diff --git a/tn_JOB.tsv b/tn_JOB.tsv index 2a514e2dc5..84d2b54e57 100644 --- a/tn_JOB.tsv +++ b/tn_JOB.tsv @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ Reference ID Tags SupportReference Quote Occurrence Note -front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of Job\n\n1. Introduction (1:1–2:13)\n - Background to Job’s situation: He is righteous and wealthy (1:1–5)\n - Yahweh allows Satan to test Job (1:6–2:10)\n2. Job’s friends speak to him a first time and Job replies (3:1–14:22)\n3. Job’s friends speak to him a second time and Job replies (15:1–21:34)\n4. Job’s friends speak to him a third time and Job replies (22:1–31:40)\n5. Elihu speaks to Job (32:1–37:24)\n6. Yahweh answers Job out of the whirlwind (38:1–41:34) \n7. Conclusion (42:1–17)\n - Job responds humbly\n - Yahweh rebukes Eliphaz, Bildad, and Zophar (42:7–9)\n - Yahweh restores Job to prosperity (42:10–17)\n\n### What is the book of Job about?\n\nThe book of Job is about a man named Job who experienced disaster even though he was faithful to Yahweh. Job speaks with three friends and asks why Yahweh has allowed him to experience trials and losses. The book teaches that we cannot understand all of Yahweh’s ways, and when we suffer, it is more important to trust Yahweh than it is to understand the reason for the suffering.\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nThe book of Job is named for Job, the main character in the book. His name is not related to the English word “job.” Translators might use the traditional title of “The Book of Job” or simply “Job.” Or they may choose a different title such as “The Book About Job” or “The Book About a Man Named Job.”\n\n### Who wrote the book of Job?\n\nWe do not know who wrote the book of Job. Many people suggest that Moses composed or compiled the book, but it may have been written after the time of Moses.\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### Does sin cause suffering?\n\nWhen a person sins against Yahweh, that can cause the person to experience suffering. People in the ancient Near East generally believed that a person suffered because they or their ancestors had sinned against God. This is what many religions teach. However, the book of Job shows that a person may suffer even if he or she has not sinned. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])\n\n### Were Eliphaz, Bildad, and Zophar really Job’s friends?\n\nJob 2:11 describes Eliphaz, Bildad, and Zophar as the friends of Job. However, they did not succeed in comforting Job. Instead, they tried to persuade Job to say something about God that Job believed was not true. So we might wonder if it is right to translate the word as “friends.” What they said did not help Job, because they did not understand the full truth about God. However, they did care about Job, and they did want to help him. In those ways, they did what friends would do, and in that sense the word “friends” is appropriate.\n\n### When did the events in the book of Job take place?\n\nWe do not know when the events in the book of Job took place. The story is set around the time of Abraham and Isaac in the book of Genesis. However, some verses are similar to verses in the books of Proverbs and Isaiah, which were written many centuries after Abraham and Isaac lived. It is possible that the book of Job was written at a later time to describe the events of an earlier time.\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### Is the book of Job difficult to translate?\n\nThe book of Job has many uncommon words and phrases. That makes parts of it hard to understand and translate. For this reason, translators may decide to translate this book after they have translated other books of the Bible. However, since the writer did not connect Job with a specific time or place in history, the translator may also decide to translate this book before other Old Testament books.\n\n### What style of writing is in the book of Job?\n\nThe author begins and ends the book of Job by relating what happened to Job in narrative form. In the rest of the book, the characters speak in poetry. In the ancient Near East, writers often used poetry to discuss matters of wisdom. The relationship of human conduct to human prosperity and suffering is an important theme in wisdom literature.\n\n### Hebrew poetry: parallelism\n\nHebrew poetry was based on repetition of meaning rather than on repetition of sound like poetry in some other languages. A speaker would typically say one phrase and then say another phrase (or two) that meant a similar thing, an opposite thing, or something supplementary. The subsequent phrase or phrases would advance the meaning of the first phrase in one of these ways. In many cases it would be good to show this to your readers by including all the phrases in your translation rather than combining them. However, if the repetition might be confusing, you could connect the phrases with a word that would show how the later phrase or phrases are advancing the meaning of the first one. Throughout the book, notes will model ways of doing this in various cases, although not in most cases. It is hoped that these illustrations will give translators an idea of what they could do in any given instance.\n\n### Hebrew poetry: chiasm\n\nHebrew poetry often uses a form known as “chiasm.” It will make a statement consisting of two elements. It will then make a parallel, contrasting, or supplemental statement consisting of those same two elements, but in reverse order. For example, Job says in 3:5:\n\nMay it not rejoice among the days of the year;\ninto the number of the months may it not come.\n\nYou may wish to show this form in your translation by following the Hebrew word order, even if that would not ordinarily be the order you would follow in your language. For 3:5, English might ordinarily say:\n\nMay it not rejoice among the days of the year;\nmay it not come into the number of the months.\n\nBut ULT follows the Hebrew word order in order to give an idea of this characteristic form of Hebrew poetry.\n\n### “answered and said”\n\nThe author uses the phrase “answered and said” many times in the book of Job. This phrase expresses a single idea by using two words connected with **and**. The word **answered** tells for what purpose a person **said** something. Specifically, they said it in order to answer or respond to what someone else said. If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this meaning with an equivalent phrase that does not use “and,” such as “responded.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])\n\n### “fear”\n\nIn several places in the book, the author uses a word from the root “fear,” such as the verb “fear” or the adjective “fearful,” in a specific sense. He uses the word to describe an awe of God that leads to holy living. He is not referring to an emotion and saying that the person is afraid of God. He means that the person respects and obeys God. Notes will call attention to this usage where it occurs, and they will suggest translations such as the verb “respect” and the adjective “respectful.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])\n\n### “behold”\n\nIn many places in the book, characters use the term **behold** to focus their listeners’ attention on what they is about to say. Your language may have a comparable expression that you can use in your translation in these instances. +front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of Job\n\n1. Introduction (1:1–2:13)\n - Background to Job’s situation: He is righteous and wealthy (1:1–5)\n - Yahweh allows Satan to test Job (1:6–2:10)\n2. Job’s friends speak to him a first time and Job replies (3:1–14:22)\n3. Job’s friends speak to him a second time and Job replies (15:1–21:34)\n4. Job’s friends speak to him a third time and Job replies (22:1–31:40)\n5. Elihu speaks to Job (32:1–37:24)\n6. Yahweh answers Job out of the whirlwind (38:1–41:34) \n7. Conclusion (42:1–17)\n - Job responds humbly\n - Yahweh rebukes Eliphaz, Bildad, and Zophar (42:7–9)\n - Yahweh restores Job to prosperity (42:10–17)\n\n### What is the book of Job about?\n\nThe book of Job is about a man named Job who experienced disaster even though he was faithful to Yahweh. Job speaks with three friends and asks why Yahweh has allowed him to experience trials and losses. The book teaches that we cannot understand all of Yahweh’s ways, and when we suffer, it is more important to trust Yahweh than it is to understand the reason for the suffering.\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nThe book of Job is named for Job, the main character in the book. His name is not related to the English word “job.” Translators might use the traditional title of “The Book of Job” or simply “Job.” Or they may choose a different title such as “The Book About Job” or “The Book About a Man Named Job.”\n\n### Who wrote the book of Job?\n\nWe do not know who wrote the book of Job. Many people suggest that Moses composed or compiled the book, but it may have been written after the time of Moses.\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### Does sin cause suffering?\n\nWhen a person sins against Yahweh, that can cause the person to experience suffering. People in the ancient Near East generally believed that a person suffered because they or their ancestors had sinned against God. This is what many religions teach. However, the book of Job shows that a person may suffer even if he or she has not sinned. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])\n\n### Were Eliphaz, Bildad, and Zophar really Job’s friends?\n\nJob 2:11 describes Eliphaz, Bildad, and Zophar as the friends of Job. However, they did not succeed in comforting Job. Instead, they tried to persuade Job to say something about God that Job believed was not true. So we might wonder if it is right to translate the word as “friends.” What they said did not help Job, because they did not understand the full truth about God. However, they did care about Job, and they did want to help him. In those ways, they did what friends would do, and in that sense the word “friends” is appropriate.\n\n### When did the events in the book of Job take place?\n\nWe do not know when the events in the book of Job took place. The story is set around the time of Abraham and Isaac in the book of Genesis. However, some verses are similar to verses in the books of Proverbs and Isaiah, which were written many centuries after Abraham and Isaac lived. It is possible that the book of Job was written at a later time to describe the events of an earlier time.\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### Is the book of Job difficult to translate?\n\nThe book of Job has many uncommon words and phrases. That makes parts of it hard to understand and translate. For this reason, translators may decide to translate this book after they have translated other books of the Bible. However, since the writer did not connect Job with a specific time or place in history, the translator may also decide to translate this book before other Old Testament books.\n\n### What style of writing is in the book of Job?\n\nThe author begins and ends the book of Job by relating what happened to Job in narrative form. In the rest of the book, the characters speak in poetry. In the ancient Near East, writers often used poetry to discuss matters of wisdom. The relationship of human conduct to human prosperity and suffering is an important theme in wisdom literature.\n\n### Hebrew poetry: parallelism\n\nHebrew poetry was based on repetition of meaning rather than on repetition of sound like poetry in some other languages. A speaker would typically say one phrase and then say another phrase (or two) that meant a similar thing, an opposite thing, or something supplementary. The subsequent phrase or phrases would advance the meaning of the first phrase in one of these ways. In many cases it would be good to show this to your readers by including all the phrases in your translation rather than combining them. However, if the repetition might be confusing, you could connect the phrases with a word that would show how the later phrase or phrases are advancing the meaning of the first one. Throughout the book, notes will model ways of doing this in various cases, although not in most cases. It is hoped that these illustrations will give translators an idea of what they could do in any given instance.\n\n### Hebrew poetry: chiasm\n\nHebrew poetry often uses a form known as “chiasm.” It will make a statement consisting of two elements. It will then make a parallel, contrasting, or supplemental statement consisting of those same two elements, but in reverse order. For example, Job says in 3:5:\n\nMay it not rejoice among the days of the year;\ninto the number of the months may it not come.\n\nYou may wish to show this form in your translation by following the Hebrew word order, even if that would not ordinarily be the order you would follow in your language. For 3:5, English might ordinarily say:\n\nMay it not rejoice among the days of the year;\nmay it not come into the number of the months.\n\nBut ULT follows the Hebrew word order in order to give an idea of this characteristic form of Hebrew poetry.\n\n### “answered and said”\n\nThe author uses the phrase “answered and said” many times in the book of Job. This phrase expresses a single idea by using two words connected with **and**. The word **answered** tells for what purpose a person **said** something. Specifically, they said it in order to answer or respond to what someone else said. If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this meaning with an equivalent phrase that does not use “and,” such as “responded.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])\n\n### “fear”\n\nIn several places in the book, the author uses a word from the root “fear,” such as the verb “fear” or the adjective “fearful,” in a specific sense. He uses the word to describe an awe of God that leads to holy living. He is not referring to an emotion and saying that the person is afraid of God. He means that the person respects and obeys God. Notes will call attention to this usage where it occurs, and they will suggest translations such as the verb “respect” and the adjective “respectful.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])\n\n### “behold”\n\nIn many places in the book, characters use the term **behold** to focus their listeners’ attention on what they is about to say. Your language may have a comparable expression that you can use in your translation in these instances.\n\n### “nose”\n\nIn several places in the book, various characters use the term **nose** to mean anger. They do this by association with the way that a person who is angry breathes heavily through his nose. Your language and culture may also associate anger with a particular part of the body. If so, you could use an expression involving that part of the body in your translation. You could also use plain language and say “anger.” 1:intro lym1 0 # Job 1 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter introduces a story about a man named Job who lived during a time long before the author.\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Wealth\n\nIn the time and place in which the book of Job is set, a person’s wealth was measured by the number of animals he owned. The book describes how Job owned thousands of animals in order to indicate that he was very rich. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])\n\n### Sacrifices\n\nJob was a man who obeyed Yahweh carefully. We might therefore wonder why he offered sacrifices on behalf of his children, as 1:5 describes, since he was not one of the descendants of Aaron, who were the only ones whom the law of Moses allowed to offer sacrifices. It must be remembered that Job lived prior to the time when God gave Moses the law, so his religious practices were different from those of the Hebrew people after Moses. In Job’s culture, it was normal and acceptable for the father to act as a priest for his family and to offer sacrifices on their behalf. The events that this book relates took place about the same time as the life of Abraham. Therefore, this book corresponds more with Genesis 12–50 than with the rest of the Old Testament. (See:[[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])\n\n## Translation Issues in this Chapter\n\n### “the adversary”\n\nThe Hebrew word satan means “adversary.” The Old Testament uses the word in that sense in several places, for example, 1 Kings 11:14, “Yahweh raised up an adversary against Solomon, Hadad the Edomite.” In chapters 1 and 2 of the book of Job, there is a character called “the satan” or “the adversary.” This seems to be a created angelic being who opposes righteous people and accuses them before God of having wrong motives. Many interpreters of the book of Job identify this character with Satan, the devil. The UST follows that interpretation, but the ULT translates the term more basically as “adversary.” You can decide how to translate this term in your own translation. 1:1 j000 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants אִ֛ישׁ הָיָ֥ה בְ⁠אֶֽרֶץ־ע֖וּץ 1 The author is introducing **Job** as the main participant in the story. If your language has its own way of introducing participants, you can use it here in your translation. Alternate translation: “There once was a man who lived in the land of Uz” 1:1 k5g4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names ע֖וּץ & אִיּ֣וֹב 1 The word **Uz** is the name of a place, and the word **Job** is the name of a man. @@ -280,7 +280,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 5:2 bn1m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לֶֽ֭⁠אֱוִיל & וּ֝⁠פֹתֶ֗ה 1 These phrases does not refer to specific people. They refer to anyone who has the qualities that they name. Express their meaning in the way that would be most natural in your language. Alternate translation: “everyone who is foolish … and … everyone who is simple” 5:2 cf68 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj לֶֽ֭⁠אֱוִיל 1 Job is using the adjective **foolish** as a noun to mean a certain kind of person. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “the foolish person” 5:2 j120 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּ֝⁠פֹתֶ֗ה 1 Eliphaz assumes that Job will understand that by **simple** he means a person who does not realize that the world is a complicated place and that he needs to cultivate godly wisdom in order to make good choices and avoid the consequences of bad choices. Your language may have a term with this meaning that you can use in your translation. -5:3 j121 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns אֲֽנִי־רָ֭אִיתִי 1 Eliphaz is stating the pronoun **I**, whose meaning is already present in the verb **have seen**, for emphasis. If your language can state implied pronouns explicitly for emphasis, you may want to use that construction here. Other languages may have other ways of expressing this emphasis. The ULT does so by saying **I myself**. Alternate translation: “I have indeed seen” +5:3 j121 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns אֲֽנִי־רָ֭אִיתִי 1 For emphasis, Eliphaz is stating the pronoun **I**, whose meaning is already present in the verb translated **have seen**. If your language can state implied pronouns explicitly for emphasis, you may want to use that construction here. Other languages may have other ways of expressing this emphasis. The ULT does so by saying **I myself**. Alternate translation: “I have indeed seen” 5:3 xhtd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj אֱוִ֣יל 1 Job is using the adjective **foolish** as a noun to mean a certain kind of person. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “a foolish person” 5:3 j122 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֱוִ֣יל 1 In this context, the word **foolish** describes someone who does not respect and obey God. See how you translated the similar expression in [2:10](../02/10.md). Alternate translation: “a person who does not respect and obey God” 5:3 za27 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מַשְׁרִ֑ישׁ 1 Eliphaz is speaking as if this **foolish person** were literally **taking root**. He means that the person was becoming established or prospering. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “prospering” @@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 5:7 j135 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive אָ֭דָם לְ⁠עָמָ֣ל יוּלָּ֑ד 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people have an innate tendency to cause trouble for themselves” 5:7 j136 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ⁠בְנֵי־רֶ֝֗שֶׁף 1 Eliphaz is describing sparks as if they were **sons of the flame**, that is, as if fire gave birth to sparks and sent them out. Your language may have a poetic expression of its own that you can use in your translation to describe sparks. You could also state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and sparks” 5:7 j137 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom יַגְבִּ֥יהוּ עֽוּף 1 This expression means that sparks fly upwards, carried by currents of air. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “fly upwards” -5:8 j138 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns אֲ֭נִי אֶדְרֹ֣שׁ אֶל־אֵ֑ל 1 For emphasis, Eliphaz is stating the pronoun **I**, whose meaning is already present in the verb **seek**. If your language can state implied pronouns explicitly for emphasis, you may want to use that construction here in your translation. Other languages may have other ways of bringing out this emphasis. The ULT does so by using the intensive pronoun **myself**. Alternate translation: “I would certainly seek for God” +5:8 j138 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns אֲ֭נִי אֶדְרֹ֣שׁ אֶל־אֵ֑ל 1 For emphasis, Eliphaz is stating the pronoun **I**, whose meaning is already present in the word translated **seek**. If your language can state implied pronouns explicitly for emphasis, you may want to use that construction here in your translation. Other languages may have other ways of bringing out this emphasis. The ULT does so by using the intensive pronoun **myself**. Alternate translation: “I would certainly seek for God” 5:8 j139 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲ֭נִי אֶדְרֹ֣שׁ אֶל־אֵ֑ל 1 Eliphaz is speaking as if God were literally a lost object that Job should **seek** and try to find. He means that Job should pray to God and ask God to show him how he has offended God and deserved punishment. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I myself would pray to God and ask him to show me why he was punishing me” 5:9 j140 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj גְ֭דֹלוֹת & נִ֝פְלָא֗וֹת 1 Eliphaz is using the adjectives **great** and **marvelous** as nouns to mean certain kinds of things. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate these words with equivalent phrases. For example, you could add the word **things** in both cases, as the ULT does to show the meaning. 5:9 l8rt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠אֵ֣ין חֵ֑קֶר 1 Eliphaz means implicitly that even if people search or seek to find out how God does **great things**, they cannot succeed in learning this. Express this in the way that would be most natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that are unsearchable” or “that no one can understand” @@ -339,7 +339,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 5:17 j160 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases וּ⁠מוּסַ֥ר שַׁ֝דַּ֗י אַל־תִּמְאָֽס 1 Eliphaz is using the word translated **and** to indicate that Job should not despise God’s chastening because he is blessed as someone whom God is correcting. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate this in your translation. Alternate translation: “so do not despise the chastening of Shaddai” 5:17 g1br rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives אַל־תִּמְאָֽס 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a positive expression to translate this double negative that consists of the negative particle **not** and the negative verb **despise**. Alternate translation: “appreciate” 5:18 fx57 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor כִּ֤י ה֣וּא יַכְאִ֣יב וְ⁠יֶחְבָּ֑שׁ יִ֝מְחַ֗ץ וְיָדָיו תִּרְפֶּֽינָה 1 Eliphaz is speaking as if God literally **injures** and **wounds** people and then gives them medical treatment. He means that God uses setbacks and sufferings (which could include physical ailments) to correct people. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. The UST models one way to do this. -5:18 j161 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ה֣וּא יַכְאִ֣יב 1 For emphasis, Eliphaz is stating the pronoun **he**, whose meaning is already present in the verb **injures**. If your language can state implied pronouns explicitly for emphasis, you may want to use that construction here in your translation. Other languages may have other ways of bringing out this emphasis. Alternate translation: “truly he injures” +5:18 j161 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ה֣וּא יַכְאִ֣יב 1 For emphasis, Eliphaz is stating the pronoun **he**, whose meaning is already present in the word translated **injures**. If your language can state implied pronouns explicitly for emphasis, you may want to use that construction here in your translation. Other languages may have other ways of bringing out this emphasis. Alternate translation: “truly he injures” 5:18 dgs2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וְיָדָיו תִּרְפֶּֽינָה 1 Eliphaz is using one part of God, his **hands**, to mean all of him in the act of healing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but he himself heals” 5:19 q4qe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs- parallelism בְּ⁠שֵׁ֣שׁ צָ֭רוֹת יַצִּילֶ֑⁠ךָּ וּ⁠בְ⁠שֶׁ֓בַע ׀ לֹא־יִגַּ֖ע בְּ⁠ךָ֣ רָֽע 1 In order to make a comprehensive statement, Eliphaz is naming a number that should be sufficient to illustrate his point and then increasing that number by one for emphasis. (This was a common device in Hebrew poetry.) If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “God will rescue you from every trouble and not allow you to be harmed” 5:19 j162 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וּ⁠בְ⁠שֶׁ֓בַע & רָֽע 1 Eliphaz is leaving out a word that in many languages this sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply the word from the context if that would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and in seven troubles harm” @@ -373,9 +373,9 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 5:26 a9gt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism תָּב֣וֹא & אֱלֵי־קָ֑בֶר 1 Eliphaz is using the expression **come to the grave** to mean “die.” This is a poetic way of referring to death. Your language may have a similar expression that you can use in your translation. Alternate translation: “You will depart this world” 5:26 w6jt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כַּ⁠עֲל֖וֹת גָּדִ֣ישׁ בְּ⁠עִתּֽ⁠וֹ 1 The point of this comparison is that when Job’s time comes to die, he will have lived a full and rewarding life, just as a **stack of grain** that is harvested **in its time** is ripe and fully developed. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this point explicitly. Alternate translation: “mature and accomplished, like grain that is harvested at the peak of ripeness” 5:27 uwj5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive חֲקַרְנ֥וּ⁠הָ 1 By **We**, Eliphaz means himself and other wise people but not Job, to whom he is speaking, so use the exclusive form of that word in your translation if your language marks that distinction. -5:27 j181 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וְ⁠אַתָּ֥ה דַֽע 1 For emphasis, Eliphaz is stating the pronoun **you**, whose meaning is already present in the verb **know**. If your language can state implied pronouns explicitly for emphasis, you may want to use that construction here in your translation. Other languages may have other ways of bringing out this emphasis. Alternate translation: “and know it certainly” -6:intro r7kh 0 # Job 6 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter is the beginning of Job’s response to Eliphaz.\n\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is poetry.\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in this Chapter\n\n### Metaphors\n\nJob uses many different metaphors in this chapter to express his pain or despair and to show that he is upset with his friends, people who are supposed to help him during difficult times. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n### Rhetorical questions\n\nJob often uses the question form in this chapter to make emphatic statements or exclamations. This emphasis helps strengthen Job’s response to Eliphaz. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])\n\n## Translation Issues in this Chapter\n\n### plural “you”\n\nBeginning in verse 21, Job addresses his friends directly. So when he uses the word **you** from that verse to the end of the chapter, the word is plural. Use the plural form in your translation if your language marks that distinction. -6:2 j183 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ל֗וּ שָׁק֣וֹל יִשָּׁקֵ֣ל כַּעְשִׂ֑⁠י וְ֝הַוָּתִ֗י בְּֽ⁠מֹאזְנַ֥יִם יִשְׂאוּ־יָֽחַד 1 Job is speaking as if his **anguish** and **calamity** could literally be **weighed**. He means that he wishes he could prove that his calamity is so great that it justifies the anguish he is feeling and has been expressing. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I wish I could prove that I am feeling and showing an amount of anguish that is equal to my calamity” +5:27 j181 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וְ⁠אַתָּ֥ה דַֽע 1 For emphasis, Eliphaz is stating the pronoun **you**, whose meaning is already present in the word translated **know**. If your language can state implied pronouns explicitly for emphasis, you may want to use that construction here in your translation. Other languages may have other ways of bringing out this emphasis. Alternate translation: “and know it certainly” +6:intro r7kh 0 # Job 6 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter is the beginning of Job’s response to Eliphaz.\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is poetry.\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in this Chapter\n\n### Metaphors\n\nJob uses many different metaphors in this chapter to express his pain or despair and to show that he is upset with his friends, people who are supposed to help him during difficult times. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n### Rhetorical questions\n\nJob often uses the question form in this chapter to make emphatic statements or exclamations. This emphasis helps strengthen Job’s response to Eliphaz. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])\n\n## Translation Issues in this Chapter\n\n### plural “you”\n\nBeginning in verse 21, Job addresses his friends directly. So when he uses the word **you** from that verse to the end of the chapter, the word is plural. Use the plural form in your translation if your language marks that distinction. +6:2 j183 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ל֗וּ שָׁק֣וֹל יִשָּׁקֵ֣ל כַּעְשִׂ֑⁠י וְ֝הַוָּתִ֗י בְּֽ⁠מֹאזְנַ֥יִם יִשְׂאוּ־יָֽחַד 1 Job is speaking as if his **anguish** and **calamity** could literally be **weighed**. He means that he wishes he could prove that his calamity is so great that it justifies the anguish he is feeling and has been expressing. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I wish I could prove that my calamity warrants the amount of anguish that I am feeling and showing” 6:2 use6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ל֗וּ שָׁק֣וֹל יִשָּׁקֵ֣ל כַּעְשִׂ֑⁠י וְ֝הַוָּתִ֗י בְּֽ⁠מֹאזְנַ֥יִם יִשְׂאוּ־יָֽחַד 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “If only someone would weigh my anguish thoroughly and lay my calamity in the balances” 6:2 cqr6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown ל֗וּ שָׁק֣וֹל יִשָּׁקֵ֣ל כַּעְשִׂ֑⁠י וְ֝הַוָּתִ֗י בְּֽ⁠מֹאזְנַ֥יִם יִשְׂאוּ־יָֽחַד 1 The word **balances** describes an instrument for determining the weight of an object or comparing the weight of two objects. It consists of a central post with a crossbar from which two pans are hung. An object may be placed in one pan and known weights placed in the other pan until the crossbar remains level, meaning that both pans contain an equal weight. Or one object may be placed in one pan and a different object in the other pan; the pan that hangs lower contains the heavier object. If your readers would not be familiar with what **balances** are, in your translation you could use the name of a comparable object in your culture, or you could use a general expression. Alternate translation: “If only someone would weigh both my anguish and my calamity on a scale” 6:2 j184 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-reduplication שָׁק֣וֹל יִשָּׁקֵ֣ל 1 The words **were thoroughly weighed** translate a repeated verb. Job is repeating the verb “weigh” for emphasis. If your language can repeat words for emphasis, it would be appropriate to use that construction here in your translation. @@ -384,13 +384,13 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 6:4 se7m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor חִצֵּ֪י שַׁדַּ֡י עִמָּדִ֗⁠י אֲשֶׁ֣ר חֲ֭מָתָ⁠ם שֹׁתָ֣ה רוּחִ֑⁠י 1 Job is speaking as if God had literally shot **arrows** with **poison** into him. He means that the bad things that have happened to him, for which he considers God responsible, are making him suffer and feel desperate, as if he were dying from the poison. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I am suffering desperately because of what Shaddai has done to me” 6:4 j185 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession חִצֵּ֪י שַׁדַּ֡י עִמָּדִ֗⁠י אֲשֶׁ֣ר חֲ֭מָתָ⁠ם שֹׁתָ֣ה רוּחִ֑⁠י 1 Job is using the possessive form to refer to an inner part of himself, the locus of his motivations and aspirations, as his **spirit**. He is not referring to a separate supernatural being, a spirit, that belongs to him. You could indicate this in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “my morale is suffering desperately because of what Shaddai has done to me” 6:4 m898 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שֹׁתָ֣ה 1 Job is speaking as if his **spirit** were literally **drinking** poison from arrows that had struck him. He means, within the context of that metaphor, that his spirit is absorbing the poison. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is absorbing” -6:4 l3u6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification בִּעוּתֵ֖י אֱל֣וֹהַּ יַֽעַרְכֽוּ⁠נִי 1 Job is speaking of **the terrors of God** (that is, the things he believes God is doing to terrify him) as if they were living things that could **array themselves** against him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “God is doing many things all at once that terrify me” +6:4 l3u6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification בִּעוּתֵ֖י אֱל֣וֹהַּ יַֽעַרְכֽוּ⁠נִי 1 Job is speaking of **the terrors of God** (that is, the things he believes God is doing to terrify him) as if they were living things that could **array themselves** against him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “God is doing many things that all terrify me” 6:5 vas3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲ⁠יִֽנְהַק־פֶּ֥רֶא עֲלֵי־דֶ֑שֶׁא אִ֥ם יִגְעֶה־שּׁ֝֗וֹר עַל־בְּלִילֽ⁠וֹ 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis in both of these sentences. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate these sentences as statements or as exclamations. Alternate translation: “A wild donkey does not bray over grass! Indeed, an ox does not bellow over its fodder!” 6:5 kn3r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 1 Job is using the word **If** to introduce a question that anticipates a negative answer. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate this in your translation. Alternate translation: “An ox does not bellow over its fodder, does it?” 6:5 j186 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs הֲ⁠יִֽנְהַק־פֶּ֥רֶא עֲלֵי־דֶ֑שֶׁא אִ֥ם יִגְעֶה־שּׁ֝֗וֹר עַל־בְּלִילֽ⁠וֹ 1 Job is quoting or creating a proverb, a short saying about something that is generally true in life. This proverb draws a figurative comparison: Just as animals do not complain loudly if they have food, so Job would not be protesting so vehemently if something were not seriously wrong. But since Job has already made this point explicitly in verse 3 (“therefore my words raved”), you do not need to explain it here. Rather, you can translate the proverb itself in a way that will be recognized as a proverb and be meaningful in your language and culture. If your readers would not recognize what a **wild donkey** or an **ox** is, in your translation you could use animals that your readers would recognize. 6:6 cg4r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲ⁠יֵאָכֵ֣ל תָּ֭פֵל מִ⁠בְּלִי־מֶ֑לַח אִם־יֶשׁ־טַ֝֗עַם בְּ⁠רִ֣יר חַלָּמֽוּת 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis in both of these sentences. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate these sentences as statements or as exclamations. Alternate translation: “The unsavory will not be eaten without salt! And there is no taste in the white of an egg!” 6:6 l3sd rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs הֲ⁠יֵאָכֵ֣ל תָּ֭פֵל מִ⁠בְּלִי־מֶ֑לַח אִם־יֶשׁ־טַ֝֗עַם בְּ⁠רִ֣יר חַלָּמֽוּת 1 Job is quoting or creating a proverb, a short saying about something that is generally true in life. This proverb draws a figurative comparison: Just as it is necessary to season some foods in order to eat them, so it is necessary to talk expressively about some situations in life in order to endure them. Job has already made this point explicitly in verse 3 (“therefore my words raved”), but perhaps the connection will not be as clear in this case as in the previous verse. So you could make the connection more explicitly. Alternatively, you could translate the proverb itself in a way that would be recognized as a proverb and be meaningful in your language and culture. If people in your culture would not eat **the white of an egg**, in your translation you could use a food that your readers would recognize. Alternate translation: “I cannot endure these troubles without talking emotionally about them, any more than people can eat bland food without seasoning it” -6:6 j187 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj הֲ⁠יֵאָכֵ֣ל תָּ֭פֵל מִ⁠בְּלִי־מֶ֑לַח 1 Job is using the adjective **unsavory** as a noun to mean a certain kind of food. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “Will unsavory food be eaten without salt” +6:6 j187 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj הֲ⁠יֵאָכֵ֣ל תָּ֭פֵל מִ⁠בְּלִי־מֶ֑לַח 1 Job is using the adjective **unsavory,** which in this context means "without flavor," as a noun to mean a certain kind of food. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “Will unsavory food be eaten without salt” 6:6 xfj2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive הֲ⁠יֵאָכֵ֣ל תָּ֭פֵל מִ⁠בְּלִי־מֶ֑לַח 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Will people eat unsavory food without salt” 6:6 j188 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אִם־יֶשׁ־טַ֝֗עַם בְּ⁠רִ֣יר חַלָּמֽוּת 1 Job is using the word **If** to introduce a question that anticipates a contrary answer. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate this in your translation. Alternate translation: “There is no taste in the white of an egg, is there” 6:7 j189 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche מֵאֲנָ֣ה & נַפְשִׁ֑⁠י 1 Job is using one part of himself, his **soul**, to mean all of him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I have refused” @@ -431,7 +431,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 6:15 j209 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom כַּ⁠אֲפִ֖יק נְחָלִ֣ים יַעֲבֹֽרוּ 1 In this context, the expression **pass away** means to dry up. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “like a channel of seasonal streams, they dry up” or “like a channel of seasonal streams, you dry up” 6:15 l6xj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor כַּ⁠אֲפִ֖יק נְחָלִ֣ים יַעֲבֹֽרוּ 1 Job is speaking as if his friends literally **pass away** or dry up the way a desert stream does. He means that in the end, they fail to provide the encouragement that they implicitly promised by coming to see him. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. It may be helpful to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “They have no help to offer in the end, like a channel for seasonal streams that runs dry” or “You have no help to offer in the end, like a channel for seasonal streams that runs dry” 6:16-20 j210 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo 0 In verses 16–20, Job develops the image of his friends being like a stream of water that runs dry. Since Job explains the meaning of the image again in verse 21, you do not need to explain it in your translation in verses 16–20. -6:16-17 j211 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-versebridge 0 In this verse, Job describes the state of desert streams in the cold season, and in the next verse, he contrasts that with the state of the streams in the hot season. To show this contrast, you could create a verse bridge for verses 16–17. It might say something like this: “Even though, in the cold season, these streams are dark from ice over their channel, indeed, snow covers that channel, in the hot season, the streams go dry and vanish, the heat dries them up completely” +6:16-17 j211 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-versebridge 0 In this verse, Job describes the state of desert streams in the cold season, and in the next verse, he contrasts that with the state of the streams in the hot season. To show this contrast, you could create a verse bridge for verses 16–17. It might say something like this: “In the cold season, these streams are dark from ice over their channel, indeed, snow covers that channel. But in the hot season, the streams go dry and vanish, the heat dries them up completely” 6:16 pnp2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns הַ⁠קֹּדְרִ֥ים מִנִּי־קָ֑רַח עָ֝לֵ֗י⁠מוֹ יִתְעַלֶּם־שָֽׁלֶג 1 The pronoun **it** refers in both cases to the “channel” of streams that Job described in the previous verse. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers, and it may be helpful to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “These streams are dark from ice over their channel; that channel hides itself with snow” 6:16 cq2i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification יִתְעַלֶּם־שָֽׁלֶג 1 Job is speaking as if a channel of desert streams were a living thing that **hides itself with snow** in the winter. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “snow covers this channel” 6:17 z6dh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive נִצְמָ֑תוּ & נִדְעֲכ֥וּ מִ⁠מְּקוֹמָֽ⁠ם 1 If your language does not use these passive forms, you could express the ideas in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the dryness annihilates them … the heat exterminates them” @@ -451,7 +451,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 6:23 j216 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion וּ⁠מַלְּט֥וּ⁠נִי מִ⁠יַּד־ צָ֑ר וּ⁠מִ⁠יַּ֖ד עָרִיצִ֣ים תִּפְדּֽוּ⁠נִי 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis in both of these sentences. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate these sentences as statements or as exclamations. Alternate translation: “I also did not say to you, ‘Save me from the hand of the enemy’! Or, ‘From the hand of the oppressors rescue me’!” 6:23 j217 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes וּ⁠מַלְּט֥וּ⁠נִי מִ⁠יַּד־ צָ֑ר וּ⁠מִ⁠יַּ֖ד עָרִיצִ֣ים תִּפְדּֽוּ⁠נִי 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “Did I ask you to save me from the hand of the enemy or rescue me from the hand of the oppressors?” or “I did not ask you to save me from the hand of the enemy or rescue me from the hand of the oppressors!” 6:23 x1gs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מִ⁠יַּד־צָ֑ר וּ⁠מִ⁠יַּ֖ד עָרִיצִ֣ים 1 Here, **hand** represents the capability and power of a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from the power of the enemy? Or, ‘From the power of the oppressors’” -6:24 j218 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠אֲנִ֣י אַחֲרִ֑ישׁ 1 For emphasis, Job is stating the pronoun **I**, whose meaning is already present in the verb **will be silent**. If your language can state implied pronouns explicitly for emphasis, you may want to use that construction here in your translation. Other languages may have other ways of bringing out this emphasis. Alternate translation: “I will certainly be silent” +6:24 j218 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠אֲנִ֣י אַחֲרִ֑ישׁ 1 For emphasis, Job is stating the pronoun **I**, whose meaning is already present in the verb translated **will be silent**. If your language can state implied pronouns explicitly for emphasis, you may want to use that construction here in your translation. Other languages may have other ways of bringing out this emphasis. Alternate translation: “I will certainly be silent” 6:24 j219 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ⁠מַה־ שָּׁ֝גִ֗יתִי 1 Job is speaking as if he could have literally **strayed** off the right path. He means that he could have done something wrong. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and what I have done wrong” 6:25 j220 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns אִמְרֵי־יֹ֑שֶׁר 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **uprightness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “upright words” 6:25 bt6s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion וּ⁠מַה־ יּוֹכִ֖יחַ הוֹכֵ֣חַ מִ⁠כֶּֽם 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “But correcting from you does not correct anything!” @@ -477,7 +477,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 7:1 nz5u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲ⁠לֹא־ צָבָ֣א לֶ⁠אֱנ֣וֹשׁ על־ אָ֑רֶץ וְ⁠כִ⁠ימֵ֖י שָׂכִ֣יר יָמָֽי⁠ו 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate these questions as statements or as exclamations. Alternate translation: “Man has hardship on earth! Yes, his days are like the days of a hireling!” 7:1 j228 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns הֲ⁠לֹא־צָבָ֣א לֶ⁠אֱנ֣וֹשׁ על־אָ֑רֶץ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **hardship**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “Life on earth is hard for a man!” 7:1 j229 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations לֶ⁠אֱנ֣וֹשׁ 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Job is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a term in your language that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “to a person” -7:1 m3yt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile וְ⁠כִ⁠ימֵ֖י שָׂכִ֣יר יָמָֽי⁠ו 1 Job is using this comparison to say that just as **the days of a hireling** (that is, someone hired by the day for manual labor) are long and difficult, so his days are long and difficult. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this point explicitly. Alternate translation: “Yes, are not his days long and difficult, like those of a hireling?” +7:1 m3yt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile וְ⁠כִ⁠ימֵ֖י שָׂכִ֣יר יָמָֽי⁠ו 1 Job is using this comparison to say that just as **the days of a hireling** (that is, someone hired by the day for manual labor) are long and difficult, so his days are long and difficult. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this point explicitly. Alternate translation, as an exclamation: “Yes, his days are long and difficult, like those of a hireling!” 7:2 g9ji rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כְּ⁠עֶ֥בֶד יִשְׁאַף־ צֵ֑ל וּ֝⁠כְ⁠שָׂכִ֗יר יְקַוֶּ֥ה פָעֳלֽ⁠וֹ 1 The point of this comparison, as Job makes clear in the next verse, is that just as a **slave** and a **hireling** have to endure long periods of wishing for relief, so Job has gone a long time without relief. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this point explicitly. Alternate translation: “As a slave wishes all through a long, hot day that evening would come, and as a hireling must wait until the end of the day to be paid” 7:2 f1pu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy צֵ֑ל 1 Job is using the term **shade** to mean by association the evening, when the sun becomes low in the sky and shadows cover the earth. Specifically, he means the end of the work day. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the evening” or “the end of the work day” 7:3 fpt6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive הָנְחַ֣לְתִּי לִ֭⁠י יַרְחֵי־שָׁ֑וְא 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who has done the action, the context suggests that it is God. Alternate translation: “God has caused me to inherit months of futility” @@ -510,7 +510,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 7:9 q76u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כָּלָ֣ה עָ֭נָן וַ⁠יֵּלַ֑ךְ 1 Job could be: (1) saying that once a cloud **disappears**, it **goes away** forever. That same cloud will never again form in the sky. Alternate translation: “Once a cloud disappears, it goes away forever” (2) using the similar expressions **disappears** and **goes away** together for emphasis. Alternate translation: “A cloud disappears entirely” 7:9 g4h1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives לֹ֣א יַעֲלֶֽה 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a positive expression to translate this double negative that consists of the negative particle **not** and the verb **ascend**, which is contrary to the reality of life, according to Job here. Alternate translation: “remains there” 7:10 xnf4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וְ⁠לֹא־יַכִּירֶ֖⁠נּוּ ע֣וֹד מְקֹמֽ⁠וֹ 1 Job is speaking of a person’s **place** of residence as if it were a living thing that could **know** that person. The word **know** in this context means to recognize. The idea is that the place where the person once lived will not have occasion to recognize him again because he will never return to that place. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “no, he will not live in his place of residence again” -7:11 ed6a rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns אֲנִי֮ לֹ֤א אֶחֱשָׂ֫ךְ פִּ֥⁠י אֲֽ֭דַבְּרָה 1 For emphasis, Job is stating the pronoun **I**, whose meaning is already present in the verb **restrain**. Job is also using an emphatic declarative form when he says **I will speak**. If your language has similar constructions that it uses for emphasis, you may want to use them here in your translation. Other languages may have other ways of bringing out this emphasis. Alternate translation: “I will certainly not restrain my mouth; I will certainly speak” +7:11 ed6a rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns אֲנִי֮ לֹ֤א אֶחֱשָׂ֫ךְ פִּ֥⁠י אֲֽ֭דַבְּרָה 1 For emphasis, Job is stating the pronoun **I**, whose meaning is already present in the word translated **restrain**. Job is also using an emphatic declarative form when he says **I will speak**. If your language has similar constructions that it uses for emphasis, you may want to use them here in your translation. Other languages may have other ways of bringing out this emphasis. Alternate translation: “I will certainly not restrain my mouth; I will certainly speak” 7:11 q76q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אֲנִי֮ לֹ֤א אֶחֱשָׂ֫ךְ פִּ֥⁠י 1 Job is using the term **mouth** to mean by association what he would say with his mouth. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I will not limit what I have to say” or “I will not refrain from speaking” 7:11 j242 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives אֲנִי֮ לֹ֤א אֶחֱשָׂ֫ךְ פִּ֥⁠י 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a positive expression to translate this double negative that consists of the negative particle **not** and the negative verb **restrain**. Alternate translation: “I will speak freely” 7:11 j243 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche אֲֽ֭דַבְּרָה בְּ⁠צַ֣ר רוּחִ֑⁠י אָ֝שִׂ֗יחָה בְּ⁠מַ֣ר נַפְשִֽׁ⁠י 1 Job is using parts of himself, his **spirit** and his **soul**, to mean all of him in the act of speaking and complaining. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I will speak in my distress; yes, I will complain in my bitterness” @@ -547,7 +547,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 7:21 ek8a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּ⁠מֶ֤ה ׀ לֹא־תִשָּׂ֣א פִשְׁעִ⁠י֮ וְ⁠תַעֲבִ֪יר אֶת־עֲוֺ֫נִ֥⁠י 1 Job is suggesting implicitly that God should **pardon** him so that they can have a good relationship during the short time that he will still be alive on earth. You could indicate this in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “Why will you not pardon my transgression and take away my iniquity so that we can have a good relationship?” 7:21 j258 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion וּ⁠מֶ֤ה ׀ לֹא־תִשָּׂ֣א פִשְׁעִ⁠י֮ וְ⁠תַעֲבִ֪יר אֶת־עֲוֺ֫נִ֥⁠י 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “You ought to pardon my transgression and take away my iniquity!” 7:21 yf7g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy עַ֭תָּה לֶ⁠עָפָ֣ר אֶשְׁכָּ֑ב 1 Job is using the expression **lie down in the dust** to mean that he will die, by association with the way that in this culture, people who died were laid in a grave and buried in the ground or **dust**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I will soon die” -8:intro md4v 0 # Job 8 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nIn this chapter, Job’s friend Bildad responds to what Job said in chapters 6 and 7.\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem.\n\n## Translation Issues in this Chapter\n\n### Bildad answering Job with his own words\n\nIn [7:21](../07/21.md), at the end of his speech, Job suggested that God might **seek** for him **diligently**. Bildad says in his response in [8:5](../08/05.md) that it is actually Job who should be seeking God diligently. To help your readers appreciate how Bildad is answering Job with his own words, you may wish to translate Bildad’s expression **seek diligently** the same way that you translated it when Job used it in [7:21](../07/21.md).\n\n\n### Quotation within a quotation\n\n\nIn his speech, Bildad encourages Job to consider the wisdom of their ancestors. In verses 11–22, he may be quoting from traditional teachings. Notes suggest the possibility of punctuating these verses as a secondary quotation if your language might naturally put one direct quotation inside another. +8:intro md4v 0 # Job 8 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nIn this chapter, Job’s friend Bildad responds to what Job said in chapters 6 and 7.\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem.\n\n## Translation Issues in this Chapter\n\n### Bildad answering Job with his own words\n\nIn [7:21](../07/21.md), at the end of his speech, Job suggested that God might **seek** for him **diligently**. Bildad says in his response in [8:5](../08/05.md) that it is actually Job who should be seeking God diligently. To help your readers appreciate how Bildad is answering Job with his own words, you may wish to translate Bildad’s expression **seek diligently** the same way that you translated it when Job used it in [7:21](../07/21.md).\n\n### Quotation within a quotation\n\nIn his speech, Bildad encourages Job to consider the wisdom of their ancestors. In verses 11–22, he may be quoting from traditional teachings. Notes suggest the possibility of punctuating these verses as a secondary quotation if your language might naturally put one direct quotation inside another. 8:2 j259 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis עַד־אָ֥ן תְּמַלֶּל־אֵ֑לֶּה וְ⁠ר֥וּחַ כַּ֝בִּיר אִמְרֵי־פִֽי⁠ךָ 1 Bildad is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “Until when will you say these things, and until when will the words of your mouth be a mighty wind” 8:2 j260 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion עַד־אָ֥ן תְּמַלֶּל־אֵ֑לֶּה וְ⁠ר֥וּחַ כַּ֝בִּיר אִמְרֵי־פִֽי⁠ךָ 1 Bildad is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “You should not keep saying these things, and the words of your mouth should not keep being a mighty wind!” 8:2 j261 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אִמְרֵי־פִֽי⁠ךָ 1 Bildad is using the term **mouth** to mean speaking, by association with the way people use their mouths to speak. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the words that you speak” or see next note for another possibility. @@ -557,7 +557,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 8:3 x959 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הַ֭⁠אֵל יְעַוֵּ֣ת מִשְׁפָּ֑ט וְ⁠אִם־שַׁ֝דַּ֗י יְעַוֵּֽת־צֶֽדֶק 1 Bildad is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “God does not pervert justice! No, Shaddai does not pervert righteousness!” or, positively, “God always does what is just! Yes, Shaddai always does what is righteous!” 8:4 icy5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַֽ֝⁠יְשַׁלְּחֵ֗⁠ם בְּ⁠יַד־פִּשְׁעָֽ⁠ם 1 In this context, to be **in the hand of** someone or something means to be under the power or control of that person or thing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “then he put them under the power of their sins” or “then he put them under the control of their sins” 8:4 j263 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וַֽ֝⁠יְשַׁלְּחֵ֗⁠ם בְּ⁠יַד־פִּשְׁעָֽ⁠ם 1 Bildad is speaking as if the **sins** of Job’s **children** were a living thing that had exerted power over them and killed them. He actually means that God killed Job’s children in order to punish them for their sins. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “then God punished them by killing them for the sins they committed” -8:5 lpy9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns אִם־אַ֭תָּה תְּשַׁחֵ֣ר אֶל־אֵ֑ל 1 For emphasis, Bildad is stating the pronoun **you**, whose meaning is already present in the verb **seek diligently**. If your language can state implied pronouns explicitly for emphasis, you may want to use that construction here in your translation. Other languages may have other ways of bringing out this emphasis. Alternate translation: “If you seek diligently for God yourself” +8:5 lpy9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns אִם־אַ֭תָּה תְּשַׁחֵ֣ר אֶל־אֵ֑ל 1 For emphasis, Bildad is stating the pronoun **you**, whose meaning is already present in the verb translated **seek diligently**. If your language can state implied pronouns explicitly for emphasis, you may want to use that construction here in your translation. Other languages may have other ways of bringing out this emphasis. Alternate translation: “If you seek diligently for God yourself” 8:5 q7cd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְ⁠אֶל־שַׁ֝דַּ֗י תִּתְחַנָּֽן 1 Bildad is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and if to Shaddai you appeal” 8:6 a4ua rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet זַ֥ךְ וְ⁠יָשָׁ֗ר 1 The terms **pure** and **upright** mean similar things. Bildad is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “truly righteous” 8:6 f6a2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יָעִ֣יר עָלֶ֑י⁠ךָ 1 One possible meaning of the expression translated **rouse himself** is “wake up.” If there is already a Bible translation in your region, it may say something like this. Bildad could be speaking as if God were sleeping and would literally wake up at the realization that Job needed and deserved help. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he will come quickly to help you” @@ -621,7 +621,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 9:3 j281 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative לֹֽא־יַ֝עֲנֶ֗⁠נּוּ 1 If Job means that a human will not answer God, then he is using the future tense to describe what a person would be able to do. Your language may have its own way of expressing such a meaning. Alternate translation: “he could not answer him” or “he would not be able to answer him” 9:3 el71 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole אַחַ֥ת מִנִּי־אָֽלֶף 1 The expression **not … one from a thousand** (that is, not one time out of a thousand) is an overstatement for emphasis. It is unlikely that one party in a court case would ask the other party as many as a thousand questions. Job means that a person would not find a single way to answer God satisfactorily no matter how many questions God asked. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “no matter how many questions he asks” 9:4 j282 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns חֲכַ֣ם לֵ֭בָב 1 The pronoun **He** refers to God. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “God is wise in heart” -9:4 mh8a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor חֲכַ֣ם לֵ֭בָב 1 Here, the **heart** figuratively represents the thoughts. Alternate translation: “God’s thoughts are wise” +9:4 mh8a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor חֲכַ֣ם לֵ֭בָב וְ⁠אַמִּ֣יץ כֹּ֑חַ 1 Here, the **heart** figuratively represents the thoughts. Alternate translation: “God’s thoughts are wise and he is mighty in strength” 9:4 f7rj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet וְ⁠אַמִּ֣יץ כֹּ֑חַ 1 The terms **mighty** and **strength** mean similar things. Job is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “and very strong” 9:4 j283 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion מִֽי־הִקְשָׁ֥ה אֵ֝לָ֗י⁠ו וַ⁠יִּשְׁלָֽם 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “No person has ever hardened himself against God and been whole!” 9:4 b286 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy הִקְשָׁ֥ה אֵ֝לָ֗י⁠ו 1 Job is likely referring to bringing charges against God when he speaks of a person who has **hardened himself against** God, since a person who brings charges has determined not to show mercy. Rather, that person has decided to demand justice. You could indicate this in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “has brought charges against him” @@ -629,17 +629,17 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 9:5 j285 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַ⁠מַּעְתִּ֣יק הָ֭רִים 1 When Job refers to God removing **mountains**, he is likely describing earthquakes. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say that explicitly in your translation, as the UST does. 9:5 at5b rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns הַ⁠מַּעְתִּ֣יק הָ֭רִים 1 The pronoun **one** refers to God. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers, and it may be helpful to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “God is the one who removes mountains” 9:5 j286 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וְ⁠לֹ֣א יָדָ֑עוּ 1 This could mean: (1) that the **mountains** do not know that God is about to remove them. In that case Job would be speaking of the mountains as if they were living things that could **know** something that was about to happen. (2) that people in general do not know that God is about to remove the mountains. In that case **they** would be an indefinite pronoun that does not have a specific referent in the immediate context. Either way, the idea is that God removes mountains without anyone or anything knowing in advance. Alternate translation: “suddenly” or “unexpectedly” -9:5 j344 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּ⁠אַפּֽ⁠וֹ 1 Job is using the term **nose** to mean anger by association with the way that a person who is angry breathes heavily through his nose. Your language and culture may also associate anger with a particular part of the body. If so, you could use an expression involving that part of the body in your translation. You could also use plain language. Alternate translation: “in his anger” +9:5 j344 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּ⁠אַפּֽ⁠וֹ 1 As the General Introduction to Job discusses, Job is using the term **nose** to mean anger by association with the way that a person who is angry breathes heavily through his nose. Your language and culture may also associate anger with a particular part of the body. If so, you could use an expression involving that part of the body in your translation. You could also use plain language. Alternate translation: “in his anger” 9:6 xth3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ֝⁠עַמּוּדֶ֗י⁠הָ יִתְפַלָּצֽוּ⁠ן 1 People in this culture believed that there were **pillars** holding up the earth. You could retain the reference to pillars in your translation and it may seem like a figure of speech to your readers. Alternatively, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and causing it to tremble from deep underground” 9:7 j287 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הָ⁠אֹמֵ֣ר לַ֭⁠חֶרֶס וְ⁠לֹ֣א יִזְרָ֑ח 1 Job is speaking as if the **sun** literally did not **rise** on certain days. He most likely means that the sun is not visible on those days because of cloud cover. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the one who determines whether the sun will shine or clouds will cover it” 9:7 mt2x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ⁠בְעַ֖ד כּוֹכָבִ֣ים יַחְתֹּֽם 1 Job is speaking as if God literally put a seal over **the stars** on certain nights. He most likely means that the stars are not visible on those nights because of cloud cover. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and who keeps the stars from shining on certain nights” -9:8 lya7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit נֹטֶ֣ה שָׁמַ֣יִם לְ⁠בַדּ֑⁠וֹ 1 People in this culture believed that the **heavens** (that is, the sky) were a solid object that God had stretched out over a framework in order to cover the earth. For example, [Isaiah 40:22](../isa/40/22.md) says, “He stretches out the heavens like a curtain and spreads them out like a tent to live in.” You could retain the reference to God **stretching out the heavens** in your translation, and it may seem like a figure of speech to your readers. Alternatively, you could state the meaning plainly. It may be helpful to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “God alone created the sky and treads on the waves of the sea” +9:8 lya7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit נֹטֶ֣ה שָׁמַ֣יִם לְ⁠בַדּ֑⁠וֹ וְ֝⁠דוֹרֵ֗ךְ עַל־בָּ֥מֳתֵי יָֽם 1 People in this culture believed that the **heavens** (that is, the sky) were a solid object that God had stretched out over a framework in order to cover the earth. For example, [Isaiah 40:22](../isa/40/22.md) says, “He stretches out the heavens like a curtain and spreads them out like a tent to live in.” You could retain the reference to God **stretching out the heavens** in your translation, and it may seem like a figure of speech to your readers. Alternatively, you could state the meaning plainly. It may be helpful to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “God alone created the sky and treads on the waves of the sea” 9:8 xis1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ֝⁠דוֹרֵ֗ךְ עַל־בָּ֥מֳתֵי יָֽם 1 As a note to [7:12](../07/12.md) explains, people in this culture considered the **sea** to be the realm of chaos. When Job speaks of God **treading on the waves of the sea**, he is speaking as if God were literally trampling down the forces of chaos with his feet. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and subduing the watery forces of chaos” 9:9 n4y8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names עָ֭שׁ כְּסִ֥יל וְ⁠כִימָ֗ה 1 The words **Bear**, **Orion**, and **Pleiades** are the names of constellations of stars in the sky. Your culture may have its own terms for these constellations. Alternate translation: “the Big Dipper, the Hunter, and the Seven Sisters” 9:9 j288 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ⁠חַדְרֵ֥י תֵמָֽן 1 People in this culture believed that God kept natural forces in **chambers**. For example, [Psalm 19:4–5](../psa/19/04.md) says that God has “pitched a tent for the sun” in the sky, from which the sun comes forth “like a bridegroom coming out of his chamber.” In [Job 37:9](../37/09.md), Elihu says that “the storm comes from its chamber.” So the reference here to **the chambers of the south** is likely to a place where, it was believed, God kept all the constellations of stars and from which God brought them out each night. You could retain the reference to these **chambers** in your translation and it may seem like a figure of speech to your readers. Alternatively, you could state the meaning plainly. Job is likely referring to the constellations themselves by association with their **chambers**. Alternate translation: “and all the other constellations” 9:10 g1vu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj גְ֭דֹלוֹת & וְ⁠נִפְלָא֗וֹת 1 Job is using the adjective **great** and the participle **distinguished** as nouns to mean certain kinds of things. The ULT adds the word **things** to show this. Your language may use adjectives and participles in the same way. If not, you can translate these words with equivalent terms. Alternate translation: “wonders … and marvels” 9:12 gm8n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֵ֣ן יַ֭חְתֹּף מִ֣י יְשִׁיבֶ֑⁠נּוּ מִֽי־ יֹאמַ֥ר אֵ֝לָ֗י⁠ו מַֽה־ תַּעֲשֶֽׂה 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate these questions as statements or as exclamations. Alternate translation: “If he takes something away, no one can bring it back. No one can ask him, ‘What are you doing?’” -9:12 j289 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns מִ֣י יְשִׁיבֶ֑⁠נּוּ 1 The word translated **it** could refer to: (1) the thing that God takes away. The ULT expresses this interpretation. (2) God himself. Alternate translation: “who can turn him back” or “who can make him change his mind” +9:12 j289 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns מִ֣י יְשִׁיבֶ֑⁠נּוּ 1 The meaning of **who will turn him back** depends on the meaning of the phrase **he takes away**. That phrase could mean: (1) that God takes something away. Alternate translation: “who can make him give it back” (2) that God leaves. Alternate translation: “who can make him come back” 9:12 j290 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes מִֽי־יֹאמַ֥ר אֵ֝לָ֗י⁠ו מַֽה־תַּעֲשֶֽׂה 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “Who can ask him what he is doing” 9:12 tc75 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion מַֽה־תַּעֲשֶֽׂה 1 The person challenging God would be using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “You should not be doing that!” 9:13 j345 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֱ֭לוֹהַּ לֹא־יָשִׁ֣יב אַפּ֑⁠וֹ 1 See how you translated the word **nose** in verse 5. Alternate translation: “God will not turn aside his anger” @@ -649,7 +649,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 9:13 j340 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עֹ֣זְרֵי רָֽהַב 1 When Job speaks of **the helpers of Rahab**, he likely means ocean waves, since he says in [9:8](../09/08.md), in a context of overcoming chaos, that God treads on the waves of the sea. Alternate translation: “the chaotic ocean waves” 9:13 e9gu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification תחת⁠ו שָׁ֝חֲח֗וּ 1 Job is speaking of **the helpers of Rahab**, most likely meaning the waves of the sea, as if they were a living thing that could **bow** to God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “are under his control” 9:14 z61q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אַ֭ף כִּֽי־אָנֹכִ֣י אֶֽעֱנֶ֑⁠נּוּ 1 **Indeed that** is an expression that indicates that what follows is greater in degree than what a person has just said. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “How much less would I be able to answer him” -9:14 j293 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns אַ֭ף כִּֽי־אָנֹכִ֣י אֶֽעֱנֶ֑⁠נּוּ 1 For emphasis, Job is stating the pronoun **I**, whose meaning is already present in the verb **will answer**. If your language can state implied pronouns explicitly for emphasis, you may want to use that construction here in your translation. Other languages may have other ways of bringing out this emphasis. Alternate translation: “How much less would a mere mortal such as I be able to answer him” +9:14 j293 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns אַ֭ף כִּֽי־אָנֹכִ֣י אֶֽעֱנֶ֑⁠נּוּ 1 For emphasis, Job is stating the pronoun **I**, whose meaning is already present in the verb translated **will answer**. If your language can state implied pronouns explicitly for emphasis, you may want to use that construction here in your translation. Other languages may have other ways of bringing out this emphasis. Alternate translation: “How much less would a mere mortal such as I be able to answer him” 9:14 j294 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אֶבְחֲרָ֖ה דְבָרַ֣⁠י עִמּֽ⁠וֹ 1 Job is using the expression **choose words** to mean by association arguing a case against God, since he would have to **choose** the right **words** in order to do that. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “argue a case against him” 9:15 j295 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns אֲשֶׁ֣ר אִם־צָ֭דַקְתִּי לֹ֣א אֶעֱנֶ֑ה 1 The pronoun **whom** refers to text. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers, and it may be helpful to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “Even if I were righteous, I would not try to answer God” 9:15 j296 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אִם־צָ֭דַקְתִּי 1 By **righteous**, in this context Job implicitly means being the unjustly injured party in a lawsuit. Your language may have an expression for this that you can use in your translation. Alternate translation: “if I were in the right” @@ -663,7 +663,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 9:18 j301 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns יַ֝שְׂבִּעַ֗⁠נִי מַמְּרֹרִֽים 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **bitterness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “he makes my life very bitter” 9:19 qi46 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אִם־לְ⁠כֹ֣חַ & וְ⁠אִם־לְ֝⁠מִשְׁפָּ֗ט 1 **If to** is an expression that introduces a matter under consideration. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “If it is a matter of strength … Or if it is a matter of justice” 9:19 fjk3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion מִ֣י יוֹעִידֵֽ⁠נִי 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “no one is able to summon him!” -9:20 xtf8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֶ֭צְדָּק 1 See how you translated the term **righteous** in [9:15](../09/15.md). In this context Job uses **righteous** to implicitly mean being the unjustly injured party in a lawsuit. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “I were in the right” +9:20 xtf8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֶ֭צְדָּק 1 See how you translated the term **righteous** in [9:15](../09/15.md). In this context, the term **righteous** implicitly describes being the unjustly injured party in a lawsuit. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “I were in the right” 9:20 grl2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy פִּ֣⁠י יַרְשִׁיעֵ֑⁠נִי 1 Job is using the term **mouth** to mean by association what he would say by using his mouth. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “what I said would condemn me” 9:20 dd24 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification פִּ֣⁠י יַרְשִׁיעֵ֑⁠נִי 1 Job is speaking of his **mouth** as if it were a living thing that could **condemn** him. He means that God would condemn him for what he said. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “God would condemn me for what I said” 9:21 ruv5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לֹֽא־אֵדַ֥ע נַפְשִׁ֗⁠י 1 In this context, the word **know** means to have regard for something or to be concerned about something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I am not concerned about my soul” @@ -692,7 +692,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 9:28 hqx2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יָגֹ֥רְתִּי כָל־עַצְּבֹתָ֑⁠י 1 Job is speaking implicitly of the **sorrows** he knows he would still experience when God punished him for the things God would consider him guilty of doing. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “I would still fear all the sorrows that I would experience because of your punishments” 9:28 j304 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular לֹ֥א תְנַקֵּֽ⁠נִי 1 The pronoun **you** is singular because it refers to God rather than to the three friends. So use the second-person singular in your translation if your language marks that distinction. Even though to this point in this speech Job has been protesting that he cannot argue his case with God, here he addresses God directly, as he did in [7:7–21](../07/07.md) and as he will do later in this speech in [10:2–22](../10/02.md). It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “you, God, would not acquit me” 9:29 js2a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony אָנֹכִ֥י אֶרְשָׁ֑ע לָ⁠מָּה 1 This could mean: (1) that in order to convey emphasis, Job is saying the opposite of what he means. If a speaker of your language would not do this, in your translation you could indicate what Job actually means and convey the emphasis another way. Alternate translation: “God thinks I am wicked! So why” (2) that without intending to convey emphasis, Job is describing how he believes God would regard him. Alternate translation: “Since God would consider me to be wicked anyway, why” -9:29 j305 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns אָנֹכִ֥י אֶרְשָׁ֑ע 1 For emphasis, Job is stating the pronoun **I**, whose meaning is already present in the verb **know**. If your language can state implied pronouns explicitly for emphasis, you may want to use that construction here in your translation. Other languages may have other ways of bringing out this emphasis. Alternate translation: “I am a wicked person” +9:29 j305 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns אָנֹכִ֥י אֶרְשָׁ֑ע 1 For emphasis, Job is stating the pronoun **I**, whose meaning is already present in the word translated **know**. If your language can state implied pronouns explicitly for emphasis, you may want to use that construction here in your translation. Other languages may have other ways of bringing out this emphasis. Alternate translation: “I am a wicked person” 9:29 w57l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion לָ⁠מָּה־זֶּ֝֗ה הֶ֣בֶל אִיגָֽע 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “there is no reason for me to toil in vain” 9:29 j306 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הֶ֣בֶל אִיגָֽע 1 By **toil**, Job implicitly means working hard to prove his innocence. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “would I work hard in vain to prove my innocence” 9:30 j307 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction אִם־ הִתְרָחַ֥צְתִּי בְמֵי־ שָׁ֑לֶג וַ֝⁠הֲזִכּ֗וֹתִי בְּ⁠בֹ֣ר כַּפָּֽ⁠י 1 Job is speaking hypothetically of something he might do as a symbolic action to show that he is genuinely innocent. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the significance of this action. Alternate translation: “If I washed myself with water of snow and cleansed my hands with lye to show how innocent I am” @@ -727,7 +727,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 10:4 j318 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations כִּ⁠רְא֖וֹת אֱנ֣וֹשׁ 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Job is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a term in your language that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “as people do” 10:5 st4n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הֲ⁠כִ⁠ימֵ֣י אֱנ֣וֹשׁ יָמֶ֑י⁠ךָ אִם־שְׁ֝נוֹתֶ֗י⁠ךָ כִּ֣⁠ימֵי גָֽבֶר 1 Job is asking implicitly whether God has the same number of **days** and **years** as a human being, not whether God experiences the kind of **days** and **years** that people do. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “Is the number of your days the same as the number of the days that a man has, or is the number of your years the same as the number of days that a person has” 10:5 awt6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲ⁠כִ⁠ימֵ֣י אֱנ֣וֹשׁ יָמֶ֑י⁠ךָ אִם־שְׁ֝נוֹתֶ֗י⁠ךָ כִּ֣⁠ימֵי גָֽבֶר 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate these questions as statements or as exclamations, not continuing this sentence into the following two verses. Alternate translation: “Your days are not like the days of a man! No, your years are not like the days of a person!” -10:5 j319 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy הֲ⁠כִ⁠ימֵ֣י אֱנ֣וֹשׁ יָמֶ֑י⁠ךָ אִם־שְׁ֝נוֹתֶ֗י⁠ךָ כִּ֣⁠ימֵי גָֽבֶר 1 Job is using the terms **days** and **years** to mean by association the lifetime of a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could combine the two phrases and state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Do you have a short lifetime as people do” or “You do not have a short lifetime as people do!” +10:5 j319 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy הֲ⁠כִ⁠ימֵ֣י אֱנ֣וֹשׁ יָמֶ֑י⁠ךָ אִם־שְׁ֝נוֹתֶ֗י⁠ךָ כִּ֣⁠ימֵי גָֽבֶר 1 Job is using the terms **days** and **years** to mean by association the lifetime of a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could combine the two phrases and state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Do you have as short a lifetime as people do” or “You do not have as short a lifetime as people do!” 10:5 j320 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אֱנ֣וֹשׁ & גָֽבֶר 1 In this verse, the two instances of the word **man** translate two different words that have essentially the same meaning. Both words are masculine, but Job is using them in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use terms in your language that are clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “a mortal … a human being” 10:5 j321 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism כִּ֣⁠ימֵי 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could say “years” instead of **days** here. This would maintain a parallel between the two parts of this verse without making any significant change in meaning. (The original reading may have been “years”; many translations say that.) Alternate translation: “like the years of” 10:5 e5pg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אִם־שְׁ֝נוֹתֶ֗י⁠ךָ כִּ֣⁠ימֵי גָֽבֶר 1 Job is using the word **If** to introduce a question that anticipates a negative answer. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate this in your translation. Alternate translation: “Your years are not like the days of a man, are they?” @@ -769,7 +769,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 10:17 zs8c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor חֲלִיפ֖וֹת וְ⁠צָבָ֣א עִמִּֽ⁠י 1 Job is speaking as if God is literally sending one **army** after another against him. He means that he feels that God keeps attacking him. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you keep attacking me” 10:18 j333 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion וְ⁠לָ֣⁠מָּה מֵ֭⁠רֶחֶם הֹצֵאתָ֑⁠נִי 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “You should not have brought me out of the womb!” 10:18 zk6f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ⁠לָ֣⁠מָּה מֵ֭⁠רֶחֶם הֹצֵאתָ֑⁠נִי 1 Job is speaking of God bringing him **out from the womb** by association to describe his birth. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Why did you allow me to be born?” or “You should not have allowed me to be born!” -10:18 n2ql rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism אֶ֝גְוַ֗ע 1 See how you translated the similar expression in [3:11](../03/11.md). Alternate translation: “Would that I had passed away” +10:18 n2ql rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism אֶ֝גְוַ֗ע 1 See how you translated the similar expression in [3:11](../03/11.md). Alternate translation: “If only I had passed away” 10:18 s56b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וְ⁠עַ֣יִן לֹא־תִרְאֵֽ⁠נִי 1 Job is using one part of a person, the **eye**, to mean all of a person in the act of seeing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and no one had ever seen me” 10:19 bzd2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מִ֝⁠בֶּ֗טֶן לַ⁠קֶּ֥בֶר אוּבָֽל 1 Job is using the term **womb** by association to mean birth, and he is using the term **grave** by association to mean death. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I wish that I had died as soon as I was born” 10:19 uc37 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive אוּבָֽל 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I wish that someone had brought me” @@ -783,7 +783,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 10:21 f7d8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אֶל־אֶ֖רֶץ חֹ֣שֶׁךְ וְ⁠צַלְמָֽוֶת 1 Job is using the terms **darkness** and **deep shadow** to mean by association the abode of the dead, which people in this culture believed to be a very dark place, since it was away from any sunlight. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to the abode of the dead” 10:22 xkq9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠תֹּ֥פַע כְּמוֹ־אֹֽפֶל 1 The pronoun **it** could refer to: (1) whatever faint light there might be in the abode of the dead. Alternate translation: “and where the light shines like gloom” or “and where the only light is very faint” (2) the **land** that Job has been describing, that is, the abode of the dead itself. In order to draw a contrast with the darkness in the abode of the dead, Job would be speaking as if a place that is well-lit **shines**. It may be helpful to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “There is no light in that land” 10:22 a8nx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks וַ⁠תֹּ֥פַע כְּמוֹ־אֹֽפֶל 1 If you decided to translate verses 2–22 as a second-level direct quotation, indicate the end of that quotation here at the end of this sentence with a closing second-level quotation mark or whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the end of a second-level quotation. -11:intro m1vt 0 # Job 11 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nIn this chapter, Job’s friend Zophar responds to what Job said in chapters 9 and 10.\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem.\n\n## Translation Issues in this Chapter\n\n### Zophar answering Job with his own words\n\n- In [9:12](../09/12.md), Job asked about God, when suggesting that God might act cruelly, “Who will turn him back?” Zophar says in his response in [11:10](../11/10.md), answering Job in his own words to insist that God actually acts justly, ”Who will turn him back?”\n\n- In [10:15](../10/15.md), Job says that he will not lift his head, he will continue to act ashamed, because God is punishing him even though he is innocent. Zophar says in response in [11:15](../11/15.md) that if Job repents and prays for forgiveness, he will be able to lift up his face without any shame.\n\n- In [10:22](../10/2.md), Job says that he will die and go to a place of complete darkness. Zophar says in response in [11:17](../11/17.md) that Job’s life may seem like darkness now, but it will become bright and happy if he turns to God.\n\nTo help your readers appreciate how Zophar is answering Job with his own words, you may wish to translate Zophar’s expressions in these places in the same way that you translated Job’s similar expressions earlier. Notes will suggest ways to do this.\n\n\n\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in this Chapter\n\n### Rhetorical questions\n\nIn many places in this chapter, Zophar uses the question form in order to challenge Job. Your language might not use the question form for that purpose. Notes will suggest other ways to translate these questions. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) +11:intro m1vt 0 # Job 11 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nIn this chapter, Job’s friend Zophar responds to what Job said in chapters 9 and 10.\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem.\n\n## Translation Issues in this Chapter\n\n### Zophar answering Job with his own words\n\n- In [9:12](../09/12.md), Job asked about God, when suggesting that God might act cruelly, “Who will turn him back?” Zophar says in his response in [11:10](../11/10.md), answering Job in his own words to insist that God actually acts justly, ”Who will turn him back?”\n\n- In [10:15](../10/15.md), Job says that he will not lift his head, he will continue to act ashamed, because God is punishing him even though he is innocent. Zophar says in response in [11:15](../11/15.md) that if Job repents and prays for forgiveness, he will be able to lift up his face without any shame.\n\n- In [10:22](../10/2.md), Job says that he will die and go to a place of complete darkness. Zophar says in response in [11:17](../11/17.md) that Job’s life may seem like darkness now, but it will become bright and happy if he turns to God.\n\nTo help your readers appreciate how Zophar is answering Job with his own words, you may wish to translate Zophar’s expressions in these places in the same way that you translated Job’s similar expressions earlier. Notes will suggest ways to do this.\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in this Chapter\n\n### Rhetorical questions\n\nIn many places in this chapter, Zophar uses the question form in order to challenge Job. Your language might not use the question form for that purpose. Notes will suggest other ways to translate these questions. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 11:2 ua2s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive הֲ⁠רֹ֣ב דְּ֭בָרִים לֹ֣א יֵעָנֶ֑ה וְ⁠אִם־אִ֖ישׁ שְׂפָתַ֣יִם יִצְדָּֽק 1 If your language does not use these passive forms, you could express the ideas in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Will no one answer the multitude of words? Or will anyone justify a man of lips?” 11:2 cq18 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲ⁠רֹ֣ב דְּ֭בָרִים לֹ֣א יֵעָנֶ֑ה וְ⁠אִם־אִ֖ישׁ שְׂפָתַ֣יִם יִצְדָּֽק 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate these questions as statements or as exclamations. Alternate translation: “The multitude of words must be answered! A man of lips will not be justified!” 11:2 j348 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy הֲ⁠רֹ֣ב דְּ֭בָרִים לֹ֣א יֵעָנֶ֑ה 1 Zophar is using the term **words** by association to mean what Job has just said by using words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I must respond to the many things that you have just said” @@ -824,7 +824,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 11:12 j367 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠אִ֣ישׁ נָ֭בוּב 1 Zophar is speaking as if a **man** could literally be **empty** or hollow inside. He means that such a person lacks wisdom. Your language may have a similar expression that you can use in your translation. You could also use plain language. Alternate translation: “But an empty-headed man” or “But a man who lacks wisdom” 11:12 e8e9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִלָּבֵ֑ב 1 Here the **heart** represents a person’s thoughts, so that to **get a heart** means to become wise. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will become wise” 11:12 j368 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְ⁠עַ֥יִר פֶּ֝֗רֶא אָדָ֥ם יִוָּלֵֽד 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and a man will be the father of a wild-donkey colt” -11:13 j369 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns אִם־אַ֭תָּ֗ה הֲכִינ֣וֹתָ לִבֶּ֑⁠ךָ 1 For emphasis, Zophar is stating the pronoun **you**, whose meaning is already present in the verb **prepare**. Zophar is drawing a contrast between what he is suggesting here that Job might do and what the “empty man” he described in the previous verse would not be able to do. If your language can state implied pronouns explicitly for emphasis, you may want to use that construction here in your translation. Other languages may have other ways of bringing out this emphasis. Alternate translation: “But as for you, if you prepare your heart” +11:13 j369 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns אִם־אַ֭תָּ֗ה הֲכִינ֣וֹתָ לִבֶּ֑⁠ךָ 1 For emphasis, Zophar is stating the pronoun **you**, whose meaning is already present in the word translated **prepare**. Zophar is drawing a contrast between what he is suggesting here that Job might do and what the “empty man” he described in the previous verse would not be able to do. If your language can state implied pronouns explicitly for emphasis, you may want to use that construction here in your translation. Other languages may have other ways of bringing out this emphasis. Alternate translation: “But as for you, if you prepare your heart” 11:13 k56l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אִם־אַ֭תָּ֗ה הֲכִינ֣וֹתָ לִבֶּ֑⁠ךָ 1 In this instance, the **heart** represents a person’s will. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “If you resolve to trust God” 11:13 mm3c rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction וּ⁠פָרַשְׂתָּ֖ אֵלָ֣י⁠ו כַּפֶּֽ⁠ךָ 1 Zophar is suggesting that Job might **stretch out** his **hands** to God as symbolic action in order to assume a posture of prayer. You may be able to describe your own culture’s posture of prayer in your translation. You could also use plain language. Alternate translation: “and bow your head to him” or “and pray to him” 11:14 t8z8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אִם־אָ֣וֶן בְּ֭⁠יָדְ⁠ךָ הַרְחִיקֵ֑⁠הוּ 1 Zophar is speaking as if **iniquity** were literally an object that Job could be holding in his **hand** and that Job could **put it far away**. Zophar means that Job might be committing iniquity and that if he has, he should stop. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “if you have been committing iniquity, stop doing that” @@ -837,7 +837,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 11:16 x6vt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כְּ⁠מַ֖יִם עָבְר֣וּ תִזְכֹּֽר 1 The point of this comparison is that just as **waters pass by** (flowing down a river, for example) and are gone, so Job’s **trouble** will be gone and he will not **remember** it at all. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this point explicitly. Alternate translation: “you will not remember it at all, just as the water in a river flows by and is never seen again” 11:17 j374 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּֽ֭⁠מִ⁠צָּהֳרַיִם יָק֣וּם חָ֑לֶד 1 Zophar is using the term **noon** by association to mean the sun at noon, that is, the sun when it is highest and brightest in the sky. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And life will arise higher than the noonday sun” 11:17 dkt7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּֽ֭⁠מִ⁠צָּהֳרַיִם יָק֣וּם חָ֑לֶד 1 Zophar is speaking of Job’s **life** as if it were literally an object like the sun that could **arise** into the sky. By saying that Job’s life will rise into the sky even higher than the sun at noon, he means that it will be very bright. The brightness, in turn, represents happy thriving. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And your life will become very happy again, as if it were brighter than the noonday sun” -11:17 dua9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תָּ֝עֻ֗פָ⁠ה כַּ⁠בֹּ֥קֶר תִּהְיֶֽה 1 In a poetic parallel, Zophar is once again using light, in this instance the light of **dawn**, to represent happiness, by contrast with Job’s present misery, which Zophar represents as **darkness**. Zophar is once again answering Job with his own words. The term translated **darkness** here is from the same root as the term that the ULT translates as “obscurity” in [10:22](../10/22.md). To help your readers appreciate what Zophar is doing, you could translate the term here the same way you translated it there. Alternate translation: “yes, the misery of your life that feels like obscurity now will change into happiness, just as dawn changes darkness into light” +11:17 dua9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תָּ֝עֻ֗פָ⁠ה כַּ⁠בֹּ֥קֶר תִּהְיֶֽה 1 In a poetic parallel, Zophar is once again using light, in this instance the light of **dawn**, to represent happiness. This contrasts with Job’s present misery, which Zophar represents as **darkness**. Zophar is once again answering Job with his own words. The term translated **darkness** here is from the same root as the term that the ULT translates as “obscurity” in [10:22](../10/22.md). To help your readers appreciate what Zophar is doing, you could translate the term here the same way you translated it there. Alternate translation: “the misery of your life may feel like obscurity now, but it will change into happiness, just as dawn changes darkness into light” 11:18 iqu3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ֝⁠חָפַרְתָּ֗ 1 Zophar means implicitly that Job will **look around** and see that there is no danger. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and you will look around and see that there is no danger” 11:18 f1be rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לָ⁠בֶ֥טַח תִּשְׁכָּֽב 1 Zophar is referring implicitly to when Job would **lie down** to sleep at night. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Your language may have its own expression that you can use here in your translation. Alternate translation: “you will lie down to sleep in safety” or “you will go to bed in safety” 11:18 hc18 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns לָ⁠בֶ֥טַח תִּשְׁכָּֽב 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **safety**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “you will lie down safely” @@ -845,7 +845,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 11:19 j375 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠חִלּ֖וּ פָנֶ֣י⁠ךָ רַבִּֽים 1 Zophar is speaking as if **many** people would literally **stroke** Job’s **face**, as someone would do who was trying to make someone else favorable to him. Zophar means that Job would become influential again and people would seek his favor. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “many people will seek your favor” 11:20 s359 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ⁠עֵינֵ֥י רְשָׁעִ֗ים תִּ֫כְלֶ֥ינָה 1 Zophar is referring to death by association with the way people’s eyes **fail** when they are about to die (either in the sense of becoming visibly dim or in the sense of no longer seeing well). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “But the wicked will die” 11:20 j376 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וּ֭⁠מָנוֹס אָבַ֣ד מִנְ⁠הֶ֑ם 1 Zophar is speaking of **escape** as if it were a living thing that could **perish**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “yes, they will not be able to escape dying” -11:20 j377 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism וְ֝⁠תִקְוָתָ֗⁠ם מַֽפַּח־נָֽפֶשׁ 1 Zophar is using the phrase **expiration of breath**, which means “to breath out,” to mean “to die.” This is a mild way of referring to death. Your language may have a similar expression that you can use in your translation. You could also use plain language. Alternate translation: “they will have no hope other than to pass away” or “they will have no hope other than to die” +11:20 j377 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism וְ֝⁠תִקְוָתָ֗⁠ם מַֽפַּח־נָֽפֶשׁ 1 Zophar is using the phrase **expiration of breath**, which means “breathing out,” to mean dying. This is a mild way of referring to death. Your language may have a similar expression that you can use in your translation. You could also use plain language. Alternate translation: “they will have no hope other than to pass away” or “they will have no hope other than to die” 12:intro u4jn 0 # Job 12 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter is the start of Job’s response to Zophar’s first speech. (Job’s response to him continues in chapters 13 and 14.)\n- Verses 1–6: Job speaks to all three of his friends and protests that they have not been telling him anything that he does not already know\n- Verses 7–12: Job speaks specifically to Zophar and insists that what Zophar has just said in his speech is common knowledge in the world and something that he himself knows.\n- Verses 13–25: Job describes how God is so powerful that no one can resist what he does.\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem.\n\n## Translation Issues in this Chapter\n\n### Plural and singular “you”\n\nThe pronoun “you” is plural in verses 1–3 because Job is addressing all three of his friends. The pronoun “you” is singular in verses 7–8 because Job is addressing Zophar. Use the plural and singular forms in these places if your language marks that distinction.\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in this Chapter\n\n### Litany\n\nIn verses 13–24, Job makes a series of statements about how powerful God is. These specific statements illustrate the general statement that Job makes in verse 4 that God is “wise in heart and mighty in strength.” A series of statements such as this is known as a litany. If your readers would recognize what Job is doing, you can translate and format this litany the way the ULT does. If the litany form would not be familiar to your readers, you could format the general statement in a way that will show that it is a summary statement that shows the overall meaning of what Job is saying. You could then put each sentence of the litany on a separate line. The format might look something like this:\n> With him {are} wisdom and might; to him {are} counsel and understanding.\n> Behold, he breaks down, and it is not rebuilt; he closes upon a man, and it is not opened.\n> Behold, he withholds the waters and they dry up, and he sends them out and they overthrow the land.\n> With him {are} strength and prudence; to him {are} the one straying and the one causing to stray;\n> the one leading counselors away naked, and he makes judges foolish.\n> He removes the bond of kings and he wraps a cloth around their loins;\n> the one leading priests away naked, and the incumbent ones he overthrows,\n> the one removing the lip {that is} to the ones being trusted, and he takes away the discernment of the elders,\n> the one pouring contempt on princes, and the belt of the mighty ones he loosens,\n> the one revealing deep things out of darkness, and he brings dark shadow into the light,\n> the one magnifying nations, and he destroys them; the one enlarging nations, and he exiles them,\n> the one removing a heart from the leaders of the people of the earth; he causes them to wander in a wasteland {with} no path.\n> They grope in darkness and not in light; he makes them wander like a drunkard. 12:2 dpz4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony אָ֭מְנָם כִּ֣י אַתֶּם־עָ֑ם וְ֝⁠עִמָּ⁠כֶ֗ם תָּמ֥וּת חָכְמָֽה 1 For emphasis, Job is saying the opposite of what he means. If a speaker of your language would not do this, in your translation you could indicate what Job actually means. Alternate translation: “You are speaking as if you were the people and as if wisdom would with you, but that is not true” 12:2 dk3z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular אַתֶּם־עָ֑ם 1 As the General Notes to this chapter discuss, the word **you** is plural here and in the next two verses because Job is referring to his three friends. So use the plural form in your translation if your language marks that distinction. Other languages may have other ways to indicate the plural reference. Alternate translation: “the three of you are the people” @@ -858,15 +858,15 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 12:4 qdq1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person שְׂחֹ֤ק לְ⁠רֵעֵ֨⁠הוּ ׀ אֶֽהְיֶ֗ה קֹרֵ֣א לֶ֭⁠אֱלוֹהַּ וַֽ⁠יַּעֲנֵ֑⁠הוּ 1 Job is actually using the pronouns **him** and **his** to refer to himself. If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this using first-person pronouns. Alternate translation: “Even though God used to answer me when I called on him, now I have become laughter to my neighbor” 12:4 f67d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שְׂחֹ֤ק 1 Job is using the term **laughter** by association to mean an object of laughter, that is, of derision. Your language may have an expression that you can use in your translation to convey this meaning. Alternate translation: “a laughingstock” 12:4 j382 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis שְׂ֝ח֗וֹק צַדִּ֥יק תָּמִֽים 1 Job is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. It may be helpful to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “I, a just and blameless man, have become a laughingstock!” -12:5 cg28 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj בּ֭וּז 1 Job is using the adjective **secure** as a noun to mean a certain kind of person. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “people who are secure” +12:5 cg28 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj שַׁאֲנָ֑ן 1 Job is using the adjective **secure** as a noun to mean a certain kind of person. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “people who are secure” 12:5 z8za rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נָ֝כ֗וֹן לְ⁠מ֣וֹעֲדֵי רָֽגֶל 1 Job is speaking of certain people as if their **foot** was literally **slipping** and they were about to fall down. Job is likely describing people who are struggling with difficulties, and he is saying that people who are **secure** believe that they are struggling because God is punishing them for their sins. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. It may be helpful to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “They believe that when people struggle in life, that is because God is punishing them for their sins” 12:5 j6ph rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis נָ֝כ֗וֹן 1 Job is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. It may be helpful to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “They think that it is prepared” 12:5 j383 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive נָ֝כ֗וֹן 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. It may be helpful to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “They think that God has prepared it” 12:6 j384 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification יִשְׁלָ֤יוּ אֹֽהָלִ֨ים ׀ לְ⁠שֹׁ֥דְדִ֗ים 1 Job is speaking of the **tents** of these **robbers** as if they were living things that could **prosper**. By referring to one valuable possession of the robbers, Job means that the robbers themselves prosper. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Robbers live in prosperity” 12:6 j385 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-plural וּֽ֭⁠בַטֻּחוֹת 1 Job is using the plural form **securities** to indicate that these **provokers of God** experience security to a supreme extent. Your language may use plural forms in the same way. If not, you could express the meaning in another way. Alternate translation: “and complete security is” 12:6 j8fd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לַ⁠אֲשֶׁ֤ר הֵבִ֖יא אֱל֣וֹהַּ בְּ⁠יָדֽ⁠וֹ 1 Here, **hand** represents the power and control that a person has over something. Your language may have a similar expression that you could use in your translation. You could also use plain language. Alternate translation: “to the person who thinks that he has God in his pocket” or “to the person who thinks he has more control over his life than God does” -12:7-8 c1y7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-versebridge 0 In [11:9](../11/09.md), Zophar used the two main components of creation, the earth and the sea, to mean all of creation. Here in [12:7–8](../07/08.md), responding to Zophar. Job is using the inhabitants of three components of creation (the beasts of the land, the birds of the heavens, and the fish of the sea), along with the earth itself, to mean all of creation. Job's language is more extensive, and so it is more emphatic. To show this, you could create a verse bridge for verses 7–8. It might say something like this: “You can go anywhere in creation and ask a creature—even ask the earth itself—about God’s ways, and that creature will be able to explain them to you” -12:7 de2x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative וְֽ⁠אוּלָ֗ם שְׁאַל־נָ֣א בְהֵמ֣וֹת וְ⁠תֹרֶ֑⁠ךָּ וְ⁠ע֥וֹף הַ֝⁠שָּׁמַ֗יִם וְ⁠יַגֶּד־לָֽ⁠ךְ 1 Job is using an imperative sentence to tell the condition under which something would happen. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could translate this as a conditional sentence. Alternate translation: “But now if you asked the beasts, then one of them would teach you, and if you asked the birds of the heavens, then one of them would declare to you” +12:7-8 c1y7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-versebridge 0 In [11:9](../11/09.md), Zophar used the two main components of creation, the earth and the sea, to mean all of creation. Here in [12:7–8](../07/08.md), Job is responding to Zophar in his own words. Job's language is more extensive, and so it is more emphatic. Job is using the inhabitants of three components of creation (the beasts of the land, the birds of the heavens, and the fish of the sea), along with the earth itself, to mean all of creation. To show this, you could create a verse bridge for verses 7–8. It might say something like this: “You can go anywhere in creation and ask a creature—even ask the earth itself—about God’s ways, and that creature will be able to explain them to you” +12:7 de2x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative וְֽ⁠אוּלָ֗ם שְׁאַל־נָ֣א בְהֵמ֣וֹת וְ⁠תֹרֶ֑⁠ךָּ וְ⁠ע֥וֹף הַ֝⁠שָּׁמַ֗יִם וְ⁠יַגֶּד־לָֽ⁠ךְ 1 Job is using an imperative sentence to tell the condition under which something would happen. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could translate this as a conditional sentence. Alternate translation: “But now if you asked the beasts, one of them would teach you, and if you asked the birds of the heavens, one of them would declare to you” 12:7 j496 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וְֽ⁠אוּלָ֗ם שְׁאַל־נָ֣א בְהֵמ֣וֹת וְ⁠תֹרֶ֑⁠ךָּ וְ⁠ע֥וֹף הַ֝⁠שָּׁמַ֗יִם וְ⁠יַגֶּד־לָֽ⁠ךְ 1 Job is speaking as if Zophar could literally have a conversation with **beasts** and **birds**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “If you actually could ask the beasts, one of them would teach you, and if you actually could ask the birds of the heavens, one of them would declare to you” 12:7 t82w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular וְֽ⁠אוּלָ֗ם שְׁאַל־נָ֣א 1 The pronoun **you** and the implied “you” in the imperative verb (**ask**) are singular here and in the next verse because Job is speaking directly to one of his friends. So use the singular form in your translation if your language marks that distinction. Job is probably addressing Zophar, since he said in [11:8–9](../11/08.md) that Job could search through all of creation and still not comprehend the wisdom of God. Job is saying in response that God’s ways are common knowledge to animals and birds. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that in your translation. Alternate translation: “But now, Zophar, ask” 12:7 j386 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠תֹרֶ֑⁠ךָּ & וְ⁠יַגֶּד־לָֽ⁠ךְ 1 Job means implicitly that the **beasts** and **birds** would **teach** and **declare** God’s ways. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and one of them will teach you God’s ways … and one of them will declare God’s ways to you” @@ -879,22 +879,22 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 12:9 j389 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification מִ֭י לֹא־יָדַ֣ע בְּ⁠כָל־אֵ֑לֶּה 1 Job is speaking of the creatures he described in the previous two verses as if they could **know** what Yahweh has done. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Which of all these creatures could not tell you, if you could actually have a conversation with them,” 12:9 tht3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy יַד־יְ֝הוָה עָ֣שְׂתָה זֹּֽאת 1 Here, **hand** represents the power and control that someone has over something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has done this by his own power” 12:9 j390 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עָ֣שְׂתָה זֹּֽאת 1 In context, the word **this** likely refers to the misfortune that Job is suffering. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “has caused my misfortune” -12:10 tx1w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אֲשֶׁ֣ר בְּ֭⁠יָד⁠וֹ 1 Here, **hand** represents the power and control that someone has over something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “who has power over” +12:10 tx1w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אֲשֶׁ֣ר בְּ֭⁠יָד⁠וֹ 1 Here, **hand** represents the power and control that someone has over something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or state the meaning plainly. It may be helpful to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “He has power over” 12:10 j391 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases וְ֝⁠ר֗וּחַ כָּל־בְּשַׂר־אִֽישׁ 1 In this instance, Job is using the word **and** to emphasize something that is included in the previous phrase, not to introduce something additional. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate this in your translation. Alternate translation, preceded by a comma: “including the breath of all flesh of man” 12:10 s1sr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ֝⁠ר֗וּחַ כָּל־בְּשַׂר־אִֽישׁ 1 Job is using the term **breath** by association to mean “life.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and the life of all flesh of man” 12:10 j392 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וְ֝⁠ר֗וּחַ כָּל־בְּשַׂר־אִֽישׁ 1 Job is using one part of **man**, his **flesh**, to mean all of him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and the life of every man” 12:10 j393 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations וְ֝⁠ר֗וּחַ כָּל־בְּשַׂר־אִֽישׁ 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Job is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a term in your language that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “and the life of every woman and man” or “and the life of every person” -12:11 j394 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases הֲ⁠לֹא־אֹ֭זֶן מִלִּ֣ין תִּבְחָ֑ן וְ֝⁠חֵ֗ךְ אֹ֣כֶל יִטְעַם־לֽ⁠וֹ 1 In this instance, Job is using the word **and** to say that the phrase it introduces is just as true as the previous phrase. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate this in your translation. Alternate translation: “Does not the ear test words just as the palate tastes its food?” +12:11 j394 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases הֲ⁠לֹא־אֹ֭זֶן מִלִּ֣ין תִּבְחָ֑ן וְ֝⁠חֵ֗ךְ אֹ֣כֶל יִטְעַם־לֽ⁠וֹ 1 In this instance, Job is using the word **and** to say that the phrase it introduces is just as true as the previous phrase. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate this in your translation. Alternate translation: “Does not the ear test words, just as the palate tastes its food?” 12:11 d5vn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲ⁠לֹא־אֹ֭זֶן מִלִּ֣ין תִּבְחָ֑ן וְ֝⁠חֵ֗ךְ אֹ֣כֶל יִטְעַם־לֽ⁠וֹ 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “Certainly the ear tests words just as the palate tastes its food!” -12:11 j395 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification הֲ⁠לֹא־אֹ֭זֶן מִלִּ֣ין תִּבְחָ֑ן 1 Job is speaking of the **ear** as if it could **test words** by itself. He is using the ear to represent hearing, and he means that people themselves test or consider the words of others when they hear them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Do people not consider others’ words when they hear them” -12:11 j396 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy הֲ⁠לֹא־אֹ֭זֶן מִלִּ֣ין תִּבְחָ֑ן 1 Job is using the term **words** to mean what people say by using words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “what people say” -12:11 j397 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הֲ⁠לֹא־אֹ֭זֶן מִלִּ֣ין תִּבְחָ֑ן 1 Though Job is making a general statement, he is referring implicitly to what his friends have said to him and what he has decided about it. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “I have heard what you have said and I have considered it and decided that it is not true” +12:11 j395 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification הֲ⁠לֹא־אֹ֭זֶן מִלִּ֣ין תִּבְחָ֑ן וְ֝⁠חֵ֗ךְ אֹ֣כֶל יִטְעַם־לֽ⁠וֹ 1 Job is speaking of the **ear** as if it could **test words** by itself. He is using the ear to represent hearing, and he means that people themselves test or consider the words of others when they hear them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Do people not consider others’ words when they hear them, just as people discern with their mouths the taste of their food” +12:11 j396 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מִלִּ֣ין 1 Job is using the term **words** to mean what people say by using words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “what people say” +12:11 j397 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הֲ⁠לֹא־אֹ֭זֶן מִלִּ֣ין תִּבְחָ֑ן וְ֝⁠חֵ֗ךְ אֹ֣כֶל יִטְעַם־לֽ⁠וֹ 1 Though Job is making a general statement, he is referring implicitly to what his friends have said to him and what he has decided about it. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “I have heard what you have said and I have considered it and decided that it is not true, just as people discern with their mouths the taste of their food” 12:11 j398 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וְ֝⁠חֵ֗ךְ אֹ֣כֶל יִטְעַם־לֽ⁠וֹ 1 Job is speaking of the **palate** or mouth as if it could **taste** by itself. He means that with their mouths, people discern the taste of the food that they eat. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “just as people discern with their mouths the taste of their food” 12:12 j399 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בִּֽ⁠ישִׁישִׁ֥ים חָכְמָ֑ה וְ⁠אֹ֖רֶךְ יָמִ֣ים תְּבוּנָֽה 1 Though Job is making another general statement in this verse, he is referring implicitly to himself as someone who has acquired much wisdom through long experience. The further implication is that although Zophar challenged him in [11:8](../11/8.md) by asking, “What will you know?” Job is insisting here that he actually does know a lot about life. You could indicate these things in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “I have lived a long time and I have acquired much wisdom through experience, so I actually do know a lot about life” -12:12 v4ft rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns With the aged {is} wisdom 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **wisdom**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “The aged are wise” -12:12 j400 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj With the aged 1 Job is using the adjective **aged** as a noun to mean people of a certain kind. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “With aged people” or “With older people” -12:12 lhn1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom and in length of days {is} understanding 1 The expression **length of days** means a long life. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “yes, people who have lived a long life have understanding” -12:13 mmb7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns With him & to him 1 The pronoun **him** refers in each instance to God. Job is no longer referring to an “aged” person, as in the previous verse. Instead, he is describing what he knows about God as someone who has lived a long time and acquired much wisdom. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “I know that God has wisdom and might; I know that God has counsel and understanding” +12:12 v4ft rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בִּֽ⁠ישִׁישִׁ֥ים חָכְמָ֑ה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **wisdom**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “The aged are wise” +12:12 j400 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj בִּֽ⁠ישִׁישִׁ֥ים 1 Job is using the adjective **aged** as a noun to mean people of a certain kind. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “With aged people” or “With older people” +12:12 lhn1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠אֹ֖רֶךְ יָמִ֣ים תְּבוּנָֽה 1 The expression **length of days** means a long life. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “yes, people who have lived a long life have understanding” +12:13 mmb7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns עִ֭מּ⁠וֹ חָכְמָ֣ה וּ⁠גְבוּרָ֑ה ל֝֗⁠וֹ עֵצָ֥ה וּ⁠תְבוּנָֽה 1 The pronoun **him** refers in each instance to God. Job is no longer referring to an “aged” person, as in the previous verse. Instead, he is describing what he knows about God as someone who has lived a long time and acquired much wisdom. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “I know that God has wisdom and might; I know that God has counsel and understanding” 12:13 tw4v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns עִ֭מּ⁠וֹ חָכְמָ֣ה וּ⁠גְבוּרָ֑ה ל֝֗⁠וֹ עֵצָ֥ה וּ⁠תְבוּנָֽה 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **wisdom**, **might**, **counsel**, and **understanding**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “God is wise and mighty; he understands everything and knows what to do” 12:13 j401 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עִ֭מּ⁠וֹ חָכְמָ֣ה וּ⁠גְבוּרָ֑ה ל֝֗⁠וֹ עֵצָ֥ה וּ⁠תְבוּנָֽה 1 As the following verses make clear, Job is saying implicitly that these qualities belong to God alone and that God does not share them with humans. In that sense, while it sounds as if Job is praising God, at the same time, Job is also complaining somewhat about God. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “God has so much knowledge and power that no human can resist him; God does not explain to anyone how he understands a situation or what he is going to do about it” 12:14 j402 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases יַ֭הֲרוֹס וְ⁠לֹ֣א יִבָּנֶ֑ה יִסְגֹּ֥ר עַל־אִ֝֗ישׁ וְ⁠לֹ֣א יִפָּתֵֽחַ 1 In both of these instances, Job is using the word **and** to introduce what happens under the condition he is describing. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate this in your translation. Alternate translation: “if he breaks down, then it is not rebuilt; if he closes upon a man, then it is not opened” @@ -905,8 +905,8 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 12:15 rel2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠יַ֖הַפְכוּ אָֽרֶץ 1 Job is speaking as if the **waters** would literally **overthrow** the **land** or turn it upside down. He means that the waters would completely cover the land so that there would be no land any more. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and they completely flood the land” 12:16 gqf6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns עִ֭מּ⁠וֹ עֹ֣ז וְ⁠תֽוּשִׁיָּ֑ה 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **strength** and **prudence**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “God is strong and prudent” 12:16 uuh8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שֹׁגֵ֥ג וּ⁠מַשְׁגֶּֽה 1 Job is speaking of people who are not living in the right way as if they were **straying** or going off the path that they should be walking on. He is speaking of people who persuade others to do wrong things as if they were **causing** them to **stray**. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “those who do not live right and those who persuade others not to live right” -12:16 j404 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שֹׁגֵ֥ג וּ⁠מַשְׁגֶּֽה 1 The implication is that if someone is **straying** or doing wrong, that person cannot excuse his actions by saying that someone else persuaded him to do them. The person who chose to do wrong is accountable to God, and anyone who persuaded him to do those wrong is also accountable to God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this plainly. Alternate translation: “those who do wrong and those who persuade them to do wrong are both accountable to God” -12:16 j405 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism שֹׁגֵ֥ג וּ⁠מַשְׁגֶּֽה 1 Job is using two complementary types of people to mean all people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “everyone is accountable to God for what they do and for what they persuade others to do” +12:16 j404 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ל֝֗⁠וֹ שֹׁגֵ֥ג וּ⁠מַשְׁגֶּֽה 1 The implication is that if someone is **straying** or doing wrong, that person cannot excuse his actions by saying that someone else persuaded him to do them. The person who chose to do wrong is accountable to God, and anyone who persuaded him to do those wrong is also accountable to God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this plainly. Alternate translation: “those who do wrong and those who persuade them to do wrong are both accountable to God” +12:16 j405 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism ל֝֗⁠וֹ שֹׁגֵ֥ג וּ⁠מַשְׁגֶּֽה 1 Job is using two complementary types of people to mean all people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “everyone is accountable to God for what they do and for what they persuade others to do” 12:17 ux12 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns מוֹלִ֣יךְ יוֹעֲצִ֣ים שׁוֹלָ֑ל 1 The pronoun **one** refers to God. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers, and it may be helpful to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “God leads counselors away naked” 12:17 lk8b rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction מוֹלִ֣יךְ יוֹעֲצִ֣ים שׁוֹלָ֑ל 1 To lead someone away **naked**, as victorious armies did to prisoners of war at this time, was a symbolic action that demonstrated that the conqueror had deprived the captive of his former status in his culture. In the case of a royal **counselor**, his power and authority were previously represented by his robe of office. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the significance of this action. Alternate translation: “God takes away from counselors the robes that represent the authority and power of their office” 12:17 j406 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מוֹלִ֣יךְ יוֹעֲצִ֣ים שׁוֹלָ֑ל 1 Job is speaking as if God literally leads **counselors** away **naked**. He means that God’s wisdom is so great that it discredits the wisdom of even the wisest humans, as if to put them out of office. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “God’s wisdom is so great that it discredits the wisdom of even the wisest humans” @@ -925,14 +925,14 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 12:22 c31p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מְגַלֶּ֣ה עֲ֭מֻקוֹת מִנִּי־חֹ֑שֶׁךְ 1 Job is speaking as if things that are difficult to understand are literally **deep**, that is, far underground where people cannot see them or reach them. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the one revealing the truth about things that are difficult to understand” 12:22 j409 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj עֲ֭מֻקוֹת 1 Job is using the adjective **deep** as a noun to mean a certain kind of thing. The term is plural; the ULT shows this by adding the word **things**. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “things that are profound” 12:24 n4ta rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לֵ֭ב 1 Here, the **heart** figuratively represents the thoughts. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “understanding” -12:24 w1re rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַ֝⁠יַּתְעֵ֗⁠ם בְּ⁠תֹ֣הוּ לֹא־דָֽרֶךְ 1 Job is speaking as if God literally makes leaders **wander in a wasteland**. He means that text. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and he makes them confused so that they do not know the right thing to do” +12:24 w1re rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַ֝⁠יַּתְעֵ֗⁠ם בְּ⁠תֹ֣הוּ לֹא־דָֽרֶךְ 1 Job is speaking as if God literally makes leaders **wander in a wasteland**. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and he makes them confused so that they do not know the right thing to do” 12:25 x7t2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יְמַֽשְׁשׁוּ־חֹ֥שֶׁךְ וְ⁠לֹא־א֑וֹר 1 Job is speaking as if these leaders whose understanding God takes away literally **grope in darkness**, as if there were no **light** by which they could see where to go. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “They are not able to understand what they should do” 12:25 a21u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile וַ֝⁠יַּתְעֵ֗⁠ם כַּ⁠שִּׁכּֽוֹר 1 The point of this comparison is that just as a **drunkard** will wander in various directions without knowing where he is going, so these leaders will do one thing after another without being able to make a definite, correct plan. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this point explicitly. Alternate translation: “he makes them act aimlessly, just as a drunkard wanders aimlessly” 13:intro x1ub 0 # Job 13 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter is a continuation of Job’s response to Zophar’s first speech.\n- Verses 1–19: Job complains to his friends that they have been speaking about him unfairly\n- Verses 20–28: Job begins to plead his case to God. He asks God to stop punishing him and to reveal any sins that are causing God to punish him with such great suffering.\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is poetry.\n\n##Translation Issues in this Chapter\n\n### singular and plural “you”\n\nThe words “you” and “your” and the implied “you” in imperative verbs are all plural in verses 1–19 because in those verses Job is addressing his three friends. These forms are singular in verses 20–28 because Job is addressing God. If your language marks a distinction between singular and plural “you,” use the appropriate forms in these different parts of the chapter.\n\n### “lift his face” (verse 8), “hide your face” (verse 24)\n\nThese expressions reflect a cultural practice. In this culture, the subject of a king would look humbly down at the ground when he came into the king’s presence. If the king was pleased with him, the king would “lift his face,” that is, get him to look up (for example, with a finger under his chin, or with a verbal command) to indicate that he could look at the king directly. In this way the king would be showing that he favored this subject. A reference to lifting someone’s face came to mean showing favoritism towards that person. That is the meaning in verse 8, where Job says that his friends are not considering his case fairly but instead showing partiality towards God. Similarly, if someone “hid his face” from someone (that is, turned his face away so that he was not looking at the person), that would be a sign that he was not pleased with the person. The expression “hide the face” came to mean “show disfavor,” even if someone was not literally looking away from someone else. That is what Job means in verse 24 when he asks God, “Why do you hide your face?” Notes to these verses suggest ways of translating these expressions. -13:1 d8w1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche כֹּ֭ל רָאֲתָ֣ה עֵינִ֑⁠י שָֽׁמְעָ֥ה אָ֝זְנִ֗⁠י וַ⁠תָּ֥בֶן לָֽ⁠הּ 1 Job is using one part of himself, his **eye**, to mean all of him in the act of seeing. He uses another part of himself, his **ear**, to mean all of him in the act of hearing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I myself have seen all, yes, I myself have heard and understood it” +13:1 d8w1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche כֹּ֭ל רָאֲתָ֣ה עֵינִ֑⁠י שָֽׁמְעָ֥ה אָ֝זְנִ֗⁠י וַ⁠תָּ֥בֶן לָֽ⁠הּ 1 Job is using one part of himself, his **eye**, to mean all of him in the act of seeing. He uses another part of himself, his **ear**, to mean all of him in the act of hearing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I myself have seen all; I myself have heard and understood it” 13:1 q1yi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כֹּ֭ל 1 Job is using the word **all** to mean everything that his friends have told him. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “all that the three of you have told me” 13:2 cq6c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular כְּֽ֭⁠דַעְתְּ⁠כֶם & מִ⁠כֶּֽם 1 The word **you** is plural here and through verse 13 because Job is addressing his three friends, so use the plural form in your translation if your language marks that distinction. -13:2 j410 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns אָ֑נִי & אָנֹכִ֣י 1 For emphasis, Job is stating the pronoun **I**, whose meaning is already present in the verb **know**. If your language can state implied pronouns explicitly for emphasis, you may want to use that construction here in your translation. Other languages may have other ways of bringing out this emphasis. Alternate translation: “I myself also know” +13:2 j410 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns יָדַ֣עְתִּי גַם־אָ֑נִי לֹא־נֹפֵ֖ל אָנֹכִ֣י 1 For emphasis, Job is stating the pronoun **I**, whose meaning is already present in the words translated **know** and **falling**. If your language can state implied pronouns explicitly for emphasis, you may want to use that construction here in your translation. Other languages may have other ways of bringing out this emphasis, for example, by using the intensive pronoun “myself.” Alternate translation: “I myself also know. I myself am not falling” 13:2 lcm5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לֹא־נֹפֵ֖ל אָנֹכִ֣י מִ⁠כֶּֽם 1 See how you translated the similar expression in [12:3](../12/03.md). Alternate translation: “I do not fall short of you” or “I am not inferior to you” 13:3 mx6r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative אֲ֭נִי אֶל־שַׁדַּ֣י אֲדַבֵּ֑ר 1 Job is using this future statement to express a wish. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that in your translation. Alternate translation: “I wish to speak with Shaddai” or “I would rather speak with Shaddai” 13:4 f979 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אַתֶּ֥ם טֹֽפְלֵי־שָׁ֑קֶר 1 Job is speaking as if his friends were literally plastering him with a **lie**, that is, coating him with untruth as if they were plastering a surface with it. Your language may have a similar expression that you can use in your translation. You could also use plain language. Alternate translation: “you are smearing me with lies” @@ -943,7 +943,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 13:6 v78i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וְ⁠רִב֖וֹת שְׂפָתַ֣⁠י הַקְשִֽׁיבוּ 1 Job is using one part of himself, his **lips**, to mean all of him in the act of speaking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and heed the things I am saying as I plead my case” 13:7 scy3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הַ֭⁠לְ⁠אֵל תְּדַבְּר֣וּ עַוְלָ֑ה וְ֝⁠ל֗⁠וֹ תְּֽדַבְּר֥וּ רְמִיָּֽה 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate these questions as statements or as exclamations. Alternate translation: “You have been speaking unrighteously for God! You have been talking deceitfully for him!” 13:8 x6cv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲ⁠פָנָ֥י⁠ו תִּשָּׂא֑וּ⁠ן אִם־לָ⁠אֵ֥ל תְּרִיבֽוּ⁠ן 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate these questions as statements or as exclamations. Alternate translation: “You have been lifting his face! You have been pleading for God!” -13:8 gc76 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom הֲ⁠פָנָ֥י⁠ו תִּשָּׂא֑וּ⁠ן 1 As the General Notes to this chapter discuss, the expression **lift his face** means to show favor or favoritism towards someone. Alternate translation: “Will you show him favoritism” or “You are showing him favoritism” +13:8 gc76 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom הֲ⁠פָנָ֥י⁠ו תִּשָּׂא֑וּ⁠ן 1 As the General Notes to this chapter discuss, the expression **lift his face** means to show favor or favoritism towards someone. Alternate translation: “Will you show him favoritism?” or “You are showing him favoritism!” 13:8 i61h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לָ⁠אֵ֥ל תְּרִיבֽוּ⁠ן 1 Job is using the word **plead** to mean "argue a court case." He is suggesting that his friends are not counseling him impartially but, rather, taking God’s side against him even though, as he sees it, he has a valid case against God. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “will you take God’s side against me?” or “you are taking God’s side against me!” 13:9 l9wk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲ֭⁠טוֹב כִּֽי־יַחְקֹ֣ר אֶתְ⁠כֶ֑ם אִם־כְּ⁠הָתֵ֥ל בֶּ֝⁠אֱנ֗וֹשׁ תְּהָתֵ֥לּוּ בֽ⁠וֹ 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate these questions as statements or as exclamations. Alternate translation: “It is not good that he will examine you! You will not deceive him as you might deceive a man” 13:9 j412 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הֲ֭⁠טוֹב כִּֽי־יַחְקֹ֣ר אֶתְ⁠כֶ֑ם 1 Job means implicitly that it would not be **good** for his friends if God were to **examine** them because God would discover that they had not been telling the truth about him. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “If God were to examine you, he would discover that you have not been telling the truth about him, and that would not be good for you” @@ -951,15 +951,15 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 13:10 j413 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result הוֹכֵ֣חַ יוֹכִ֣יחַ אֶתְ⁠כֶ֑ם אִם־בַּ֝⁠סֵּ֗תֶר פָּנִ֥ים תִּשָּׂאֽוּ⁠ן 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases, since the second phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. Alternate translation: “If in secret you were lifting faces, reproving, he would reprove you” 13:10 ecs9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-reduplication הוֹכֵ֣חַ יוֹכִ֣יחַ 1 Job is repeating the verb **reprove** in order to intensify the idea that it expresses. If your language can repeat words for intensification, it would be appropriate to do that here in your translation. If not, your language may have another way of expressing the emphasis. Alternate translation: “He would certainly reprove” 13:10 g5lz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom פָּנִ֥ים תִּשָּׂאֽוּ⁠ן 1 See how you translated the similar expression in [13:8](../13/08.md). Alternate translation: “you were showing favoritism” -13:11 j11v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion וּ֝⁠פַחְדּ֗⁠וֹ יִפֹּ֥ל עֲלֵי⁠כֶֽם 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate these questions as statements or as exclamations. Alternate translation: “and the dread of him would certainly fall on you!” -13:11 e6x9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וּ֝⁠פַחְדּ֗⁠וֹ יִפֹּ֥ל עֲלֵי⁠כֶֽם 1 Job is speaking of **dread** as if it were a living thing that could actively **fall** on his friends, either in the sense of overwhelming them or of assailing them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and would you not become extremely afraid of him” or “and you would become extremely afraid of him” +13:11 j11v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲ⁠לֹ֣א שְׂ֭אֵת⁠וֹ תְּבַעֵ֣ת אֶתְ⁠כֶ֑ם וּ֝⁠פַחְדּ֗⁠וֹ יִפֹּ֥ל עֲלֵי⁠כֶֽם 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate these questions as statements or as exclamations. Alternate translation: “His majesty would certainly terrify you and the dread of him would certainly fall on you!” +13:11 e6x9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וּ֝⁠פַחְדּ֗⁠וֹ יִפֹּ֥ל עֲלֵי⁠כֶֽם 1 Job is speaking of **dread** as if it were a living thing that could actively **fall** on his friends, either in the sense of overwhelming them or of assailing them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and would you not become extremely afraid of him” 13:12 s8ny rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor זִֽ֭כְרֹנֵי⁠כֶם מִשְׁלֵי־אֵ֑פֶר 1 Job is speaking as if the **maxims** that his friends have been quoting were literally made of **ashes**. Since, in this culture, garbage was burned into ashes, Job likely means that these **maxims** are worthless, at least as applied to his situation. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The memorable proverbs you have been quoting are worthless to me” 13:12 brf8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לְ⁠גַבֵּי־חֹ֝֗מֶר גַּבֵּי⁠כֶֽם 1 Job is speaking as if his friends’ **defenses** of God were literally made of **clay**. He likely means that, like clay, they are fragile and would shatter if struck. Your language may have a similar expression that you can use in your translation. Alternate translation: “your defenses would crumble if anyone challenged you” 13:13 vp1h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠יַעֲבֹ֖ר עָלַ֣⁠י מָֽה 1 Job is speaking as if something might literally **come upon** him when he spoke. He means that something might happen to him. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and I will accept the consequences, whatever they may be” 13:14 wk5u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion עַל־מָ֤ה ׀ אֶשָּׂ֣א בְשָׂרִ֣⁠י בְ⁠שִׁנָּ֑⁠י וְ֝⁠נַפְשִׁ֗⁠י אָשִׂ֥ים בְּ⁠כַפִּֽ⁠י 1 Job is posing to his friends a question whose answer he already knows. He is doing this to introduce the answer. You could indicate this in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “Let me tell you why I am taking my flesh in my teeth, yes, putting my life in my hands.” 13:14 j414 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עַל־מָ֤ה ׀ אֶשָּׂ֣א בְשָׂרִ֣⁠י בְ⁠שִׁנָּ֑⁠י 1 Job is speaking as if he were literally taking (that is, carrying) his own **flesh** in his **teeth**. The image seems to be that of an animal carrying in its mouth prey that it has caught and killed. Until the animal is able to bring the prey safely into its den, the prey is vulnerable and there is a risk that another animal will come and take it. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Why do I put my flesh at risk” 13:14 j415 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche עַל־מָ֤ה ׀ אֶשָּׂ֣א בְשָׂרִ֣⁠י בְ⁠שִׁנָּ֑⁠י 1 Job is using one part of himself, his **flesh**, to mean all of him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Why am I putting myself at risk” -13:14 j416 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ֝⁠נַפְשִׁ֗⁠י אָשִׂ֥ים בְּ⁠כַפִּֽ⁠י 1 Job is speaking as if he is literally holding his **life** in his **hands**, where once again it would be vulnerable, as in the preceding image in this verse. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and indeed, jeopardize my life” or, as a statement, “indeed, jeopardizing my life” +13:14 j416 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ֝⁠נַפְשִׁ֗⁠י אָשִׂ֥ים בְּ⁠כַפִּֽ⁠י 1 Job is speaking as if he is literally holding his **life** in his **hands**, where once again it would be vulnerable, as in the preceding image in this verse. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and jeopardize my life” 13:15 j417 rc://*/ta/man/translate/ grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical יִ֭קְטְלֵ⁠נִי ל֣וֹ אֲיַחֵ֑ל\n 1 Job is using the statement form to describe a conditional relationship, that is, to say what he would do if God did a specific thing. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “even if he kills me, I will still hope in him” 13:15 j418 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דְּ֝רָכַ֗⁠י 1 Job is speaking of how he has been living as if he had been walking along certain **ways** or paths. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “my conduct” 13:15 j419 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אֶל־פָּנָ֥י⁠ו 1 Here the word **face** represents the presence of a person by association with the way people can see the face of someone who is present. Alternate translation: “in his presence” @@ -969,16 +969,16 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 13:17 z88n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-reduplication שִׁמְע֣וּ שָׁ֭מוֹעַ 1 Job is repeating the verb **hear** in order to intensify the idea that it expresses. If your language can repeat words for intensification, it would be appropriate to do that here in your translation. If not, your language may have another way of expressing the emphasis. Alternate translation: “Make sure that you hear” 13:17 g1xr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ֝⁠אַֽחֲוָתִ֗⁠י 1 Job is using the term **word** to mean what he is about to say to God in his own defense by using words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and may what I am about to say be” 13:17 ppd9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ֝⁠אַֽחֲוָתִ֗⁠י בְּ⁠אָזְנֵי⁠כֶֽם 1 Job is using the term **ears** by association to mean hearing or listening. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation, as a new sentence: “Yes, listen carefully to my declaration” -13:18 mb7w rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns אֲנִ֥י אֶצְדָּֽק 1 For emphasis, Job is stating the pronoun **I**, whose meaning is already present in the verb **am righteous**. If your language can state implied pronouns explicitly for emphasis, you may want to use that construction here in your translation. Other languages may have other ways of bringing out this emphasis. Alternate translation: “I am certainly righteous” or “I am certainly innocent” +13:18 mb7w rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns אֲנִ֥י אֶצְדָּֽק 1 For emphasis, Job is stating the pronoun **I**, whose meaning is already present in the verb translated **am righteous**. If your language can state implied pronouns explicitly for emphasis, you may want to use that construction here in your translation. Other languages may have other ways of bringing out this emphasis. Alternate translation: “I am certainly righteous” or “I am certainly innocent” 13:19 u63c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion מִי־ה֭וּא יָרִ֣יב עִמָּדִ֑⁠י 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “I do not believe that anyone could contend successfully with me” 13:19 t9jj rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases כִּֽי 1 Job is using the word **For** to describe what would happen under the condition he has just described. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate this in your translation. Alternate translation: “If someone does prove me wrong,” 13:19 b4n5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism וְ⁠אֶגְוָֽע 1 See how you translated the similar expression in [3:11](../03/11.md). Alternate translation: “and pass away” -13:20 j421 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks אַךְ־שְׁ֭תַּיִם 1 As the General Notes to this chapter discuss, at this point in his speech Job stops addressing his three friends and starts addressing God directly. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate this by putting a closing quotation mark (or some other punctuation or convention that your language uses to indicate the end of a quotation) at the end of verse 19 and an opening quotation mark (or similar punctuation) at the beginning of this verse. +13:20 j421 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אַךְ־שְׁ֭תַּיִם 1 At this point in his speech, Job stops addressing his three friends and starts addressing God directly. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate this explicitly in your translation. Alternate translation: "God, only two things do not do to me" 13:20 y87x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular אַל־תַּ֣עַשׂ & מִ֝⁠פָּנֶ֗י⁠ךָ 1 As the General Notes to this chapter discuss, the word **your** and the implied “you” in the imperative **do** are singular here because Job is starting to address God directly. He continues to speak to God for the rest of this chapter and in all of chapter 14. So use singular forms of second-person pronouns and imperatives in your translation from here to the end of chapter 14 if your language marks that distinction. 13:20 yzd3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מִ֝⁠פָּנֶ֗י⁠ךָ 1 Here the word **face** represents the presence of a person by association with the way people can see the face of someone who is present. Alternate translation: “from you presence” 13:21 l5nn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy כַּ֭פְּ⁠ךָ מֵ⁠עָלַ֣⁠י הַרְחַ֑ק 1 Here, **hand** represents the power of a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Stop using your power to make me suffer” 13:21 w19t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ֝⁠אֵ֥מָתְ⁠ךָ֗ 1 Job is using the term **fear** by association to mean something that causes a person to feel fear, the awesome presence of God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and with your fearsome presence” -13:23 adu2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet כַּ⁠מָּ֣ה לִ֭⁠י עֲוֺנ֣וֹת וְ⁠חַטָּא֑וֹת פִּֽשְׁעִ֥⁠י וְ֝⁠חַטָּאתִ֗⁠י הֹדִיעֵֽ⁠נִי 1 While the terms **iniquities**, **sins**, and **transgression** mean similar things, Job is not necessarily using the three terms together for emphasis. There is a slight distinction between the kinds of activities that these terms describe, and Job may be naming these different activities as specific examples of potential wrongdoing in order to represent all types of wrongdoing. To show this, in your translation you could use three different terms that your language may have for wrongdoing. Alternatively, you could express the general meaning. Alternate translation: “Please tell me what crimes or misdeeds or offenses I may have committed” or “Please tell me if I have done wrong in any way” +13:23 adu2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet כַּ⁠מָּ֣ה לִ֭⁠י עֲוֺנ֣וֹת וְ⁠חַטָּא֑וֹת פִּֽשְׁעִ֥⁠י וְ֝⁠חַטָּאתִ֗⁠י הֹדִיעֵֽ⁠נִי 1 While the terms **iniquities**, **sins**, and **transgression** mean similar things, Job is not necessarily using the three terms together for emphasis. There is a slight distinction between the kinds of activities that these terms describe, and Job may be naming these different activities as specific examples of potential wrongdoing in order to represent all types of wrongdoing. To show this, in your translation you could use three different terms that your language may have for wrongdoing. Alternatively, you could express the general meaning. Either way, you could combine the question and the imperative into a polite request. Alternate translation: “Please tell me what crimes or misdeeds or offenses I may have committed” or “Please tell me if I have done wrong in any way” 13:24 i7qi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לָֽ⁠מָּה־פָנֶ֥י⁠ךָ תַסְתִּ֑יר 1 As the General Notes to this chapter discuss, the expression **hide your face** means to show disfavor or hostility to someone. Alternate translation: “Why do you treat me with hostility” 13:25 xm7f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֶ⁠עָלֶ֣ה נִדָּ֣ף תַּעֲר֑וֹץ וְ⁠אֶת־קַ֖שׁ יָבֵ֣שׁ תִּרְדֹּֽף 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate these questions as statements or as exclamations. Alternate translation: “You do not need to terrify a driven leaf! You do not need to pursue dry stubble!” 13:25 j422 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הֶ⁠עָלֶ֣ה נִדָּ֣ף תַּעֲר֑וֹץ וְ⁠אֶת־קַ֖שׁ יָבֵ֣שׁ תִּרְדֹּֽף 1 Job is speaking as if he were literally a **driven leaf** and **dry stubble**. By comparing himself to those things, he is indicating that he is fragile and insignificant and that God does not need to oppose him powerfully. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation, as exclamations: “You do not need to terrify someone who is as fragile as I am! You do not need to pursue someone who is as insignificant as I am!” @@ -992,15 +992,15 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 13:27 x3kd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עַל־שָׁרְשֵׁ֥י רַ֝גְלַ֗⁠י תִּתְחַקֶּֽה 1 Job is speaking as if God were literally taking some action regarding his **feet**. Interpreters are unsure of the exact meaning of this image. Job could be speaking as if: (1) God had drawn lines in the ground to mark foot-shaped areas where Job would have to step. Alternate translation: “you only allow me to step in a few small places” or “you only permit me to do a limited number of things without being punished” (2) God had put some kind of mark on his feet so that he would leave a distinctive footprint that God could easily track. Alternate translation: “you closely watch all of my actions” 13:28 mlj8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person וְ֭⁠הוּא & יִבְלֶ֑ה 1 Job is speaking about himself in the third person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate this in the first person. Alternate translation: “and I decay” 13:28 fq5k rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases וְ֭⁠הוּא & יִבְלֶ֑ה 1 Job is using the word **and** to introduce the result of the sufferings he is experiencing, which he considers to be punishments from God. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate this in your translation. Alternate translation: “so that he decays” or “so that I decay” -14:intro t321 0 # Job 14 General Notes\n\n##Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter is the conclusion of Job’s response to Zophar’s first speech.\n- Verses 1–12: Job says that God should not pay so much attention to humans, since they have short and troubled lives.\n- Verses 13–17: Job speculates about what it would be like if God could bring him back to life and be friendly towards him again.\n- Verses 18–22: Job concludes pessimistically that he will likely just die and be separated forever from human community.\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is poetry.\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Resurrection\n\nJob lived at a time when people did not know for certain whether there would be a resurrection of the dead, so Job speculates about this in his speeches. Sometimes he is more hopeful about it, and at other times he is less hopeful about it. In your translation, reflect what he is feeling and saying. It is not necessary to adjust his words in order to make them a confident proclamation about the resurrection.\n\n\n## Translation Issues in this Chapter\n\n### singular and plural “you”\n\nThe words “you” and “your” and the implied “you” in imperative verbs are singular throughout this chapter because Job is addressing God. If your language marks a distinction between singular and plural “you,” use the singular form in your translation.\n\n### “man” in a generic sense\n\nIn several places in this chapter, Job uses the word “man” in a generic sense that is inclusive of both men and women. It may be helpful in your translation to say “men and women” or to use a term in your language that is clearly inclusive of both men and women, such as “people,” “mortals,” or “humans.” +14:intro t321 0 # Job 14 General Notes\n\n##Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter is the conclusion of Job’s response to Zophar’s first speech.\n- Verses 1–12: Job says that God should not pay so much attention to humans, since they have short and troubled lives.\n- Verses 13–17: Job speculates about what it would be like if God could bring him back to life and be friendly towards him again.\n- Verses 18–22: Job concludes pessimistically that he will likely just die and be separated forever from human community.\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is poetry.\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Resurrection\n\nJob lived at a time when people did not know for certain whether there would be a resurrection of the dead, so Job speculates about this in his speeches. Sometimes he is more hopeful about it, and at other times he is less hopeful about it. In your translation, reflect what he is feeling and saying. It is not necessary to adjust his words in order to make them a confident proclamation about the resurrection.\n\n## Translation Issues in this Chapter\n\n### singular and plural “you”\n\nThe words “you” and “your” and the implied “you” in imperative verbs are singular throughout this chapter because Job is addressing God. If your language marks a distinction between singular and plural “you,” use the singular form in your translation.\n\n### “man” in a generic sense\n\nIn several places in this chapter, Job uses the word “man” in a generic sense that is inclusive of both men and women. It may be helpful in your translation to say “men and women” or to use a term in your language that is clearly inclusive of both men and women, such as “people,” “mortals,” or “humans.” 14:1 j425 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis אָ֭דָם יְל֣וּד אִשָּׁ֑ה קְצַ֥ר יָ֝מִ֗ים וּֽ⁠שְׂבַֽע־רֹֽגֶז 1 Job is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. However, Job is being deliberately terse in order to describe the human condition as pitiful, so you may wish to translate this statement with fewer words than your language would ordinarly use. Alternate translation: “Man, who is born of woman, is few of days and full of trouble” 14:1 j426 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive אָ֭דָם יְל֣וּד אִשָּׁ֑ה 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Every child of a human mother” 14:1 j427 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אָ֭דָם יְל֣וּד אִשָּׁ֑ה 1 Job is using the phrase **born of woman** by association to mean that people are mortal. In other words, just as they are naturally born, they will naturally die. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Mortal man” 14:1 d6in rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אָ֭דָם יְל֣וּד אִשָּׁ֑ה 1 As the General Notes to this chapter discuss, although the term **Man** is masculine, Job is using the word here and throughout the chapter in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, in all such instances you could use a term in your language that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “Mortal humans” 14:1 u162 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom קְצַ֥ר יָ֝מִ֗ים וּֽ⁠שְׂבַֽע־רֹֽגֶז 1 Job does not mean that in general people live for only a few **days**. He is using the term **days** to mean time in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “His life is short and it is full of trouble” 14:1 pfe3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּֽ⁠שְׂבַֽע־רֹֽגֶז 1 Job is speaking of **Man** as if he were a container that **trouble** fills. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and continually troubled” -14:2 bgr2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism כְּ⁠צִ֣יץ יָ֭צָא וַ⁠יִּמָּ֑ל וַ⁠יִּבְרַ֥ח כַּ֝⁠צֵּ֗ל וְ⁠לֹ֣א יַעֲמֽוֹד 1 These two phrases mean similar things. Job is using repetition to emphasize the idea that the phrases express. Since Job is using two different images together, it may be helpful to connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is conveying the same idea as the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “He comes forth and withers like a flower, yes, he flees like a shadow and does not stand” -14:2 w4bb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יִּבְרַ֥ח כַּ֝⁠צֵּ֗ל וְ⁠לֹ֣א יַעֲמֽוֹד 1 In this context, the word **stand** means to stay in one place. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and he flees like a shadow, indeed, he does not remain” +14:2 bgr2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism כְּ⁠צִ֣יץ יָ֭צָא וַ⁠יִּמָּ֑ל וַ⁠יִּבְרַ֥ח כַּ֝⁠צֵּ֗ל וְ⁠לֹ֣א יַעֲמֽוֹד 1 These two phrases mean similar things. Job is using repetition to emphasize the idea that the phrases express. Since Job is using two different images together, it may be helpful to connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is conveying the same idea as the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “He comes forth and withers like a flower; yes, he flees like a shadow and does not stand” +14:2 w4bb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יִּבְרַ֥ח כַּ֝⁠צֵּ֗ל וְ⁠לֹ֣א יַעֲמֽוֹד 1 In this context, the word **stand** means to stay in one place. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and he flees like a shadow; indeed, he does not remain” 14:3 tkx9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion אַף־עַל־זֶ֭ה פָּקַ֣חְתָּ עֵינֶ֑⁠ךָ וְ⁠אֹ֘תִ֤⁠י תָבִ֖יא בְ⁠מִשְׁפָּ֣ט עִמָּֽ⁠ךְ 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. It may be helpful to make this two sentences. Alternate translation: “And yet on such you open your eye! You bring me into judgment with you!” 14:3 inl9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אַף־עַל־זֶ֭ה פָּקַ֣חְתָּ עֵינֶ֑⁠ךָ 1 Job is using the phrase **open your eye** by association to mean watching. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Must you really watch such creatures” 14:3 fg87 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular פָּקַ֣חְתָּ עֵינֶ֑⁠ךָ & תָבִ֖יא & עִמָּֽ⁠ךְ 1 As the General Notes to this chapter discuss, the words **you** and **your** are singular here because Job is continuing to address God directly. So use the singular forms of those pronouns in your translation here and throughout this chapter if your language marks that distinction. @@ -1017,7 +1017,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 14:7 l8i1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns יֵ֥שׁ לָ⁠עֵ֗ץ תִּ֫קְוָ֥ה אִֽם־יִ֭כָּרֵת וְ⁠ע֣וֹד יַחֲלִ֑יף וְ֝⁠יֹֽנַקְתּ֗⁠וֹ לֹ֣א תֶחְדָּֽל 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **hope**, you could express the same idea in another way, such as with the verb “hope.” Alternate translation: “people may hope that if a tree is cut down, it will sprout again and it will live” 14:7 ezr1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יִ֭כָּרֵת 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “someone cuts it down” 14:8 cqw2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּ֝⁠בֶ⁠עָפָ֗ר יָמ֥וּת גִּזְעֽ⁠וֹ 1 Job means implicitly that the stump of the tree he is using as an example begins to die. If the tree had died completely, it could not regenerate, as he describes in the next verse. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and its stump begins to die” -14:9 f92c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification מֵ⁠רֵ֣יחַ מַ֣יִם 1 Job is speaking of the tree he is describing as if it could actually smell the **scent** of **waters**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “as soon as the ground becomes moist” +14:9 f92c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification מֵ⁠רֵ֣יחַ מַ֣יִם 1 Job is speaking of the tree he is describing as if it could actually smell the **scent** of **waters**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “as soon as the ground becomes moist,” 14:9 dav4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun וְ⁠עָשָׂ֖ה קָצִ֣יר 1 Job is not referring to a specific **branch**. He actually means that the stump of the tree will send forth many branches or shoots. Express this in the way that would be most natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and send forth many shoots” 14:9 bx2i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כְּמוֹ־נָֽטַע 1 Job is referring implicitly to a young **plant**, which would grow rapidly. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “as young plants do” or “as if it were a young plant” 14:10 j433 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations וְ⁠גֶ֣בֶר & אָדָ֣ם 1 In this verse, the two instances of the word **man** translate two different words that have essentially the same meaning. Both words are masculine, but Job is using them in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use terms in your language that are clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “but a mortal … a human being” @@ -1030,9 +1030,8 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 14:12 j436 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns לֹ֣א יָקִ֑יצוּ וְ⁠לֹֽא־יֵ֝עֹ֗רוּ מִ⁠שְּׁנָתָֽ⁠ם 1 The pronoun **their** and both instances of the pronoun **they** refer to people who die. Up to this point in this speech, Job has been talking about people dying by referring to a “man.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use singular pronouns in this sentence for continuity. Alternate translation: “he will not awake, no, he will not be roused from his sleep” 14:12 h4i1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְ⁠לֹֽא־יֵ֝עֹ֗רוּ מִ⁠שְּׁנָתָֽ⁠ם 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and no one will rouse them from their sleep” or “and no one will rouse him from his sleep” 14:13 w12i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מִ֤י יִתֵּ֨ן ׀ בִּ⁠שְׁא֬וֹל תַּצְפִּנֵ֗⁠נִי תַּ֭סְתִּירֵ⁠נִי עַד־שׁ֣וּב אַפֶּ֑⁠ךָ תָּ֤שִׁ֥ית לִ֖⁠י חֹ֣ק וְ⁠תִזְכְּרֵֽ⁠נִי 1 See how you translated the expression **Who will give** in [11:5–6](../11/05.md). Alternate translation (as an exclamation): “I wish that you would conceal me in Sheol, {that} you would hide me until the turning of your nose, {that} you would set a limit for me and remember me!” -14:13 j437 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עַד־שׁ֣וּב אַפֶּ֑⁠ךָ 1 See how you translated the word **nose** in [9:5](../09/05.md). Alternate translation: “until the turning of your anger” 14:13 j438 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עַד־שׁ֣וּב אַפֶּ֑⁠ךָ 1 Job is speaking as if God’s **anger** might literally **turn** and go in a different direction. Job actually means that God would stop being angry. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “until you stop being angry with me” -14:13 is2h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit תָּ֤שִׁ֥ית לִ֖⁠י חֹ֣ק 1 This could mean implicitly: (1) that God would set a **limit** on the time that Job had to spend in Sheol before God would **remember** him (see the explanation of the term “remember” in the next note). Alternate translation: “that you would decide how long I needed to spend in Sheol before you would remember me” (2) that God would choose a particular time sometime in the future when he would **remember** Job. Alternate translation: “that you would choose a particular time when you would remember me” +14:13 is2h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit תָּ֤שִׁ֥ית לִ֖⁠י חֹ֣ק וְ⁠תִזְכְּרֵֽ⁠נִי 1 This could mean implicitly: (1) that God would set a **limit** on the time that Job had to spend in Sheol before God would **remember** him (see the explanation of the term “remember” in the next note). Alternate translation: “that you would decide how long I needed to spend in Sheol before you would remember me” (2) that God would choose a particular time sometime in the future when he would **remember** Job. Alternate translation: “that you would choose a particular time when you would remember me” 14:13 km9h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠תִזְכְּרֵֽ⁠נִי 1 Job is using the expression **remember** in a particular sense. He is not suggesting that God would forget anything or that there are limits to God’s knowledge or memory. Rather, in contexts such as this, the word “remember” means to be aware that someone needs help and to help that person. (For example, [Genesis 8:1](../gen/08/01.md) says that at the height of the Great Flood, “God remembered Noah and all the living things and all the livestock that were with him in the ark, and God caused a wind to pass over the earth, and the waters subsided.”) If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and help me” 14:14 u755 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion אִם־יָמ֥וּת גֶּ֗בֶר הֲ⁠יִ֫חְיֶ֥ה 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “Even if a man dies, he might live again!” 14:14 he34 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom כָּל־יְמֵ֣י צְבָאִ֣⁠י 1 Job is using the term **days** to refer to a specific time. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Throughout the time of my hardship” @@ -1041,15 +1040,15 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 14:14 a2dm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֲיַחֵ֑ל עַד־בּ֝֗וֹא חֲלִיפָתִֽ⁠י 1 Since Job suggests at the beginning of this verse that people could live again after they die, and since he describes his present life on earth as **hardship**, the implication seems to be that by **my change**, he means his death, which presumably would lead to a better life. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “I will wait patiently to die and then live a better life” or “I will hope expectantly that after I die I will live a better life” 14:15 d3u1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases תִּ֭קְרָא וְ⁠אָנֹכִ֣י אֶֽעֱנֶ֑⁠ךָּ לְֽ⁠מַעֲשֵׂ֖ה יָדֶ֣י⁠ךָ תִכְסֹֽף 1 In this verse, Job is describing what would happen under the condition he described in the previous verse. If it would be helpful to your readers, to indicate this you could add a connecting word at the start of this verse. You could also use the conditional tense rather than the future tense if that would be more natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Then you would call, and I would answer you. You would desire the work of your hands” 14:15 tbe8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit תִּ֭קְרָא וְ⁠אָנֹכִ֣י אֶֽעֱנֶ֑⁠ךָּ 1 Here Job is using words that are very similar to the ones that he used in [13:22](../13/22.md) to challenge God to argue his case with him. But now he means that he and God would converse in a friendly way. To help your readers appreciate this use of language, it would be helpful to translate the terms here the same way you translated them in [13:22](../13/22.md). -14:15 j440 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וְ⁠אָנֹכִ֣י אֶֽעֱנֶ֑⁠ךָּ 1 For emphasis, Job is stating the pronoun **I**, whose meaning is already present in the verb **answer**. If your language can state implied pronouns explicitly for emphasis, you may want to use that construction here in your translation. Other languages may have other ways of bringing out this emphasis. Alternate translation: “and I would gladly answer you” +14:15 j440 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וְ⁠אָנֹכִ֣י אֶֽעֱנֶ֑⁠ךָּ 1 For emphasis, Job is stating the pronoun **I**, whose meaning is already present in the word translated **answer**. If your language can state implied pronouns explicitly for emphasis, you may want to use that construction here in your translation. Other languages may have other ways of bringing out this emphasis. Alternate translation: “and I would gladly answer you” 14:15 j3fp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לְֽ⁠מַעֲשֵׂ֖ה יָדֶ֣י⁠ךָ 1 Job is using one part of God, his **hands**, to mean all of him in the act of creating Job. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the person whom you created” 14:16 q9vm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עַ֭תָּה צְעָדַ֣⁠י תִּסְפּ֑וֹר לֹֽא־תִ֝שְׁמ֗וֹר עַל־חַטָּאתִֽ⁠י 1 Job is speaking as if God literally will **number** or count the **steps** he is taking. He is speaking of living as if it were walking along a path. Job alludes to what he said in [13:27](../13/27.md), that God was watching his paths and marking places where he had to step. Job could mean here: (1) that once God was no longer angry with him, God would caringly observe all that he did to ensure that he was all right, but God would no longer be looking to see whether he was doing wrong. Alternate translation: “then you would caringly observe all that I did, but you would no longer be looking to see whether I was doing wrong” (2) that God is currently restricting his activities, but once God was no longer angry with him, God would not watch him so closely. Alternate translation: “now you are restricting my activities to keep me from doing the slightest thing wrong, but then you would no longer watch me so closely” -14:16 bay1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לֹֽא־תִ֝שְׁמ֗וֹר עַל־חַטָּאתִֽ⁠י 1 Job is using his **sin** to mean all of him in the act of sinning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you will not watch over me to see whether I am doing wrong” +14:16 bay1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לֹֽא־תִ֝שְׁמ֗וֹר עַל־חַטָּאתִֽ⁠י 1 Job is using his **sin** to mean all of him in the act of sinning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you would not watch over me to see whether I am doing wrong” 14:17 zvn3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive חָתֻ֣ם בִּ⁠צְר֣וֹר פִּשְׁעִ֑⁠י 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You would seal my transgression in a bag” 14:17 cby4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor חָתֻ֣ם בִּ⁠צְר֣וֹר פִּשְׁעִ֑⁠י 1 Job is speaking as if God would literally **seal** his **transgression** in a **bag**. He means that God would forgive his transgression and no longer regard it, as if it were hidden from view and inaccessible. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “You would completely forgive my transgression” 14:17 qe5i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַ֝⁠תִּטְפֹּ֗ל עַל־עֲוֺנִֽ⁠י 1 Job is speaking as if God would literally **plaster over** his **iniquity**. Once again he means that God would forgive him and no longer regard his iniquity, as if it were hidden from view. Job is using the same terminology as in [13:4](../13/04.md), where he said that his friends were plastering him with a lie. There he meant that while he was righteous, his friends were making it appear that he was sinful. Here he means that God would make him appear righteous because God would have forgiven all of his sin. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and you would make me appear righteous” 14:18 j441 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-versebridge 0 This verse is the beginning of a sentence that Job completes in the next verse. The entire sentence draws a comparison. To show this, you could create a verse bridge for verses 18–19. It might say something like this: “However, just a falling mountain crumbles and a rock moves from its place, just as waters wear down stones and its flooding washes away the dust of the earth, so you destroy the hope of man” -14:18 j442 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast וְ֭⁠אוּלָם 1 Job is using the word translated **However** to indicate a strong contrast between the possibility of renewed life and reconciliation with God after death, which he was discussing in verses 14–17, and what seems to him to be the actual human condition, which he will describe in the rest of this chapter. In your translation, indicate this strong contrast in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “But unfortunately” or “Though I wish that all of that could happen, it seems that, instead” +14:18 j442 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast וְ֭⁠אוּלָם 1 Job is using the word translated **However** to indicate a strong contrast between the possibility of renewed life and reconciliation with God after death, which he was discussing in verses 14–17, and what seems to him to be the actual human condition, which he will describe in the rest of this chapter. In your translation, indicate this strong contrast in a way that is natural in your language. 14:18 hga3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הַר־נוֹפֵ֣ל יִבּ֑וֹל 1 Job is speaking as if a mountain might literally be **falling**. He means that the mountain is becoming lower in elevation because it is eroding. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “an eroding mountain crumbles” 14:18 h2q3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun וְ֝⁠צ֗וּר יֶעְתַּ֥ק מִ⁠מְּקֹמֽ⁠וֹ 1 Job is not referring to a specific **rock**. He means rocks in general. Express this in the way that would be most natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and rocks move from their places” 14:18 j443 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ֝⁠צ֗וּר יֶעְתַּ֥ק מִ⁠מְּקֹמֽ⁠וֹ 1 The meaning of this phrase may be similar to the meaning of the phrases “his place will not know him again” in [7:10](../07/10.md) and “one destroys it from its place” in [8:18](../08/18.md). The emphasis may be not on the rock moving but on its no longer being in its **place**. Alternate translation: “and yes, even large rocks disappear” @@ -1066,10 +1065,10 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 15:2 j446 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person הֶֽ⁠חָכָ֗ם יַעֲנֶ֥ה דַֽעַת־ר֑וּחַ וִֽ⁠ימַלֵּ֖א קָדִ֣ים בִּטְנֽ⁠וֹ 1 Eliphaz is talking about Job in the third person, even though he is speaking to him directly. He is saying that Job himself must not be a wise person, since he has been talking in this way. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate this in the second person. Alternate translation: “I can tell that you are not a wise person, because you have answered with knowledge of wind, yes, you have filled your belly with the east wind!” 15:2 j447 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj הֶֽ⁠חָכָ֗ם יַעֲנֶ֥ה 1 Eliphaz is using the adjective **wise** as a noun to mean a certain kind of person. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “Will the wise person answer” 15:2 hd46 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דַֽעַת־ר֑וּחַ 1 Eliphaz is speaking as if Job’s **knowledge** consisted literally of **wind**. Your language may have a similar expression that you can use in your translation. You could also use plain language, as the UST models. Eliphaz could mean: (1) that Job is talking a lot, making a loud sound, but not saying anything of substance, just as the wind blows loudly but is only air. Alternate translation: “with such bluster” (2) that what Job is saying is insubstantial, as if it were the air that the wind was blowing around. Alternate translation: “with such empty statements” -15:2 h768 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor קָדִ֣ים 1 Eliphaz is speaking as if Job has literally filled his **belly** with the **east wind**. In this location, the wind from the east brought hot air from the desert. Eliphaz is using this image to portray Job as taking deep breaths so that he can speak at length and then breathing out hot air as he speaks. Your language may have a similar expression that you can use in your translation. You could also use plain language, as the UST models. It may be helpful to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “No, a wise man would not be so full of hot air” +15:2 h768 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וִֽ⁠ימַלֵּ֖א קָדִ֣ים בִּטְנֽ⁠וֹ 1 Eliphaz is speaking as if Job has literally filled his **belly** with the **east wind**. In this location, the wind from the east brought hot air from the desert. Eliphaz is using this image to portray Job as taking deep breaths so that he can speak at length and then breathing out hot air as he speaks. Your language may have a similar expression that you can use in your translation. You could also use plain language, as the UST models. It may be helpful to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “No, a wise man would not be so full of hot air” 15:3 mka2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הוֹכֵ֣חַ בְּ֭⁠דָבָר לֹ֣א יִסְכּ֑וֹן וּ֝⁠מִלִּ֗ים לֹא־יוֹעִ֥יל בָּֽ⁠ם 1 Eliphaz is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. This verse is the continuation of a question that began in the previous verse, but it may be helpful to make it a separate sentence in your translation. Alternate translation: “No, a wise person does not reason with a word that does not benefit or with words that do not have profit in them!” 15:3 j448 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy הוֹכֵ֣חַ בְּ֭⁠דָבָר לֹ֣א יִסְכּ֑וֹן וּ֝⁠מִלִּ֗ים לֹא־יוֹעִ֥יל בָּֽ⁠ם 1 Eliphaz is using the terms **word** and **words** to mean what Job has been saying by using words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “reasoning by saying things that do not benefit and by making statements that do not have profit in them” -15:4 k1xg rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns אַ֭תָּה תָּפֵ֣ר יִרְאָ֑ה 1 For emphasis, Eliphaz is stating the pronoun **you**, whose meaning is already present in the verb **destroy**. If your language can state implied pronouns explicitly for emphasis, you may want to use that construction here in your translation. Other languages may have other ways of bringing out this emphasis. Alternate translation: “you are completely destroying fear” +15:4 k1xg rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns אַ֭תָּה תָּפֵ֣ר יִרְאָ֑ה 1 For emphasis, Eliphaz is stating the pronoun **you**, whose meaning is already present in the word translated **destroy**. If your language can state implied pronouns explicitly for emphasis, you may want to use that construction here in your translation. Other languages may have other ways of bringing out this emphasis. Alternate translation: “you are completely destroying fear” 15:4 kfj8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יִרְאָ֑ה 1 By **fear**, Eliphaz implicitly means the fear of God, that is, reverent respect for God. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “the fear of God” or “reverent respect for God” 15:4 fz3c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שִׂ֝יחָ֗ה לִ⁠פְנֵי־אֵֽל 1 Here the word **face** represents the presence of a person by association with the way people can see the face of someone who is present. Eliphaz is using the term to describe **devotion** that someone would offer to God as one person to another. Alternate translation: “personal devotion to God” 15:5 t4nv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification יְאַלֵּ֣ף עֲוֺנְ⁠ךָ֣ פִ֑י⁠ךָ 1 Eliphaz is speaking as if Job’s **iniquity** were a living thing that was teaching his **mouth** what to say. He means that Job is saying wrong things about God in order to excuse his own sin. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you are saying things to excuse your inquity” @@ -1088,12 +1087,13 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 15:9 afn9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion מַה־יָּ֭דַעְתָּ וְ⁠לֹ֣א נֵדָ֑ע תָּ֝בִ֗ין וְֽ⁠לֹא־עִמָּ֥⁠נוּ הֽוּא 1 Eliphaz is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “You do not know anything that we do not know! You do not understand anything that we do not understand!” 15:9 dt5n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis תָּ֝בִ֗ין וְֽ⁠לֹא־עִמָּ֥⁠נוּ הֽוּא 1 Eliphaz is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. It may be helpful to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “What do you understand that we do not understand?” 15:9 j454 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְֽ⁠לֹא־עִמָּ֥⁠נוּ הֽוּא 1 In this context, the expression **with us** indicates understanding. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “that we do not understand” -15:10 j455 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet גַּם־שָׂ֣ב גַּם־יָשִׁ֣ישׁ 1 The terms **gray-haired** and **aged** mean similar things. Eliphaz is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “The most senior” -15:10 j456 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj גַּם־שָׂ֣ב גַּם־יָשִׁ֣ישׁ 1 Eliphaz is using the adjectives **gray-haired** and **aged** as nouns to mean certain kinds of people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate these words with equivalent phrases. Alternate translation: “Both gray-haired people and aged people” or “The most senior people” +15:10 j456 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj גַּם־שָׂ֣ב גַּם־יָשִׁ֣ישׁ 1 Eliphaz is using the adjectives **gray-haired** and **aged** as nouns to mean certain kinds of people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate these words with equivalent phrases. Alternate translation: “Both gray-haired people and aged people” +15:10 j455 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet גַּם־שָׂ֣ב גַּם־יָשִׁ֣ישׁ 1 The terms **gray-haired** and **aged** mean similar things. Eliphaz is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “The most senior people” 15:10 e1wm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בָּ֑⁠נוּ 1 In this context, the expression **with us** indicates agreement. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “agree with us” -15:10 j457 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy כַּבִּ֖יר מֵ⁠אָבִ֣י⁠ךָ יָמִֽים 1 Eliphaz is using the term **days** to refer by association to how long a person has lived. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “greater than your father in age” or “older than your father” +15:10 bpjl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj כַּבִּ֖יר מֵ⁠אָבִ֣י⁠ךָ יָמִֽים 1 Eliphaz is using this adjective phrase as a noun phrase to mean a certain group of people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this phrase with an equivalent one. Alternate translation: “people who are greater than your father in days” +15:10 j457 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy כַּבִּ֖יר מֵ⁠אָבִ֣י⁠ךָ יָמִֽים 1 Eliphaz is using the term **days** to refer by association to how long a person has lived. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “people who are greater in age than your father” or “people who are older than your father” 15:11 w8rr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הַ⁠מְעַ֣ט מִ֭מְּ⁠ךָ תַּנְחֻמ֣וֹת אֵ֑ל וְ֝⁠דָבָ֗ר לָ⁠אַ֥ט עִמָּֽ⁠ךְ 1 Eliphaz is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “You seem to consider the consolations of God to be too small for you. You seem to feel the same way about a word spoken in gentleness to you.” -15:11 j458 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הַ⁠מְעַ֣ט מִ֭מְּ⁠ךָ תַּנְחֻמ֣וֹת אֵ֑ל 1 Eliphaz is speaking as if Job literally considered the **consolations of God** to be **small** in size. He means that Job does not appear to consider them significant. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Do you consider the consolations of God to be insignificant for you” or “You seem to consider the consolations of God to be insignificant for you” +15:11 j458 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הַ⁠מְעַ֣ט מִ֭מְּ⁠ךָ תַּנְחֻמ֣וֹת אֵ֑ל 1 Eliphaz is speaking as if Job literally considered the **consolations of God** to be **small** in size. He means that Job does not appear to consider them significant. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Do you consider the consolations of God to be insignificant” or “You seem to consider the consolations of God to be insignificant” 15:11 lg22 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תַּנְחֻמ֣וֹת אֵ֑ל 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **consolations**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “Is what God is doing to comfort you” 15:11 j459 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְ֝⁠דָבָ֗ר לָ⁠אַ֥ט עִמָּֽ⁠ךְ 1 Job is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “or is a word in gentleness to you too small for you” 15:11 j460 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ֝⁠דָבָ֗ר לָ⁠אַ֥ט עִמָּֽ⁠ךְ 1 Eliphaz is using the term **word** to mean what he and the other friends have been saying to Job by using words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “or what we have been telling you in gentleness” @@ -1133,7 +1133,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 15:21 fj8p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy קוֹל־פְּחָדִ֥ים בְּ⁠אָזְנָ֑י⁠ו 1 Eliphaz is using the term **ears** by association to mean hearing. By saying that the wicked person hears **the sound of terrors**, Eliphaz means by association that he experiences those terrors. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “He experiences terrible things” 15:21 j475 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בַּ֝⁠שָּׁל֗וֹם 1 The word translated **prosperity** can also mean “peace.” Eliphaz could be describing: (1) how wicked people may become prosperous for a time. Alternate translation: “though he may become prosperous,” (2) how wicked people may enjoy peace for a time. Alternate translation: “just when he is at peace,” 15:21 j476 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification שׁוֹדֵ֥ד יְבוֹאֶֽ⁠נּוּ 1 Eliphaz is describing how the wicked experience the destruction and loss of their property, and he is speaking of that destruction as if it were a living thing that **comes upon** the wicked. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “his property is suddenly destroyed” or “he suddenly loses his property” -15:22 i3pk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לֹא־יַאֲמִ֣ין שׁ֭וּב מִנִּי־חֹ֑שֶׁךְ 1 Eliphaz is speaking as if this wicked person has literally gone to a place where there is **darkness** and does not believe he can **return** from there. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “He does not believe that his troubles will ever end” +15:22 i3pk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לֹא־יַאֲמִ֣ין שׁ֭וּב מִנִּי־חֹ֑שֶׁךְ 1 Eliphaz is speaking as if this wicked person has literally gone to a place where there is **darkness** and as if that wicked person does not believe that he can **return** from there. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “He does not believe that his troubles will ever end” 15:22 j477 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives לֹא־יַאֲמִ֣ין שׁ֭וּב מִנִּי־חֹ֑שֶׁךְ 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this with a positive expression. Alternate translation: “He believes that he will always have troubles” 15:22 j478 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְצָפ֖וּי ה֣וּא אֱלֵי־חָֽרֶב\n \n\n 1 It is possible that this second part of the verse also describes what wicked people **believe**. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and he is afraid that he is selected for the sword” 15:22 j479 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְצָפ֖וּי ה֣וּא אֱלֵי־חָֽרֶב\n \n 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and God has selected him for the sword” or “and God has determined that someone will kill him with a sword” @@ -1147,7 +1147,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 15:24 e7mb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification יְֽ֭בַעֲתֻ⁠הוּ צַ֣ר וּ⁠מְצוּקָ֑ה 1 Eliphaz is speaking of **Distress** and **anguish** as if they were living things that could **terrify** a wicked person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “He is so afraid of what is going to happen to him that he continually feels distress and anguish” 15:24 vur7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet יְֽ֭בַעֲתֻ⁠הוּ צַ֣ר וּ⁠מְצוּקָ֑ה 1 The terms **Distress** and **anguish** mean similar things. Eliphaz is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “Great distress terrifies him” or “He is so afraid of what is going to happen to him that he continually feels great distress” 15:24 tg34 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns תִּ֝תְקְפֵ֗⁠הוּ 1 The pronoun **it** refers to **Distress and anguish**. Eliphaz is speaking of these two similar things as if they were one thing. Your language may permit you to do that in your translation. Alternatively, it may be more natural in your language to use a plural pronoun. Alternate translation: “they overpower him” -15:25 uuk8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom נָטָ֣ה אֶל־אֵ֣ל יָד֑⁠וֹ 1 This expression, **stretched out his hand against**, means to attack a person. The implication is that someone has **stretched out** a **hand** that is holding a sword or some other weapon to use against that person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he has fought against God” +15:25 uuk8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom נָטָ֣ה אֶל־אֵ֣ל יָד֑⁠וֹ 1 When Eliphaz says that the wicked person has **stretched out his hand**, he means specifically that he has **stretched out** a **hand** that is holding a sword or some other weapon. In other words, this expression means to fight against someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he has fought against God” 15:26 sx7v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יָר֣וּץ אֵלָ֣י⁠ו בְּ⁠צַוָּ֑אר בַּ֝⁠עֲבִ֗י גַּבֵּ֥י מָֽגִנָּֽי⁠ו 1 Eliphaz is speaking as if a wicked person would literally attack God in this way. He is actually making a comparison to describe the arrogant confidence with which a wicked person defies God. If it would be clearer in your language, you could express this as a comparison rather than as a literal statement. Alternate translation: “He opposes God as if he were a warrior arrogantly attacking God, confident that his thick shield would protect him” 15:26 j483 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns יָר֣וּץ אֵלָ֣י⁠ו 1 The pronoun **He** refers to the wicked person, while the pronoun **him** refers to God. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “The wicked person rushes against God” 15:26 j484 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בְּ⁠צַוָּ֑אר 1 This expression refers to the attitude of someone who is holding his neck straight and his head high, displaying arrogant confidence with his posture. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “arrogantly” @@ -1162,7 +1162,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 15:29 j487 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns מִנְלָֽ⁠ם 1 The pronoun **their** refers to wicked people. Since Eliphaz speaks of a wicked person in the singular in the first part of this verse, it may be more natural in your language to use the singular here as well. Alternate translation: “his possessions” 15:30 jpq7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לֹֽא־יָס֨וּר ׀ מִנִּי־חֹ֗שֶׁךְ 1 See how you translated the similar expression in [15:22](../15/22.md). Alternate translation: “His troubles will never end” 15:30 pm4a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יֹֽ֭נַקְתּ⁠וֹ תְּיַבֵּ֣שׁ שַׁלְהָ֑בֶת 1 Eliphaz is speaking as if the wicked person were literally a plant or bush whose **stalks** a **flame** could **dry up** or burn up. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “He will certainly perish” -15:30 a9ha rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ֝⁠יָס֗וּר בְּ⁠ר֣וּחַ פִּֽי⁠ו 1 Eliphaz is speaking as if a hot wind that dried up plants were actually **breath** from God’s **mouth**. (The same image appears elsewhere in the Bible, for example, in [Isaiah 40:7](../isa/40/07.md), “The grass withers, the flower wilts, for the breath of Yahweh blows on it.”) He means that text. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “yes, God will destroy him” +15:30 a9ha rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ֝⁠יָס֗וּר בְּ⁠ר֣וּחַ פִּֽי⁠ו 1 Eliphaz is speaking as if a hot wind that dried up plants were actually **breath** from God’s **mouth**. (The same image appears elsewhere in the Bible, for example, in [Isaiah 40:7](../isa/40/07.md), “The grass withers, the flower wilts, for the breath of Yahweh blows on it.”) If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “yes, God will destroy him” 15:30 j489 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns פִּֽי⁠ו 1 The pronoun **his** refers to God. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “God’s mouth” 15:30 rxv1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism וְ֝⁠יָס֗וּר 1 Eliphaz is using the word **depart** to mean “die.” This is a mild way of referring to death. Your language may have a similar expression that you can use in your translation. You could also use plain language. Alternate translation: “and he will pass away” or “and he will die” 15:31 lr37 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns אַל־יַאֲמֵ֣ן ב⁠שו נִתְעָ֑ה\n\n 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **emptiness** and **recompense**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “Let him not trust in things that have no value… for in return he will receive things that have no value” @@ -1175,306 +1175,360 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 15:34 j492 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor גַּלְמ֑וּד 1 This could mean: (1) that godless people literally will have no children or that they will have no children who survive them. Alternate translation: “will have no children who survive them” (2) that godless people will produce nothing of enduring value, as if they had no descendants. Alternate translation: “will produce nothing of enduring value” 15:34 v3q1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ֝⁠אֵ֗שׁ אָכְלָ֥ה אָֽהֳלֵי־שֹֽׁחַד 1 Eliphaz is speaking as if **fire** would literally devour or eat up these **tents**. He means that fire would destroy them. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and fire destroys the tents of bribery” 15:34 x22k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ֝⁠אֵ֗שׁ אָכְלָ֥ה אָֽהֳלֵי־שֹֽׁחַד 1 Eliphaz is using the term **bribery** by association to mean people who pay and demand bribes. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and fire destroys the tents of people who engage in bribery” -15:34 j493 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ֝⁠אֵ֗שׁ אָכְלָ֥ה אָֽהֳלֵי־שֹֽׁחַד 1 Eliphaz is speaking as if the **tents** in which live people engaged in **bribery** will literally burn up in a **fire**. He means that they will be destroyed by one means or another. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and the tents of people who engage in bribery will be destroyed” +15:34 j493 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ֝⁠אֵ֗שׁ אָכְלָ֥ה אָֽהֳלֵי־שֹֽׁחַד 1 Eliphaz is speaking as if the **tents** of people who engage in **bribery** will literally burn up in a **fire**. He means that they will be destroyed by one means or another. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and the tents of people who engage in bribery will be destroyed” 15:34 j494 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וְ֝⁠אֵ֗שׁ אָכְלָ֥ה אָֽהֳלֵי־שֹֽׁחַד 1 Eliphaz is using one possession of wicked people, the **tents** in which they live, to mean all of their possessions and their standing in the community. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar expression in [8:22](../08/22.md). Alternate translation: “and those who practice bribery will be without status or means” 15:35 u7sb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הָרֹ֣ה עָ֭מָל וְ⁠יָ֣לֹד אָ֑וֶן וּ֝⁠בִטְנָ֗⁠ם תָּכִ֥ין מִרְמָֽה 1 Eliphaz is speaking as if wicked people were literally women who had **trouble**, **iniquity**, and **deceit** as their children. He means that wicked people produce these things in their lives. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “They think of bad things to do and they do wicked things, yes, they intentionally deceive others” -16:intro j3zc 0 # Job 16 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This chapter is Job’s response to Eliphaz.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Job’s response\nJob expresses shock and disgust at the advice Eliphaz gives to him. He even mocks Eliphaz. He describes the difficulties of his circumstances but never curses Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]])\n\n### Advocate\n\nJob describes the need for someone to intercede for him in heaven. This person would be his advocate and provide a witness for him. Although this is probably not intended as a prophecy, it closely parallels the way Jesus intercedes for people in heaven. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/intercede]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/testimony]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -16:2 t7wj you are all miserable comforters 0 Alternate translation: “instead of comforting me, you all make me more miserable” -16:3 p7ga rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Will useless words ever have an end? 0 Job uses this rhetorical question to express that he wishes that they would stop speaking useless words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “How I wish your useless words would end!” -16:3 g4tp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion What is wrong with you that you answer like this? 0 Job uses this rhetorical question to rebuke Eliphaz. Here the word “you” is singular and refers to Eliphaz, who just finished speaking to Job. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “Eliphaz, you should stop answering me like this!” -16:4 mg21 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I could collect and join words together 0 Job speaks of thinking of useless things to say as if his words were random items that he collected and joined together. Alternate translation: “I could think of things to say” -16:4 bv7s rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction shake my head 0 This is an action that shows disapproval. -16:4 x2nq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns in mockery 0 The word “mockery” can be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “to mock you” -16:5 dvh6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy I would strengthen you with my mouth, and the quivering of my lips will bring you relief! 0 The words “mouth” and “lips” represent the words or messages that a person speaks using his mouth and lips. Here Job is speaking sarcastically and means the opposite of what he says. Alternate translation: “My words would surely not be encouraging to you! They would surely not lighten your grief” or “By speaking to you as you spoke to me earlier, I would not encourage you or lighten your grief!” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) -16:5 qj4h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy with my mouth 0 Here Job’s “mouth” represents what he says. Alternate translation: “with what I say” -16:5 yyv5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the quivering of my lips 0 This is a metonym for the words or message that he speaks. Alternate translation: “my comforting words” -16:5 i21i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor will bring you relief 0 This speaks of grief as if it were a heavy physical burden. Alternate translation: “will lessen your grief” or “will help you feel less grief” -16:6 vjz7 grief 0 Job has experienced great loss of family and health that is unexplained and therefore causes him “great sorrow and emotional pain.” -16:6 s8sf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion how am I helped? 0 Job uses this rhetorical question to express that keeping quiet does not lessen his grief. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “it does not help me at all.” -16:7 t7qh But now, God, you 0 Job now turns his complaining to God. -16:7 mrz6 made all my family desolate 0 Alternate translation: “destroyed all my family” -16:8 z1f4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit You have made me dry up 0 This means that Job’s body has shriveled and become wrinkled. Alternate translation: “You have made my body shrivel up” -16:8 pz4y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification which itself is a witness against me 0 Job describes the shriveling of his body as if it were an accuser against him. Alternate translation: “and people think that shows me to be a sinner” -16:8 t163 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification the leanness of my body rises up against me, and it testifies against 0 Job describes the thinness of his body as if it were accuser against him. Alternate translation: “They see how thin my body is, and they think that proves that I am guilty” -16:8 wiw6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche against my face 0 Here Job is referred to by his “face.” Alternate translation: “against me” -16:9 a6fe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor God has torn me in his wrath and persecuted me … as he tears me apart 0 This speaks of God causing Job pain as if God were a wild animal and Job were his prey that he was killing. Alternate translation: “Because God is very angry with me, it is as though he were a wild animal that tore my body apart with his teeth because he was my enemy” -16:9 crc6 my enemy 0 Job refers to God as his “enemy” as he describes how he has caused him great pain. -16:9 c555 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom fastens his eyes on me 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “glares at me” -16:10 i21w People have gaped with open mouth 0 To “gape” means to stare in amazement with open mouth. -16:11 j7re rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism hands me over to ungodly people, and throws me into the hands of wicked people 0 These two lines mean basically the same thing. Together they emphasize Job’s feeling of having been betrayed by God. -16:11 mm84 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom hands me over to 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “puts me under the control of” -16:11 zm7g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy throws me into the hands 0 Here a person’s “hands” refer to his “control.” Alternate translation: “delivers me to the control” -16:12 t8kc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor and he broke me apart 0 Job speaks of his pain and despair as if he himself were something that was broken into pieces. Alternate translation: “but then it felt as though he broke me apart” -16:12 k9u5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor dashed me to pieces 0 Job speaks of God causing him pain and despair as if he were something that God had taken and smashed into pieces. Alternate translation: “it is as though he has taken me by the neck and smashed me to pieces” -16:12 nt7z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he has also set me up as his target 0 Job speaks of himself being the focus of God’s attacks as if God has set him up as a target to shoot arrows at. Alternate translation: “it is as though he set me up like a target” -16:13 kx4d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor His archers surround me all around 0 Job speaks of himself being the focus of God’s attacks as if God has set him up as a target and God had archers surrounding him to attack him. Alternate translation: “It is as though his archers have me surrounded” -16:13 e7bp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor God pierces my kidneys and does not spare me; he pours out my bile on the ground 0 Job speaks of the pain he is feeling by comparing it to God piercing his body with arrows. Here “God” represents the arrows that he shoots. Alternate translation: “It feels like God’s arrows have pierced my kidneys and my liver, spilling my bile on the ground. He does not spare me” -16:14 lx7f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor He smashes through my wall 0 Job speaks of the pain that he feels by comparing himself to a wall that God smashes through. Alternate translation: “I feel like a wall that God smashes through” or “I feel like a wall that God breaks through” -16:14 r9md rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he runs upon me like a warrior 0 Job describes God as a soldier that attacks him. Alternate translation: “it is like he is a warrior who runs at me to attack me” -16:15 cnt2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I have sewn sackcloth on my skin 0 Job speaks of wearing clothing made of sackcloth as if the cloth were attached to his body. People often wore sackcloth to express mourning or great grief. Alternate translation: “Because I am mourning, I have sewn together sackcloth to wear as my clothing” or “I wear clothing that I made from sackcloth, because I am mourning” -16:15 hil8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I have thrust my horn into the ground 0 Job’s “horn” represents the power and authority he had before but now is no more. Alternate translation: “I sit here in the dirt, very depressed” -16:16 l1id rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche on my eyelids is the shadow of death 0 Here Job’s eyes are represented by his “eyelids.” Job speaks of his eyes’ dark appearance as if his eyes looked like the eyes of a dead person. Alternate translation: “there are dark circles around my eyes” or “my eyes are dark, like the eyes of a dead person” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -16:17 cs74 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy there is no violence in my hands 0 “Hands” refers to a person’s ability and activity. Alternate translation: “I have not acted violently” -16:18 xf2z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe Earth, do not cover up my blood 0 Jobs speaks to the “earth” directly even though it cannot hear him, to add strength to his statement. The earth is personified as purposefully covering up his blood after he dies. Alternate translation: “I wish my blood would not soak into the ground but that it would remain on top of the ground as proof of how I died” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -16:18 aj18 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Earth, do not cover up my blood 0 Job speaks of himself dying as if he would be murdered. Here his “blood” is a metonym referring to his death. Alternate translation: “Earth, when I die, do not hide how I died unfairly” or “Let it not be hidden how I died unfairly” -16:18 bg2u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification let my cry have no resting place 0 Job speaks of wanting everyone to know what happened to him as if his “cry” were a person that never stopped testifying to what happened to him and never rested. Alternate translation: “let everyone hear about what has happened to me” -16:19 kg4r see 0 Job uses this word to draw attention to what he says next. Alternate translation: “listen” -16:19 z7js vouches for me 0 Alternate translation: “testifies that I am righteous” -16:19 dhm2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom on high 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “in heaven” or “in heaven on high” -16:20 b5wz scoff at 0 Alternate translation: “scorn” or “ridicule” -16:20 v43g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole my eye pours out tears 0 Job describes how strongly he feels his sorrow. Here he exaggerates how he often cries by saying that tears pour from his eyes. Alternate translation: “my eyes are full of tears while I cry out” -16:21 izh8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person for this man 0 “for me.” Here Job refers to himself in the third person. -16:21 kk12 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile as a man does with his neighbor! 0 “as a man does for his neighbor.” Job describes how he wants that one in heaven to plead for him. -16:22 z81v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit I will go to a place 0 Here Job is referring to himself dying. Alternate translation: “I will die and go to a place” -17:intro rs6g 0 # Job 17 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This chapter is a continuation of Job’s response to Eliphaz, but it is more directly addressed to Yahweh.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Job’s grief\nJob expresses grief or great sadness in this chapter. He awaits the justice and intercession of Yahweh as he awaits his own death. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/intercede]])\n\n### Advocate\n\nJob describes the need for someone to intercede for him in heaven. This person would be his advocate and provide a witness for him. Although this is probably not intended as a prophecy, it closely parallels the way Jesus intercedes for people in heaven. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/testimony]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -17:1 c8r6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche My spirit is consumed 0 Job refers to himself by his “spirit” to emphasize his inner emotions. He speaks of not having any strength left as if he were something that has been used up. Alternate translation: “I am consumed” or “I have lost all of my strength” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -17:1 yjx4 my days are over 0 Alternate translation: “my time is over” or “I am going to die soon” -17:1 awv1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification the grave is ready for me 0 This phrase describes “the grave” as if it is a person who will receive Job as a guest. Alternate translation: “soon I will be dead and buried” -17:2 z26q Surely there are mockers with me 0 Alternate translation: “Those who are around me are mocking me” -17:2 jf81 Surely 0 Alternate translation: “Certainly” or “There is no doubt that” -17:2 wp1h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche my eye must always see 0 Job refers to himself by his “eyes” to emphasize what he sees. Alternate translation: “I must always see” or “I must always hear” -17:2 wr6q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns their provocation 0 “their insults.” The word “provocation” can be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “them provoking me” or “them, trying to make me angry” -17:3 fwk5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Give now a pledge, be a guarantee for me with yourself 0 Job begins to speak to God. Here he speaks of his situation as if he were in prison. He is asking God to provide a pledge so that he may be released. Alternate translation: “God, give now a pledge so that I may be released from this prison” or “pay for my release from prison” -17:3 l8dv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion who else is there who will help me? 0 Job uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that there is no one else to help him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “there is no one else who will help me.” -17:4 fbr7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche have kept their hearts 0 The word “their” refers to his friends. They are referred to by their “hearts” to emphasize their emotions. Alternate translation: “have kept them” or “have kept my friends” -17:4 y4ne you will not exalt them over me 0 Alternate translation: “you will not allow them to triumph over me” -17:5 yxa4 He who 0 Alternate translation: “Anyone who” -17:5 kb8z denounces his friends for a reward 0 Alternate translation: “falsely accuses his friends in order to get a profit” or “betrays his friends to receive a reward” -17:5 i5ps rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche the eyes of his children will fail 0 The person’s children are referred to here by their “eyes.” This phrase describes the children suffering because of what their father or mother did. Alternate translation: “his children will suffer for it” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -17:6 kzr9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit he has made me a byword of the people 0 This means that people speak of him in a mocking way and use his name as an insult. Alternate translation: “because of him, people use my name as an insult” or “because of them, people use my name as a byword” -17:6 me7l rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction they spit in my face 0 “people spit in my face.” In this culture spitting on someone was a great insult. If spitting has a different meaning in your culture you can write this differently. Alternate translation: “people insult me greatly, by spitting in my face” -17:7 a9ip rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy My eye is also dim because of sorrow 0 Job speaks of his vision as his “eyes.” Alternate translation: “My vision has become weak because I am so sad” or “I am almost blind because of my sorrow” -17:7 my86 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile all my body parts are as thin as shadows 0 Shadows have no thickness and are infinitely thin. That is an exaggeration of how thin Job’s body parts are. Alternate translation: “all my body parts are very thin” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -17:7 pis4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole all my body parts 0 This is a generalization used to emphasize that his whole body is thin, but refers specifically to his arms and legs. Alternate translation: “my arms and legs” -17:8 cqh3 will be stunned 0 Alternate translation: “will be shocked” or “will be horrified” -17:8 u28k by this 0 Alternate translation: “by what has happened to me” -17:8 g1f9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom will stir himself up against 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “will be distressed because of” or “will be very angry with” -17:9 r9ay rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom will keep to his way 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “will continue to live in a righteous way” -17:9 lqi9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he who has clean hands 0 This speaks of a person being innocent as having clean hands. Alternate translation: “he who does what is right” or “he who is innocent” -17:9 lx6m will grow stronger and stronger 0 This does not refer only to physical strength but also to the strength of a person’s will and emotions. -17:10 e43i you all 0 Job is speaking to Eliphaz, Bildad, and Zophar. -17:10 e7nv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit come on now 0 Job invites his friends to debate what he has said. Alternate translation: “come on now, argue with me again” -17:11 nba8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom My days are past 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “My time is past” or “My life is over” -17:11 f9nn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy my plans are shattered, and so are the desires of my heart 0 Here Job’s “heart” represents his inner being. Alternate translation: “my plans will never happen, nor will the things that I have desired most” -17:12 m4j6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet These people, these mockers 0 These two phrases refer to the same people, namely Job’s friends, Eliphaz, Bildad, and Zophar. The second phrase emphasizes their unfriendly attitude. -17:12 m8i8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor change the night into day 0 This speaks of the people claiming that night is day as if they actually changed night into day. Alternate translation: “claim it is daytime when it is night” or “say the opposite of what is true, just as night is the opposite of day” -17:12 fif1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit light is near to darkness 0 It is implied that the mockers claim that it is light when it is close to dark. Alternate translation: “they claim that light is near to darkness” or “they claim that when it is becoming dark, that it is getting light” -17:13 pj8i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo If the only home … and if I have spread 0 The instances of “if” here have the meaning of “since”; Job is speaking as if all these things were true. “Since the only home … and since I have spread” -17:13 h88c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor have spread my couch in the darkness 0 Here Job speaks of being prepared to die as having laid his bed in the darkness. Alternate translation: “have prepared myself to go and sleep among the dead” -17:13 kx3d have spread my couch 0 Alternate translation: “have made my bed” -17:14 m7hf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo if I have said 0 The word “if” here has the meaning of “since”; Job is speaking as if this were true. “since I have said” -17:14 ud6f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism I have said to the pit … and to the worm 0 These two lines are a variation to each other and are used together to emphasize how desperate Job is. -17:14 z4yk the pit 0 Alternate translation: “the grave” -17:14 uwb3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor You are my father 0 Job speaks of the closeness he will soon have with his grave by comparing it to the closeness a man has with his father. Alternate translation: “You are as close to me as my father” or “When I am buried, you will be as close to me as a father” -17:14 nrr3 the worm 0 “the maggot.” Worms are the small creatures that eat dead bodies. -17:14 e6lb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor You are my mother or my sister 0 Job speaks of the closeness he will soon have with the worms in his grave by comparing it to the closeness a man has with his mother and sisters. Alternate translation: “You are as close to me as my mother or my sister” or “You will be as close to me as a mother or sister” -17:15 zb7d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion where then is my hope? 0 The implicit answer is “nowhere,” because he has no hope. This rhetorical question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “I have no hope.” -17:15 g6bv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion As for my hope, who can see any? 0 This rhetorical question is used to emphasize that no one expects him to have any hope. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one can see any hope for me.” or “No one expects me to have any more hope.” -17:16 h77p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Will hope go down with me … dust? 0 The implicit answer is “no.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “Hope will not go down with me … dust.” or “I will no longer hope when I go down … dust.” -17:16 yx83 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor gates of Sheol 0 Sheol does not really have gates, but it is a metaphor for Job entering Sheol. Alternate translation: “when I go into Sheol” -17:16 ajw5 when we 0 “when I and the things that I hope for” or “when I and my hopes.” The word “we” refers to Job and his hope. -17:16 z16e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom descend to the dust 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “die and are buried” or “go to the grave” -18:intro qk5f 0 # Job 18 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This chapter is the advice of Job’s friend, Bildad. His words in this chapter are much stronger than when he previously spoke, and he is even angry at Job.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Bildad’s advice\nBildad tells Job to curse Yahweh. The advice Bildad gives to Job is bad advice. He tries to convince Job that he is sinning and has been punished by Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -18:1 g41k rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 # General Information:\n\nBildad the Shuhite is speaking to Job. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -18:1 b2sb Then Bildad the Shuhite answered and said 0 “Bildad” is the name of a man who is a member of the tribe of Shuah. See how you translated this in [Job 8:1](../08/01.md). -18:2 b4en rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion When will you stop your talk? 0 This rhetorical question means that Job has been talking for too long. Alternate translation: “Stop talking!” -18:2 jpp1 Consider, and 0 Alternate translation: “Be reasonable, and” or “Think about these things, and” -18:3 b16n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Why are we regarded as beasts, stupid in your sight? 0 Bildad uses this rhetorical questions to emphasize to Job that he should not consider his friends as animals who cannot think or speak. It can be written as a statement in active form. Alternate translation: “We should not be regarded as beasts, as stupid in your sight.” or “You should not regard us as beasts or think of us as stupid.” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -18:3 myx4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive Why are we 0 The word “we” probably refers to Bildad and Job’s other friends and so is exclusive. -18:3 v7r1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy regarded 0 Regarding, looking, is a metonym here for thinking well or badly of someone. -18:3 yk9u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor in your sight 0 Here sight represents judgment or evaluation. Alternate translation: “in your judgment” or “in your thinking” -18:3 pdy5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person your sight 0 The word “your” here is plural. Bildad is using sarcasm to tell Job that Job should not think of himself as a great man. Alternate translation: “your sight, you who wrongly think you are great” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) -18:4 zm4p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit You who tear at yourself in your anger 0 Here Bildad is stating that it is because of Job’s anger and disobedience that he has been injured, not because of God’s anger as Job has previously claimed. The word “tear” here means to “injure.” Alternate translation: “You who have caused your own injuries because of your anger” -18:4 ug9i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion should the earth be forsaken for you or should the rocks be removed out of their places? 0 This rhetorical question suggests that letting Job, whom they consider a guilty man, go free would be like changing the whole world. Bildad uses these huge exaggerations here to emphasize how outrageous he thinks this is. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “asking God to let you, a guilty man, go free is as silly as asking for God to forsake the earth for your sake or for God to move the rocks out of their places to please you!” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -18:4 r5lg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive should the earth be forsaken 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “should everyone leave the earth” -18:4 zyh5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive should the rocks be removed out of their places 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The word “rocks” here refers to large rocks, such as those in the mountains. Alternate translation: “should God remove the rocks from their places” or “should God move mountains around” -18:5 e2fi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Indeed, the light of the wicked person will be put out; the spark of his fire will not shine 0 Bildad speaks of a wicked person dying as if his lamp were being blown out. Alternate translation: “What will happen is that the lives of wicked people like you end as quickly as we can put out a light or extinguish the flame of a fire” -18:5 d868 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive will be put out 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “will go out” -18:6 uj2t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The light will be dark in his tent; his lamp above him will be put out 0 Bildad continues to speak of the wicked person dying. He speaks of the wicked man’s life as if it were the light in his tent. Alternate translation: It will be like the light in his tent has turned to darkness, like the lamp above him has gone out” -18:7 fxl3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The steps of his strength will be made short 0 This speaks of the wicked person suddenly experiencing disaster as if he no longer had strength to walk. Alternate translation: “It will be like he no longer has the strength to walk” -18:7 bgk5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor his own plans will cast him down 0 “his own advice makes him fall down.” This speaks of the wicked person undergoing disaster as if he fell down. Alternate translation: “his own plans will lead him into disaster” -18:8 t3iw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor For he will be thrown into a net by his own feet; he will walk into a pitfall 0 “His own feet will lead him into a net.” Bildad uses this image to say that the way that a wicked person lives his life leads him to sudden disaster. Alternate translation: “It will be as though he led himself into a net, as if he walked right into a pitfall” -18:8 fl11 a net 0 cords or ropes that people weave together to create a mesh. People used nets to catch animals. -18:8 wa1n a pitfall 0 a pit that has branches and leaves over it so that an animal will walk onto the branches and leaves and fall into the pit -18:9 t6fv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor A trap will take him … a snare will 0 These four phrases speak of the wicked man experiencing disaster as if he were caught in a trap. Alternate translation: “It will be as though a trap will take him … a snare will” -18:9 jr8g A trap 0 People used this kind of trap to catch birds. The trap snapped shut and held on to the foot of the bird. -18:9 dnn6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche will take him by the heel 0 Here the “heel” refers to the whole foot. Alternate translation: “will take hold of his foot” -18:10 u5yk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor A noose is … and a trap for him in the way 0 These four phrases speak of the wicked man experiencing disaster as if he were caught in a trap. Alternate translation: “It will be as though a noose is … and a trap for him in the way” -18:10 q4wx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive A noose is hidden for him on the ground 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Someone has hidden a noose on the ground in order to catch him” -18:10 xp42 A noose 0 a rope with a loop that grabs hold of an animal’s leg when the animal steps in the middle of the loop -18:10 f193 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis a trap for him 0 The understood verbal phrase “is hidden” may be supplied. Alternate translation: “a trap is hidden on the path to catch him” or “someone will hide a trap to catch him in the way” -18:11 e8bw Terrors will make him afraid on every side 0 Alternate translation: “Terrors all around will make him afraid” -18:11 ln1g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification they will chase him at his heels 0 This speaks of the things that terrify the wicked person as if they were enemies who chased him. Alternate translation: “it will be as if the terrors will chase him all around” -18:12 v7el rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor His wealth will turn into hunger 0 This speaks of the wicked man becoming poor and hungry as if his wealth were something that turned into something else. Alternate translation: “Instead of being wealthy, he will become poor and hungry” -18:12 zbs5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom calamity will be ready at his side 0 The phrase “ready at his side” is an idiom that means that something is continually present. Alternate translation: “he will continually experience disaster” or “he will not be able to avoid calamity” -18:13 u5is rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive The parts of his body will be devoured 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Also, this speaks of a disease destroying his body as if it were an animal that had attacked him and was eating him. Alternate translation: “Disease will eat away at his skin” or “Disease will destroy his skin” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -18:13 mrr7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the firstborn of death will devour his parts 0 Here a disease that kills many people is referred to as “the firstborn of death.” This speaks of that disease destroying his body as if it were an animal that had attacked him and was eating him. Alternate translation: “a deadly disease will destroy the different parts of his body” -18:14 m1gl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive He is torn from the safety of his tent 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Disaster rips him out of his tent, where he is safe” -18:14 r3dq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive marched off 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “it marches him off” or “it forces him to go” -18:14 atl1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit the king of terrors 0 This is a reference to “King Death,” a pagan god who was believed to rule over death. Alternate translation: “the one who rules over the dead” or “the king of death” -18:15 n4sy People not his own 0 Alternate translation: “People who are not his family” -18:15 fpm9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive after they see that sulfur is scattered within his home 0 People used sulfur to get rid of any diseases from a dying person. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “after they spread sulfur all over his home” -18:16 uul5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor His roots will be dried up … branch be cut off 0 This speaks of the wicked man dying and having no descendants as if he were a tree whose roots dried up and branches withered, producing no fruit. Alternate translation: “He will die and leave no descendants, he will be like a tree whose roots have dried up and whose branches have all withered” -18:16 u1by rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive will his branch be cut off 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “his branches will wither” -18:17 y9j9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism His memory will perish from the earth; he will have no name in the street 0 These phrases have the same meaning and are used together to emphasize the fact that nobody will remember him after he dies. -18:17 m6xw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor His memory will perish from the earth 0 This speaks of the “memory” of the wicked man as if it were a person who died. Alternate translation: “No one on the earth will remember him” -18:17 fs6r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom he will have no name in the street 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “no one walking along the street will even remember his name” -18:18 k7ju rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism He will be driven from light into darkness … and be chased out of this world 0 These phrases together emphasize the fact that the wicked person will be sent to Sheol, the place of the dead. -18:18 er2m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive He will be driven from light into darkness 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God will drive the wicked person from light into darkness” -18:18 w8ix rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy from light into darkness 0 The word “light” refers to life, and the word “darkness” refers to death. Alternate translation: “from the light of life to the darkness of death” -18:18 pgz1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor be chased out of this world 0 This speaks of God making him leave earth and go where dead people go as if he were chasing him. Alternate translation: “God will make him leave this world” or “God will send him to the place where dead people go” -18:18 dr9v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive be chased out 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God will chase him” -18:19 u2ga rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism He will have no son … nor any remaining kinfolk where he had stayed 0 Together these two phrases emphasize that he will have no family or descendants left. -18:19 chi9 son’s son 0 Alternate translation: “grandson” or “grandchild” -18:19 asp3 kinfolk 0 Alternate translation: “relatives” -18:20 wn9y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism Those who live in the west … those who live in the east will be frightened by it 0 The phrases “in the west” and “in the east” are together a merism that refers to all people living everywhere. This is an exaggeration as not everyone on the earth will hear about what happened to a specific wicked person. Alternate translation: “Everyone in the whole world will be horrified and frightened when they see what happens to the wicked person” or “Many people who live in the east and in the west will be horrified and frightened when they see what happens to the wicked person” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -18:20 r4pt one day 0 Alternate translation: “someday” -18:21 da3s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism the homes of unrighteous people, the places of those who do not know God 0 These two phrases have the same meaning and refer to the same people. Here these people are referred to by the places where they live. Alternate translation: “unrighteous people, those who do not know God” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -19:intro vq57 0 # Job 19 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This chapter is Job’s response to Bildad.\n\nVerses 25–27 are very important to this book. They show the great depth of Job’s faith in Yahweh after his most difficult time. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) -19:1 rlm3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 # General Information:\n\n(See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -19:1 u8kd Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nJob speaks to his three friends. -19:2 xxa9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion How long will you make me suffer and break me into pieces with words? 0 Job uses this question to complain about how his friends are treating him. Alternate translation: “Stop making me suffer and breaking me into pieces with words.” -19:2 r3lw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor break me into pieces with words 0 Job uses this image to say that their words make him feel very sad and hopeless. Alternate translation: “torment me with your words” -19:3 k4th rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom These ten times you have reproached me 0 The phrase “These ten times” refers to the way that the friends have completely rebuked Job. Alternate translation: “You have completely reproached me” or “You have reproached me many times” -19:3 uy8e you are not ashamed that you have treated me harshly 0 Job is rebuking them for this. This can be written in positive form. Alternate translation: “You should be ashamed that you have treated me so harshly” -19:3 vjt8 have treated me harshly 0 Alternate translation: “have despised me” or “have publicly ridiculed me” -19:4 f1ee have erred 0 Alternate translation: “have sinned by accident” or “mistakenly sinned” -19:4 bfn1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit my error remains my own concern 0 Job implies that his friends are not responsible for continuing to rebuke him since he is the one who made the error. Alternate translation: “my error is my own responsibility, so you should not continue to rebuke me” or “my error did not hurt you, so you should not continue to rebuke me” -19:4 fb5f my error 0 Alternate translation: “my sin” or “my mistake” -19:5 z7gm If indeed you will exalt yourselves above me 0 Alternate translation: “If you think you are better than I am” or “Since you act as though you are better than I am” -19:5 ms5y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit use my humiliation against me 0 How his friends would do this can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “claim that my humiliation is proof against me” or “use my humiliation as evidence that I am guilty” -19:5 tzm1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns use my humiliation against me 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **humiliation**, you can express the same idea with the verb “humiliate.” Alternate translation: “claim that what has happened to humiliate me proves that I am guilty” -19:6 gb9h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor has caught me in his net 0 Job speaks as if God were a hunter that has trapped Job in his net. This metaphor represents God taking control of Job and Job’s feeling of helplessness. Alternate translation: “has trapped me” or “has taken control of me” or “has control of what happens to me, so that I am helpless” -19:7 bp47 See, I cry out 0 Alternate translation: “Pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important: I cry out” -19:7 zyg9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Violence! 0 This is a cry for help. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “Violence! Help!” or “Help! I am being attacked!” -19:7 i3lc I call out for help 0 Alternate translation: “I shout for help” or “I cry for help” -19:7 i4w8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns but there is no justice 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **justice**, you can express the same idea with a phrase that makes the meaning clear. Alternate translation: “but no one protects me from those who do me wrong” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -19:8 dpr7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor He has walled up … darkness in my path 0 Job uses these images to describe how God has made him feel helpless and hopeless. -19:8 ly9g He has walled up my way so that I cannot pass 0 Alternate translation: “God has put a wall on the road that I am walking on” or “He has blocked the way so I cannot keep going” -19:9 wfj7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor He has stripped … the crown from my head 0 Job uses these images to say that God has taken his good reputation, wealth, and dignity away from him. -19:9 hjr9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor He has stripped me of my glory 0 Job speaks of his glory as if it were a robe that God has taken away. Alternate translation: “He has taken away my glory” -19:9 rf7s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he has taken the crown from my head 0 The crown refers to Job’s dignity or honor. Alternate translation: “he has taken away my dignity and honor” or “it is as though he has taken my crown off my head” -19:10 tiq1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor He has broken me down on every side 0 Job speaks of God ruining him as if Job were building that God is smashing down. Alternate translation: “He has ruined me in every way” or “He has attacked me in every way” -19:10 r4pd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I am gone 0 The metaphor “being gone” represents being completely destroyed. Alternate translation: “I am completely destroyed” -19:10 jd8w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile he has pulled up my hope like a tree 0 Job speaks of God causing Job not to have hope as if Job’s hope were a tree that God has pulled with its roots out of the ground. Alternate translation: “he has completely taken away all my hope” or “because of what he has done, I can no longer hope for anything good” -19:10 v64y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile like a tree 0 This simile is also an ellipsis. You may need to supply the omitted words. Alternate translation: “the way a man pulls a tree up by its roots” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -19:11 p3my rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor He has also kindled his wrath against me 0 Job speaks of God’s wrath as if it were a fire. Alternate translation: “God has also lit a fire of anger against me” or “God has also become very angry with me” -19:11 p3pk he regards me as one of his adversaries 0 Alternate translation: “he thinks of me as an enemy” -19:12 wkz6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor His troops come on together 0 Job speaks of God attacking him as if Job was a city and God was sending an army to attack it. Alternate translation: “God sends his army to attack me” -19:12 z3lb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor they cast up siege mounds against me 0 Job speaks of God attacking him as if Job was a city and God’s army was piling up dirt against the city wall in order to climb over the wall and attack the city. Alternate translation: “the soldiers pile up dirt in order to climb over my wall” -19:12 fg89 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor encamp around my tent 0 Job speaks of God attacking him as if Job was in his tent and God’s army was camping around him and preparing to attack him. Alternate translation: “they camp around my tent and prepare to attack me” -19:13 zk2b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor He has put my brothers far from me 0 Being “far from” someone represents being unwilling to relate to him or help him. Alternate translation: “God has caused my brothers to stay away from me” or “God caused my brothers to refuse to help me” -19:13 iv61 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive my acquaintances are wholly alienated from me 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “my acquaintances have alienated themselves from me” or “my friends treat me like a stranger” -19:14 m425 My kinsfolk have failed me 0 Alternate translation: “My relatives have left me without help” -19:14 m7pr my close friends 0 Alternate translation: “my intimate friends” -19:14 l2e7 have forgotten me 0 “have abandoned me” or “have neglected me.” This means that they refuse to treat him according to how he and they had related to each other in the past. It implies that they abandoned him. -19:15 kz75 regard me 0 Alternate translation: “consider me” -19:15 y376 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I am an alien in their sight 0 Job describes how people now think of him as an outsider. Here sight represents judgement or evaluation. Alternate translation: “they think of me as a foreigner” -19:16 x8ak but he gives me no answer 0 “but he does not respond to me” or “but he does not come to me.” The answer is a response to Job’s call. -19:16 hds8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy although I entreat him with my mouth 0 The phrase “my mouth” is a metonym which refers to Job speaking. Alternate translation: “even though I speak to him and plead with him” -19:16 h3pa entreat him 0 Alternate translation: “plead with him” -19:17 dgg7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy My breath is offensive to my wife 0 Here “breath” represents the smell of his breath. If something is offensive to someone, it means that he hates it. Alternate translation: “My wife hates the smell of my breath” -19:17 ufr3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit those who were born from my mother’s womb 0 Job refers to his brothers and sisters this way to imply that they are people who should love him. The full meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: “my own brothers who should love me” or “my brothers and sisters who should love me” -19:18 wi94 despise me 0 Alternate translation: “hate me” or “detest me” -19:18 fp7g they speak against me 0 Alternate translation: “they ridicule me” or “they make fun of me” -19:19 uf7f All my familiar friends 0 “All my closest friends” or “All of my friends with whom I shared my secrets.” This refers to his closest friends. -19:19 c1c6 abhor me 0 Alternate translation: “think I am disgusting” -19:19 t7hn have turned against me 0 Alternate translation: “have betrayed me” -19:20 lt45 My bones cling to my skin and to my flesh 0 “I am just skin and bones” or “My skin sticks to my bones.” Job speaks of his bones, skin, and flesh to describe his appearance. He was extremely thin, and people could easily see the shape of his bones. Some languages have idioms for this. -19:20 ud4z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom I survive only by the skin of my teeth 0 This idiom means that he is barely surviving, that he almost does not survive. Alternate translation: “I am barely alive” or “I hardly survive” -19:21 ux63 Have pity upon me 0 Alternate translation: “Have compassion on me” -19:21 tbg5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy for the hand of God has touched me 0 Here “touched me” is a metonym for “hit me.” And, “hand” represents God’s power. Causing Job to suffer is spoken of as if Yahweh were physically hitting him with his hand. Alternate translation: “because God has afflicted me” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -19:22 g28h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Why do you pursue me … God does? 0 Job uses this question to complain about how his friends are treating him. Alternate translation: “Do not persecute me … God does!” -19:22 c296 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Will you ever be satisfied with my flesh? 0 Job uses this question to complain about how his friends are treating him. Alternate translation: “You have consumed my flesh enough!” or “Stop consuming my flesh!” -19:22 y17f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Will you ever be satisfied with my flesh? 0 Job speaks of his friends speaking so cruelly to him as if they were wild beasts eating up another animal. Alternate translation: “Stop violently slandering me.” or “Stop attacking me with your words.” -19:23 r9n7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations Oh, that my words were now written down 0 This exclamation tells what Job wishes for. It can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I wish that someone would write down my words” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -19:23 llm4 my words 0 Alternate translation: “what I am saying” -19:23 ti7g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations Oh, that they were inscribed in a book 0 This exclamation tells what Job wishes for. It can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I wish that someone would write them in a book” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -19:24 a2et rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations Oh, that with an iron pen and lead they were engraved in the rock forever 0 This exclamation tells what Job wishes for. It can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I wish that someone would use an iron pen and lead to carve them in the rock forever” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -19:24 gz9c an iron pen 0 “an iron chisel.” This was a tool used for writing. It was made of iron so that people could carve words in rock. -19:24 nd22 lead 0 Lead is a soft metal. We do not know how people used lead when carving rock. They may have filled the letters of the inscription with lead in order to make the inscription last longer. -19:25 q57z my Redeemer 0 “My Defender.” Here “Redeemer” refers to a person who will rescue Job by proving Job’s innocence, restoring his honor, and giving him justice. -19:25 yy3q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy at last he will stand on the earth 0 This refers to standing to speak in court. This could mean: (1) the Redeemer will be the last one to speak in the court. Alternate translation: “he will judge whether or not I am guilty” or (2) the Redeemer will stand in this final court to defend Job. Alternate translation: “at last he will defend me in court” -19:26 t5gt after my skin … is destroyed 0 Possible meanings are that this refers to: (1) his body being destroyed by disease or (2) his body decaying after he has died. -19:26 p2pl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy in my flesh I will see God 0 His flesh represents his body, and “in my flesh” represents being alive. Alternate translation: “while I live in my body, I will see God” -19:27 m1wt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche my own eyes—I, and not someone else 0 The synecdoche “my own eyes” represents Job. The phrases “my eyes” and “and not someone else” emphasize that Job himself will actually see God. It is not that someone else will see God and tell Job about him. -19:27 c3pc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor My heart fails within me 0 People thought of the heart as being where the emotions are. So the heart failing represents him having very many emotions. Alternate translation: “I am very emotional about it” or “My emotions overwhelm me as I think about that” -19:27 k566 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit My heart fails within me 0 This could mean: (1) Job feels very hopeful, thankful, and happy or (2) Job feels exhausted waiting to see his Redeemer. -19:28 np8p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations How we will persecute him! 0 This is an exclamation. This could mean: (1) that they will certainly persecute Job or (2) that they will persecute him severely. -19:28 ddd3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The root of his troubles lies in him 0 The “root” represents the source. Alternate translation: “He is the source of all his troubles” or “He has all these troubles because of what he has done” -19:29 tw35 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy then be afraid of the sword 0 Possible meanings are that the sword represents: (1) God judging them. Alternate translation: “then be afraid that God will judge you” or (2) God killing them. Alternate translation: “then be afraid that God will kill you” -19:29 t8gg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns because wrath brings the punishment of the sword 0 The abstract nouns “wrath” and “punishment” can be expressed with the adjective “angry” and the verb “punish.” This could mean: (1) God’s anger results in punishment. Alternate translation: “because God will be angry with you and punish you” or (2) the anger of Job’s friends results in punishment. Alternate translation: “because if you are so angry with me, God will punish you” -19:29 yy9j brings 0 Alternate translation: “causes” or “results in” -19:29 n1i1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns there is a judgment 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **judgment**, you can express the same idea with the verb “judge.” Alternate translation: “God judges people” -20:intro p78g 0 # Job 20 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This chapter is the advice of Job’s friend, Zophar. His words in this chapter are much stronger than when he previously spoke, and he is even angry at Job. He claims that Job took advantage of the poor and is being punished for it.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Zophar’s advice\nZophar tells Job to curse Yahweh. The advice Zophar gives to Job is bad advice. He tries to convince Job that he is sinning and has been punished by Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Metaphors\n\nThere are many metaphors used in this chapter. Zophar uses them to explain the temporary nature of life and riches. He also uses them to describe God’s punishment of Job. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -20:1 p292 0 # General Information:\n\nZophar replies to Job. -20:1 chh1 Zophar the Naamathite 0 See how you translated this man’s name in [Job 2:11](../02/11.md). Since this is the second time that Zophar speaks, some translations omit “the Naamathite” here. -20:2 eef1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor My thoughts make me answer quickly 0 The idea of Zophar’s thoughts making him do something represents his strong desire to do something. Alternate translation: “I want very much to answer you quickly” -20:2 wy6h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns because of the worry that is in me 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **worry**, you can express the same idea with the adjective “worried.” The reason for the worry can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “because I am very worried about you” or “because I am very worried because of what you said” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -20:3 m5c5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns I hear a rebuke that dishonors me 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **rebuke**, you can express the same idea with the verb “rebuke.” Alternate translation: “I hear you rebuke me, and what you say dishonors me” or “You insult me by how you rebuke me” -20:3 y21q a spirit from my understanding answers me 0 Here “spirit” probably refers to a thought or idea. Alternate translation: “a thought from my understanding answers me” -20:3 pk2s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification a spirit from my understanding answers me 0 This “spirit” or thought is spoken of as if it were a person that could answer Zophar. Alternate translation: “I have a thought from my understanding, and now I know what I wanted to know” -20:3 dt4l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit a spirit from my understanding answers me 0 The content of the answer can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “a thought from my understanding answers me about how I can reply to you” or “I have a thought from my understanding, and now I know how I can reply to you” -20:3 dha7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns a spirit from my understanding answers me 0 The abstract nouns “spirit” and “understanding” can be expressed with the verbs “think” and “understand.” Alternate translation: “because I understand things, I have thought, and now I know how I can reply to you” -20:4 um5p Do you not know this fact from ancient times … man on earth 0 Zophar begins a rhetorical question to cause Job to think deeply about what he will now say. -20:5 cr4t Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nZophar finishes the rhetorical question he began in verse 4. -20:5 nhc5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion the triumph … for a moment? 0 Zophar uses a rhetorical question to cause Job to think deeply about what he will now say. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. “Surely you know … man on earth; the triumph … for a moment.” -20:5 ubq8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns the triumph of a wicked man is short 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **triumph**, you can express the same idea with the verbs “triumph” or “celebrate.” Alternate translation: “the wicked man triumphs only a short time” or “the wicked person celebrates for only a little while” -20:5 u62f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns the joy of a godless man lasts only for a moment 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **joy**, you can express the same idea with the verb “rejoice” or the adjective “happy.” The word “moment” is an exaggeration to emphasize that the time is very short. Alternate translation: “a godless man rejoices for only a moment” or “the godless man is happy for only a very short time” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -20:6 jjd5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns Though his height reaches up to the heavens 0 “Though the wicked person’s height reaches up to the heavens.” If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **height**, you can express the same idea with the adjective “tall.” Alternate translation: “Though he is as tall as the heavens” -20:6 v8z8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Though his height reaches up to the heavens 0 The wicked man’s height represents either his reputation or his pride. Also, here “reaches up to the heavens” represents being very great. Alternate translation: “Though his reputation is great” or “Though his pride is great” -20:6 by93 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor his head reaches to the clouds 0 “and though his head is as high as the clouds.” This also represents his reputation or pride being great. This means the same as the previous phrase. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -20:7 b9xv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile will perish permanently like his own feces 0 Feces mixes in with the ground and disappears. The reference to feces may also imply that the wicked person is worthless. Alternate translation: “will perish permanently like his feces, which completely disappears in the ground” -20:7 x122 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile will perish permanently like his own feces 0 If people are embarrassed about the word feces, translators may refer to something else that disappears completely. Alternate translation: “will disappear permanently like dust that the wind blows away” -20:8 sfs4 He will 0 Alternate translation: “The wicked person will” -20:8 rep3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism He will fly away like a dream … he will be chased away like a vision of the night 0 Here “fly away” and “be chased away” represent disappearing. They may also imply being forgotten, since dreams and visions disappear when people forget them. Alternate translation: “He will disappear like a dream … he will be forgotten like a vision of the night” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -20:8 byk9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive will not be found 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “no one will find him” -20:9 xu8t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche The eye that saw him 0 The eye represents a person. Alternate translation: “Anyone who saw him” or “The people who saw him” -20:9 x7cu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy his place 0 The phrase “his place” represents those who live in his place. Alternate translation: “the people who live in his place” or “his family” -20:10 v5ee His children 0 Alternate translation: “The wicked person’s children” -20:10 lji7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy his hands will have to give back his wealth 0 Here the word “hands” refers to the wicked man’s children. When he dies, his children will have to return everything that he took from others. -20:11 re6y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche His bones are full of youthful strength 0 The word “bones” represents his body. Being “full of youthful strength” represents being strong like a young person. Alternate translation: “His body is strong like a young person’s body” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -20:11 je7r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy but it will lie down with him in the dust 0 The word “it” refers to his youthful strength. The metonym “lie down … in the dust” represents dying. The strength dying is a metaphor for disappearing. Alternate translation: “but his youthful strength will die with him” or “but his youthful strength will disappear when he dies” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -20:12 w36z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Although wickedness is sweet in his mouth 0 Here “wickedness is sweet” represents a person enjoying doing wicked things. Alternate translation: “Although doing wicked things is pleasurable like tasting sweet food in the mouth” -20:12 nj4p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor although he hides it under his tongue 0 Zophar speaks of wickedness as if it were sweet food that a person puts under his tongue so it will stay in his mouth and he can taste it for a long time. -20:13 d1n2 he holds it there and does not let it go but keeps it still in his mouth 0 Zophar speaks of wickedness as if it were sweet food that a person puts under his tongue so it will stay in his mouth and he can taste it for a long time. (See: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor) -20:14 n7jw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the food in his intestines turns bitter 0 When food turns bitter in the stomach, it causes pain and a bitter taste. This is a metaphor for a person experiencing the painful consequences of doing wicked things. Alternate translation: “those wicked things become like food that has turned bitter in the stomach” or “the consequences of those wicked things are painful like food that becomes sour in the stomach” -20:14 zrn4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor it becomes the poison of asps inside him 0 This image is even worse than sour food in the stomach. This is a metaphor for a person experiencing the terrible consequences of doing wicked things. Alternate translation: “the consequences of doing those wicked things are painful like the poison of asps inside him” -20:14 lnj1 asps 0 poisonous snakes -20:15 hs62 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor He swallows down riches … cast them out of his stomach 0 Zophar speaks of gaining and losing wealth as if it were food that a person eats and vomits. Alternate translation: “The wicked person becomes very wealthy, but he loses his wealth like a person who vomits up his food. God causes him to lose it all” -20:15 r51k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor He swallows down riches 0 Here, **swallows down riche** could mean: (1) accumulating riches and storing them selfishly. Alternate translation: “The wicked man gains much wealth and keeps it all for himself” or (2) accumulating riches in wicked ways. Alternate translation: “The wicked man steals many riches” -20:15 t47g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy God will cast them out of his stomach 0 Here “cast them out of his stomach” is a metonym for causing the man to vomit them. This is a metaphor for causing the man to lose his riches. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -20:15 iu2m cast 0 throw -20:16 l7yk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor He will suck the poison of asps 0 Here “suck the poison of asps” represents doing evil things. Both are very dangerous. Alternate translation: “Doing evil things is like sucking the poison of asps” or “He will do evil things and endanger his life like a person who sucks the poison of asps” -20:16 dg2b asps 0 poisonous snakes -20:16 m2pa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the viper’s tongue will kill him 0 The viper is a poisonous snake. Its tongue represents its poisonous bite. Alternate translation: “the viper’s poisonous bite will kill him” or “the viper will bite him and he will die” -20:16 rf6c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the viper’s tongue will kill him 0 The viper represents the man’s wickedness. Alternate translation: “his wickedness will kill him like a viper’s bite” -20:17 nb52 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the streams, the torrents of honey and butter 0 “Streams” and “torrents” are metaphors that represent abundance. “Honey” and “butter” are metonyms that represent the good things that God gives people. Alternate translation: “the abundance of good things that God gives his people” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -20:18 th8a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the fruit of his labor 0 Normally “the fruit of his labor” simply refers to the results of his labor. In this case it refers to the things the wicked man had stolen. Alternate translation: “the things he had worked to get” or “the things he had stolen” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -20:18 w9e5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor will not be able to eat it 0 Here “to eat” the fruit of his labor represents enjoying the things he had stolen. Alternate translation: “will not be able to enjoy them” -20:21 e2vt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives There is nothing left that he did not devour 0 This can be reworded with only one of the negatives. Alternate translation: “He devoured everything, and there is nothing left” or “There is nothing left because he devoured everything” -20:21 zi35 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor There is nothing left that he did not devour 0 Here “devour” represents taking things for himself. Alternate translation: “There is nothing left that he did not take for himself” or “He took everything for himself, and there is nothing left” -20:22 k3n2 he will fall into trouble 0 Alternate translation: “he will suddenly experience trouble” -20:22 tq3y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the hand of everyone who is in poverty will come against him 0 Here “hand” represents power, and “hand … will come against him” represents people attacking him. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **poverty**, you can express the same idea with the adjective “poor.” Alternate translation: “everyone who is in poverty will attack him” or “everyone who is poor will attack him” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -20:23 d4yy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy to fill his stomach 0 Here “fill his stomach” is a metonym meaning eat a lot. -20:23 kha9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor God will throw the fierceness of his wrath on him 0 The “fierceness of his wrath” represents God’s anger and punishment. Throwing the punishment on him represents punishing him severely. Alternate translation: “God will be angry and throw down his punishment on him” or “God will be angry and punish him severely” -20:23 i6l2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor God will rain it down on him 0 “God will cause it to rain down on him.” Here “rain it down on him” represents causing much punishment to happen to the man. Alternate translation: “God will punish him severely” -20:24 x5uw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy will flee from the iron weapon 0 The iron weapon represents the person carrying it. Alternate translation: “will flee from the person carrying an iron weapon” -20:24 kj9m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy a bow of bronze will shoot him 0 The bow represents the person who shoots an arrow with it. Alternate translation: “someone with a bronze bow will shoot him” -20:25 x7rq liver 0 This is a large and important part of the body. If someone shoots through it with an arrow, the person who is shot will die. -20:25 puf6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Terrors come over him 0 He will suddenly become very afraid. Alternate translation: “he is terrified” -20:26 w5yg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Complete darkness is reserved for his treasures 0 “Complete darkness” here is a metaphor for destruction. Alternate translation: “Destruction is reserved for his treasures” or “His treasures will be destroyed” -20:26 syj5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor a fire not fanned will devour him 0 Here “devour” is a metaphor meaning destroy. Alternate translation: “a fire that is not fanned will destroy him” -20:26 w47r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit a fire not fanned will devour him 0 The phrase “not fanned” implies that no human will start the fire. Rather, God will cause the fire. Alternate translation: “a fire that is not started by humans will destroy him” or “God will cause a fire to destroy him” -20:26 qsw9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor it will consume 0 Here “consume” is a metaphor meaning destroy. Alternate translation: “the fire will destroy” -20:27 v1vg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy The heavens … the earth 0 Possible meanings are: (1) those who live in the heavens and the earth or (2) Zophar is describing the heavens and the earth as if they are humans who will testify in court against the wicked person. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -20:28 pfc3 0 # General Information:\n\nThis concludes Zophar’s speech to Job. -20:28 u2v7 vanish 0 disappear -20:28 r6s5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor his goods will flow away on 0 Here “flow away” represents being taken away from him. Alternate translation: “his goods will be taken away from him, like goods that float away in a flood, on” -20:28 wi73 his goods 0 Alternate translation: “his possessions” -20:28 e2e8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the day of God’s wrath 0 Here “wrath” represents punishment. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **wrath**, you can express the same idea with the verb punish. Alternate translation: “the day when God punishes people” -20:29 d9w5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor This is the wicked man’s portion from God 0 Here “portion from God” represents what God has decided should happen to someone. It is spoken of as if it were something that God would give him. Alternate translation: “This is what God has decided should happen to the wicked man” -20:29 a1s8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the heritage reserved for him by God 0 This represents what God has decided should happen to someone. It is spoken of as if it were something that God would give him as an inheritance. Alternate translation: “what God has planned to give to him” or “what God has planned should happen to him” +16:intro j3zc 0 # Job 16 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter is the beginning of Job’s response to Eliphaz’s second speech. In verses 1–6, Job complains that his friends have not helped him with their advice. In verses 7–22, Job describes how he feels God has made him suffer. Job briefly addresses God directly in verses 7 and 8.\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is poetry.\n\n## Special Concepts in This Chapter\n\n### “witness,” “advocate,” and “intercessor”\n\n In verses 19–21, Job describes the need for someone to plead his case to God in heaven. This is likely the same figure whom Job calls his “redeemer” in [19:25](../19/25.md). Although Job does not seem to be giving a prophecy knowingly about the Messiah, the role that he describes closely parallels the way that Jesus intercedes for people in heaven. He says that such a person would testify that he had not done wrong (be his “witness”), take his side (be his “advocate”), and plead with God not to punish him (be his “intercessor”). In your translation, use words that describe someone in your culture who does these things for another person. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/intercede]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/testimony]])\n\n## Translation Issues in This Chapter\n\n Variation between singular and plural “you”\n\nIn verses 1–8, Job sometimes uses the singular form of “you” to address either Eliphaz or God and he sometimes uses the plural form of “you” to address all three of his friends together. Notes identify which form he is using in each instance so that you can use the appropriate form in your translation if your language marks a distinction between singular and plural “you.” +16:2 j497 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular all of you 1 As the context suggests, the word **you** is plural here because Job is using it to refer to his three friends. So use the plural form in your translation if your language marks that distinction. +16:2 t7wj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession comforters of trouble 1 Job is not using this possessive form not to say that his friends are providing comfort to **trouble**. He is using the form to say that in their attempts to be his **comforters**, they are causing him further trouble. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “troublesome counselors” +16:3 p7ga rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion {Is there} an end to words of wind? Or what compels you that you answer? 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate these questions as statements or as exclamations. Alternate translation: “I wish that you would stop speaking these words of wind! I do not think anything compels you to answer.” +16:3 g4tp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor to words of wind 1 Job is answering Eliphaz with his own words. See how you translated the similar expression in [15:2](../15/02.md). Alternate translation: “to insubstantial words” or “to such bluster” +16:3 j498 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular you answer 1 The word **you** is singular here because Job is using it to refer only to Eliphaz, who has just spoken to him. So use the singular form in your translation if your language marks that distinction. +16:4 j499 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche if your souls were where my soul is 1 Job is using one part of himself and his friends, their **souls**, to mean all of them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “if you were in my place” +16:4 j500 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular like you & your souls & against you & at you 1 The word **you** is plural in each of these instances because Job is using it to refer to his three friends. So use the plural form in your translation if your language marks that distinction. +16:4 mg21 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy I would join words together 1 Job is using the term **words** to mean the things that he would say by using words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I would say one thing after another” +16:4 bv7s rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction and I would shake my head at you 1 To **shake** the **head** at someone is a symbolic action indicating disapproval. This action may have the same meaning in your culture. If not, your culture may have a comparable gesture that you can use in your translation. Alternate translation: “and I would point my finger at you” +16:5 j501 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony I would strengthen you with my mouth, and the moving of my lips would relieve {you} 1 For emphasis, Job is saying the opposite of what he means. He does not feel that his friends actually have been strengthening him or relieving him. If a speaker of your language would not say the opposite of what he means for emphasis, in your translation you could indicate what Job actually means. Alternate translation: “I would say things such as you have been saying, thinking that I was strengthening and comforting you, even though saying such things would actually make you feel worse, as you have been making me feel worse” +16:4 i21i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular I would strengthen you 1 The word **you** is plural here because Job is using it to refer to his three friends. So use the plural form in your translation if your language marks that distinction. +16:5 dvh6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy with my mouth, and the moving of my lips 1 Job is using the terms **mouth** and **lips** by association to mean speaking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “by what I said, and the things that I spoke” +16:6 vjz7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive my pain is not relieved 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that does not relieve my pain” +16:6 s8sf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion what goes from me? 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “that does not make the pain go away” +16:7 t7qh rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns he has exhausted me 1 The pronoun **he** most likely refers to God, since the following pronoun **you** seems clearly to address God. Job seems to be referring to God in the third person in order to make a transition from speaking to his friends, and he then seems to be addressing God directly in the second person. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “you, God, have exhausted me” +16:7 mrz6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular you have devastated 1 The word **you** is singular here because Job is using it to refer to God. So use the singular form in your translation if your language marks that distinction. +16:8 pz4y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification and you have shriveled me— it has become a witness, and my leanness rises up against me, it testifies against my face. 1 Job is speaking as if his **shriveled** condition, his **leanness**, were a living thing that was serving as a **witness** and testifying against him. He means that people consider him to be guilty of sin because they believe that God is punishing him with a sickness that has made him lose weight. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and because you have afflicted me with a sickness that has made me emaciated, people consider that to be evidence that I have sinned” +16:8 z1f4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular and you have shriveled me 1 The word **you** is singular here because Job is using it to refer to God. So use the singular form in your translation if your language marks that distinction. +16:8 wiw6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche against my face 1 Here the word **face** could mean: (1) Job himself, using one part of him to represent all of him. Alternate translation: “against me” (2) Job’s reputation as a righteous person, in a specific sense of the word **face**. Alternate translation: “against my good reputation” +16:9 a6fe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he has torn {me} and he has attacked me 1 Job is speaking as if God were literally a wild animal that had **attacked** and **torn** him. If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as a comparison. Alternate translation: “he has been like a wild animal tearing and attacking me” +16:9 crc6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure he has torn {me} and he has attacked me 1 Since a wild animal would attack its prey before tearing it, it might be more natural to reverse the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “he has attacked me and he has torn me” +16:9 j503 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction he gnashes his teeth against me 1 This action expresses strong anger. If there is a similar gesture in your culture, you could consider using it here in your translation. You could also indicate the meaning of this gesture. Alternate translation: “he is so angry at me that he grinds his teeth together” +16:9 c555 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor sharpens his eyes against me 1 Job is speaking as if God, whom he believes is acting towards him as an **enemy**, were literally sharpening his **eyes**, the way one would sharpen a sword in order to use it dangerously as a weapon. He means that God is focusing his eyes intently on him to recognize ways to attack him further and to ensure that he does not escape. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “focuses his eyes intently on me” +16:10 i21w rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction They have gaped at me with their mouth 1 Opening the mouth wide at someone was a symbolic action that expressed ridicule. If there is a similar gesture in your culture, you could consider using it here in your translation. You could also indicate the meaning of this gesture. Alternate translation: “They open their mouths wide at me in order to ridicule me” +16:10 j504 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns with their mouth 1 Since Job is speaking of many people, it may be more natural in your language to use the plural form of **mouth**. Alternate translation: “with their mouths” +16:11 mm84 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the hands of 1 Here, **hands** represents the power and control that people have over something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the power of” +16:11 j505 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the wicked 1 Job is using the adjective **wicked** as a noun to mean a certain group of people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “wicked people” +16:11 zm7g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he throws me 1 Job is speaking as if God were literally throwing him **into the hands of the wicked**. He means that God is abandoning him to whatever it is that wicked people would want to do to him. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he abandons me” +16:12 t8kc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor but he has shattered me, yes, he has seized my neck and shaken me to pieces 1 Job is speaking as if God has literally **shattered** him, breaking him into many parts, and **seized** his neck and **shaken** him **to pieces**. He means that God has destroyed everything important in his life—his possessions, his family, and his health. If it would be clearer in your language, you could express this as a comparison, as the UST does, or you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but he has destroyed my possessions, my family, and my health” +16:12 nt7z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor And he has set me up as a target for him 1 Job is speaking as if God has literally **set** him **up as a target**. (He continues this image in the first line of the next verse.) He means that it seems as if God has harmed him very intentionally. If it would be clearer in your language, you could express this as a comparison, as the UST does, or you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Yes, it seems as if he has harmed me very intentionally” +16:13 kx4d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor his archers have surrounded me 1 Job is speaking as if **archers** whom God commands have literally **surrounded** him. He means that God has caused him to experience many different troubles. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly, as long as you also used plain language in the last sentence of the previous verse. Alternate translation: “he has caused me to experience many troubles” +16:13 j506 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns He pierces & and he does not spare & he pours 1 The pronouns **He** and **he** refer to God. Job means that God is doing these things through the symbolic **archers** that he describes in the previous sentence. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use plural pronouns to show that this is a continuation of the image of the archers. Alternate translation: “They pierce my kidneys and do not spare; they pour my bile on the ground” +16:13 j507 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit He pierces my kidneys and he does not spare; he pours my bile on the ground 1 Job means implicitly that these archers are seeking mercilessly to kill him by shooting their arrows into his vital organs. (By saying that God **pours** his **bile** on the **ground**, Job means that God’s archers have pierced his liver as well as his **kidneys**, since the liver produces bile and that fluid would spill out of the body if the liver were pierced.) You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “They are seeking mercilessly to kill me by shooting their arrows into my vital organs” +16:13 e7bp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor He pierces my kidneys and he does not spare; he pours my bile on the ground. 1 Job does not mean that arrows have literally pierced his **kidneys** and liver. He is continuing the image of the archers to indicate that it feels to him as if God is mercilessly trying to kill him in a way that he could not possibly survive. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “It feels to me as if God is mercilessly trying to kill me in a way that I could not possibly survive” +16:14 lx7f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor He breaches me, breach upon the face of breach 1 Job is speaking as if he were a defensive wall around a city and God was smashing openings or breaches in that wall. He means that the continual sufferings that he is experiencing are making him less and less able to be resilient. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “He causes me continual sufferings that are making me less and less resilient” +16:14 j508 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom breach upon the face of breach 1 This expression could mean: (1) that God is smashing openings in many different places in this wall (which represents Job). Alternate translation, if you choose to represent the image in your translation: “smashing openings in many different places in my wall” (2) that after succeeding in smashing an opening in this wall, God smashes repeatedly in the same place to make that opening bigger. Alternate translation: “ever enlarging the opening in my wall” +16:14 r9md rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he runs against me like a warrior 1 Job is speaking as if God were literally running against him the way a **warrior** would run to attack an enemy soldier. Job is answering Eliphaz with his own words. In [15:26](../15/26.md), Eliphaz used the same image to describe how wicked people oppose God. If you used the image or represented it as a comparison in your translation in that verse, you may wish to translate the corresponding image here in the same way. If you used plain language there, you could use similar language here. Alternate translation: “he opposes me very forcefully” +16:15 cnt2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I have sewn sackcloth on my skin 1 Job is speaking as if he had literally **sewn** sackcloth onto his **skin**. He could mean: (1) that he is continually in mourning, as if he wore sackcloth (a sign of mourning) so frequently that it seemed to be **sewn** onto his skin. Alternate translation: “I am continually in mourning” (2) that he actually has been wearing sackcloth (although the narrative at the beginning of the book does not say so) and it has stuck to his skin because of his boils, as if it were sewn to his skin. Alternate translation: “The sackcloth I have been wearing in grief has stuck to my skin” +16:15 hil8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I have thrust my horn into the dust 1 People in the biblical culture used the **horn** of an animal to represent strength and honor. When they did, they would speak of humans as if they had horns like animals. For example, [Psalm 112:9](../psa/112/09.md) says of the person who fears Yahweh, “His horn rises high in honor.” Job is using the image in the opposite way to say that he is suffering disgrace. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I am suffering great disgrace” +16:16 l1id rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy and on my eyelids {is} a dark shadow 1 Job is describing the fact that he has not been sleeping well, by association with the way that dark circles form around the eyes of someone who lacks sleep. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and I have dark circles around my eyes from lack of sleep” +16:17 cs74 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche violence {is} not in my hands 1 Job is using one part of himself, his **hands**, to mean all of him in the potential act of committing **violence**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I have not committed any violence” +16:17 j509 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor {is} pure 1 Job is speaking as if his prayer were literally **pure**, that is, as if it were a physical substance that had nothing else mixed in. He means that when he prays, he means just what he says and he has no other motives other than sincerely speaking with God. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is sincere” +16:18 xf2z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe Earth, do not conceal my blood 1 Job is speaking to something that he knows cannot hear him, the **Earth**. He is doing that to show in a strong way how he feels about what has been happening to him. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly Alternate translation: “I hope that when I die, my blood will remain visible on the earth” +16:18 aj18 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Earth, do not conceal my blood 1 Job is speaking as if he were literally going to be murdered and as if his **blood** were going to fall to the ground and soak into the earth unless something prevented that. He means that he is like the victim of a deadly crime in that he deserves justice but there is a risk that he will not receive it. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I want to receive justice for what is happening to me” +16:18 bg2u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe and may {there} not be a {hiding} place for my cry 1 It is likely that Job is continuing to address the **Earth** in this part of the verse. Once again he is doing that in order to show in a strong way how he feels about what has been happening to him. Job is speaking as if the earth could hear him and as if it could make sure that none of its locations would provide a **place** for anyone to hide Job’s **cry** so that it was not answered. The context makes clear that this is a cry for justice. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly Alternate translation: “and I hope that my cry for justice is answered and not hidden” +16:19 z7js rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit my witness {is} in the heavens, and my advocate {is} in the heights 1 See the discussion in the General Notes to this chapter to decide how to translate the terms **witness** and **advocate**, which both describe the same person, someone whom Job expects will intercede for him in heaven. Alternate translation: “the person who has taken my side is pleading my case to God in heaven” +16:20 b5wz rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-plural My intercessors {are} my friends 1 This could mean: (1) that Job has a single individual in mind here, the one he called his “witness” and “advocate” in the previous verse. While the terms **intercessors** and **friends** are plural, it seems Job could be using plural forms to indicate an indefinite individual. Your language may use plural forms in the same way. If not, you could express the meaning in another way. Alternate translation: “There is a certain intercessor who is my friend” (2) that Job is saying that by contrast with the way this “witness” and “advocate” will take his side, his friends have been scoffing at him. The word translated **intercessors** can also mean “scoffers” (although Job uses it again in [33:23](../33/23.md) to mean “intercessor”). Alternate translation: “My friends are scoffing at me” +16:20 v43g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche my eye weeps to God 1 Job is using one part of himself, his **eye**, to mean all of him in the act of weeping. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I am pleading tearfully to God for mercy” +16:21 izh8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person for a man 1 When he refers to a **man** in the first part of this verse, Job seems to be speaking about himself in the third person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate this in the first person. Alternate translation: “for me” +16:21 kk12 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis and a son of man for his neighbor 1 Job is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and a son of man argues for his neighbor” +16:21 j510 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases and a son of man for his neighbor 1 In this instance, Job is using the word **and** to say that the phrase it introduces is just as true as the previous phrase. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate this in your translation. Alternate translation: “just as a son of man argues for his neighbor” +16:21 j511 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations and a son of man with his neighbor 1 Although the terms **son** and **man** are masculine, Job is using phrase **a son of man** in a generic sense to mean “a human being.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a term in your language that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “just as one human being argues on behalf of another human being” +16:22 j512 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom years of number will come 1 Job is using the expression **years of number** to mean “a few years.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a few years will go by” +16:22 z81v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism and I will go {on} a path, I will not return 1 When Job says that he will **go** on a **path** and **not return**, he means that he will die. This is a mild way of referring to death. Your language may have a similar expression that you can use in your translation. You could also use plain language. Alternate translation: “and I will pass away” or “and then I will die” +17:intro rs6g 0 # Job 17 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter is the conclusion of Job’s response to Eliphaz’s second speech. Job expresses his disappointment with his friends’ advice, he asks Yahweh to help him, and he wishes that he had good things to hope for.\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is poetry. +17:1 j513 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole My spirit is destroyed, my days are extinguished 1 Job is making an overstatement when he says that his **spirit** has already been **destroyed** and his **days** have already been **extinguished**. He means that this is nearly the case. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “My spirit is nearly destroyed, my days are nearly extinguished” +17:1 j514 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive My spirit is destroyed, my days are extinguished 1 If your language does not use these passive forms, you could express the ideas in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “My troubles have nearly destroyed my spirit and extinguished my days” +17:1 c8r6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche My spirit 1 This could mean: (1) Job’s life. Job would be using one part of himself, his **spirit**, to mean all of him. Alternate translation: “My life” (2) Job’s strength and morale. Alternate translation: “My strength” or “My morale” +17:1 yjx4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom my days are extinguished 1 Job is using the term **days** to mean a specific period of time, his lifetime. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “my life is extinguished” +17:1 j515 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor my days are extinguished 1 Job is speaking as if his life were literally a flame that something had **extinguished** or snuffed out. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “my life is almost over” +17:1 j516 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-plural graves {are} for me 1 While the term **graves** is plural, it seems unlikely that Job means he will be buried in more than one grave. (1) Job could be using the plural form to indicate an indefinite thing. Your language may use plural forms in the same way. If not, you could express the meaning in another way. Alternate translation: “there is a grave ready for me somewhere” (2) Job could be speaking of a graveyard or cemetery by association with the way that such a place contains many **graves**. Alternate translation: “the graveyard is ready for me” +17:1 awv1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism graves {are} for me 1 Job is saying that **graves** are ready for him to mean that he will die soon. This is a mild way of referring to death. Your language may have a similar expression that you can use in your translation. Alternate translation: “soon I will die” +17:2 jf81 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom If {there are} not mockers with me? 1 Job is using the word **If** to introduce a question that anticipates a negative answer. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate this in your translation. Alternate translation: “There are mockers with me, are there not?” +17:2 z26q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion If {there are} not mockers with me? 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “Surely there are mockers with me!” +17:2 j517 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person If {there are} not mockers with me? 1 By **mockers**, Job most likely means his friends. He would be speaking of them in the third person even though they are present. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate this in the second person. Alternate translation: “All three of you have been mocking me!” +17:2 wp1h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche And on their provocations my eye lingers 1 Job is using one part of himself, his **eye**, to mean all of him in the act of seeing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation, using the second person: “Yes, all I can see is your provocations” +17:2 wr6q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns And on their provocations my eye lingers 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **provocations**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “Yes, all I can see is you provoking me” +17:2 j518 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit And on their provocations my eye lingers 1 The implication is that Job’s friends have only been provoking him, not comforting him, because otherwise he would be able to recognize their comfort. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “You have only been provoking me, not comforting me” +17:3 j519 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular Please set down, be surety for me with you 1 The word **you** and the implied “you” in the imperative **set** and in the imperative **be surety for** are singular because they refer to God. So use the singular form in your translation if your language marks that distinction. +17:3 fwk5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Please set down, be surety for me with you. 1 Job is speaking as if God would literally **set down**, that is, surrender to a court, something of value in order to guarantee Job’s appearance in court and good conduct. Job is similarly speaking as if God would literally **be surety** for him, that is, personally guarantee his appearance and conduct. Job speaks this way even though he says at the same time that God himself would be trying his case (that is the meaning of **with you**). Your culture may have a similar custom that you could use in your translation. You could also use plain language. Alternate translation: “Please put up a bond for me even as you try my case” +17:3 l8dv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Who {is} he {who} will strike himself to my hand? 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “No one else will strike himself to my hand” +17:3 j520 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction Who {is} he {who} will strike himself to my hand? 1 Job is speaking of one person striking his hand against a second person’s hand as a symbolic action in order to show that he was committing himself to serve as a guarantor for that second person. Your culture may have a similar practice that you can use in your translation, and you can also explain the significance of this action. Alternate translation: “No one else will shake hands with me to pledge that he will be my guarantor” +17:4 j521 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases For 1 Job is using the word **For** to explain the reason why he said in the previous verse that he believed no one else would be a guarantor for him. Alternate translation: “My friends will not be my guarantors because” +17:4 fbr7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you have covered their hearts from understanding 1 Job is speaking as if God had literally **hidden** the **hearts** of his friends somewhere where their hearts would not come in contact with **understanding**. Within the context of this image, Job is using the heart to represent the mind. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “for you have kept their minds from understanding” +17:4 y4ne rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit you will not exalt {them} 1 Job means implicitly that since God has kept his friends from understanding that he is innocent, God will not **exalt** or honor his friends by giving a guilty verdict against him, thereby vindicating what the friends have been saying. That would be allowing error to triumph. You could indicate that explicitly in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “you will not vindicate what they have been erroneously saying by giving a guilty verdict against me” +17:5 kb8z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche He {who} denounces friends for a reward, even the eyes of his sons will fail. 1 Job is using one thing that God does to maintain justice, punish those who commit perjury for a bribe, to represent all that God does to maintain justice. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “After all, you maintain justice by punishing people who corrupt court proceedings” +17:5 i5ps rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism even the eyes of his sons will fail 1 Job is speaking of how the **eyes** of people who are dying **fail** (no longer see) in order describe those people dying. This is a poetic way of speaking about death. Your language may have a similar expression that you can use in your translation. You could also use plain language. Alternate translation: “his sons will certainly die” +17:5 j522 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations his sons 1 Although the term **sons** is masculine, Job is using the word in a generic sense that includes both sons and daughters. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a term in your language that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “his children” +17:6 j523 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns But he has made me 1 The pronoun **he** refers to God. After briefly speaking directly to God in verses 3 and 4, Job now speaks of God once again in the third person. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “But God has made me” +17:6 kzr9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit a saying of the peoples 1 Job is using the word **saying** to mean that the **peoples** are citing him by name as an outstanding example of someone who seemed to be prospering because he was righteous but who came to ruin because he was actually wicked. Your language may have an expression for this practice of citing people by name as examples that you can use in your translation. Alternate translation: “a byword for the peoples” +17:6 me7l rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction and I have become a spitting in the face 1 People were **spitting** in Job’s **face** as a symbolic action to show their contempt for him as a wicked person, which he appeared to them to be. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the significance of this action. Alternate translation: “and people have even been spitting in my face to show their contempt for me because they think I am a wicked person” +17:7 a9ip rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy and my eye is dim from sorrow 1 Job is using the term **eye** by association to mean sight. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “because of my sorrow, I can only see dimly” +17:7 my86 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile {are} like a shadow 1 The point of this comparison is that just as a **shadow** is insubstantial, so Job’s **members**, that is, the parts of his body, have become very thin. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this point explicitly. Alternate translation: “have become as thin as a shadow” +17:8 g1f9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj The upright & and the innocent & the godless 1 Job is using the adjectives **upright**, **innocent**, and **godless** as nouns to mean certain kinds of people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate these words with equivalent phrases. Alternate translation: “Upright people … and innocent people … godless people” +17:9 j524 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj And the righteous & and the clean of hands 1 Job is using the adjectives **righteous** and **clean** as nouns to mean certain kinds of people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate these words with equivalent phrases. Alternate translation: “And righteous people & and people whose hands are clean” +17:9 r9ay rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor will hold his way 1 Job is speaking of how God wants a person to live, or of the future that God has planned for a person, as if that were a **way** or path that God wants the person to walk along. When Job says that the **righteous** will **hold** his way, he means that that person will continue to walk along that path. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will continue to live as God desires” +17:9 lqi9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor and the clean of hands 1 Job is speaking as if people who are innocent of wrongdoing have **hands** that are literally **clean**. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and innocent people” +17:9 lx6m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom will add strength 1 When Job says that innocent people **will add strength**, he means by this expression that they will continually grow stronger. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will grow stronger and stronger” +17:10 e43i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person all of them 1 Job is speaking about his friends in the third person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate this in the second person. Alternate translation: “all of you” +17:10 e7nv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys may you return, and come 1 This phrase may be expressing a single idea by using two words connected with **and**. The word **return** tells in what way Job wants his friends to **come**. He wants them to try speaking with him “again.” If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this meaning with an equivalent phrase that does not use “and.” Alternate translation: “come again” +17:10 j525 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj a wise {person} among you 1 Job is using the adjective **wise** as a noun to mean a certain kind of person. The ULT indicates this by adding the word **person**. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “anyone among you who is wise” +17:11 nba8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom My days have passed 1 Job is using the term **days** to refer to a specific time, his lifetime. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “My life is almost over” +17:11 j526 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive my plans are broken 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I will not be able to fulfill my plans” +17:11 f9nn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification the desires of my heart 1 Job is speaking of his **heart** as if it were a living thing that could have **desires**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the things that I deeply desired” +17:12 m8i8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor They change night into day 1 Job is speaking about troubled times in life as if they were literally **night** and happy, prosperous times in life as if they were literally **day**. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “They claim that what is happening to me is actually good” +17:12 m4j6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns They change 1 The pronoun **They** refers to Job’s friends. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “My friends change” +17:12 j527 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person They change 1 Job is speaking about his friends in the third person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate this in the second person. Alternate translation: “You, my friends, change” or “You change” +17:12 j528 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations Light is near from the face of darkness 1 Many interpreters believe that in this sentence, Job is summarizing what his friends have been telling him. You may wish to represent the sentence in your translation as a direct quotation. Alternate translation: “You say, ‘Light is near from the face of darkness’” +17:12 fif1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Light is near from the face of darkness 1 Here the word **face** represents the presence of something, by association with the way that people can see the face of a person who is present. Alternate translation: “Light is near from the presence of darkness” +17:12 j529 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs Light is near from the face of darkness 1 Job may be using a proverb, a short, popular saying about something that is generally true in life, to summarize what his friends have been telling him. Or his friends may have been quoting this proverb themselves in their advice to Job. Your language may have a similar saying that you can use in your translation. Alternate translation: “It’s always darkest before the dawn” +17:13 j530 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy in the darkness 1 Job is using the term **darkness** to mean the realm of the dead, Sheol, by association with the way that it is dark there. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in the realm of the dead” +17:13 h88c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche {if} in the darkness I have spread out my bed 1 Job is using the single activity of preparing a **bed** on which to sleep to mean all that is involved in making a place one’s home. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “if I have made my home in the realm of the dead” +17:14 j531 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes {if} I call to the pit, ‘You {are} my father,’ 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “if I tell the pit that it is my father” or “if I call the pit my father” +17:14 uwb3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy {if} I call to the pit, ‘You {are} my father,’ 1 If Job said this, he would be saying that **the pit** was his home, by association with the way that a person lives in the home of his **father**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “if I call to the pit, ‘You {are} my home’” +17:14 j532 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe {if} I call to the pit, ‘You {are} my father,’ 1 If Job did speak this way to **the pit**, that is, to the realm of the dead, he would be speaking to something that he knew could not hear and understand him in order to make an emphatic statement. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly Alternate translation: “if I said that the pit was certainly going to be my home” +17:14 j533 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis to the worm, ‘My mother’ or ‘My sister,’ 1 Job is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “or if I call to the worm and say, ‘You are my mother,’ or, ‘You are my sister’” +17:14 e6lb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy to the worm, ‘My mother’ or ‘My sister,’ 1 If Job said this to a **worm**, such as would be found in a grave, he would be saying that the grave was going to be his home, by association with the way that a person shares a home with his **mother** and **sister**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “or if I call to the worm, ‘I am going to share the grave with you’” or “or if I call to the worm, ‘I am going to be in a grave, just as you are’” +17:14 j534 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe to the worm, ‘My mother’ or ‘My sister,’ 1 If Job did speak this way to a **worm**, he would be speaking to something that he knew could not hear and understand him in order to make an emphatic statement. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly Alternate translation: “if I said that I was certainly going to be in a grave” +17:14 j535 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun to the worm 1 Job is not referring to a specific **worm**. He means any worm. Express this in the way that would be most natural in your language. Alternate translation: “to a worm” +17:14 nrr3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown to the worm 1 A **worm** is a small creature that burrows through the ground, passing the soil through its digestive system in order to extract the nutrients that it contains. Worms also pass whatever else they find underground through their digestive systems, including dead bodies. If your readers would not be familiar with what a worm is, in your translation you could use the name of a comparable creature in your culture, or you could use a general expression. Alternate translation: “to a small burrowing creature” +17:15 zb7d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion where then {would be} my hope? And my hope, who would see it? 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “then I would not have any real hope! No, I would not have any hope that anyone could see!” +17:15 j536 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns where then {would be} my hope? And my hope, who would see it? 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **hope**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “then I would not really have anything to hope for! No, I would not have anything to hope for that anyone could see!” +17:16 h77p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Will they descend to the bars of Sheol? If {our} rest {will be} together in the dust?” 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate these questions as statements or as exclamations. Alternate translation: “Then they would descend to the bars of Sheol! Then our rest would be together in the dust!” +17:16 j537 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-plural Will they descend 1 The pronoun **they** refers to the hope that Job described in the previous verse. Job may be using a plural term to speak of the hope that he said would not be and the hope that he said no one would see, even though this is basically the same hope. If it would be more natural in your language, you could use a singular pronoun in your translation. Alternate translation: “Will it descend” or, as a statement, “Then it would descend” +17:16 yx83 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy to the bars of Sheol 1 Job is using the term **bars** to mean “gates,” by association with the way that bars keep a gate locked. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to the gates of Sheol” +17:16 j538 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit to the bars of Sheol 1 Job means implicitly that if his hope went down to the **bars** or gates of Sheol, it would be admitted there. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “to Sheol and be admitted there” +17:16 z16e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism If {our} rest {will be} together in the dust 1 Job is speaking of having **rest** in the **dust** to mean “die.” This is a poetic way of referring to death. Your language may have a similar expression that you can use in your translation. Alternate translation: “Will we die together” or “Will my hope die with me” +17:16 ajw5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification If {our} rest {will be} together in the dust 1 Job is speaking of his hope as if it were a living thing that could have **rest**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Do I have nothing more to hope for in this life” +18:intro qk5f 0 # Job 18 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nIn this chapter, Job’s friend Bildad speaks to him for a second time. As Eliphaz did in his second speech to Job in chapter 15, Bildad speaks more strongly to Job in this speech than he did in his first speech. Using much of the same language that Job used in chapters 16 and 17, Bildad defends himself and the other two friends and warns Job that God will punish him severely if he continues to be wicked (as Bildad believes him to be).\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is poetry. +18:2 b4en rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Until when will you make ends of words 1 Bildad is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “You should make an end of words right now!” or “It is not helpful for you to keep saying such things!” +18:2 jpp1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Until when will you make ends of words 1 Bildad is using the term **words** to mean what Job has been saying by using words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Bildad is answering Job by using the same language that Job used in in [16:3](../16/03.md). See how you translated the expression “an end to words” there; **ends of words** here is a slight variation. Alternate translation: “For how long will you keep talking” +18:2 j539 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-plural will you make & Consider 1 The pronoun **you** and the implied “you” in the imperative “Consider” are plural. Bildad may be using these plural forms because he is answering Job in his own words and Job addressed “all of you” (meaning his three friends) when he asked in 16:3](../16/03.md), “Is there an end to words of wind?” Bildad could be portraying Job as representative of a group of people who think and speak as he does. If your language marks a distinction between singular and plural “you,” it may be more natural to use singular forms in your translation. +18:3 b16n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Why are we regarded as beasts, stupid in your eyes? 1 Bildad is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “We should not be regarded as beasts, stupid in your eyes!” +18:3 v7r1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Why are we regarded as beasts 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Why do you regard us as beasts” +18:3 j540 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile as beasts 1 Bildad is using this comparison to say that just as **beasts** have no understanding, so Job regards his friends as having no understanding. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this point explicitly. Alternate translation: “as beasts that have no understanding” +18:3 yk9u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy in your eyes 1 Bildad is using the term **eyes** by association to mean sight. Sight, in turn, represents attention, perspective, and judgment. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from your perspective” +18:3 pdy5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-plural your eyes 1 The word **your** is plural here, like the word “you” in the previous verse. Since Bildad is addressing Job, it may be more natural to use the singular form in your translation if your language marks that distinction. +18:4 zm4p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person The one tearing himself in his nose 1 Bildad is speaking about Job in the third person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate this in the second person. Alternate translation: “You who tear yourself in your nose” +18:4 j542 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit The one tearing himself in his nose 1 Bildad is continuing to answer Job in his own words. In [16:9](../16/09.md), Job spoke as if God were literally a wild animal that had **torn** him in his anger. Bildad is saying that it is actually Job who is tearing himself apart in his own anger. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “It is you who are tearing yourself apart in your anger” +18:4 ug9i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion will the earth be forsaken for your sake, or will the rock move from its place? 1 Bildad is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “The earth will not be forsaken for your sake, and the rock will not move from its place!” +18:4 r5lg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive will the earth be forsaken 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “will people forsake the earth” or “will people stop living on the earth” +18:4 zyh5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit or will the rock move from its place 1 Bildad is continuing to answer Job in his own words. In [14:18–19](../14/19.md), Job said to God, “you destroy the hope of man,” and he compared that to the way “a rock moves from its place.” This could be a reference to an earthquake or a landslide. Bildad is implying that Job is being overly grandiose by comparing his individual situation with great natural events. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. It may be helpful to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “It is not as if your individual situation is a great earthquake!” +18:5 e2fi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the light of the wicked goes out; the flame of his fire will not shine 1 Bildad is speaking of the happiness and prosperity of a wicked person as if those things were literally a **light** or **flame**. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “any happiness or prosperity that wicked people enjoy will not last for very long” +18:5 d868 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the wicked 1 Bildad is using the adjective **wicked** as a noun to mean a certain group of people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “wicked people” or, since Bildad uses the singular **his** later in the verse, “a wicked person” +18:6 uj2t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The light in his tent will be dark, and his lamp will go out above him. 1 Bildad is continuing to speak of the happiness and prosperity of a wicked person as if those things were literally a **light** or **lamp**. He is also continuing to answer Job in his own words. In [17:12](../17/12.md), Job said that his friends were telling him that light must be near because it was presently so dark in his life. Bildad is saying here in response that wicked people may be in the light, but soon it will become dark for them. To help make this clear to your readers, it may be helpful to use the same language here that you used in [17:12](../17/12.md). Alternate translation: “Even though a wicked person may have light, darkness is near” or “Even though a wicked person may experience prosperity, soon he will have trouble instead” +18:7 fxl3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche The steps of his strength will shorten 1 Bildad is using one sign of weakness, a shortening stride, to indicate weakness in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “He will become weak” +18:7 j543 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession the steps of his strength 1 Bildad is using this possessive form to speak of **steps** that are characterized by **strength**. It may be more natural for you to express this meaning using a form other than a possessive. Alternate translation: “His vigorous stride will shorten” +18:7 bgk5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification and his plan will cast him down 1 Bildad is speaking of a **plan** that a wicked person might make as if it were a living thing that could **cast him down**, that is, throw him or make him fall onto the ground. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and his schemes will only harm him in the end” +18:8 t3iw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he will be cast into a net by his feet, and he will wander into a pitfall 1 Bildad is speaking as if a wicked person would literally be caught in a **net** or **pitfall**. He means that such a person will experience troubles that will keep him from fulfilling his plans. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he will experience troubles that will keep him from fulfilling his plans” +18:8 fl11 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification he will be cast into a net by his feet 1 Bildad is speaking of the **feet** of a wicked person as if they were a living thing that could **cast** him **into a net**. The implication seems to be that if the feet of the wicked person, rather than his eyes and his mind, are determining where he is going, he will walk into dangers unawares. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he will walk unawares into a net” +18:8 wa1n rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown a pitfall 1 A **pitfall** is a type of trap for animals. To make it, people dig a pit in the ground and cover it with netting. They then put plant materials all over the netting to make it appear that the trap is just ordinary ground. If your readers would not be familiar with what a pitfall is, in your translation you could use the name of a comparable object in your culture, or you could use a general expression. Alternate translation: “a concealed trap” +18:9 t6fv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor A snare will seize {him} by the heel; a trap will hold onto him. 1 Bildad is continuing to speak of a wicked person as if he would literally be caught in a **snare** or **trap**. If you decided in the previous verse to express the meaning of this image rather than retain it in your translation, you could restate the meaning here. Alternate translation: “Yes, a wicked person will not be able to succeed; he will fail because of all the trouble that he causes for himself” +18:9 jr8g rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown A snare will seize {him} by the heel 1 A **snare** was a device that people in this culture used to catch birds. It consisted of a loose loop of cord inside which a hunter would put seeds or other bait. When a bird came inside the loop to eat the bait, the hunter would pull on the cord and catch the bird by its feet. A snare might also have a mechanism that a bird would trigger automatically by stepping inside the loop. Bildad is speaking as if this would happen to a wicked person, so that he would be caught **by the heel**. If your readers would not be familiar with what a snare is, in your translation you could use the name of a comparable object in your culture, or you could use a general expression. Alternate translation: “He will step into a device that will seize his foot” +18:9 j544 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown a trap 1 By **trap**, Bildad means some other device for catching birds or animals. Interpreters are unsure exactly what this device is. The word Bildad uses suggests the idea of braiding, and so this could be a net of some kind. Alternate translation: “a net” +18:10 u5yk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor His rope is hidden on the ground, and his trap for him {on} the path 1 Bildad is continuing to speak of a wicked person as if he would literally be caught by a **rope** or **trap**. If you decided in the previous two verses to express the meaning of this image rather than retain it in your translation, you could restate the meaning in another way here. +18:10 j545 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession His rope & and his trap 1 In these possessive forms, **His** and **his** are the objects rather than the subjects of **rope** and **trap**. That is, Bildad is not speaking of a rope and trap that the wicked person owns but of a rope and trap that will catch the wicked person. Alternate translation: “The rope that will catch him and the trap that will catch him” +18:10 q4wx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive His rope is hidden in the ground 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The ground is concealing the rope that will catch him” +18:10 xp42 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown His rope 1 By **rope**, Bildad means some further device for catching birds or animals. He seems to mean some larger device for catching animals that would work the same way as a “snare” that catches birds. A hunter might hide a loop of rope **in the ground** and pull on the rope to catch an animal once it stepped inside the loop. Alternate translation: “a loop of rope to catch him” +18:10 f193 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis and his trap for him {on} the path 1 Bildad is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and a trap is hidden for him on the path” +18:10 j546 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown and his trap 1 It is unclear whether Bildad is talking about a specific type of **trap** here. He may be using a general term for any device that would catch a bird or animal. If your language has such a general term, it would be appropriate to use it here in your translation. +18:11 ln1g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification and they will chase him at his feet 1 Bildad is speaking of these **Terrors** as if they were a living thing that could **chase** a wicked person the way a dog or wolf would, nipping at his **feet** to disable him so that he could not run away to safety. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and he will not be able to escape from these troubles” +18:12 v7el rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification His strength becomes hungry 1 Bildad is speaking of the **strength** of a wicked person as if it were a living thing that could become **hungry**. He means that a wicked person’s strength becomes weakened as if by hunger. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “He is weakened as if by hunger” +18:12 j547 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive and disaster {is} prepared 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who has done the action, the context suggests that it is God. Alternate translation: “and God has prepared disaster” +18:12 zbs5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor at his side 1 Bildad is speaking as if **disaster** were literally at the **side** of a wicked person. He means that it will strike him as soon as there is opportunity. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to strike him as soon as there is opportunity” +18:13 u5is rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns It devours parts of his skin; the firstborn of death devours his parts 1 The pronoun **It** refers to **the firstborn of death** later in the verse. If it would be clearer in your language, you could put the noun phrase in the first part of the verse and the pronoun in the second part of the verse. Alternate translation: “The firstborn of death devours parts of his skin; it devours his parts” +18:13 mrr7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom the firstborn of death 1 The expression **the firstborn of death** means the strongest kind of death or a terrible kind of death. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a deadly disease” +18:13 j548 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession his parts 1 Since the pronoun **his** in this possessive form refers to the wicked person as a whole, it is likely that the word **parts** describes his arms and his legs. Alternate translation: “his arms and his legs” +18:14 m1gl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive He is pulled 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who does the action, from the context it appears that this may be terror itself, since terror seems to be personified in the second part of the verse. Alternate translation: “Terror pulls him” +18:14 j549 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification He is pulled & and one marches him 1 If terror is indeed the agent that Bildad says pulls the wicked person from his tent, then Bildad is speaking of terror as if it were a living thing that could do this. He actually means that the disasters that cause a wicked person to feel terror also deprive him of safety and security. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The disasters that cause him to feel terror take him away … and they march him” +18:14 r3dq rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns and one marches him to the king of terrors 1 The pronoun **one** probably refers to terror. The pronoun is feminine, as is the word “terror,” and Hebrew speakers sometimes used feminine pronouns to represent feminine subjects they had not yet named but which they had in mind. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “and terror marches him to its king” +18:14 atl1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification and one marches him to the king of terrors 1 If the pronoun **one** does refer to terror, then Bildad is speaking of terror as if it were a living thing, a soldier, who could march a captured enemy to his **king** as a prisoner. Once again Bildad would be using terror to mean the disasters that cause a wicked person to feel terror. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and the disasters that cause him to feel terror bring him to the king of terrors” +18:14 j550 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom and it marches him to the king of terrors 1 Like the expression “the firstborn of death” in the previous verse, the expression **the king of terrors** here is a superlative. It means the worst terror there is, specifically, death. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and the disasters that cause him to feel terror ultimately cause him to die” +18:15 j551 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns One will dwell in his tent 1 The pronoun **One** is feminine in this verse, as in the previous verse, and so it may refer once again to terror. (However, interpreters have a range of understandings of what this verse means.) Alternate translation: “Terror will dwell in his tent” +18:15 n4sy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit {which is} not to him 1 Bildad means implicitly that the **tent** will no longer belong to the wicked person, probably because he will be dead (a prisoner of the “king of terrors,” death, as the previous verse describes). You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “which will be abandoned because he is dead” +18:15 fpm9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive sulfur is scattered upon his home 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who does the action, the context suggests that it is God. Alternate translation: “God scatters sulfur upon his home” or “God destroys his home by raining burning sulfur on it” +18:16 uul5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Below, his roots dry up, and above, his branch withers. 1 Bildad is speaking as if the wicked person were literally a tree that dies from lack of moisture. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “He fails in every aspect of life and finally he dies” +18:16 u1by rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun his branch 1 Bildad is not referring to a specific **branch**. He means every branch on the tree that he is using to symbolize the wicked person. If you retain the image in your translation, it may be more natural in your language to use a plural form. Alternate translation: “his branches” +18:17 m6xw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession His memory 1 Bildad is using this possessive form to mean other people’s **memory** of the wicked person, not the wicked person’s memory of things. Alternate translation: “The memory of him” +18:17 j552 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy from the earth 1 Bildad is using the term **earth** by association to mean the people who live on the earth. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from among the people who live on the earth” +18:17 y9j9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy name 1 Here, **name** represents a person’s fame and reputation. Alternate translation: “reputation” +18:17 fs6r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor upon the face of the land 1 Bildad is speaking as if the surface of the land or ground were literally its **face**. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “upon the surface of the land” +18:18 er2m rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns They will drive him from light into darkness 1 The pronoun **They** is an indefinite pronoun that does not have a specific referent in the immediate context. If it would be more natural in your language, you could translate this with a different expression that does not use an indefinite pronoun. Alternate translation: “He will be driven from light into darkness” +18:18 w8ix rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor They will drive him from light into darkness 1 Bildad is using the term **light** to represent life and the term **darkness** to represent death. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “He will be driven from among the living into the abode of the dead” +18:18 dr9v rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns and they will chase him from the world 1 The pronoun **they** is an indefinite pronoun that does not have a specific referent in the immediate context. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate this with a different expression that does not use an indefinite pronoun. Alternate translation: “yes, he will be chased from the world” +18:20 wn9y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism The ones after will wonder at his day, and the ones before will seize horror 1 Bildad is using two groups of people to mean all people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. This could mean: (1) people who live after God punishes the wicked person and people who were alive beforehand and recognized that God would punish the wicked person. Alternate translation: “The way God punishes him will make a great impression on everyone who ever hears of him” (2) people who live to the west of the wicked person and people who live to the east of the wicked person. Alternate translation: “The way God punishes him will make a great impression on the people who live all around him” +18:20 j553 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj The ones after & the ones before 1 If Bildad is speaking of people who live **after** and **before** God punishes the wicked person, then he is using those adjectives as nouns to mean certain groups of people. The ULT adds the word **ones** in each case to suggest this. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate these words with equivalent phrases. Alternate translation: “Those who live after him … those who see what is going to happen to him” +18:20 r4pt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom his day 1 Bildad is using the term **day** to mean what happens to the wicked person at a particular time, the time when God punishes him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “what happens to him when God punishes him” +18:20 j554 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor will seize horror 1 Bildad is speaking as if **horror** were literally an object that people could **seize**. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will become horrified” +18:21 da3s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Surely these {are} the dwellings of the wicked, and this {is} the place of one {who} does not know God. 1 Bildad is speaking as if all the misfortunes he has described were literally the **dwellings** of wicked people, the **place** where they live. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “this is what will happen to the wicked, yes, this is the fate of one who does not know God” +18:21 j555 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the wicked 1 Bildad is using the adjective **wicked** as a noun to mean a certain kind of person. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “wicked people” +19:intro vq57 0 # Job 19 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter is Job’s response to Bildad’s second speech. It is structured as a chiasm. (See the discussion of that poetic form in the General Introduction to Job.)\n- Verses 1–7: Job rebukes his friends for not being sympathetic to him.\n- Verses 8–1: Job uses images to describe how God has made him suffer.\n- Verses 13–19: Job describes how his family and friends have abandoned him.\n- Verses 20–21: Job uses images to describe how God has made him suffer.\n- Verse 22: Job rebukes his friends for not being sympathetic to him.\n- Verses 23–24: Job wishes that people would hear his defense and he foresees that God will vindicate him.\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem.\n\n## Special Concepts in This Chapter\n\n### Job’s Faith\n\nIn verses 25–27, Job shows the great depth of his faith in God even after suffering so much. Job believes that even if God is treating him unfairly now, God will ultimately do the right thing. Job does not understand that God is actually not treating him unfairly. But the faith and confidence that he nevertheless has in God are remarkable. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) +19:2 xxa9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Until when will you afflict my soul and crush me with words? 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “You have afflicted my soul and crushed me with words for long enough!” +19:2 j556 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular will you afflict & crush me 1 The word **you** is plural here and through verse 5 because Job is addressing his three friends, so use the plural form in your translation if your language marks that distinction. +19:2 j557 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche my soul 1 Job is using one part of himself, his **soul**, to mean all of him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “me” +19:2 r3lw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor and crush me with words 1 Job is speaking as if his friends could literally **crush** him with their **words**. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and discourage me deeply with your words” +19:2 j558 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy with words 1 Job is using the term **words** to mean what his friends have been saying by using words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “by what you have been saying” +19:3 k4th rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ten times 1 The expression **ten times** means “many times,” not literally ten times, no more and no less. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “many times” +19:3 uy8e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-sentences you are not ashamed, you mistreat me 1 In this sentence structure, the verb **mistreat** is dependent on the verb **ashamed**. It may be more natural in your language to use a different sentence structure. Alternate translation: “you are not ashamed to mistreat me” +19:4 bfn1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit my error remains with me 1 Interpreters are not certain what Job means by this statement. He could mean: (1) that any sin he might have committed would be his own private concern. This would be consistent with his rebuke of his friends for reproaching him publicly as a sinner. Alternate translation: “that would be my own private concern” (2) that he would be the only one who would know for sure whether he had sinned. Alternate translation: “that would be for me to determine” +19:5 z7gm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit you will exalt yourselves above me and plead my disgrace against me 1 See how you translated the similar use of the term **exalt** in [17:4](../17/04.md). Alternate translation: “you want to prove that you are right and I am wrong by appealing to the way that I am suffering” +19:6 gb9h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor and his net has closed around me 1 Job is speaking as if a **net** that God had set as a trap had literally **closed around** him. Job is answering Bildad in his own words, but Job is making the net a symbol of the unjust punishment of the innocent rather than of the just punishment of the wicked. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “yes, he has unfairly punished me even though I am innocent” +19:7 zyg9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom I cry, ‘Violence!’ 1 The expression **Violence!** refers generally to mistreatment, including but not limited to actual violence. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I cry, ‘Someone is mistreating me’” +19:7 j559 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes I cry, ‘Violence!’ 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “I protest that someone is mistreating me” +19:7 j560 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive but I am not answered 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “but no one answers me” +19:7 i4w8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns but {there is} no justice 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **justice**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “but no one ensures that I am treated justly” +19:8 dpr7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor He has walled up my way and I do not pass 1 Job is speaking of his life as if it were a **way** or path that he was walking along, and he is speaking as if God had built a wall to block that path so that he could not continue on it. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar image in [3:23](../03/23.md). Alternate translation: “God has kept me from being able to overcome my troubles and resume my regular life” +19:8 ly9g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor and he has set darkness upon my paths 1 In a parallel image, Job is speaking of his activities as if they were **paths** on which he was walking, and he is speaking as if God had made it so dark on those paths that he could not walk on them because he could not see where he was going. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “yes, God has prevented me from knowing the right things to do” +19:9 hjr9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor He has stripped my glory from upon me 1 Job is speaking as if the **glory** or honor that he formerly had were literally an article of clothing that God had **stripped** from him. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “He has taken away the honor that I formerly had” +19:9 rf7s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor and he has removed the crown of my head 1 Job is speaking as if he had formerly been wearing an actual **crown**, a symbol of ruling authority, and that God had **removed** that crown from his **head**. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “yes, he has deprived me of the authority I once had” +19:9 j561 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession the crown of my head 1 Job is using this possessive form to speak symbolically of a crown that he once wore on his head. In the context, the phrase **the crown of my head** does not mean the very top of Job’s head. Alternate translation: “the crown that I once wore on my head” +19:10 tiq1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor He has broken me down on every side 1 Job is speaking as he were literally a building and God had **broken** him **down** completely. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “He has destroyed everything in my life” +19:10 r4pd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor and I have gone away 1 Job is speaking as if he has literally **gone away** or left the area where he was formerly living. See how you translated the similar expression in [14:20](../14/20.md). If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Job is speaking of what he expects to happen imminently as if it had already happened. Alternate translation: “and I am about to die” +19:10 jd8w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile and he has removed my hope like a tree 1 Job is using this comparison to say that just as a tree will not grow again once it has been completely uprooted, so he believes that God has taken away his hope forever. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this point explicitly. Alternate translation: “and he has taken away my hope forever, just as an uprooted tree will never grow back” +19:10 v64y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns and he has removed my hope like a tree 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **hope**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “and he has kept me from ever hoping again, just as an uprooted tree will never grow back” +19:11 p3my rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor And he has kindled his nose against me 1 Job is speaking as if God had literally **kindled** his anger or set it on fire. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And he has allowed himself to become very angry with me” +19:12 wkz6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor His troops come together, and they build up their ramps against me, and they encamp around my tent 1 Job is speaking as if he were literally a city and God had sent **troops** to lay siege to that city, building **ramps** by which they could get over its walls. Job is likely speaking of the troubles he is experiencing as if they were soldiers whom God had sent to attack him. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “God has made me experience many kinds of troubles, and they are causing me more and more distress” +19:12 fg89 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor and they encamp around my tent 1 Job continues the military image but changes it slightly when he speaks as if he were literally a **tent** around which an enemy army had encamped. Job may be picturing himself as one of a number of soldiers who are all staying in tents but whose camp an enemy army has surrounded. Or Job may be using the word **tent** simply to mean the place where he lives, that is, his life. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “yes, I am experiencing troubles in many different aspects of my life” +19:13 zk2b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor He has put my brothers far from me 1 Job is speaking as God had removed his **brothers** to a distance from him. Job is actually speaking of the diminished quality of the relationship he now has with them. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “He has caused my brothers to withdraw from me” +19:13 j563 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom my brothers 1 Job is probably using the word **brothers** to mean close relatives, both male and female, who may not literally be his siblings. Your language may use that word or an equivalent term in the same way. If not, you could express the meaning in plain language. Alternate translation: “my close relatives” +19:13 iv61 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor and my acquaintances indeed have turned away from me 1 Job is speaking as if his **acquaintances** had literally **turned away** from him, that is, turned to face in another direction so that they could not see him or turned and walked away from him. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and my acquaintances now act as if they do not even know me” +19:14 l2e7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor and my familiar friends have forgotten me 1 Job is speaking as if his **familiar friends** had literally **forgotten** him. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “act as if they never knew me” +19:15 kz75 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession Guests of my house 1 Job is using this possessive form to refer to people who have stayed in his **house** as **Guests**. Alternate translation: “People who once stayed in my house as guests” +19:15 y376 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy in their eyes 1 Job is using the term **eyes** by association to mean sight. Sight, in turn, represents attention, perspective, and judgment. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from their perspective” or “as far as they are concerned” +19:16 x8ak rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit I call to my servant, but he does not answer 1 In this context, the word **call** implicitly means “summon” and the word **answer** implicitly means “obey.” You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “I summon my servant, but he does not obey and come to me” +19:16 j564 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun to my servant 1 Job is not referring to a specific **servant**. He means all of his servants. It may be more natural in your language to express this meaning by using a plural form. Alternate translation: “to my servants” +19:16 hds8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy with my mouth I entreat him 1 Job is using the term **mouth** to mean by association what he has to say with his mouth. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I have to speak pleadingly to him” +19:17 dgg7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche My breath is strange to my wife 1 This could mean: (1) that Job is using one part of himself, his **breath**, to mean all of himself. In verses 13–19, Job is talking about how all of his friends and relatives now treat him as if they did not know him. In verses 13 and 15, Job uses words related to the word that the ULT translates as **strange** in this verse. Alternate translation: “I am like a stranger to my wife” (2) that Job is referring literally to his **breath** and saying that because of his sickness, it smells bad and is offensive to his wife. Alternate translation: “Because of my sickness, my breath smells bad and is offensive to my wife” +19:17 ufr3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession though I was gracious to the sons of my womb 1 Job could be using the possessive form **of my womb** to mean: (1) the womb of his wife. Job would be speaking of the children that they had together. Alternate translation: “even though we had children together and I treated them kindly” (2) the womb of his mother. Job would be speaking of his siblings, probably meaning his close relatives as in verse 13, and he would be using a different root, with the same letters as the root that means “to be gracious,” that means “to be loathsome.” Alternate translation: “and I am loathsome to my close relatives” +19:18 fp7g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit let me arise, and they speak against me 1 This could mean implicitly: (1) that when Job stands up to speak, younger people who should listen respectfully (see [32:6–7](../32/06.md)) contradict him instead. Alternate translation: “when I stand up to speak, younger people disrespectfully contradict me” (2) that when Job tries to stand up, struggling because of his sickness, children make fun of him. Alternate translation: “when I struggle to stand up, they make fun of me” +19:19 uf7f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession the friends of my counsel 1 Job is using this possessive form to describe the **friends** with whom he took **counsel**, that is, the friends with whom he shared his private thoughts and whose advice he asked. Alternate translation: “the friends in whom I confided” +19:19 t7hn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive have been turned against me 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “have turned against me” +19:20 j565 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun My bone clings to my skin and to my flesh 1 Job is not referring to a specific **bone**. He means all of his bones. It may be more natural in your language to express this meaning by using a plural form. Alternate translation: “My bones cling to my skin and to my flesh” +19:20 lt45 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification My bone clings to my skin and to my flesh 1 Job is speaking of this representative **bone** as if it were living thing that could **cling** to his **skin** and **flesh**. He means that his bones are right next to his skin and flesh, that is, all of the muscle in between has wasted away. Your language may have a similar expression that you can use in your translation. You could also state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I am just skin and bones” +19:20 ud4z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor and I have escaped with the skin of my teeth 1 Job is speaking as if he had barely **escaped** from some disaster and he is describing what little he was able to escape with. He could mean: (1) that the **skin of his teeth**, that is, his gums, are the only part of his skin that his disease is not affecting. Alternate translation: “and my gums are the only part of my skin that my disease is not affecting” (2) that his teeth have fallen out so that only his gums are left. Alternate translation: “and all my teeth have fallen out” +19:21 ux63 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-reduplication Pity me, pity me 1 Job is repeating the verb **Pity** in order to intensify the idea that it expresses. If your language can repeat words for intensification, it would be appropriate to do that here in your translation. If not, your language may have another way of expressing the emphasis. Alternate translation: “Please have pity on me” +19:21 tbg5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the hand of God has touched me 1 Here the **hand of God** represents the power and activity of God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “God is powerfully afflicting me” +19:22 g28h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Why do you pursue me as God {would}? And will you not be satisfied with my flesh? 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate these questions as statements or as exclamations. Alternate translation: “You should not pursue me as God would! You should be satisfied with my flesh!” +19:22 c296 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile Why do you pursue me as God {would} 1 The point of this comparison is that just as God would **pursue** someone relentlessly to make sure that sin was punished appropriately, so Job’s friends have been relentlessly insisting that he has sinned. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this point explicitly. Alternate translation: “Why do you insist relentlessly that I have sinned” or, as a statement, “You should not insist relentlessly that I have sinned” +19:22 y17f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom And will you not be satisfied with my flesh 1 Job is likely alluding to a popular expression. In this culture, if someone accused another person maliciously, people said that he was “eating the pieces” of that person. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And will you never stop accusing me maliciously” or, as a statement, “yes, you should stop accusing me so maliciously” +19:23 r9n7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Who will give {that} now my words will be written down? Who will give {that} they will be inscribed on a scroll? 1 See how you translated the expression **Who will give** in [11:5–6](../11/05.md). Alternate translation: “I wish that my words would now be written down! I wish that they would be inscribed on a scroll!” +19:23 j566 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Who will give {that} now my words will be written down? Who will give {that} they will be inscribed on a scroll? 1 In context, Job is suggesting that this is actually unlikely, even though he wishes that it could happen. You could indicate this in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “It is unfortunate that my words cannot be written down. It is unfortunate that they cannot be inscribed on a scroll” +19:23 j567 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive my words will be written down 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “someone will write down my words” +19:23 llm4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy my words 1 Job is using the term **words** to mean what he has been saying by using words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “what I have been saying” +19:23 ti7g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor they will be inscribed on a scroll 1 Job is speaking as if he wanted his **words** literally to be **inscribed** or engraved on a **scroll**. He could mean: (1) that he wants someone to record them meticulously on a scroll. Alternate translation: “they will be recorded on a scroll” (2) that he wants someone to engrave them onto a copper sheet. Alternate translation: “they will be inscribed on a copper sheet” +19:23 j568 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive they will be inscribed 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “someone will inscribe them” +19:24 gz9c rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown With a stylus of iron 1 A **stylus** was an iron tool that people in this culture used to engrave writing onto hard surfaces. They would strike the stylus with another tool such as a hammer in order to remove tiny pieces of the surface a little at a time in order to create letters. For better visibility, they would sometimes then fill these letters with lead, which is a soft metal that they could pound into shape. If your readers would not be familiar with what a stylus is, in your translation you could use the name of a comparable object in your culture, or you could use a general expression. Alternate translation: “With a small iron tool cutting tool” +19:25 j569 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast But 1 Job is using the word translated **But** to draw a contrast between what he has just suggested is unlikely, that his claims of innocence will be recorded for posterity, and something that he is very confident about, that his **redeemer** will ultimately vindicate him as innocent. In your translation, you may wish to introduce this verse in a way that will indicate this contrast more explicitly. Alternate translation: “But even though it is unlikely that my claims of innocence will be recorded for posterity,” +19:25 j570 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns I know {that} 1 For emphasis, Job is stating the pronoun **I**, whose meaning is already present in the word translated **know**. If your language can state implied pronouns explicitly for emphasis, you may want to use that construction here in your translation. Other languages may have other ways of bringing out this emphasis. Alternate translation: “I know very well {that}” +19:25 j571 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit my redeemer lives 1 Job means implicitly that even though he expects to die, his **redeemer** will still be alive to vindicate him. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “even though I expect to die soon, my redeemer will still be alive” +19:25 q57z rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown my redeemer 1 A **redeemer** was a close relative who would take responsibility to do whatever was necessary to help another family member who was threatened or in need. Your language and culture may have a name for a person who fulfills this role, and you could use that name in your translation. You could also use a general expression. Alternate translation: “the close relative who will vindicate me” +19:25 j573 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo my redeemer 1 As Job indicates in the next verse, he believes that God will be his **redeemer**. This is similar to the way that Job speaks in [16:19](../16/19.md) of having an “advocate” in heaven and to the way that he asks God in [17:3](../17/03.md) to be his “surety.” Since Job speaks of God in the next verse, you do not need to explain in this verse that God is the **redeemer** whom Job is expecting. It may even be that Job wishes to generate some suspense and attention by not naming the redeemer right away, and it would be good to give your readers that same experience. +19:25 j574 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj at the last 1 Job is using the adjective **last** as a noun to mean a certain time. This could mean: (1) a “later” time, after Job has died. Alternate translation: “after I have died” (2) that Job is the “last” time, the time at the end of the world. Alternate translation: “at the end of the world” +19:25 yy3q rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction he will stand 1 In this culture, people stood up when they were about to speak. This was a symbolic action by which they indicated that they had something important to say and commanded the attention of the people they wanted to listen to them. In this context, the important thing that the redeemer had to say would be that Job was innocent. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the significance of this action. Alternate translation: “he will stand and speak in my defense” +19:25 j575 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy upon the dust 1 Job is using the term **dust** by association to mean the earth, on whose surface there is dust. This may also be a poetic allusion to the fact that Job would be dead and at “rest” in the “dust,” as he said in [17:16](../17/16.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “upon the earth” +19:26 j576 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns and {that} after my skin, they strike this off 1 The pronoun **they** is an indefinite pronoun that does not have a specific referent in the immediate context. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate this with a different expression that does not use an indefinite pronoun. Alternate translation: “and that after my skin has been stricken off” +19:26 t5gt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor and {that} after my skin, they strike this off 1 Job is speaking as if someone or something might literally **strike** the **skin** off his bones. He could mean: (1) that his body will decay so that only the bones are left. Alternate translation: “and that even after my body decays so that only the bones are left” (2) that worms, such as he mentioned in [17:14](../17/14.md), will eat the skin off his bones. Alternate translation: “and that even after worms eat the skin off my bones” +19:26 j577 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit from my flesh 1 Job could be saying that he will **behold God**: (1) from the vantage point of his flesh, that is, from within his body. This would be an implicit expression of faith and confidence in the resurrection of the body. Alternate translation: “from within my resurrected body” (2) apart from his flesh, that is, as a spirit after death. Alternate translation: “as a spirit after death” +19:26 p2pl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit I will behold God 1 As the General Notes to chapter 13 discuss, in this culture, a subject would be able to look a sovereign in the face if the sovereign favored that subject. Job seems to be alluding here to that cultural norm. The implication is that God will no longer consider him guilty but acknowledge that he was innocent all along. Job indicates in the previous verse that God will also acknowledge his innocence publicly to everyone on earth. Alternate translation: “I will be able to look God in the face because he will affirm that I am innocent” +19:27 j578 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism I will behold for myself and my eyes will see 1 These two phrases mean similar things. Job is using repetition to emphasize the idea that the phrases express. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could combine them. Alternate translation: “I myself will see very clearly” +19:27 j579 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns I will behold 1 For emphasis, Job is stating the pronoun **I**, whose meaning is already present in the verb translated **will behold**. If your language can state implied pronouns explicitly for emphasis, you may want to use that construction here in your translation. Other languages may have other ways of bringing out this emphasis. Alternate translation: “I will certainly behold” +19:27 m1wt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche and my eyes will see 1 Job is using one part of himself, his **eyes**, to mean all of him in the act of seeing. Your language may have a similar expression that you can use in your translation. Alternate translation: “and see with my own eyes” +19:27 k566 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis and not a stranger 1 Job is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. In this context, the word **stranger** means “someone else.” But it is also an allusion to what Job said in verse 15, that people who knew him now regard him as a “stranger.” Alternate translation: “and it will not be someone else who beholds him” +19:27 c3pc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor My kidneys fail within my belly 1 Here, the **kidneys** figuratively represents the emotions. Job is saying that he is overcome with emotion at the thought of seeing God. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I am overcome with emotion at this thought” +19:28 np8p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes If you say, ‘How we will persecute him! For the root of the matter is found in me,’ 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “If you say that you are still going to persecute me because you believe that the root of the matter is found in me” +19:28 j580 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular you say 1 The word **you** is plural here because Job is addressing his three friends, so use the plural form in your translation if your language marks that distinction. +19:28 ddd3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the root of the matter 1 Job is saying that his friends might speak as if his situation were literally a plant that had a **root**. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the cause of the problem” +19:28 j581 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person in me 1 Job seems to begin this hypothetical saying of the three friends as a direct quotation but finish it as an indirect quotation, saying **in me** rather than “in him.” It may be more natural in your language to finish the quotation as a direct quotation. Alternate translation: “in him” +19:29 j582 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy of the face of the sword 1 Here the word **face** represents the presence of someone or something by association with the way people can see the face of someone who is present. Alternate translation: “of the presence of the sword” +19:29 tw35 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche of the face of the sword 1 Job is using one kind of severe punishment, execution by a **sword**, to mean severe punishment in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “that God may punish you severely” +19:29 t8gg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns {from} wrath {is} the punishment of the sword 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **wrath**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “when God becomes angry at people for being wicked, God punishes them severely” +19:29 n1i1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns {there is} judgment 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **judgment**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “that God punishes wickedness justly” +20:intro p78g 0 # Job 20 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\n This chapter is the second speech of Job’s friend, Zophar. In this chapter, Zophar speaks more strongly to Job than he did the first time spoke to him.\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is poetry.\n\nTranslation Issues in This Chapter\n\n### Zophar answering Job with his own words\n\nIn [7:8](../07/08.md), as Job was appealing to God, he said, “The eye of the one seeing me will not regard me; your eyes will be on me, but I will not exist.” Zophar says in [20:9](../20/09.md) about the wicked person, “The eye that saw him will not continue.” Job said in [7:10](../01/01.md) of himself as a mortal person, “He will not return again to his house, and his place will not know him again.” Zophar says of the wicked person in [20:9](../01/01.md), “his place will no longer observe him.” In both instances Zophar is suggesting that Job himself is a wicked person, using Job’s own words.\n\nSimilarly, Zophar says in [20:27](../20/27.md) of the wicked person that “the heavens will reveal his iniquity, and the earth will raise itself up against him” as a witness. In [16:18](../16/18.md), Job called upon the earth to see that he received justice, and in [16:19](../16/19.md), Job said that he had an advocate in the heavens. So Zophar is likely answering Job once again in his own words, implying that Job himself is a wicked person of the type that he has been describing in his speech.\n\nTo help your readers appreciate how Zophar is answering Job with his own words, you may wish to translate what Zophar says in these instances similarly to the way you translated what Job said earlier.\n\n### Indelicate Images that Zophar Uses\n\nAs noted above, Zophar speaks strongly to Job in this speech. He uses a couple of images drawn from bodily functions that people in your culture might consider it indelicate to include in a Bible translation. If so, you could use comparable images. Zophar says in [20:7](../20/07.md) of the wicked person, “he will perish forever like his dung.” You could refer to something else that disappears completely, saying, for example, “he will perish forever like the dust that the wind blows away.” Zophar says of the wicked person in [20:15](../20/15.md), “He swallows wealth, but he will vomit it.” You might say instead something such as, “Though he may become rich, he will lose all his money.” +20:2 j583 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases Therefore 1 Zophar is using the word **Therefore** to introduce the reason he is about to give for why he is speaking to Job again. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate this in your translation. Alternate translation: “This is why” +20:2 eef1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification my thoughts turn me back 1 Zophar is speaking of his **thoughts** as if they were a living thing that could **turn** him **back**, that is, make him turn around and return to Job as if he had left him. He means that he wants to speak to Job again and share what he is thinking in response to what Job has just said. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I need to speak to you again and tell you what I am thinking” +20:2 wy6h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo because of my urgency in me 1 It might seem that this expression contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in your language. If so, you can shorten it. Alternate translation: “because I feel such urgency” +20:3 m5c5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession a rebuke of dishonor to me 1 Zophar is using this possessive form to describe a **rebuke** that he feels has brought **dishonor** to him. It may be helpful clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “a rebuke that dishonors me” +20:3 pk2s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification but a spirit from my understanding answers me 1 Zophar is speaking as if there were a **spirit** in his **understanding** that could **answer** him, that is, show him how to respond to Job. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but I have had a good idea that enables me to understand how I should respond” +20:4 um5p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Do you {not} know this from long ago, from the placing of man upon the earth 1 Zophar is using the question form for emphasis. (The question continues into the next verse.) If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “Surely you are aware of this from long ago, from the placing of man upon the earth” +20:4 j584 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Do you {not} know this from long ago, from the placing of man upon the earth 1 Zophar is speaking as if Job himself should have known **from long ago** what he is about to say. He means that Job is one member of the human community that has known this for as long as it has existed and that as a member of that community, Job should know it because it has been passed down to him through traditional wisdom. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Surely you are aware of this traditional wisdom that we have received from our earliest ancestors” +20:4 j585 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche from the placing of man upon the earth 1 Zophar is using one thing that God did when he created people, **placing** them on the **earth**, to mean all that God did in creating people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “ever since God created man” +20:4 j586 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations from the placing of man upon the earth 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Zophar is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a term in your language that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “ever since God created people” +20:5 nhc5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion that the triumph of the wicked {is} from near, and the joy of the godless {is} for a moment? 1 In this verse, Zophar completes the question that he began in the previous verse, using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “that the triumph of the wicked {is} from near, and the joy of the godless {is} for a moment!” +20:5 ubq8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the wicked 1 Zophar is using the adjective **wicked**, which is plural, as a noun to mean a certain group of people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “wicked people” +20:5 j587 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom {is} from near 1 Zophar is using this expression to mean that the **triumph** of the **wicked** does not extend very far, and he means that it does not extend in time rather than in space. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “does not last very long” +20:5 u62f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the godless 1 Job is using the adjective **godless**, which is singular, as a noun to mean a certain kind of person. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “the godless person” +20:5 j588 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun the godless 1 Zophar is not referring to a specific **godless** person. He means all godless people. It may be more natural in your language to express this meaning by using a plural form. Alternate translation: “godless people” +20:6 v8z8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Though his height rises to the skies and his head reaches to the cloud 1 Zophar is speaking as if a wicked person might literally become so tall that his head would be at the same level as **cloud** in the **skies**. He means that a wicked person might become very prosperous and powerful. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Though a wicked person may become very prosperous and powerful” +20:6 by93 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun to the cloud 1 Zophar is not referring to a specific **cloud**. He means the many clouds that appear in the sky. It may be more natural in your language to express this meaning by using a plural form. Alternate translation: “to the clouds” +20:7 b9xv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile like his dung 1 The point of this comparison may be the one that Zophar makes explicitly, that a wicked person will perish **forever** as **dung** perishes forever. However, the point of the comparison could also be that just as people consider **dung** a loathsome substance and dispose of it, people will consider a wicked person to be loathsome and not commemorate him in any way. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this point explicitly. Alternate translation: “and no on will commemorate him, because they consider him so loathsome” +20:7 sfs4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes will say, ‘Where {is he}?’ 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “will ask where he has gone” +20:7 j589 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Where {is he}? 1 The people who are asking about the wicked person are using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “He is gone completely!” +20:8 rep3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor He will fly away 1 Zophar is speaking as if a wicked person would literally **fly away**. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “He will vanish” +20:8 j590 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile like a dream 1 The point of this comparison is that just as when a **dream** ends, the person who had the dream realizes that it was not real, so it will be as if the wicked person had never existed. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this point explicitly. Alternate translation: “as if he had never existed” +20:8 byk9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns and they will not find him 1 **They** is an indefinite pronoun that does not have a specific referent in the immediate context. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate this with a different expression that does not use an indefinite pronoun. Alternate translation: “and no one will be able to find him” +20:8 j591 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive and he will be chased away 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “he will flee” +20:8 j592 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor He will fly away 1 Zophar is speaking as if a wicked person would literally **be chased away** or flee. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “He will disappear” +20:9 xu8t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche The eye {that} saw him will not continue 1 Zophar is using one part of a person, his **eye**, to mean all of that person in the act of seeing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Anyone who previously saw him will not continue to see him” +20:9 x7cu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification and his place will no longer observe him 1 As Job did in [7:10](../07/10.md), Zophar is speaking here of a person’s **place** of residence as if it were a living thing that could **observe** that person. The idea is that the place where the person once lived will not have occasion to observe him again because he will never return to that place. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and he will no longer live in his former place of residence” +20:10 v5ee rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure His children will recompense the poor, and his hands will return his wealth 1 You may find it more natural to put the information about what a wicked person will have to do while he is still alive before the information about what his children will have to do after he dies. Alternate translation: “His hands will return his wealth, and his children will recompense the poor” +20:10 lji7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche and his hands will return his wealth 1 Zophar is using one part of a wicked person, his **hands**, to mean all of him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and he will return his wealth” +20:10 j593 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit and his hands will return his wealth 1 The implication is that this is **wealth** that a wicked person obtained fraudulently or by oppression and that he has been required to **return**. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and he will have to return the wealth that he obtained fraudulently and by oppression” +20:11 re6y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche His bones are full 1 Zophar is using one part of a wicked person, his **bones**, to mean his whole body. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “His body is full” +20:11 je7r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism but it will lie down with him in the dust 1 Zophar is using the phrase **lie down … in the dust** to mean “die.” This is a poetic way of referring to death. Your language may have a similar expression that you can use in your translation. Alternate translation: “but it will die with him” +20:11 j594 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification but it will lie down with him in the dust 1 Zophar is speaking of the **vigor** of a wicked person as if it were a living thing that could **lie down in the dust** or die. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but he will die while he is still young and strong” +20:12 w36z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor wickedness is sweet in his mouth 1 Zophar is speaking as if a wicked person could literally put **wickedness** in his **mouth** and taste it and find it **sweet**. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he enjoys wickedness” +20:12 j595 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns wickedness is sweet in his mouth 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **wickedness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “wicked things are sweet in his mouth” or “he enjoys doing wicked things” +20:12 nj4p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he hides it under his tongue 1 Zophar is speaking as if a wicked person might hide wickedness **under his tongue**. The image is of a person tucking something sweet under his tongue to make it last longer so that he can savor it. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he savors it” or “he savors doing wicked things” +20:13 d1n2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he has pity on it and does not forsake it 1 Zophar is speaking as if a wicked person would literally have **pity** on wickedness and **not forsake it**. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he is reluctant to let it go” or “he is reluctant to stop doing wicked things” +20:13 j596 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor but keeps it in the midst of his palate 1 Zophar is speaking as if a wicked person would literally hold wickedness against the roof of his mouth so that he could savor it. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but continues to savor it” or “but continues to savor doing them” +20:14 n7jw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor his food changes in his bowels; {it becomes} the bitterness of asps inside him 1 Zophar is speaking as if a wicked person literally eats wickedness and that it turns into **the bitterness of asps** (that is, the poison of those snakes) when he starts to digest it. Zophar means, within the context of the image, that the wicked person gets a painfully upset stomach. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the consequences of his wicked actions turn out to be very unpleasant and he suffers greatly from them” +20:14 lnj1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown the bitterness of asps 1 The term **asps** describes a certain type of poisonous snake. If this snake, or snakes in general, would not be familiar to your readers, you could use a general term. Alternate translation: “snake poison” or “reptile poison” +20:15 hs62 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor He swallows wealth, but he will vomit it; God will expel it from his belly. 1 Zophar is speaking as if a wicked person would literally swallow **wealth** but then **vomit** it back up again, and as if God would literally **expel it** or force it out of **his belly**, presumably by causing him to vomit. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “He is greedy to become rich, but he will lose all his money; God will cause him to lose it” +20:16 l7yk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor He will suck the poison of asps 1 Zophar is speaking as if a wicked person would literally **suck** the **poison of asps**. This could mean: (1) that Zophar is alluding to the images in verses 12 and 13 of a wicked person savoring wickedness as if it were something he held under his tongue or against the roof of his mouth. Zophar would be saying that the delicacy that the wicked person savors or sucks turns out to be poison, meaning something that will kill him. Alternate translation: “In the end, the wickedness that he savors will kill him” (2) that an asp will bite the wicked person and he will absorb its **poison** as if he had sucked it in. This would be a more general statement. Alternate translation: “Something deadly will destroy him” +20:16 m2pa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the tongue of the viper will kill him 1 Zophar may be reflecting a belief of his culture that the forked tongue of a snake was sharp and that snakes injected poison into people and animals by piercing them with their tongues. If Zophar understood, as people today now understand, that snakes inject their poison through their fangs after biting their victims, then Zophar would be using the term **tongue** by association to mean the mouth and thus the fangs. Alternate translation: “the fangs of the viper will kill him” or “a viper will kill him by biting him and injecting him with poison through his fangs” +20:16 dg2b rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown asps & the viper 1 See how you translated the word “asps” in in [20:14](../20/14.md). A **viper** is another kind of poisonous snake If these snakes, or snakes in general, would not be familiar to your readers, you could use general terms. Alternate translation: “snakes … the poisonous snake” or “reptiles … the poisonous reptile” +20:16 rf6c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun the viper 1 Zophar is not referring to a specific **viper**. He means one that might bite a wicked person. Alternate translation: “a viper” +20:17 j597 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet the streams, the rivers of torrents of 1 The terms **streams**, **rivers**, and **torrents** mean similar things. Zophar is using the three terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “the deeply flowing streams of” +20:17 nb52 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the streams, the rivers of torrents of honey and butter 1 Zophar is speaking as if **streams**, **rivers**, and **torrents** could literally flow with **honey** and **butter**. He is referring to the abundant quantities of these things with which God would bless a righteous person. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the abundant quantities of honey and butter with which God blesses righteous people” +20:17 w9e5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche the streams, the rivers of torrents of honey and butter 1 Zophar is using two agricultural products, **honey** and **butter**, to mean agricultural products in general and thus, in this culture, wealth in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the abundant wealth with which God blesses righteous people” +20:18 th8a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit his gain 1 It is clear from the next verse, as well as from v. 10, that by **gain** here, Zophar implicitly means money that a wicked person has made by dishonest means. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “his ill-gotten gain” +20:19 j598 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the poor 1 Zophar is using the adjective **poor** as a noun to mean a certain group of people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “poor people” +20:19 j599 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives and he did not build it 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this as a positive expression. Alternate translation: “that someone else built” or “that belonged to someone else” +20:20 j600 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he has not known satisfaction in his belly 1 Here, the **belly** or stomach represents a person’s desires, and specifically in this context greedy desires. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he has not experienced the satisfaction of his greedy desires” +20:20 j601 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns he has not known satisfaction in his belly 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **satisfaction**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “he could never satisfy his greedy desires” +20:20 j602 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj he will not rescue {any} desired {thing} of his 1 Zophar is using the adjective **desired** as a noun to mean a certain kind of thing. The ULT adds the word **thing** to show that. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “he will not rescue any of the things that he desired” +20:20 zi35 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives he will not rescue {any} desired {thing} of his 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this with a positive expression. Alternate translation: “he will lose all of the things that he desired” +20:21 e2vt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit There is no remnant for his eating 1 This could mean implicitly: (1) Alternate translation: “There is nothing left after he has eaten” (2) Alternate translation: “There is nothing left for him to eat” +20:22 j603 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor In the filling of his wealth 1 Zophar is speaking of the **wealth** of a wicked person as if he were a container that could become full. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Even if he becomes very wealthy,” +20:22 k3n2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom it will become narrow to him 1 Zophar is using this expression to mean that the wicked person will experience great distress. Your language may have a similar expression that you can use in your translation. You could also use plain language. Alternate translation: “he will be in dire straits” or “he will experience great distress” +20:22 j604 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj every hand of the troubling will come against him 1 Zophar is using the adjective **troubling** as a noun to mean a certain kind of person. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “the hand of every person who causes trouble will come against him” +20:22 tq3y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy every hand of the troubling will come against him 1 Here, **hand** represents the power and activity of a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “every person who causes trouble will work against him” +20:22 j605 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole every hand of the troubling will come against him 1 Zophar says **every** here as a generalization for emphasis. If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “people who cause trouble will work against him” +20:23 j606 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns He will be {about} to fill his belly, he will send the burning of his nose against him, and he will rain {it} upon him in his eating. 1 The pronoun **He** at the start of this verse, the two instances of **him**, and the second instance of **his** refer to the wicked person, while the two instances of **he** later in the verse and the first instance of **his** refer to God. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “The wicked person will be about to fill his belly, and God will send the burning of his nose against that wicked person, yes, God will rain it upon that person while that person is eating” +20:23 i6l2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor and he will rain {it} upon him 1 Zophar is speaking as if God would literally make his anger **rain** on a wicked person. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “yes, he will punish him severely” +20:23 d4yy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit in his eating 1 Interpreters are not certain what Zophar means by this expression. It could mean: (1) Alternate translation: “while he is eating” (2) Alternate translation: “upon his flesh” or “upon his body” (3) Alternate translation: “with his arrows” or “with his weapons” +20:24 x5uw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor He flees from a weapon of iron, a bow of bronze pierces him 1 Zophar is speaking as if different soldiers were using a **weapon of iron** and a **bow of bronze** to attack the wicked person he is describing. Zophar is using these weapons to represent dangers. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “He may escape from one danger, but another danger will overtake him” +20:24 kj9m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit He flees from a weapon of iron, a bow of bronze pierces him 1 Since a **bow of bronze** is a more powerful and deadly weapon than a **weapon of iron** such as a sword or spear, Zophar implicitly means that if a wicked person escapes from one danger, a greater danger will overtake him. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “He may escape from one danger, but a greater danger will overtake him” +20:24 j607 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy a bow of bronze 1 Zophar is using the term **bow** by association to mean an arrow from a bow. If you decide to retain this image in your translation, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “an arrow that someone shoots using a bronze bow” +20:25 j608 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor He pulls, and it comes out of his back, and the gleaming goes out of his liver. Terrors {are} upon him 1 Zophar is continuing to speak as if someone had shot an arrow into the wicked person he is describing. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The wicked person realizes that the danger that has overtaken him is going to destroy him” +20:25 j609 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the gleaming 1 Zophar is using the term **gleaming** by association to mean an arrow whose metal point gleams in the sunlight. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the arrow” +20:25 puf6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-plural Terrors {are} upon him 1 Zophar could be using the plural form, **Terrors**, in an intensive sense to mean the worst of terrors, that is, death, as in [18:14](../18/14.md). Alternate translation: “He is terrified because he realizes that he is going to die” +20:26 w5yg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole All darkness is hidden 1 Zophar says **all** here as a generalization for emphasis. If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “Great darkness is hidden” +20:26 j610 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor All darkness is hidden 1 Zophar is using the term **darkness** to represent troubles. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Great troubles are hidden” +20:26 j611 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive All darkness is hidden 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who has done the action, the context suggests that it is God. Alternate translation: “God has hidden great troubles” +20:26 j612 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor All darkness is hidden 1 Zophar is speaking as if God had literally **hidden** darkness, representing troubles. He could mean: (1) that God has reserved those troubles to destroy the treasured possessions of the wicked person he is describing. Alternate translation: “God has reserved great troubles” (2) that it is as if those troubles were an animal that had **hidden** itself so that it could pounce on the possessions of the wicked person. Alternate translation: “Great troubles are lying in wait” +20:26 j613 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive for his treasured things 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “for the things that he treasures” +20:26 syj5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive a fire not blown will devour him 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “a fire that no one has blown on to kindle will devour him” +20:26 w47r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit a fire not blown will devour him 1 The implication is that no human being will have **blown** on this **fire** to kindle it; God will send the fire. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “A fire that God sends will devour him” or “God will send fire that will devour him” +20:26 qsw9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor a fire not blown will devour him 1 Zophar is speaking as if **fire** were literally going to **devour** or eat up this wicked person. Within the context of the image, he means that the fire will burn him up, and the image of fire itself represents God destroying the wicked person. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “God will destroy him” +20:26 j614 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor it will consume the remnant in his tent 1 Zophar is continuing to speak as if **fire** were literally going to **consume** this wicked person and his possessions. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “yes, God will completely destroy everything in his tent, leaving nothing” +20:26 j615 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy it will consume the remnant in his tent 1 Zophar is using one possession of this wicked person, the **tent** in which he lives, to mean all of his possessions. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “yes, God will completely destroy all of his possessions, leaving nothing” +20:27 v1vg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification The heavens will reveal his iniquity, and the earth will raise itself up against him. 1 Zophar is speaking as if the **heavens** and the **earth** were living things that could testify against this wicked person. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate this in your translation. Alternate translation: “If the sky could speak, it would testify that it had observed his iniquity; if the earth could speak, it would raise itself up against him” +20:27 j616 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction and the earth will raise itself up against him 1 Zophar means that the earth would **raise itself up**, that is, stand up, against this wicked person as a symbolic action to indicate that it had something important to say. In this context, the important thing that the earth had to say would be that the wicked person was guilty. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the significance of this action. Alternate translation: “and the earth will stand and be a witness against him” +20:28 j617 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification The wealth of his house will depart 1 Zophar is speaking of the **wealth** that the wicked person has in his **house** as if it were a living thing that could **depart**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “He will lose the wealth that is in his house” +20:28 j618 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor flowing away 1 Zophar is speaking as if the wicked person’s **wealth** were a liquid that could literally be **flowing away**. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “vanishing” or “being destroyed” +20:28 j620 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom on the day of his nose 1 While God would punish the wicked person on a specific **day**, Zophar is using the term **day** to refer to a specific time. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “at the time when God angrily punishes him” +20:29 j621 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor This {is} the portion of the wicked man from God, the heritage of his appointment from God 1 Zophar is speaking as if were literally giving a **wicked man** a **portion**, probably meaning a portion of family property, and a **heritage**, similarly meaning an inheritance. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “This is the punishment that the wicked man deserves, and God will punish him in that way” +20:29 j622 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations the wicked man 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Zophar is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a term in your language that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “the wicked person” +20:29 j623 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun the wicked man 1 Zophar is not referring to a specific **wicked man** or person. He means wicked people in general. It may be more natural in your language to express this meaning by using a plural form. Alternate translation: “wicked people” +20:29 j624 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession the heritage of his appointment from God 1 Zophar is using this possessive form to describe a symbolic **heritage** or inheritance that God has appointed to a wicked person. It may be helpful clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “his appointed heritage from God” or “the heritage that God has appointed to him” 21:intro k6tx 0 # Job 21 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This chapter is Job’s response to Zophar. It is also a response to all three of his friends in general.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Ancestor’s sin\nIn the ancient Near East, it was common to believe that a person could be punished because of the sins of their fathers and ancestors. It was seen as the punishment of a god. While a father’s sin may have consequences for their children, Yahweh does not punish people because of their father’s sin. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Rhetorical questions\n\nJob uses many different rhetorical questions in this chapter in order to try to convince Zophar that he is wrong. These questions help to build Job’s argument. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 21:1 l3vp Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nJob begins to answer Zophar’s accusations. 21:3 x7gy Put up with me 0 Alternate translation: “Allow me” or “Be patient with me”