⁠ו 1 See how you translated **one who opens his lips** in [13:3](../13/03.md). +20:20 v9ff rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מְ֭קַלֵּל אָבִ֣י⁠ו וְ⁠אִמּ֑⁠וֹ & נֵ֝ר֗⁠וֹ 1 **One who curses** and **his** refer to a type of person in general, not a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who curses that person’s father and mother, that person’s lamp” +20:20 tn97 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יִֽדְעַ֥ךְ נֵ֝ר֗⁠וֹ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will extinguish his lamp” +20:20 el23 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִֽדְעַ֥ךְ נֵ֝ר֗⁠וֹ 1 See how you translated the same use of **lamp** and **will be extinguished** in [13:9](../13/09.md). +20:20 a13a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ב⁠אישון חֹֽשֶׁךְ 1 Here, Solomon refers to a very dark place as if it were **in the pupil**, which is the darkest spot on an eye. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in the darkest darkness” or “in the deepest dark place” +20:21 o7z3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns נַ֭חֲלָה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **inheritance** in [17:2](../17/02.md). +20:21 mk5b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בָּ⁠רִאשֹׁנָ֑ה 1 The phrase **in the beginning**refers to a person receiving his **inheritance** before he is supposed to receive it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “before the right time” +20:21 tj0e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ֝⁠אַחֲרִיתָ֗⁠הּ 1 See how you translated the same use of **its end** in [14:12](../14/12.md). +20:21 megx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive לֹ֣א תְבֹרָֽךְ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will not bless” +20:22 xd5m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations אַל־תֹּאמַ֥ר אֲשַׁלְּמָה־רָ֑ע 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “Do not say that you will repay evil”\n +20:22 pj94 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲשַׁלְּמָה־רָ֑ע 1 Here, Solomon refers to doing wrong to someone who has done wrong to **you** as if **you** were paying them back for something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I will avenge evil” or “I will harm people who have harmed me”\n +20:22 hvmy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רָ֑ע 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **evil** in [1:16](../01/16.md). +20:22 dcj8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast קַוֵּ֥ה לַֽ֝⁠יהוָ֗ה וְ⁠יֹ֣שַֽׁע לָֽ⁠ךְ 1 The idea of this clause is in contrast with the idea of the previous clause. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a contrast. Alternate translation: “Instead, wait for Yahweh and he will save you”\n +20:22 ti5g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit קַוֵּ֥ה לַֽ֝⁠יהוָ֗ה 1 This could mean: (1) **Wait for Yahweh** to resolve the situation. Alternate translation: “Wait for Yahweh to take care of the issue” (2) Trust Yahweh. Alternate translation: “Trust Yahweh” +20:22 lbw8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וְ⁠יֹ֣שַֽׁע לָֽ⁠ךְ 1 Here, **and** introduces the result of obeying the command stated in the previous clause. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate result. Alternate translation: “and it will result in him saving you”\n +20:22 ys78 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠יֹ֣שַֽׁע לָֽ⁠ךְ 1 Here, Solomon uses **he will save you** to mean that **Yahweh** will resolve the situation mentioned in the previous clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and he will make it right” +20:23 x2rc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism תּוֹעֲבַ֣ת יְ֭הוָה אֶ֣בֶן וָ⁠אָ֑בֶן וּ⁠מֹאזְנֵ֖י מִרְמָ֣ה לֹא־טֽוֹב 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Stone and stone are an abomination to Yahweh, yes, scales of deceit are not good”\n +20:23 kbrj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אֶ֣בֶן וָ⁠אָ֑בֶן 1 See how you translated this phrase in [20:10](../20/10.md). +20:23 stds rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תּוֹעֲבַ֣ת יְ֭הוָה 1 See how you translated this phrase in [20:10](../20/10.md). +20:23 d09b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וּ⁠מֹאזְנֵ֖י מִרְמָ֣ה 1 See how you translated **scales of deceit** in [11:1](../11/01.md). +20:23 l8ok rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes לֹא־טֽוֹב 1 See how you translated the same use of **not good** in [16:29](../16/29.md). +20:24 re6n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִצְעֲדֵי 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh directs a person’s steps” +20:24 i9ej rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִצְעֲדֵי & דַּרְכּֽ⁠וֹ 1 In this verse, **steps** and **way** refers to the things that people experience during their lives. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar use of “path” in [4:18](../04/18.md). Alternate translation: “are what the life experiences of … his life experiences” +20:24 k0am rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun גָ֑בֶר וְ֝⁠אָדָ֗ם & דַּרְכּֽ⁠וֹ 1 Here, **a strong man**, **a man**, and **his** refer to types of people in general, not to a specific **man**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any strong person, so … a person … that person’s way” +20:24 mfy9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion וְ֝⁠אָדָ֗ם מַה־יָּבִ֥ין דַּרְכּֽ⁠וֹ 1 Solomon is using the question form to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “so surely a man cannot understand his way!” +20:24 mb57 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וְ֝⁠אָדָ֗ם מַה־יָּבִ֥ין 1 Here, **so** introduces the result of what was stated in the previous clause. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate result. You may need to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “Therefore, how can a man understand” +20:25 f410 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis מוֹקֵ֣שׁ אָ֭דָם יָ֣לַע 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “A snare of a man is when he says rashly” +20:25 qfw5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מוֹקֵ֣שׁ 1 Here, Solomon refers to something a person says that can cause him trouble as if what he says were a **snare** that traps him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. See how you translated the same use of **snare** in [18:7](../18/07.md). Alternate translation: “What is dangerous for”\n +20:25 fkfq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אָ֭דָם יָ֣לַע 1 Although **a man** and **he** are masculine, Solomon is using the words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “a person: that person says rashly”\n +20:25 x37x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit קֹ֑דֶשׁ 1 Here, Solomon implies that this person has dedicated something to Yahweh by declaring it to be **holy**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I declare this thing to be holy” +20:25 tt8z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit נְדָרִ֣ים 1 Here, **vows** refers to declaring that something is holy and dedicated to Yahweh, which this person does in the previous clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “dedicating it to Yahweh” or “declaring it holy” +20:25 y3cn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לְ⁠בַקֵּֽר 1 Here, Solomon implies that this person **considers** the rash vow he just made. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “considers what he just vowed” +20:26 p3uf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מְזָרֶ֣ה & מֶ֣לֶךְ חָכָ֑ם וַ⁠יָּ֖שֶׁב 1 **A wise king**, **one who scatters**, and **he** refer to a type of kings in general, not a specific **king**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any wise king is one who scatters … and that king brings back”\n +20:26 cgd9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מְזָרֶ֣ה 1 See how you translated the same use of **winnows** in [20:8](../20/08.md). +20:26 rs2y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַ⁠יָּ֖שֶׁב עֲלֵי⁠הֶ֣ם אוֹפָֽן 1 Here, Solomon speaks of a **king** punishing **wicked ones** as if he were crushing them under a **wheel** used to crush grain. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “and he severely punishes them” or “and he severely punishes them like one crushing grain under a wheel” +20:26 sy6b rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown אוֹפָֽן 1 Here, **wheel** refers to a “threshing wheel.” This is a tool that farmers used to crush grain and help separate it from the straw and chaff. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of **wheel**, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “a grain-crushing tool” +20:27 csgz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun נֵ֣ר יְ֭הוָה נִשְׁמַ֣ת אָדָ֑ם חֹ֝פֵ֗שׂ כָּל־חַדְרֵי־בָֽטֶן 1 Here, **a man**, **the lamp**, and **the belly** refer to these things and people in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “The breath of any person is a lamp of Yahweh, searching all the rooms of that person’s belly” +20:27 cin1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy נִשְׁמַ֣ת 1 Here, **breath** refers to the inner spiritual part of a human being, which Yahweh gave to the first **man** by breathing it into him ([Genesis 2:7](../gen/02/07.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The spirit of” +20:27 ic6s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession נֵ֣ר יְ֭הוָה 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **lamp** that is given by **Yahweh**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “is the lamp from Yahweh” +20:27 x5vx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נֵ֣ר יְ֭הוָה & חֹ֝פֵ֗שׂ 1 Here, Solomon speaks of a person’s spirit helping that person understand himself as if it were a **lamp** that searches within that person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “is what Yahweh has given him to discern” or “is like a lamp of Yahweh that searches” +20:27 d858 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit חַדְרֵי־בָֽטֶן 1 See how you translated this phrase in [18:8](../18/08.md). +20:28 cbb4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism חֶ֣סֶד וֶ֭⁠אֱמֶת יִצְּרוּ־מֶ֑לֶךְ וְ⁠סָעַ֖ד בַּ⁠חֶ֣סֶד כִּסְאֽ⁠וֹ 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness guard a king, yes, his throne is sustained by covenant faithfulness”\n +20:28 j9nn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חֶ֣סֶד וֶ֭⁠אֱמֶת & בַּ⁠חֶ֣סֶד 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **Covenant faithfulness** and **trustworthiness** in [3:3](../03/03.md). +20:28 wys5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִצְּרוּ־מֶ֑לֶךְ 1 Here, Solomon refers to a **king** protecting himself by acting with **Covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness** as if those two things were people who **guard** him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “enables a king to be protected”\n +20:28 hss9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מֶ֑לֶךְ 1 This verse describes the traits of an ideal, righteous **king**, not any **king** in general. See how you translated the same use of **king** in [16:10](../16/10.md).\n +20:28 qmoh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מֶ֑לֶךְ & כִּסְאֽ⁠וֹ 1 Here, **a king** and **his throne** refer to righteous kings and their thrones, not a specific **king** or **throne**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any good king … that king’s throne” +20:28 f9he rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְ⁠סָעַ֖ד בַּ⁠חֶ֣סֶד כִּסְאֽ⁠וֹ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and covenant faithfulness sustains his throne” +20:28 gamg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ⁠סָעַ֖ד בַּ⁠חֶ֣סֶד כִּסְאֽ⁠וֹ 1 Here, **throne** refers to a king’s authority, which is represented by the **throne** that a king sits on. See how you translated the same use of **throne** in [16:12](../16/12.md). +20:28 c9ef rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠סָעַ֖ד בַּ⁠חֶ֣סֶד כִּסְאֽ⁠וֹ 1 Here, Solomon refers to a **king** maintaining his authority by acting with **covenant faithfulness** as if **covenant faithfulness** were a person who could sustain him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and acting with covenant faithfulness enables him to maintain his authority” +20:29 dym8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תִּפְאֶ֣רֶת & כֹּחָ֑⁠ם 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **splendor** in [4:9](../04/09.md) and **strength** in [5:10](../05/10.md). +20:29 aw3b rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast וַ⁠הֲדַ֖ר זְקֵנִ֣ים שֵׂיבָֽה 1 The idea of this clause is in contrast with the idea of the previous clause. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a contrast. You may need to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “However, the adornment of old ones is gray hair”\n +20:29 oy2e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וַ⁠הֲדַ֖ר 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **adornment**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “and what adorns” +20:29 f828 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שֵׂיבָֽה 1 Here, **gray hair** refers to the wisdom or experience that people have who have lived long enough to have **gray hair**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is their wisdom” +20:30 g7u1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession חַבֻּר֣וֹת פֶּ֭צַע 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe severe **Blows** that cause **a wound**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “Blows that cause a wound” +20:30 w51j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תמריק בְּ⁠רָ֑ע 1 Here, Solomon refers to beatings that cause a person to stop doing something **evil** as if the beatings were cleaning away that **evil** thing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “stop a person from doing evil” +20:30 v66q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּ⁠רָ֑ע 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **evil** in [1:16](../01/16.md). +20:30 isry rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וּ֝⁠מַכּ֗וֹת חַדְרֵי־בָֽטֶן 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and strikes of the rooms of the belly cleanse away evil” +20:30 lyhn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit חַדְרֵי־בָֽטֶן 1 See how you translated this phrase in [18:8](../18/08.md). +21:intro ge8s 0 # Proverbs 21 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 21 continues the section of the book written by Solomon that is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Parallelism\n\nChapters 16–22 mostly contain proverbs in which the second of two parallel clauses completes, emphasizes, or qualifies the idea of the first clause. Chapter 21 also contains contrasting parallelism ([21:2](../21/02.md), [5](../21/05.md), [8](../21/08.md), [15](../21/15.md), [17](../21/17.md), [20](../21/20.md), [26](../21/26.md), [28](../21/28.md), [29](../21/29.md), [31](../21/31.md)) and parallelism in which both clauses have the same meaning for emphasis ([21:14](../21/14.md)). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) +21:1 neqo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לֶב־מֶ֭לֶךְ 1 **The heart of a king** refers to the **heart** of any **king** in general, not a specific **king**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “The heart of any king” +21:1 t1m8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לֶב 1 See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [2:2](../02/02.md). +21:1 w5md rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor פַּלְגֵי־מַ֣יִם & בְּ⁠יַד־יְהוָ֑ה & יַטֶּֽ⁠נּוּ 1 In this verse, Solomon speaks of **Yahweh** using the **heart of a king** to accomplish his purposes as if the **heart** were water streams that **he steers** to go to the places where he wants them to go. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a synonym. Alternate translation: “is controlled by Yahweh to do” or “is controlled by Yahweh like a farmer controls streams to flow” +21:2 qwnj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דֶּרֶךְ 1 See how you translated the same use of **way** in [1:15](../01/15.md). +21:2 vwim rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אִ֭ישׁ & בְּ⁠עֵינָ֑י⁠ו 1 Although the terms **man** and **his** are masculine, Solomon is using these words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “any person … in that person’s eyes”\n +21:2 yz3c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יָשָׁ֣ר בְּ⁠עֵינָ֑י⁠ו 1 See how you translated the same phrase in [12:15](../12/15.md). +21:2 hqo4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠תֹכֵ֖ן & יְהוָֽה 1 See how you translated this phrase in [16:2](../16/02.md). +21:2 xmb4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִבּ֣וֹת 1 See how you translated the same use of **hearts** in [15:11](../15/11.md). +21:3 qs6t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns צְדָקָ֣ה וּ⁠מִשְׁפָּ֑ט & מִ⁠זָּֽבַח 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **righteousness** and **justice** in [1:3](../01/03.md) and **sacrifice** in [15:8](../15/08.md). +21:3 f31f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive נִבְחָ֖ר לַ⁠יהוָ֣ה 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh prefers” +21:4 xvr4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy רוּם־עֵ֭ינַיִם 1 Here, Solomon refers to pride as **Height of eyes**, which is a characteristic facial expression of proud people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar expression “uplifted eyes” in [6:17](../06/17.md). Alternate translation: “Pride”\n +21:4 gk4s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וּ⁠רְחַב־לֵ֑ב 1 Here, **broadness of heart** refers to thinking arrogantly. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and thinking arrogantly” +21:4 as9m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish נִ֖ר רְשָׁעִ֣ים 1 This phrase gives further information about the two sins described in the previous clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the relationship between these phrases clearer. Alternate translation: “that is, the lamp of the wicked ones” +21:4 y68u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נִ֖ר רְשָׁעִ֣ים 1 Here, the word translated as **lamp** could refer to: (1) the sins in the previous clause being like a **lamp** that shows **wicked ones** what to do. Alternate translation: “what guides the wicked ones” (2) the sins in the previous clause being like uncultivated ground, which is another possible meaning for the Hebrew word here, that produces nothing good. Alternate translation: “the fruitlessness of the wicked ones” +21:5 e7kl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun חָ֭רוּץ 1 The phrase **the diligent one** represents diligent people in general, not one particular **diligent one**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “any diligent one” +21:5 kl4h rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result לְ⁠מוֹתָ֑ר & לְ⁠מַחְסֽוֹר 1 Here, the phrases **are to** and **is to** indicate that what follows is a result of what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a result of what came before. Alternate translation: “result in profit … result in lack” +21:5 xi4l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns לְ⁠מוֹתָ֑ר & לְ⁠מַחְסֽוֹר 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **profit** in [3:14](../03/14.md) and **lack** in [6:11](../06/11.md). +21:5 hmlx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אָ֝֗ץ 1 Here, **hurries about** refers to doing things more quickly than they should be done. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “who hurries about too quickly” +21:6 vsi8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor פֹּ֣עַל א֭וֹצָרוֹת 1 Here, Solomon speaks of acquiring wealth as if it were **treasures** that someone makes. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Acquiring wealth” +21:6 bc5d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בִּ⁠לְשׁ֣וֹן שָׁ֑קֶר 1 See how you translated this phrase in [6:17](../06/17.md). +21:6 w3kd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הֶ֥בֶל נִ֝דָּ֗ף 1 Here, Solomon speaks of the disappearance of **treasures** as if they were a **vapor** that quickly goes away. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “disappears quickly” or “disappears like a vapor that quickly disperses” +21:6 hjfe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis מְבַקְשֵׁי־מָֽוֶת 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “they that seek such treasures are seekers of death” +21:6 l9ag rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מְבַקְשֵׁי־מָֽוֶת 1 Here, Solomon speaks of people doing something that will kill them as if they were **seekers of death**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “they do what will kill them” +21:7 abnj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns שֹׁד & מִשְׁפָּֽט 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **violence** in [3:31](../03/31.md) and **justice** in [1:3](../01/03.md). +21:7 fj7b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession שֹׁד־רְשָׁעִ֥ים 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe the **violence** done by **wicked ones**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “The violence done by wicked ones” +21:7 zn7h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification יְגוֹרֵ֑⁠ם 1 Here, Solomon speaks of **wicked ones** being destroyed because they act violently as if their **violence** were a person who could **drag them away**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will destroy them” +21:8 i5j5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit דֶּ֣רֶךְ 1 See how you translated the same use of **way** in [1:15](../01/15.md). +21:8 zjoe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אִ֣ישׁ וָזָ֑ר וְ֝⁠זַ֗ךְ יָשָׁ֥ר פָּעֳלֽ⁠וֹ 1 Here, **a guilty one**, **the pure one**, and **his** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any guilty man, but any pure person, upright is that person’s behavior” +21:9 gff3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit פִּנַּת־גָּ֑ג 1 Houses in Solomon’s time had flat roofs that people could walk on and sometimes people would build a shelter on one **corner** of the **roof** that was large enough for a person to sleep in. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could include this information in a note. Alternate translation: “the corner of a flat roof” +21:9 j9e1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession מֵ⁠אֵ֥שֶׁת מִ֝דְיָנִ֗ים 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **woman** who is characterized by **quarrels**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “than with a quarrelsome wife” +21:9 k56i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וּ⁠בֵ֥ית חָֽבֶר 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **house** in which people live together. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “and live together in one house” +21:10 x3rs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche נֶ֣פֶשׁ 1 Here, **soul** refers to the whole person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly, as in the UST.\n +21:10 a2dz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun רָ֭שָׁע & בְּ⁠עֵינָ֣י⁠ו רֵעֵֽ⁠הוּ 1 Here, **the wicked one**, **his**, and **neighbor** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated **the wicked one** in [3:33](../03/33.md). Alternate translation: “any wicked person … that person’s neighbor … in that person’s eyes” +21:10 dykh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רָ֑ע 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **evil** in [1:16](../01/16.md). +21:10 d5qd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive לֹא־יֻחַ֖ן בְּ⁠עֵינָ֣י⁠ו רֵעֵֽ⁠הוּ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “his eyes do not show grace to his neighbor” +21:10 jgfi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche בְּ⁠עֵינָ֣י⁠ו 1 Here, **soul** refers to the whole person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “by him” +21:11 diyn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לֵ֭ץ & פֶּ֑תִי & לְ֝⁠חָכָ֗ם 1 See how you translated **a mocker** in [9:7](../09/07.md), **a naive one** in [14:15](../14/15.md), and **a wise one** in [1:5](../01/05.md). +21:11 ttu2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יֶחְכַּם־פֶּ֑תִי 1 Solomon assumes that his readers will understand that **a naive one** will become **wise** as the result of seeing someone **fining a mocker**. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “a naive one will see this happen and become wise”\n +21:11 a6a5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ⁠בְ⁠הַשְׂכִּ֥יל 1 Here, Solomon speaks of someone teaching **insight to a wise one** as if **insight** were an object that a person gives. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and when teaching insight”\n +21:11 qiw1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וּ⁠בְ⁠הַשְׂכִּ֥יל & דָּֽעַת 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **insight** in [1:3](../01/03.md) and **knowledge** in [1:4](../01/04.md). +21:11 m512 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִקַּח־דָּֽעַת 1 Here, Solomon speaks of something learning **knowledge** as if it were an object that a person **receives**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he learns knowledge” +21:12 tq0z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit צַ֭דִּיק 1 **A righteous one** could refer to: (1) Yahweh, who is the Righteous One. Alternate translation: “The Righteous One” (2) a righteous person in general. Alternate translation: “Any righteous person” +21:12 lswm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מַשְׂכִּ֣יל 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **insight** in [1:3](../01/03.md). +21:12 hrfk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְ⁠בֵ֣ית 1 Here, **house** refers to the family who lives in that **house**. See how you translated the same use of **house** in [3:33](../03/33.md). +21:12 t3bj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun רָשָׁ֑ע 1 See how you translated **the wicked one** in [10:16](../10/16.md). +21:12 bc3u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מְסַלֵּ֖ף רְשָׁעִ֣ים לָ⁠רָֽע 1 Here, Solomon refers to Yahweh causing the **wicked ones** to experience disaster as if he were **overturning** them **to evil**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “causing wicked ones to experience evil” +21:12 tem1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לָ⁠רָֽע 1 Here, **evil** refers to trouble that someone might experience as a result of **evil**. See how you translated the similar use of **evil** in [12:21](../12/21.md). +21:13 tql4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אֹטֵ֣ם אָ֭זְנ⁠וֹ מִ⁠זַּעֲקַת־דָּ֑ל גַּֽם־ה֥וּא 1 **One who shuts**, **his**, **a lowly one**, and **he** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who shuts his ears from the outcries of lowly ones, that person also” +21:13 uc5n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אֹטֵ֣ם אָ֭זְנ⁠וֹ 1 Here, Solomon refers to someone refusing to listen as if that person were shutting **his ears** so that he does not hear someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “One who will not listen” +21:13 ug5m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מִ⁠זַּעֲקַת & יִ֝קְרָ֗א 1 Here, Solomon implies that **the outcry** and **cry out** refer to someone crying out for help. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “from the cry for help of … will cry for help” +21:13 ih0a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דָּ֑ל 1 See how you translated the same use of **lowly** in [10:15](../10/15.md). +21:13 uaab rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְ⁠לֹ֣א יֵעָנֶֽה 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “but no one will answer him” +21:13 iv38 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ⁠לֹ֣א יֵעָנֶֽה 1 Here, **answered** refers to the person who hears responding by helping the person who cries out. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but will not be helped by anyone” +21:14 h1vz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism מַתָּ֣ן בַּ֭⁠סֵּתֶר יִכְפֶּה־אָ֑ף וְ⁠שֹׁ֥חַד בַּ֝⁠חֵ֗ק חֵמָ֥ה עַזָּֽה 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “A gift in secrecy subdues nose, yes, a bribe in the bosom, strong heat” +21:14 a502 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis מַתָּ֣ן בַּ֭⁠סֵּתֶר 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “A gift given in secrecy” +21:14 hby7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom יִכְפֶּה־אָ֑ף 1 Here, **subdues nose** refers to stopping a person from being angry. The word **nose** here means “anger” by association with the way that a person who is angry breathes heavily through his nose. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “causes angry people to stop being angry” +21:14 eliy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְ⁠שֹׁ֥חַד בַּ֝⁠חֵ֗ק חֵמָ֥ה עַזָּֽה 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and a bribe given in the bosom subdues strong heat” +21:14 lrg9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בַּ֝⁠חֵ֗ק 1 Here, **in the bosom** indicates that a **bribe** is given to someone secretly, as if it were hidden in a person’s clothes near that person’s **bosom**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar use of “from the bosom” in [17:23](../17/23.md). Alternate translation: “in secret”\n +21:14 nsym rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy חֵמָ֥ה עַזָּֽה 1 Here, **strong heat** refers to extreme anger, which causes the angry person’s body to become hot. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “rage”\n +21:15 jcw1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun שִׂמְחָ֣ה לַ֭⁠צַּדִּיק & וּ֝⁠מְחִתָּ֗ה 1 **A joy**, **the righteous one**, and **a terror** refer to these things and people in general, not to specific things or people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Joy is for righteous ones … but terror” +21:15 p2ln rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns שִׂמְחָ֣ה & מִשְׁפָּ֑ט & וּ֝⁠מְחִתָּ֗ה & אָֽוֶן 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **joy** in [10:28](../10/28.md), **justice** in [13:23](../13/23.md), **terror** in [10:24](../10/24.md), and **iniquity** in [12:21](../12/21.md).\n +21:15 push rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וּ֝⁠מְחִתָּ֗ה לְ⁠פֹ֣עֲלֵי אָֽוֶן 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “but doing justice is a terror for doers of iniquity” +21:16 t6m2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אָדָ֗ם 1 **A man** refers to people in general, not to a specific **man**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “Any person” +21:16 cj4z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תּ֭וֹעֶה מִ⁠דֶּ֣רֶךְ הַשְׂכֵּ֑ל 1 Here, Solomon refers to a person who stops behaving wisely as if the right way to behave were a **way** that he wanders from. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the same use of **way** in [1:15](../01/15.md). Alternate translation: “no longer lives wisely” +21:16 ezr0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בִּ⁠קְהַ֖ל רְפָאִ֣ים יָנֽוּחַ 1 In this clause, Solomon refers to a person dying. The phrase **the assembly of the spirits of dead ones** refers to the place where people’s spirits go when they die. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will end up in the place where the spirits of dead people dwell” or “will end up dead”\n +21:17 xhel rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism אִ֣ישׁ מַ֭חְסוֹר אֹהֵ֣ב שִׂמְחָ֑ה אֹהֵ֥ב יַֽיִן־וָ֝⁠שֶׁ֗מֶן לֹ֣א יַעֲשִֽׁיר 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “A man of lack loves joy; yes, a lover of wine and oil will not become rich” +21:17 xq28 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אִ֣ישׁ & אֹהֵ֥ב 1 **A man** and **a lover** refer to types of people in general, not to a specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person of … any lover of” +21:17 ecvd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession אִ֣ישׁ מַ֭חְסוֹר 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **man** who is characterized by lacking wealth. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “A man who lacks” or “A man characterized by poverty”\n +21:17 lgdq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שִׂמְחָ֑ה 1 Here, **joy** refers to things and activities that cause people to feel **joy**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “what pleases them” +21:17 lkxu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יַֽיִן־וָ֝⁠שֶׁ֗מֶן 1 Both **wine** and **oil** are luxurious items. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “luxurious items like wine and oil” +21:18 mh2v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor כֹּ֣פֶר לַ⁠צַּדִּ֣יק רָשָׁ֑ע 1 Here, Solomon refers to **a wicked one** who is punished instead of **the righteous one** as if **a wicked one** were a **ransom** that is paid on behalf of **the righteous one**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “A wicked one is punished instead of a righteous one” +21:18 zpmk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לַ⁠צַּדִּ֣יק רָשָׁ֑ע 1 See how you translated **the righteous one** in [10:3](../10/03.md) and **a wicked one** in [9:7](../09/07.md). +21:18 qt7k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְ⁠תַ֖חַת יְשָׁרִ֣ים בּוֹגֵֽד 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and instead of upright ones, one who acts treacherously is a ransom” or “and instead of upright ones, one who acts treacherously is punished” +21:18 n28n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun בּוֹגֵֽד 1 Here, **one who acts treacherously** represents this type of people in general, not one particular person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “any person who acts treacherously” +21:19 uiul rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּ⁠אֶֽרֶץ־מִדְבָּ֑ר 1 Since the **wilderness** is a place without people, Solomon implies dwelling alone in that place. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “by oneself in a land of wilderness” +21:19 a4uv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession מֵ⁠אֵ֖שֶׁת מדונים 1 See how you translated **a wife of quarrels** in [21:9](../21/09.md). +21:19 pfvc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וָ⁠כָֽעַס 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **vexation**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “and who vexes others” +21:20 r84p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun חָכָ֑ם וּ⁠כְסִ֖יל אָדָ֣ם 1 See how you translated **a wise one** in [1:5](../01/05.md) and **a stupid man** in [15:20](../15/20.md). +21:20 nw25 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יְבַלְּעֶֽ⁠נּוּ 1 Here, Solomon refers to a **stupid** person wasting all his wealth as if it were something he **swallows**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “wastes it” +21:21 oyan rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun רֹ֭דֵף 1 **A pursuer** represents a type of person in general, not one particular person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “Any pursuer of” +21:21 sqy8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor רֹ֭דֵף 1 See how you translated the same use of **pursuer** in [15:9](../15/09.md). +21:21 p8u9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns צְדָקָ֣ה וָ⁠חָ֑סֶד & חַ֝יִּ֗ים צְדָקָ֥ה וְ⁠כָבֽוֹד 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **righteousness** in [1:3](../01/03.md), **covenant faithfulness** in [3:3](../03/03.md), **life** in [10:16](../10/16.md), and **honor** in [3:16](../03/16.md). +21:21 o2i2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִמְצָ֥א 1 See how you translated the same use of **find** in [8:35](../08/35.md). +21:22 d84j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun עִ֣יר& חָכָ֑ם וַ֝⁠יֹּ֗רֶד 1 **A wise one**, **a city**, and **he** represent a type of person and city in general, not one particular person and city. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any wise one … any city of … and that person causes … to go down” +21:22 v5jk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy עִ֣יר & עָלָ֣ה 1 Here, **ascends** refers to attacking a city and climbing over its wall. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “successfully attacks a city of” or “overruns a city of” +21:22 xeiu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy עִ֣יר גִּ֭בֹּרִים 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **city** that is defended by **mighty ones**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “a city defended by mighty ones” +21:22 v5oc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ֝⁠יֹּ֗רֶד 1 Here, **brings down** refers to the **wise one** leading his soldiers to destroy the fortifications that protect the **city** mentioned in the previous clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and he causes his soldiers to destroy” +21:22 w292 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy עֹ֣ז מִבְטֶחָֽ⁠ה 1 Here, **strength** refers to the strong walls and towers around the **city** mentioned in the previous clause. Here, **its** refers to the people in the city. They have **confidence** in the walls and do not think anyone will be able to destroy them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the strong fortifications they are confident in” +21:23 dxhc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun שֹׁמֵ֣ר פִּ֭י⁠ו וּ⁠לְשׁוֹנ֑⁠וֹ שֹׁמֵ֖ר & נַפְשֽׁ⁠וֹ 1 **One who keeps** and **his** refer to a type of person in general, not one specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who keeps that person’s own mouth and tongue keep that person’s life” +21:23 jcer rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שֹׁמֵ֣ר 1 Here, Solomon refers to a person being careful about what he says with **his mouth and his tongue** as if they were objects that he **keeps**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “One who is careful with” +21:23 xw3q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet פִּ֭י⁠ו וּ⁠לְשׁוֹנ֑⁠וֹ 1 The terms **mouth** and **tongue** mean similar things. They both refer to what a person says. Solomon is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “whatever he says” +21:23 h05s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy נַפְשֽׁ⁠וֹ 1 Here, **life** refers to the person himself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “himself”\n +21:23 o0dn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מִ⁠צָּר֣וֹת 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **distress** in [1:27](../01/27.md). +21:24 c77j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun זֵ֣ד יָ֭הִיר & שְׁמ֑⁠וֹ 1 **A presumptuous, haughty one** and **his** represent a type of person in general, not one particular person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any presumptuous, haughty one … is that person’s name” +21:24 rf25 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שְׁמ֑⁠וֹ 1 Here, **name** refers to what people call a **presumptuous, haughty one**, not that person’s actual **name**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is what people call him” +21:24 ctpo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְּ⁠עֶבְרַ֥ת זָדֽוֹן 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **rage** that is characterized by **presumption**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “with presumptuous rage” +21:24 a0w1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּ⁠עֶבְרַ֥ת זָדֽוֹן 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **rage** or **presumption**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “in an arrogantly furious manner” +21:25 byks rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun עָצֵ֣ל תְּמִיתֶ֑⁠נּוּ & יָדָ֣י⁠ו 1 Here, **the lazy one**, **him**, and **his** refer to lazy people in general, not one specific **lazy one**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any lazy one causes that person to die … that person’s hands” +21:25 dt4f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche מֵאֲנ֖וּ יָדָ֣י⁠ו 1 Here, **hands** refers to the whole person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “he refuses”\n +21:26 vgt6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns הִתְאַוָּ֣ה תַאֲוָ֑ה 1 Here, **he** and **himself** refer to the lazy person mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the lazy person desires desire for that person” +21:26 t711 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry הִתְאַוָּ֣ה תַאֲוָ֑ה 1 Here, **desires desire** is an emphatic construction that uses a verb and its object that come from the same root. You may be able to use the same construction in your language to express the meaning here. Alternatively, your language may have another way of showing the emphasis. +21:26 fpqu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun וְ⁠צַדִּ֥יק 1 See how you translated **a righteous one** in [9:9](../09/09.md). +21:26 s1i0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis יִ֝תֵּ֗ן וְ⁠לֹ֣א יַחְשֹֽׂךְ 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “gives what he has and does not withhold it” +21:27 l3le rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun זֶ֣בַח & תּוֹעֵבָ֑ה & בְ⁠זִמָּ֥ה יְבִיאֶֽ⁠נּוּ 1 **The sacrifice**, **an abomination**, **he**, **it**, and **a wicked plan** refer to things and a type of person in general, not to a specific person or thing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “The sacrifices of … are abominations … they bring them with wicked plans” +21:27 r9k8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns זֶ֣בַח 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **sacrifice** in [15:8](../15/08.md). +21:27 fq9a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תּוֹעֵבָ֑ה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **abomination**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “is abominable” +21:27 iy31 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis אַ֝֗ף כִּֽי 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “how much more of an abomination is it when” or “how much abominable is it when” +21:27 e62d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְ⁠זִמָּ֥ה 1 Here, Solomon speaks of someone having **a wicked plan** while bringing a **sacrifice** as if the **plan** were an object that he brought **with** him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “while having a wicked plan” +21:27 a4j2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְ⁠זִמָּ֥ה 1 Here, **plan** refers to a purpose or motive. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “with a wicked purpose” or “with wicked intent” +21:28 c781 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun עֵד־כְּזָבִ֥ים & וְ⁠אִ֥ישׁ שׁ֝וֹמֵ֗עַ 1 **A witness of lies** and **the man who listens** refer to types of people in general, not to specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any witness of lies … but any person who listens” +21:28 h8d4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession עֵד־כְּזָבִ֥ים 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **a witness** who tells **lies**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “a lying witness”\n +21:28 iawa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לָ⁠נֶ֥צַח יְדַבֵּֽר 1 Here, Solomon refers to people remembering what a person says as if that person would **speak to perpetuity**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will speak and what he says will be remembered” +21:29 v6qh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun הֵעֵ֬ז אִ֣ישׁ רָשָׁ֣ע בְּ⁠פָנָ֑י⁠ו וְ֝⁠יָשָׁ֗ר ה֤וּא ׀ יָבִ֬ין דרכי⁠ו 1 **A wicked man**, **his**, **an upright one**, and **he** refer to types of people in general, not to specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated **A wicked man** in [11:7](../11/07.md). Alternate translation: “Any wicked person strengthens that person’s own face, but any upright person considers that person’s own ways” +21:29 z6tg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom הֵעֵ֬ז & בְּ⁠פָנָ֑י⁠ו 1 Here, **strengthens his face** means that the **man** has a facial expression that showed how stubborn and obstinate he is. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a similar expression from your language or express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar expression “strengthens her face” in [7:13](../07/13.md). Alternate translation: “has a brazen face” or “has a stubborn expression on her face”\n +21:29 vtab rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants יָבִ֬ין דרכי⁠ו 1 Many ancient manuscripts read **he considers his ways**, as in the ULT. Other ancient manuscripts read “he establishes his way.” If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT. +21:29 ts1r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דרכי⁠ו 1 See how you translated the same use of **ways** in [3:6](../03/06.md). +21:30 n8kt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חָ֭כְמָה & תְּבוּנָ֑ה & עֵ֝צָ֗ה 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **wisdom** and **understanding** in [1:2](../01/02.md) and **counsel** in [1:25](../01/25.md). +21:30 drhv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עֵ֝צָ֗ה 1 Here, **counsel** refers to true and correct **counsel**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “good counsel” +21:30 k3pe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לְ⁠נֶ֣גֶד יְהוָֽה 1 Here, **in opposition to Yahweh** refers to something that contradicts the will of **Yahweh**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “that contradicts the will of Yahweh” +21:31 u7rp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun ס֗וּס & לְ⁠י֣וֹם מִלְחָמָ֑ה 1 **A horse** and **the day of battle** refer to these things in general, not a specific **horse** or **day of battle**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any horse … for any day of battle” +21:31 j1hq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ס֗וּס מ֭וּכָן 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Someone makes a horse ready” +21:31 a8ws rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown ס֗וּס 1 A **horse** is a large animal that armies used to pull carts from which soldiers would fight. Armies with horses were usually more powerful than armies without horses. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of animal, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term for something that soldiers use for fighting. Alternate translation: “An animal used for fighting” or “Fighting equipment” +21:31 i6w8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְ⁠י֣וֹם מִלְחָמָ֑ה 1 Here, **day** refers to a point in time when something happens. It does not refer to a 24-hour length of time. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “for the time of battle”\n +21:31 r9z9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy הַ⁠תְּשׁוּעָֽה 1 Here, **the salvation** refers to being saved from defeat in **battle**, which is another way of saying “the victory.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the victory” or “being saved from defeat” +21:31 sesx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְ֝⁠לַֽ⁠יהוָ֗ה 1 Here, Solomon uses the possessive form to indicate that **Yahweh** is the source of **the salvation**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “but … is from Yahweh” +22:intro t5zj 0 # Proverbs 22 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\n3. Proverbs from Solomon (10:1–22:16)\n4. Sayings from wise men (22:17–24:22)\n * Introduction to the sayings (22:17–21)\n * The sayings (22:22–24:22)\n\nChapter 22 concludes the section of the book written by Solomon that is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs. Solomon wrote all 375 proverbs in [10:1](../10/01.md)–[22:16](../22/16.md). In [22:17](../22/17.md)–[21](../22/21.md), it seems that Solomon himself introduces a section of proverbs written by an unknown group of people called “the wise ones” wrote [22:22](../22/22.md)–[24:22](../24/22.md). Most of these proverbs of “the wise ones” are longer than one verse. Each individual of these proverbs will be marked in the notes.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Parallelism\n\nChapters 16–22 mostly contain proverbs in which the second of two parallel clauses completes, emphasizes, or qualifies the idea of the first clause. Chapter 22 also contains contrasting parallelism ([22:3](../22/03.md), [12](../22/12.md)) and parallelism in which both clauses have the same meaning for emphasis ([22:1](../22/01.md), [24](../22/24.md), [26](../22/26.md)). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])\n\n### Rhetorical questions\n\nIn [22:20](../22/20.md)–[21](../22/21.md) and [27](../22/27.md), the author uses rhetorical questions to emphasize the importance of what he is saying. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])\n +22:1 kpvn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism נִבְחָ֣ר שֵׁ֭ם מֵ⁠עֹ֣שֶׁר רָ֑ב מִ⁠כֶּ֥סֶף וּ֝⁠מִ⁠זָּהָ֗ב חֵ֣ן טֽוֹב 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “A name is to be chosen more than abundant riches; yes, favor is better than silver and than gold” +22:1 m8c7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שֵׁ֭ם 1 Here, **name** refers to a person’s reputation. Solomon implies that it is a good reputation. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “A good reputation” +22:1 but9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive נִבְחָ֣ר שֵׁ֭ם 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “A person should choose a good name” +22:1 m6oz מִ⁠כֶּ֥סֶף וּ֝⁠מִ⁠זָּהָ֗ב חֵ֣ן טֽוֹב 1 This clause could also be translated as “good favor more than silver and than gold,” with **is to be chosen** implied from the previous clause. If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT. Alternate translation: “good favor is to be chosen more than silver and than gold” or “people should choose being favored by others more than having silver and gold”\n +22:1 iqch rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מִ⁠כֶּ֥סֶף וּ֝⁠מִ⁠זָּהָ֗ב חֵ֣ן טֽוֹב 1 Here, Solomon refers to having **favor**, **silver**, and **gold**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “having favor is better than having silver and gold” +22:1 y37e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חֵ֣ן 1 See how you translated **favor** in [3:4](../03/04.md). +22:2 z2v0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun עָשִׁ֣יר וָ⁠רָ֣שׁ 1 **A rich one** and **a poor one** represent types of people in general, not a particular **rich one** and **poor one**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “Any wise person and any rich person” +22:2 ddrc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נִפְגָּ֑שׁוּ 1 Here, Solomon speaks of people having something in common as if those people **meet together**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “have something in common” +22:3 nt9p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun עָר֤וּם 1 See how you translated this phrase in [12:16](../12/16.md). +22:3 d30l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy רָעָ֣ה 1 Here, **evil** refers to danger caused by something **evil** happening. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “danger”\n +22:3 wtg1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עָבְר֥וּ 1 Here, **pass on** contrasts with **sees evil** in the previous clause to indicate that **naive ones** walk right into a dangerous situation without noticing that they are in danger. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “unknowingly walk into a dangerous situation” +22:3 lxyr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְֽ⁠נֶעֱנָֽשׁוּ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and they pay a penalty” +22:3 ics6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְֽ⁠נֶעֱנָֽשׁוּ 1 Here, **fined** refers to experiencing the negative consequences of not avoiding danger. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and they experience the consequences”\n +22:4 ii8g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עֲ֭נָוָה יִרְאַ֣ת יְהוָ֑ה 1 This could mean: (1) **humility** here refers specifically to **the fear of Yahweh**, as also suggested by the parallelism of these expressions in [15:33](../15/33.md). Alternate translation: “humility, that is, the fear of Yahweh” (2) **humility** and **the fear of Yahweh** are two different things. Alternate translation: “humility and the fear of Yahweh” +22:4 ncqn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns עֲ֭נָוָה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **humility** in [15:33](../15/33.md). +22:4 es97 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession יִרְאַ֣ת יְהוָ֑ה 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:7](../01/07.md). +22:4 k6yx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns עֹ֖שֶׁר וְ⁠כָב֣וֹד 1 See how you translated **riches and honor** in [3:16](../03/16.md). +22:4 glpw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠חַיִּֽים 1 Here, **life** refers to a long **life**. See how you translated the same use of **life** in [10:16](../10/16.md). +22:5 r2h1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun בְּ⁠דֶ֣רֶךְ עִקֵּ֑שׁ שׁוֹמֵ֥ר נַ֝פְשׁ֗⁠וֹ 1 Here, **the way**, **the crooked one**, and **one who guards his life** represent ways and types of people in general, not a specific **way** or people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “are in the ways of the crooked ones; those who guard their lives”\n +22:5 e8f6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor צִנִּ֣ים פַּ֭חִים בְּ⁠דֶ֣רֶךְ עִקֵּ֑שׁ 1 Here, Solomon speaks of bad things that **the crooked one** will experience during his lifetime as if his life were a path with **Thorns** and **traps** on it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the same use of **way** in [15:19](../15/19.md). Alternate translation: “The crooked one will experience many troubles during his lifetime” or “The crooked one will have a difficult life” +22:5 x9ub rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עִקֵּ֑שׁ 1 Here, Solomon uses the **crooked** to refer to being deceptive. See how you translated the same use of **crooked** in [2:15](../02/15.md). +22:5 bj91 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast שׁוֹמֵ֥ר נַ֝פְשׁ֗⁠וֹ 1 The content of this clause is in contrast to the content of the previous clause. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a contrast. Alternate translation: “by contrast, one who guards his life”\n +22:5 dku9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שׁוֹמֵ֥ר נַ֝פְשׁ֗⁠וֹ 1 Here, Solomon speaks of a person who wants to stay alive as if **his life** were something that he **guards**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar phrase “protects his life” in [16:17](../16/17.md). Alternate translation: “one who keeps himself alive”\n +22:5 f1ap rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns מֵ⁠הֶֽם 1 Here, **them** refers to the **Thorns** and **traps** mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “from those thorns and traps” +22:6 kt3e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לַ֭⁠נַּעַר & דַרְכּ֑⁠וֹ & יַ֝זְקִ֗ין לֹֽא־יָס֥וּר 1 Here, **the boy**, **his**, and **he** refer to children in general, not a specific **boy**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any child … that person’s way … that person is old, that person will not turn away” +22:6 je4e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עַל־פִּ֣י דַרְכּ֑⁠וֹ 1 Here, **way** refers to how a person behaves, as in [1:15](../01/15.md). The phrase **according to his way** could mean: (1) the way **the boy** should behave. Alternate translation: “to live how he should live” (2) the way **the boy** is already behaving, in which case **Train up** is an ironic use of a command and this verse would be a warning against letting a young person live however they want. Alternate translation: “to live according to how he is living” +22:6 v87b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לֹֽא־יָס֥וּר מִמֶּֽ⁠נָּה 1 Here, Solomon speaks of a person continuing to behave a certain way as if that person were not turning **away from** that behavior. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the phrase **turn away from** in [3:7](../03/07.md). Alternate translation: “he will continue behaving that way”\n +22:7 dk14 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun עָ֭שִׁיר & וְ⁠עֶ֥בֶד לֹ֝וֶ֗ה לְ⁠אִ֣ישׁ מַלְוֶֽה 1 **A rich one**, **a borrower**, **a slave**, and **a man who lends** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any rich person … and any borrower is a slave to any person who lends” +22:7 z9lm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠עֶ֥בֶד לֹ֝וֶ֗ה לְ⁠אִ֣ישׁ מַלְוֶֽה 1 Here, Solomon implies that the **borrower** is borrowing money. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and a borrower of money is a slave to a man who lends money” +22:8 kpt4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun זוֹרֵ֣עַ עַ֭וְלָה & עֶבְרָת֣⁠וֹ 1 **A sower of iniquity** and **his** refer to a type of person in general, not a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any sower of iniquity … that person’s rage” +22:8 l36j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor זוֹרֵ֣עַ עַ֭וְלָה יקצור־אָ֑וֶן 1 Here, Solomon speaks of someone who does **iniquity** experiencing **disaster** as if **iniquity** were a seed that he plants and **disaster** were the plant that the seed becomes and that he harvests. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “A doer of iniquity will experience the consequences” or “A doer of iniquity will experience disaster like someone who reaps the crops from the seeds he planted” +22:8 iykp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns עַ֭וְלָה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **iniquity** in [6:12](../06/12.md). +22:8 sjnx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְ⁠שֵׁ֖בֶט עֶבְרָת֣⁠וֹ 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **rod** that a **sower of iniquity** uses to express his **rage** by oppressing people. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “and the rod he uses to oppressively express his rage” +22:8 htf6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠שֵׁ֖בֶט 1 Here, Solomon refers to a person’s authority over other people as if it were a **rod**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and the authority of” +22:9 cdse rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun טֽוֹב־עַ֭יִן ה֣וּא & נָתַ֖ן מִ⁠לַּחְמ֣⁠וֹ 1 **The one good of eye**, **he**, and **his** refer to a type of person in general, not a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person good of eye, that person … that person gives from that person’s own bread” +22:9 zhf7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy טֽוֹב־עַ֭יִן 1 Here, **good of eye** refers to seeing what other people need and generously helping them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The generous one” or “The person who is generous to those in need” +22:9 nxi8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ה֣וּא יְבֹרָ֑ךְ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who will do the action, it is clear from the context that it is Yahweh. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will bless him” +22:9 vs46 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche מִ⁠לַּחְמ֣⁠וֹ 1 See how you translated the same use of **bread** in [9:5](../09/05.md).\n +22:9 vzvn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לַ⁠דָּֽל 1 See how you translated the same use of **lowly** in [10:15](../10/15.md). +22:10 bgph rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לֵ֭ץ 1 See how you translated **a mocker** in [9:7](../09/07.md) +22:10 t6nt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מָד֑וֹן & וְ⁠קָלֽוֹן 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **strife** in [16:28](../16/28.md) and **dishonor** in [3:35](../03/35.md). +22:10 rxpn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠יֵצֵ֣א מָד֑וֹן 1 Here, Solomon speaks of **strife** as if it were a person who could **go out** from a place. He means that **strife** will cease. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and strife will cease”\n +22:10 e1t0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit דִּ֣ין 1 Here, **judgment** could refer to: (1) arguments or quarrels in general. Alternate translation: “argument” (2) lawsuits in a legal court. Alternate translation: “lawsuit” +22:11 lzto rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אֹהֵ֥ב & שְׂ֝פָתָ֗י⁠ו רֵעֵ֥⁠הוּ מֶֽלֶךְ 1 **One who loves**, **his**, and **the king** refer to these types of people in general, not to specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who loves … that person’s lips … any king is that person’s friend” +22:11 xzb6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche אֹהֵ֥ב טהור־לֵ֑ב 1 This phrase refers to a person who wants to have **pure** thoughts and **heart** refers to that person’s mind or thoughts. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [2:2](../02/02.md). Alternate translation: “One who wants to have a pure mind” +22:11 tlq4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שְׂ֝פָתָ֗י⁠ו 1 See how you translated the same use of **lips** in [10:18](../10/18.md).\n +22:12 swt2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche עֵינֵ֣י יְ֭הוָה 1 This phrase refers to **Yahweh** himself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly, as in the UST. +22:12 s2lr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy נָ֣צְרוּ דָ֑עַת 1 Here, Solomon speaks of **knowledge** as if it were an object that Yahweh guards. He means that **Yahweh** prevents the content of true **knowledge** from being forgotten. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “prevents true knowledge from being forgotten”\n +22:12 zw3l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַ֝⁠יְסַלֵּ֗ף 1 Here, Solomon refers to **Yahweh** preventing **the words** of **treacherous** people from accomplishing their purposes as if **he overturns** them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and he prevents the success of”\n +22:12 yybm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy דִּבְרֵ֥י 1 See how you translated the similar use of **words** in [1:23](../01/23.md). +22:12 tbpc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun בֹגֵֽד 1 Here, **one who is treacherous** refers to this type of person in general, not a specific **treacherous** person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “any person who is treacherous” +22:13 jg67 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun עָ֭צֵל 1 See how you translated this phrase in [13:4](../13/04.md). +22:13 fp93 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations אָמַ֣ר & אֲרִ֣י בַ⁠ח֑וּץ בְּ⁠ת֥וֹךְ רְ֝חֹב֗וֹת אֵֽרָצֵֽחַ 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “says that a lion is outside and he will be killed in the midst of the open areas” +22:13 iq3x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אָמַ֣ר 1 In this verse, Solomon implies that what the **lazy one** says is not true. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “says falsely” +22:13 mrva rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive אֵֽרָצֵֽחַ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The lion will kill me” +22:13 lqbb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֵֽרָצֵֽחַ 1 Here, the **lazy one** implies that he **will be killed** if he goes outside. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “If I go outside, then I will be killed” +22:14 r1mk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun פִּ֣י זָר֑וֹת זְע֥וּם יְ֝הוָ֗ה 1 **The mouth**, **a strange woman**, and **one cursed of Yahweh** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Mouths of strange women … people who are cursed of Yahweh” +22:14 xka4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy פִּ֣י 1 Here, **mouth** refers to the seductive things that **a strange woman** says with her **mouth**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The seductive speech of” +22:14 xrc5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor זָר֑וֹת 1 See how you translated this phrase in [2:16](../02/16.md). +22:14 eq5h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שׁוּחָ֣ה עֲ֭מֻקָּה & יפול־שָֽׁם 1 Here, Solomon speaks of the danger of obeying the seductive speech of **a strange woman** as if it were **a deep pit** that a person could **fall** into and die if they obeyed that speech. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “is extremely dangerous … will die because of it” or “is dangerous like a deep pit … will fall there and die” +22:14 l326 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive זְע֥וּם יְ֝הוָ֗ה 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “one whom Yahweh has cursed” +22:15 fuj4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns אִ֭וֶּלֶת & מ֝וּסָ֗ר 1 See how you translate the abstract nouns **Folly** in [5:23](../05/23.md) and **discipline** in [13:24](../13/24.md). +22:15 ywtt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor קְשׁוּרָ֣ה בְ⁠לֶב 1 Here, Solomon refers to **a boy** inherently thinking foolishly as if **Folly** were an object **bound up** in that person’s **heart**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is inherently within the mind of” +22:15 ckwo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְ⁠לֶב 1 See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [2:2](../02/02.md). +22:15 u8h3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun נָ֑עַר & מִמֶּֽ⁠נּוּ 1 Here, **a boy** and **him** refer to a child in general, not a specific **boy**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any child … from that child”\n +22:15 j283 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession שֵׁ֥בֶט מ֝וּסָ֗ר 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **rod** that is used to **discipline** someone. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the rod used for discipline” +22:15 eweg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שֵׁ֥בֶט 1 See how you translated the same use of **rod** in [10:13](../10/13.md) and [13:24](../13/24.md). +22:15 dk18 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יַרְחִיקֶ֥⁠נָּה מִמֶּֽ⁠נּוּ 1 Here, Solomon speaks of **discipline** causing a child to stop being foolish as if **Folly** were an object that **the rod of discipline** could cause to go **far away**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will result in him ceasing from folly” +22:16 w7rc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun עֹ֣שֵֽׁק דָּ֭ל לְ⁠הַרְבּ֣וֹת ל֑⁠וֹ נֹתֵ֥ן לְ֝⁠עָשִׁ֗יר 1 **One who oppresses**, **a lowly one**, **himself**, **one who gives**, and **a rich one** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural phrases. Alternate translation: “Any person who oppresses any lowly person to increase for himself, any person who gives to any rich person” +22:16 fm7f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דָּ֭ל 1 See how you translated the same use of **lowly** in [10:15](../10/15.md). +22:16 grcp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis לְ⁠הַרְבּ֣וֹת 1 Solomon is leaving out a word that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply this word from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “to increase wealth”\n +22:16 ra2x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit נֹתֵ֥ן לְ֝⁠עָשִׁ֗יר 1 This phrase refers to someone who does a different activity than the person described in the previous clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly, as in the UST. +22:16 rf0i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis נֹתֵ֥ן לְ֝⁠עָשִׁ֗יר 1 Solomon is leaving out some words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context and previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “one who gives gifts to a rich one to increase wealth” +22:16 d4td rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result לְ⁠מַחְסֽוֹר 1 Here, **will be to** indicates that what follows is the result of what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a result of what came before. Alternate translation: “will result in poverty” +22:17 lgs9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom הַ֥ט אָזְנְ⁠ךָ֗ וּ֭⁠שְׁמַע 1 This phrase means “listen carefully.” See how you translated the same use of the shorter phrase **Incline your ear** in [4:20](../04/20.md). +22:17 l38x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy דִּבְרֵ֣י חֲכָמִ֑ים 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:6](../01/06.md). +22:17 pi8n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ֝⁠לִבְּ⁠ךָ֗ תָּשִׁ֥ית לְ⁠דַעְתִּֽ⁠י 1 Here, **set your heart to** is an idiom that means “think carefully about.” The word **heart** here refers to a person’s mind, as in [2:2](../02/02.md). If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and you must think carefully about my knowledge” +22:17 i9n2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns לְ⁠דַעְתִּֽ⁠י 1 Here, **knowledge** refers to the **knowledge** that Solomon wants his readers to know. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “to what I want you to know” +22:18 kz1e rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּֽי 1 **For** here indicates that what follows is a reason for the commands in the previous verse. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “Do these things because”\n +22:18 a5hd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תִשְׁמְרֵ֣⁠ם בְּ⁠בִטְנֶ֑⁠ךָ 1 Here, Solomon speaks of remembering something as if it were an object that someone should **keep** inside that person’s **inner parts**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you remember them” +22:18 zaoj rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns תִשְׁמְרֵ֣⁠ם & יִכֹּ֥נוּ 1 Here, **them** and **they** refer to “the words of the wise” and “my knowledge” in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “you keep those words … those words are ready” +22:18 av27 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יִכֹּ֥נוּ יַ֝חְדָּ֗ו עַל־שְׂפָתֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 This clause refers to an additional condition for **it** being **pleasant**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly, as in the UST. +22:18 nl9j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִכֹּ֥נוּ יַ֝חְדָּ֗ו עַל־שְׂפָתֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 Here, Solomon speaks of someone always being able to repeat “the words of the wise” as if they were objects **on** someone’s **lips** that **are ready** to come out. if it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and if you are prepared to say them all” +22:19 xrwq rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal לִ⁠הְי֣וֹת & מִבְטַחֶ֑⁠ךָ 1 **For** here indicates that what follows is the purpose for the second clause in this verse. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a purpose for what comes after. Alternate translation: “In order for your trust to be” +22:19 a02b rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense הוֹדַעְתִּ֖י⁠ךָ 1 Solomon uses the past tense here in order to refer to something that is happening while he is writing these verses, which is the time he calls **today**. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you could use the present tense. Alternate translation: “I am causing you to know” +22:19 w6fc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis הוֹדַעְתִּ֖י⁠ךָ 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from [22:17](../22/17.md) if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “I have caused you to know the words of the wise” +22:19 wr39 אַף־אָֽתָּה 1 Here, Solomon repeats **you** to emphasize to whom he is teaching these proverbs. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this emphasis in a different way. Alternate translation: “yes, I have taught you” +22:20 bb5s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲ⁠לֹ֤א כָתַ֣בְתִּי 1 This phrase indicates that Solomon is using the question form in this verse and the next verse in order to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “I have surely written” +22:20 gv66 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense הֲ⁠לֹ֤א כָתַ֣בְתִּי 1 Solomon uses the past tense here in order to refer to something that is happening while he is writing these verses, which is the time he calls **today** in the previous verse. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you could use the present tense. Alternate translation: “Am I not writing” +22:20 q77c rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants שָׁלִישִׁ֑ים 1 Some ancient manuscripts read, “excellent sayings.” If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT. +22:20 ukub rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּ⁠מ֖וֹעֵצֹ֣ת וָ⁠דָֽעַת 1 Here, **counsels and knowledge** refer to what the **thirty things** are. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “that are counsels and knowledge” +22:20 s3i2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּ⁠מ֖וֹעֵצֹ֣ת וָ⁠דָֽעַת 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **counsels** and **knowledge**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. See how you translated **knowledge** in [1:4](../01/04.md). Alternate translation: “that can counsel you and make you knowledgeable” +22:21 q8xu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion לְ⁠הוֹדִֽיעֲ⁠ךָ֗ 1 This verse continues the rhetorical question that began in the previous verse. If you divide these two verses into separate sentences, then you will need to repeat part of the previous sentence. Alternate translation: “I have surely written these things to cause you to know” +22:21 d5sr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns קֹ֭שְׁטְ & אֱמֶ֑ת 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **truth** in [8:7](../08/07.md) and **trustworthiness** in [3:3](../03/03.md). +22:21 jl39 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession אִמְרֵ֣י אֱמֶ֑ת 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **words** that are characterized by **trustworthiness**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the trustworthy words” +22:21 r2f9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אִמְרֵ֣י & אֲמָרִ֥ים 1 See how you translated the same use of **words** in [1:23](../01/23.md). +22:21 ygvk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion לְ⁠הָשִׁ֥יב 1 Here, **to** indicates that what follows is a second purpose for Solomon writing these “words of the wise”. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a second purpose. Alternate translation: “and to return” +22:21 f7m5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לְ⁠הָשִׁ֥יב 1 Here, Solomon refers to replying to someone with **trustworthy words** as if they were objects that one returns to someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and to reply with” +22:21 l5jf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לְ⁠שֹׁלְחֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 Here, Solomon implies that he is speaking to a messenger whom his master has **sent**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “to your master who sent you” +22:22 nk4t [22:22](../22/22.md)–[23](../22/23.md) is Saying 1 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.” +22:22 aq5t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun דָּ֭ל & דַל־ה֑וּא & עָנִ֣י 1 Here, **a lowly one**, **he**, and **an afflicted one** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any lowly person … that person is lowly … any afflicted person” +22:22 su1v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דָּ֭ל & דַל 1 See how you translated the same use of **lowly** in [10:15](../10/15.md). +22:22 ws7l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠אַל־תְּדַכֵּ֖א 1 Here, the writer refers to oppressing **an afflicted one** as if someone were crushing that person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly, as in the UST. +22:22 z1ia rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בַ⁠שָּֽׁעַר 1 Here, **the gate** refers to place in a city where people settled legal arguments (see [Ruth 4:1–12](../rut/04/01.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “at the place for legal arguments”\n +22:23 a2vp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יְ֭הוָה יָרִ֣יב רִיבָ֑⁠ם 1 Here, the writer refers to **Yahweh** protecting “an afflicted one” as if he were a lawyer defending that person in court. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will protect them” or “Yahweh will protect them like a lawyer who defends them in court” +22:23 ied3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns רִיבָ֑⁠ם & קֹבְעֵי⁠הֶ֣ם 1 In this verse, **their** and **them** refer to the afflicted and poor people referenced in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the dispute of poor people … those who plunder poor people” +22:23 c70k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רִיבָ֑⁠ם 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **dispute** in [15:18](../15/18.md). +22:23 m5k2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠קָבַ֖ע & נָֽפֶשׁ 1 Here, the writer refers to **Yahweh**killing a person who tries to **plunder** a poor person as if he were a thief who plunders that person’s **life**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he will cause to die” +22:24 himv [22:24](../22/24.md)–[25](../22/25.md) is Saying 2 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.” +22:24 w16m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism אַל־תִּ֭תְרַע אֶת־בַּ֣עַל אָ֑ף וְ⁠אֶת־אִ֥ישׁ חֵ֝מוֹת לֹ֣א תָבֽוֹא 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Do not befriend an owner of nose, yes, do not go with a man of heat” +22:24 e6fh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun בַּ֣עַל אָ֑ף & אִ֥ישׁ חֵ֝מוֹת 1 Here, **an owner of nose** and **a man of heat** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any owner of nose … any person of heat” +22:24 cpi3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בַּ֣עַל אָ֑ף 1 The phrase is an idiom that refers to a person who is characteristically angry. The word **nose** means “anger” by association with the way that a person who is angry breathes heavily through his **nose**. Your language and culture may also associate anger with a particular part of the body. If so, you could use an expression involving that part of the body in your translation. You could also use plain language. Alternate translation: “an angry person”\n +22:24 cc8z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אִ֥ישׁ חֵ֝מוֹת 1 See how you translated this phrase in [15:18](../15/18.md). +22:25 srzt rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases פֶּן 1 Here, **lest** indicates that this verse continues the sentence that began in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this a new sentence. Alternate translation: “Do not do that, lest” +22:25 jz7s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תֶּאֱלַ֥ף אֹֽרְחֹתָ֑יו 1 Here, the writer speaks of someone behaving like someone else as if that person **learns** the **paths** which the other person walks on. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the same use of **paths** in [2:15](../02/15.md). Alternate translation: “you behave like him” +22:25 s2i8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠לָקַחְתָּ֖ מוֹקֵ֣שׁ לְ⁠נַפְשֶֽׁ⁠ךָ 1 Here, the writer speaks of a person causing his life to be in danger as if that person were an animal that gets caught in a **snare**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “and you will put your life in danger” or “and you will be like an animal that gets caught in a snare and cannot escape” +22:26 m26i [22:26](../22/26.md)–[27](../22/27.md) is Saying 3 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.” +22:26 ftq6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis אַל־תְּהִ֥י בְ⁠תֹֽקְעֵי־כָ֑ף בַּ֝⁠עֹרְבִ֗ים מַשָּׁאֽוֹת 1 In the second clause, the writer is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the first clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “Do not be among those who clasp a palm; do not be among those who pledge for loans” +22:26 gmwt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism אַל־תְּהִ֥י בְ⁠תֹֽקְעֵי־כָ֑ף בַּ֝⁠עֹרְבִ֗ים מַשָּׁאֽוֹת 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word that shows that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Do not be among those who clasp a palm, yes, do not be among those who pledge for loans” +22:26 aq44 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אַל־תְּהִ֥י בְ⁠תֹֽקְעֵי־כָ֑ף 1 The phrase **do not be among** could refer to: (1) not associating with **those who clasp a palm**. Alternate translation: “Do not associate with those who clasp a palm” (2) not participating in what **those who clasp a palm** do. Alternate translation: “Do not be like those who clasp a palm” or “Do not clasp a palm” +22:26 rnd6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בְ⁠תֹֽקְעֵי־כָ֑ף 1 See how you translated the same idiom in [6:1](../06/01.md) and [17:18](../17/18.md). +22:26 wt7u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בַּ֝⁠עֹרְבִ֗ים 1 See how you translated the same use of **pledge** in [6:1](../06/01.md). +22:27 r204 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result אִם 1 This verse gives a reason for the commands in the previous verse. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “Do not do those things because if”\n +22:27 p5uf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֵֽין־לְ⁠ךָ֥ לְ⁠שַׁלֵּ֑ם 1 Here, the writer is referring to repaying the loans mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “there is no money for you to repay the loan” +22:27 cwjf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion לָ֥⁠מָּה יִקַּ֥ח מִ֝שְׁכָּבְ⁠ךָ֗ מִ⁠תַּחְתֶּֽי⁠ךָ 1 The writer is using the question form to emphasize what will happen if a person cannot repay a loan for someone else. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “surely he will take away your bed from under you!” +22:27 y5hd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יִקַּ֥ח מִ֝שְׁכָּבְ⁠ךָ֗ מִ⁠תַּחְתֶּֽי⁠ךָ 1 This clause refers to a person who loaned money taking away the **bed** of someone because that person was unable to pay the loan that he had promised to pay for someone else. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “should the lender take away your bed from under you because you were not able to repay the loan” +22:28 de0m [22:28](../22/28.md) is Saying 4 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.” +22:28 hrlp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אַל־תַּ֭סֵּג גְּב֣וּל עוֹלָ֑ם 1 The writer implies that someone moves the **ancient boundary** in order to cheat the landowner by changing the boundaries of his land. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Do not cheat a landowner by moving the ancient boundary” +22:28 tb1b rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown גְּב֣וּל עוֹלָ֑ם 1 The phrase **ancient boundary** refers to stones that people used to mark the boundaries of the land that they owned. These boundaries were **ancient** because they were originally placed by the landowner's ancestors. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of **boundary** marker, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “the stones placed long ago that mark the borders of someone’s land” +22:28 j4id rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲבוֹתֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 Here, **fathers** means “ancestors.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “your ancestors” +22:29 ep6r [22:29](../22/29.md) is Saying 5 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.” +22:29 ree0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion חָזִ֡יתָ אִ֤ישׁ ׀ מָ֘הִ֤יר בִּ⁠מְלַאכְתּ֗⁠וֹ 1 Although the Hebrew text is not worded like a question, several translations make this clause into a rhetorical question. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate this as a question. Alternate translation: “Have you seen a man skilled in his work?” +22:29 uljc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אִ֤ישׁ ׀ מָ֘הִ֤יר בִּ⁠מְלַאכְתּ֗⁠וֹ & יִתְיַצָּ֑ב & בַּל־יִ֝תְיַצֵּב 1 Here, **a skilled man**, **his**, **he**, and **himself** refer to a type of person in general, not a specific **man**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “people skilled in their work; those people will station themselves … they will not station themselves” +22:29 tf37 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לִֽ⁠פְנֵֽי & יִתְיַצָּ֑ב בַּל־יִ֝תְיַצֵּב לִ⁠פְנֵ֥י 1 The phrase **station himself before the face of** is an idiom that means “to enter the service of.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he will enter the service of … he will not enter the service of” +23:intro eva7 0 # Proverbs 23 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\n4. Sayings from wise men (22:17–24:22)\n * Introduction to the sayings (22:17–21)\n * The sayings (22:22–24:22)\n\nChapter 23 continues the section of 30 sayings by “the wise ones” that began in [22:22](../22/22.md). This chapter mostly contains longer proverbs, except for [23:9](../23/09.md) and [23:12](../23/12.md).\n +23:1 l415 [23:1](../23/01.md)–[3](../23/03.md) is Saying 6 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.” +23:1 z181 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מוֹשֵׁ֑ל 1 The word **ruler** represents rulers in general, not one particular **ruler**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “any ruler” +23:1 u73h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֶת־אֲשֶׁ֥ר 1 This could refer to: (1) the food that is put in front of you. Alternate translation: “what food” (2) the person seated in front of you. Alternate translation: “who” +23:2 lu62 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠שַׂמְתָּ֣ שַׂכִּ֣ין בְּ⁠לֹעֶ֑⁠ךָ 1 This phrase is an idiom that means “restrain yourself.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and you should cut down your appetite” or “and you should control yourself” +23:2 frvy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בַּ֖עַל נֶ֣פֶשׁ 1 The phrase **an owner of appetite** refers to a person who likes to eat a lot. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “have a big appetite” or “are a person who likes to eat” +23:3 zkz5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns לְ⁠מַטְעַמּוֹתָ֑י⁠ו 1 Here, **his** refers to the “ruler” mentioned in [23:1](../23/01.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “that ruler’s delicious morsels” +23:3 rn1s וְ֝⁠ה֗וּא 1 Although **it** is singular, it refers to the **delicious morsels** in the previous clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate this with a plural form. Alternate translation: “for they” +23:3 tjm2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession לֶ֣חֶם כְּזָבִֽים 1 Here, the writer is using the possessive form to refer to **bread** that someone gives for the purpose of **lies**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “is bread for deception” +23:3 w61m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לֶ֣חֶם 1 See how you translated the same use of **bread** in [9:5](../09/05.md). +23:4 rbf0 [23:4](../23/04.md)–[5](../23/05.md) is Saying 7 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.” +23:4 a4va rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מִֽ⁠בִּינָתְ⁠ךָ֥ חֲדָֽל 1 This phrase could mean: (1) because you have **understanding**, you should **cease**. Alternate translation: “cease because of your understanding” (2) **from** having an incorrect understanding, which is what is described in the previous clause. Alternate translation: “cease from your wrong understanding about gaining riches” +23:5 vjit rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲתָ֤עִיף עֵינֶ֥י⁠ךָ בּ֗⁠וֹ וְֽ⁠אֵ֫ינֶ֥⁠נּוּ 1 The writer is using the question form to emphasize how easily wealth is lost. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “You will surely cause your eyes to fly to it, but it will not be there!” +23:5 n9hd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הֲתָ֤עִיף עֵינֶ֥י⁠ךָ בּ֗⁠וֹ 1 Here, the writer speaks of someone looking at riches as if his **eyes** were a bird that could **fly** to the riches. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Will you look at it” +23:5 qvbi rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns בּ֗⁠וֹ וְֽ⁠אֵ֫ינֶ֥⁠נּוּ & יַעֲשֶׂה־לּ֣⁠וֹ & יָע֥וּף 1 In this verse, **it** and **itself** refers to the riches mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “to the riches, but they are not there … those riches will make … for themselves … those riches will fly into” +23:5 e2wy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְֽ⁠אֵ֫ינֶ֥⁠נּוּ 1 The writer implies that a person loses his wealth as soon as he sees it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but it is lost” +23:5 y0uz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-reduplication עָשֹׂ֣ה יַעֲשֶׂה 1 The writer is repeating the verb **make** in order to intensify the idea that it expresses. If your language can repeat words for intensification, it would be appropriate to do that here in your translation. If not, your language may have another way of expressing the emphasis. Alternate translation: “it will surely make” +23:5 sp17 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עָשֹׂ֣ה יַעֲשֶׂה־לּ֣⁠וֹ כְנָפַ֑יִם כְּ֝⁠נֶ֗שֶׁר יָע֥וּף הַ⁠שָּׁמָֽיִם 1 Here, the writer speaks of a person quickly losing his wealth as if that wealth made **wings for itself** and flew away **into the sky**. The wealth will **fly** **like an eagle** because eagles **fly** quickly. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “it will surely disappear quickly” or “it will surely disappear as if it had wings and flew away quickly like an eagle” +23:5 whha rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown כְּ֝⁠נֶ֗שֶׁר 1 An **eagle** is a bird that can fly quickly. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of bird, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “like a quick bird” +23:6 afl6 [23:6](../23/06.md)–[8](../23/08.md) is Saying 8 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.” +23:6 su9w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לֶ֭חֶם 1 See how you translated the same use of **bread** in [9:5](../09/05.md). +23:6 k6yo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun רַ֣ע עָ֑יִן & לְ⁠מַטְעַמֹּתָֽי⁠ו 1 Here, **one evil of eye** and **his** refer to a type of person in general, not a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any person evil of eye … that person’s delicious morsels” +23:6 tqmw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom רַ֣ע עָ֑יִן 1 The phrase **one evil of eye** is an idiom that means “a stingy person.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “one who is stingy” +23:6 jtt7 לְ⁠מַטְעַמֹּתָֽי⁠ו 1 See how you translated this phrase in [23:3](../23/03.md). +23:7 ki1f rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֤י 1 **For** here indicates that what follows is a reason for the commands in the previous verse. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “Don’t do those things because”\n +23:7 s2ae rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis כְּמוֹ־שָׁעַ֥ר 1 The writer is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “like one who calculates the cost of the food” +23:7 oai7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּ⁠נַפְשׁ֗⁠וֹ 1 Here, the writer uses **soul** to refer a person’s inner being or mind. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in his inner being” or “in his mind”\n +23:7 a1zv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations אֱכֹ֣ל וּ֭⁠שְׁתֵה יֹ֣אמַר לָ֑⁠ךְ 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “He will tell you to eat and drink”\n +23:7 lbe8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ֝⁠לִבּ֗⁠וֹ בַּל־עִמָּֽ⁠ךְ 1 The phrase **his heart is not with you** is an idiom that means “he is not being sincere with you.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but he is not speaking sincerely to you” or “but he is not being honest with you” +23:8 aw14 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole פִּֽתְּ⁠ךָ־אָכַ֥לְתָּ תְקִיאֶ֑⁠נָּה 1 This clause could mean: (1) the person feels like vomiting, in which case this clause is an exaggeration. Alternate translation: “You will feel like vomiting up what you ate” (2) the person actually vomits, as in the ULT. +23:8 pipr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit תְקִיאֶ֑⁠נָּה 1 The writer could imply that the person vomits or feels like vomiting because he is so disgusted at the attitude of the stingy person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “You will feel disgusted with him and vomit up” +23:8 sc2k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit פִּֽתְּ⁠ךָ 1 Here, **morsel** most likely refers to a small amount of food. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “your bit of food” or “your small amount of food” +23:8 z3l6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ֝⁠שִׁחַ֗תָּ 1 Here, the writer refers to speaking **words** in vain as if they were objects that one could **ruin**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and you will uselessly speak” +23:8 r0s8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy דְּבָרֶ֥י⁠ךָ הַ⁠נְּעִימִֽים 1 See how you translated the similar use of **words** in [1:23](../01/23.md). +23:9 fp4q [23:9](../23/09.md) is Saying 9 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.” +23:9 u4q5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּ⁠אָזְנֵ֣י & אַל־תְּדַבֵּ֑ר 1 The phrase **speak in the ears** refers to speaking directly to someone so that the person can clearly hear with his **ears** what is being said. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Do not speak directly to” +23:9 o70i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun כְ֭סִיל & יָ֝ב֗וּז 1 See how you translated the same use of **a stupid one** and **he** in [10:18](../10/18.md). +23:9 f7k2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns לְ⁠שֵׂ֣כֶל 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **insight** in [1:3](../01/03.md). +23:9 wgx9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מִלֶּֽי⁠ךָ 1 See how you translated the similar use of **words** in [1:23](../01/23.md). +23:10 re1w [23:10](../23/10.md)–[11](../23/11.md) is Saying 10 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.” +23:10 iha4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אַל־תַּ֭סֵּג גְּב֣וּל עוֹלָ֑ם 1 See how you translated this clause in [22:28](../22/28.md). +23:10 a9cb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּ⁠בִ⁠שְׂדֵ֥י יְ֝תוֹמִ֗ים אַל־תָּבֹֽא 1 The connection with the previous clause indicates that the phrase **enter into** here refers to taking over or using the land that belongs to someone else. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “do not take over the fields of fatherless ones” or “do not encroach on the fields of fatherless ones” +23:10 u7re rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יְ֝תוֹמִ֗ים 1 The phrase **fatherless ones** refers to children who have lost their fathers and so do not have anyone to protect them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “children without fathers to protect them” +23:11 p1uf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit גֹאֲלָ֥⁠ם 1 Here, **their redeemer** refers to Yahweh. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “their Redeemer, Yahweh,”\r\n +23:11 bgi8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הֽוּא־יָרִ֖יב אֶת־רִיבָ֣⁠ם אִתָּֽ⁠ךְ 1 Here, the writer refers to Yahweh protecting “the fatherless ones” as if he were a lawyer who defends them in a legal **dispute**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he himself will defend the orphans against you” +23:11 sllo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns הֽוּא־יָרִ֖יב 1 The writer uses the word **himself** to emphasize how significant it was that Yahweh defends the defenseless. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this significance. Alternate translation: “he indeed will plead” +23:11 jouk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רִיבָ֣⁠ם 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **dispute** in [15:18](../15/18.md). +23:12 mpsa [23:12](../23/12.md) is Saying 11 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.” +23:12 ipfy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis הָבִ֣יאָ⁠ה לַ⁠מּוּסָ֣ר לִבֶּ֑⁠ךָ וְ֝⁠אָזְנֶ֗⁠ךָ לְ⁠אִמְרֵי־דָֽעַת 1 The writer is leaving out a word in the second clause that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply the word from the first clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “Bring your heart to correction and bring your ear to words of knowledge” +23:12 a7oi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism הָבִ֣יאָ⁠ה לַ⁠מּוּסָ֣ר לִבֶּ֑⁠ךָ וְ֝⁠אָזְנֶ֗⁠ךָ לְ⁠אִמְרֵי־דָֽעַת 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Bring your heart to correction, yes, bring your ear to words of knowledge” +23:12 pgj6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom הָבִ֣יאָ⁠ה לַ⁠מּוּסָ֣ר לִבֶּ֑⁠ךָ 1 Here, **bring your heart to** is an idiom that means “think carefully about.” The word **heart** here refers to a person’s mind, as in [2:2](../02/02.md). If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. See how you translated the same use of the phrase “set your heart to” in [22:17](../22/17.md). Alternate translation: “Think carefully about correction”\n +23:12 v2r3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns לַ⁠מּוּסָ֣ר 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **correction** in [3:11](../03/11.md). +23:12 jul6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ֝⁠אָזְנֶ֗⁠ךָ 1 See how you translated the same use of **ear** in [22:17](../22/17.md). +23:12 gn45 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession לְ⁠אִמְרֵי־דָֽעַת 1 See how you translated **words of knowledge** in [19:27](../19/27.md). +23:13 uhz1 [23:13](../23/13.md)–[14](../23/14.md) is Saying 12 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.” +23:13 r8dq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אַל־תִּמְנַ֣ע & מוּסָ֑ר 1 Here, the writer speaks of refusing to **discipline** a child as if **discipline** were an object that a parent refuses to give to his child. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Do not neglect to discipline” +23:13 qfa7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מוּסָ֑ר 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **discipline** in [13:24](../13/24.md). +23:13 xirt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מִ⁠נַּ֣עַר & תַכֶּ֥⁠נּוּ & לֹ֣א יָמֽוּת 1 Here, **a boy**, **him**, and **he** refer to children in general, not to a specific **boy**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated the same use of **boy** and **he** in [22:6](../22/06.md). Alternate translation: “from any child … you strike that child … that child will not die” +23:13 uavh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit תַכֶּ֥⁠נּוּ בַ֝⁠שֵּׁ֗בֶט 1 This phrase refers to a form of punishment that involved hitting a person with a **rod**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a general expression for physical punishment. Alternate translation: “you punish him physically” or “you punish him by hitting him with a rod”\n +23:14 jx2r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בַּ⁠שֵּׁ֣בֶט תַּכֶּ֑⁠נּוּ 1 See how you translated this phrase in the previous verse. +23:14 n86g rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וְ֝⁠נַפְשׁ֗⁠וֹ & תַּצִּֽיל 1 Here, **and** introduces the result of obeying the command stated in the previous clause. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate results. You may need to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “If you do these things, then you will rescue his life” or “This will result in you rescuing his life”\n +23:14 fwe9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ֝⁠נַפְשׁ֗⁠וֹ מִ⁠שְּׁא֥וֹל תַּצִּֽיל 1 Here, the writer speaks of someone preventing his child from dying as if he were rescuing **his life from Sheol**, which is the place where people’s spirits go when they die. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and you will keep him alive” +23:15 c9zs [23:15](../23/15.md)–[16](../23/16.md) is Saying 13 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.” +23:15 p7th rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בְּ֭נִ⁠י 1 See how you translated the same use of this phrase in [1:8](../01/08.md). +23:15 wwa4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לִבֶּ֑⁠ךָ & לִבִּ֣⁠י 1 In this verse, **heart** refers to the whole person. See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [14:10](../14/10.md). +23:16 mx6i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche כִלְיוֹתָ֑⁠י 1 Here, **inner parts** refers to the whole person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly, as in the UST. +23:16 sij3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche שְׂ֝פָתֶ֗י⁠ךָ 1 Here, **lips** refers to the whole person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly, as in the UST. +23:17 bxdp [23:17](../23/17.md)–[18](../23/18.md) is Saying 14 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.” +23:17 zgy6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לִ֭בְּ⁠ךָ 1 Here, **heart** refers to the whole person. See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [14:10](../14/10.md). +23:17 nh9x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis כִּ֥י אִם־בְּ⁠יִרְאַת־יְ֝הוָ֗ה 1 The writer is leaving out a word that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply this word from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “but rather continue in the fear of Yahweh” +23:17 jzab rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְּ⁠יִרְאַת־יְ֝הוָ֗ה 1 See how you translated **the fear of Yahweh** in [1:7](../01/07.md). +23:18 ld0g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כִּ֭י אִם־יֵ֣שׁ אַחֲרִ֑ית 1 Here, the writer implies that the contents of the verse are true if the person has “the fear of Yahweh” mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “If you have the fear of Yahweh, then surely there is a future” +23:18 lfbd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יֵ֣שׁ אַחֲרִ֑ית 1 Here, the writer implies that the **future** is good and is for the person addressed as **your** in the next clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “there is a good future for you” +23:18 d3fz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְ֝⁠תִקְוָתְ⁠ךָ֗ לֹ֣א תִכָּרֵֽת 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The context implies that Yahweh will do the action. Alternate translation: “and Yahweh will not cut off your hope” +23:18 vqe3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וְ֝⁠תִקְוָתְ⁠ךָ֗ 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **hope** in [10:28](../10/28.md). +23:18 gu9z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לֹ֣א תִכָּרֵֽת 1 Here, the writer speaks of **hope** not remaining unfulfilled as if it were an object can **will not be cut off**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will not remain unfulfilled” or “will not fail to become reality” +23:18 uxul rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes לֹ֣א תִכָּרֵֽת 1 The writer is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, **not**, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “will surely become reality” +23:19 jwu3 [23:19](../23/19.md)–[21](../23/21.md) is Saying 15 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.” +23:19 kgog rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בְנִ֣⁠י 1 See how you translated the same use of **son** in [1:8](../01/08.md). +23:19 r8w2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal וַ⁠חֲכָ֑ם 1 Here, **and** indicates that what follows is the purpose for doing what the writer commands his **son** to do in this verse. Use a connector in your language that makes indicates a purpose. See how you translated this phrase in [6:6](../06/06.md).\n +23:19 jg2g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠אַשֵּׁ֖ר בַּ⁠דֶּ֣רֶךְ לִבֶּֽ⁠ךָ 1 Here, the writer refers to deciding to think about the right way to behave as if someone were leading his **heart** to go on a path. The word **heart** here refers to a person’s mind, as in [2:2](../02/02.md), and **way** refers to right human behavior. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and decide to think about right behavior” +23:20 xyh0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אַל־תְּהִ֥י בְ⁠סֹֽבְאֵי 1 See how you translated the same use of **Do not be among** in [22:26](../22/26.md). +23:20 sag8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis בְּ⁠זֹלֲלֵ֖י בָשָׂ֣ר 1 The writer is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and do not be among gluttonous eaters of flesh” +23:20 ssxn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche בָשָׂ֣ר 1 Here, **flesh** refers to meat, which is animal **flesh**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly, as in the UST. +23:21 kz43 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun סֹבֵ֣א וְ֭⁠זוֹלֵל 1 Here, **one who drinks much** and **one who eats gluttonously** refer to types of people in general, not to specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any person who drinks much and any person who eats gluttonously” +23:21 u544 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit סֹבֵ֣א וְ֭⁠זוֹלֵל 1 The writer implies that these people drink too much wine and gluttonously eat too much meat. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. See how you translated the similar phrases “drinkers of much wine” and “gluttonous eaters of flesh” in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “one who drinks too much wine and one who gluttonously eats too much meat” +23:21 oavg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וּ֝⁠קְרָעִ֗ים תַּלְבִּ֥ישׁ נוּמָֽה 1 Here, the writer refers to people becoming poor because they sleep too much as if **slumber** were a person who clothes those people **with rags**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and they will be clothed with rags because they slept too much” +23:21 riow rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּ֝⁠קְרָעִ֗ים תַּלְבִּ֥ישׁ נוּמָֽה 1 Here, **clothe with rags** indicates that a person is so poor that they only have **rags** for clothing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and slumber will make one so poor that he only has rags to wear” +23:22 figy [23:22](../23/22.md)–[25](../23/25.md) is Saying 16 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.” +23:23 zp6m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֱמֶ֣ת קְ֭נֵה וְ⁠אַל־תִּמְכֹּ֑ר 1 Here, the writer speaks of learning and remembering **truth** as if it were an object that someone can **Acquire** and **sell**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Learn truth and do not forget it” +23:23 aooc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns אֱמֶ֣ת & חָכְמָ֖ה וּ⁠מוּסָ֣ר וּ⁠בִינָֽה 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **truth** in [8:7](../08/07.md) and **wisdom**, **instruction**, and **understanding** in [1:2](../01/02.md). +23:23 yhtr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes וְ⁠אַל־תִּמְכֹּ֑ר 1 The writer is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, **not**, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “and keep it” +23:23 i6cc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis חָכְמָ֖ה וּ⁠מוּסָ֣ר וּ⁠בִינָֽה 1 The writer is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and acquire wisdom and instruction and understanding” +23:24 rity rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism גִּ֣יל יָ֭גִיל אֲבִ֣י צַדִּ֑יק וְיוֹלֵ֥ד חָ֝כָ֗ם יִשְׂמַח־בּֽ⁠וֹ 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “The father of a righteous one, rejoicing, will rejoice; yes, one who begets a wise one, he will be glad in him” +23:24 rzg3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אֲבִ֣י צַדִּ֑יק וְיוֹלֵ֥ד חָ֝כָ֗ם & בּֽ⁠וֹ 1 **The father**, **a righteous one**, **one who begets**, **a wise one**, and **him** refer to types of people in general, not to specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any father of any righteous person … and any person who begets any wise person … in that person” +23:24 qls1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-reduplication גִּ֣יל יָ֭גִיל 1 The writer is repeating the verb **rejoice** in order to intensify the idea that it expresses. If your language can repeat words for intensification, it would be appropriate to do that here in your translation. If not, your language may have another way of expressing the emphasis. Alternate translation: “he will greatly rejoice”\n +23:24 b6a9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result בּֽ⁠וֹ 1 The word translated as **in** indicates that what follows is the reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “on account of him” +23:25 wtse rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism יִֽשְׂמַח־אָבִ֥י⁠ךָ וְ⁠אִמֶּ֑⁠ךָ וְ֝⁠תָגֵ֗ל יֽוֹלַדְתֶּֽ⁠ךָ 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “May your father and your mother be glad; yes, may she who bore you rejoice” +23:25 m9q7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative יִֽשְׂמַח־אָבִ֥י⁠ךָ וְ⁠אִמֶּ֑⁠ךָ וְ֝⁠תָגֵ֗ל יֽוֹלַדְתֶּֽ⁠ךָ 1 The writer is using an appeal statement to give a command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command form. Alternate translation: “Make your father and your mother be glad, and make she who bore you rejoice” +23:25 ao7k rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result יִֽשְׂמַח־אָבִ֥י⁠ךָ וְ⁠אִמֶּ֑⁠ךָ 1 This verse states the intended result of what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is what should be the result of what came before. Alternate translation: “Therefore, may your father and your mother be glad” +23:26 c77m [23:26](../23/26.md)–[28](../23/28.md) is Saying 17 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.” +23:26 ds3t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תְּנָֽ⁠ה & לִבְּ⁠ךָ֣ לִ֑⁠י 1 Here, the writer refers to paying careful attention to someone as if the **son** were to **give** his **heart** to him. The word **heart** here refers to a person’s mind, as in [2:2](../02/02.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “pay careful attention to me” +23:26 s0t5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative וְ֝⁠עֵינֶ֗י⁠ךָ דְּרָכַ֥⁠י תִּצֹּֽרְנָה 1 The writer is using an appeal statement to give a command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command form. Alternate translation: “and make your eyes watch my ways” +23:26 zdk9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וְ֝⁠עֵינֶ֗י⁠ךָ & תִּצֹּֽרְנָה 1 Here, **eyes** the whole person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and may you look carefully at” +23:26 me0c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דְּרָכַ֥⁠י 1 See how you translated the same use of **ways** in [3:6](../03/06.md). +23:27 b64j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism כִּֽי־שׁוּחָ֣ה עֲמֻקָּ֣ה זוֹנָ֑ה וּ⁠בְאֵ֥ר צָ֝רָ֗ה נָכְרִיָּֽה 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “For a prostitute is a deep pit, yes, and a foreign woman is a narrow well” +23:27 squ9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun שׁוּחָ֣ה עֲמֻקָּ֣ה זוֹנָ֑ה וּ⁠בְאֵ֥ר צָ֝רָ֗ה נָכְרִיָּֽה 1 Here, **a prostitute**, **a deep pit**, **a foreign woman**, and **a narrow well** refer to these things and types of people in general, not to specific things or people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any prostitute is a deep pit, and any foreign woman is a narrow well” +23:27 y9ln rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שׁוּחָ֣ה עֲמֻקָּ֣ה 1 See how you translated this phrase in [22:14](../22/14.md). +23:27 i17l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נָכְרִיָּֽה 1 See how you translated this phrase in [2:16](../02/16.md). +23:27 zt34 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ⁠בְאֵ֥ר צָ֝רָ֗ה 1 Here, the writer speaks of the inescapable danger of **a foreign woman** as if she were a **narrow well** that a person could fall into and not get out of. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “and … is dangerous” or “and … is dangerous like a narrow well”\n +23:28 acrj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile הִ֭יא כְּ⁠חֶ֣תֶף תֶּֽאֱרֹ֑ב 1 Here, the writer compares a prostitute to a **robber** who **lies in wait** because she wants to get the man’s money. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. See how you translated **lies in wait** in [7:12](../07/12.md). Alternate translation: “she herself lies in wait to steal a man’s money like a robber” +23:28 r31o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns הִ֭יא & תֶּֽאֱרֹ֑ב 1 The writer uses the word **herself** to emphasize who harms men. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this significance. Alternate translation: “she is the very one who lies in wait” +23:28 x4yu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ֝⁠בוֹגְדִ֗ים & תּוֹסִֽף 1 Here, the writer speaks of a prostitute causing men to act unfaithfully as if she were adding them to a group of **treacherous ones**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and she causes more men to become treacherous” +23:28 d1kh rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns בְּ⁠אָדָ֥ם 1 In this verse, the word **man** is singular in form, but it refers to all men as a group. If it would be helpful in your language, you could say this plainly, as in the UST. +23:29 hvmg [23:29](../23/29.md)–[35](../23/35.md) is Saying 18 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.” +23:29 l7du rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion לְ⁠מִ֨י א֥וֹי לְ⁠מִ֪י אֲב֡וֹי לְ⁠מִ֤י מדונים ׀ לְ⁠מִ֥י שִׂ֗יחַ לְ֭⁠מִי פְּצָעִ֣ים חִנָּ֑ם לְ֝⁠מִ֗י חַכְלִל֥וּת עֵינָֽיִם 1 The writer uses these questions to prepare the reader for the point he is about to make about “those who linger over wine” in the next verse. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “I will tell you what kind of person has woe, sorrow, quarrels, lament, wounds without reason, and dullness of eyes.” +23:29 baid rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns לְ⁠מִ֨י א֥וֹי לְ⁠מִ֪י אֲב֡וֹי לְ⁠מִ֤י מדונים ׀ לְ⁠מִ֥י שִׂ֗יחַ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **woe**, **sorrow**, **quarrels**, and **lament**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “Who is woeful? Who is sorrowful? Who is quarrelsome? Who laments?” +23:29 yw3q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit חַכְלִל֥וּת עֵינָֽיִם 1 The phrase **dullness of eyes** refers to **eyes** that look red because a person drank too much alcohol. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “is red eyes, like the color of blood” or “is bloodshot eyes” +23:30 kqg7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לַֽ⁠מְאַחֲרִ֥ים עַל־הַ⁠יָּ֑יִן 1 This verse answers the rhetorical questions in the previous verse. If you did not use questions in the previous verse, then you may need to adjust this sentence. Alternate translation: “The kind of people who do these things are those who linger over wine” +23:30 g2tp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לַֽ⁠מְאַחֲרִ֥ים עַל־הַ⁠יָּ֑יִן 1 Here, the writer refers to people who use a lot of time drinking a lot of wine as if they were lingering **over wine**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “For those who spend many hours drinking wine” or “For those who drink more and more wine” +23:30 t96n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לַ֝⁠בָּאִ֗ים לַ⁠חְקֹ֥ר מִמְסָֽךְ 1 Here, the writer implies that these people **search out mixed wine** in order to drink it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “for those coming to search out and drink mixed wine” +23:30 qrqd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מִמְסָֽךְ 1 In ancient Israel, people often prepared **wine** for drinking by mixing it with water. See how you translated “mixed her wine” in [9:2](../09/02.md) and the similar expression in [9:5](../09/05.md). +23:31 v5x1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אַל־תֵּ֥רֶא 1 Here, **look at** implies looking at with pleasure or with the desire to drink the **wine**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Do not look with desire for” +23:31 u5q1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast כִּ֪י יִתְאַ֫דָּ֥ם כִּֽי־יִתֵּ֣ן בַּכּ֣וֹס עֵינ֑⁠וֹ יִ֝תְהַלֵּ֗ךְ בְּ⁠מֵישָׁרִֽים 1 These three clauses give reasons why someone is tempted to drink **wine**, in contrast to the command to **not look at** it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this contrast more explicit. Alternate translation: “despite it being red, giving its eye in the cup, and going with evenness” +23:31 ducn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom יִתֵּ֣ן בַּכּ֣וֹס עֵינ֑⁠וֹ 1 The phrase **it gives eye** refers to the way **wine** gleams or reflects light inside a **cup**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “it gleams in the cup” +23:31 pcbf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יִ֝תְהַלֵּ֗ךְ בְּ⁠מֵישָׁרִֽים 1 Here, the writer implies that the **wine** **goes** down a person’s throat smoothly when he drinks it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “it flows down one’s through smoothly” +23:32 ip9z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism אַ֭חֲרִית⁠וֹ כְּ⁠נָחָ֣שׁ יִשָּׁ֑ךְ וּֽ⁠כְ⁠צִפְעֹנִ֥י יַפְרִֽשׁ 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Its end bites like a snake, yes, it stings like a viper” +23:32 t2m5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אַ֭חֲרִית⁠וֹ 1 **Its end** refers to the result of drinking too much wine. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “The result of drinking too much of it” +23:32 lpa4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כְּ⁠נָחָ֣שׁ יִשָּׁ֑ךְ 1 The writer is saying that the result of drinking too much wine is **like a snake** biting the person because it harms that person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “is harm” or “harms the person” +23:32 cr4n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile וּֽ⁠כְ⁠צִפְעֹנִ֥י יַפְרִֽשׁ 1 The writer is saying that the result of drinking too much wine is **like a viper** stinging the person because it harms that person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “and it harms the person” +23:33-35 ser4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עֵ֭ינֶי⁠ךָ יִרְא֣וּ זָר֑וֹת 1 The writer implies that what is described in these verses is what someone experiences when he drinks too much alcohol. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “These things will happen if you drink too much wine: your eyes will see strange things” +23:33 qfg7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche עֵ֭ינֶי⁠ךָ & וְ֝⁠לִבְּ⁠ךָ֗ 1 In this verse, **eyes** refers to the whole person. See how you translated the same use of **eyes** in [23:26](../23/26.md). +23:33 feum rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וְ֝⁠לִבְּ⁠ךָ֗ יְדַבֵּ֥ר תַּהְפֻּכֽוֹת 1 Here, **heart** could refer to: (1) the whole person, as in [12:23](../12/23.md) and the UST. (2) the person’s mind, in which case the mind would be speaking to itself. Alternate translation: “and your mind will tell you confusing things” or “and your mind will be confused” +23:34 ezl8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וְ֭⁠הָיִיתָ כְּ⁠שֹׁכֵ֣ב בְּ⁠לֶב־יָ֑ם וּ֝⁠כְ⁠שֹׁכֵ֗ב בְּ⁠רֹ֣אשׁ חִבֵּֽל 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “And you will be like one who lies down in the heart of the sea, yes, like one who lies down at the head of a mast” +23:34 s7qb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כְּ⁠שֹׁכֵ֣ב בְּ⁠לֶב־יָ֑ם 1 The writer is saying that a drunk person is like someone **who lies down in the heart of the sea** because that person feels dizzy, nauseous, and unsteady like someone on a boat in the middle of the ocean. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “dizzy and nauseous” +23:34 owzj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּ⁠לֶב־יָ֑ם 1 Here, **heart** refers to middle of **the sea**, which is far away from land. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in the middle of the sea” or “far out in the ocean” +23:34 q7lv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile וּ֝⁠כְ⁠שֹׁכֵ֗ב בְּ⁠רֹ֣אשׁ חִבֵּֽל 1 The writer is saying that a drunk person is like someone **who lies down at the head of a mast** because that person feels dizzy and stumbles like someone who sways back and forth at the top of the mast of a ship in the ocean. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “and swaying from side to side” +23:34 lxy2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown בְּ⁠רֹ֣אשׁ חִבֵּֽל 1 The phrase **head of a mast** refers to the top of a long wooden pole to which a large cloth called a sail was attached for the purpose of sailing a ship. This part of the ship would move back and forth more than any other part of the ship, so someone **at the head of a mast** could easily become dizzy. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of **mast**, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “at the highest point on a ship” +23:35 c4na rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations הִכּ֥וּ⁠נִי 1 This verse describes what a drunk person would say, who was referred to as “you” in the previous two verses. If it would be helpful in your language, you could indicate this with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. +23:35 kzm5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast הִכּ֥וּ⁠נִי בַל־חָלִיתִי֮ 1 The drunk person implies a strong contrast between the first clause and the second. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a contrast. Alternate translation: “They struck me. However, I was not hurt” +23:35 tze3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast הֲלָמ֗וּ⁠נִי בַּל־יָ֫דָ֥עְתִּי 1 The drunk person implies a strong contrast between the first clause and the second. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a contrast. Alternate translation: “They beat me. However, I did not know” +23:35 d953 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion מָתַ֥י אָקִ֑יץ 1 The drunk person uses a question in order to emphasize his desire to be **awake**. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “I want to wake up!” +23:35 d6ej rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מָתַ֥י אָקִ֑יץ 1 Here, **wake up** refers to the drunk person becoming sober again. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “When will I sober up” +23:35 lesx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit א֝וֹסִ֗יף אֲבַקְשֶׁ֥⁠נּוּ עֽוֹד 1 The words **add** and **seek it again** express a single idea. The word **add** emphasizes the repetition of seeking more wine to drink. If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this meaning in a different way. Alternate translation: “I will seek it yet again” +23:35 r9kx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֲבַקְשֶׁ֥⁠נּוּ עֽוֹד 1 The drunk person implies that he will **seek** more wine and drink it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I will seek wine to drink again” +24:intro nl8m 0 # Proverbs 24 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\n4. Sayings from wise men (22:17–24:22)\n * Introduction to the sayings (22:17–21)\n * The sayings (22:22–24:22)\n5. More sayings from wise men (24:23–34)\n\n[24:1](../24/01.md)–[22](../24/22.md) finishes the section of 30 sayings by “the wise ones” that began in [22:22](../22/22.md). This section mostly contains longer proverbs, except for [24:7](../24/07.md) and [24:10](../24/10.md).\n\n[24:23](../24/23.md)–[34](../24/34.md) contain an additional short collection of sayings by “the wise ones.” This section contains proverbs of varying lengths, the longest being [24:30](../24/30.md)–[34](../24/34.md).\n +24:1 d1dq 0 [24:1](../24/01.md)–[2](../24/02.md) is Saying 19 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.” +24:1 wcy4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְּ⁠אַנְשֵׁ֣י רָעָ֑ה 1 Here, the writer is using the possessive form to describe **men** who are characterized by **evil**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “of evil men” +24:1 el7h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בְּ⁠אַנְשֵׁ֣י 1 Although the term **men** is masculine, the writer is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “of people of” +24:2 m8px יֶהְגֶּ֣ה לִבָּ֑⁠ם 1 Although **heart** is singular, it refers to all the hearts of the people who plot **violence**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use the plural form. Alternate translation: “their hearts plot” +24:2 dw7g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לִבָּ֑⁠ם & שִׂפְתֵי⁠הֶ֥ם 1 Here, **hearts** and **lips** refer to the whole person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly, as in the UST. +24:2 es5l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns שֹׁ֭ד 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **violence** in [3:31](../03/31.md). +24:2 w47q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וְ֝⁠עָמָ֗ל 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **trouble**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “and … what troubles people” +24:3 f9id [24:3](../24/03.md)–[4](../24/04.md) is Saying 20 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.” +24:3 hiy4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּ֭⁠חָכְמָה & וּ֝⁠בִ⁠תְבוּנָ֗ה 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **wisdom** and **understanding** in [1:2](../01/02.md). +24:3 q4cp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יִבָּ֣נֶה בָּ֑יִת & יִתְכּוֹנָֽן 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “someone builds a house … someone establishes it” +24:3 mq3v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יִתְכּוֹנָֽן 1 Here, the word translated as **established** refers to being stable and secure. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “it is secure”\n\n +24:4 ry4y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וּ֭⁠בְ⁠דַעַת 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **knowledge** in [1:4](../01/04.md). +24:4 qs01 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive חֲדָרִ֣ים יִמָּלְא֑וּ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “someone fills the rooms” +24:4 olo1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit חֲדָרִ֣ים 1 The writer implies that these are **the rooms** in the house described in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the rooms of that house” +24:5 lfm0 0 [24:5](../24/05.md)–[6](../24/06.md) is Saying 21 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.” +24:5 otjk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations גֶּֽבֶר־חָכָ֥ם & וְ⁠אִֽישׁ־דַּ֝֗עַת 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, the writer is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “Any person of wisdom … and any person of knowledge” +24:5 x64e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession גֶּֽבֶר־חָכָ֥ם 1 Here, the writer is using the possessive form to describe a **man** who is characterized by **wisdom**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “A wise man” +24:5 my2f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חָכָ֥ם בַּ⁠ע֑וֹז & דַּ֝֗עַת & כֹּֽחַ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **wisdom**, **strength**, **knowledge**, and **power**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. See how you translated **wisdom** in [1:2](../01/02.md) and **knowledge** in [1:4](../01/04.md). Alternate translation: “what is wise is with what is strong … what is knowledgeable … what is powerful” +24:5 ycd2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְ⁠אִֽישׁ־דַּ֝֗עַת 1 Here, the writer is using the possessive form to describe a **man** who is characterized by **knowledge**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “and a knowledgeable man” +24:6 e43z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְ֭⁠תַחְבֻּלוֹת 1 See how you translated **guidance** in [20:18](../20/18.md). +24:6 m7xx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit תַּעֲשֶׂה־לְּ⁠ךָ֣ מִלְחָמָ֑ה 1 The writer implies fighting a successful **war**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “you successfully make war for yourself” +24:6 nll1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ֝⁠תְשׁוּעָ֗ה בְּ⁠רֹ֣ב יוֹעֵֽץ 1 See how you translated the same clause in [11:14](../11/14.md). +24:7 krxt 0 [24:7](../24/07.md) is Saying 22 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.” +24:7 r9t9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom רָאמ֣וֹת לֶֽ⁠אֱוִ֣יל 1 Here, **high** is an idiom that means “too difficult to understand.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “are over the head of a fool” or “are too difficult for a fool to understand” +24:7 jus1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לֶֽ⁠אֱוִ֣יל & לֹ֣א יִפְתַּח־פִּֽי⁠הוּ 1 Here, **a fool**, **he**, and **his** represent fools in general, not a specific **fool**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “for any fool … that person will not open that person’s own mouth” +24:7 wny8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בַּ֝⁠שַּׁ֗עַר 1 See how you translated the same use of **gate** in [22:22](../22/22.md). +24:7 e2pv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לֹ֣א יִפְתַּח־פִּֽי⁠הוּ 1 Here, **open his mouth** refers to a person speaking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he will not speak” +24:8 a5cj 0 [24:8](../24/08.md)–[9](../24/09.md) is Saying 23 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.” +24:8 qfes rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מְחַשֵּׁ֥ב & ל֝֗⁠וֹ 1 **One who plans** and **him** represent a type of person in general, not a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who plans … that person” +24:8 j0if rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns לְ⁠הָרֵ֑עַ 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **evil** in [1:16](../01/16.md). +24:8 f9l9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בַּֽעַל־מְזִמּ֥וֹת 1 Here, the writer refers to a person who has many **schemes** as **a master of schemes**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “a person with many schemes” or “a troublemaker” +24:9 tto5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun זִמַּ֣ת אִוֶּ֣לֶת & לֵֽץ 1 **A scheme of folly** and **a mocker** refer to schemes and mockers in general, not a specific **scheme** or **mocker**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any scheme of folly … any mocker” +24:9 q23j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession זִמַּ֣ת אִוֶּ֣לֶת 1 Here, the writer is using the possessive form to describe a **scheme** that is characterized by **folly**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “A scheme characterized by folly” +24:9 f98i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns אִוֶּ֣לֶת & וְ⁠תוֹעֲבַ֖ת 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **folly** in [5:23](../05/23.md) and **abomination** in [3:32](../03/32.md). +24:9 kjtu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לְ⁠אָדָ֣ם 1 The word **man** represents people in general, not one particular **man**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “to mankind” +24:10 eko6 0 [24:10](../24/10.md) is Saying 24 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.” +24:10 spnp הִ֭תְרַפִּיתָ 1 Alternate translation: “If you falter” +24:10 vioj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun בְּ⁠י֥וֹם צָרָ֗ה 1 Here, **the day of distress** refers to this type of **day** in general, not a particular **day of distress**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “in any day of distress”\n +24:10 kxb8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּ⁠י֥וֹם צָרָ֗ה 1 Here, **day** refers to a point in time when something happens. It does not refer to a 24-hour length of time. See how you translated the same use of **day** in [21:31](../21/31.md). +24:10 xwur rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns צָרָ֗ה & כֹּחֶֽ⁠כָה 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **distress** in [1:27](../01/27.md) and **strength** in [5:10](../05/10.md). +24:10 dbq1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy צַ֣ר 1 Here, the writer refers to **your strength** being restricted or limited as if it were in a **narrow** place. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is restrained” +24:11 in3v 0 [24:11](../24/11.md)–[12](../24/12.md) is Saying 25 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.” +24:11 tqxi rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry הַ֭צֵּל לְקֻחִ֣ים לַ⁠מָּ֑וֶת וּ⁠מָטִ֥ים לַ֝⁠הֶ֗רֶג אִם־תַּחְשֽׂוֹךְ 1 The two clauses in this verse say the same thing, but the phrases in the second clause are in reverse order. This is a literary device called a chiasm. Here, the writer does this in order to emphasize the importance of rescuing these people. See the discussion of chiasms in the [book introduction](../front/intro.md). +24:11 fxjs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לְקֻחִ֣ים לַ⁠מָּ֑וֶת וּ⁠מָטִ֥ים לַ֝⁠הֶ֗רֶג 1 The writer implies that these people are wrongfully **taken to the death** and **stagger to the slaughter**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “those who are wrongfully take to the death, and those who wrongfully stagger to the slaughter” +24:11 xc8k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive לְקֻחִ֣ים 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “those whom people take” +24:11 n8k2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns לַ⁠מָּ֑וֶת & לַ֝⁠הֶ֗רֶג 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **death** in [2:18](../02/18.md) and **slaughter** in [7:22](../07/22.md). +24:11 ux7f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure וּ⁠מָטִ֥ים לַ֝⁠הֶ֗רֶג אִם־תַּחְשֽׂוֹךְ 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could change the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “and if only you would hold back those who stagger to the slaughter” +24:11 ru95 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative אִם־תַּחְשֽׂוֹךְ 1 The writer is using a conditional statement to give a plea or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a plea or command form. Alternate translation: “I beg you to hold back” or “you must hold back” +24:11 jm1c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אִם־תַּחְשֽׂוֹךְ 1 Here, the writer refers to preventing the **slaughter** of these people as if one were holding them back from going to the place where they would be killed. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “if only you would stop it” or “you must stop it” +24:12 kk0m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כִּֽי־תֹאמַ֗ר 1 Here, the writer implies that the speaker did **know** and is lying. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “If you lie by saying” +24:12 k5el rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations תֹאמַ֗ר הֵן֮ לֹא־יָדַ֪עְנ֫וּ 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “you say that, behold, you did not know this” +24:12 akd7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הֵן֮ 1 The speaker is using the term **Behold** to focus attention on what he is about to say, which is an objection to an unspoken accusation. Your language may have a comparable expression that you could use in your translation. Alternate translation: “Listen” or “We have done nothing wrong” +24:12 te8f rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns זֶ֥ה 1 Here, **this** refers to what is happening to “those who are taken for the death,” who are also “those who stagger to the slaughter” mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “that those people were being taken to die” or “that those people were being unjustly killed” +24:12 yi61 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲֽ⁠לֹא־תֹ֘כֵ֤ן לִבּ֨וֹת ׀ הֽוּא־יָבִ֗ין וְ⁠נֹצֵ֣ר נַ֭פְשְׁ⁠ךָ ה֣וּא יֵדָ֑ע וְ⁠הֵשִׁ֖יב לְ⁠אָדָ֣ם כְּ⁠פָעֳלֽ⁠וֹ 1 The writer is using the question form to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “he, the examiner of hearts, surely understands, and he, the guard of your life, surely knows, and he will surely give back to a man according to his work!” +24:12 zda4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns הֲֽ⁠לֹא־תֹ֘כֵ֤ן לִבּ֨וֹת ׀ הֽוּא־יָבִ֗ין וְ⁠נֹצֵ֣ר נַ֭פְשְׁ⁠ךָ ה֣וּא יֵדָ֑ע וְ⁠הֵשִׁ֖יב 1 In this verse, **he** refers to Yahweh. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “does not Yahweh, the examiner of hearts, understand, and Yahweh, the guard of your life, know; and Yahweh will give back” +24:12 uj4n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תֹ֘כֵ֤ן לִבּ֨וֹת 1 Here, the writer speaks of one who discerns what people are thinking as if he were an **examiner of hearts**. The word **hearts** here refers to human minds, as in [15:11](../15/11.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the discerner of minds” +24:12 yuyw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠נֹצֵ֣ר נַ֭פְשְׁ⁠ךָ ה֣וּא 1 Here, the writer speaks of someone who keeps a person alive as if he were **the guard** of that person’s **life**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and he, the one who preserves your life” +24:12 p0wc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠הֵשִׁ֖יב לְ⁠אָדָ֣ם 1 Here, the writer refers to Yahweh causing **a man** to receive what he deserves for **his work** as if Yahweh were giving something **back** to that **man**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And he will make sure a man receives what is due to him”\n +24:12 m55q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations לְ⁠אָדָ֣ם כְּ⁠פָעֳלֽ⁠וֹ 1 Although **man** and **he** are masculine, the writer is using these words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “a person according to that person’s work”\n +24:13 sb5m 0 [24:13](../24/13.md)–[14](../24/14.md) is Saying 26 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.” +24:13 ucwr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בְּנִ֣⁠י 1 See how you translated the same use of **son** in [10:1](../10/01.md). +24:14 t4us rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כֵּ֤ן 1 Here, **thus** indicates that the writer is comparing **wisdom** with honey, which was mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “is similar to honey” +24:14 n5b5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חָכְמָ֗ה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **wisdom** in [1:2](../01/02.md). +24:14 t0wr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לְ⁠נַ֫פְשֶׁ֥⁠ךָ 1 See how you translated the same use of **soul** in [2:10](../02/10.md). +24:14 p0q9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מָ֭צָאתָ 1 See how you translated the same use of **find** in [16:20](../16/20.md). +24:14 llvx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠יֵ֣שׁ אַחֲרִ֑ית וְ֝⁠תִקְוָתְ⁠ךָ֗ לֹ֣א תִכָּרֵֽת 1 See how you translated the same clauses in [23:18](../23/18.md). +24:15 i96h 0 [24:15](../24/15.md)–[16](../24/16.md) is Saying 27 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.” +24:15 ypq5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אַל־תֶּאֱרֹ֣ב רָ֭שָׁע לִ⁠נְוֵ֣ה צַדִּ֑יק 1 Here, the writer implies lying **in wait** in order to attack **the abode of the righteous one**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Do not lie in wait like a wicked one to attack the abode of the righteous one” +24:15 s1ww rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun רָ֭שָׁע & צַדִּ֑יק 1 See how you translated **a wicked one** in [9:9](../09/09.md) and **the righteous one** in [10:3](../10/03.md). +24:16 jrm7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שֶׁ֨בַע 1 Here, **seven times** is used to refer to multiple occurrences in general, not specifically **seven**. In Hebrew, **seven** often symbolizes the idea of completion. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “numerous times” +24:16 wh2n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun צַדִּ֣יק 1 See how you translated **a righteous one** in [9:9](../09/09.md). +24:16 k8ly rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִפּ֣וֹל & וָ⁠קָ֑ם 1 Here, the writer speaks of someone experiencing disaster as if that person **falls**, and he speaks of recovering from that disaster as if that person **rises up**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will experience disaster and recover from it”\n +24:16 u49k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִכָּשְׁל֥וּ בְ⁠רָעָֽה 1 Here, the writer speaks of someone experiencing **calamity** as if that person stumbled into it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “experience calamity” +24:16 ze9b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְ⁠רָעָֽה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **calamity** in [1:26](../01/26.md). +24:17 rpu6 0 [24:17](../24/17.md)–[18](../24/18.md) is Saying 28 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.” +24:17 vm5p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism בִּ⁠נְפֹ֣ל אֽ֭וֹיִבְךָ אַל־תִּשְׂמָ֑ח וּ֝⁠בִ⁠כָּשְׁל֗⁠וֹ אַל־יָגֵ֥ל לִבֶּֽ⁠ךָ 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “When your enemy falls, do not be glad, yes, when he stumbles do not let your heart rejoice” +24:17 t9ei rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בִּ⁠נְפֹ֣ל אֽ֭וֹיִבְךָ & וּ֝⁠בִ⁠כָּשְׁל֗⁠וֹ 1 Here, **falls** and **stumbles** both refer to experiencing disaster. See how you translated the same use of **falls** and “stumble” in the previous verse. +24:17 by2h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לִבֶּֽ⁠ךָ 1 Here, **heart** refers to the whole person. See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [14:10](../14/10.md). +24:18 kg7o rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result פֶּן־יִרְאֶ֣ה יְ֭הוָה 1 Here, **lest** indicates that what follows is the result of doing what the writer prohibited in the previous verse. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a result for not obeying a prohibition. Alternate translation: “otherwise, Yahweh will see” +24:18 vv5g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִרְאֶ֣ה יְ֭הוָה 1 Here, **see** refers to perceiving something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Yahweh perceive”\n +24:18 oony rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠רַ֣ע בְּ⁠עֵינָ֑י⁠ו 1 The phrase **evil in his eyes** refers to having a negative opinion about something or someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar use of **in his eyes** in [3:4](../03/04.md). Alternate translation: “and he will think negatively of it”\n +24:18 r4s7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וְ⁠הֵשִׁ֖יב 1 Here, **and** introduces the result of something being **evil in his eyes**. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate result. You may need to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “As a result, he will turn away”\n +24:18 b18i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ⁠הֵשִׁ֖יב מֵ⁠עָלָ֣י⁠ו אַפּֽ⁠וֹ 1 Here, the writer refers to **Yahweh** ceasing to feel something about someone or to do something to someone as if he were turning **his nose** **away** from that person. Here, **nose** could refer to: (1) anger, as in [15:1](../15/01.md). Alternate translation: “and he ceases from being angry with him” (2) the punishment **Yahweh** does to someone with whom he is angry. Alternate translation: “and he ceases punishing him” +24:19 pz3e 0 [24:19](../24/19.md)–[20](../24/20.md) is Saying 29 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.” +24:19 f156 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אַל־תִּתְחַ֥ר 1 Here, **hot** refers to an intense emotion, which causes a person’s body to become **hot**. This emotion could be: (1) worry or anxiety. Alternate translation: “Do not make yourself fret” (2) anger, as does “heat” in [6:34](../06/34.md). Alternate translation: “Do not make yourself angry” +24:20 dbvo rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֤י 1 **For** here indicates that what follows is a reason for the commands in the previous verse. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “Do not do these things because”\n +24:20 jelg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אַחֲרִ֣ית 1 Here, the writer refers to **a future** that is good. See how you translated the same use of **future** in [23:18](../23/18.md). +24:20 s8z1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לָ⁠רָ֑ע 1 See how you translated **an evil one** in [17:11](../17/11.md). +24:20 mmf6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נֵ֖ר רְשָׁעִ֣ים יִדְעָֽךְ 1 See how you translated the same clause in [13:9](../13/09.md). +24:21 j1fr 0 [24:21](../24/21.md)–[22](../24/22.md) is Saying 30 of the 30 “words of the wise ones.” +24:21 qm8k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בְּנִ֣⁠י 1 See how you translated the same use of **son** in [1:8](../01/08.md). +24:21 vvr9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun וָ⁠מֶ֑לֶךְ 1 See how you translated **the king** in [16:15](../16/15.md). +24:21 mt2z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שׁ֝וֹנִ֗ים 1 Here, **ones who change** refers to people who **change** from respecting authorities, such as **Yahweh and the king**, to rebelling against them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “ones who rebel” +24:22 t6cv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns אֵידָ֑⁠ם 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **calamity** in [1:26](../01/26.md). +24:22 cjvi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יָק֣וּם 1 Here, the writer speaks of **calamity** occurring as if it were an object that arises. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will occur” +24:22 jzb3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion וּ⁠פִ֥יד שְׁ֝נֵי⁠הֶ֗ם מִ֣י יוֹדֵֽעַ 1 The writer is using the question form to emphasize the how terrible the **destruction** will be. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “and no one knows how terrible the destruction of the two of them will be!” +24:22 ub7e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שְׁ֝נֵי⁠הֶ֗ם 1 This phrase refers to “Yahweh and the king” mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Yahweh and the king” +24:23 jq5s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit גַּם־אֵ֥לֶּה לַֽ⁠חֲכָמִ֑ים 1 **These** here refers to a new collection of proverbs that continues from this verse to the last verse of this chapter. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “The following proverbs are additional sayings of the wise ones” +24:23 ml44 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom הַֽכֵּר־פָּנִ֖ים 1 **Recognizing faces** is an idiom that means “to show partiality” or “to favor” someone. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar use of “lift the face” in [18:5](../18/05.md). Alternate translation: “Five pride of place to certain people” or “Being partial to certain people” +24:23 m7va rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּ⁠מִשְׁפָּ֣ט 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **judgment**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “when judging” +24:23 njcr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes בַּל־טֽוֹב 1 See how you translated the same use of **not good** in [16:29](../16/29.md). +24:24 kxbv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אֹ֤מֵ֨ר ׀ לְ⁠רָשָׁע֮ & יִקְּבֻ֥⁠הוּ & יִזְעָמ֥וּ⁠הוּ 1 **One who says**, **the wicked one**, and **him** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who says to any wicked person … will curse that person … will denounce that person” +24:24 ecfp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations אֹ֤מֵ֨ר ׀ לְ⁠רָשָׁע֮ צַדִּ֪יק אָ֥תָּה 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “One who says to the wicked one that he is righteous”\n +24:24 rqty rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְ⁠רָשָׁע֮ צַדִּ֪יק 1 In this verse, **wicked** refers to being guilty of doing something **wicked** and **righteous** refers to being innocent of doing something **wicked**. See how you translated the same use of **wicked** and **righteous** in [17:15](../17/15.md). +24:24 a72x rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns עַמִּ֑ים 1 See how you translated the same use of **peoples** in [14:34](../14/34.md). +24:24 lma6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְאֻמִּֽים 1 Here, **nations** refers to the people who live in those **nations**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “people of nations” +24:25 xwv5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠לַ⁠מּוֹכִיחִ֥ים 1 Here, **the rebukers** refers to judges who rightly condemn guilty people for the wicked things they have done. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “But for those who convict the guilty ones” +24:25 g6a8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns יִנְעָ֑ם 1 Here, **it** refers to the lives of **the rebukers**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “life will be pleasant” +24:25 ufh1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וַֽ֝⁠עֲלֵי⁠הֶ֗ם תָּב֥וֹא בִרְכַּת־טֽוֹב 1 Here, the writer refers to people experiencing a **blessing** as if it were a person who could **come** **over** those people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and they will experience a blessing of goodness” +24:25 uy7d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בִרְכַּת־טֽוֹב 1 Here, the writer is using the possessive form to describe a **blessing** that is characterized by **goodness**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “a good blessing” +24:26 p6nz rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction שְׂפָתַ֥יִם יִשָּׁ֑ק 1 Here, kissing someone’s **lips** is a symbolic action to show true friendship and loyalty. If this would not be clear to your readers, you could explain the significance of this action in the text or in a footnote. Alternate translation: “He confirms his loyalty by kissing one’s lips” +24:26 sz6f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מֵ֝שִׁ֗יב דְּבָרִ֥ים נְכֹחִֽים 1 Here, the writer refers to someone speaking an honest reply to someone else as if he were returning **straightforward words**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “who speaks an honest reply” +24:27 w3gn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הָ֘כֵ֤ן בַּ⁠ח֨וּץ ׀ מְלַאכְתֶּ֗⁠ךָ וְ⁠עַתְּדָ֣⁠הּ בַּ⁠שָּׂדֶ֣ה לָ֑⁠ךְ 1 While the first clause refers to the **work** a man must to do earn money, the second clause specifically refers to a **field** used for farming. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Do your job outside and prepare your fields for farming” +24:27 m5fn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative אַ֝חַ֗ר וּ⁠בָנִ֥יתָ 1 Solomon is using a future statement to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “and after build”\n +24:28 gpwg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion וַ֝⁠הֲ⁠פִתִּ֗יתָ בִּ⁠שְׂפָתֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 The writer is using the question form to emphasize what a person should not do. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “And you should surely not deceive with your lips!” +24:28 u5rp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בִּ⁠שְׂפָתֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 Here, **lips** refers to what people say by using their **lips**. See how you translated the same use of **lips** in [10:18](../10/18.md). Alternate translation: “by what you say” +24:29 hu0f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations אַל־תֹּאמַ֗ר כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֣ר עָֽשָׂה־לִ֭⁠י כֵּ֤ן אֶֽעֱשֶׂה־לּ֑⁠וֹ אָשִׁ֖יב לָ⁠אִ֣ישׁ כְּ⁠פָעֳלֽ⁠וֹ 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “Do not say that you will do to him just as he did to you, or that you will return to the man according to his deed” +24:29 xens rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations עָֽשָׂה & לּ֑⁠וֹ & לָ⁠אִ֣ישׁ כְּ⁠פָעֳלֽ⁠וֹ 1 Although **he**, **him**, **the man**, and **his** are masculine, the writer is using these words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “a person did … to that person … to that person according to that person’s deed”\n +24:29 u8un rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עָֽשָׂה & אֶֽעֱשֶׂה & כְּ⁠פָעֳלֽ⁠וֹ 1 The speaker implies that this **deed** was something bad or harmful to the person speaking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “he did something bad … I will do something bad … according to his bad deed” +24:30 u1ax 1 [24:30](../24/30.md)–[24:34](../24/34.md) are one long proverb that warns against being lazy. +24:30 gims rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אָדָ֥ם חֲסַר־לֵֽב 1 See how you translated this phrase in [17:18](../17/18.md). +24:31 chw4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠הִנֵּ֨ה 1 Here, **behold** is a term meant to focus the attention of the reader to what is about to happen next in the story. See how you translated the same use of **behold** in [7:10](../07/10.md). +24:31 p4lk עָ֘לָ֤ה כֻלּ֨⁠וֹ ׀ קִמְּשֹׂנִ֗ים 1 Alternate translation: “all of it was overgrown with thorns” or “thorns had grown up everywhere” +24:31 t3cs rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns כֻלּ֨⁠וֹ & פָנָ֣י⁠ו 1 Here, **it** and **its** refer to all the land that includes both the field and vineyard mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “all of that land … that land’s face” +24:31 qj7e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive כָּסּ֣וּ פָנָ֣י⁠ו חֲרֻלִּ֑ים 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “weeds covered its face” +24:31 fuwf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy פָנָ֣י⁠ו 1 Here, **face** refers to the surface of the ground. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “its surface” +24:31 pmfn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְ⁠גֶ֖דֶר אֲבָנָ֣י⁠ו 1 Here, the writer is using the possessive form to describe a **wall** that is made of **stones**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “and the wall made of stones” +24:31 i63b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive נֶהֱרָֽסָה 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “had collapsed” +24:32 sfjt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וָֽ⁠אֶחֱזֶ֣ה אָ֭נֹכִֽי & רָ֝אִ֗יתִי 1 The writer is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous two verses if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “And I myself looked at that field and vineyard … I saw them” +24:32 mxzi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns וָֽ⁠אֶחֱזֶ֣ה אָ֭נֹכִֽי 1 Here, the writer uses the word **myself** to emphasize how significant his observations about the lazy person’s land were. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this significance. Alternate translation: “And I looked with my own eyes” +24:32 d0wu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אָשִׁ֣ית לִבִּ֑⁠י 1 See how you translated the same use of “set your heart” in [22:17](../22/17.md). +24:32 u9za rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns לָקַ֥חְתִּי מוּסָֽר 1 See how you translated the same use of **instruction** in [1:3](../01/03.md). +24:32 ztnm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לָקַ֥חְתִּי מוּסָֽר 1 The writer assumes that his readers will understand that what follows in the next two verses is the **instruction** he refers to here. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “I received the following instruction” or “I learned the following lesson” +24:33 lcjn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis מְעַ֣ט שֵׁ֭נוֹת מְעַ֣ט תְּנוּמ֑וֹת מְעַ֓ט ׀ חִבֻּ֖ק יָדַ֣יִם לִ⁠שְׁכָּֽב 1 See how you translated the same clauses in [6:10](../06/10.md). +24:34 d7gx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וּ⁠בָֽא־מִתְהַלֵּ֥ךְ רֵישֶׁ֑⁠ךָ וּ֝⁠מַחְסֹרֶ֗י⁠ךָ כְּ⁠אִ֣ישׁ מָגֵֽן 1 See how you translated the almost identical clauses in [6:11](../06/11.md). +25:intro l94s 0 # Proverbs 25 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\n6. Hezekiah’s proverbs from Solomon (25:1–29:27)\n * Warnings and admonitions (25:1–27:27)\n * Contrastive wise sayings (28:1–29:27)\n\nChapter 25 begins the section of the book containing proverbs written by Solomon that were copied by scribes during the reign of Hezekiah. This section contains two parts, the first part in [25:1](../25/01.md)–[27:27](../27/27.md) mostly contains proverbs that warn or admonish.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Parallelism\n\nChapters 25–27 mostly contain proverbs in which the second of two parallel clauses completes, emphasizes, or qualifies the idea of the first clause. Chapter 25 also contains one instance of contrasting parallelism ([25:2](../25/02.md)). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])\n\n### Metaphors\n\nSolomon uses many different metaphors in this chapter to warn his readers against acting unwisely. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) +25:1 vnbb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit גַּם־אֵ֭לֶּה מִשְׁלֵ֣י שְׁלֹמֹ֑ה 1 **These** here refers to a new collection of proverbs that continues from this verse to the last verse of chapter 29. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “The following proverbs are additional sayings of Solomon” +25:1 ud20 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession מִשְׁלֵ֣י שְׁלֹמֹ֑ה 1 See how you translated **proverbs of Solomon** in [1:1](../01/01.md). +25:1 xpi6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession אַנְשֵׁ֤י ׀ חִזְקִיָּ֬ה 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **the men** who served **Hezekiah**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the men who served Hezekiah” +25:1 q9oj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הֶ֝עְתִּ֗יקוּ 1 Here, **copied** implies that **the men of Hezekiah** **copied** these **proverbs** from a scroll that was written by **Solomon** or one of his scribes. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “copied from a scroll written by Solomon” +25:2 x2ec rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns כְּבֹ֣ד & וּ⁠כְבֹ֥ד 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **glory**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “What is glorious about … but what is glorious about” +25:2 a6tw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הַסְתֵּ֣ר דָּבָ֑ר 1 Here, Solomon speaks of God making **a matter** mysterious or difficult to understand as if he were hiding it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is to make a matter mysterious” +25:2 cj4p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun דָּבָ֑ר & דָּבָֽר 1 The word **matter** represents matters in general, not one particular **matter**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “any matter … any matter” +25:2 dg6e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor חֲקֹ֣ר דָּבָֽר 1 Here, Solomon speaks of **kings** explaining **a matter** that is mysterious or difficult to understand as if they **search** for it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is to explain a mysterious matter” +25:3 b947 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis שָׁמַ֣יִם לָ֭⁠רוּם וָ⁠אָ֣רֶץ לָ⁠עֹ֑מֶק 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “Heavens are an example of height and earth is an example of depth”\n +25:3 q5dq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns לָ֭⁠רוּם & לָ⁠עֹ֑מֶק 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **height** and **depth**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “for what is high … for what is deep” +25:3 bws0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile וְ⁠לֵ֥ב מְ֝לָכִ֗ים 1 Here, **and** indicates that Solomon is comparing what follows to what he said in the previous clause. Solomon is saying that **the heart of kings** is like **Heavens** and **earth** because they are difficult to fully understand. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “in the same way the heart of kings” +25:3 il9m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun וְ⁠לֵ֥ב מְ֝לָכִ֗ים 1 The word **heart** represents hearts in general, not one particular **heart**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “and the hearts of kings” +25:3 pnqo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ⁠לֵ֥ב 1 See how you translated the same use of “hearts” in [15:11](../15/11.md). +25:3 ixal rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֵ֣ין חֵֽקֶר 1 Here, Solomon speaks of it being difficult to understand **the heart of kings** as if it were something that could not be searched for. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is difficult to comprehend” +25:4 jgm1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown סִיגִ֣ים 1 The word **dross** refers to material in metal that people do not want so **the refiner** removes it by melting the metal and taking the **dross** out of the melted metal. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of process, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “the unwanted material” +25:4 q3jt rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential וַ⁠יֵּצֵ֖א & כֶּֽלִי 1 The word translated **and** at the beginning of this clause indicates that the event in the previous clause happens before the event in the second clause can happen. Use a natural form in your language for introducing the next event in a story. Alternate translation: “before a vessel comes out” or “then a vessel can come out” +25:4 hzyc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַ⁠יֵּצֵ֖א לַ⁠צֹּרֵ֣ף כֶּֽלִי 1 Here, Solomon refers to **the refiner** making **a vessel** from the **silver** mentioned in the previous clause as if that **vessel comes out** from the **silver**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and a vessel is made by the refiner” +25:4 lovy rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown לַ⁠צֹּרֵ֣ף 1 Here, **the refiner** refers to someone who removes unwanted material from metal by melting the metal and taking the **dross** out of the melted metal. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of person, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “the person who removes unwanted material from metal” +25:5 utzp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile הָג֣וֹ 1 In this verse, Solomon is comparing what follows to what he said in the previous verse. In the same way that “dross” must be removed from silver in order to make a vessel, **a wicked one** must be removed from **before the face of the king** in order for that king’s **throne** to **be established**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “Similarly, remove” or “So also remove” +25:5 vy5w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun רָ֭שָׁע & מֶ֑לֶךְ & כִּסְאֽ⁠וֹ 1 Here, **a wicked one**, **the king**, and **his** refer to types of people in general, not to specific people. See how you translated the same use of **a wicked one** in [9:7](../09/07.md) and **the king** and ** his** in [16:13](../16/13.md). +25:5 szro rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לִ⁠פְנֵי 1 See how you translated the same use of this phrase in [14:19](../14/19.md). +25:5 vvu5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְ⁠יִכּ֖וֹן בַּ⁠צֶּ֣דֶק כִּסְאֽ⁠וֹ 1 See how you translated the similar phrase “by righteousness is a throne established” in [16:12](../16/12.md). +25:6 fq5w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism אַל־תִּתְהַדַּ֥ר לִ⁠פְנֵי־מֶ֑לֶךְ וּ⁠בִ⁠מְק֥וֹם גְּ֝דֹלִ֗ים אַֽל־תַּעֲמֹֽד 1 The two clauses in this verse say similar things, but the phrases in the second clause are in reverse order. This is a literary device called a chiasm. Here, the writer does this in order to emphasize the importance of not honoring yourself in front of kings. See the discussion of chiasms in the [book introduction](../front/intro.md).\n +25:6 qoi5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לִ⁠פְנֵי־מֶ֑לֶךְ 1 See how you translated this phrase in the previous verse. +25:6 vcv5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּ⁠בִ⁠מְק֥וֹם גְּ֝דֹלִ֗ים אַֽל־תַּעֲמֹֽד 1 This could refer to: (1) considering oneself to be a **great** person who belongs to a group of **great ones**. Alternate translation: “and do not consider yourself to be one of the great ones” or “and do not consider yourself to be a great one” (2) standing among a group of **great ones**. Alternate translation: “and among the great ones do not stand” +25:7 bfqv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ט֥וֹב אֲמָר־לְ⁠ךָ֗ 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “it is better for a person to say to you” +25:7 wz9o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations לְ⁠ךָ֗ עֲֽלֵ֫ה הֵ֥נָּה 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “to you that you should come up there”\n +25:7 w69g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עֲֽלֵ֫ה הֵ֥נָּה 1 **Come up** here means to move to a place near the king, which is a great honor. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Come up here, near the king” +25:7 qf2z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis מֵֽ֭⁠הַשְׁפִּ֣ילְ⁠ךָ 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “than for a person to humiliate you” +25:7 zq25 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מֵֽ֭⁠הַשְׁפִּ֣ילְ⁠ךָ 1 Solomon implies that this humiliation is due to someone telling the person to move farther away from the king in order for more important people to be near him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “than to humiliate you by telling you to distance yourself from the king” +25:7 rb8w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י 1 See how you translated this phrase in the previous verse. +25:7 v2cr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֲשֶׁ֖ר רָא֣וּ עֵינֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 This clause could refer to: (1) the **noble** mentioned in the previous clause. Alternate translation: “whom your eyes have observed” (2) what someone sees that causes them to begin the dispute mentioned in the next verse, in which case **whom** would be translated as “what” and this clause would start a new sentence that continues into the next verse. Alternate translation: “What your eyes have witnessed” +25:7 srro rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche עֵינֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 Here, **eyes** refers to the whole person. See how you translated the same use of **eyes** in [23:26](../23/26.md). +25:8 jabx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לָ⁠רִ֗ב 1 Here, **dispute** refers to arguing a legal case against someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “to argue a legal case against your neighbor” +25:8 t9ug rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion מַה־תַּ֭עֲשֶׂה בְּ⁠אַחֲרִיתָ֑⁠הּ בְּ⁠הַכְלִ֖ים אֹתְ⁠ךָ֣ רֵעֶֽ⁠ךָ 1 Solomon is using the question form to make the reader consider what would happen if they lose the **dispute**. The way in which the neighbor might put the reader to shame can be stated plainly. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “you will not know what to do in its end when your neighbor humiliates you!” +25:8 e8kg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּ⁠הַכְלִ֖ים אֹתְ⁠ךָ֣ רֵעֶֽ⁠ךָ 1 Solomon implies that **your neighbor humiliates you** because **you** lose the legal dispute. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “when you lose and your neighbor humiliates you” +25:9 lgk7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry רִֽ֭יבְ⁠ךָ רִ֣יב 1 Here, **Dispute your dispute** is an emphatic construction that uses a verb and its object that come from the same root. You may be able to use the same construction in your language to express the meaning here. Alternatively, your language may have another way of showing the emphasis. +25:9 tnmn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative רִֽ֭יבְ⁠ךָ רִ֣יב 1 This is an imperative, but it communicates a hypothetical situation. Use a form in your language that communicates this, as in the UST. +25:9 c77l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠ס֖וֹד אַחֵ֣ר אַל־תְּגָֽל 1 See how you translated the similar phrase “uncovering a secret” in [11:13](../11/13.md). +25:9 sr7q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠ס֖וֹד אַחֵ֣ר אַל־תְּגָֽל 1 Here, **another** could refers to: (1) someone other than **your neighbor**, which would indicate telling someone else’s **secret** in order to win the **dispute** against one’s **neighbor**. Alternate translation: “and the secret of another person” (2) **your neighbor**. Alternate translation: “and the secret of that neighbor” +25:10 mehv rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result פֶּֽן 1 Here, **lest** indicates that what follows is the result of doing what Solomon prohibited in the previous verse. See how you translated the same use of **lest** in [24:18](../24/18.md).\n +25:10 uzas rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun שֹׁמֵ֑עַ 1 Here, **one who hears** represents a type of person in general, not one particular person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “anyone hears” +25:10 fr3g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וְ֝⁠דִבָּתְ⁠ךָ֗ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **rumor**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “and what is rumored about you” +25:10 eedg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification לֹ֣א תָשֽׁוּב 1 Here, Solomon speaks of **the rumor** being told to many people to the degree that it ruins the person’s reputation as if **the rumor** were a person who **does not turn back** to the person it is about. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “does not stop spreading” or “will ruin your reputation” +25:10 b2xt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes לֹ֣א תָשֽׁוּב 1 Solomon is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, **not**, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “will keep going” or “will continue to spread” +25:11 qlbj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure תַּפּוּחֵ֣י זָ֭הָב בְּ⁠מַשְׂכִּיּ֥וֹת כָּ֑סֶף דָּ֝בָ֗ר דָּבֻ֥ר עַל־אָפְנָֽי⁠ו 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could reverse the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “A word spoken according to its circumstance is apples of gold in sculptures of silver” +25:11 e2ay rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תַּפּוּחֵ֣י זָ֭הָב בְּ⁠מַשְׂכִּיּ֥וֹת כָּ֑סֶף 1 In this verse, Solomon speaks of **a word spoken according to its circumstance** pleasing those who hear it as if it were **Apples of gold in sculptures of silver**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “Very pleasing” or “Like apples of gold in sculptures of silver” +25:11 rks1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession תַּפּוּחֵ֣י זָ֭הָב בְּ⁠מַשְׂכִּיּ֥וֹת כָּ֑סֶף 1 Here, Solomon is using possessive forms to describe **Apples** made from **gold** and **sculptures** made from **silver**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use different expressions. Alternate translation: “Apples made of gold in sculptures made of silver” +25:11 shm2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּ⁠מַשְׂכִּיּ֥וֹת כָּ֑סֶף 1 Here, the word translated as **sculptures** refers to **silver** that someone carved into a beautiful shape. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “in beautiful carvings of silver” +25:11 kket rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy דָּ֝בָ֗ר 1 Here, **word** refers to what someone speaks by using words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is something” or “are words” +25:11 ptu8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive דָּבֻ֥ר 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “someone speaks” +25:11 ajtj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns עַל־אָפְנָֽי⁠ו 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **circumstance**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “appropriately” +25:12 wq7p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure נֶ֣זֶם זָ֭הָב וַ⁠חֲלִי־כָ֑תֶם מוֹכִ֥יחַ חָ֝כָ֗ם עַל־אֹ֥זֶן שֹׁמָֽעַת 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could reverse the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “A wise rebuke to a listening ear is a ring of gold and jewelry of fine gold” +25:12 lokb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נֶ֣זֶם זָ֭הָב וַ⁠חֲלִי־כָ֑תֶם 1 In this verse, Solomon speaks of **a wise rebuke** being valuable to those who hear it as if it were **A ring of gold and jewelry of fine gold**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “Very valuable” or “Like a ring of gold and jewelry of fine gold”\n +25:12 admw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession נֶ֣זֶם זָ֭הָב וַ⁠חֲלִי־כָ֑תֶם 1 Here, Solomon is using possessive forms to describe a **ring** made from **gold** and **jewelry** made from **fine gold**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use different expressions. Alternate translation: “A ring made of gold and jewelry made of fine gold” +25:12 ir54 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מוֹכִ֥יחַ חָ֝כָ֗ם עַל 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **rebuke**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “is when one rebukes” +25:12 i38p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche אֹ֥זֶן שֹׁמָֽעַת 1 Here, **ear** refers to the whole person. See how you translated the same use of **ear** in [18:15](../18/15.md). +25:13 tc4q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כְּ⁠צִנַּת־שֶׁ֨לֶג ׀ בְּ⁠י֬וֹם קָצִ֗יר 1 Here, Solomon compares **a faithful envoy** to **the coolness of snow on the day of harvest** because both are refreshing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly: Alternate translation: “Very refreshing” or “Refreshing like the coolness of snow in the day of harvest” +25:13 sxk7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּ⁠י֬וֹם קָצִ֗יר 1 Here, **day** refers to a point in time when something happens. It does not refer to a 24-hour length of time. See how you translated the same use of **day** in [21:31](../21/31.md). +25:13 v57a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun צִ֣יר נֶ֭אֱמָן לְ⁠שֹׁלְחָ֑י⁠ו וְ⁠נֶ֖פֶשׁ אֲדֹנָ֣י⁠ו יָשִֽׁיב 1 Here, **a faithful envoy**, **his**, and **he** refer to a type of person in general, not a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “is any faithful envoy for that person’s senders, and that brings brings back the life of that person’s masters” +25:13 z9pn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠נֶ֖פֶשׁ אֲדֹנָ֣י⁠ו יָשִֽׁיב 1 The phrase **brings back the life** is an idiom that refers to causing a tired person to feel refreshed or strong again. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and he causes his masters to feel refreshed” +25:14 lfrq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure נְשִׂיאִ֣ים וְ֭⁠רוּחַ וְ⁠גֶ֣שֶׁם אָ֑יִן אִ֥ישׁ מִ֝תְהַלֵּ֗ל בְּ⁠מַתַּת־שָֽׁקֶר 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could reverse the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “The man who boasts in a gift of falsehood is clouds and wind but without rain” +25:14 hbd4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נְשִׂיאִ֣ים וְ֭⁠רוּחַ וְ⁠גֶ֣שֶׁם אָ֑יִן 1 In this verse, Solomon speaks of **the man who boasts in a gift of falsehood** being disappointing as if he were **Clouds and wind but without rain**. **Clouds and wind** usually indicate that there will also be **rain**, so **Clouds and wind** **without rain** would disappoint farmers who need **rain** for their crops. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “Very disappointing” or “Like clouds and wind but without rain” +25:14 l5hn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אִ֥ישׁ 1 The word **man** represents people in general, not one particular **man**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “is any person” +25:14 ohih rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְּ⁠מַתַּת־שָֽׁקֶר 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **gift** that is characterized by **falsehood**. This refers to a **gift** the someone promises to give but does not give. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “in a false gift” or “in a gift he falsely promises to give” +25:15 mtpc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בְּ⁠אֹ֣רֶךְ אַ֭פַּיִם 1 The phrase **length of nostrils** refers to being patient and not getting angry quickly. The word **nostrils** means “anger” by association with the way that a person who is angry breathes heavily through his nose, causing his **nostrils** to open wide. Your language and culture may also associate anger with a particular part of the body. If so, you could use an expression involving that part of the body in your translation. You could also use plain language. See how you translated the similar phrase “long of nostrils” in [14:29](../14/29.md). Alternate translation: “By not venting one’s spleen” or “By not getting angry quickly”\n +25:15 v2wv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יְפֻתֶּ֣ה קָצִ֑ין 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “someone may persuade a commander” +25:15 yyxq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun קָצִ֑ין וְ⁠לָשׁ֥וֹן רַ֝כָּ֗ה תִּשְׁבָּר־גָּֽרֶם 1 Here, **a commander**, **a soft tongue**, and **a bone** refer to these people and things in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any commander … and any soft tongue can break any bone”\n +25:15 eed7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ⁠לָשׁ֥וֹן רַ֝כָּ֗ה 1 Here, Solomon is speaking of something spoken in a gentle manner as if someone were speaking with a **soft tongue**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and speaking gently” +25:15 e1n9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תִּשְׁבָּר־גָּֽרֶם 1 Here, Solomon speaks of overcoming strong opposition as if someone were breaking **a bone**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “can overcome opposition” +25:16 r2l5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit דְּבַ֣שׁ מָ֭צָאתָ 1 Here, Solomon refers to someone unexpectedly discovering **wild honey**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “If you happen to come across honey” +25:16 dc7b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֱכֹ֣ל דַּיֶּ֑⁠ךָּ 1 Here, Solomon implies that someone should only **eat enough** **honey** and not more than that. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “only eat enough for you” +25:16 co0u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit תִּ֝שְׂבָּעֶ֗⁠נּוּ 1 Here, the word translated as **satiated** refers to someone overeating to the degree that he becomes sick. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “you eat yourself sick with it” +25:17 u98w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile הֹקַ֣ר 1 In this verse, Solomon is comparing what follows to what he said in the previous verse. In the same way that a person must not eat too much “honey,” a person must also avoid visiting his neighbor’s house too frequently. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “Similarly, make rare” or “So also make rare” +25:17 sftk הֹקַ֣ר רַ֭גְלְ⁠ךָ מִ⁠בֵּ֣ית רֵעֶ֑⁠ךָ 1 Alternate translation: “Prevent your foot from frequently being in the house of your neighbor” +25:17 kldv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche רֵעֶ֑⁠ךָ 1 Here, **foot** represents the whole person. See how you translated the similar use of **foot** in [1:15](../01/15.md). +25:17 cmjk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מִ⁠בֵּ֣ית רֵעֶ֑⁠ךָ פֶּן־יִ֝שְׂבָּעֲ⁠ךָ֗ 1 Here, **your neighbor** and **he** refer to neighbors in general, not a specific **neighbor**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “from any house of any of your neighbors, lest that neighbor become satiated with you” +25:17 xcir rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יִ֝שְׂבָּעֲ⁠ךָ֗ 1 Here, the word translated as **satiated** refers to people being annoyed with a person because that person visits them too frequently. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. If your language has a word that can be used for both this occurrence of **satiated** and the occurrence in the previous verse, consider using it here. Alternate translation: “he become tired of seeing you” or “he become sick of you” +25:18 f678 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure מֵפִ֣יץ וְ֭⁠חֶרֶב וְ⁠חֵ֣ץ שָׁנ֑וּן אִ֥ישׁ עֹנֶ֥ה בְ֝⁠רֵעֵ֗⁠הוּ עֵ֣ד שָֽׁקֶר 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could reverse the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “A man who answers a testimony of falsehood against his neighbor is a hammer and a sword and a sharp arrow” +25:18 r378 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מֵפִ֣יץ וְ֭⁠חֶרֶב וְ⁠חֵ֣ץ שָׁנ֑וּן 1 In this verse, Solomon speaks of **a man who answers a testimony of falsehood against his neighbor** being deadly as if he were **A hammer and a sword and a sharp arrow**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “Very deadly” or “Like a hammer and a sword and a sharp arrow”\n +25:18 h3o6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אִ֥ישׁ עֹנֶ֥ה בְ֝⁠רֵעֵ֗⁠הוּ 1 Although the terms **man** and **his** are masculine, Solomon is using these words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “is a person who answers … against that person’s neighbor”\n +25:18 t8qa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עֹנֶ֥ה בְ֝⁠רֵעֵ֗⁠הוּ עֵ֣ד שָֽׁקֶר 1 In the original language, the words translated as **answers** and **against** mean “testifies against.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “who testifies against his neighbor with a testimony of falsehood” +25:18 dqz6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession עֵ֣ד שָֽׁקֶר 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **testimony** that is characterized by **falsehood**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “a false testimony”\n +25:19 mmoo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure שֵׁ֣ן רֹ֭עָה וְ⁠רֶ֣גֶל מוּעָ֑דֶת מִבְטָ֥ח בּ֝וֹגֵ֗ד בְּ⁠י֣וֹם צָרָֽה 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could reverse the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “Confidence in one who acts treacherously in the day of distress is a broken tooth and a shaky foot”\n +25:19 p8jx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שֵׁ֣ן רֹ֭עָה וְ⁠רֶ֣גֶל מוּעָ֑דֶת 1 In this verse, Solomon speaks of the uselessness of having **confidence** in a treacherous person as if that **confidence** were **A broken tooth and a shaky foot**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “Very useless” or “Like a broken tooth and a shaky foot” +25:19 i3b1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מִבְטָ֥ח 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **confidence** in [3:26](../03/26.md). +25:19 sfa4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun בּ֝וֹגֵ֗ד 1 See how you translated **one who acts treacherously** in [21:18](../21/18.md). +25:19 ua5q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּ⁠י֣וֹם צָרָֽה 1 See how you translated this phrase in [24:10](../24/10.md). +25:20 e5uw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure מַ֥עֲדֶה בֶּ֨גֶד ׀ בְּ⁠י֣וֹם קָ֭רָה חֹ֣מֶץ עַל־נָ֑תֶר וְ⁠שָׁ֥ר בַּ֝⁠שִּׁרִ֗ים עַ֣ל לֶב־רָֽע 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could change the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “One who sings with songs to a heart of misery is like one who removes a garment on a cold day, vinegar on natron” +25:20 ewth rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מַ֥עֲדֶה בֶּ֨גֶד & וְ⁠שָׁ֥ר & לֶב־רָֽע 1 **One who removes a garment**, **one who sings**, and **a heart of misery** refer to types of people and hearts in general, not specific people or a specific **heart**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who removes a garment … so is any person who sings … any heart of misery” +25:20 pbjn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מַ֥עֲדֶה בֶּ֨גֶד 1 Here, Solomon implies that **a garment** is removed from someone’s body. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “One who removes a garment from someone’s body” +25:20 dj11 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown חֹ֣מֶץ עַל־נָ֑תֶר 1 The words **vinegar** and **natron** refer to things that react violently when they are mixed together. Therefore, this clause refers to two things that should not be put together. If your readers would not be familiar with these two materials, you could use the names of similar things in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “chemicals that don’t mix well with each other” +25:20 y3wy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile וְ⁠שָׁ֥ר בַּ֝⁠שִּׁרִ֗ים עַ֣ל לֶב־רָֽע 1 Solomon is saying that **one who sings with songs to a heart of misery** is like **One who removes a garment on a cold day** and **vinegar on natron** because all of these are inappropriate or unhelpful. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “so also is one who sings with songs to a heart of misery inappropriate” +25:20 o30g rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry וְ⁠שָׁ֥ר בַּ֝⁠שִּׁרִ֗ים 1 Here, **sings with songs** is an emphatic construction that uses a verb and its object that come from the same root. You may be able to use the same construction in your language to express the meaning here. Alternatively, your language may have another way of showing the emphasis. +25:20 k9zb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession לֶב־רָֽע 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **heart** that is characterized by **misery**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “a miserable heart” +25:20 z9sh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לֶב 1 Here, **heart** refers to the whole person. See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [14:10](../14/10.md).\n +25:21 zgm8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun שֹׂ֭נַאֲ⁠ךָ הַאֲכִלֵ֣⁠הוּ & הַשְׁקֵ֥⁠הוּ מָֽיִם 1 Here, **one who hates you** and **him** refer to a type of person in general, not a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any person who hates you … cause that person to eat … cause that person to drink water” +25:21 hsyt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לָ֑חֶם 1 Here, **bread** is used to refer to food in general. See how you translated the same use of **bread** in [9:5](../09/05.md). +25:22 eb7p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom גֶֽחָלִ֗ים אַ֭תָּה חֹתֶ֣ה עַל־רֹאשׁ֑⁠וֹ 1 Here, **heaping coals on his head** is an idiom that most likely refers to causing that person to feel ashamed. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “cause him to feel ashamed for what he has done” or “you make him feel ashamed, as if you were heaping coals on his head” +25:22 b3cr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יְשַׁלֶּם־לָֽ⁠ךְ 1 See how you translated the same use of **repay** in [19:17](../19/17.md). +25:23 xj7i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ר֣וּחַ צָ֭פוֹן 1 Here, **wind of the north** refers to cold **wind** that came from **the north**. In Israel, this type of **wind** often brought rain. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “The cold wind that comes from the north” +25:23 uijx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וּ⁠פָנִ֥ים נִ֝זְעָמִ֗ים לְשׁ֣וֹן סָֽתֶר 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. Here, the first phrase is the result of the second phrase. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and indignant faces are brought forth by a tongue of secrecy” or “and a tongue of secrecy brings forth indignant faces” or “and a tongue of secrecy causes indignant faces” +25:23 gzp1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile וּ⁠פָנִ֥ים נִ֝זְעָמִ֗ים 1 In this verse, Solomon compares **The wind of the north** bringing **rain** to **a tongue of secrecy** bringing **indignant faces**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly: Alternate translation: “and similarly, indignant faces” +25:23 ergr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וּ⁠פָנִ֥ים נִ֝זְעָמִ֗ים 1 Here, **faces** refers to the people who are **indignant**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and indignant people” +25:23 pklq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession לְשׁ֣וֹן סָֽתֶר 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **a tongue** that tells the secrets of others. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “a tongue that tells the secrets of others”\n +25:23 z36v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לְשׁ֣וֹן סָֽתֶר 1 Here, **tongue** refers to the whole person who is speaking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a person who tells secrets” +25:24 siz4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ט֗וֹב שֶׁ֥בֶת עַל־פִּנַּת־גָּ֑ג מֵ⁠אֵ֥שֶׁת מדונים וּ⁠בֵ֥ית חָֽבֶר 1 See how you translated the same sentence in [21:9](../21/09.md). +25:25 urg5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure מַ֣יִם קָ֭רִים עַל־נֶ֣פֶשׁ עֲיֵפָ֑ה וּ⁠שְׁמוּעָ֥ה ט֝וֹבָ֗ה מֵ⁠אֶ֥רֶץ מֶרְחָֽק 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could reverse the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “Good news from a distant land is like cool water over a weary soul” +25:25 qpyf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit נֶ֣פֶשׁ עֲיֵפָ֑ה 1 Here, Solomon implies that this **soul** is **weary** with thirst. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “a soul weary from thirst” +25:25 h5dn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche נֶ֣פֶשׁ 1 See how you translated the same use of **soul** in [2:10](../02/10.md). +25:25 wzcm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile וּ⁠שְׁמוּעָ֥ה ט֝וֹבָ֗ה מֵ⁠אֶ֥רֶץ מֶרְחָֽק 1 Solomon is saying that **good news from a distant land** is like ** Cool water over a weary soul** because both of these are refreshing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “so also is good news from a distant land refreshing”\n +25:25 y2mt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וּ⁠שְׁמוּעָ֥ה ט֝וֹבָ֗ה 1 See how you translated **good news** in [15:30](../15/30.md). +25:26 pmra rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure מַעְיָ֣ן נִ֭רְפָּשׂ וּ⁠מָק֣וֹר מָשְׁחָ֑ת צַ֝דִּ֗יק מָ֣ט לִ⁠פְנֵֽי־רָשָֽׁע 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could reverse the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “A righteous one swaying before the face of a wicked one is a spring muddied by trampling and a fountain spoiled” +25:26 ujn3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מַעְיָ֣ן נִ֭רְפָּשׂ וּ⁠מָק֣וֹר מָשְׁחָ֑ת 1 In this verse, Solomon speaks of **a righteous one swaying before the face of a wicked one** being bad as if that person were **A spring muddied by trampling and a fountain spoiled**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “Very bad” or “Like a spring muddied by trampling and a fountain spoiled”\n +25:26 ijks rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive מַעְיָ֣ן נִ֭רְפָּשׂ וּ⁠מָק֣וֹר מָשְׁחָ֑ת 1 If your language does not use these passive forms, you could express the ideas in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “A spring someone muddied by trampling and a fountain someone spoiled” +25:26 k2dm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun צַ֝דִּ֗יק & רָשָֽׁע 1 See how you translated **a righteous one** in [9:9](../09/09.md) and **a wicked one** in [9:7](../09/07.md). +25:26 tiq8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מָ֣ט 1 Here, **swaying** refers to **a righteous one** yielding to the influence of **a wicked one**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “who yields” or “who gives in” +25:26 e13r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לִ⁠פְנֵֽי 1 See how you translated the same use of **before the face of** in [14:19](../14/19.md). +25:27 x6in rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes לֹא־ט֑וֹב 1 See how you translated the same use of **not good** in [16:29](../16/29.md).\n +25:27 x2st rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְ⁠חֵ֖קֶר כְּבֹדָ֣⁠ם כָּבֽוֹד 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and the searching out of their honor is not honor” +25:27 h7jf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile וְ⁠חֵ֖קֶר 1 In this verse, Solomon compares eating **much honey** to**searching out** one’s own **honor**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly: Alternate translation: “and similarly, the searching out of”\n +25:27 x2kl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠חֵ֖קֶר כְּבֹדָ֣⁠ם 1 Here, Solomon speaks of someone trying to get other people to **honor** him as if **honor** were an object that a person could search for. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and trying to make other people honor you”\n +25:28 qm3n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure עִ֣יר פְּ֭רוּצָה אֵ֣ין חוֹמָ֑ה אִ֝֗ישׁ אֲשֶׁ֤ר אֵ֖ין מַעְצָ֣ר לְ⁠רוּחֽ⁠וֹ 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “A man who has no restraint for his spirit is a breached city without a wall” +25:28 gl3p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עִ֣יר פְּ֭רוּצָה אֵ֣ין חוֹמָ֑ה 1 In this verse, Solomon speaks of **a man who has no restraint for his spirit** being defenseless or unprotected as if that person were **A breached city without a wall**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “Very defenseless” or “Like a breached city without a wall” +25:28 jh45 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עִ֣יר פְּ֭רוּצָה אֵ֣ין חוֹמָ֑ה 1 Here, Solomon implies that there is no **wall** because it was broken down when people **breached** the **city**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “A city whose walls an army has knocked down” +25:28 mzfn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אִ֝֗ישׁ & לְ⁠רוּחֽ⁠וֹ 1 Although the terms **man** and **his** are masculine, Solomon is using these words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “is a person … for that person’s spirit”\n +25:28 jkwi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲשֶׁ֤ר אֵ֖ין מַעְצָ֣ר לְ⁠רוּחֽ⁠וֹ 1 Here, Solomon refers to someone who lacks self-control as if that person were not able to restrain **his spirit**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “who has no self-control” +26:intro juh9 0 # Proverbs 26 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\n6. Hezekiah’s proverbs from Solomon (25:1–29:27)\n * Warnings and admonitions (25:1–27:27)\n * Contrastive wise sayings (28:1–29:27)\n\nChapter 26 continues the section of the book containing proverbs written by Solomon that were copied by scribes during the reign of Hezekiah. This section contains two parts, the first part in [25:1](../25/01.md)–[27:27](../27/27.md) mostly contains proverbs that warn or admonish.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Parallelism\n\nChapters 25–27 mostly contain proverbs in which the second of two parallel clauses completes, emphasizes, or qualifies the idea of the first clause. Chapter 26 contains only this type of parallelism. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])\n\n### Similes\n\nSolomon uses many different similes in this chapter to warn his readers against acting unwisely. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +26:1 twld rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure כַּ⁠שֶּׁ֤לֶג ׀ בַּ⁠קַּ֗יִץ וְ⁠כַ⁠מָּטָ֥ר בַּ⁠קָּצִ֑יר כֵּ֤ן לֹא־נָאוֶ֖ה לִ⁠כְסִ֣יל כָּבֽוֹד 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “Honor is not suitable for a stupid one, like the snow in the summer and like the rain in the harvest” +26:1 emii rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun כַּ⁠שֶּׁ֤לֶג ׀ בַּ⁠קַּ֗יִץ וְ⁠כַ⁠מָּטָ֥ר בַּ⁠קָּצִ֑יר & לִ⁠כְסִ֣יל 1 Here, **the snow**, **the summer**, **the rain**, **the harvest**, and **a stupid one**, refer to these things and type of people in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated **a stupid one** in [10:18](../10/18.md). Alternate translation: “Like any snow in any summer and like any rain in any harvest … for any stupid person” +26:1 w8yc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כַּ⁠שֶּׁ֤לֶג ׀ בַּ⁠קַּ֗יִץ וְ⁠כַ⁠מָּטָ֥ר בַּ⁠קָּצִ֑יר 1 The words **Like** and **so** in this verse indicate that Solomon is comparing **snow in the summer** and **rain in the harvest** with **honor** **for a stupid one**. The point is that all three of these are **not suitable** or inappropriate. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this more explicit. Alternate translation: “Just as the snow in the summer or the rain in the harvest are not suitable” +26:1 k6hw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns כָּבֽוֹד 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **honor** in [3:16](../03/16.md). +26:2 fir3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure כַּ⁠צִּפּ֣וֹר לָ֭⁠נוּד כַּ⁠דְּר֣וֹר לָ⁠ע֑וּף כֵּ֥ן קִֽלְלַ֥ת חִ֝נָּ֗ם לא תָבֹֽא 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “A curse without cause does not come, like the bird for fluttering, like the swallow for flying” +26:2 seaj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun כַּ⁠צִּפּ֣וֹר לָ֭⁠נוּד כַּ⁠דְּר֣וֹר לָ⁠ע֑וּף כֵּ֥ן קִֽלְלַ֥ת 1 Here, **the bird**, **the swallow**, and **a curse** refer to these things in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Like any bird for fluttering, and like any swallow for flying, so any curse” +26:2 rn2x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כַּ⁠צִּפּ֣וֹר לָ֭⁠נוּד כַּ⁠דְּר֣וֹר לָ⁠ע֑וּף 1 The words **As** and **so** in this verse indicate that Solomon is comparing **the bird for fluttering** and **the swallow for flying** with **a curse without cause**. The point is that **a curse** does not affect a person who does not deserve it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this more explicit. Alternate translation: “Just like the fluttering bird and the flying swallow do not land” +26:2 dj56 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet כַּ⁠צִּפּ֣וֹר לָ֭⁠נוּד כַּ⁠דְּר֣וֹר לָ⁠ע֑וּף 1 The phrases **the bird for fluttering** and **the swallow for flying** mean similar things. Solomon is using the two phrases together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “As birds that are flying around” +26:2 kwky rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown כַּ⁠דְּר֣וֹר 1 A **swallow** is a small bird that quickly flies back and forth. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of bird, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “as the quickly moving small bird” +26:2 c635 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification לא תָבֹֽא 1 Here, Solomon speaks of a person not being affected by **a curse** as if that **curse** were a person who **does not come**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “does not occur”\n +26:3 m4tl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis שׁ֣וֹט לַ֭⁠סּוּס מֶ֣תֶג לַ⁠חֲמ֑וֹר וְ֝⁠שֵׁ֗בֶט לְ⁠גֵ֣ו כְּסִילִֽים 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “A whip is for the horse, a bridle is for the donkey, and a rod is for the back of stupid ones” +26:3 ikbu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun שׁ֣וֹט לַ֭⁠סּוּס מֶ֣תֶג לַ⁠חֲמ֑וֹר וְ֝⁠שֵׁ֗בֶט לְ⁠גֵ֣ו כְּסִילִֽים 1 **A whip**, **the horse**, **a bridle**, **the donkey**, **a rod**, and **the back** refer to these things and animals in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Whips are for horses, bridles are for donkeys, and rods are for backs of stupid ones” +26:3 v3b7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile וְ֝⁠שֵׁ֗בֶט 1 Here, **and** indicates that Solomon is comparing what follows to what he said in the previous clause. Solomon is saying that people must hit **stupid ones** with **a rod** in order to control them, just like they must use a **whip** to control horses and a **bridle** to control donkeys. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “in the same way a rod”\n +26:3 le7r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ֝⁠שֵׁ֗בֶט לְ⁠גֵ֣ו 1 See how you translated the same use of **rod for the back** in [10:13](../10/13.md). +26:4-5 c6ut rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אַל־תַּ֣עַן כְּ֭סִיל כְּ⁠אִוַּלְתּ֑⁠וֹ & עֲנֵ֣ה כְ֭סִיל כְּ⁠אִוַּלְתּ֑⁠וֹ 1 These two proverbs appear to contradict each other. However, it is best to understand the command in [24:4](../24/04.md) to apply in some situations and the command in [24:5](../24/05.md) to apply in other situations. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “In some situations, do not answer a stupid one according to his folly … In other situations, answer a stupid one according to his folly” +26:4 yggv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun כְּ֭סִיל כְּ⁠אִוַּלְתּ֑⁠וֹ & לּ֥⁠וֹ 1 Here, **a stupid one**, **his**, and **him** refer to a type of person in general, not a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated **a stupid one** in [10:18](../10/18.md). Alternate translation: “any stupid person according to that person’s folly … that person” +26:4 lbl6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כְּ⁠אִוַּלְתּ֑⁠וֹ 1 This could mean: (1) **according to** the reasoning of **a stupid one**. Alternate translation: “according to his foolish reasoning” (2) in the same manner as **a stupid one**. Alternate translation: “in a foolish manner” +26:4 fy59 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns כְּ⁠אִוַּלְתּ֑⁠וֹ 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **folly** in [5:23](../05/23.md). +26:4 o2q4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns תִּשְׁוֶה & גַם־אָֽתָּה 1 Solomon uses the word **yourself** to emphasize how important it is to not **become like** **a stupid one**. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this significance. Alternate translation: “even you become like” +26:5 x5nh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun כְ֭סִיל כְּ⁠אִוַּלְתּ֑⁠וֹ פֶּן־יִהְיֶ֖ה חָכָ֣ם בְּ⁠עֵינָֽי⁠ו 1 Here, **a stupid one**, **his**, and **he** refer to a type of person in general, not a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated **a stupid one** in [10:18](../10/18.md). Alternate translation: “any stupid person according to that person’s folly, lest that person become wise in that person’s own eyes” +26:5 vfqn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כְ֭סִיל כְּ⁠אִוַּלְתּ֑⁠וֹ 1 See how you translated this phrase in the previous verse. +26:5 q48w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor חָכָ֣ם בְּ⁠עֵינָֽי⁠ו 1 See how you translated the same use of **eyes** in [3:7](../03/07.md). +26:6 yi5n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure מְקַצֶּ֣ה רַ֭גְלַיִם חָמָ֣ס שֹׁתֶ֑ה שֹׁלֵ֖חַ דְּבָרִ֣ים בְּ⁠יַד־כְּסִֽיל 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “One who sends words by the hand of a stupid one is one who cuts off feet, one who drinks violence” +26:6 d764 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מְקַצֶּ֣ה רַ֭גְלַיִם חָמָ֣ס שֹׁתֶ֑ה שֹׁלֵ֖חַ דְּבָרִ֣ים בְּ⁠יַד־כְּסִֽיל 1 **One who cuts off**, **one who drinks**, **one who sends**, **the hand**, and **a stupid one** refer to types of people and hands in general, not specific people or a specific **hand**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated **a stupid one** in [10:18](../10/18.md). Alternate translation: “Any person who cuts off feet, any person who drinks violence, is any person who sends words by any hand of any stupid person” +26:6 ra9k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מְקַצֶּ֣ה רַ֭גְלַיִם חָמָ֣ס שֹׁתֶ֑ה 1 Here, Solomon implies that a person **cuts off** his own **feet** and **drinks violence** against himself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “One who cuts off his own feet, one who drinks violence against himself” +26:6 ky7c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מְקַצֶּ֣ה רַ֭גְלַיִם חָמָ֣ס שֹׁתֶ֑ה 1 Here, Solomon refers to someone who does something that harms himself as if that person **cuts off** his own **feet** and **drinks violence**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “One who harms himself” or “Like one who cuts off feet or drinks violence” +26:6 pxmq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet מְקַצֶּ֣ה רַ֭גְלַיִם חָמָ֣ס שֹׁתֶ֑ה 1 The phrases **One who cuts off feet** and **one who drinks violence** mean similar things. Solomon is using the two phrases together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “One who does great harm to himself” +26:6 k2lv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חָמָ֣ס 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **violence** in [3:31](../03/31.md). +26:6 ang1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שֹׁלֵ֖חַ דְּבָרִ֣ים 1 Here, Solomon refers to a message that is communicated by using **words**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is one who sends a message” +26:6 d82z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche בְּ⁠יַד־כְּסִֽיל 1 Here, **hand** refers to the whole person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “by a stupid one”\n +26:7 ocoe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit דַּלְי֣וּ 1 Here, Solomon implies that these **Legs dangle** uselessly because the legs of **a lame one** do not function. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “dangle uselessly” +26:7 uz3f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וּ֝⁠מָשָׁ֗ל 1 Solomon is leaving out a word that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply this word from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and a proverb dangles” +26:7 yhaq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile וּ֝⁠מָשָׁ֗ל 1 Here, **and** indicates that Solomon is comparing what follows to what he said in the previous clause. Solomon is saying that **a proverb in the mouth of stupid ones** is like the **Legs** of **a lame one** because it is useless. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “in the same way a proverb”\n +26:7 m6mr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun וּ֝⁠מָשָׁ֗ל בְּ⁠פִ֣י 1 Here, **a proverb** and **the mouth** refer to proverbs and mouths in general, not a specific **proverb** or **mouth**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any proverb in the mouths of” +26:7 nq9k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּ֝⁠מָשָׁ֗ל בְּ⁠פִ֣י 1 Here, **mouth** refers to what a person says by using his **mouth**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and a proverb spoken by”\n +26:8 u6gq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure כִּ⁠צְר֣וֹר אֶ֭בֶן בְּ⁠מַרְגֵּמָ֑ה כֵּן־נוֹתֵ֖ן לִ⁠כְסִ֣יל כָּבֽוֹד 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “One who gives honor to a stupid one is like tying a stone in a sling” +26:8 ltlz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כִּ⁠צְר֣וֹר אֶ֭בֶן בְּ⁠מַרְגֵּמָ֑ה 1 The words **Like** and **so** in this verse indicate that Solomon is comparing **tying a stone in a sling** with giving **honor to a stupid one**. The point is that both of these are useless. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this more explicit. Alternate translation: “Just as tying a stone in a sling is useless” +26:8 rxau rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown כִּ⁠צְר֣וֹר אֶ֭בֶן בְּ⁠מַרְגֵּמָ֑ה 1 A **sling** is a weapon used to throw **a stone** at someone. The act of **tying a stone in a sling** would make that **sling** useless. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of weapon, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “Like tying an arrow to a bow” or “Like a weapon that cannot hurt anyone” +26:8 fy3g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נוֹתֵ֖ן & כָּבֽוֹד 1 Here, Solomon refers to honoring someone as if **honor** were an object that someone **gives** to someone else. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is one who honors” +26:8 ab0k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לִ⁠כְסִ֣יל 1 See how you translated **a stupid one** in [10:18](../10/18.md). +26:9 z794 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche ח֭וֹחַ עָלָ֣ה בְ⁠יַד־שִׁכּ֑וֹר 1 This could refer to: (1) a thorn pricking the hand of **a drunkard**. Alternate translation: “A thorn pricking the hand of a drunkard” (2) **a drunkard** picking up a thorn bush to swing it at people, in which case the word translated at **thorn** would refer to a thorn bush. Alternate translation: “A thorn bush waved around in the hand of a drunkard” +26:9 tx2l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וּ֝⁠מָשָׁ֗ל 1 Solomon is leaving out a word that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply this word from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and a proverb goes up” +26:9 l82z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile וּ֝⁠מָשָׁ֗ל 1 Here, **and** indicates that Solomon is comparing what follows to what he said in the previous clause. Solomon is saying that **a proverb in the mouth of stupid ones** is like **A thorn** that **goes up into the hand of a drunkard** because it is harmful. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “in the same way a proverb is harmful” +26:9 dqtz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun וּ֝⁠מָשָׁ֗ל בְּ⁠פִ֣י כְסִילִֽים 1 See how you translated this clause in [26:7](../26/07.md). +26:10 y3xb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure רַ֥ב מְחֽוֹלֵֽל־כֹּ֑ל וְ⁠שֹׂכֵ֥ר כְּ֝סִ֗יל וְ⁠שֹׂכֵ֥ר עֹבְרִֽים 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “One who hires a stupid one and hires those passing by is like an archer who pierces everyone” +26:10 iy1x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מְחֽוֹלֵֽל־כֹּ֑ל 1 Here, Solomon implies that the **archer** shoots arrows at **everyone** and those arrows pierce them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “who shoots arrows at everyone that pierce them” +26:10 a082 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile וְ⁠שֹׂכֵ֥ר כְּ֝סִ֗יל וְ⁠שֹׂכֵ֥ר עֹבְרִֽים 1 The word **so** here indicates that Solomon is comparing **An archer who pierces everyone** with **one who hires a stupid one and hires those passing by**. The point is that both of these are dangerous. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this more explicit. Alternate translation: “so one who hires a stupid one and hires those passing by is dangerous” +26:10 lu8m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun וְ⁠שֹׂכֵ֥ר כְּ֝סִ֗יל 1 Here, **one who hires** and **a stupid one** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated **a stupid one** in [10:18](../10/18.md). Alternate translation: “so is any person who hires any stupid person” +26:11 adrz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure כְּ֭⁠כֶלֶב שָׁ֣ב עַל־קֵא֑⁠וֹ כְּ֝סִ֗יל שׁוֹנֶ֥ה בְ⁠אִוַּלְתּֽ⁠וֹ 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “A stupid one who repeats his folly is like a dog that returns to its vomit” +26:11 dgd2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun כְּ֭⁠כֶלֶב שָׁ֣ב עַל־קֵא֑⁠וֹ כְּ֝סִ֗יל שׁוֹנֶ֥ה בְ⁠אִוַּלְתּֽ⁠וֹ 1 Here, **a dog**, **its**, **a stupid one**, and **his** refer to dogs and a type of people in general, not a specific **dog** or person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated **a stupid one** in [10:18](../10/18.md). Alternate translation: “Like any dog that returns to that dog’s vomit is any stupid person who repeats that person’s own folly” +26:11 xyjx rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown כְּ֭⁠כֶלֶב 1 A **dog** is an animal that is considered to be unclean and disgusting by Jews and many cultures of the Ancient Near East. Therefore, comparing someone to a dog is insulting. If dogs are unfamiliar to your culture and you have a different animal that is considered unclean and disgusting or whose name is used as an insult, you could use the name of this animal instead.\n +26:11 ioau rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שָׁ֣ב עַל־קֵא֑⁠וֹ 1 Here, Solomon implies that the **dog** **returns to its vomit** in order to eat it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “that returns to eat its vomit” +26:11 fjtm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְ⁠אִוַּלְתּֽ⁠וֹ 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **folly** in [5:23](../05/23.md). +26:12 cxr5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion רָאִ֗יתָ אִ֭ישׁ חָכָ֣ם בְּ⁠עֵינָ֑י⁠ו 1 Although the Hebrew text is not worded like a question, many translations make this clause into a rhetorical question. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate this as a question. See how you translated the similar use of **You see** in [22:29](../22/29.md). Alternate translation: “Have you seen a man wise in his eyes?” +26:12 h6la rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אִ֭ישׁ חָכָ֣ם בְּ⁠עֵינָ֑י⁠ו & לִ⁠כְסִ֣יל מִמֶּֽ⁠נּוּ 1 Here, **a man**, **his**, **a stupid one**, and **him** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated **a stupid one** in [10:18](../10/18.md). Alternate translation: “any person wise in that person’s eyes … for any stupid person than that person” +26:12 zcjq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit חָכָ֣ם בְּ⁠עֵינָ֑י⁠ו 1 Here, Solomon implies that this **man** is not actually **wise**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “wise in his eyes who is not really wise” +26:12 tobk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּ⁠עֵינָ֑י⁠ו 1 See how you translated the same use of **eyes** in [3:7](../03/07.md). +26:12 n43z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תִּקְוָ֖ה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **hope** in [10:28](../10/28.md). +26:13 y1yv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun עָ֭צֵל 1 See how you translated this phrase in [13:4](../13/04.md).\n\n +26:13 yx1t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations אָמַ֣ר & שַׁ֣חַל בַּ⁠דָּ֑רֶךְ אֲ֝רִ֗י בֵּ֣ין הָ⁠רְחֹבֽוֹת 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as an indirect quotation. See how you translated the similar phrases in [22:13](../22/13.md). Alternate translation: “says that a lion is on the road and a lion is between the open areas” +26:13 xyz8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אָמַ֣ר 1 In this verse, Solomon implies that what the **lazy one** says is not true. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “says falsely” +26:14 bfi2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown הַ֭⁠דֶּלֶת תִּסּ֣וֹב עַל־צִירָ֑⁠הּ 1 A **hinge** is a metal piece attached to a **door** in order to allow the **door** to swing back and forth. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of item, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “The door swings back and forth” or “The door swings open and shut” +26:14 xvjb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְ֝⁠עָצֵ֗ל עַל־מִטָּתֽ⁠וֹ 1 Solomon is leaving out a word that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply this word from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and a lazy one turns on his bed” +26:14 xz8x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun וְ֝⁠עָצֵ֗ל עַל־מִטָּתֽ⁠וֹ 1 See how translated **a lazy one** and **his** in [13:4](../13/04.md). +26:14 uv1d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile וְ֝⁠עָצֵ֗ל 1 Here, **and** indicates that Solomon is comparing what follows to what he said in the previous clause. Solomon is saying that **a lazy one on his bed** is like a **door** that **turns on its hinge** because both move without going anywhere. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “in the same way a lazy one”\n +26:15 j4ce rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun טָ֘מַ֤ן עָצֵ֣ל יָ֭ד⁠וֹ בַּ⁠צַּלָּ֑חַת נִ֝לְאָ֗ה לַֽ⁠הֲשִׁיבָ֥⁠הּ אֶל־פִּֽי⁠ו 1 See how you translated the nearly identical sentence in [19:24](../19/24.md). +26:16 iovd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun עָצֵ֣ל בְּ⁠עֵינָ֑י⁠ו 1 See how you translated **A lazy one** and **his** in the previous verse. +26:16 mv3h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit חָכָ֣ם & בְּ⁠עֵינָ֑י⁠ו 1 Here, Solomon implies that **A lazy one** is not actually wise. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “is erroneously wiser in his eyes” +26:16 e6pb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּ⁠עֵינָ֑י⁠ו 1 See how you translated the same use of this phrase in [26:12](../26/12.md). +26:16 rwo1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj מִ֝⁠שִּׁבְעָ֗ה 1 Solomon is using the adjective **seven** as a noun to mean **seven** people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “seven people” +26:16 jlcm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִ֝⁠שִּׁבְעָ֗ה 1 Here, **seven** is used to refer to multiple people, not specifically **seven** people. In Hebrew, **seven** often symbolizes the idea of completion. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “numerous people” +26:16 d2ba rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מְשִׁ֣יבֵי טָֽעַם 1 Here, Solomon refers to people speaking a reply with **discretion** to someone else as if they were returning **discretion**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar use of “returns” in [24:26](../24/26.md). Alternate translation: “who speak a discreet reply”\n +26:16 uw82 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns טָֽעַם 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **discretion** in [1:4](../01/04.md). +26:17 ui2h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure מַחֲזִ֥יק בְּ⁠אָזְנֵי־כָ֑לֶב עֹבֵ֥ר מִ֝תְעַבֵּ֗ר עַל־רִ֥יב לֹּֽא־לֽ⁠וֹ 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “One who infuriates himself over a dispute not for him is one who grabs the ears of a dog passing by”\n +26:17 xh36 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מַחֲזִ֥יק בְּ⁠אָזְנֵי־כָ֑לֶב עֹבֵ֥ר 1 In this verse, Solomon refers to someone **who infuriates himself over a dispute not for him** as if that person were **One who grabs the ears of a dog passing by**. Both clauses are examples of a reckless or foolish act that would only harm the person who does it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “One who foolishly harms himself” or “Like one who grabs the ears of a dog passing by”\n +26:17 z69e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מַחֲזִ֥יק בְּ⁠אָזְנֵי־כָ֑לֶב עֹבֵ֥ר 1 Here, Solomon implies that grabbing **the ears of a dog** is a reckless or foolish act because the the dog will react by biting the person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “One who foolishly causes a dog to bite him by grabbing its ears” +26:17 un3n rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown כָ֑לֶב 1 See how you translated **dog** in [26:11](../26/11.md). +26:17 ul2w עֹבֵ֥ר מִ֝תְעַבֵּ֗ר 1 The word translated as **passing by** can also mean “one passing by,” in which case it would refer to **one who infuriates** and be part of the second clause. If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT. Alternate translation (preceded by a comma): “is one passing by who infuriates himself”\n +26:17 xrkx לֹּֽא־לֽ⁠וֹ 1 Alternate translation: “not about him” or “that he has nothing to do with” +26:18-19 ubml rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-versebridge 1 If it would be helpful to your readers, you could combine [26:18](../26/18.md) and [26:19](../26/19.md) into a verse bridge, as the UST does, in order to keep this sentence together. +26:18-19 spv0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure כְּֽ֭⁠מִתְלַהְלֵהַּ הַ⁠יֹּרֶ֥ה זִקִּ֗ים חִצִּ֥ים וָ⁠מָֽוֶת׃ & כֵּֽן־אִ֭ישׁ רִמָּ֣ה אֶת־רֵעֵ֑⁠הוּ וְ֝⁠אָמַ֗ר הֲֽ⁠לֹא־מְשַׂחֵ֥ק אָֽנִי׃ 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “A man who deceives his neighbor and says, ‘Was I not joking?’ is like an insane one who shoots firebrands, arrows, and death” +26:18 whlp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כְּֽ֭⁠מִתְלַהְלֵהַּ הַ⁠יֹּרֶ֥ה זִקִּ֗ים חִצִּ֥ים וָ⁠מָֽוֶת 1 **Like** in this verse and **so** in the next verse indicate that Solomon is comparing **an insane one who shoots arrows, firebrands, and death** with **a man who deceives his neighbor and says, “Was I not joking?”** The point is that these are harmful and dangerous acts. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this more explicit. Alternate translation: “Just as an insane one who shoots firebrands, arrows, and death is reckless”\n +26:18 xy32 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys חִצִּ֥ים וָ⁠מָֽוֶת 1 The two words **arrows** and **death** express a single idea. The word **death** describes a characteristic of the **arrows**. If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this meaning in a different way. Alternate translation: “and arrows that kill” +26:19 id5c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אִ֭ישׁ & רֵעֵ֑⁠הוּ 1 Although the terms **man** and **his** are masculine, Solomon is using these words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “is a person … that person’s neighbor”\n +26:19 g1qd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion וְ֝⁠אָמַ֗ר הֲֽ⁠לֹא־מְשַׂחֵ֥ק אָֽנִי 1 Here, **a man who deceives** is using this question to emphasize that he was **joking**. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “and says, ‘Just kidding!’” +26:19 picc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations וְ֝⁠אָמַ֗ר הֲֽ⁠לֹא־מְשַׂחֵ֥ק אָֽנִי 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “and say that you were joking”\n +26:20 ivv3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּ⁠אֶ֣פֶס 1 Here, **end** refers to a lack of **wood pieces**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. See how you translated the similar use of **With the end of** in [14:28](../14/28.md). Alternate translation: “With the lack of”\n +26:20 von8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile וּ⁠בְ⁠אֵ֥ין 1 Here, **and** indicates that Solomon is comparing what follows to what he said in the previous clause. In the same way that **a fire goes out** when there are no **wood pieces**, **a quarrel** stops when there is no **murmerer**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “similarly, when there is no”\n +26:20 jlco rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification יִשְׁתֹּ֥ק מָדֽוֹן 1 Here, Solomon speaks of **a quarrel** ceasing as if it were a person who **becomes silent**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a quarrel ceases”\n +26:20 hk7l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מָדֽוֹן 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **quarrel** in [15:18](../15/18.md). +26:21 l2ug rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit פֶּחָ֣ם לְ֭⁠גֶחָלִים וְ⁠עֵצִ֣ים לְ⁠אֵ֑שׁ 1 Solomon assumes that his readers will understand that **Charcoal** helps **burning coals** burn and **wood** helps **fire** burn. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “Charcoal helps coals burn and wood helps fire burn” +26:21 bl4i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile וְ⁠אִ֥ישׁ מדונים 1 Here, **so** indicates that Solomon is comparing what follows to what he said in the previous clause. In the same way that **Charcoal** helps **burning coals** burn and **wood** helps **fire** burn, **a man of quarrels** produces disputes among other people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “in the same way, a man of quarrels”\n +26:21 vqtp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun וְ⁠אִ֥ישׁ מדונים & רִֽיב 1 Here, **a man of quarrels** and **a dispute** refer to a type of people and disputes in general, not a specific **man** or **dispute**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “and any person of quarrels … any dispute” +26:21 yxin rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְ⁠אִ֥ישׁ מדונים 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **man** who is characterized by **quarrels**. See how you translated “a woman of quarrels” in [21:9](../21/09.md). +26:21 ud8h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לְ⁠חַרְחַר־רִֽיב 1 Here, Solomon refers to causing a **dispute** to continue as if it were a fire that someone keeps **kindling**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is to causing people to keep disputing” +26:21 gw82 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רִֽיב 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **dispute** in [15:18](../15/18.md). +26:22 ye74 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile דִּבְרֵ֣י נִ֭רְגָּן כְּ⁠מִֽתְלַהֲמִ֑ים וְ֝⁠הֵ֗ם יָרְד֥וּ חַדְרֵי־בָֽטֶן 1 See how you translated the identical sentence in [18:8](../18/08.md). +26:23 xdr5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure כֶּ֣סֶף סִ֭יגִים מְצֻפֶּ֣ה עַל־חָ֑רֶשׂ שְׂפָתַ֖יִם דֹּלְקִ֣ים וְ⁠לֶב־רָֽע 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “Burning lips and a heart of evil are silver of dross overlaid on a clay vessel”\n +26:23 xpc9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor כֶּ֣סֶף סִ֭יגִים מְצֻפֶּ֣ה עַל־חָ֑רֶשׂ 1 Here, Solomon refers to **burning lips and a heart of evil** as if they are **Silver of dross overlaid on a clay vessel**. The point is that both are deceptive. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “Very deceptive” or “Like silver of dross overlaid on a clay vessel”\n +26:23 luyq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession כֶּ֣סֶף סִ֭יגִים 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **dross** that is removed from **silver** when someone refines it. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “Dross from silver” +26:23 pe1u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive מְצֻפֶּ֣ה 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that someone has overlaid” +26:23 uslg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שְׂפָתַ֖יִם דֹּלְקִ֣ים וְ⁠לֶב־רָֽע 1 Here, **and** indicates that someone has both **burning lips and a heart of evil** at the same time. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “are burning lips with a heart of evil” +26:23 u5wy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שְׂפָתַ֖יִם דֹּלְקִ֣ים 1 See how you translated the same use of **lips** in [10:18](../10/18.md). +26:23 w4s3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דֹּלְקִ֣ים 1 Here, Solomon refers to something being emotional or fervent as if that thing were **burning**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “passionate” +26:23 y2n7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְ⁠לֶב־רָֽע 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **heart** that is characterized by **evil**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “and an evil heart” +26:23 p5hf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ⁠לֶב 1 See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [2:2](../02/02.md). +26:24 qyht rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun בִּ֭שְׂפָתָיו יִנָּכֵ֣ר שׂוֹנֵ֑א וּ֝⁠בְ⁠קִרְבּ֗⁠וֹ יָשִׁ֥ית מִרְמָֽה 1 Here, **his**, **one who hates**, **himself**, **him**, and **he** refer to a type of person in general, not a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “With the lips of any person who hates, that person disguises himself, but that person sets deceit within that person” +26:24 mbaz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בִּ֭שְׂפָתָיו 1 See how you translated the same use of **lips** in the previous verse. +26:24 hqop rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִנָּכֵ֣ר & וּ֝⁠בְ⁠קִרְבּ֗⁠וֹ 1 Here, **himself** and **within him** refer to what the **one who hates** is thinking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “disguises what he is thinking, but in his mind” +26:24 qu8b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יָשִׁ֥ית מִרְמָֽה 1 Here, Solomon speaks of the **one who hates** planning how to deceive someone as if **deceit** were an object that **he sets** **within him**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he secretly plans to deceive” +26:24 qn7b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מִרְמָֽה 1 Here, Solomon implies that the **one who hates** plans to deceive the person he **hates**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “deceit for the one he hates” +26:25 due1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun יְחַנֵּ֣ן ק֭וֹל⁠וֹ & בּ֑⁠וֹ & בְּ⁠לִבּֽ⁠וֹ 1 In this verse, **he**, **his**, and **him** refer to the type of person “who hates,” as stated in the previous verse. See how you translated these words in the previous verse. +26:25 f4gf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ק֭וֹל⁠וֹ 1 Here, **voice** refers to what the person says. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “what he says” +26:25 q7ln rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שֶׁ֖בַע תּוֹעֵב֣וֹת 1 Here, Solomon uses **seven** to refer to multiple **abominations**, not specifically **seven**. See how you translated **seven abominations** in [6:16](../06/16.md). +26:25 ji1n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit תּוֹעֵב֣וֹת 1 As in the rest of Proverbs, **abominations** here refers to what Yahweh considers to be **abominations**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “what is abominable to Yahweh” +26:25 opc7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּ⁠לִבּֽ⁠וֹ 1 See how you translated **in his heart** in [6:14](../06/14.md). +26:26 iv6j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive תִּכַּסֶּ֣ה שִׂ֭נְאָה בְּ⁠מַשָּׁא֑וֹן 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Guile covers hatred” +26:26 yroj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns שִׂ֭נְאָה בְּ⁠מַשָּׁא֑וֹן 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **Hatred** and **guile**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. See how you translated the abstract noun **hatred** in [10:12](../10/12.md). Alternate translation: “Hating someone … by deceiving others” +26:26 mi17 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שִׂ֭נְאָה 1 Solomon implies that this **Hatred** belongs to the person with “a heart of evil,” who is described in [26:23](../26/23.md)–[26](../26/26.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “His hatred” +26:26 k29q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תִּכַּסֶּ֣ה & תִּגָּלֶ֖ה 1 Here, Solomon refers to **Hatred** being concealed as if it were an object that **is covered** and **evil** being revealed as if it were an object that is **uncovered**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the same use of “covers” in [10:6](../10/06.md). Alternate translation: “is concealed … will be revealed”\n +26:26 ui66 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast תִּגָּלֶ֖ה רָעָת֣⁠וֹ בְ⁠קָהָֽל 1 This clause is a strong contrast to the previous clause. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a contrast. Alternate translation: “however, his evil will be uncovered in the assembly” +26:26 u8yo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive תִּגָּלֶ֖ה רָעָת֣⁠וֹ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people will discover his evil” +26:26 d99d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רָעָת֣⁠וֹ 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **evil** in [1:16](../01/16.md). +26:27 gs4c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy כֹּֽרֶה־שַּׁ֭חַת בָּ֣⁠הּ יִפֹּ֑ל 1 Here, Solomon uses **One who digs a pit** to refer to anyone who tries to harm another person and **fall into it** to refer to that person being harmed as a result. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning carefully or use a simile. Alternate translation: “One who tries to harm someone will be harmed instead” or “One who tries to harm someone is like one who digs a pit and falls into it” +26:27 srdw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כֹּֽרֶה־שַּׁ֭חַת בָּ֣⁠הּ יִפֹּ֑ל 1 Here, Solomon implies that the person **digs a pit** in order to trap someone in it, but then ends up falling **into** that pit himself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “One who digs a pit to trap someone will fall into that pit” +26:27 hbz4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun כֹּֽרֶה־שַּׁ֭חַת & וְ⁠גֹ֥לֵ֥ל אֶ֝בֶן אֵלָ֥י⁠ו 1 **One who digs a pit**, **one who rolls a stone**, and **him** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who digs a pit … and any person who rolls a stone … to that person” +26:27 t2t1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ⁠גֹ֥לֵ֥ל אֶ֝בֶן אֵלָ֥י⁠ו תָּשֽׁוּב 1 Here, Solomon uses **one who rolls a stone** to refer to anyone who tries to harm another person and **come back to him** to refer to that person being harmed as a result. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning carefully or use a simile. Alternate translation: “and one who tries to harm someone will be harmed instead” or “One who tries to harm someone is like one who rolls a stone and the stone comes back to him” +26:27 nj1w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠גֹ֥לֵ֥ל אֶ֝בֶן 1 Here, Solomon implies that the person pushed a large **stone** up a hill so that it would roll down and crush someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and one who rolls a stone up a hill so that it will roll down and crush someone” +26:27 op14 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֵלָ֥י⁠ו תָּשֽׁוּב 1 Here, Solomon implies that the person will be crushed by the **stone** that he rolled up a hill. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “it will roll down and crush him” +26:28 wvw9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession לְֽשׁוֹן־שֶׁ֭קֶר 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **tongue** that is characterized by **falsehood**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. See how you translated the similar use of this phrase in [6:17](../06/17.md). Alternate translation: “A false tongue” +26:28 cbvf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לְֽשׁוֹן & דַכָּ֑י⁠ו 1 Here, **tongue** and **its** refer to the person who is speaking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “A person speaking with … that person’s oppressed ones”\n +26:28 dqyc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וּ⁠פֶ֥ה חָ֝לָ֗ק 1 Here, **mouth** refers to the person who is speaking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the same use of **mouth** in [4:5](../04/05.md). Alternate translation: “and a person who speaks smoothly” +26:28 qdpg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor חָ֝לָ֗ק 1 Here, Solomon speaks of this person speaking flatteringly as if he were making what he says **smooth**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “flattering”\n +26:28 gk1h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מִדְחֶֽה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **calamity** in [1:26](../01/26.md). +27:intro ec7g 0 # Proverbs 27 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\n6. Hezekiah’s proverbs from Solomon (25:1–29:27)\n * Warnings and admonitions (25:1–27:27)\n * Contrastive wise sayings (28:1–29:27)\n\nChapter 27 continues the section of the book containing proverbs written by Solomon that were copied by scribes during the reign of Hezekiah. This section contains two parts, the first part in [25:1](../25/01.md)–[27:27](../27/27.md) mostly contains proverbs that warn or admonish.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Parallelism\n\nChapters 25–27 mostly contain proverbs in which the second of two parallel clauses completes, emphasizes, or qualifies the idea of the first clause. Chapter 27 also contains contrasting parallelism ([27:3](../27/03.md), [27:4](../27/04.md), [6](../27/06.md), [7](../27/07.md), [12](../27/12.md)) and parallelism in which both clauses have the same meaning for emphasis ([27:2](../27/02.md), [23](../27/23.md)). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])\n\n### Similes\n\nSolomon uses many different similes in this chapter to warn his readers against acting unwisely. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) +27:1 t368 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יֵּ֥לֶד יֽוֹם 1 Here, Solomon refers to what will happen on a certain **day** as if that **day** were a person who brings **forth** that event. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “what will occur on a day” +27:2 cyj6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis יְהַלֶּלְ⁠ךָ֣ זָ֣ר וְ⁠לֹא־פִ֑י⁠ךָ נָ֝כְרִ֗י וְ⁠אַל־שְׂפָתֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words in the second clause that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the first clause. Alternate translation: “Let a stranger praise you and not your mouth, let a foreigner praise you and not your lips”\n +27:2 jhl7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism יְהַלֶּלְ⁠ךָ֣ זָ֣ר וְ⁠לֹא־פִ֑י⁠ךָ נָ֝כְרִ֗י וְ⁠אַל־שְׂפָתֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word that shows that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Let a stranger praise you and not your mouth, yes, let a foreigner praise you and not your lips”\n +27:2 yy2d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun זָ֣ר & נָ֝כְרִ֗י 1 Here, **a stranger** and **a foreigner** refer to unfamiliar people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any stranger … any foreigner” or “any other person … any outsider”\n +27:2 zgaj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche פִ֑י⁠ךָ & שְׂפָתֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 In this verse, **mouth** and **lips** refer to the whole person. See how you translated the same use of **mouth** in [4:5](../04/05.md) and **lips** in [23:16](../23/16.md). +27:3 lqz8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession כֹּֽבֶד־אֶ֭בֶן וְ⁠נֵ֣טֶל הַ⁠ח֑וֹל 1 Here, Solomon uses the possessive form to state that **a stone** is heavy and **sand** is weighty. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “A stone is heavy and sand is weighty” +27:3 snl3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠כַ֥עַס אֱ֝וִ֗יל כָּבֵ֥ד מִ⁠שְּׁנֵי⁠הֶֽם 1 Here, Solomon refers to how vexing fools are to other people as if the **vexation** they cause were **heavier than** the weight of **a stone** or **sand**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “yet the vexation of a fool is harder to tolerate than lifting either of them” or “yet the vexation of a fool is like something heavier than the two of them” +27:3 wtng rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְ⁠כַ֥עַס אֱ֝וִ֗יל 1 Here, Solomon uses the possessive form to describe **the vexation** that is caused by **a fool**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “yet how vexing a fool is” +27:4 l3ui rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession אַכְזְרִיּ֣וּת חֵ֭מָה וְ⁠שֶׁ֣טֶף אָ֑ף 1 Here, Solomon uses the possessive form to describe **heat** that is characterized by **Cruelty** and **nose** that is characterized by **a flood**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “Heat is cruel and nose is a flood” +27:4 shgm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy חֵ֭מָה & אָ֑ף 1 Here, **heat** and **nose** refer to anger. See how you translated the same use of **heat** and **nose** in [15:1](../15/01.md). +27:4 r9wp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠שֶׁ֣טֶף אָ֑ף 1 Here, Solomon speaks of the destructive power of anger as if it were **a flood**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and anger destroys like a flood” +27:4 nh38 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion וּ⁠מִ֥י יַ֝עֲמֹד לִ⁠פְנֵ֥י קִנְאָֽה 1 Solomon is using the question form to emphasize how dangerous **jealousy** is. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “but surely no one can stand before the face of jealousy!” +27:4 pjny rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom יַ֝עֲמֹד לִ⁠פְנֵ֥י 1 Here, **stand before the face of** means “resist.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “can oppose” +27:4 inj9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns קִנְאָֽה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **jealousy** in [6:34](../06/34.md). +27:5 pz3x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מְגֻלָּ֑ה & מְסֻתָּֽרֶת 1 Here, **open** refers to a **rebuke** that someone notices, while **hidden** refers to **love** that someone does not notice. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “noticeable … unnoticeable” +27:5 yva8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תּוֹכַ֣חַת & מֵֽ⁠אַהֲבָ֥ה 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **rebuke** in [1:23](../01/23.md) and **love** in [10:12](../10/12.md). +27:6 t884 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification נֶ֭אֱמָנִים פִּצְעֵ֣י אוֹהֵ֑ב 1 Here, Solomon speaks of the faithfulness of the **one who loves** as if the **wounds** he causes were a **Faithful** person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The wounds of one who loves show his faithfulness” or “The wounds of one who loves show how faithful he is” +27:6 lswh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession פִּצְעֵ֣י אוֹהֵ֑ב 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **wounds** that are caused by **one who loves**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “are the wounds caused by one who loves” +27:6 d5v5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor פִּצְעֵ֣י אוֹהֵ֑ב 1 Here, Solomon speaks of the sadness that a person feels when **one who loves** rebukes that person as if it were **wounds**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the sadness caused by one who loves and rebukes” +27:7 hu2h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אוֹהֵ֑ב & שׂוֹנֵֽא 1 Here, **one who loves** and **one who hates** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any person who loves … any person who hates” +27:6 q38c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וְ֝⁠נַעְתָּר֗וֹת נְשִׁיק֥וֹת שׂוֹנֵֽא 1 Here, Solomon speaks of the deceptiveness of the **one who hates** as if the **kisses** he gives were a **deceptive** person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but the kisses of one who hates show his deceptiveness” or “but the kisses of one who hates show how deceptive he is” +27:6 upw5 וְ֝⁠נַעְתָּר֗וֹת 1 The word translated as **deceptive** can also mean “excessive.” If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT.\n +27:6 f1f8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession נְשִׁיק֥וֹת שׂוֹנֵֽא 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **kisses** that are given by **one who hates**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “are the kisses given by one who hates” +27:6 wzd4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction נְשִׁיק֥וֹת 1 Here, **kisses** is a symbolic action to show true friendship and loyalty. See how you translated the same use of the word in [24:26](../24/26.md). +27:7 cebd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun נֶ֣פֶשׁ שְׂ֭בֵעָה & וְ⁠נֶ֥פֶשׁ רְ֝עֵבָ֗ה 1 **A satiated appetite** and **the appetite of a hungry one** refers to these appetites in general, not specific appetites. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any satiated appetite … but for any appetite of any hungry person” +27:7 diy7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche נֶ֣פֶשׁ שְׂ֭בֵעָה 1 Here, **appetite** refers to the whole **satiated** person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “A person who is satisfied” or “A person who has eaten enough to be full” +27:7 wr1p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns נֶ֣פֶשׁ & וְ⁠נֶ֥פֶשׁ 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **appetite** in [6:30](../06/30.md). +27:7 y8b7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit תָּב֣וּס נֹ֑פֶת & מָתֽוֹק 1 Here, Solomon implies that the **satiated** person **tramples fresh honey** because he is not hungry and does not want to eat it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “tramples fresh honey because he is not hungry” +27:7 pha3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וְ⁠נֶ֥פֶשׁ רְ֝עֵבָ֗ה 1 Here, **appetite** refers to the whole **hungry one**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but a person who is hungry” +27:7 aj75 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כָּל־מַ֥ר מָתֽוֹק 1 Here, **bitter** and **sweet** refer to how things taste. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “everything that tastes bitter seems to taste sweet” +27:8 szf7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure כְּ֭⁠צִפּוֹר נוֹדֶ֣דֶת מִן־קִנָּ֑⁠הּ כֵּֽן־אִ֝֗ישׁ נוֹדֵ֥ד מִ⁠מְּקוֹמֽ⁠וֹ 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “Like a man who wanders from his place, so is a bird wandering from her nest”\n +27:8 u3ew rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אִ֝֗ישׁ & מִ⁠מְּקוֹמֽ⁠וֹ 1 See how you translated the same use of **a man** and **his** in [6:27](../06/27.md). +27:9 nbzh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שֶׁ֣מֶן וּ֭⁠קְטֹרֶת 1 **Oil and incense** here refers to pleasant-smelling substances that are put on a person’s skin. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Pleasant-smelling oils and perfumes” +27:9 hute rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification יְשַׂמַּֽח־לֵ֑ב 1 Here, Solomon speaks of a person feeling glad as if that person’s **heart** were a person who could be gladdened. If it would be helpful in you language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “make a person happy”\n +27:9 mg4r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile וּ⁠מֶ֥תֶק 1 Here, **and** indicates that Solomon is comparing what follows to what he said in the previous clause. In the same way that **Oil and incense gladden the heart**, **the sweetness of his friend is from the counsel of the soul**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “similarly, the sweetness of”\n +27:9 fa3b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ⁠מֶ֥תֶק 1 Here, Solomon speaks of the kindness of a **friend** as if it were **sweetness**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and the kindness of” +27:9 pmcx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations רֵ֝עֵ֗⁠הוּ 1 Although **his** is masculine, here it refers to a person in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “any person’s friend”\n +27:9 u0uh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מֵֽ⁠עֲצַת־נָֽפֶשׁ 1 The phrase **counsel of the soul** refers to sincere advice. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is from sincere counsel” +27:10 c6gz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun רֵֽעֲ⁠ךָ֨ וְרֵ֪עַ & וּ⁠בֵ֥ית אָחִ֗י⁠ךָ אַל־תָּ֭בוֹא & שָׁכֵ֥ן קָ֝ר֗וֹב מֵ⁠אָ֥ח רָחֽוֹק 1 Here, **friend**, **house**, **brother**, **a nearby inhabitant**, and **a distant brother** represent these things and people in general, not specific things or people. In this verse, **brother** refers to relatives in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any friend of yours and any friend of … and do not enter any house of any relative of yours … is any nearby inhabitant than any distant relative” +27:10 a4vv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּ⁠י֣וֹם 1 Here, **day** refers to a point in time when something happens. It does not refer to a 24-hour length of time. See how you translated the same use of **day** in [21:31](../21/31.md). +27:10 sg3v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns אֵידֶ֑⁠ךָ 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **calamity** in [1:26](../01/26.md).\n +27:10 djmi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ט֥וֹב שָׁכֵ֥ן קָ֝ר֗וֹב מֵ⁠אָ֥ח רָחֽוֹק 1 Here, Solomon implies that this situation is true **in the day of your calamity**, as mentioned in the previous clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “When you need help, a nearby inhabitant is better than a distant brother” +27:11 gm95 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בְּ֭נִ⁠י 1 See how you translated the same use of **son** in [1:8](../01/08.md). +27:11 v2t7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לִבִּ֑⁠י 1 Here, **heart** refers to the whole person. See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [14:10](../14/10.md).\n +27:11 dbcf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠אָשִׁ֖יבָה & דָבָֽר 1 Here, Solomon refers to replying to someone as if the **word** spoken were an object that one returns to someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and I shall reply with a word”\n +27:11 zblc rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וְ⁠אָשִׁ֖יבָה 1 Here, and introduces the result of the **son** being **wise**. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate result. You may need to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “As a result, I shall return”\n +27:11 roze rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy דָבָֽר 1 See how you translated the similar use of **word** in [12:25](../12/25.md).\n +27:11 e4u1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun חֹרְפִ֣⁠י 1 Here, **one who reproaches me** represents a person in general, not one particular person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “to any person who reproaches me”\n +27:12 y47t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun עָר֤וּם רָאָ֣ה רָעָ֣ה נִסְתָּ֑ר פְּ֝תָאיִ֗ם עָבְר֥וּ נֶעֱנָֽשׁוּ 1 See how you translated the nearly identical sentence in [22:3](../22/03.md). +27:13 l1r3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit קַח־בִּ֭גְד⁠וֹ כִּי־עָ֣רַב זָ֑ר וּ⁠בְעַ֖ד נָכְרִיָּ֣ה חַבְלֵֽ⁠הוּ 1 See how you translated the identical sentence in [20:16](../20/16.md). +27:14 xjs1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מְבָ֘רֵ֤ךְ רֵעֵ֨⁠הוּ & בַּ⁠בֹּ֣קֶר הַשְׁכֵּ֑ים & לֽ⁠וֹ 1 **One who blesses**, **his neighbor**, **the rising morning**, and **him** represent types of people and mornings in general, not a specific people or **morning**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “Any person who blesses any neighbor … in any rising morning … to that neighbor”\n +27:14 xlwx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּ⁠ק֣וֹל גָּ֭דוֹל 1 Here, **great** refers to the **voice** being loud. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “with a loud voice” +27:14 ckpj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בַּ⁠בֹּ֣קֶר הַשְׁכֵּ֑ים 1 Here, Solomon refers to the early **morning** as if it were **rising** because the Sun appears to rise on the horizon in the **morning**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “at dawn” +27:14 z5ga rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive קְ֝לָלָ֗ה תֵּחָ֥שֶׁב לֽ⁠וֹ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that neighbor will consider it to be a curse” +27:15 caj9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile דֶּ֣לֶף ט֭וֹרֵד בְּ⁠י֣וֹם סַגְרִ֑יר וְ⁠אֵ֥שֶׁת מדונים נִשְׁתָּוָֽה 1 Here, **alike** indicates that Solomon is comparing **a woman of quarrels** to continually **dripping** water on a rainy **day** because both are annoying. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar use of **dripping** in [19:13](../19/13.md). Alternate translation: “Bothersome like a continual dripping on a day of steady rain is a woman of quarrels” or “As annoying as a continual dripping of water on a rainy is a woman of quarrels”\n +27:15 bh2v וְ⁠אֵ֥שֶׁת מדונים 1 See how you translated **a woman of quarrels** in [21:9](../21/09.md). +27:16 emob צֹפְנֶ֥י⁠הָ צָֽפַן 1 The word translated as **hides** in this verse is considered by some scholars to also mean “restrains.” If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT.\n +27:16 tnhs rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns צֹפְנֶ֥י⁠הָ 1 Here, **her** refers to “a woman of quarrels” mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “The one who hides a woman of quarrels” +27:16 tfg7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun צֹפְנֶ֥י⁠הָ & יְמִינ֣⁠וֹ 1 **The one who hides** and **his** represent any man with a quarrelsome wife in general, not a specific man. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who hides her … that person’s right hand” +27:16 z86v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor צָֽפַן־ר֑וּחַ וְ⁠שֶׁ֖מֶן יְמִינ֣⁠וֹ יִקְרָֽא 1 Here, Solomon speaks of hiding a quarrelsome woman as if one were trying to hide **the wind** or grasp **oil** in his hand, both of which are impossible tasks. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “is doing something impossible” or “is like one who tries to hide the wind or grasp oil in his right hand” +27:16 vt8g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יִקְרָֽא 1 Here, the word translated as **meets** refers to trying to grasp or hold on to something in a hand. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “grasps” +27:17 w3va rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile בַּרְזֶ֣ל בְּ⁠בַרְזֶ֣ל יָ֑חַד וְ֝⁠אִ֗ישׁ יַ֣חַד פְּנֵֽי־רֵעֵֽ⁠הוּ 1 Here, **and** indicates that Solomon is comparing what he says in the second clause to what he says in the first clause. In the same way that **Iron sharpens against iron**, **a man sharpens the face of his neighbor**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “Iron sharpens against iron; similarly, a man sharpens the face of his neighbor”\n +27:17 vkrx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure בַּרְזֶ֣ל בְּ⁠בַרְזֶ֣ל יָ֑חַד וְ֝⁠אִ֗ישׁ יַ֣חַד פְּנֵֽי־רֵעֵֽ⁠הוּ 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “A man sharpens the face of his neighbor like iron sharpens against iron”\n +27:17 a75j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations וְ֝⁠אִ֗ישׁ & רֵעֵֽ⁠הוּ 1 Although **a man** and **his** are masculine, Solomon is using the words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “and a person … that person’s neighbor”\n +27:17 tka6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יַ֣חַד 1 Here, Solomon uses **sharpens** to refer to developing or improving someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “helps to improve” +27:17 jsvp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy פְּנֵֽי 1 Here, Solomon uses **face** to refer to a person’s character or how a person thinks. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the character of” +27:18 gbr2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun נֹצֵ֣ר תְּ֭אֵנָה יֹאכַ֣ל פִּרְיָ֑⁠הּ וְ⁠שֹׁמֵ֖ר אֲדֹנָ֣י⁠ו 1 **One who guards**, **a fig tree**, **its**, **one who protects**, and **his** represent fig trees and types of people in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who guards any fig tree will eat the fruit of that tree, and any person who protects that person’s master” +27:18 ywjy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile וְ⁠שֹׁמֵ֖ר 1 Here, **and** indicates that Solomon is comparing what follows to what he said in the previous clause. Solomon is saying that **one who protects his masters** is like **One who guards a fig tree** because both receive a reward for their work. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “in the same way one who protects”\n +27:18 d71d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יְכֻבָּֽד 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “those masters will honor” +27:19 kla0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis כַּ֭⁠מַּיִם הַ⁠פָּנִ֣ים לַ⁠פָּנִ֑ים כֵּ֤ן לֵֽב־הָ֝⁠אָדָ֗ם לָ⁠אָדָֽם 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “As the water reflects the face to the face, so the heart of the man reflects to the man” +27:19 bvj1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כַּ֭⁠מַּיִם הַ⁠פָּנִ֣ים לַ⁠פָּנִ֑ים כֵּ֤ן לֵֽב־הָ֝⁠אָדָ֗ם לָ⁠אָדָֽם 1 The words **As** and **so** in this verse indicate that Solomon is comparing **water** with **the heart of a man**. The point is that both reveal what someone really is. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this more explicit. Alternate translation: “Just like the water shows the face to the face, so the heart of a man shows to the man who he really is” +27:19 tpu2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun כַּ֭⁠מַּיִם הַ⁠פָּנִ֣ים לַ⁠פָּנִ֑ים כֵּ֤ן לֵֽב־הָ֝⁠אָדָ֗ם לָ⁠אָדָֽם 1 Here, **the water**, **the face**, **the heart**, and **the man** refer to things and people in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “As water reflects any face to itself, so any person’s heart reflects to that person” +27:19 z68a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לֵֽב 1 See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [2:2](../02/02.md).\n +27:20 nv5h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet שְׁא֣וֹל וַ֭אֲבַדּוֹ 1 See how you translated this phrase in [15:11](../15/11.md). +27:20 c28l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive לֹ֣א תִשְׂבַּ֑עְנָה & לֹ֣א תִשְׂבַּֽעְנָה 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “no one can satisfy … no one can satisfy” +27:20 tloq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification לֹ֣א תִשְׂבַּ֑עְנָה 1 Here, Solomon speaks of **Sheol and Abaddon** never lacking room for more dead people are if they were people who **are not satisfied**. He means that people never stop dying. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “never lack space” +27:20 vzio rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile וְ⁠עֵינֵ֥י הָ֝⁠אָדָ֗ם לֹ֣א תִשְׂבַּֽעְנָה 1 Here, **and** indicates that Solomon is comparing what follows to what he said in the previous clause. In the same way that **Sheol and Abaddon are not satisfied**, **the eyes of the man are not satisfied**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “similarly, the eyes of the man are not satisfied”\n +27:20 q6ud rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ⁠עֵינֵ֥י הָ֝⁠אָדָ֗ם לֹ֣א תִשְׂבַּֽעְנָה 1 Here **the eyes** refers to desires. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and the desires of the man are not satisfied” +27:20 m6bk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וְ⁠עֵינֵ֥י הָ֝⁠אָדָ֗ם לֹ֣א תִשְׂבַּֽעְנָה 1 Here, Solomon speaks of **the man** never ceasing to desire as if *his **eyes** were people who **are not satisfied**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and a man never stops desiring” +27:20 fxne rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations הָ֝⁠אָדָ֗ם 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “a person” or “any person”\n +27:21 twg0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מַצְרֵ֣ף לַ֭⁠כֶּסֶף וְ⁠כ֣וּר לַ⁠זָּהָ֑ב 1 See how you translated the identical clause in [17:3](../17/03.md). +27:21 eza1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile וְ֝⁠אִ֗ישׁ 1 Here, **so** indicates that Solomon is comparing what follows to what he said in the previous clause. In the same way that the **smelting-pot** reveals the impurities in **silver** and the **furnace** reveals the impurities in **gold**, the character of **a man** is revealed by how he responds to **the mouth of one who praises him**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “in the same way, a man of”\n +27:21 b7qd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun וְ֝⁠אִ֗ישׁ לְ⁠פִ֣י מַהֲלָלֽ⁠וֹ 1 Here, **a man** and **one who praises him** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “so is any person for the mouth of any person who praises that person” +27:21 vnq3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לְ⁠פִ֣י מַהֲלָלֽ⁠וֹ 1 Solomon implies that **a man** is tested by **the mouth of one who praises him**, just as **silver** and **gold** are tested by someone melting them in a **smelting-pot** or **furnace**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “tested by the mouth of one who praises” +27:21 prc1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לְ⁠פִ֣י 1 Here, **mouth** refers to what the person says **who praises him**. See how you translated the same use of **mouth** in [10:6](../10/06.md). +27:22 gkkq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo אִ֥ם תִּכְתּֽוֹשׁ־אֶת־הָ⁠אֱוִ֨יל ׀ בַּֽ⁠מַּכְתֵּ֡שׁ בְּ⁠ת֣וֹךְ הָ֭⁠רִיפוֹת בַּֽ⁠עֱלִ֑י 1 Solomon uses this expression to introduce an imaginary situation to help explain how futile it is to stop **a fool** from being foolish. Use a natural method in your language for introducing an imaginary situation. Alternate translation: “Suppose you were to pound a fool in a mortar with a pestle in the midst of ground grains” +27:22 ir3k rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown תִּכְתּֽוֹשׁ־אֶת־הָ⁠אֱוִ֨יל ׀ בַּֽ⁠מַּכְתֵּ֡שׁ בְּ⁠ת֣וֹךְ הָ֭⁠רִיפוֹת בַּֽ⁠עֱלִ֑י 1 The terms **mortar** and **pestle** refer to hard tools that are used together to crush **grains**. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of tools, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “you pound a fool with tools used for crushing grain” +27:22 wkql rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun הָ⁠אֱוִ֨יל & מֵ֝⁠עָלָ֗י⁠ו אִוַּלְתּֽ⁠וֹ 1 Here, **a fool**, **his**, and **him** refer to fools in general, not one particular **fool**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any fool … that fool’s folly … from on that fool” +27:22 q3vd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification לֹא־תָס֥וּר מֵ֝⁠עָלָ֗י⁠ו אִוַּלְתּֽ⁠וֹ 1 Here, Solomon speaks of a person being unable to stop behaving foolishly as if **his folly** were a person who **will not turn away from on him**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he will not stop his folly”\n +27:22 szvb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns אִוַּלְתּֽ⁠וֹ 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **folly** in [5:23](../05/23.md). +27:23 ixh6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism יָדֹ֣עַ תֵּ֭דַע פְּנֵ֣י צֹאנֶ֑⁠ךָ שִׁ֥ית לִ֝בְּ⁠ךָ֗ לַ⁠עֲדָרִֽים 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Know well the faces of your flock, yes, set your heart to the herds” +27:23 de7k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor פְּנֵ֣י 1 Here, **faces** refers to what the animals in the **flock** look like, which would indicate the condition of their health. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the condition of” +27:23 m9rs rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns צֹאנֶ֑⁠ךָ 1 In this verse, the word **flock** is singular in form, but it refers to all sheep or goats as a group. If it would be helpful in your language, you could say this plainly. Alternate translation: “your group of sheep” +27:23 b9bu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom שִׁ֥ית לִ֝בְּ⁠ךָ֗ 1 See how you translated this phrase in [22:17](../22/17.md). +27:23 fwhi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לַ⁠עֲדָרִֽים 1 The parallelism with the previous clause indicates that Solomon is referring to the condition of **the herds**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “to the condition of the herds” +27:24 gu92 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy נֵ֝֗זֶר 1 Here, **crown** refers to a king’s rule over his kingdom. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a king’s rule” +27:24 d07y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לְ⁠ד֣וֹר וָדֽוֹר 1 This is an idiom that means “forever.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly, as in the UST. +27:25-26 sq5k 1 These two verses are one conditional sentence. If the conditions in [27:25](../27/25.md) are met, then the situation in [27:26](../27/26.md) will occur. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate conditional statements. +27:25 qn5t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit גָּלָ֣ה חָ֭צִיר 1 Here, Solomon implies that the **grass disappears** because the farmer harvested it in order to feed it to livestock. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Then grass disappears when you harvest it” +27:25 cvdy rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential וְ⁠נִרְאָה־דֶ֑שֶׁא 1 The word translated **and** at the beginning of this phrase indicates that this event happened after the event described in the previous phrase. Use a natural form in your language for introducing the next event in a series of events. Alternate translation: “and next, fresh grass is seen” +27:25 bk4g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְ⁠נִרְאָה־דֶ֑שֶׁא וְ֝⁠נֶאֶסְפ֗וּ עִשְּׂב֥וֹת הָרִֽים 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and you see fresh grass, and you gather the herbs of the mountains” +27:25 m5ji rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession עִשְּׂב֥וֹת הָרִֽים 1 Here, Solomon uses the possessive form to describe **the herbs** that grow on **the mountains**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the herbs that grow on the mountains” +27:26 ra5w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כְּבָשִׂ֥ים לִ⁠לְבוּשֶׁ֑⁠ךָ 1 Here, Solomon implies that the **lambs** will provide the wool that is used to make **clothing**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “lambs will provide the wool for your clothing” +27:26 j2vp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּ⁠מְחִ֥יר שָׂ֝דֶ֗ה עַתּוּדִֽים 1 Here, Solomon implies that the **male goats** will be sold for an amount of money that will be enough to buy **a field**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and selling your goats will provide enough money to pay the price for a field” +27:27 q28m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ֝⁠חַיִּ֗ים לְ⁠נַעֲרוֹתֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 Here, Solomon implies that there will also be enough **milk of female goats** to provide **life for your young women**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and there will be enough goat’s milk to sustain the life of your young women” +27:27 xjw4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ֝⁠חַיִּ֗ים 1 Here, **life** refers to the nourishment needed to sustain **life**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and nourishment” +28:intro g91u 0 # Proverbs 28 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\n6. Hezekiah’s proverbs from Solomon (25:1–29:27)\n * Warnings and admonitions (25:1–27:27)\n * Contrastive wise sayings (28:1–29:27)\n\nChapter 28 begins the second part of this section of the book that contains proverbs written by Solomon that were copied by scribes during the reign of Hezekiah. This part in [28:1](../28/01.md)–[29:27](../29/27.md) mostly contains general proverbs that use contrastive parallelism.\n +28:1 nri8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj רָשָׁ֑ע 1 Solomon is using the adjective **wicked** as a noun to mean **wicked** people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “The wicked ones”\n +28:1 gy6g rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast וְ⁠אֵין־רֹדֵ֣ף 1 Here, **and** indicates a contrast between the previous phrase and the next phrase. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a contrast. Alternate translation: “despite their being no pursuer” +28:2 wie4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result בְּ⁠פֶ֣שַֽׁע אֶ֭רֶץ רַבִּ֣ים שָׂרֶ֑י⁠הָ 1 **By** here indicates that having **transgression** is one reason why **a land** has **many** **rulers**. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a reason. Alternate translation: “Transgression is one reason why a land has many rulers” +28:2 qks4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּ⁠פֶ֣שַֽׁע 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **transgression** in [10:19](../10/19.md). +28:2 zvxb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אֶ֭רֶץ & שָׂרֶ֑י⁠הָ & יַאֲרִֽיךְ 1 Here, **land**, **its**, and **it** refer to the people who live in a **land**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the people in a land … are their rulers … those people will endure” +28:2 ivf7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּ⁠בְ⁠אָדָ֥ם 1 Here, Solomon implies that **a man** is a ruler. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but by a ruler” +28:2 rbza rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet מֵבִ֥ין יֹ֝דֵ֗עַ 1 The words **understands** and **knows** mean the same thing. Solomon is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “who really understands” +28:3 tx2c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun גֶּ֣בֶר 1 **A man** here refers to this type of person in general, not a specific **man**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “Any person” +28:3 p3oh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דַּלִּ֑ים 1 See how you translated the same use of **lowly** in [10:15](../10/15.md).\n +28:3 pb4k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מָטָ֥ר סֹ֝חֵ֗ף וְ⁠אֵ֣ין לָֽחֶם 1 Here, Solomon refers to **A man who is poor and who oppresses the lowly ones** as if that person were **a rain that washes away**. The point is that both are destructive. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “is very destructive” or “is like rain that washes away and there is no bread”\n +28:3 rw37 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit סֹ֝חֵ֗ף 1 Here, Solomon implies that the **rain** **washes away** all the crops. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “that washes all the crops away” +28:3 s74i rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וְ⁠אֵ֣ין 1 Here, **and** indicates that what follows is a result of what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a result of what came before. Alternate translation: “and results in their being no” +28:3 hskj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לָֽחֶם 1 See how you translated the same use of **bread** in [9:5](../09/05.md). +28:4 z1ah rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification עֹזְבֵ֣י 1 See how you translated the same use of **forsake** in [1:8](../01/08.md). +28:4 u914 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns ת֭וֹרָה & ת֝וֹרָ֗ה 1 Here, the word **law** is singular in form, but it refers to several laws as a group. In this verse, **law** could refer to: (1) Yahweh’s laws. Alternate translation: “the laws of Yahweh … his laws” (2) wise instruction in general. Alternate translation: “wise instructions … those instructions”\n +28:4 jyfa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun רָשָׁ֑ע 1 See how you translated **a wicked one** in [9:7](../09/07.md). +28:4 j98f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠שֹׁמְרֵ֥י 1 Here, Solomon speaks of obeying **the law** as if it were an object that someone can **keep**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly, as in the UST.\n +28:4 whf7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns בָֽ⁠ם 1 Here, **them** refers to **wicked** people, who are called **a wicked one** in the previous clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “against those wicked people” +28:5 blnd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession אַנְשֵׁי־רָ֭ע 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **men** who are characterized by **evil**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “Evil men” +28:5 pi7r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אַנְשֵׁי 1 Although the term **men** is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “People of”\n +28:5 t38q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מִשְׁפָּ֑ט 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **justice** in [1:3](../01/03.md). +28:5 k5mh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ⁠מְבַקְשֵׁ֥י 1 Here, Solomon refers to trying to know and please **Yahweh** as if he were an object that people can seek. See how you translated the similar use of “seeks” in [11:27](../11/27.md). Alternate translation: “but people who try to please” +28:5 ru6t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כֹֽל 1 Here, Solomon implies that the people **understand everything** about **justice**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “completely understand what is just” +28:6 q4ty rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun רָ֭שׁ הוֹלֵ֣ךְ בְּ⁠תֻמּ֑⁠וֹ מֵ⁠עִקֵּ֥שׁ דְּ֝רָכַ֗יִם וְ⁠ה֣וּא 1 Here, **one who is poor**, **his**, **one crooked of ways**, and **he** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any person who is poor who walks in that person’s integrity than any person who is crooked of ways, yet that person” +28:6 pfi9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הוֹלֵ֣ךְ בְּ⁠תֻמּ֑⁠וֹ 1 Here, **walks** refers to how a person behaves, in this case behaving with **integrity**. See how you translated the similar use of “walk” in [3:23](../03/23.md). Alternate translation: “who behaves with integrity” +28:6 w2cr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּ⁠תֻמּ֑⁠וֹ 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **integrity** in [1:3](../01/03.md). +28:6 jdf4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מֵ⁠עִקֵּ֥שׁ 1 See how you translated the same use of **crooked** in [2:15](../02/15.md). +28:6 gq3x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דְּ֝רָכַ֗יִם 1 See how you translated the same use of **ways** in [3:6](../03/06.md). +28:7 b5pv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun נוֹצֵ֣ר & וְ⁠רֹעֶה & אָבִֽי⁠ו 1 **One who guards**, **one who associates**, and **his** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who guards … but any person who associates with … that person’s father” +28:7 rh6n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נוֹצֵ֣ר 1 Here, Solomon speaks of obeying **the law** as if it were an object that someone **guards**. See how you translated the same use of “keep” in [28:4](../28/04.md). +28:7 mmgd rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns תּ֭וֹרָה 1 See how you translated the same use of **the law** in [28:4](../28/04.md). +28:7 pi9f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בֵּ֣ן 1 See how you translated the same use of **son** in [1:8](../01/08.md). +28:8 uef7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מַרְבֶּ֣ה ה֭וֹנ⁠וֹ & לְ⁠חוֹנֵ֖ן 1 **One who increases**, **his**, and **one who shows favor** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who increases that person’s own wealth … for any person who shows favor” +28:8 i36g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys בְּ⁠נֶ֣שֶׁךְ וְתַרְבִּ֑ית 1 The two words **interest** and **usury** express a single idea. The word **usury** indicates that this person is charging an unreasonably large amount of **interest** to those who borrow money from him. If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this meaning in a different way. Alternate translation: “by charging extra money to borrow” +28:8 vw0h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יִקְבְּצֶֽ⁠נּוּ 1 Here, Solomon implies that the **One who increases his wealth** unknowingly **gathers** his **wealth** for someone else. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “unknowingly gathers it” +28:8 tj5f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לְ⁠חוֹנֵ֖ן 1 See how you translated the same use of **shows favor** in [14:21](../14/21.md). +28:8 xz6i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דַּלִּ֣ים 1 See how you translated the same use of **lowly** in [10:15](../10/15.md). +28:9 spld rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מֵסִ֣יר אָ֭זְנ⁠וֹ & תְּ֝פִלָּת֗⁠וֹ 1 **One who turns away** and **his** refer to a type of person in general, not a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who turns away that person’s own ear … that person’s prayer” +28:9 s7cf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מֵסִ֣יר אָ֭זְנ⁠וֹ מִ⁠שְּׁמֹ֣עַ 1 The phrase **turns away his ear** is an idiom that refers to refusing to listen to what someone is saying as if the listener were turning **his ear** **away** from the person speaking. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “One who refuses to listen to”\n +28:9 jdtt rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns תּוֹרָ֑ה 1 See how you translated the same use of **the law** in [28:4](../28/04.md). +28:9 htkq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit תּוֹעֵבָֽה 1 As in the rest of Proverbs, **abomination** here refers to what Yahweh considers to be an **abomination**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “is what is abominable to Yahweh” +28:9 a3bi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תּוֹעֵבָֽה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **abomination** in [3:32](../03/32.md). +28:10 pv8z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מַשְׁגֶּ֤ה יְשָׁרִ֨ים & בִּ⁠שְׁחוּת֥⁠וֹ הֽוּא־יִפּ֑וֹל 1 **One who leads**, **his**, **he**, and **himself** refer to a type of person in general, not a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who leads upright ones astray … into that person’s own pit that person will fall” +28:10 hgy2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מַשְׁגֶּ֤ה יְשָׁרִ֨ים ׀ בְּ⁠דֶ֥רֶךְ רָ֗ע 1 Here, Solomon refers to someone causing **upright ones** to behave in a manner that is **evil** as if he were leading those people down a path. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the same use of “lead them astray” in [12:26](../12/26.md) and **way** in [1:15](../01/15.md). Alternate translation: “One who causes upright ones to behave in an evil manner”\n +28:10 nxid rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְּ⁠דֶ֥רֶךְ רָ֗ע 1 See how you translated **way of evil** in [2:12](../02/12.md). +28:10 tw7h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בִּ⁠שְׁחוּת֥⁠וֹ הֽוּא־יִפּ֑וֹל 1 Here, Solomon refers to a person unintentionally destroying himself by trying to harm someone else as if that person falls **into his pit** that he had dug to trap someone else. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will end up destroying himself by his behavior” +28:10 um6b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּ֝⁠תְמִימִ֗ים 1 See how you translated **blameless ones** in [2:21](../02/21.md). +28:10 w756 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִנְחֲלוּ־טֽוֹב 1 Here, Solomon speaks of **blameless ones** receiving many **good** things as if **good** were property or wealth that they could **inherit** from a family member. See how you translated the same use of **inherit** in [3:35](../03/35.md).\n +28:10 g3pd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns טֽוֹב 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **good** in [11:27](../11/27.md). +28:11 prjd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun בְּ֭⁠עֵינָי⁠ו אִ֣ישׁ עָשִׁ֑יר וְ⁠דַ֖ל & יַחְקְרֶֽ⁠נּוּ 1 **A rich man**, **his**, **a lowly one**, and **him** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any rich person … in that person’s eyes, but any lowly one … will search that person out” +28:11 eg7v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor חָכָ֣ם בְּ֭⁠עֵינָי⁠ו 1 See how you translated **wise in his eyes** in [26:5](../26/05.md). +28:11 pj9j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠דַ֖ל 1 See how you translated the same use of **lowly** in [10:15](../10/15.md). +28:11 ynr5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom יַחְקְרֶֽ⁠נּוּ 1 The phrase means that **a lowly one** will be able to investigate and determine that **A rich man** is not really **wise**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will determine that he is not truly wise” +28:12 qew3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רַבָּ֣ה תִפְאָ֑רֶת 1 Here, **splendor** could refer to: (1) people rejoicing or celebrating that **righteous ones** have become powerful. Alternate translation: “there is great celebration” (2) the rule of the **righteous ones** being glorious. Alternate translation: “it is very glorious” +28:12 gtfk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בַּ⁠עֲלֹ֣ץ צַ֭דִּיקִים 1 Here, Solomon implies that **wicked ones exult** because they have become prosperous or powerful. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “When righteous ones become prosperous” +28:12 zkn5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ⁠בְ⁠ק֥וּם רְ֝שָׁעִ֗ים 1 Here, Solomon speaks of **wicked ones** becoming powerful as if they were objects that could **arise**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but when wicked ones become prosperous”\n +28:12 zux2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יְחֻפַּ֥שׂ אָדָֽם 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people search for a man” +28:12 egmh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun יְחֻפַּ֥שׂ אָדָֽם 1 Here, **a man** refers to people in general, not a specific **man**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “any person is searched for” +28:12 g949 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יְחֻפַּ֥שׂ אָדָֽם 1 Here, Solomon implies that **a man is searched for** because everyone has hidden themselves to escape from the powerful **wicked ones**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “everyone hides from them” +28:13 e7kw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מְכַסֶּ֣ה פְ֭שָׁעָי⁠ו & וּ⁠מוֹדֶ֖ה 1 **One who covers**, **his**, and **one who confesses** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who covers that person’s own transgressions … but any person who confesses” +28:13 h8gm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מְכַסֶּ֣ה 1 Here, Solomon refers to someone concealing **his transgressions** as if **transgressions** were objects that someone **covers**. See how you translated the same use of **covers** in [10:6](../10/06.md). +28:13 gqdj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns פְ֭שָׁעָי⁠ו 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **transgressions** in [10:12](../10/12.md). +28:13 wef9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וּ⁠מוֹדֶ֖ה וְ⁠עֹזֵ֣ב 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “but one who confesses and forsakes his transgressions” +28:13 m9fz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יְרֻחָֽם 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The context implies that Yahweh will do the action. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will show mercy to” +28:14 ijf7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אָ֭דָם & וּ⁠מַקְשֶׁ֥ה לִ֝בּ֗⁠וֹ 1 Here, **a man**, **one who hardens**, and **his** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “is any person … but any person who hardens that person’s own heart” +28:14 lmxv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מְפַחֵ֣ד תָּמִ֑יד 1 Here, **in terror continually** refers to reverently fearing Yahweh. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “who is in terror of Yahweh continually” +28:14 ymm8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ⁠מַקְשֶׁ֥ה לִ֝בּ֗⁠וֹ 1 Here, Solomon speaks of a person being stubbornly opposed to Yahweh as if he made **his heart** hard. The word **heart** here refers to a person’s mind and will, as in [2:2](../02/02.md). If the heart is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. If a translation is available in your language, see how it translated a similar expression in [Exodus 7:3](../exo/07/03.md). Alternate translation: “but one who is stubborn against Yahweh”\n +28:14 l7ee rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִפּ֥וֹל בְּ⁠רָעָֽה 1 See how you translated the nearly identical phrase “falls into evil” in [13:17](../13/17.md). +28:15 oeeu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure אֲרִי־נֹ֭הֵם וְ⁠דֹ֣ב שׁוֹקֵ֑ק מֹשֵׁ֥ל רָ֝שָׁ֗ע עַ֣ל עַם־דָּֽל 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “A wicked ruler over a lowly people is a lion growling and a bear charging”\n +28:15 z8ti rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲרִי־נֹ֭הֵם וְ⁠דֹ֣ב שׁוֹקֵ֑ק 1 In this verse, Solomon speaks of **a wicked ruler over a lowly people** being frightening and dangerous as if he were **A lion growling and a bear charging**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “Very dangerous” or “Like a lion growling or a bear charging”\n +28:15 x5l1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מֹשֵׁ֥ל רָ֝שָׁ֗ע עַ֣ל עַם־דָּֽל 1 Here, **a wicked ruler** and **a lowly people** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “is any wicked ruler over any lowly people” +28:15 sbb8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דָּֽל 1 See how you translated the same use of **lowly** in [10:15](../10/15.md). +28:15 c8mt rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns עַם 1 See how you translated the same use of **people** in [11:14](../11/14.md). +28:16 rcu1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun נָגִ֗יד & שֹׂ֥נֵא 1 **A leader** and **one who hates** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any leader … any person who hates” +28:16 et9j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תְּ֭בוּנוֹת 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **understanding** in [1:2](../01/02.md).\n\n +28:16 ofeu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְ⁠רַ֥ב מַעֲשַׁקּ֑וֹת 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe an **abundant** amount of oppressive acts. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “does many oppressive acts” +28:16 kufg rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast שֹׂ֥נֵא 1 This clause is a strong contrast to the previous clause. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a contrast. Alternate translation: “however, one who hates”\n +28:16 az95 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בֶ֝֗צַע 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:19](../01/19.md). +28:16 eae9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom יַאֲרִ֥יךְ יָמִֽים 1 See how you translated the similar phrase “length of days” in [3:2](../03/02.md). +28:17 izx5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אָ֭דָם & נָפֶשׁ & בּ֥וֹר & בֽ⁠וֹ 1 **A man**, **a life**, **a pit**, and **him** refer to a type of person and these things in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person … any life … any pit … that person” +28:17 p6a9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive עָשֻׁ֣ק בְּ⁠דַם־נָפֶשׁ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “whom the blood of a life oppresses” +28:17 zx10 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עָשֻׁ֣ק בְּ⁠דַם־נָפֶשׁ 1 Here, **oppressed** refers to a person being guilty for murdering someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “guilty for the blood of a life” +28:17 rm8g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּ⁠דַם 1 Here, **blood** refers to violently murdering someone, which usually causes **blood** to come out of the person who is murdered. See how you translated the same use of **blood** in [1:11](../01/11.md).\n +28:17 qv18 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche נָפֶשׁ 1 Here, **life** refers to a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a person” +28:17 usng rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יָ֝נ֗וּס 1 Here, **flee** implies that the murderer is fleeing from punishment for what he has done. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “will flee punishment” or “will flee those who want to punish him” +28:17 lija rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בּ֥וֹר 1 Here, **pit** could refer to: (1) death, which is when that person would be buried in **a pit**. Alternate translation: “the grave” or “death” (2) a deep hole or well where the murder would try to hide. Alternate translation: “a pit to hide in” +28:17 d5fw rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns אַל־יִתְמְכוּ 1 Here, **them** refers to any people in general who may think about helping the murderer. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “let no one support” or “let any people not support” +28:18 u4m5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun הוֹלֵ֣ךְ & וְ⁠נֶעְקַ֥שׁ 1 **One who walks** and **one who is crooked** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who walks … but any person who is crooked” +28:18 hpqv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הוֹלֵ֣ךְ תָּ֭מִים 1 Here, Solomon refers to someone behaving in a blameless manner as if that person **walks blameless**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated a similar use of “walk” in [3:23](../03/23.md). Alternate translation: “One who conducts his life in a blameless manner”\n +28:18 nhr1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יִוָּשֵׁ֑עַ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The context implies that Yahweh will do the action. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will save” +28:18 kvc6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠נֶעְקַ֥שׁ דְּ֝רָכַ֗יִם 1 See how you translated **one crooked of ways** in [28:6](../28/06.md). +28:18 x79a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִפּ֥וֹל 1 See how you translated the same use of **fall** in [11:5](../11/05.md). +28:18 z5dm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּ⁠אֶחָֽת 1 Here, **in one** could refer to: (1) falling **in one** moment, which emphasizes the suddenness of falling. Alternate translation: “at once” (2) falling into **one** of this person’s **crooked** **ways**. Alternate translation: “into one of those ways” +28:19 dlk7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עֹבֵ֣ד אַ֭דְמָת⁠וֹ יִֽשְׂבַּֽע־לָ֑חֶם 1 See how you translated the identical clause in [12:11](../12/11.md). +28:19 t64p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ⁠מְרַדֵּ֥ף רֵ֝קִ֗ים 1 See how you translated the identical phrase in [12:11](../12/11.md). +28:19 b8y8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony יִֽשְׂבַּֽע־רִֽישׁ 1 Here, Solomon is using irony. By doing so, Solomon actually means to communicate the opposite of the literal meaning of his words. The **one who pursues empty things** is spoken of as being **satisfied with poverty**, but **poverty** is not satisfying. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will only have poverty” +28:19 u8pc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רִֽישׁ 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **poverty** in [6:11](../06/11.md). +28:20 dolw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אִ֣ישׁ אֱ֭מוּנוֹת & וְ⁠אָ֥ץ 1 **A man of faithfulness** and **one who hurries** refer to these types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person of faithfulness … but any person who hurries” +28:20 wndc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession אִ֣ישׁ אֱ֭מוּנוֹת 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **man** who is characterized by **faithfulness**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “A faithful man” +28:20 tmi5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רַב 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **abundance** in [5:23](../05/23.md). +28:20 ix4q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes לֹ֣א יִנָּקֶֽה 1 See how you translated this phrase in [6:29](../06/29.md). +28:21 x9c3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom הַֽכֵּר־פָּנִ֥ים 1 See how you translated this phrase in [24:23](../24/23.md). +28:21 e3d6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes לֹא־ט֑וֹב 1 See how you translated the same use of **not good** in [16:29](../16/29.md). +28:21 kg9c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠עַל־פַּת־לֶ֝֗חֶם 1 Here, **a bit of bread** could refer to: (1) a small amount of food. Alternate translation: “yet for a small amount of food” (2) a small bribe. Alternate translation: “yet for a small bribe” +28:21 oles rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations גָּֽבֶר 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “a person”\n +28:21 qli6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יִפְשַׁע 1 Here, Solomon implies that this person **will transgress** by recognizing **faces**, as mentioned in the previous clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “will transgress by recognizing faces” or “will transgress by favoring someone” +28:22 jo74 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun נִֽבֳהָ֥ל & אִ֭ישׁ & וְ⁠לֹֽא־יֵ֝דַע & יְבֹאֶֽ⁠נּוּ 1 **One who hurries**, **a man**, **he**, and **him** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who hurries … is a person of … but that person does not know … will come to that person” +28:22 xe3k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit נִֽבֳהָ֥ל לַ⁠ה֗וֹן 1 Here, Solomon implies that this person **hurries to** obtain **wealth**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. See how you translated the similar phrase “one who hurries to become rich” in [28:20](../28/20.md). Alternate translation: “One who hurries to gain wealth” +28:22 f7a8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אִ֭ישׁ רַ֣ע עָ֑יִן 1 See how you translated the similar phrase “one evil of eye” in [23:6](../23/06.md). +28:22 mz2h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חֶ֥סֶר 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **lack** in [6:11](../06/11.md). +28:22 b0nt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification חֶ֥סֶר יְבֹאֶֽ⁠נּוּ 1 Here, Solomon speaks of experiencing **lack** as if it were a person who can **come** to someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he will experience lack”\n +28:23 sr8r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מ֘וֹכִ֤יחַ אָדָ֣ם & מִֽ⁠מַּחֲלִ֥יק לָשֽׁוֹן 1 **One who rebukes**, **a man**, **one who makes** and **the tongue** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who rebukes any other person … more than any person who makes that person’s own tongue smooth” +28:23 rv7z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִמְצָ֑א 1 See how you translated the same use of **find** in [16:20](../16/20.md). +28:23 n9j6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חֵ֣ן 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **favor** in [3:4](../03/04.md). +28:23 qurb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit חֵ֣ן 1 Here, Solomon implies that **One who rebukes** **will find favor** with the person whom he rebukes. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “favor with the one he rebukes” +28:23 dux2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִֽ⁠מַּחֲלִ֥יק לָשֽׁוֹן 1 Here, Solomon refers to someone speaking flatteringly as if that person **makes** his **tongue smooth**. Here, **tongue** refers to speaking, as in [6:17](../06/17.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “more than one who flatters by what he says” +28:24 xcp2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun גּוֹזֵ֤ל ׀ אָ֘בִ֤י⁠ו וְ⁠אִמּ֗⁠וֹ & ה֝֗וּא לְ⁠אִ֣ישׁ מַשְׁחִֽית 1 **One who robs**, **his**, **he**, and **a man** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who robs that person’s own mother and father … that person … of a person of destruction” +28:24 qt94 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations וְ⁠אֹמֵ֥ר אֵֽין־פָּ֑שַׁע 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “and says that there is no transgression”\n +28:24 r4n0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns פָּ֑שַׁע 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **transgression** in [10:19](../10/19.md). +28:24 ie7m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor חָבֵ֥ר & לְ⁠אִ֣ישׁ מַשְׁחִֽית 1 Here, **companion** refers to being just like **a man of destruction**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is the same kind of person as a man of destruction” +28:24 myoh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לְ⁠אִ֣ישׁ מַשְׁחִֽית 1 The phrase **man of destruction** refers to a person who destroys other people, which is a murderer. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “of a murderer” +28:25 e3ce rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun רְחַב־נֶ֭פֶשׁ & וּ⁠בוֹטֵ֖חַ 1 **One wide of appetite** and **one who trusts** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person wide of appetite … but any person who trusts” +28:25 jq7j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor רְחַב־נֶ֭פֶשׁ 1 The phrase **wide of appetite** refers to being greedy. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “A greedy one” +28:25 tvtf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יְגָרֶ֣ה 1 Here, Solomon refers to starting **strife** as if it were something that a person **stirs up**. See how you translated the same use of this phrase in [15:18](../15/18.md). +28:25 bkj4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מָד֑וֹן 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **strife** in [16:28](../16/28.md). +28:25 j6m5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יְדֻשָּֽׁן 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “he will fatten” +28:25 z9z2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יְדֻשָּֽׁן 1 See how you translated the same use of **fattened** in [11:25](../11/25.md). +28:26 g7iv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun בּוֹטֵ֣חַ בְּ֭⁠לִבּ⁠וֹ ה֣וּא כְסִ֑יל וְ⁠הוֹלֵ֥ךְ בְּ֝⁠חָכְמָ֗ה ה֣וּא יִמָּלֵֽט 1 **One who trusts**, **his**, **he**, **a stupid one**, **one who walks**, and **himself** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who trusts in that person’s own heart, that person is stupid, but any person who walks in wisdom, that person will flee” +28:26 pnc4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche בְּ֭⁠לִבּ⁠וֹ 1 Here, **heart** refers to the whole person. See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [14:10](../14/10.md). +28:26 dyj3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠הוֹלֵ֥ךְ 1 Here, Solomon speaks of a person behaving with **wisdom** as if **wisdom** were a place that person **walks in**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated a similar use of “walk” in [3:23](../03/23.md). Alternate translation: “who behaves with wisdom” +28:26 g7hy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּ֝⁠חָכְמָ֗ה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **wisdom** in [1:2](../01/02.md). +28:26 xhja rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns ה֣וּא יִמָּלֵֽט 1 Solomon uses the word **himself** to emphasize the kind of person who **will flee**. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this significance. Alternate translation: “that very person will flee” +28:26 voq7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ה֣וּא יִמָּלֵֽט 1 Here, Solomon implies that this person **will flee** from danger. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “he himself will flee from danger”\n +28:27 yhn4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun נוֹתֵ֣ן לָ֭⁠רָשׁ & וּ⁠מַעְלִ֥ים עֵ֝ינָ֗י⁠ו 1 **One who gives**, **the one who is poor**, **one who hides**, and **his** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who gives to any person who is poor … but any person who hides that person’s own eyes” +28:27 iwx5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes אֵ֣ין מַחְס֑וֹר 1 Solomon is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, **not**, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “has plenty” +28:27 iay1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מַחְס֑וֹר & רַב 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **lack** in [6:11](../06/11.md) and **abundance** in [5:23](../05/23.md). +28:27 u72f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּ⁠מַעְלִ֥ים עֵ֝ינָ֗י⁠ו 1 Here, Solomon implies that this person **hides his eyes** from seeing **the one who is poor** mentioned in the previous clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but one who hides his eyes so that he does not see the poor” or “but one who hides his eyes from seeing the poor” +28:27 x8x1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּ⁠מַעְלִ֥ים עֵ֝ינָ֗י⁠ו 1 Here, **hides his eyes** refers to ignoring the needs of poor people as if one closes his **eyes** to avoid seeing them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but one who refuses to notice” +28:28 ku38 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּ⁠ק֣וּם רְ֭שָׁעִים 1 See how you translated the same use of **arise** in [28:12](../28/12.md). +28:28 rpik rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun יִסָּתֵ֣ר אָדָ֑ם 1 Here, **a man** and **himself** refer to people in general, not a specific **man**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “any person will hide” +29:intro pkl4 0 # Proverbs 29 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\n6. Hezekiah’s proverbs from Solomon (25:1–29:27)\n * Warnings and admonitions (25:1–27:27)\n * Contrastive wise sayings (28:1–29:27)\n\nChapter 29 finishes the second part of this section of the book that contains proverbs written by Solomon that were copied by scribes during the reign of Hezekiah. This part in [28:1](../28/01.md)–[29:27](../29/27.md) mostly contains general proverbs that use contrastive parallelism. +29:1 vinf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אִ֣ישׁ תּ֭וֹכָחוֹת 1 **A man of rebukes** here represents a type of person in general, not one particular **man**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “Any person of rebukes”\n +29:1 qhhd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession אִ֣ישׁ תּ֭וֹכָחוֹת 1 Here, Solomon uses the possessive form to describe **A man** who has received many **rebukes**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “A man who has received rebukes” +29:1 rl7a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מַקְשֶׁה־עֹ֑רֶף 1 Here, Solomon speaks of a person becoming stubborn as if that person **stiffens** his **neck**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “who becomes stubborn” +29:1 nb5z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive פֶּ֥תַע יִ֝שָּׁבֵ֗ר וְ⁠אֵ֣ין מַרְפֵּֽא 1 See how you translated the same clause in [6:15](../06/15.md). +29:2 jt34 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בִּ⁠רְב֣וֹת צַ֭דִּיקִים 1 Here, **increase** could refer to: (1) the amount of **righteous ones** increasing. Alternate translation: “When righteous ones increase in number” or “When righteous ones multiply greatly” (2) the **righteous ones** increasing their power or authority. Alternate translation: “When righteous ones increase in power” or “When righteous ones become more powerful” +29:2 w7r2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns הָ⁠עָ֑ם & עָֽם 1 In this verse, the word **people** is singular in form, but it refers to multiple **people** as a group. See how you translated the same use of **people** in [11:14](../11/14.md). +29:2 q5gp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun רָ֝שָׁ֗ע 1 See how you translated **a wicked one** in [9:7](../09/07.md). +29:2 s76g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יֵאָ֥נַֽח 1 Here, **groans** refers to the sound **people** make to express that they are miserable, which is the opposite of **rejoice** in the previous clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “groans in misery” +29:3 akr8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אִֽישׁ & אָבִ֑י⁠ו וְ⁠רֹעֶ֥ה 1 **A man**, **his**, and **one who associates** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person … that person’s father, but any person who associates with” +29:3 tqol rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חָ֭כְמָה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **wisdom** in [1:2](../01/02.md). +29:3 kbyg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism וְ⁠רֹעֶ֥ה 1 Solomon is referring to a person having sex with **prostitutes** in a polite way by using the phrase **associates with**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a polite way of referring to this in your language, or you could state this plainly. Alternate translation: “but one who sleeps with” or “but one who has sexual relations with” +29:3 q2j6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יְאַבֶּד־הֽוֹן 1 Here, **destroys wealth** implies that this person has wasted all his money. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “squanders his wealth” +29:4 nanx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מֶ֗לֶךְ & וְ⁠אִ֖ישׁ תְּרוּמ֣וֹת 1 **A king** and **a man of contributions** refer to a types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any king is one who scatters … but any man of contributions”\n +29:4 v6du rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּ֭⁠מִשְׁפָּט 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **justice** in [1:3](../01/03.md). +29:4 vug3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אָ֑רֶץ & יֶֽהֶרְסֶֽ⁠נָּה 1 Here, **land** and **it** refer to the people who live in a **land**. See how you translated the same use of these words in [28:2](../28/02.md).\n +29:4 vin5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יַעֲמִ֣יד אָ֑רֶץ 1 Here, Solomon refers to the people of **the land** being successful as if they would continue **to stand**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “causes the land to be successful”\n +29:4 ap9a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְ⁠אִ֖ישׁ תְּרוּמ֣וֹת 1 This could refer to: (1) someone who demands bribes. Alternate translation: “but a man who demands bribes” (2) a ruler who demands excessive taxes from the people he rules over. Alternate translation: “but a man who demands tribute” or “but a man who extorts his land” +29:4 uur9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠אִ֖ישׁ 1 The parallelism between the two clauses in this verse indicates that the phrase **a man** here refers to a **king** or leader in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but a ruler of” +29:4 v712 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יֶֽהֶרְסֶֽ⁠נָּה 1 Here, Solomon refers to the people of **the land** failing as if someone **tears** them **down**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “causes the land to fail” +29:5 vgfb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun גֶּ֭בֶר & רֵעֵ֑⁠הוּ & פְּעָמָֽי⁠ו 1 **A man** and **his** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person … that person’s neighbor … that person’s feet” +29:5 x5x6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מַחֲלִ֣יק עַל־רֵעֵ֑⁠הוּ 1 Here, Solomon speaks of someone speaking flatteringly as if that person were making what he says **smooth**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “who flatters his neighbor”\n +29:5 udx2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor רֶ֝֗שֶׁת פּוֹרֵ֥שׂ עַל־פְּעָמָֽי⁠ו 1 Here Solomon refers to deceiving a person as if someone were spreading **out a net** in order to trap that person by the **feet**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “deceives that person” or “is like someone who spreads out a net to catch his neighbor” +29:5 odv5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche פְּעָמָֽי⁠ו 1 Here, **feet** refers to the whole person. See how you translated the same use of **feet** in [7:11](../07/11.md). +29:6 lg1h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּ⁠פֶ֤שַֽׁע 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **transgression** in [10:19](../10/19.md). +29:6 hg0h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אִ֣ישׁ רָ֣ע & וְ֝⁠צַדִּ֗יק 1 Here, **an evil man** and **a righteous one** represent types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated **a righteous one** in [9:9](../09/09.md). Alternate translation: “any evil person … but any righteous person” +29:6 pqir rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מוֹקֵ֑שׁ 1 Here, Solomon speaks of a person causing his life to be in danger as if he were an animal that gets caught in **a snare**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated **snare** in [22:25](../22/25.md). Alternate translation: “he endangers his life” or “there is danger” +29:7 hy5u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun צַ֭דִּיק & רָ֝שָׁ֗ע 1 See how you translated **A righteous one** in [9:9](../09/09.md) and **a wicked one** in [9:7](../09/07.md). +29:7 iq6k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יֹדֵ֣עַ & דָּֽעַת 1 In this verse, **knows** and **knowledge** refer to having concern for **the legal claim of lowly ones**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “are concerned about … concern” +29:7 wf9i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit דִּ֣ין 1 Here, **legal claim** refers to the legal rights of **lowly ones**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “justice for” +29:7 dm8f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דַּלִּ֑ים 1 See how you translated the same use of **lowly** in [10:15](../10/15.md). +29:7 p25u rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast רָ֝שָׁ֗ע 1 This clause is a strong contrast with the previous clause. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a contrast. Alternate translation: “by contrast, a wicked one”\n +29:8 vcyo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession אַנְשֵׁ֣י לָ֭צוֹן 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **Men** who are characterized by **mockery**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “Men who are mockers” +29:8 t3gq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יָפִ֣יחוּ 1 Here, Solomon refers to people causing the people in **a city** to become angry and violent as if they were setting the **city** on fire. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “enrage” or “are like those who ignite” +29:8 g91s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy קִרְיָ֑ה 1 Here, **city** refers to the people who live in a **city**. See how you translated the same use of **city** in [11:10](../11/10.md). +29:8 vcu6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom יָשִׁ֥יבוּ אָֽף 1 Here, Solomon refers to people ceasing to feel angry as if they were turning their noses away from the person they are angry with. See how you translated the similar phrase “turns away his nose” in [24:18](../24/18.md).\n +29:9 p8q7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אִֽישׁ־חָכָ֗ם & אֶת־אִ֣ישׁ אֱוִ֑יל וְ⁠רָגַ֥ז 1 **A wise man**, **a foolish man**, and **he** represent types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated **A wise man** in [16:14](../16/14.md). Alternate translation: “Any wise person … with any foolish person, but that foolish person trembles” +29:9 el5g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit נִ֭שְׁפָּט 1 Here, **goes to judgment** refers to starting a legal dispute with someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “goes to court” or “begins a lawsuit” +29:9 tzx7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠רָגַ֥ז 1 Here, **trembles** refers to the **foolish** person gesturing violently because he were angry. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but he gestures violently” +29:9 txlw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ֝⁠שָׂחַ֗ק 1 Here, **laughs** refers to laughing in a mocking manner, not joyful laughter. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and laughs mockingly” +29:9 qmv5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠אֵ֣ין נָֽחַת 1 This could mean: (1) there will be no resolution to the **judgment**. Alternate translation: “and they will not be able to settle the problem” (2) the **foolish** person will not be quiet. Alternate translation: “and will not stop doing so” +29:10 mzfv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession אַנְשֵׁ֣י דָ֭מִים 1 Here, Solomon uses the possessive form to refer to **Men** who shed the blood of other people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “Men who shed the blood of others” or “Men who kill others” +29:10 lwur rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun תָ֑ם 1 See how you translated this phrase in [11:5](../11/05.md) and “blameless ones” in [2:21](../02/21.md). +29:10 jbu4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וִֽ֝⁠ישָׁרִ֗ים יְבַקְשׁ֥וּ נַפְשֽׁ⁠וֹ 1 Here, the phrase **seek his life** could refer to: (1) **upright ones** desiring to protect the **life** of **a blameless one**. Alternate translation: “want to protect his life” (2) **Men of bloodshed** desiring to kill **upright ones**, in which case singular **his** would refer to plural **upright ones**. Alternate translation: “and they want to kill upright ones” +29:11 pob1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun כְסִ֑יל וְ֝⁠חָכָ֗ם 1 See how you translated **A stupid one** in [10:18](../10/18.md) and **a wise one** in [1:5](../01/05.md). +29:11 q36k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor כָּל־ר֭וּח⁠וֹ יוֹצִ֣יא 1 Here, Solomon refers to a person openly expressing **all** of his emotions as if his emotions were a **spirit** that he **brings out** of himself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “openly expresses all his emotions” +29:11 izlu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּ⁠אָח֥וֹר יְשַׁבְּחֶֽ⁠נָּה 1 Here, Solomon refers to a person controlling the expression of his emotions as if he **soothes** those emotions so that they go **backward** into him. The meaning of this phrase is the opposite of the meaning of **brings out all his spirit** in the previous clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “restrains himself from openly expressing his emotions” +29:12 aj3k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מֹ֭שֵׁל & דְּבַר־שָׁ֑קֶר & מְשָׁרְתָ֥י⁠ו 1 **A ruler**, **a word of falsehood**, and **his** refer to people and false words in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any ruler … any word of falsehood … that person’s servants” +29:12 b9es rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מַקְשִׁ֣יב עַל 1 Here, **listens attentively** implies that this **ruler** believes what he **listens** to. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “who believes” +29:12 a20q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession דְּבַר־שָׁ֑קֶר 1 See how you translated this phrase in [13:5](../13/05.md). +29:13 f56w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun רָ֤שׁ וְ⁠אִ֣ישׁ תְּכָכִ֣ים 1 **One who is poor** and **a man of oppression** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use different more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who is poor and any man of oppression” +29:13 kzm9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְ⁠אִ֣ישׁ תְּכָכִ֣ים 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **man** who is characterized by oppressing other people. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “a man who oppresses others” +29:13 ymnj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נִפְגָּ֑שׁוּ 1 See how you translated the same use of **meet together** in [22:2](../22/02.md). +29:13 psq6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מֵ֤אִיר־עֵינֵ֖י שְׁנֵי⁠הֶ֣ם 1 Here, **enlightens the eyes** is an idiom that means “enables someone to live” or “makes someone alive” If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the one who enables both of them to live” +29:14 sx9w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מֶ֤לֶךְ & כִּ֝סְא֗⁠וֹ 1 **A king** and **his** refer to kings in general, not a specific **king**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated **A king** in [29:4](../29/04.md). Alternate translation: “Any king … that king’s throne” +29:14 fu0h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דַּלִּ֑ים 1 See how you translated the same use of **lowly** in [10:15](../10/15.md). +29:14 ywpt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בֶּֽ⁠אֱמֶ֣ת 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **truth** in [8:7](../08/07.md). +29:14 x486 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy כִּ֝סְא֗⁠וֹ & יִכּֽוֹן 1 See how you translated this phrase in [25:5](../25/05.md). +29:14 vakd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole לָ⁠עַ֥ד 1 Solomon says **to perpetuity** here as an overstatement for emphasis. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “for a very long time” +29:15 zlkv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis שֵׁ֣בֶט וְ֭⁠תוֹכַחַת יִתֵּ֣ן חָכְמָ֑ה 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the next clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “A rod and rebuke give a boy wisdom” +29:15 ybi8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification שֵׁ֣בֶט וְ֭⁠תוֹכַחַת יִתֵּ֣ן חָכְמָ֑ה 1 Here, Solomon speaks of people using a **rod and rebuke** to make someone wiser as if a **rod and rebuke** were people who could **give** something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Using a rod and rebuke can give a boy wisdom” +29:15 p19z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שֵׁ֣בֶט 1 See how you translated the same use of **rod** in [10:13](../10/13.md) and [13:24](../13/24.md). +29:15 krbs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וְ֭⁠תוֹכַחַת & חָכְמָ֑ה & מֵבִ֥ישׁ 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **rebuke** in [1:25](../01/25.md), **wisdom** in [1:2](../01/02.md), and **shame** in [6:33](../06/33.md). +29:15 r3t3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun וְ⁠נַ֥עַר & אִמּֽ⁠וֹ 1 Here, **a boy** and **his** refer to children in general, not a specific **boy**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “but any child … that child’s mother”\n +29:15 gk9d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מְ֝שֻׁלָּ֗ח 1 Here, **sent away** is an idiom that refers to letting someone do whatever that person wants to do. If it would be helpful, you could use an equivalent idiom from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “who is left to himself” or “who is allowed to do whatever he wants to do” +29:15 qpkm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive מְ֝שֻׁלָּ֗ח 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “whom his parents sent away” or “whom his parents do not discipline” +29:16 aom5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בִּ⁠רְב֣וֹת רְ֭שָׁעִים 1 Here, **increase** could refer to: (1) the amount of **wicked ones** increasing. Alternate translation: “When wicked ones increase in number” or “When wicked ones multiply greatly” (2) the **wicked ones** increasing their power or authority. Alternate translation: “When wicked ones increase in power” +29:16 th5t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns פָּ֑שַׁע 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **transgression** in [10:19](../10/19.md). +29:16 a429 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּֽ⁠מַפַּלְתָּ֥⁠ם 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **downfall**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “them falling down” +29:16 ha78 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּֽ⁠מַפַּלְתָּ֥⁠ם 1 Here, **downfall** could refer to: (1) the destruction of **wicked ones**, in which case **downfall** would have a meaning similar to “fall” in [11:5](../11/05.md). Alternate translation: “their destruction” (2) the **wicked ones** losing their power or authority. Alternate translation: “their loss of power” +29:17 kz21 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בִּ֭נְ⁠ךָ 1 See how you translated the same use of **son** in [1:8](../01/08.md). +29:17 xzqd rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וִֽ⁠ינִיחֶ֑⁠ךָ 1 Here, **and** introduces the result of disciplining one’s **son**. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate result. You may need to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “As a result, he will cause you to rest”\n +29:17 evuu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠יִתֵּ֖ן מַעֲדַנִּ֣ים לְ⁠נַפְשֶֽׁ⁠ךָ 1 Here, Solomon speaks of a **son** causing his parents to feel delighted as if **delights** were objects that he can **give** to them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translate: “and he will delight your being” +29:17 a7i2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לְ⁠נַפְשֶֽׁ⁠ךָ 1 See how you translated the same use of **soul** in [2:10](../02/10.md). +29:18 m7wo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit חָ֭זוֹן 1 Here, **vision** refers specifically to information that Yahweh reveals to prophets so that they can tell it to **the people**. It is also called prophecy or divine revelation. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “prophecy” or “revelation” +29:18 xl3b rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns עָ֑ם 1 See how you translated the same use of **people** in [11:14](../11/14.md). +29:18 nr4f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִפָּ֣רַֽע 1 Here Solomon refers to **people** acting disorderly or uncontrollably as if they were **let loose** from being restrained. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “act disorderly” or “are out of control” +29:18 b1ti rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun וְ⁠שֹׁמֵ֖ר תּוֹרָ֣ה אַשְׁרֵֽ⁠הוּ 1 Here, **one who keeps** and **he** refer to a type of person in general, not a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “but any person who keeps the law, happy is that person” +29:18 vz5b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠שֹׁמֵ֖ר תּוֹרָ֣ה 1 See how you translated the similar phrase “keep the law” in [28:4](../28/04.md). +29:19 x0g9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun עָ֑בֶד & יָ֝בִ֗ין 1 **A servant** and **he** refer to servants in general, not a specific **servant**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any servant … that person understands” +29:19 kl1y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive לֹא־יִוָּ֣סֶר עָ֑בֶד 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “No one will instruct a servant” +29:19 egtn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בִּ֭⁠דְבָרִים 1 See how you translated the similar use of **words** in [1:23](../01/23.md). +29:19 q0dg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מַעֲנֶֽה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **answer** in [15:1](../15/01.md). +29:20 qfr9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion חָזִ֗יתָ אִ֭ישׁ אָ֣ץ בִּ⁠דְבָרָ֑י⁠ו 1 Although the Hebrew text is not worded like a question, many translations make this clause into a rhetorical question. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate this as a question. See how you translated the similar use of **You see** in [22:29](../22/29.md). Alternate translation: “Have you seen a man hurrying in his words?” +29:20 wdmc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אִ֭ישׁ אָ֣ץ בִּ⁠דְבָרָ֑י⁠ו 1 See how you translated **a man** and **his** in [6:27](../06/27.md). +29:20 dauq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אָ֣ץ בִּ⁠דְבָרָ֑י⁠ו 1 Here, **hurrying in his words** is an idiom that means “speaking before thinking about what to say.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have that meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “talking off the cuff” or “who speaks without thinking” +29:20 vfxj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תִּקְוָ֖ה לִ⁠כְסִ֣יל מִמֶּֽ⁠נּוּ 1 See how you translated this sentence in [26:12](../26/12.md). +29:21 c3df rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מְפַנֵּ֣ק & עַבְדּ֑⁠וֹ 1 Here, **one** and **his** refer to a type of person in general, not a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “If any person pampers that person’s own servant” +29:21 k1j6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מִ⁠נֹּ֣עַר 1 Here, Solomon implies that **youth** refers to the **youth** of the **servant**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “for that servant’s youth” +29:21 nrvp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מִ⁠נֹּ֣עַר 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **youth** in [2:17](../02/17.md). +29:21 qas4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ֝⁠אַחֲרִית֗⁠וֹ 1 Here, **end** refers to the result. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. See how you translated the same use of **end** in [14:12](../14/12.md).\n +29:21 c32f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מָנֽוֹן 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **insolence**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “acting insolently” +29:22 jpk2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis אִֽישׁ־אַ֭ף יְגָרֶ֣ה מָד֑וֹן וּ⁠בַ֖עַל חֵמָ֣ה רַב־פָּֽשַׁע 1 Solomon is leaving out some words in the second clause that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the first clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “A man of nose stirs up strife, and an owner of heat stirs up much transgression”\n +29:22 ju1m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism אִֽישׁ־אַ֭ף יְגָרֶ֣ה מָד֑וֹן וּ⁠בַ֖עַל חֵמָ֣ה רַב־פָּֽשַׁע 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first clause by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** that indicates that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “A man of nose stirs up strife, yes, an owner of heat stirs up much transgression”\n +29:22 oeh6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אִֽישׁ־אַ֭ף & וּ⁠בַ֖עַל חֵמָ֣ה 1 **A man of nose** and **an owner of heat** refer to a type of person in general, not a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person of nose … and any owner of heat” +29:22 mhqx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אִֽישׁ־אַ֭ף & וּ⁠בַ֖עַל חֵמָ֣ה 1 See how you translated the same use of **nose** and **heat** in [22:24](../22/24.md). +29:22 s7ha rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יְגָרֶ֣ה מָד֑וֹן 1 See how you translated the same phrase in [15:18](../15/18.md). +29:22 ad7m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns פָּֽשַׁע 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **transgression** in [10:19](../10/19.md). +29:23 y4uu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns גַּאֲוַ֣ת 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **pride** in [8:13](../08/13.md). +29:23 apfd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אָ֭דָם תַּשְׁפִּילֶ֑⁠נּוּ וּ⁠שְׁפַל־ר֝֗וּחַ 1 Here, **a man**, **him**, and **one** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any person will make that person low, but any person lowly of spirit” +29:23 aa1l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תַּשְׁפִּילֶ֑⁠נּוּ 1 Here, **low** refers to being humiliated or ashamed. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will make him ashamed” +29:23 mm1l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ⁠שְׁפַל־ר֝֗וּחַ 1 Here, **lowly** refers to being humble. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but one humble of spirit” +29:23 n3zr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ר֝֗וּחַ 1 Here, **spirit** refers to a person’s attitude. See how you translated the same use of **spirit** in [18:14](../18/14.md). +29:23 vb8v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִתְמֹ֥ךְ כָּבֽוֹד 1 See how you translated this phrase in [11:16](../11/16.md). +29:24 f5xg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun חוֹלֵ֣ק עִם־גַּ֭נָּב שׂוֹנֵ֣א נַפְשׁ֑⁠וֹ אָלָ֥ה יִ֝שְׁמַ֗ע 1 **One who shares**, **a thief**, **his**, and **he** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who shares with any thief hates that person’s own life; that person will hear an oath” +29:24 e77b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit חוֹלֵ֣ק עִם־גַּ֭נָּב 1 Here, **shares** implies that this person helps **a thief** and that **thief** gives him part of what he has stolen. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “One who helps a thief and shares in his spoil” or “An accomplice of a thief” +29:24 jpz1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שׂוֹנֵ֣א 1 Here, Solomon refers to a person doing what is harmful to himself as if he hated himself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “harms” or “acts as if he hates” +29:24 em94 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy נַפְשׁ֑⁠וֹ 1 Here, **life** refers to the person himself. See how you translated the same use of **life** in [8:36](../08/36.md).\n +29:24 qxcl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אָלָ֥ה יִ֝שְׁמַ֗ע 1 Here, **oath** refers to the curse that would be spoken against someone who did not speak the truth or reveal important information in a criminal case, as described in [Leviticus 5:1–6](../lev/05/01.md). The witness who hears this **oath** knows that Yahweh will punish him if he does not speak the truth. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “he will hear the curse spoken against those who keep silent about the crime” or “he will hear and know that he will be cursed if he does not say anything” +29:24 vyf0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠לֹ֣א יַגִּֽיד 1 Here, Solomon implies that this person **will not tell** anything about the crime that he knows the **thief** has committed. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but will not say what the thief did” +29:25 t7d5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חֶרְדַּ֣ת 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **anxiety** in [15:16](../15/16.md). +29:25 z4h0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אָ֭דָם & וּ⁠בוֹטֵ֖חַ 1 Here, **a man** and **one who trusts** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any person … but any person who trusts” +29:25 k5l2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification יִתֵּ֣ן מוֹקֵ֑שׁ 1 Here, Solomon speaks of someone causing trouble for himself as if his **anxiety** were a person who **sets a snare** that traps him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “causes him to get into trouble” or “is like someone who sets a trap” +29:25 t3gk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יְשֻׂגָּֽב 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “he will set him on high” +29:25 lxo6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יְשֻׂגָּֽב 1 See how you translated the same use of **set on high** in [18:10](../18/10.md). +29:26 gz2x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מְבַקְשִׁ֣ים פְּנֵי־מוֹשֵׁ֑ל 1 Here, Solomon implies that these people **seek the face of a ruler** in order to ask him to help them in some way. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “are those who seek the face of a ruler to ask for his help” +29:26 yi5g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מְבַקְשִׁ֣ים 1 Here, Solomon speaks of people trying to meet **a ruler** as if the ruler’s **face** were an object that people **seek** to find. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “are those who try to meet”\n +29:26 g8ul rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche פְּנֵי 1 Here, **face** refers to being in the presence of the whole person. See how you translated the same use of **face** in [7:15](../07/15.md).\n +29:26 a948 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מוֹשֵׁ֑ל & אִֽישׁ 1 Here, **a ruler** and **a man** refer to rulers and other people in general, not a specific **ruler** or **man**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any ruler … any person” +29:26 i4rs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession מִשְׁפַּט־אִֽישׁ 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **justice** that is for the benefit of **a man**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “is justice for a man” or “is justice on behalf of a man” +29:26 w96b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מִשְׁפַּט 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **justice** in [1:3](../01/03.md). +29:27 k35v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תּוֹעֲבַ֣ת & וְ⁠תוֹעֲבַ֖ת 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **abomination** in [3:32](../03/32.md). +29:27 ds6y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אִ֣ישׁ עָ֑וֶל וְ⁠תוֹעֲבַ֖ת רָשָׁ֣ע יְשַׁר־דָּֽרֶךְ 1 Here, **a man of injustice**, **a wicked one**, and **one upright of way** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. See how you translated **a wicked one** in [9:7](../09/07.md). Alternate translation: “is any person of injustice, but an abomination to any wicked person is a person upright of way” +29:27 du2b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession אִ֣ישׁ עָ֑וֶל 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **man** who is characterized by **injustice**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “is an unjust man” +29:27 u4xh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession יְשַׁר־דָּֽרֶךְ 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **way** that is characterized by being **upright**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “is one whose way is upright” +29:27 fcfv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דָּֽרֶךְ 1 Here, Solomon uses **way** to refer to how people behave. See how you translated this use of **way** in [1:15](../01/15.md). +30:intro aud8 0 # Proverbs 30 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\n7. Sayings from Agur (30:1–33)\n * Agur’s confession and prayer (30:1–9)\n * Seven numerical sayings (30:10–31)\n * Concluding warning (30:32–33)\n\nChapter 30 is the chapter in this book written by Agur, who is only mentioned here in the Bible.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Numerical sayings\n\nIn [Proverbs 30:10](../30/10.md)–[31](../30/31.md), Agur uses a rhetorical device in which he names a number that should be sufficient to illustrate his point and then increases that number by one for emphasis. If your language does not use numbers in this way, then consider more natural ways to express emphasis. Although he does not state the number of illustrations in [30:10](../30/10.md)–[14](../30/14.md), he does state the number of illustrations for the sayings in [30:15](../30/15.md)–[16](../30/16.md), [18](../30/18.md)–[19](../30/19.md), [21](../30/21.md)–[23](../30/23.md), [24](../30/24.md)–[28](../30/28.md), and [29](../30/29.md)–[31](../30/31.md).\n +30:1 jqfo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy דִּבְרֵ֤י 1 See how you translated the same use of **words** in [1:6](../01/06.md). +30:1 u8l9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אָג֥וּר & יָקֶ֗ה & לְ⁠אִֽיתִיאֵ֑ל לְ⁠אִ֖יתִיאֵ֣ל וְ⁠אֻכָֽל 1 **Agur**, **Jakeh**, **Ithiel**, and **Ucal** are names of men. +30:1 ic3d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy הַ⁠מַּ֫שָּׂ֥א 1 Here, **burden** refers to a warning message that Yahweh reveals to prophets so that they can tell it to other people. Because this message contained a warning or threat, it was considered to be a **burden** to the person who heard it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the warning from Yahweh” +30:1 yzki rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַ֭⁠גֶּבֶר 1 Here, **the strong man** refers to **Agur**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Agur, the strong man,” +30:1 y7qf rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants לְ⁠אִֽיתִיאֵ֑ל לְ⁠אִ֖יתִיאֵ֣ל וְ⁠אֻכָֽל 1 All Hebrew manuscripts read **to Ithiel, to Ithiel and Ucal**. The ULT follows that reading. Other ancient translations of this text read “I am weary, O God. I am worn out and weary, O God,” which is based on a possible meaning for the Hebrew words. If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT. +30:1 xnc1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet לְ⁠אִֽיתִיאֵ֑ל לְ⁠אִ֖יתִיאֵ֣ל 1 Here, the writer repeats the name **Ithiel** to emphasize to whom this **declaration** was first given. If your language does not use repetition to do this, you could use one phrase and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “to Ithiel, indeed, to Ithiel” +30:2 g9do rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole בַ֣עַר אָנֹכִ֣י מֵ⁠אִ֑ישׁ וְ⁠לֹֽא־בִינַ֖ת אָדָ֣ם לִֽ⁠י 1 Agur says these two clauses as extreme statements for emphasis. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “I feel like I am more stupid than a man, and that the understanding of mankind is not mine” +30:2 xxr1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks 1 [30:2](../30/02.md)–[33](../30/33.md) is a long quotation of what Agur said. If it would be helpful in your language, you could indicate this with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. +30:2 s1ds rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism בַ֣עַר אָנֹכִ֣י מֵ⁠אִ֑ישׁ וְ⁠לֹֽא־בִינַ֖ת אָדָ֣ם לִֽ⁠י 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “I am more stupid than a man, yes, the understanding of mankind in not mine” +30:2 n4d9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מֵ⁠אִ֑ישׁ & אָדָ֣ם 1 In this verse, **man** refers to people in general, not to a specific **man**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “than any person … any person”\n +30:2 ij38 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בִינַ֖ת 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **understanding** in [1:2](../01/02.md). +30:3 n0bf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole וְ⁠לֹֽא־לָמַ֥דְתִּי חָכְמָ֑ה וְ⁠דַ֖עַת קְדֹשִׁ֣ים אֵדָֽע 1 Agur says these two clauses as extreme statements for emphasis. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “And I feel like I have not learned wisdom, nor the knowledge of holy ones do I know” +30:3 ln5f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חָכְמָ֑ה וְ⁠דַ֖עַת 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **wisdom** in [1:2](../01/02.md) and **knowledge** in [1:4](../01/04.md). +30:3 tu4c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit קְדֹשִׁ֣ים 1 Here, **holy ones** could refer to: (1) Yahweh as the Holy One, in which case the plural form is used to emphasize his greatness. Alternate translation: “the Holy One” (2) heavenly beings, including God and angels. Alternate translation: “holy beings” +30:4 kw1a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion מִ֤י עָלָֽה־שָׁמַ֨יִם ׀ וַ⁠יֵּרַ֡ד מִ֤י אָֽסַף־ר֨וּחַ ׀ בְּ⁠חָפְנָ֡י⁠ו מִ֤י צָֽרַר־מַ֨יִם ׀ בַּ⁠שִּׂמְלָ֗ה מִ֭י הֵקִ֣ים כָּל־אַפְסֵי־אָ֑רֶץ 1 In this verse, the writer uses the question form four times to emphasize how much greater Yahweh is than people. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “Surely, no human has ascended to heaven and descended! Surely, no one but Yahweh has gathered the wind in the hollow of his hands! Surely, no one but Yahweh has wrapped waters in the cloak! Surely, no one but Yahweh has raised up all the ends of the earth!” +30:4 vyhb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עָלָֽה־שָׁמַ֨יִם ׀ וַ⁠יֵּרַ֡ד 1 Here, Agur speaks of someone going to the place where God dwells and returning from there as if **heaven** were a place that someone could go up to or come down from. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “has gone to and returned from the place where Yahweh dwells” +30:4 bz7z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִ֤י אָֽסַף־ר֨וּחַ ׀ בְּ⁠חָפְנָ֡י⁠ו 1 Here, Agur speaks of controlling **the wind** as if it were something that a person could catch and hold in the palm of one’s hand. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Who has controlled the wind” +30:4 rdh7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּ⁠חָפְנָ֡י⁠ו 1 Here, the word translated **hollow** refers to the palm of someone’s hand. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “in the palms of his hands” +30:4 g4i7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִ֤י צָֽרַר־מַ֨יִם ׀ בַּ⁠שִּׂמְלָ֗ה 1 Here, Agur speaks of storing rainwater in clouds as if the **waters** were something that a person could wrap inside a **cloak**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. If a translation is available in your language, see the similar use of **waters** in [Job 26:8](../job/26/08.md). Alternate translation: “Who has stored the water in clouds” +30:4 rce5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִ֭י הֵקִ֣ים כָּל־אַפְסֵי־אָ֑רֶץ 1 Here, Agur speaks of setting the boundaries of the dry land on **the earth** as if the **ends of the earth** were something that a person could raise **up**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “has set up the limits for where the land ends” or “has marked the boundaries for the ends of the earth” +30:4 jv39 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony מַה־שְּׁמ֥⁠וֹ וּ⁠מַֽה־שֶּׁם־בְּ֝נ֗⁠וֹ כִּ֣י תֵדָֽע 1 Agur uses irony here to emphasize that no one knows of any person who can do those things described earlier in the verse because such a person does not exist. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Surely, none of you know the name of someone who has done this or the name of his son because such a person does not exist!” +30:5 mna2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor צְרוּפָ֑ה 1 Here, Agur refers to what **God** says being true as if his sayings were metal that someone had melted and removed unwanted material from. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the phrase “refined gold” in [8:19](../08/19.md). Alternate translation: “is proven to be true”\n +30:5 u15z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מָגֵ֥ן ה֝֗וּא 1 Here, Agur speaks of **God** protecting people as if he were a **shield**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he is a protector” +30:5 bk39 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לַֽ⁠חֹסִ֥ים בּֽ⁠וֹ 1 Here, Agur speaks of people trusting **God** to protect them as if he were a shelter in which people **take refuge**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “for those who rely on him to protect them” +30:6 lu63 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אַל־תּ֥וֹסְףְּ עַל־דְּבָרָ֑י⁠ו 1 Here, Agur refers to someone claiming God said something that he did not say as if that person were adding more **words** to what God has said. Here, **words** refers to what is said, as in [1:23](../01/23.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Do not claim that God has said something that he did not really say” +30:6 e39x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְ⁠נִכְזָֽבְתָּ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and he show you to be a liar”\n +30:7-9 c3af rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שְׁ֭תַּיִם שָׁאַ֣לְתִּי מֵ⁠אִתָּ֑⁠ךְ 1 These three verses are a prayer that Agur prays to Yahweh. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Two things I ask from you, O Yahweh” +30:7 tafl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youformal מֵ⁠אִתָּ֑⁠ךְ 1 If your language has a formal form of **you** that it uses to address a superior respectfully, you may wish to use that form for **you**. Alternatively, it might be more appropriate in your culture to address God using a familiar form, such as friends would use with one another. Use your best judgment about which form to use. +30:7 qapv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative אַל־תִּמְנַ֥ע 1 This is an imperative, but it communicates a polite request rather than a command. Use a form in your language that communicates a polite request. It may be helpful to add an expression such as “please” to make this clear. Alternate translation: “please do not withhold” +30:7 bl08 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis אַל־תִּמְנַ֥ע 1 Agur is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “do not withhold these two things I am asking for” +30:8 jw32 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative שָׁ֤וְא ׀ וּֽ⁠דְבַר־כָּזָ֡ב הַרְחֵ֬ק מִמֶּ֗⁠נִּי 1 This is an imperative clause, but it communicates a polite request rather than a command. Use a form in your language that communicates a polite request. It may be helpful to add an expression such as “please” to make this clear. Alternate translation: “Please put far away from me emptiness and the word of a lie” +30:8 v3d5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שָׁ֤וְא ׀ וּֽ⁠דְבַר־כָּזָ֡ב הַרְחֵ֬ק מִמֶּ֗⁠נִּי 1 Here, Agur speaks of **Emptiness** and **the word of a lie** as if they were objects that could be **put far away from** a person. He means that he wants God to prevent him from acting or speaking with **Emptiness and the word of a lie**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Keep me from acting with emptiness and speaking the word of a lie” +30:8 l4b4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שָׁ֤וְא 1 **Emptiness** here refers to dishonesty or deception. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Dishonesty” +30:8 gaz6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וּֽ⁠דְבַר־כָּזָ֡ב 1 Here, Agur is using the possessive form to describe a **word** that is **a lie**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “and a lying word” +30:8 d5rz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּֽ⁠דְבַר 1 See how you translated the same use of **word** in [12:25](../12/25.md). +30:8 sgbl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative רֵ֣אשׁ וָ֭⁠עֹשֶׁר אַל־תִּֽתֶּן־לִ֑⁠י הַ֝טְרִיפֵ֗⁠נִי לֶ֣חֶם חֻקִּֽ⁠י 1 These two clauses are imperative clauses, but they communicate polite requests rather than commands. Use a form in your language that communicates polite requests. It may be helpful to add expressions such as “please” to make this clear. Alternate translation: “Please do not give to me poverty or riches; please cause me to receive the bread of my portion” +30:8 wk6q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor רֵ֣אשׁ וָ֭⁠עֹשֶׁר אַל־תִּֽתֶּן־לִ֑⁠י 1 Here, Agur speaks of being poor or rich as if **poverty** and **riches** were physical objects that someone could **give** to someone else. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Do not allow me to be poor or rich” +30:8 aclk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession לֶ֣חֶם חֻקִּֽ⁠י 1 This could refer to: (1) an amount of **bread** that Yahweh has allotted for Agur. Alternate translation: “the bread you have apportioned for me” (2) the amount of **bread** Agur needs to live. Alternate translation: “the bread I need” +30:8 yrwv rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast הַ֝טְרִיפֵ֗⁠נִי 1 This clause is a strong contrast to the previous clause. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a contrast. Alternate translation: “rather, cause me to receive” or “cause me to receive instead”\n +30:8 rcu0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לֶ֣חֶם 1 See how you translated the same use of **bread** in [9:5](../09/05.md). +30:9 vrk2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo פֶּ֥ן אֶשְׂבַּ֨ע 1 Agur uses this expression to introduce an imaginary situation to help explain why he asked God not to allow him to become rich in the previous verse. Use a natural method in your language for introducing an imaginary situation. Alternate translation: “Suppose I be satiated” +30:9 bdye rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֶשְׂבַּ֨ע 1 Here, **satiated** refers to having too much food and possessions. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I possess too much” +30:9 n7qo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְ⁠כִחַשְׁתִּי֮ 1 Agur is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and I deny Yahweh” +30:9 xxn5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations וְ⁠אָמַ֗רְתִּי מִ֥י יְה֫וָ֥ה 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “and ask who Yahweh is.”\n +30:9 ezw1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion מִ֥י יְה֫וָ֥ה 1 Agur is using the question form to emphasize what might happen to him if he became too rich. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “I don’t know Yahweh!” +30:9 t24i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo וּ⁠פֶֽן־אִוָּרֵ֥שׁ 1 Agur uses this expression to introduce an imaginary situation to help explain why he asked God not to allow him to become poor in the previous verse. Use a natural method in your language for introducing an imaginary situation. Alternate translation: “And suppose I become dispossessed” +30:9 j98a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אִוָּרֵ֥שׁ 1 Here, **dispossessed** refers to someone becoming so poor that he loses everything that he owns. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I become so poor that I own nothing” +30:9 xqc4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וְ֝⁠תָפַ֗שְׂתִּי 1 Here, **and** introduces the result of stealing. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate results. Alternate translation: “and so I seize”\n +30:9 f4ah rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ֝⁠תָפַ֗שְׂתִּי 1 Here, Agur speaks of disgracing **the name of my God** as if **the name** were an object that someone could violently **seize** and hurt. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and I might disgrace” +30:9 jw37 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שֵׁ֣ם 1 Here, **name** refers to a person’s reputation. See how you translated the same use of **name** in [22:1](../22/01.md). +30:10 rz4a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun עֶ֭בֶד אֶל־אדנ⁠ו & יְקַלֶּלְ⁠ךָ֥ 1 Here, **a slave**, **his**, and **he** refer to slaves in general, not a specific **slave**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any slave to that slave’s master … that slave curse you” +30:10 u5fu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְ⁠אָשָֽׁמְתָּ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and people consider you to be guilty” +30:10 hgia rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠אָשָֽׁמְתָּ 1 Agur implies that this person is **guilty** of slandering. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and you be found guilty of slander” +30:11 wosm 0 [30:11](../30/11.md)–[14](../30/14.md) is the first of six numerical sayings in this chapter, even though this saying does not state the number of illustrations. See the discussion of this in the General Notes for this chapter. +30:11 sz6e rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns דּ֭וֹר אָבִ֣י⁠ו יְקַלֵּ֑ל & אִ֝מּ֗⁠וֹ 1 In this verse, the words **generation**, **it**, and **its** are singular in form, but they refer to some people as a group. If it would be helpful in your language, you could say this plainly. Alternate translation: “There is a group of people, those people curse their fathers … their mothers” +30:11 uvoz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism אָבִ֣י⁠ו יְקַלֵּ֑ל וְ⁠אֶת־אִ֝מּ֗⁠וֹ לֹ֣א יְבָרֵֽךְ 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could combine these clauses and express the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “it regularly curses its father and mother” +30:12 h8cq rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns דּ֭וֹר & בְּ⁠עֵינָ֑י⁠ו וּ֝⁠מִ⁠צֹּאָת֗⁠וֹ לֹ֣א רֻחָֽץ 1 See how you translated the same use of **generation** and **its** in the previous verse. +30:12 dp6p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor טָה֣וֹר 1 Here, Agur speaks of people being innocent of doing anything wrong as if those people were **clean**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “innocent” +30:12 fyp5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּ⁠עֵינָ֑י⁠ו 1 See how you translated the same use of **eyes** in [3:4](../03/04.md). +30:12 i97l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ֝⁠מִ⁠צֹּאָת֗⁠וֹ לֹ֣א רֻחָֽץ 1 Here, Agur speaks of people being guilty of doing something wrong as if those people were **not washed** and as if the wrong things they did were **excrement**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “but it is guilty of doing bad things” or “but it is guilty, as if it has not washed off its excrement” +30:12 z5g7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive לֹ֣א רֻחָֽץ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “someone has not washed it” +30:13 zjg2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns דּ֭וֹר & עֵינָ֑י⁠ו וְ֝⁠עַפְעַפָּ֗י⁠ו 1 See how you translated the same use of **generation** and **its** in [30:11](../30/11.md). +30:13 oe7q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations מָה־רָמ֣וּ עֵינָ֑י⁠ו וְ֝⁠עַפְעַפָּ֗י⁠ו יִנָּשֵֽׂאוּ 1 Here, **how** indicates that what follows is an exclamation that emphasizes the pride of this **generation**. Use an exclamation that would communicate that meaning in your language. Alternate translation: “its eyes are so raised up, and their eyelids are so lifted up” +30:13 ey4d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy רָמ֣וּ עֵינָ֑י⁠ו וְ֝⁠עַפְעַפָּ֗י⁠ו יִנָּשֵֽׂאוּ 1 Here, Agur refers to pride as **eyes** that **are raised up** and **eyelids ** that **are lifted up**, which is are characteristic facial expressions of proud people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “proud they are, and they are arrogant”\n +30:13 n5qc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet רָמ֣וּ עֵינָ֑י⁠ו וְ֝⁠עַפְעַפָּ֗י⁠ו יִנָּשֵֽׂאוּ 1 The phrases **eyes are raised up** and **eyelids are lifted up** mean similar things. Agur is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “how completely proud they are” +30:14 zfyg rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns דּ֤וֹר & שִׁנָּי⁠ו֮ & מְֽתַלְּעֹ֫תָ֥י⁠ו 1 See how you translated the same use of **generation** and **its** in [30:11](../30/11.md). +30:14 zca7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor חֲרָב֣וֹת שִׁנָּי⁠ו֮ וּֽ⁠מַאֲכָל֪וֹת מְֽתַלְּעֹ֫תָ֥י⁠ו לֶ⁠אֱכֹ֣ל 1 Here, Agur refers to people who oppress **afflicted ones** and **needy ones** as if they were wild animals that are **devouring** those people by using **teeth** or **fangs** that are dangerous like **swords** or **knives**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “it cruelly oppresses” or “it is oppresses others like a wild animal that uses sword-like teeth or knife-like fangs to consume” +30:14 yrgm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet חֲרָב֣וֹת שִׁנָּי⁠ו֮ וּֽ⁠מַאֲכָל֪וֹת מְֽתַלְּעֹ֫תָ֥י⁠ו 1 The phrases **its teeth are swords** and **its fangs are knives** mean the same thing. Agur is using the two phrases together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “its teeth are very sharp” +30:14 z22j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet עֲנִיִּ֣ים מֵ⁠אֶ֑רֶץ וְ֝⁠אֶבְיוֹנִ֗ים מֵ⁠אָדָֽם 1 The phrases **afflicted ones from the earth** and **needy ones from man** mean the same thing. Agur is using the two phrases together for emphasis. Here, **afflicted ones** and **needy ones** both refer to poor people. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “poor people from the world”\n +30:14 ak2i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מֵ⁠אָדָֽם 1 Here, **man** refers to all people in general, not a specific **man**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “from mankind” or “from all human beings” +30:15 yr92 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לַֽ⁠עֲלוּקָ֨ה ׀ שְׁתֵּ֥י בָנוֹת֮ 1 Here, Agur speaks of a greedy person as if that person were a **leech** and as if what that person demands from others were **Two daughters**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “Greedy people always say” or “Greedy people are like a leech with two daughters” +30:15 ik61 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown לַֽ⁠עֲלוּקָ֨ה 1 A **leech** is a type of worm that attaches itself to the skin of a person or animal in order to suck blood. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of animal, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “are for the blood-sucking animal” or “are for the parasite” +30:15 n8v6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַ֤ב ׀ הַ֥ב 1 This could refer to: (1) the names of the **Two daughters**. Alternate translation: “they are named Give and Give” (2) what the **Two daughters** say. Alternate translation: “they say, ‘Give! Give!’” +30:15 vfbh שָׁל֣וֹשׁ הֵ֭נָּה לֹ֣א תִשְׂבַּ֑עְנָה אַ֝רְבַּ֗ע לֹא־אָ֥מְרוּ הֽוֹן 1 The second half of [30:15](../30/15.md) and all of [30:16](../30/16.md) are the second of six numerical sayings in this chapter. See the discussion of numerical sayings in the General Notes for this chapter. +30:15 fs7c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism שָׁל֣וֹשׁ הֵ֭נָּה לֹ֣א תִשְׂבַּ֑עְנָה אַ֝רְבַּ֗ע לֹא־אָ֥מְרוּ הֽוֹן 1 To make a comprehensive statement, Agur is using a rhetorical device in which the speaker names a number that should be sufficient to illustrate his point and then increases that number by one for emphasis. Since the meaning of both clauses is the same, you could also combine them into one clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “These four things are absolutely never satisfied”\n +30:15 xlu4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes לֹ֣א תִשְׂבַּ֑עְנָה 1 Agur is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, **not**, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning, as in the UST. +30:16 lw63 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun וְ⁠עֹ֪צֶ֫ר רָ֥חַם אֶ֭רֶץ לֹא־שָׂ֣בְעָה מַּ֑יִם וְ֝⁠אֵ֗שׁ 1 Here, **the womb**, **a land**, and **a fire** refer to these things in general, not specific things. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “and the closure of any womb, any land not satisfied with water, and any fire” +30:16 ljob rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠עֹ֪צֶ֫ר 1 Here, Agur refers to a woman being unable to bear children as if her **womb** were closed. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and the barrenness of” +30:16 s1n2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche רָ֥חַם 1 Here, **womb** refers to the whole person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a woman” +30:16 d8p5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification אֶ֭רֶץ לֹא־שָׂ֣בְעָה מַּ֑יִם 1 Here, Agur speaks of **land** that does not have enough **water** to grow crops as if it were a person who does not have enough water to drink. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a land that never gets enough water to grow crops” +30:16 nzw6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וְ֝⁠אֵ֗שׁ לֹא־אָ֥מְרָה הֽוֹן 1 Here, Agur speaks of **fire** requiring fuel to keep burning as if it were a person who never says **Enough**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and a fire that never stops needing fuel to keep burning” +30:17 fjs9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis עַ֤יִן ׀ תִּֽלְעַ֣ג לְ⁠אָב֮ 1 Agur is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “Concerning an eye that mocks a father” +30:17 mp0r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche עַ֤יִן & יִקְּר֥וּ⁠הָ & וְֽ⁠יֹאכְל֥וּ⁠הָ 1 Although **eye** here refers to the whole person, **it** refers to the eyes of that person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “A person … will peck that person’s eyes out and … will eat those eyes” +30:17 ebva rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לְ⁠אָב֮ & אֵ֥ם 1 Here, Agur implies that these people are the **father** and **mother** of the person who **mocks** and **shows contempt**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “that person’s father … to that person’s mother” +30:17 pr2u rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown עֹרְבֵי־נַ֑חַל & נָֽשֶׁר 1 Both **ravens** and **vulture** refer to large birds that eat dead animals. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of birds, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “birds that scavenge in the valley … other birds that scavenge” or “scavengers … scavengers” +30:17 x3vs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יִקְּר֥וּ⁠הָ עֹרְבֵי־נַ֑חַל 1 Since **ravens** and vultures usually eat dead animals, Agur implies here that this person will be killed before the birds eat him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “that person will die and the ravens of the valley will peck that person’s eyes out” +30:17 v4cm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification בְנֵי־נָֽשֶׁר 1 Here, Agur refers to young vultures as if they were **sons** from the **vulture** family. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the young vultures” +30:18 uc6s 0 [30:18](../30/18.md)–[19](../30/19.md) is the third of six numerical sayings in this chapter. See the discussion of numerical sayings in the General Notes for this chapter. +30:18 qiou rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism שְׁלֹשָׁ֣ה הֵ֭מָּה נִפְלְא֣וּ מִמֶּ֑⁠נִּי וְ֝אַרְבָּעָ֗ה 1 To make a comprehensive statement, Agur is using a rhetorical device in which the speaker names a number that should be sufficient to illustrate his point and then increases that number by one for emphasis. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar use of **Three things** and **four** in [30:15](../30/15.md). Alternate translation: “These four things are absolutely too wonderful for me” +30:19 sfu5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דֶּ֤רֶךְ & דֶּ֥רֶךְ & דֶּֽרֶךְ & וְ⁠דֶ֖רֶךְ 1 In this verse, **way** refers to the manner of doing something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the manner of … the manner of … the manner of … and the manner of” +30:19 xz6u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun הַ⁠נֶּ֨שֶׁר & נָחָ֗שׁ & אֳנִיָּ֥ה & יָ֑ם & גֶּ֣בֶר בְּ⁠עַלְמָֽה 1 These phrases refer to these things or people in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any eagle … any snake … any ship … any sea … any young man with any young woman” +30:19 uq9f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession דֶּ֤רֶךְ הַ⁠נֶּ֨שֶׁר ׀ בַּ⁠שָּׁמַיִם֮ 1 Here, Agur is using the possessive form to describe **the way** that **the eagle** flies **in the sky**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the way that the eagle flies in the sky” +30:19 cbhz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession דֶּ֥רֶךְ נָחָ֗שׁ עֲלֵ֫י צ֥וּר 1 Here, Agur is using the possessive form to describe **the way** that **a snake** slithers **on a rock**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the way that a snake slithers on a rock” +30:19 o1yf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession דֶּֽרֶךְ־אֳנִיָּ֥ה 1 Here, Agur is using the possessive form to describe **the way** that **a ship** sails **in the heart of the sea**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the way that a ship sails” +30:19 u9rp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְ⁠לֶב־יָ֑ם 1 See how you translated this phrase in [23:34](../23/34.md). +30:19 crfk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְ⁠דֶ֖רֶךְ גֶּ֣בֶר בְּ⁠עַלְמָֽה 1 Here, Agur is using the possessive form to describe **the way** that **a young man** interacts **with a young woman**. This could refer to: (1) a young married couple’s loving relationship, which could include sexual relations. Alternate translation: “and the way that a young man lovingly interacts with a young woman” (2) sexual relations. Alternate translation: “and the way that a young man is sexually intimate with a young woman” +30:20 n764 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דֶּ֥רֶךְ 1 See how you translated the same use of **way** in the previous verse. +30:20 p03b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אִשָּׁ֗ה & אָ֭כְלָה וּ⁠מָ֣חֲתָה פִ֑י⁠הָ 1 Here, **a woman**, **she**, and **her** refer to a type of women in general, not a specific **woman**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any woman … that woman eats and wipes her mouth” +30:20 h26k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אָ֭כְלָה וּ⁠מָ֣חֲתָה פִ֑י⁠הָ 1 Agur is referring to an adulterous **woman** easily committing **adultery** as if she were eating. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “she commits adultery easily” or “she is like a woman who eats and wipes her mouth” +30:20 l56j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations וְ֝⁠אָמְרָ֗ה לֹֽא־פָעַ֥לְתִּי אָֽוֶן 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “and says that she has not done iniquity” +30:20 hzha rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns אָֽוֶן 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **iniquity** in [6:12](../06/12.md). +30:21 uf9l 0 [30:21](../30/21.md)–[23](../30/23.md) is the fourth of six numerical sayings in this chapter. See the discussion of numerical sayings in the General Notes for this chapter. +30:21 s3e3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism תַּ֣חַת שָׁ֭לוֹשׁ רָ֣גְזָה אֶ֑רֶץ וְ⁠תַ֥חַת אַ֝רְבַּ֗ע לֹא־תוּכַ֥ל שְׂאֵֽת 1 To make a comprehensive statement, Agur is using a rhetorical device in which the speaker names a number that should be sufficient to illustrate his point and then increases that number by one for emphasis. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Since the meaning of both clauses is similar, you could also combine them into one clause. See how you translated the similar use of **three things** and **four** in [30:15](../30/15.md). Alternate translation: “Under these four things the earth truly shakes” +30:21 n302 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole תַּ֣חַת שָׁ֭לוֹשׁ רָ֣גְזָה & וְ⁠תַ֥חַת אַ֝רְבַּ֗ע & שְׂאֵֽת 1 Agur says **quakes** and **hold up** here as extreme statements to emphasize how intolerable the things in the following verses are for **the earth**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “Because of three things … shudder, and because of four … to endure” +30:21 ix9o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אֶ֑רֶץ & לֹא־תוּכַ֥ל 1 Here, **the earth** and **it** refer to the people who live on **the earth**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the people on the earth … they are not able” +30:22 cxju rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole תַּֽחַת 1 See how you translated **under** in the previous verse. +30:22 xv9v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun עֶ֭בֶד כִּ֣י יִמְל֑וֹךְ וְ֝⁠נָבָ֗ל כִּ֣י יִֽשְׂבַּֽע 1 Here, **a slave**, **he**, and **a worthless one** refer types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any slave when that slave becomes king, and any worthless one when that person is satisfied with” +30:22 ugx5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יִֽשְׂבַּֽע 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “he gets enough” +30:22 gj88 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לָֽחֶם 1 See how you translated the same use of **bread** in [9:5](../09/05.md). +30:23 xpoc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole תַּ֣חַת 1 See how you translated **under** in [30:21](../30/21.md). +30:23 gbdb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun שְׂ֭נוּאָה כִּ֣י תִבָּעֵ֑ל וְ֝⁠שִׁפְחָ֗ה כִּֽי־תִירַ֥שׁ גְּבִרְתָּֽ⁠הּ 1 Here, **a hated woman**, **she**, and **a female servant**, and **her** refer to types of women in general, not specific women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any hated woman when that woman is married, and any female servant when that servant dispossesses her mistress” +30:23 tg9h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive כִּ֣י תִבָּעֵ֑ל 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “when someone marries her” +30:23 dwd5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit תִירַ֥שׁ גְּבִרְתָּֽ⁠הּ 1 Here, **dispossesses** refers to **a female servant** replacing her master’s wife as the lead woman of the household. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “she becomes her master’s wife in place of her mistress” +30:24 ts97 0 [30:24](../30/24.md)–[28](../30/28.md) is the fifth of six numerical sayings in this chapter. See the discussion of numerical sayings in the General Notes for this chapter. +30:24 z1xp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession קְטַנֵּי־אָ֑רֶץ 1 Here, Agur is using the possessive form to describe **small things** that exist on**the earth**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “are smalls things that exist on the earth” +30:24 lb0n rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry חֲכָמִ֥ים מְחֻכָּמִֽים 1 Here, **wise things, being made wise** is an emphatic construction that uses a verb and its object that come from the same root. You may be able to use the same construction in your language to express the meaning here. Alternatively, your language may have another way of showing the emphasis. +30:25 d6lq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification עַ֣ם 1 Here, Agur refers to the whole species of **ants** as if they were a group of **people**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “are a species” +30:25 d14d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠יָּכִ֖ינוּ בַ⁠קַּ֣יִץ לַחְמָֽ⁠ם 1 See how you translated the similar phrase “prepares its bread in the summer” in [6:8](../06/08.md). +30:26 p11p rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown שְׁ֭פַנִּים 1 **Rock badgers** are small animals also called hyraxes that live in the cracks between rocks in the wilderness. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of animal, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “Small mammals that living among rocks” +30:26 m0h5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification עַ֣ם 1 See how you translated the same use of **people** in the previous verse. +30:26 miwy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun בַ⁠סֶּ֣לַע בֵּיתָֽ⁠ם 1 Although **house** and **the cliff** are singular, they refer to these things in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “their houses in the cliffs” +30:26 h4yr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification בֵּיתָֽ⁠ם 1 Here, Agur refers to the places where **Rock badgers** live as if those places were houses like humans live in. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “their dwelling places” or “their holes” +30:27 oauj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לָ⁠אַרְבֶּ֑ה & כֻּלּֽ⁠וֹ 1 Here, **the locust** and **it** represent locusts in general, not one particular **locust**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “for locusts … every one of them” +30:27 e63o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וַ⁠יֵּצֵ֖א חֹצֵ֣ץ 1 Here, Agur speaks of the orderly ways that locusts travel as if they were an army with soldiers who **go out divided into groups**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “but … move together in an organized manner” or “but … march ahead like ranks of soldiers” +30:28 l4zb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun שְׂ֭מָמִית & וְ֝⁠הִ֗יא & מֶֽלֶךְ 1 Here, **a lizard**, **it**, and **the king** represent lizards and kings in general, not one particular **lizard** or **king**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any lizard … yet any lizard … any king” +30:28 k92l rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown שְׂ֭מָמִית 1 A **lizard** is a small animal that crawls on the ground and can hide in houses. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of animal, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “a small crawling animal” +30:29 ofrb 0 [30:29](../30/29.md)–[31](../30/31.md) is the sixth of six numerical sayings in this chapter. See the discussion of numerical sayings in the General Notes for this chapter. +30:29 xyv8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism שְׁלֹשָׁ֣ה הֵ֭מָּה מֵיטִ֣יבֵי צָ֑עַד וְ֝⁠אַרְבָּעָ֗ה מֵיטִ֥בֵי לָֽכֶת 1 To make a comprehensive statement, Agur is using a rhetorical device in which the speaker names a number that should be sufficient to illustrate his point and then increases that number by one for emphasis. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Since the meaning of both clauses is the same, you could also combine them into one clause. See how you translated the similar use of **Three things** and **four** in [30:15](../30/15.md). Alternate translation: “These four things truly walk well” +30:29 vzhc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מֵיטִ֣יבֵי צָ֑עַד & מֵיטִ֥בֵי לָֽכֶת 1 The phrases **doing well of step** and **doing well of walking** both refer to animals or people who walk impressively. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “walk in an impressive manner … stride in a stately manner” +30:30 kr3o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לַ֭יִשׁ & וְ⁠לֹא־יָ֝שׁ֗וּב 1 Here, **a lion** and **it** refer to lions in general, not a specific **lion**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any lion … and that lion will not turn away” +30:30 jbsk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit גִּבּ֣וֹר בַּ⁠בְּהֵמָ֑ה 1 Here, **mighty among the animals** refers to being the mightiest animal among them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the mightiest animal” +30:30 iyck rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ⁠לֹא־יָ֝שׁ֗וּב מִ⁠פְּנֵי 1 Here, **turn away from the face** means “does not run away from” because one would have to **turn** one’s face away from the **face** of someone in order to run away from that person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and it will not run away from” +30:31 eunr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun זַרְזִ֣יר מָתְנַ֣יִם אוֹ־תָ֑יִשׁ וּ֝⁠מֶ֗לֶךְ אַלְק֥וּם עִמּֽ⁠וֹ 1 Here, **one girded of loans**, **a male goat**, **a king**, and **one** refer to animals or people in general, not specific animals or people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “those girded of loins, or any male goat, and any king against whom any person does not rise up” +30:31 f30z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom זַרְזִ֣יר מָתְנַ֣יִם 1 Many scholars believe that this is an idiom that refers to a rooster that struts proudly. Roosters are male birds that walk around in a proud manner. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of bird, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “strutting roosters” or “a male bird that struts proudly” +30:31 mnr8 אַלְק֥וּם עִמּֽ⁠וֹ 1 Some scholars believe that the phrase translated as **against whom one does not rise up** could also be translated as “whose army is with him.” If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT.\n +30:32 uf0a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְ⁠הִתְנַשֵּׂ֑א 1 Here, Agur speaks of someone honoring himself as if he were **lifting up** himself for everyone to see. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “by honoring yourself”\n +30:32 pa5v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יָ֣ד לְ⁠פֶֽה 1 Here, Agur uses the phrase **a hand be to mouth** to refer to tell someone to stop doing something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “stop doing those things” +30:33 bu1w rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֤י 1 **For** here introduces the reason for obeying the command stated in the previous verse. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate reason. Alternate translation: “Stop doing these things because” +30:33 nj7p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִ֪יץ חָלָ֡ב י֘וֹצִ֤יא חֶמְאָ֗ה וּֽ⁠מִיץ־אַ֭ף י֣וֹצִיא דָ֑ם וּ⁠מִ֥יץ אַ֝פַּ֗יִם י֣וֹצִיא רִֽיב 1 Here, Agur mentions three cause-and-effect relationships in order to teach that doing what he described in the previous verse will have bad results. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a simile. Alternate translation: “just like the squeezing of milk brings out butter, and the squeezing of the nose brings out blood, and the squeezing of nostrils brings out strife, so does doing these things cause bad things to happen” +30:33 j0ly rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown מִ֪יץ חָלָ֡ב י֘וֹצִ֤יא חֶמְאָ֗ה 1 Here, Agur refers to stirring liquid milk until it thickens into a solid substance called **butter**. If your readers would not be familiar with milk or the process for making **butter**, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “stirring some liquids causes them to harden” +30:33 br10 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּ⁠מִ֥יץ אַ֝פַּ֗יִם 1 Here, **squeezing of nostrils** refers to making people angry. The word nostrils means “anger” by association with the way that a person who is angry breathes heavily through his nose, causing his nostrils to open wide. Your language and culture may also associate anger with a particular part of the body. If so, you could use an expression involving that part of the body in your translation. You could also use plain language. Alternate translation: “and making people foam at the mouth” or “and angering people”\n +30:33 fect rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor י֣וֹצִיא רִֽיב 1 Here, Agur refers to causing people to argue as if **strife** were an object that someone **brings out**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “causes strife between people” +30:33 qnrg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רִֽיב 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **strife** in [16:28](../16/28.md). +31:intro dd9p 0 # Proverbs 31 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\n8. Sayings from Lemuel (31:1–9)\n9. Description of a good and capable wife (31:10–31)\n\nChapter 31 is the chapter in this book written by Lemuel, who wrote down the advice that his mother told him. Lemuel is only mentioned here in the Bible.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Acrostic poem\n\n[Proverbs 31:10](../31/10.md)–[31](../31/31.md) is a poem in which each line begins with a successive letter of the alphabet in the original language. Using every letter of the language in that way expresses the idea of comprehensiveness and also helps people memorize the poem. In [31:10](../31/10.md)–[31](../31/31.md) the acrostic poem emphasizes that virtuous women demonstrate their virtue in everything that they do. If it is impossible to translate this poem into an acrostic poem in your language, you could use a different way in your language to indicate that these verses are one poem about the same topic. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]])\n +31:1 xlg7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy דִּ֭בְרֵי 1 See how you translated the same use of **words** in [1:6](../01/06.md). +31:1 blmf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מַ֝שָּׂ֗א 1 See how you translated the same use of **burden** in [30:1](../30/01.md). +31:2 ag7f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks מַה־בְּ֭רִ⁠י 1 [32:2](../32/02.md)–[31](../31/31.md) is a long quotation of what Lemuel’s mother told him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could indicate this with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation.\n +31:2 h9dw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis מַה־בְּ֭רִ⁠י וּ⁠מַֽה־בַּר־בִּטְנִ֑⁠י וּ֝⁠מֶה בַּר־נְדָרָֽ⁠י 1 Lemuel’s mother is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “What should I say to you, my son? And what should I say to you, son of my womb? And what should I say to you, son of my vows?” +31:2 xrr9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion מַה־בְּ֭רִ⁠י וּ⁠מַֽה־בַּר־בִּטְנִ֑⁠י וּ֝⁠מֶה בַּר־נְדָרָֽ⁠י 1 These three questions could be: (1) rhetorical questions that Lemuel’s mother asks in order to emphasize that her **son** should listen to what she is about to say. Alternate translation: “This is what I should tell you, my son! And this is what I should tell you, son of my womb! And this is what I should tell you, son of my vows!” (2) exclamations in which **What** is not introducing a question. Alternate translation: “O, my son! O, son of my womb! O, son of my vows!” +31:2 ye5f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בַּר־בִּטְנִ֑⁠י 1 Here, Lemuel’s mother is using the possessive form to describe a **son** whom she had carried in her **womb**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “son whom I carried in my womb” +31:2 p2hh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בַּר־נְדָרָֽ⁠י 1 Here, **vows** could mean: (1) the promise Lemuel’s mother made to dedicate her **son** to God if he allowed her to have a child. Alternate translation: “son whom I dedicated to Yahweh” (2) Lemuel is the result of God hearing his mother’s **vows**, in which case **vows** would refer to prayers. Alternate translation: “son whom I prayed for” +31:3 irw8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism אַל־תִּתֵּ֣ן לַ⁠נָּשִׁ֣ים חֵילֶ֑⁠ךָ 1 Lemuel’s mother is referring to sex in a polite way by using the phrase **give your strength to women**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a polite way of referring to this in your language, or you could state this plainly. Alternate translation: “Do not tire yourself out with women” or “Do not waste your energy on having sex with women” +31:3 rbvl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ֝⁠דְרָכֶ֗י⁠ךָ 1 Here, **your ways** could mean: (1) the same as **your strength** in the previous clause, which is parallel to this clause. Alternate translation: “or your vigor” (2) a person’s regular behavior, which is what **ways** usually means in Proverbs. Alternate translation: “or what you do” +31:3 tuq5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לַֽ⁠מְח֥וֹת מְלָכִֽין 1 The parallelism between this clause and the previous clause indicates that this phrase refers to **women** who **cause kings to be wiped out**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “to those women who cause kings to be wiped out” +31:4 t6lk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet אַ֤ל לַֽ⁠מְלָכִ֨ים ׀ לְֽמוֹאֵ֗ל אַ֣ל לַֽ⁠מְלָכִ֣ים 1 Here, Lemuel’s mother repeats the same phrase for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “It is absolutely not for kings, Lemuel” +31:4 s8mw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis אַ֤ל לַֽ⁠מְלָכִ֨ים ׀ & אַ֣ל לַֽ⁠מְלָכִ֣ים 1 Lemuel’s mother is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “It is not appropriate for kings … it is not appropriate for kings” +31:4 d98h rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants או 1 Some ancient copies and translations say that the word translated as **or** is a different word that means “desire” or “crave,” which makes sense because of the parallelism with **drink wine** in the previous clause. If a translation of the Bible already exists in your area, you could consider using the reading in that translation. If there is not already a Bible translation in your area, you may wish to follow the reading of the UST.\n +31:5 dwo5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns יִ֭שְׁתֶּה 1 Here, **he** refers to the kings and dignitaries mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “those kings or dignitaries drink” +31:5 ex8n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive מְחֻקָּ֑ק 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. This phrase refers to the laws of the country that these kings or dignitaries rule over. Alternate translation: “what the law decrees” or “their laws” +31:5 dfk2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וִֽ֝⁠ישַׁנֶּה דִּ֣ין 1 Here, **pervert the legal claim** refers to depriving people of their legal rights. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and deny the legal rights of” +31:5 w2jv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun דִּ֣ין כָּל־בְּנֵי־עֹֽנִי 1 Here, **the legal claim** and **the afflicted one** refer to claims and afflicted people in general, not a specific **claim** or **afflicted one**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any legal claim of all the sons of any afflicted person” +31:5 y3ds rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בְּנֵי־עֹֽנִי 1 Here, **the sons of the afflicted one** refers to afflicted people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “afflicted people” +31:6 q63s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לְ⁠אוֹבֵ֑ד 1 Here, **the perishing one** refers to dying people in general, not a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “to any perishing person” +31:6 yq7n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְ֝⁠יַיִן 1 Lemuel’s mother is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and give wine” +31:6 i7g7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לְ⁠מָ֣רֵי נָֽפֶשׁ 1 Here, Lemuel’s mother refers to people who feel miserable as if their souls are **bitter**. Here, **soul** refers to a person’s inner being or mind, as in [23:7](../23/07.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to those who are miserable” +31:7 gp00 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns יִ֭שְׁתֶּה וְ⁠יִשְׁכַּ֣ח רִישׁ֑⁠וֹ וַ֝⁠עֲמָל֗⁠וֹ לֹ֣א יִזְכָּר־עֽוֹד 1 **He** and **his** refer to “the perishing one” and “those bitter of soul,” who are mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Those dying and miserable people will drink and forget their poverty, and their trouble they will not remember again” +31:7 s7xc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יִ֭שְׁתֶּה 1 Lemuel’s mother implies that **He will drink** wine or some other intoxicating drink, as mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “He will drink wine or intoxicating drink” +31:7 f15v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רִישׁ֑⁠וֹ וַ֝⁠עֲמָל֗⁠וֹ 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **poverty** in [6:11](../06/11.md) and **trouble** in [24:2](../24/02.md). +31:8 r3tl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy פְּתַח־פִּ֥י⁠ךָ לְ⁠אִלֵּ֑ם 1 **Open your mouth** refers to doing so in order to say something to defend someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Open your mouth to speak on behalf of a mute one” +31:8 iobn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לְ⁠אִלֵּ֑ם אֶל־דִּ֝֗ין כָּל־בְּנֵ֥י חֲלֽוֹף 1 Here, **a mute one**, **the legal claim**, and **the one passing away** refer to these people and things in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “for any mute person, for any legal claim of all the sons of any person passing away” +31:8 wlnu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis אֶל־דִּ֝֗ין 1 Lemuel’s mother is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence or use a connecting word if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “open your mouth for the legal claim of” or “and for the legal claim of” +31:8 mxp7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בְּנֵ֥י חֲלֽוֹף 1 See how you translated the same use of **the sons of** in [31:5](../31/05.md). +31:8 e1y9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism חֲלֽוֹף 1 Lemuel’s mother is referring to death in a polite way by using the phrase **passing away**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more normal polite way of referring to this in your language, or you could state this plainly. Alternate translation: “the dying one” +31:9 paxx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis פְּתַח־פִּ֥י⁠ךָ שְׁפָט־צֶ֑דֶק 1 Lemuel’s mother is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the second clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “Open your mouth for the afflicted one and poor one and judge them with righteousness” +31:9 yc2m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy פְּתַח־פִּ֥י⁠ךָ 1 See how you translated this phrase in the previous verse. +31:9 rn4t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns צֶ֑דֶק 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **righteousness** in [1:3](../01/03.md).\n +31:9 qs0j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun וְ֝⁠דִ֗ין עָנִ֥י וְ⁠אֶבְיֽוֹן 1 Here, **the legal case**, **the afflicted one**, and **poor one** refer to legal cases and types of people in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “and plead any legal case of any afflicted person and any poor person” +31:10 ufh2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion אֵֽשֶׁת־חַ֭יִל מִ֣י יִמְצָ֑א 1 Lemuel’s mother is using the question form to emphasize the difficulty of finding a wife of **worth**. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation Alternate translation: “Not many men can find a woman of worth!” +31:10 d5xz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אֵֽשֶׁת־חַ֭יִל & מִכְרָֽ⁠הּ 1 **A woman of worth** and **her** refer to a type of **woman** in general, not a particular **woman**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any woman of worth … that woman’s value” +31:10 lu9o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession אֵֽשֶׁת־חַ֭יִל 1 Here, Lemuel’s mother is using the possessive form to describe a **woman** who is characterized by **worth**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “A worthy woman” +31:10 abq2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit חַ֭יִל 1 Here, **worth** refers to both physical ability and moral **worth**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “physical and moral worth” +31:10 v97s rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown מִ⁠פְּנִינִ֣ים 1 See how you translated **corals** in [3:15](../03/15.md). +31:11 eoyv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לֵ֣ב בַּעְלָ֑⁠הּ 1 Here, **heart** refers to the whole person. See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [14:10](../14/10.md). +31:11 f6zb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ֝⁠שָׁלָ֗ל 1 Although the word translated as **spoil** usually refers to wealth that soldiers seize after winning a battle or that thieves steal, here it refers to the valuable things that this **husband** gains because of his wife. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and great wealth from her” +31:11 i7un rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes לֹ֣א יֶחְסָֽר 1 Lemuel’s mother is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, **not**, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “he will always have” +31:12 pw8n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ט֣וֹב וְ⁠לֹא־רָ֑ע 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **good** in [11:27](../11/27.md) and **evil** in [1:16](../01/16.md). +31:12 czv3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet ט֣וֹב וְ⁠לֹא־רָ֑ע 1 The expressions**good** and **not evil** mean the same thing. Lemuel’s mother is using the two expressions together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “extremely good” +31:12 uvlp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חַיֶּֽי⁠ה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **life** in [10:16](../10/16.md). +31:13 dukg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit דָּ֭רְשָׁה 1 The fact that she **works** in the next clause indicates that this woman finds what she **searches** for. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “She finds” +31:13 usy5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown צֶ֣מֶר 1 The term **wool** refers to the hair of sheep, which was used to make warm clothing for winter. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of material, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “warm fabric” or “material to make into winter clothing” +31:13 xs1v rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown וּ⁠פִשְׁתִּ֑ים 1 The term **linens** refers to a type of plant that was used to make cool clothing for summer. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of material, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “cool fabric” or “material to make into summer clothing” +31:13 mupw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ֝⁠תַּ֗עַשׂ 1 Here, **works** refers to making clothing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and makes clothing” +31:13 n9qr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification בְּ⁠חֵ֣פֶץ כַּפֶּֽי⁠הָ 1 Here, Lemuel’s mother speaks of this woman feeling **delight** while she uses **her palms** to make clothing as if **her palms** were people who feel that **delight**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “delightfully with her palms” +31:14 h984 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure הָ֭יְתָה כָּ⁠אֳנִיּ֣וֹת סוֹחֵ֑ר מִ֝⁠מֶּרְחָ֗ק תָּבִ֥יא לַחְמָֽ⁠הּ 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “She brings her bread from far away, like the ships of a merchant”\n +31:14 pji9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לַחְמָֽ⁠הּ 1 See how you translated the same use of **bread** in [9:5](../09/05.md). +31:15 t7y0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּ⁠ע֬וֹד לַ֗יְלָה 1 Here, **night** refers to the time before the sun rises in the morning, not the middle of the night. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “while it is still dark” or “before the sun rises” +31:15 bavq rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal וַ⁠תִּתֵּ֣ן 1 Here, **and** indicates that what follows is the purpose for the woman rising **while still night**. Use a connector in your language that makes indicates a purpose. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of giving”\n +31:15 szxz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְ⁠בֵיתָ֑⁠הּ 1 Here, **house** represents the family who lives in **her house**. See how you translated the same use of **house** in [3:33](../03/33.md). +31:15 ajq5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ֝⁠חֹ֗ק 1 Here, **portion** refers to **a portion** of **food**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and a portion of food” +31:15 ofk7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לְ⁠נַעֲרֹתֶֽי⁠הָ 1 Here, **young women** refers to female servants who serve this woman and live in her home. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “to her servant girls” +31:16 wkld rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit זָמְמָ֣ה שָׂ֭דֶה 1 Here, **considers** refers to planning carefully before buying **a field**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “She considers carefully about buying a field” +31:16 fgc9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִ⁠פְּרִ֥י כַ֝פֶּ֗י⁠הָ 1 Here, **the fruit of her palms** refers to the money that the woman has earned by selling the clothing she made with **her palms** in [31:13](../31/13.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from the money she has earned” +31:17 vv53 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy חָֽגְרָ֣ה & מָתְנֶ֑י⁠הָ 1 The phrase **girds her loins** refers to preparing to do work, which involved tying up the loose ends of one’s clothes with a belt so that the clothes do not get in the person’s way while working. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “She prepares herself to work” +31:17 srsr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְ⁠ע֣וֹז 1 Here, **strength** indicates the manner by which she **girds her loins**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “in a strong manner” or “strongly” +31:17 fn86 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ֝⁠תְּאַמֵּ֗ץ זְרֹעוֹתֶֽי⁠הָ 1 Here, Lemuel’s mother implies that this woman **strengthens her arms** by working hard. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “she strengthens her arms by doing hard work” +31:18 rzhh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns סַחְרָ֑⁠הּ 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **profit** in [3:14](../03/14.md). +31:18 os5j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לֹֽא־יִכְבֶּ֖ה בַלַּ֣יְלָה נֵרָֽ⁠הּ 1 Here, Lemuel’s mother implies that this woman’s **lamp does not go out** because the woman is working. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “her lamp does not go out in the night because she is working” +31:18 jpw6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole לֹֽא־יִכְבֶּ֖ה בַלַּ֣יְלָה נֵרָֽ⁠הּ 1 Lemuel’s mother uses this clause as an overstatement in order emphasize that such a woman works until late at **night**, but not necessarily all **night** long. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “She burns a lamp late the night as she works” +31:19 cx1n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יָ֭דֶי⁠הָ שִׁלְּחָ֣ה בַ⁠כִּישׁ֑וֹר וְ֝⁠כַפֶּ֗י⁠הָ תָּ֣מְכוּ פָֽלֶךְ 1 This verse refers to the process of making thread, which is used to make clothing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “She stretches out her hands at the distaff, and she grasps the spindle in order to make thread” +31:19 yb1d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom יָ֭דֶי⁠הָ שִׁלְּחָ֣ה בַ⁠כִּישׁ֑וֹר 1 Here, **stretches out her hands** means to holding something. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “She takes hold of the distaff” +31:19 d3iv rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown בַ⁠כִּישׁ֑וֹר 1 The word **distaff** refers to a thin rod with pointed ends that is used to make thread. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of tool, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “the tool for making thread” +31:19 cumc rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown פָֽלֶךְ 1 The word **spindle** refers to a piece of wood that someone wraps thread around when making thread. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of tool, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “the tool for holding thread” +31:20 en6l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy כַּ֭פָּ⁠הּ פָּרְשָׂ֣ה לֶ⁠עָנִ֑י וְ֝⁠יָדֶ֗י⁠הָ שִׁלְּחָ֥ה לָֽ⁠אֶבְיֽוֹן 1 The phrases **spreads out her palm** and **stretches out her hands** both refer to helping someone by using one’s hands to give something to that person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “She helps the afflicted one, and she helps the poor one” +31:20 s1we rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לֶ⁠עָנִ֑י & לָֽ⁠אֶבְיֽוֹן 1 See how you translated **the afflicted one** in [15:15](../15/15.md) and **poor one** in [13:8](../13/08.md). +31:21 j971 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְ⁠בֵיתָ֣⁠הּ & כָל־בֵּ֝יתָ֗⁠הּ 1 See how you translated the same use of **her house** in [31:15](../31/15.md). +31:21 ojnb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לֹא־תִירָ֣א לְ⁠בֵיתָ֣⁠הּ 1 Here, Lemuel’s mother implies that this woman **does not fear for her house** to become cold. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “She does not fear for her house to become cold” +31:21 t8t6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מִ⁠שָּׁ֑לֶג 1 Here, **snow** refers to cold weather, which is the time when **snow** falls. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “because of cold weather” or “because of winter” +31:21 dcdi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive לָבֻ֥שׁ שָׁנִֽים 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “she has clothed with crimson” +31:21 tt96 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שָׁנִֽים 1 Here, **crimson** refers to warm clothing that is made from expensive **crimson** cloth. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “have expensive, warm clothing” +31:22 fkqx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מַרְבַדִּ֥ים 1 Here, **coverings** refers to pieces of cloth used to cover beds. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. See how you translated **coverings** in [7:16](../07/16.md). Alternate translation: “blankets” or “cloth that covers beds” +31:22 anf5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis שֵׁ֖שׁ וְ⁠אַרְגָּמָ֣ן לְבוּשָֽׁ⁠הּ 1 Lemuel’s mother is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “she wears fine linen and purple for her clothing” +31:22 a3x1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet שֵׁ֖שׁ וְ⁠אַרְגָּמָ֣ן 1 Here, **fine linen** and **purple** both refer to very expensive cloth. Lemuel’s mother is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “very expensive materials” +31:23 ra37 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive נוֹדָ֣ע & בַּעְלָ֑⁠הּ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “People know her husband” +31:23 lcdr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit נוֹדָ֣ע 1 Here, the phrase **is known** implies that this woman’s **husband** is respected by many people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “is respected” +31:23 aim4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בַּ⁠שְּׁעָרִ֣ים 1 Here, **the gates** refers to the crowded place in a town or city where many people gathered and legal decisions were made. See how you translates the same use of **the gates** in [1:21](../01/21.md). +31:23 dbz1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּ֝⁠שִׁבְתּ֗⁠וֹ עִם 1 Here, **sits with** refers to sitting down **with the elders of the land** in order to make laws and resolve legal disputes. Someone who **sits with the elders** is actually one of them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “when he sits down to make legal decisions with” +31:23 vowr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit זִקְנֵי־אָֽרֶץ 1 The phrase **the elders of the land** refers to the leaders of the town or city in which this woman lives with her **husband**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the leaders of the town” +31:24 d6wi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun סָדִ֣ין & וַ֝⁠חֲג֗וֹר & לַֽ⁠כְּנַעֲנִֽי 1 Here, **a linen garment**, **a belt**, and **the Canaanite** refer to these things and people in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “linen garments … belts … to Canaanites” +31:24 q4ow rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וַ⁠תִּמְכֹּ֑ר 1 Lemuel’s mother is leaving out a word that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply this word from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and sells that garment” +31:24 ghw5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit נָתְנָ֥ה 1 Here, **gives** means that she supplies this **belt** to someone who pays her for the item and then sells it to others. She gives not give the **belt** away for free. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “she supplies” +31:24 hdu6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לַֽ⁠כְּנַעֲנִֽי 1 Here, **Canaanite** refers specifically to **Canaanite** traders. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to the Canaanite trader” or “to someone who trades goods” +31:25 k3bi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עֹז־וְ⁠הָדָ֥ר לְבוּשָׁ֑⁠הּ 1 Here, Lemuel’s mother speaks of this woman having **Strength and splendor** that other people notice as if she were wearing those qualities as **clothing** that other people could see. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “Everyone notices her strength and splendor” or “People notice her strength and splendor as if they were her clothing” +31:25 o0we rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns עֹז־וְ⁠הָדָ֥ר 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **Strength** in [5:10](../05/10.md) and **splendor** in [4:9](../04/09.md). +31:25 a29g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וַ֝⁠תִּשְׂחַ֗ק לְ⁠י֣וֹם אַחֲרֽוֹן 1 Here, the woman **laughs** because she feels confident and cheerful about what will happen in the future. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and she is confident about a future day” +31:25 o4xb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְ⁠י֣וֹם אַחֲרֽוֹן 1 Here, **a future day** refers to what will happen in the future. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “at what will happen in the future” +31:26 lb6q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy פִּ֭י⁠הָ פָּתְחָ֣ה 1 Here, **mouth opens** refers to speaking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “She talks” +31:26 ga0f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְ⁠חָכְמָ֑ה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **wisdom** in [1:2](../01/02.md). +31:26 cqck rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְ⁠תֽוֹרַת־חֶ֝֗סֶד 1 Here, Lemuel’s mother is using the possessive form to describe **the law** that is characterized by **covenant faithfulness**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “and the law that is characterized by covenant faithfulness” +31:26 gs0s rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns וְ⁠תֽוֹרַת 1 Although **the law** here is singular, it refers to what this woman teaches or instructs others. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and the instructions of” or “and the teachings of” +31:26 umm9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חֶ֝֗סֶד 1 See how you translated the same use of **covenant faithfulness** in [11:17](../11/17.md). +31:26 q9jl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy עַל־לְשׁוֹנָֽ⁠הּ 1 Here, **on her tongue** refers to her speaking, which involved using **her tongue**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is spoken by her” +31:27 uqe6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy הֲלִיכ֣וֹת בֵּיתָ֑⁠הּ 1 Here, **the goings on of her house** could refer to: (1) what happens inside her home. Alternate translation: “what happens in her home” (2) what the people who live in **her house** do, in which case **her house** has the same meaning as in [31:15](../31/15.md). Alternate translation: “what her family does” +31:27 ynb8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠לֶ֥חֶם עַ֝צְל֗וּת לֹ֣א תֹאכֵֽל 1 Here, Lemuel’s mother speaks of someone being lazy as if **laziness** were **bread** that a person **eats**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and she does not act idly” +31:28 hq5u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בָ֭נֶי⁠הָ 1 See how you translated the same use of **sons** in [4:1](../04/01.md). +31:28 rg2j rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction קָ֣מוּ 1 Here, the phrase **rise up** refers to a symbolic action to show respect for someone. If this would not be clear to your readers, you could explain the significance of this action in the text or in a footnote. Alternate translation: “stand to show respect” +31:29 gw2t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks רַבּ֣וֹת בָּ֭נוֹת עָ֣שׂוּ חָ֑יִל וְ֝⁠אַ֗תְּ עָלִ֥ית עַל־כֻּלָּֽ⁠נָה 1 This verse is a quotation of what the woman’s husband said. If it would be helpful in your language, you could indicate this with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. +31:29 xewq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בָּ֭נוֹת 1 Here, the woman’s husband uses **daughters** to refer to women in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly, as in the UST. +31:29 k8ky rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit חָ֑יִל 1 Here, **worth** refers to both physical ability and moral **worth**. See how you translated the same use of **worth** in [31:10](../31/10.md). +31:29 ajdj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns וְ֝⁠אַ֗תְּ עָלִ֥ית 1 The woman’s husband uses the word **yourself** to emphasize how excellent his wife is. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this emphasis. Alternate translation: “but you, yes, you have ascended” +31:29 fl85 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ֝⁠אַ֗תְּ עָלִ֥ית עַל 1 Here, the woman’s husband speaks of his wife acting more admirably than all other woman as if she **ascended over** them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but you yourself have acted more worthily than” or “but you yourself are more excellent than” +31:30 rqff rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun הַ֭⁠חֵן & הַ⁠יֹּ֑פִי 1 Here, **The charm** and **the beauty** refer to these qualities in general, not any specific **charm** or **beauty**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any charm … any beauty” +31:30 e8cj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns שֶׁ֣קֶר הַ֭⁠חֵן וְ⁠הֶ֣בֶל הַ⁠יֹּ֑פִי 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **charm**, **falsehood**, and **beauty**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. See how you translated **falsehood** in [6:17](../06/17.md) and **beauty** in [6:25](../06/25.md). Alternate translation: “What is charming is false and what is beautiful is vapor” +31:30 vmc4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שֶׁ֣קֶר הַ֭⁠חֵן וְ⁠הֶ֣בֶל הַ⁠יֹּ֑פִי 1 The parallelism between this half of the verse and the second half indicates that **charm** and **beauty** refer to the physical attractiveness of women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “A woman’s charm can be deceptive and a woman’s beauty is vapor” +31:30 qcq1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠הֶ֣בֶל הַ⁠יֹּ֑פִי 1 Here, Lemuel’s mother speaks of the disappearance of **beauty** as if it were a **vapor** that quickly goes away. See how you translated the same use of **vapor** in [21:6](../21/06.md). +31:30 b9sj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אִשָּׁ֥ה יִרְאַת־יְ֝הוָ֗ה הִ֣יא תִתְהַלָּֽל 1 Here, **a woman**, **she**, and **herself** refer to a type of **woman** in general, not a specific **woman**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any woman fearful of Yahweh, that woman herself will be praised” +31:30 fn6v rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast אִשָּׁ֥ה יִרְאַת־יְ֝הוָ֗ה 1 This half of the verse is a strong contrast with the previous half. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a contrast. Alternate translation: “by contrast, a woman fearful of Yahweh”\n +31:30 k9e4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive הִ֣יא תִתְהַלָּֽל 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people will praise her herself” +31:31 bhqy rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns לָ֭⁠הּ & יָדֶ֑י⁠הָ וִֽ⁠יהַלְל֖וּ⁠הָ & מַעֲשֶֽׂי⁠הָ 1 In this verse, **her** refers to the “woman fearful of Yahweh” mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “to a woman fearful of Yahweh … that woman’s hands, and let that woman’s works praise her” +31:31 df11 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִ⁠פְּרִ֣י יָדֶ֑י⁠הָ 1 Here, **the fruit of her hands** could refer to: (1) any kind of reward that the woman deserves for her hard work. Alternate translation: “some reward for her work” (2) the money that the woman has earned by selling the clothing she made in [31:13](../31/13.md), like the nearly identical phrase “from the fruit of her palms” in [31:16](../31/16.md). Alternate translation: “from the money she has earned”\n +31:31 ef6y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וִֽ⁠יהַלְל֖וּ⁠הָ & מַעֲשֶֽׂי⁠הָ 1 Here, Lemuel’s mother speaks of people praising this woman because of **her works** as if the **works** were people who were the ones praising her. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and let people praise her for her works” +31:31 uyml rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בַ⁠שְּׁעָרִ֣ים 1 See how you translated the same use of **the gates** in [1:21](../01/21.md) and [31:23](../31/23.md).