diff --git a/tn_MAT.tsv b/tn_MAT.tsv index e765ed9b76..cfbcbe18c6 100644 --- a/tn_MAT.tsv +++ b/tn_MAT.tsv @@ -1232,7 +1232,7 @@ front:intro sa9c 0 # Introduction to the Gospel of Matthew\n\n## Part 1: Gene 9:9 sat5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense λέγει 1 To call attention to a development in the story, Matthew uses the present tense in past narration. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you could use the past tense in your translation. Alternate translation: “he said” 9:9 q0bp rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ἠκολούθησεν αὐτῷ 1 Here, the pronoun **he** refers to Matthew, and the pronoun **him** refers to Jesus. If this is not clear for your readers, you could use the people’s names here. Alternate translation: “Matthew followed Jesus” 9:10 zduj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom καὶ ἐγένετο 1 Here, the phrase **And it happened that** introduces something that happened soon after what Matthew previously narrated. If it would be helpful in your language, you use a word or phrase that introduces an event that came soon after the previous event. Alternate translation: “Soon after that,” -9:10 f9lh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἀνακειμένου 1 In Jesus’ culture, people would usually recline, or lay on one side, at a **table** when they were eating. If it would be helpful in your language, you could refer to the position in which people eat in your culture, or you could just refer to eating. Alternate translation: “was sitting down to eat” or “was eating” +9:10 f9lh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἀνακειμένου 1 In Jesus’ culture, people would usually recline, or lay on one side, when they were eating. If it would be helpful in your language, you could refer to the position in which people eat in your culture, or you could just refer to eating. Alternate translation: “was sitting down to eat” or “was eating” 9:10 js9r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τῇ οἰκίᾳ 1 Here it is implied that this is Matthew’s **house**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “Matthew’s house” 9:10 e3iw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations ἰδοὺ 1 Here, the word **behold** draws the attention of the audience and asks them to listen carefully. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express **behold** with a word or phrase that asks the audience to listen, or you could draw the audience’s attention in another way. Alternate translation: “picture this” or “suddenly” 9:11 coh9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ἰδόντες 1 Here, the word **this** refers to how Jesus was feasting with tax collectors and sinners. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “having seen that Jesus was feasting in this way” @@ -3758,88 +3758,221 @@ front:intro sa9c 0 # Introduction to the Gospel of Matthew\n\n## Part 1: Gene 21:46 kv1f rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result καὶ ζητοῦντες αὐτὸν κρατῆσαι, ἐφοβήθησαν τοὺς ὄχλους, ἐπεὶ εἰς προφήτην αὐτὸν εἶχον 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these clauses, since the last clause gives the reason for the result that the second clause describes. Alternate translation: “Now the crowds regarded him as a prophet, so they, seeking to arrest him, were afraid of those crowds” 21:46 ttbo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐφοβήθησαν τοὺς ὄχλους 1 Here Matthew implies that the chief priests and Pharisees did not **seize** Jesus. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “they did not do so since they feared the crowds” 21:46 i35y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τοὺς ὄχλους 1 Here Matthew implies that the chief priests and the Pharisees **feared** what **the crowds** would do if they seized Jesus. They might have rioted or attacked them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “what the crowd would do” or “that the crowd might riot” -22:intro k5ze 0 # Matthew 22 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in verse 44, which is quoted from the Old Testament.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Wedding Feast\n\nIn the parable of the wedding feast ([Matthew 22:1-14](../22/01.md)), Jesus taught that when God offers to save a person, that person needs to accept the offer. Jesus spoke of life with God as a feast that a king prepared for his son who had just gotten married. In addition, Jesus emphasized that not everyone whom God invites will properly prepare himself to come to the feast. God will throw such people out from the feast.\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Implicit information\n\nSpeakers usually do not say things that they think their hearers already understand. When the king in the parable says, “My oxen and fattened calves have been killed” ([Matthew 22:4](../mat/22/04.md)), he assumes that the hearers will understand that those who had killed the animals had also cooked them.\n\n### Paradox\n\nA paradox is a statement that describes two things that seemingly cannot both be true at the same time. To the Jews, ancestors were greater than their descendants. But in one psalm David calls one of his descendants “Lord.” Jesus tells the Jewish leaders that this is a paradox, asking, “If David then calls the Christ ‘Lord,’ how is he David’s son?” ([22:45](../22/45.md)). -22:2 xps3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ὡμοιώθη ἡ Βασιλεία τῶν Οὐρανῶν 1 See how you translated **The kingdom of the heavens is like** in [13:24](../13/24.md). -22:3 wur1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive τοὺς κεκλημένους 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Matthew implies that the “king” did it. Alternate translation: “the ones whom the king invited” -22:4 c7x4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive δούλους λέγων, εἴπατε τοῖς κεκλημένοις 1 See how you translated **the ones who have been invited** in the previous verse. -22:4 arqx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes δούλους λέγων, εἴπατε τοῖς κεκλημένοις 1 If the direct quotation inside a direct quotation would be confusing in your language, you could translate the second direct quotation as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “servants, commanding them to tell the ones who had been invited” -22:4 af2a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὸ ἄριστόν μου ἡτοίμακα 1 The king did not kill **prepare** the **dinner** himself. The implication is that his **servants** did that. Alternate translation: “my servants have prepared my dinner” -22:4 xu4t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive οἱ ταῦροί μου καὶ τὰ σιτιστὰ τεθυμένα 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Matthew implies that “my servants” did it. Alternate translation: “My servants have killed my oxen and fattened calves” -22:4 ro9h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit οἱ ταῦροί μου καὶ τὰ σιτιστὰ τεθυμένα 1 Here, **have been killed** means that they have been both slaughtered and prepared to eat. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “My oxen and fattened calves have been prepared to eat” -22:6 hooe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὕβρισαν καὶ ἀπέκτειναν 1 This does not mean that the **others** both **mistreated** and **killed** the same servants. Rather, some of them mistreated some of the servants, while others killed other servants. You can provide this information in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “mistreated some of the servants and killed others” -22:7 f1da rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ὁ & βασιλεὺς ὠργίσθη 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “this provoked the king” -22:7 la7s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἀπώλεσεν τοὺς φονεῖς ἐκείνους 1 The king did not kill **those murderers** himself. The implication is that **his soldiers** did it. Alternate translation: “his soldiers killed those murderers” -22:8 k98u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive οἱ & κεκλημένοι 1 See how you translated **the ones who had been invited** in [22:4](../22/04.md). +22:intro k5ze 0 # Matthew 22 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\n9. Jesus ministers in Judea (19:1-22:46)\n * The parable of the wedding feast (22:1–14)\n * Jesus debates with the religious leaders (22:15–46)\n * Jesus debates with the Pharisees and Herodians about taxes (22:15–22)\n * Jesus debates with the Sadducees about the resurrection (22:23–33)\n * Jesus debates with a lawyer about the greatest commandment (22:34–40)\n * Jesus asks the religious leaders about the Christ (22:41–46)\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in [22:44](../22/44.md), which is a quote from [Psalm 110:1](../psa/110/01.md).\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### The poll tax\n\nThe word translated “poll tax” refers to a specific amount of money that each adult person had to pay to the government. In Jesus’ time period, the Roman government required Jewish adults to pay a high tax. The Pharisees ask whether this tax that the Roman government required contradicted the law that God gave Moses. Make sure that your readers understand that the Pharisees are asking about a tax that the Roman government required each adult Jewish person to pay.\n\n### A man marrying his brother’s widow\n\nIn [22:23–33](../22/23.md), the Sadducees question Jesus in regard to a hypothetical situation in which a woman marries seven brothers in succession. This situation is based on a command in the Jewish law that can be found in [Deuteronomy 25:5–6](../deu/25/05.md). The law requires a woman who is widowed without children to marry a brother of her late husband. The first child that they have together will be considered the child of the dead man. In this way, that man’s family line would continue. The Sadducees present an extreme application of this law, with seven brothers successively marrying the same woman and dying without having children. They use this example to try to make the idea of resurrection look strange or silly. Make sure that your readers understand the example that the Sadducees present.\n\n### The great commandment\n\nJewish teachers sometimes debated which specific commandment was the greatest or most important one. This was important because, if commandments seemed to contradict each other in a specific situation, the greater one would be the correct one to obey. When the lawyer asks Jesus about “the first and great commandment” in [22:36](../22/36.md), he wants Jesus to offer an opinion about this debate. Make sure that your readers understand that this is what the lawyer is asking about.\n\n### King David and the Christ\n\nIn [22:41–45](../22/41.md), Jesus asks the Pharisees about which important person the Christ is descended from. They give a commonly accepted answer: the Christ is King David’s descendant. Jesus then quotes from [Psalm 110:1](../psa/110/01.md), in which King David, the author of the Psalm, calls God “Lord” but then also calls someone else, the Christ, “my Lord.” Since people in David’s culture called older and more important people “lord,” it does not make sense for David to call his own descendant “Lord.” When Jesus asks about this, he implies that the Christ is indeed King David’s descendant, but he is also more than that. Make sure that this the discussion about calling someone “Lord” is clear to your readers.\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in this Chapter\n\n### The Parable of the Wedding Feast\n\nIn [22:1–14](../22/01.md), Jesus tells a story about a king whose son was getting married. He wanted to throw a feast, so he invited important people to come. However, they refused to come and even mistreated the king’s servants. In response, the king punished those people and instead invited many unimportant people whom his servants found. When the king went to visit these guests, he noticed that one of them was not wearing clothing appropriate for a wedding feast. He had him tied up and punished. He applies this parable by indicating that many people are “called” to be part of God’s kingdom but only a few of them are “chosen” to actually do so. In other words, just as the king invited many people to come to the feast, but only a few actually attended, so God invites many people to participate in his kingdom, but only a few actually do so. While you should not explain the meaning more than Jesus does, make sure that your translation fits with what Jesus is illustrating. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]])\n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\nSingular and plural forms of “you”\n\nMany of the forms of “you” in this chapter appear in speeches that Jesus gives to the Jewish leaders or in things that the king in the parable says to his servants. Because of this, many forms of “you” in this chapter are plural. You should assume forms of “you” are plural unless a note specifies that the form is singular. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])\n\n### Paradox\n\nA paradox is a statement that describes two things that seemingly cannot both be true at the same time. To the Jews, ancestors were greater than their descendants. However, in one psalm David calls one of his descendants “Lord.” Jesus tells the Jewish leaders that this is a paradox, asking, “If David then calls the Christ ‘Lord,’ how is he David’s son?” ([22:45](../22/45.md)). He is trying to lead his hearers to the true understanding that the Christ will be divine, and that he himself is the Christ. So David is speaking to his son, that is, his descendant, as the Christ, and it is appropriate for him to address him as his “Lord.” +22:1 uh33 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἀποκριθεὶς 1 Here, the word **answering** indicates that Jesus is responding to how the chief priests and the Pharisees wanted to arrest him (see [21:45–46](../21/45.md)). He is not responding to something that they said to him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “responding to what they wanted to do” or “in response” +22:1 zy3q rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns αὐτοῖς 1 The pronoun **them** refers to the chief priests, the elders, and the Pharisees, with whom Jesus has been talking. If this is not clear for your readers, you could refer to these people more directly. Alternate translation: “to the chief priests, the elders, and the Pharisees” or “to the Jewish leaders” +22:1 cjpa rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations λέγων 1 Consider natural ways of introducing direct quotations in your language. Alternate translation: “and he declared” +22:2 xps3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parables ὡμοιώθη ἡ Βασιλεία τῶν Οὐρανῶν ἀνθρώπῳ 1 To teach the Jewish leaders, Jesus offers a story or illustration. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “Listen to this story: the kingdom of the heavens is compared to a man” +22:2 dn02 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ὡμοιώθη ἡ Βασιλεία τῶν Οὐρανῶν 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who does the comparing, it is clear from the context that it is Jesus himself. Alternate translation: “I compare the kingdom of the heavens to” or “The kingdom of the heavens is comparable to” +22:3 cuyz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἀπέστειλεν τοὺς δούλους αὐτοῦ, καλέσαι τοὺς κεκλημένους εἰς τοὺς γάμους 1 Here Jesus implies that the king had already sent out invitations and was now sending his servants to let people know that it was time to come to the feast. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “he invited many guests to the wedding feast. When it was time, he sent out his servants to call the ones having been invited” +22:3 pf8s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure καλέσαι τοὺς κεκλημένους εἰς τοὺς γάμους 1 Here, the phrase **to the wedding feast** could go with: (1) the phrase **had been invited**. Alternate translation: “to call the the ones having been invited to be guests at the wedding feast” (2) the phrase **to call**. Alternate translation: “to call to go to the wedding feast the ones having been invited” +22:3 wur1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive τοὺς κεκλημένους 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who did the action, it is clear from the context that it was king himself. Alternate translation: “the ones that the king had invited” +22:3 c007 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases καὶ 2 Here, the word **and** introduces what actually happened in contrast to what the king wanted. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a contrast. Alternate translation: “but” +22:3 npqw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go ἐλθεῖν 1 In a context such as this, your language might say “go” instead of **come**. Alternate translation: “to go” +22:4 arqx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes λέγων, εἴπατε τοῖς κεκλημένοις, ἰδοὺ, τὸ ἄριστόν μου ἡτοίμακα, οἱ ταῦροί μου καὶ τὰ σιτιστὰ τεθυμένα, καὶ πάντα ἕτοιμα; δεῦτε εἰς τοὺς γάμους. 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there are not quotations within quotations. Alternate translation: “telling them to say to the ones having been invited that he had prepared his dinner, that his oxen and fattened calves had been killed, and that all things were ready, so they should come to the wedding feast.” +22:4 myes rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations λέγων 1 If you keep the direct quotation, consider natural ways of introducing it in your language. Alternate translation: “and he told them” +22:4 c7x4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive τοῖς κεκλημένοις 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who did the action, it is clear from the context that it was king himself. Alternate translation: “the ones that I have invited” +22:4 rnkd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations ἰδοὺ 1 Here, the word **behold** is intended to draw the attention of the people who were invited and asks them to listen carefully. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express **behold** with a word or phrase that asks these people to listen. Alternate translation: “Listen” or “Pay attention:” +22:4 af2a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὸ ἄριστόν μου ἡτοίμακα 1 Here the king implies that he had his servants prepare the **dinner**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “I have had people prepare my dinner” +22:4 xu4t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive οἱ ταῦροί μου καὶ τὰ σιτιστὰ τεθυμένα 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who did the action, it is clear from the context that it was the king’s servants. Alternate translation: “My servants have killed my oxen and fattened calves” +22:4 krm5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown οἱ ταῦροί μου καὶ τὰ σιτιστὰ 1 The word **bulls** refers to male cows. The phrase **fattened calves** refers to young cows that were specially fed and taken care of so that they would make good food when they were slaughtered. These animals were valuable and considered to be very good for food. If your readers would not be familiar with these types of animals, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “My male cows and specially fed young cows” or “The special animals that we will eat” +22:4 ro9h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τεθυμένα 1 Here the king implies that the **oxen** and **fattened calves** have been slaughtered and prepared for eating. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “have been prepared as food” +22:4 ufjh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative δεῦτε 1 This is an imperative, but it should be translated as a polite request rather than as a command. It may be helpful to add an expression such as “please” to make this clear. Alternate translation: “I ask that you come” +22:4 s6sl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go δεῦτε 1 In a context such as this, your language might say “Go” instead of **Come**. Alternate translation: “Go” +22:5 ee04 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast δὲ 1 Here, the word **But** introduces what those people did in contrast to what the king asked them to do. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces this kind of contrast, or you could leave **But** untranslated. Alternate translation: “Despite that,” +22:5 eq7q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἀπῆλθον, ὃς μὲν εἰς τὸν ἴδιον ἀγρόν, ὃς δὲ ἐπὶ τὴν ἐμπορίαν αὐτοῦ 1 Here Jesus gives examples of what some of the people did instead of attending the wedding feast. He does not mean that there were only two people who were invited. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “went away to do other things, like taking care of fields or businesses” +22:5 ery7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations τὸν ἴδιον & αὐτοῦ 1 Although the terms **his** and **his** are masculine, Jesus is using the words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “to his or her own … his or her” +22:6 l8tw rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast δὲ 1 Here, the word **But** introduces what other guests did in contrast to what some guests did as described in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces that kind of contrast, or you could leave **But** untranslated. Alternate translation: “In contrast,” +22:6 v5qw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj οἱ & λοιποὶ 1 Jesus is using the adjective **rest** as a noun to mean the rest of the invited guests. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “the rest of the guests” +22:6 hooe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὕβρισαν καὶ ἀπέκτειναν 1 Here Jesus implies that some of them mistreated some of the servants, while others killed some of the servants. They did not always mistreat and kill each servant. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “mistreated some and killed others” +22:7 f1da rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases δὲ 1 Here, the word **But** introduces the next thing that happened. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces the next event, or you could leave **But** untranslated. Alternate translation: “Then” +22:7 la7s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἀπώλεσεν τοὺς φονεῖς ἐκείνους, καὶ τὴν πόλιν αὐτῶν ἐνέπρησεν 1 Here Jesus implies that the king had **his soldiers** destroy **those murderers** and burn **their city**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “he had them kill those murders and burn their city” +22:8-9 zemz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes λέγει τοῖς δούλοις αὐτοῦ, ὁ μὲν γάμος ἕτοιμός ἐστιν, οἱ δὲ κεκλημένοι οὐκ ἦσαν ἄξιοι & πορεύεσθε οὖν ἐπὶ τὰς διεξόδους τῶν ὁδῶν, καὶ ὅσους ἐὰν εὕρητε, καλέσατε εἰς τοὺς γάμους 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “he told his servants that the wedding feast was ready, but the ones having been invited were not worthy. So, he commanded them to go to the crossings of the roads and invite as many as they found to teh wedding feast.” +22:8 frei rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense λέγει 1 To call attention to a development in the story, Matthew uses the present tense in past narration. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you could use the past tense in your translation. Alternate translation: “he said” +22:8 k98u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive οἱ & κεκλημένοι 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who did the action, it is clear from the context that it was king himself. Alternate translation: “the ones that I had invited” +22:8 y3xo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἄξιοι 1 Here the king implies that the people were **not worthy** to attend the wedding feast. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “worthy to come” or “worthy to be at the feast” +22:9 sc89 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go πορεύεσθε 1 In a context such as this, your language might say “come” instead of **go**. Alternate translation: “come” +22:9 dq5h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὰς διεξόδους τῶν ὁδῶν 1 Here, the phrase **the crossings of the roads** could refer to: (1) the places where roads cross other **roads**. Alternate translation: “the street crossings” (2) the places where **roads** from the city cross into the country. Alternate translation: “where the roads leave the city” +22:10 f0k0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go ἐξελθόντες 1 In a context such as this, your language might say “come” instead of **gone**. Alternate translation: “having come out” 22:10 uva7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj πονηρούς τε καὶ ἀγαθούς 1 Jesus is using the adjectives **evil** and **good** as nouns to mean certain kinds of people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate these words with equivalent phrases. Alternate translation: “both evil people and good people” -22:10 sjgs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism πάντας οὓς εὗρον, πονηρούς τε καὶ ἀγαθούς 1 Jesus says the words **evil** and **good** to show that they invited everyone who was there. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “all of the people whom they found there” -22:10 c6ph rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐπλήσθη ὁ γάμος ἀνακειμένων 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “those reclining to eat filled the wedding hall” -22:10 fy3a rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown ὁ γάμος 1 A **wedding hall** was a large room where weddings were performed. Your language and culture may have a term for this that you can use in your translation. -22:12 c7iy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion πῶς εἰσῆλθες ὧδε μὴ ἔχων ἔνδυμα γάμου? 1 The king uses a question to scold the guest. If it would be helpful to your readers, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “you are not wearing proper clothes for a wedding. You should not be here.” -22:13 jmp4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential τότε 1 The word translated **Then** at the beginning of this phrase indicates that this event happened after the previous event that the story described. Alternate translation: “After this,” -22:13 olin rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom δήσαντες αὐτοῦ πόδας καὶ χεῖρας 1 When the king commands his servants to bind this man **foot and hand**, this does not mean that he wants them to tie the man’s feet to his hands. Rather, this is an idiom that means to bind his hands together and his feet together. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “After you bind his hands together and his feet together” -22:13 rpy8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy τὸ σκότος τὸ ἐξώτερον 1 See how you translated this in [8:12](../08/12.md). -22:13 s9ge rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction ὁ κλαυθμὸς καὶ ὁ βρυγμὸς τῶν ὀδόντων 1 See how you translated this in [8:12](../08/12.md). -22:14 hy3a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive πολλοὶ γάρ εἰσιν κλητοὶ, ὀλίγοι δὲ ἐκλεκτοί 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Matthew implies that God did it. Alternate translation: “For God invites many people to be with him forever, but he only chooses a few” -22:14 yz5f rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γάρ 1 If the connection between this statement and the previous one is not clear, you may want to use a connecting word to show how this statement relates to what came before it. Use a natural form in your language for connecting this statement to the previous one. Alternate translation: “So in the same way as this” -22:15 y826 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential τότε 1 The word translated **Then** at the beginning of this phrase indicates that this event happened after the previous event that the story described. Alternate translation: “After this,” -22:15 u2mj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ὅπως αὐτὸν παγιδεύσωσιν ἐν λόγῳ 1 Matthew is speaking as if the Pharisees literally wanted to catch Jesus in a trap or **entrap** him. He means that they wanted to get Jesus to say or do something that would allow them to accuse him of doing wrong. If it would be helpful for your readers, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “how they might cause him to say something that would allow them to accuse him of doing wrong” -22:15 assh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἐν λόγῳ 1 Matthew is using the term **word** to mean something that Jesus might say by using words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “by something he said” -22:16 eae4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τοὺς μαθητὰς αὐτῶν μετὰ τῶν Ἡρῳδιανῶν 1 The **disciples** of the Pharisees supported paying taxes only to Jewish authorities. The **Herodians** supported paying taxes to the Roman government. It is implied that the Pharisees believed that no matter what Jesus said, he would offend one of these groups. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “their disciples, who paid taxes only to the temple, along with the Herodians, who paid taxes to the Roman government” -22:16 rf66 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Ἡρῳδιανῶν 1 **Herodians** is the name of a group of people who supported the ruler Herod Antipas. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly, as modeled by the UST. -22:16 hhne rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-politeness Διδάσκαλε 1 The Pharisees and Herodians are addressing to Jesus by a respectful title. Your language and culture may have a comparable title that you can use in your translation, here and in verse 24. -22:16 z92l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐν ἀληθείᾳ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **truth**, you could express the same idea with an adjective such as “truthfully.” Alternate translation: “truthfully” -22:16 t2qa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom οὐ & βλέπεις εἰς πρόσωπον ἀνθρώπων 2 Here, **you do not look at the face of men** is an idiom that means that before you speak, you do not consider what others might think about what you say. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you do not worry what others will think of what you have to say” -22:17 a9by rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Καίσαρι 1 The religious leaders are using the term **Caesar** to mean the roman government. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to the Roman government” -22:18 a2ti rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion τί με πειράζετε, ὑποκριταί? 1 Jesus is using the question form to challenge the religious leaders. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “You certainly should not test me, you hypocrites!” -22:19 cie7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney δηνάριον 1 The **denarius** was a Roman coin worth one day’s wages. You could try to express this amount in terms of current monetary values, but that might cause your Bible translation to become outdated and inaccurate, since those values can change over time. So instead you might state something more general or give the equivalent in wages. Alternate translation: “a coin worth one day’s wages” -22:20 ue7j rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns αὐτοῖς 1 The pronoun **them** refers to the Herodians and the disciples of the Pharisees. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “to the Herodians and the disciples of the Pharisees” -22:21 eseu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis καὶ τὰ τοῦ Θεοῦ τῷ Θεῷ 1 Jesus is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and give to God the things of God” -22:23 wqg2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential ἐν ἐκείνῃ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ 1 The phrase translated **On that day** at the beginning of this phrase indicates that this event happened later that same day, after the previous event that the story described. Alternate translation: “Later that same day” -22:24 xl5f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes Διδάσκαλε, Μωϋσῆς εἶπεν, ἐάν τις ἀποθάνῃ 1 If the direct quotation inside a direct quotation would be confusing in your language, you could translate the second direct quotation as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “Teacher, Moses said that if a man dies” -22:24 id3b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative ἐπιγαμβρεύσει ὁ ἀδελφὸς αὐτοῦ τὴν γυναῖκα αὐτοῦ, καὶ ἀναστήσει 1 Moses is using a future statement to give a command. Alternate translation: “his brother must marry his wife and must raise up” -22:24 u7dm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor σπέρμα 1 The term **seed** means “offspring.” It is a word picture. Just as plants produce seeds that grow into many more plants, so people can have many offspring. If it would help your readers to understand what seed means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternate translation: “offspring” +22:10 c6ph rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐπλήσθη ὁ γάμος ἀνακειμένων 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “those reclining to eat filled the wedding” +22:10 fy3a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ὁ γάμος 1 Here, **wedding** represents the place where the wedding celebration would take place. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “place for the wedding” +22:10 gurp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἀνακειμένων 1 In Jesus’ culture, people would usually recline, or lay on one side, when they were eating. If it would be helpful in your language, you could refer to the position in which people eat in your culture, or you could just refer to eating. Alternate translation: “with those sitting down to eat” or “with those ready to eat” +22:11 bnwu rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases δὲ 1 Here, the word **But** introduces the next thing that happened. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces the next event, or you could leave **But** untranslated. Alternate translation: “Then” +22:11 rrin rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go εἰσελθὼν 1 In a context such as this, your language might say “gone” instead of **come**. Alternate translation: “having gone in” +22:11 a98v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τοὺς ἀνακειμένους 1 In Jesus’ culture, people would usually recline, or lay on one side, when they were eating. See how you expressed the idea in [22:10](../22/10.md). Alternate translation: “the ones sitting down to eat” or “the ones ready to eat” +22:11 o5fi rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown ἔνδυμα γάμου 1 The phrase **wedding clothes** refers to nice or special clothing that people would wear to weddings. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of clothing, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “appropriate clothes” or “the correct clothing” +22:12 tjej rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes λέγει αὐτῷ, ἑταῖρε, πῶς εἰσῆλθες ὧδε μὴ ἔχων ἔνδυμα γάμου? 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “and asked him politely how he came in that place, not having wedding clothes.” +22:12 ld9y rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense λέγει 1 To call attention to a development in the story, Jesus uses the present tense in past narration. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you could use the past tense in your translation. Alternate translation: “he said” +22:12 c7iy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion πῶς εἰσῆλθες ὧδε μὴ ἔχων ἔνδυμα γάμου? 1 The king is using the question form to rebuke the man who was not wearing wedding clothes. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “it was wrong for you to come in here, not having wedding clothes.” or “you should never have come in here, not having wedding clothes!” +22:12 vm69 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular εἰσῆλθες 1 Here, the word **you** is singular because the king is speaking to one of the wedding guests. +22:12 vrwy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go εἰσῆλθες 1 In a context such as this, your language might say “go” instead of **come**. Alternate translation: “did you go in” +22:12 si4w rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown ἔνδυμα γάμου 1 The phrase **wedding clothes** refers to nice or special clothing that people would wear to weddings. Express the idea as you did in [22:11](../22/11.md). Alternate translation: “appropriate clothes” or “the correct clothing” +22:13 eirl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes ὁ βασιλεὺς εἶπεν τοῖς διακόνοις, δήσαντες αὐτοῦ πόδας καὶ χεῖρας, ἐκβάλετε αὐτὸν εἰς τὸ σκότος τὸ ἐξώτερον; ἐκεῖ ἔσται ὁ κλαυθμὸς καὶ ὁ βρυγμὸς τῶν ὀδόντων 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “the king commanded his servants to bind his feet and hands and to throw him out into the outer darkness, where there will be weeping and grinding of the teeth.” +22:13 tzhp rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations εἰς τὸ σκότος τὸ ἐξώτερον; ἐκεῖ ἔσται ὁ κλαυθμὸς καὶ ὁ βρυγμὸς τῶν ὀδόντων 1 Here, the clause **where there will be weeping and grinding of the teeth** could be: (1) something that **the king** says. Alternate translation: “into the outer darkness, which is where there will be weeping and grinding of the teeth.’” (2) something that Jesus adds in comment. Alternate translation: “into the outer darkness.’ That is where there will be weeping and grinding of the teeth.” +22:13 olin rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor εἰς τὸ σκότος τὸ ἐξώτερον 1 Here, the phrase the **outer darkness** refers to a place of punishment. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. If possible, preserve the idea of darkness. See how you expressed the similar idea in [8:12](../08/12.md). Alternate translation: “into the dark place of punishment” +22:13 rpy8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὸ σκότος τὸ ἐξώτερον 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **darkness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “the dark place outside” +22:13 s9ge rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction ὁ βρυγμὸς τῶν ὀδόντων 1 In Jesus’ culture, people would grind their teeth when they experienced anger, grief, and pain. If it would be helpful in your language, you could refer to an action with comparable meaning or state the meaning of this action plainly. See how you expressed this phrase in [8:12](../08/12.md). Alternate translation: “beating of breasts” or “grinding of the teeth in anger and pain”\n +22:14 yz5f rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γάρ 1 Here, the word **For** introduces Jesus’ explanation of the story he has just told. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces an explanation. Alternate translation: “Here is what I mean:” or “What that parable illustrates is that” +22:14 hy3a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive πολλοὶ & εἰσιν κλητοὶ, ὀλίγοι δὲ ἐκλεκτοί 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who does the action, it is clear from the context that it is God. Alternate translation: “God calls many, but he chooses few” +22:14 oure rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj πολλοὶ & ὀλίγοι 1 Matthew is using the adjectives **many** and **few** as nouns to mean many people and few people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate these words with equivalent phrases. Alternate translation: “many people … few people” +22:14 etql rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit κλητοὶ & ἐκλεκτοί 1 Here Jesus implies that people are **called** and **chosen** to enter into God’s kingdom. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “called to enter God’s kingdom … chosen to enter it” +22:14 py1n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ὀλίγοι & ἐκλεκτοί 1 Jesus is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “few are chosen” +22:15 y826 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent τότε 1 Here, the word **Then** introduces the next major event in the story. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces the next event, or you could leave **Then** untranslated. Alternate translation: “Later on,” or “Sometime later,” +22:15 gqv1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go πορευθέντες 1 In a context such as this, your language might say “come” instead of **gone**. Alternate translation: “having come” +22:15 m6tv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom συμβούλιον ἔλαβον 1 Here, the phrase **took counsel** indicates that the Pharisees were working together to figure something out. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase or state the meaning plainly. See how you expressed the similar phrase in [12:14](../12/14.md). Alternate translation: “made plans concerning” or “came up with ideas for” +22:15 u2mj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor αὐτὸν παγιδεύσωσιν 1 Matthew is speaking as if the Pharisees wanted to catch Jesus in a trap. He means that they wanted to get Jesus to say something that would allow them to accuse him of doing wrong. If it would be helpful for your readers, you could use a comparable figure of speech or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “they might catch him” or “they might cause him to make an error” +22:15 assh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἐν λόγῳ 1 Here, **word** represents something said in words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in his speech” +22:15 z068 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν λόγῳ 1 Here, the phrase **in word** could refer to things spoken by: (1) Jesus. Alternate translation: “in his words” (2) the Pharisees. Alternate translation: “with their words” +22:16 hhne rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense ἀποστέλλουσιν 1 To call attention to a development in the story, Matthew uses the present tense in past narration. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you could use the past tense in your translation. Alternate translation: “they sent” +22:16 rf66 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown τῶν Ἡρῳδιανῶν 1 The **Herodians** were a group of people who supported the ruler Herod Antipas. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a short phrase to describe them. Alternate translation: “people who wanted King Herod to continue to rule” +22:16 eae4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations λέγοντας 1 Consider natural ways of introducing direct quotations in your language. Alternate translation: “and they said” +22:16 ku5y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular εἶ & διδάσκεις & σοι & οὐ & βλέπεις 1 Throughout this verse, the word **you** is singular because the Herodians and the disciples of the Pharisees are speaking to Jesus. +22:16 v1tf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὴν ὁδὸν τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Here, the Herodians and the disciples of the Pharisees are using the possessive form to describe a **way** that **God** desires or approves of. If this is not clear in your language, you could express the idea in another way. Alternate translation: “the way that pleases God” +22:16 fspk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τὴν ὁδὸν τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Here Jesus uses the word **way** to refer to behavior in life. More specifically, he means that this behavior pleases **God**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable figure of speech or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “behavior that pleases God” +22:16 z92l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐν ἀληθείᾳ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **truth**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “in a truthful way” +22:16 kaec rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result οὐ μέλει σοι περὶ οὐδενός, οὐ γὰρ βλέπεις εἰς πρόσωπον ἀνθρώπων 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these clauses, since the second clause gives the reason for the result that the first clause describes. Alternate translation: “since you do not look at the face of men, it is not a concern to you about anyone” +22:16 q5c0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom οὐ μέλει σοι περὶ οὐδενός 1 The Herodians and the disciples of the Pharisees use this clause to say that Jesus does not care what others think and say about him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you do not concern yourself with the opinions of others” or “you are not influenced by what others think of you” +22:16 yrh2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives οὐ μέλει σοι περὶ οὐδενός 1 The words translated **not** and **anyone** are two negative words. In this construction, the second negative does not cancel the first to create a positive meaning. Instead, it gives greater emphasis to the negative. If your language can use two negatives that do not cancel one another to create a positive meaning, you could use a double negative here. If your language does not use two negatives in that way, you could translate with one negative, as the ULT does. Alternate translation: “it is a concern to you about no one” +22:16 wl4y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns οὐ μέλει σοι 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **concern**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “nothing concerns you” +22:16 t2qa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom οὐ γὰρ βλέπεις εἰς πρόσωπον ἀνθρώπων 1 Here, to **look at the face of men** refers to making decisions about how to treat people based on how they appear. People who **look at the face of men** treat wealthy and important people differently than they treat poor and unimportant people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “for you do not judge men by appearances” or “for you do not treat people based on what they look like” +22:16 wr6z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ἀνθρώπων 1 Although the term **men** is masculine, the Herodians and the disciples of the Pharisees are using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “of humans” +22:17 wez5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result οὖν 1 Here, the word **Therefore** introduces what the Herodians and the disciples of the Pharisees want to ask because of what they have claimed to think about Jesus. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces this kind of question, or you could leave **Therefore** untranslated. Alternate translation: “So then” or “Since you teach that way” +22:17 e37e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion εἰπὲ & ἡμῖν, τί σοι δοκεῖ? 1 The Herodians and the Pharisees are using the question form to get the attention of Jesus. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “tell us what you think.” or “tell us what you think!” +22:17 bl2x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative εἰπὲ 1 This is an imperative, but it should be translated as a polite request rather than as a command. It may be helpful to add an expression such as “please” to make this clear. Alternate translation: “we ask that you tell” +22:17 r4d4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular εἰπὲ & σοι 1 Here, the imperative and the word **you** are singular because the Herodians and the disciples of the Pharisees are speaking to Jesus. +22:17 uptu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἔξεστιν 1 Here, the word **lawful** could be referring to: (1) whether something is permitted by the Jewish law that God gave to Moses. Alternate translation: “Does the law that God gave to Moses permit us” (2) whether something is generally right or wrong. Alternate translation: “Is it right” or “Is it appropriate” +22:17 a9by rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Καίσαρι 1 Here, **Caesar** represents the Roman leaders and government in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to the Roman leaders” or “to the Roman empire” +22:17 i2n1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis οὔ 1 The Herodians and the disciples of the Pharisees are leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “is it not lawful to do so” +22:18 ezn8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases δὲ 1 Here, the word **But** introduces the next thing that happened. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces the next event, or you could leave **But** untranslated. Alternate translation: “Then” +22:18 gwkp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὴν πονηρίαν αὐτῶν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **wickedness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “that they were acting wickedly” +22:18 a2ti rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion τί με πειράζετε, ὑποκριταί? 1 Jesus is using the question form to rebuke the Herodians and the disciples of the Pharisees. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “I know that you are testing me, hypocrites.” or “Stop testing me, hypocrites!” +22:19 ostd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὸ νόμισμα τοῦ κήνσου 1 Here, Jesus is using the possessive form to describe a **coin** that is used to pay **the poll tax**. If this is not clear in your language, you could express the idea in another way. Alternate translation: “the coin used to pay the poll tax” +22:19 h17x rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns οἱ 1 The pronoun **they** refers to the people who were there, more specifically the Herodians and the disciples of the Pharisees. If this is not clear for your readers, you could refer to these people more directly. Alternate translation: “the disciples of the Pharisees and the Herodians” or “the people there” +22:19 cie7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney δηνάριον 1 A **denarius** was a silver coin equivalent to about one day’s wage for a hired worker. You could try to express this amount in terms of current monetary values, but that might cause your Bible translation to become outdated and inaccurate, since those values can change over time. So instead you might state something more general or give the equivalent in wages. Alternate translation: “a silver coin” or “a coin worth one day’s wage” +22:20 bfx7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense λέγει 1 To call attention to a development in the story, Matthew uses the present tense in past narration. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you could use the past tense in your translation. Alternate translation: “he said” +22:20 ue7j rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns αὐτοῖς 1 The pronoun **them** refers to the Herodians and the disciples of the Pharisees. If this is not clear for your readers, you could refer to these people more directly. Alternate translation: “to the Herodians and the disciples of the Pharisees” +22:20 sytf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἡ εἰκὼν αὕτη καὶ ἡ ἐπιγραφή 1 In Jesus’ culture, when governments made coins, they would usually put the face of the king or leader on one side, and they would usually have writing on the coin that honored that king or leader. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this practice more explicit. Alternate translation: “face and words of honor did the Roman government stamp on this coin” +22:20 crby rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown ἡ ἐπιγραφή 1 Here, the word **inscription** refers to a few words carved or pressed into a hard surface. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of writing, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “writing” or “written message” +22:21 w1k5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense λέγουσιν & λέγει 1 To call attention to a development in the story, Matthew uses the present tense in past narration. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you could use the past tense in your translation. Alternate translation: “They said & he said” +22:21 oydy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis Καίσαρος 1 The Herodians and the disciples of the Pharisees are leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous verse if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “The image and inscription are Caesar’s” +22:21 juhz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Καίσαρος 1 Here the fact that the image and inscription on the coin are **Caesar’s** implies that they were created by the empire that Caesar ruled, the Roman empire. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “They are of Caesar, the man who rules the Roman empire” +22:21 pi3i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy τὰ Καίσαρος Καίσαρι 1 Here, **Caesar** represents the Roman leaders and government in general. See how you translated this word in [22:17](../22/17.md), but make sure that the connection to the answer **Caesar’s** earlier in the verse is clear. Alternate translation: “the things of the Roman leaders to the Roman leaders” or “the things of the Roman empire to the Roman empire” +22:21 eseu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis καὶ τὰ τοῦ Θεοῦ τῷ Θεῷ 1 Jesus is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and give back the things of God to God” +22:22 vek6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go ἀπῆλθαν 1 In a context such as this, your language might say “came” instead of **went**. Alternate translation: “they came away” +22:23 wqg2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential ἐν ἐκείνῃ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ 1 The phrase **On that day** indicates that this event happened later that same day, after the previous event that Matthew described. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different word or phrase that introduces an event that happened later on the same day. Alternate translation: “Later on, during that same day,” +22:23 pmq6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants ἐν ἐκείνῃ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ προσῆλθον αὐτῷ Σαδδουκαῖοι λέγοντες, μὴ εἶναι ἀνάστασιν, καὶ ἐπηρώτησαν αὐτὸν 1 Matthew is here introducing the **Sadducees** as new participants in the story. If your language has its own way of introducing new participants, you could use it here in your translation. Alternate translation: “On that day some people approached him. They were Sadducees, who are a group who say that there is no resurrection. They questioned him” +22:23 scbc rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background ἐν ἐκείνῃ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ προσῆλθον αὐτῷ Σαδδουκαῖοι λέγοντες, μὴ εἶναι ἀνάστασιν 1 Here Matthew provides background information about the **Sadducees** that will help readers understand what happens next. Use a natural form in your language for introducing background information. Alternate translation: “Now the Sadducees teach that there is no resurrection. On that day, some of them approached him” +22:23 p6nm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns μὴ εἶναι ἀνάστασιν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **resurrection**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “that people do not resurrect” +22:24 bw5e rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations λέγοντες 1 Consider natural ways of introducing direct quotations in your language. Alternate translation: “and they said” +22:24 xl5f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes Μωϋσῆς εἶπεν, ἐάν τις ἀποθάνῃ μὴ ἔχων τέκνα, ἐπιγαμβρεύσει ὁ ἀδελφὸς αὐτοῦ τὴν γυναῖκα αὐτοῦ, καὶ ἀναστήσει σπέρμα τῷ ἀδελφῷ αὐτοῦ 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “Moses said that if someone has died, not having children, his brother will marry his wife and will raise up seed for his brother.” +22:24 t9ds rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations Μωϋσῆς εἶπεν 1 Here, the Sadducees introduce a summary of a section of an important text, in this case, the Old Testament book of Deuteronomy (see [Deuteronomy 25:5–6](../deu/25/05.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that the Sadducees are summarizing an important text. Alternate translation: “Moses wrote in the book of Deuteronomy” or “Moses declared in the Law” +22:24 xe1x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo ἐάν τις ἀποθάνῃ μὴ ἔχων τέκνα, ἐπιγαμβρεύσει ὁ ἀδελφὸς αὐτοῦ 1 Here **Moses** uses an imaginary situation to show what should happen when that kind of situation actually happens. Use a natural method in your language for introducing an imaginary situation. Alternate translation: “Suppose that someone has died, not having children. Then, his brother will marry” +22:24 n3yu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐπιγαμβρεύσει ὁ ἀδελφὸς αὐτοῦ τὴν γυναῖκα αὐτοῦ, καὶ ἀναστήσει σπέρμα τῷ ἀδελφῷ αὐτοῦ 1 Here **Moses** required that, when a man’s brother died without having any children even though he was married, the man had to marry his brother’s widow. The first child that they had would be considered offspring of the man’s deceased brother. That way, the deceased brother’s family line could continue. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit in your translation, or you could include some of this information in a footnote. Alternate translation: “his brother will marry the widow and will raise up seed with her. The first child will continue the dead man’s family line” +22:24 id3b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative ἐπιγαμβρεύσει ὁ ἀδελφὸς αὐτοῦ τὴν γυναῖκα αὐτοῦ, καὶ ἀναστήσει 1 The author of the quotation is using the future form to give a command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea using a form that expresses a command or obligation. Alternate translation: “his brother must marry his wife and must raise up” +22:24 lnv3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἀναστήσει σπέρμα 1 Here, the author of the quotation is speaking of having a child as if it were raising up **seed**. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will produce offspring” +22:25 kfom rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases δὲ 1 Here, the word **But** introduces the next topic that the Sadducees want to talk about. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces the next topic, or you could leave **But** untranslated. Alternate translation: “Now” +22:25 avsm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo ἦσαν & παρ’ ἡμῖν ἑπτὰ ἀδελφοί; καὶ ὁ πρῶτος 1 Here the Sadducees use an imaginary situation to set up a question they want to ask Jesus. Use a natural method in your language for introducing an imaginary situation. Alternate translation: “imagine a family with seven brothers. The first” +22:25 njdt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj ὁ πρῶτος 1 The Sadducees are using the number **first** as a noun to mean the first brother. Your language may use numbers in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “the first brother” 22:25 ag5z rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal ὁ πρῶτος 1 If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use a cardinal number here. Alternate translation: “brother number one” -22:25 njdt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj ὁ πρῶτος 1 Jesus is using the adjective **first** as a noun in order to indicate a particular person. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could specify the person. Alternate translation: “the first brother” or “the oldest brother” -22:26 r6bq rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal ὁ δεύτερος & ὁ τρίτος & τῶν ἑπτά 1 If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use a cardinal number here or an equivalent expression. Alternate translation: “the next oldest … the next oldest … the youngest” -22:26 pnf5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj ὁ δεύτερος & ὁ τρίτος & τῶν ἑπτά 1 The Sadducees are using the adjectives **second**, **third** and **seventh** as a noun in order to indicate a particular person. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could specify the person. Alternate translation: “the second brother … the third brother … the seventh brother” -22:27 t7md rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj ὕστερον & πάντων 1 The Sadducees are using the adjective **all** as a noun in order to indicate a particular group of people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could specify the people. Alternate translation: “all these people we have told you about” -22:28 s743 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν τῇ ἀναστάσει 1 The Sadducees did not actually believe that there would be a resurrection. If it would be helpful in your language, you could indicate this explicitly. Alternate translation: “in the supposed resurrection” or “when people supposedly rise from the dead” -22:28 mx5z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj τῶν ἑπτὰ 1 The Sadducees are using the adjective **seven** as a noun to mean the seven brothers. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “the seven brothers” -22:29 p1ae rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor πλανᾶσθε 1 Jesus is speaking as if the Sadducees have literally been **led astray** or conducted down the wrong path. He means that they have been deceived. If it would be helpful for your readers, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “You have been deceived” -22:29 e2t4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit πλανᾶσθε 1 Jesus is saying that they have been **led stray** specifically about the resurrection. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “You have been led astray not to believe in the resurrection of the dead” -22:29 xkvg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive πλανᾶσθε 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Someone has led you astray” -22:29 dax6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὴν δύναμιν τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **power**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “what God is able to do” -22:30 ygr1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐν & τῇ ἀναστάσει 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **resurrection**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “when dead people rise back to life” -22:30 uaj9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns οὔτε γαμοῦσιν & εἰσιν 1 Both uses of the pronoun **they** refer to men and women in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could clarify this in your translation. Alternate translation: “men and women neither marry … men and women are” -22:30 qkv1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive οὔτε γαμίζονται 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “nor do people give their children in marriage” -22:31 foao rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns περὶ δὲ τῆς ἀναστάσεως τῶν νεκρῶν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **resurrection**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “But concerning what happens when people who have died become alive again” -22:31 essh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj τῶν νεκρῶν 1 Jesus is using the adjective **dead** as a noun to mean a certain kind of person. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “people who have died” -22:31 b9sy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion οὐκ ἀνέγνωτε τὸ ῥηθὲν ὑμῖν ὑπὸ τοῦ Θεοῦ λέγοντος 1 This is the first part of a rhetorical question that continues into the next verse. Jesus scolds the Sadducees by asking a question. He is not looking for an answer. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “I know you have read what was spoken to you by God. You know that he said” +22:25 bqah rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit καὶ μὴ ἔχων σπέρμα, ἀφῆκεν τὴν γυναῖκα αὐτοῦ τῷ ἀδελφῷ αὐτοῦ 1 Here the Sadducees are indicating that the dead man’s brother married the widow, as Moses commanded. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “And since he did not have seed, his brother married his wife to produce seed for him” +22:25 t9n0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor σπέρμα 1 Here, the Sadducees are speaking of offspring as if they were **seed**. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “offspring” +22:26 ru81 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ὁ δεύτερος, καὶ ὁ τρίτος, ἕως τῶν ἑπτά, 1 The Sadducees are leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous verse if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “Likewise also, the second and the third died without having seed and left her to a brother, until the seven had done so” +22:26 pnf5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj ὁ δεύτερος & ὁ τρίτος & τῶν ἑπτά 1 The Sadducees are using the numbers **second**, **third**, and **seven** as nouns to mean various brothers. Your language may use numbers in the same way. If not, you could translate these words with equivalent phrases. Alternate translation: “the second brother … the third brother … the seven brothers” +22:26 r6bq rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal ὁ δεύτερος & ὁ τρίτος 1 If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here or equivalent expressions. Alternate translation: “brother number two … brother number three” +22:26 qujm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἕως τῶν ἑπτά, 1 Here the Sadducees imply that all **seven** brothers had married the woman and died without having children. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “until this had happened to all seven” +22:27 t7md rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj πάντων 1 The Sadducees are using the adjective **all** as a noun to mean all the people they have mentioned. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “of all those people” +22:28 s743 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν τῇ ἀναστάσει 1 The Sadducees did not actually believe that there would be a **resurrection**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could indicate this explicitly. Alternate translation: “in the supposed resurrection” or “if there is a resurrection” +22:28 pbc0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐν τῇ ἀναστάσει 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **resurrection**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “when people resurrect” +22:28 mx5z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj τῶν ἑπτὰ 1 The Sadducees are using the number **seven** as a noun to mean the seven brother. Your language may use numbers in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “of the seven brothers” +22:28 r1lb rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** introduces a reason why the Sadducees ask their question. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a reason or basis for a question, or you could leave **For** untranslated. Alternate translation: “We ask this question because” or “This is a problem, since” +22:28 broq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit πάντες & ἔσχον αὐτήν 1 Here the Sadducees imply that all the brothers **had** the woman as a wife. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “they all had her as a wife” +22:29 e2t4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result πλανᾶσθε, μὴ εἰδότες τὰς Γραφὰς, μηδὲ τὴν δύναμιν τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these clauses, since the second clause gives the reason for the result that the first clause describes. Alternate translation: “Because you do not know the Scriptures or the power of God, you are being led astray” +22:29 p1ae rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor πλανᾶσθε 1 Jesus is speaking as if the Sadducees have literally been **led astray** or conducted down the wrong path. He means that they have been deceived. If it would be helpful for your readers, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “You are being deceived” +22:29 xkvg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive πλανᾶσθε 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who does the action, it is clear from the context that it is they themselves. Alternate translation: “You are going astray” or “You are leading yourselves astray” +22:29 dax6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὴν δύναμιν τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **power**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “the powerful things that God can do” +22:30 c44u rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** introduces an explanation of how the Sadducees have been “led astray” (see [22:29](../22/29.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces an explanation, or you could leave **For** untranslated. Alternate translation: “In fact,” or “What you should know is that” +22:30 na4o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν & τῇ ἀναστάσει 1 Here Jesus could be referring to: (1) the period of time that will begin at **the resurrection**. Alternate translation: “once the resurrection happens” (2) the moment of **resurrection** itself. Alternate translation: “at the moment of resurrection” +22:30 ygr1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐν & τῇ ἀναστάσει 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **resurrection**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “when people resurrect” +22:30 mrjb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit οὔτε γαμοῦσιν οὔτε γαμίζονται 1 In Jesus’ culture, it was customary to talk about men marrying and women being **given in marriage**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “men do not marry and women are not given in marriage” or “men and women do not get married” +22:30 uaj9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns οὔτε γαμοῦσιν & εἰσιν 1 The pronouns **they** and **they** refer to everyone who participates in the **resurrection**. If this is not clear for your readers, you could refer to these people more directly. Alternate translation: “men and women neither marry … men and women are” +22:30 qkv1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive γαμίζονται 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who did the action, Jesus implies that it is the people’s parents. Alternate translation: “do their parents give them in marriage” +22:30 jrgf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns γαμίζονται 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **marriage**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “are they married” +22:30 fzgf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile ὡς ἄγγελοι ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ εἰσιν 1 Jesus is saying that people **in the resurrection** are like **angels** because neither of them **marry**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “they are like angels in heaven, since they too do not marry” +22:31-32 d4sp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion οὐκ ἀνέγνωτε τὸ ῥηθὲν ὑμῖν ὑπὸ τοῦ Θεοῦ λέγοντος & ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ Θεὸς Ἀβραὰμ, καὶ ὁ Θεὸς Ἰσαὰκ, καὶ ὁ Θεὸς Ἰακώβ? 1 Jesus is using the question form to rebuke and teach the Sadducees. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “I know that you have read what was spoken to you by God, saying, ‘I am the God of Abraham, and the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob.’” or “Surely you have read what was spoken to you by God, saying, ‘I am the God of Abraham, and the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob’!”\n +22:31 kmwd rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases περὶ δὲ τῆς ἀναστάσεως τῶν νεκρῶν, οὐκ ἀνέγνωτε 1 Here, the phrase **But concerning** introduces the next topic that Jesus wants to talk about. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces the next topic. Alternate translation: “Next, I will talk about the resurrection of the dead. Have you not read” +22:31 foao rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῆς ἀναστάσεως τῶν νεκρῶν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **resurrection**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “when the dead resurrect” +22:31 essh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj τῶν νεκρῶν 1 Jesus is using the adjective **dead** as a noun in order to refer to people who are dead. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this with a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “of the dead people” or “of the corpses” 22:31 ljj7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive τὸ ῥηθὲν ὑμῖν ὑπὸ τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “what God spoke to you” -22:32 zwbp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ Θεὸς Ἀβραὰμ, καὶ ὁ Θεὸς Ἰσαὰκ, καὶ ὁ Θεὸς Ἰακώβ 1 If the direct quotation inside a direct quotation would be confusing in your language, you could translate the second direct quotation as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation, with no comma at the end of verse 31: “that he was the God of Abraham, and the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob” -22:32 t7lv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj νεκρῶν & ζώντων 1 Jesus is using the adjective **dead** and the participle **living** as nouns to mean certain kinds of people. Your language may use adjectives and participles in the same way. If not, you can translate these words with equivalent phrases. Alternate translation: “of dead people … of living people” -22:32 qbyp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis οὐκ ἔστιν ὁ Θεὸς νεκρῶν, ἀλλὰ ζώντων 1 Jesus is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “he is not the God of the dead, but he is the God of the living” -22:35 ud5r rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants καὶ ἐπηρώτησεν εἷς ἐξ αὐτῶν, νομικὸς πειράζων αὐτόν 1 Matthew is using this verse to introduce **a lawyer** as a new participant in the story. If your language has its own way of introducing new participants, you can use it here in your translation. Alternate translation: “Now one of the Sadducees was a lawyer. He asked Jesus a question in order to test him” -22:37 xl3e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet ἐν ὅλῃ τῇ καρδίᾳ σου, καὶ ἐν ὅλῃ τῇ ψυχῇ σου, καὶ ἐν ὅλῃ τῇ διανοίᾳ σου 1 The phrases **with all your heart**, **with all your soul** and **with all your mind** mean similar things. Moses, whom Jesus is quoting, may have been using the three phrases together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “completely” or “with your whole being” -22:37 g0mt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἐν ὅλῃ τῇ καρδίᾳ σου, καὶ ἐν ὅλῃ τῇ ψυχῇ σου 1 Here, **heart** and **soul** are metonyms for a person’s inner being. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “with all your desires, and with all your feelings” -22:38 q8j3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet ἡ μεγάλη καὶ πρώτη ἐντολή 1 The terms **greatest** and **first** mean similar things. Jesus may be using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “very greatest” -22:39 xk1k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis δευτέρα 1 Jesus is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “a second commandment” -22:40 wpr8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism ὅλος ὁ νόμος & καὶ οἱ προφῆται 1 Jesus is two of the main parts of the Scriptures, the **Law** and the **Prophets** to mean all of the Scriptures. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “all of the Scriptures” -22:40 r9ca rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐν ταύταις ταῖς δυσὶν ἐντολαῖς, ὅλος ὁ νόμος κρέμαται καὶ οἱ προφῆται 1 Here, Jesus is speaking of the Law and the Prophets as if they were something that a person would **hang** on the **two commandments** that he previously mentioned. This means that the Law and the Prophets are summarized by these two laws. If it would be helpful for your readers, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the whole Law and the Prophets are summarized by these two laws” -22:41 pj4a rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent δὲ 1 Matthew is using the word translated **Now** to introduce a new event in the story. Use a word, phrase, or other method in your language that is natural for introducing a new event. -22:41 foa1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive υνηγμένων 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “having gathered together” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -22:42 xlf8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor υἱός 1 Jesus is not asking whose literal son the **Christ** is. Jesus is using the term **son** to mean “descendant.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “descendant” -22:42 xhwj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis τοῦ Δαυείδ 1 Jesus is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “He is a son of David” -22:43 cu3h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion πῶς οὖν Δαυεὶδ ἐν Πνεύματι καλεῖ Κύριον αὐτὸν 1 Jesus begins to ask a question to make the religious leaders think deeply about the Psalm he is about to quote. The question continues into the next verse. If it would be helpful to your readers, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Tell me, then, why David in the Spirit calls him Lord, saying” -22:43 yu5m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Δαυεὶδ ἐν Πνεύματι 1 Here, **in the Spirit** is an idiom that means that David was prompted by the Holy Spirit to write the quote in the next verse. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “David, prompted by the Spirit,” -22:43 ai8c rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations λέγων 1 Consider natural ways of introducing direct quotations in your language. Alternate translation: “when he said this:” -22:44 k3f7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τῷ Κυρίῳ μου 1 Here, **Lord** refers to the Messiah. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “my Lord, the Messiah” -22:44 as2a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj δεξιῶν μου 1 David is using the adjective **right** as a noun to mean a particular place. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “my right side” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -22:44 dz2a rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction κάθου ἐκ δεξιῶν μου 1 To sit at the **right** side of God is a symbolic action of receiving great honor and authority from God. Alternate translation: “Sit in the place of honor beside me” -22:44 e59n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ἕως ἂν θῶ τοὺς ἐχθρούς σου ὑποκάτω τῶν ποδῶν σου 1 Here, to **put** the Messiah’s **enemies under** his **feet** means to make his enemies subordinate to him. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “until I might make your enemies subordinate to you” -22:45 d8gl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion εἰ οὖν Δαυεὶδ καλεῖ αὐτὸν, Κύριον, πῶς υἱὸς αὐτοῦ ἐστιν? 1 Jesus is using the question form to challenge the religious leaders. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “David would not call him ‘Lord’ if he were only his son!” -22:46 as3h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy οὐδεὶς ἐδύνατο ἀποκριθῆναι αὐτῷ λόγον 1 Matthew is using the term **word** to mean something that one of Jesus’ listeners might have said by using words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “no one was able to say anything to him in response” -23:intro m99i 0 # Matthew 23 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Hypocrites\n\nJesus calls the Pharisees “hypocrites” many times in verses13–29. He carefully explains why he calls them that. The Pharisees made rules that no one could actually obey, and then they persuaded the ordinary people that they were guilty because they could not obey those rules. Also, the Pharisees obeyed their own rules instead of obeying God’s original commands in the law of Moses.\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Name-calling\n\nIn most cultures, it is wrong to insult people. The Pharisees took many of the words in this chapter as insults. Jesus called them “hypocrites,” “blind guides,” “fools,” and “serpents.” But Jesus used these words not as insults but as warnings that God would surely punish the Pharisees because they were doing wrong.\n\n### Paradox\n\nA paradox is a statement that describes two things that seemingly cannot both be true at the same time. Jesus uses a paradox when he says, “He who is greatest among you will be your servant” ([23:11-12](../23/11.md)). +22:31 b9sy rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations ὑπὸ τοῦ Θεοῦ λέγοντος 1 Here, Jesus introduces a quotation from an important text, in this case, the Old Testament book of Exodus (see [Exodus 3:6](../exo/03/06.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Jesus is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “by God in the book of Exodus” or “by God in the Scriptures when he said” +22:32 zwbp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ Θεὸς Ἀβραὰμ, καὶ ὁ Θεὸς Ἰσαὰκ, καὶ ὁ Θεὸς Ἰακώβ 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation, with no comma at the end of verse 31: “that he is the God of Abraham, and the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob?” +22:32 o9m0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ὁ Θεὸς Ἀβραὰμ, καὶ ὁ Θεὸς Ἰσαὰκ, καὶ ὁ Θεὸς Ἰακώβ 1 Here, the author of the quotation is using the possessive form to describe **the God** whom **Abraham**, **Isaac**, and **Jacob** worship. If this is not clear in your language, you could express the idea in another way. Alternate translation: “the God that Abraham honors, and the God that Isaac honors, and the God that Jacob honors” +22:32 qbyp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis οὐκ ἔστιν ὁ Θεὸς νεκρῶν, ἀλλὰ ζώντων 1 Jesus is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “God is not the God of the dead, but he is the God of the living” +22:32 wlyh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit οὐκ ἔστιν ὁ Θεὸς νεκρῶν, ἀλλὰ ζώντων 1 Here Jesus implies that, although **Abraham**, **Isaac**, and **Jacob** had already died by the time God spoke these words, God still called himself their God. Since **God is not of the dead, but of the living**, this means that **Abraham**, **Isaac**, and **Jacob** must be alive again. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “God is not of the dead, but of the living, so Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob must live again after they died” +22:32 o6vg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure οὐκ & νεκρῶν, ἀλλὰ ζώντων 1 If your language would not naturally put the negative statement before the positive statement, you could reverse the two phrases here. Alternate translation: “of the living, not of the dead” +22:32 gl0w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession νεκρῶν, ἀλλὰ ζώντων 1 Here, Jesus is using the possessive form to describe the **God** whom **the living**, not **the dead**, worship. If this is not clear in your language, you could express the idea in another way. Alternate translation: “honored by the dead, but by the living” +22:32 t7lv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj νεκρῶν & ζώντων 1 Jesus is using the adjectives **dead** and **living** as nouns to mean people who are dead and living. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate these words with equivalent phrases. Alternate translation: “of dead people … of living people” +22:33 bqq6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἀκούσαντες, οἱ ὄχλοι ἐξεπλήσσοντο ἐπὶ τῇ διδαχῇ αὐτοῦ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who did the action, it is clear from the context that it was what Jesus taught. Alternate translation: “what the crowds heard Jesus teach astonished them” +22:34 yty3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent δὲ 1 Here, the word **But** introduces the next major event in the story. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces the next event, or you could leave **But** untranslated. Alternate translation: “Then” +22:34 ide0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo συνήχθησαν ἐπὶ τὸ αὐτό 1 The expression **gathered together at the same place** contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the expression. Alternate translation: “gathered together” or “came to one place” +22:34 eazc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit συνήχθησαν ἐπὶ τὸ αὐτό 1 Here Matthew implies that the Pharisees **gathered together** and then went to where Jesus was. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “gathered together at the same place and approached Jesus” +22:35 ud5r rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants καὶ ἐπηρώτησεν εἷς ἐξ αὐτῶν, νομικὸς 1 Here Matthew introduces **a lawyer** who is a Pharisee as a new character in the story. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a new character. Alternate translation: “One of them was a lawyer. He questioned him” +22:35 rpk4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown νομικὸς 1 A **lawyer** an expert in the law of Moses and its application to various situations. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of profession, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “a man who studied the Jewish law” +22:35 v2ve rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ἐπηρώτησεν & πειράζων αὐτόν 1 Here, the word **testing** introduces the purpose for which the **lawyer** questioned Jesus. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a purpose. Alternate translation: “questioned him with the goal of testing him” +22:36 lvaw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐντολὴ μεγάλη 1 Here, the lawyer is asking about which **commandment** is the greatest one out of all the commandments. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “the greatest commandment” +22:37 c1sf rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases δὲ 1 Here, the word **But** introduces the next thing that happened. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces the next event, or you could leave **But** untranslated. Alternate translation: “Then” +22:37 vpwp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes ἀγαπήσεις Κύριον τὸν Θεόν σου ἐν ὅλῃ τῇ καρδίᾳ σου, καὶ ἐν ὅλῃ τῇ ψυχῇ σου, καὶ ἐν ὅλῃ τῇ διανοίᾳ σου 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “The great commandment is to love the Lord God with one’s whole heart, and with one’s whole soul, and with one’s whole mind” +22:37 fynh rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations ἀγαπήσεις Κύριον τὸν Θεόν σου 1 Here Jesus begins to quote from an important text, in this case, the Old Testament book of Deuteronomy (see [Deuteronomy 6:5](../deu/06/05.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that indicates that Jesus is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “In Deuteronomy you can read, ‘You will love the Lord your God” or “Here is that commandment: ‘You will love the Lord your God”\n +22:37 sw69 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular ἀγαπήσεις & σου & σου & σου & σου 1 Since in this command God is addressing each specific person who is part of God’s people, the words **You** and **your** are singular throughout this verse. +22:37 qfc7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession Κύριον τὸν Θεόν σου 1 Here, the author of the quotation is using the possessive form to describe **the God** whom the people of Israel worship. If this is not clear in your language, you could express the idea in another way. Alternate translation: “the Lord whom you honor” +22:37 hdvt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative ἀγαπήσεις 1 The author of the quotation is using the future form to give a command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea using a form that expresses a command or obligation. Alternate translation: “You should love” or “You must love” +22:37 uyxy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism ἐν ὅλῃ τῇ καρδίᾳ σου, καὶ ἐν ὅλῃ τῇ ψυχῇ σου, καὶ ἐν ὅλῃ τῇ διανοίᾳ σου 1 Here, the author of the quotation is referring to all of a human being by naming multiple parts of it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “with all of who you are” or “with your entire being” +22:37 xl3e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἐν ὅλῃ τῇ καρδίᾳ σου 1 In Matthew’s culture, the **heart** is the place where humans think and feel. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate **heart** by referring to the place where humans think and feel in your culture or by expressing the idea plainly. Alternate translation: “with all your desires” or “with all your feelings” +22:37 g0mt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἐν ὅλῃ τῇ ψυχῇ σου 1 Here, **soul** represents a person’s life with special focus on that person’s identity and actions. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “with everything you are” or “with all your inclinations” +22:38 q8j3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet μεγάλη καὶ πρώτη 1 The terms **great** and **first** mean similar things. Jesus is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “greatest” +22:38 z0o4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal πρώτη 1 If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you could use a cardinal number here or an equivalent expression. Alternate translation: “number one” +22:39 xk1k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj δευτέρα 1 Jesus is using the number **second** as a noun to mean a second commandment. Your language may use numbers in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “a second commandment” +22:39 s5ws rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal δευτέρα 1 If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you could use a cardinal number here or an equivalent expression. Alternate translation: “number two” +22:39 hqmi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὁμοία αὐτῇ 1 Here, phrase **like it** could indicate that this **second** commandment is: (1) similar in content. Alternate translation: “requires something similar” (2) similar in importance. Alternate translation: “is just as great” +22:39 mt9o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes ὁμοία αὐτῇ, ἀγαπήσεις τὸν πλησίον σου ὡς σεαυτόν 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “is like it—to love one’s neighbor as oneself.” +22:39 qp04 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations ἀγαπήσεις τὸν πλησίον σου 1 Here Jesus begins to quote from an important text, in this case, the Old Testament book of Leviticus (see [Leviticus 19:18](../lev/19/18.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that indicates that Jesus is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “as you can read in the book of Leviticus, ‘You will love your neighbor” or “it says in the law, ‘You will love your neighbor” +22:39 pj76 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular ἀγαπήσεις & σου & σεαυτόν 1 Since in this command God is addressing each specific person who is part of God’s people, the words **You** and **your** and **yourself** are singular. +22:39 gue7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative ἀγαπήσεις 1 The author of the quotation is using the future form to give a command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea using a form that expresses a command or obligation. Alternate translation: “You should love” or “You must love” +22:39 jlxz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ὡς σεαυτόν 1 The author of the quotation is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “as you love yourself” +22:39 lgo8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile ὡς σεαυτόν 1 The author of the quotation assumes that people love themselves, so he wants these people to love their neighbors just as much. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “as deeply as yourself” +22:40 qyn4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐν ταύταις ταῖς δυσὶν ἐντολαῖς, ὅλος ὁ νόμος κρέμαται καὶ οἱ προφῆται 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The whole Law and the Prophets hang on these two commandments” +22:40 r9ca rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐν ταύταις ταῖς δυσὶν ἐντολαῖς, ὅλος ὁ νόμος κρέμαται καὶ οἱ προφῆται 1 **the whole Law and the Prophets** depend upon or are based upon **these two commandments**.\n\n\nHere Jesus speaks as if **these two commandments** were hooks upon which **the whole Law and the Prophets** hang. He could mean that: (1) **the whole Law and the Prophets** depend upon and elaborate **these two commandments**. Alternate translation: “The whole Law and the Prophets elaborate on just these two commandments” (2) **these two commandments** summarize **the whole Law and the Prophets**. Alternate translation: “These two commandments summarize the whole Law and the Prophets” +22:40 ub75 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὅλος ὁ νόμος & καὶ οἱ προφῆται 1 The word **Law** is the name for one part of the Hebrew Scriptures, and the word **Prophets** is the name for another part of the Hebrew Scriptures. Show this in your translation in the way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “all the Scriptures, both the Law and the Prophets” +22:40 jh0p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy οἱ προφῆται 1 Here, the word **Prophets** represents what the prophets said and wrote. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the writings of the prophets” +22:41 pj4a rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent δὲ 1 Here, the word **Now** introduces the next major event in the story. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces the next event, or you could leave **Now** untranslated. Alternate translation: “Then,” +22:41 foa1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive συνηγμένων 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who did the action, it is clear from the context that **the Pharisees** themselves did it. Alternate translation: “having gathered together” +22:42 bij3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations λέγων 1 Consider natural ways of introducing direct quotations in your language. Alternate translation: “and he said” +22:42 u9tq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion τί ὑμῖν δοκεῖ περὶ τοῦ Χριστοῦ? 1 Jesus is using the question form to get the attention of the Pharisees and to bring up the topic of **the Christ**. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “I am going to ask you what you think about the Christ.” or “Tell me what you think about the Christ!” +22:42 xlf8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τίνος υἱός ἐστιν 1 Here, the word **son** means a male descendant. Jesus is asking about an important ancestor of **the Christ**, not the direct father of **the Christ**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Whose descendant is he” or “From whom is he descended” +22:42 g0d6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense λέγουσιν 1 To call attention to a development in the story, Matthew uses the present tense in past narration. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you could use the past tense in your translation. Alternate translation: “They said” +22:42 xhwj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis τοῦ Δαυείδ 1 Jesus is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “He is David’s son” +22:43-44 cu3h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure πῶς οὖν Δαυεὶδ ἐν Πνεύματι καλεῖ Κύριον αὐτὸν λέγων & εἶπεν Κύριος τῷ Κυρίῳ μου, κάθου ἐκ δεξιῶν μου, ἕως ἂν θῶ τοὺς ἐχθρούς σου ὑποκάτω τῶν ποδῶν σου? 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could end the question earlier and introduce the quotation as evidence or support for the question. Alternate translation: “How then does David in the Spirit call him Lord? He called him that when he said, ‘The Lord said to my Lord, “Sit at my right, until I put your enemies under your feet.”’” +22:43-44 sa0f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes λέγων & εἶπεν Κύριος τῷ Κυρίῳ μου, κάθου ἐκ δεξιῶν μου, ἕως ἂν θῶ τοὺς ἐχθρούς σου ὑποκάτω τῶν ποδῶν σου? 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there are no quotations within quotations. If you use the following alternate translation, remove the quotation marks at the end of verse 44. Alternate translation: “saying that the Lord told his Lord to sit at his right hand until he puts his enemies under his feet” +22:43 hdt0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense λέγει 1 To call attention to a development in the story, Matthew uses the present tense in past narration. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you could use the past tense in your translation. Alternate translation: “He said” +22:43 h07z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit πῶς οὖν Δαυεὶδ ἐν Πνεύματι καλεῖ Κύριον αὐτὸν 1 In Jesus’ culture, people would not call any of their descendants **Lord**, since this title was used for people who were more important or older. Jesus question assumes this practice. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make it more explicit. Alternate translation: “Then, since no one calls his son Lord, how does David in the Spirit call him Lord” +22:43 jbed rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result πῶς οὖν 1 Here, the word **then** introduces an question based on the fact that the Messiah is the “son” of David (see [22:42](../22/42.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces this kind of question, or you could leave **then** untranslated. Alternate translation: “Given that, how” or “Because of that, how” +22:43 qqg2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense Δαυεὶδ ἐν Πνεύματι καλεῖ 1 In many languages, it is conventional to use the present tense to describe what a writer does within a composition. However, if that would not be natural in your language, you could use the past tense here. Alternate translation: “did David in the Spirit call” +22:43 yu5m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Δαυεὶδ ἐν Πνεύματι 1 Here, the phrase **in the Spirit** indicates that **David** called the Messiah Lord as **the Spirit** inspired him. In other words, **the Spirit** prompted David to say this. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “David, by the inspiration of the Spirit,” or “David, prompted by the Spirit,”\n +22:43 gagv rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns αὐτὸν 1 The pronoun **him** refers to the Christ. If this is not clear for your readers, you could use the person's title here. Alternate translation: “the Christ” +22:43 ai8c rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations λέγων 1 Here Jesus introduces a quotation from an important text, in this case, the Old Testament book of Psalms (see [Psalm 110:1](../psa/110/01.md)). This Psalm was written by **David**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Jesus is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “as you can read in the book of Psalms” or “writing in the Scriptures” +22:44 k3f7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit εἶπεν Κύριος τῷ Κυρίῳ μου 1 Here, the term **Lord** does not refer to the same person in both instances. The first instance refers to God. The second instance refers to a person whom David respectfully calls “lord.” The ULT and UST capitalize this second instance of the word because it refers to the Messiah. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make those ideas more explicit. Alternate translation: “God, the Lord, said to my Lord” or “God said to my Lord” +22:44 dz2a rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction κάθου ἐκ δεξιῶν μου 1 When someone sits at God’s **right hand**, it symbolizes that person’s honor, authority, and ability to rule. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “Sit to rule at my right hand” or “Take the place of honor and authority at my right hand” +22:44 hxut rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular κάθου & σου & σου 1 Here, the imperative and the words **your** and **your** are singular because God is speaking to the Messiah. +22:44 as2a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἐκ δεξιῶν μου 1 Here, the phrase **at my right hand** refers to the place next to a person’s **right hand**, which would be the “right side.” In the author’s culture, this side was associated with honor or authority. If it would be helpful in your language, you could refer to the “right side.” Make sure that your readers understand that this side indicates that the **Lord** has honor and authority when he sits there. Alternate translation: “at my right side” or “at the honorable place next to me” +22:44 e59n rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction ἕως ἂν θῶ τοὺς ἐχθρούς σου ὑποκάτω τῶν ποδῶν σου 1 In the author’s culture, to **put** people under a person’s **feet** indicates that those people have been conquered and are powerless and shamed. So, this means that God will conquer and shame all the enemies of the **Lord**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could explain what this action means. Alternate translation: “until I make your enemies kneel before you” or “until I conquer and shame your enemies” +22:45 nzyo rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result εἰ οὖν Δαυεὶδ 1 Here, the word **therefore** introduces what Jesus wants to ask based on what he has just quoted. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces this kind of question, or you could leave **therefore** untranslated. Alternate translation: “Because of that, if David” or “Given that, if David” +22:45 wshs rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact εἰ 1 Jesus speaks as if this were a hypothetical situation, but he means that it must be true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might think that what Jesus is saying is uncertain, then you could translate his words as an affirmative statement. Alternate translation: “Because” +22:45 sd0i rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns αὐτοῦ ἐστιν 1 The pronoun **he** refers to the Messiah, and the pronoun **his** refers to David. If this is not clear for your readers, you could refer to these people more directly. Alternate translation: “is the Messiah David’s” +22:45 kn51 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor υἱὸς αὐτοῦ 1 Here, the word **son** means a male descendant. Jesus is not asking about the direct son of David. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. See how you expressed the idea in [22:42](../22/42.md). Alternate translation: “his descendant” or “descended from him” +22:46 as3h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἀποκριθῆναι αὐτῷ λόγον 1 Matthew is using the term **word** to mean something spoken in words. The phrase **answer him a word** refers to using words to answer Jesus’ question. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to give an answer” or “to answer him in any way” +22:46 i3km rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives οὐδὲ ἐτόλμησέν τις ἀπ’ ἐκείνης τῆς ἡμέρας ἐπερωτῆσαι αὐτὸν οὐκέτι 1 The words translated **nor** and **any longer** are two negative words. In this construction, the second negative does not cancel the first to create a positive meaning. Instead, it gives greater emphasis to the negative. If your language can use two negatives that do not cancel one another to create a positive meaning, you could use a double negative here. If your language does not use two negatives in that way, you could translate with one negative, as the ULT does. Alternate translation: “and people no longer dared from that day to question him” +22:46 a4yx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ἀπ’ ἐκείνης τῆς ἡμέρας 1 Here, the phrase **from that day** indicates that nobody questioned Jesus after he said what Matthew recorded in the previous verses. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable expression or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “starting right then” or “from that moment on” +23:intro m99i 0 # Matthew 23 General Notes\n\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n\n10. Jesus teaches about the final judgment and salvation (23:1-25:46)\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Hypocrites\n\nJesus calls the Pharisees “hypocrites” many times in verses13–29. He carefully explains why he calls them that. The Pharisees made rules that no one could actually obey, and then they persuaded the ordinary people that they were guilty because they could not obey those rules. Also, the Pharisees obeyed their own rules instead of obeying God’s original commands in the law of Moses.\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Name-calling\n\nIn most cultures, it is wrong to insult people. The Pharisees took many of the words in this chapter as insults. Jesus called them “hypocrites,” “blind guides,” “fools,” and “serpents.” But Jesus used these words not as insults but as warnings that God would surely punish the Pharisees because they were doing wrong.\n\n### Paradox\n\nA paradox is a statement that describes two things that seemingly cannot both be true at the same time. Jesus uses a paradox when he says, “He who is greatest among you will be your servant” ([23:11-12](../23/11.md)). 23:1 skq4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential τότε 1 The word translated **Then** at the beginning of this phrase indicates that this event happened after the previous event that the story described. Alternate translation: “After this,” 23:2 dnu3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἐπὶ τῆς Μωϋσέως καθέδρας ἐκάθισαν 1 Jesus is using the phrase **seat of Moses** to mean having the authority that Moses had. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “have the authority that Moses had” 23:4 xce6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor δεσμεύουσιν δὲ φορτία βαρέα καὶ δυσβάστακτα, καὶ ἐπιτιθέασιν ἐπὶ τοὺς ὤμους τῶν ἀνθρώπων; αὐτοὶ δὲ τῷ δακτύλῳ αὐτῶν οὐ θέλουσιν κινῆσαι αὐτά 1 Jesus is speaking as if the Pharisees were literally putting **loads, heavy and difficult to carry** on people’s **shoulders**. He means that they are making people try to obey many difficult laws. If it would be helpful for your readers, you could express the meaning as a comparison. Alternate translation: “They make you obey many difficult laws as if they were binding up heavy loads and putting them on your shoulders. But they do not obey the same laws, and so it is as if they are not helping to carry those loads”