diff --git a/tn_1TI.tsv b/tn_1TI.tsv index f101331407..3f3adcb738 100644 --- a/tn_1TI.tsv +++ b/tn_1TI.tsv @@ -1,9 +1,10 @@ Reference ID Tags SupportReference Quote Occurrence Note -front:intro wy83 0 # Introduction to 1 Timothy\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of the Book of 1 Timothy\n\nIn this letter, Paul alternates between personal commands to Timothy that empower him to act as his representative and with his authority, and instructions for how followers of Jesus should live in community.\n\n1. Greetings (1:1–2)\n2. Paul commands Timothy to tell people not to teach false doctrines (1:3–20)\n3. Paul gives instructions about how to re-establish order and decency in the church (2:1–15)\n4. Paul gives instructions about how to ensure that elders and deacons are properly qualified (3:1–13)\n5. Paul commands Timothy regarding his own personal conduct (3:14–5:2)\n6. Paul gives instructions to ensure church support for worthy widows (5:3–16) and elders (5:17–21)\n7. Miscellaneous instructions to Timothy (5:22–25)\n8. Paul gives instructions to ensure order in master-servant relationships (6:1–2a)\n9. Paul commands Timothy regarding how he should teach and conduct himself (6:2b–16)\n10. Paul gives instructions for how people who are rich should live (6:17–19)\n11. Paul commands Timothy to guard what has been entrusted to his care (6:20–21a)\n12. Closing blessing to the whole church (6:21b)\n\n### Who wrote the Book of 1 Timothy?\n\nA man named Paul wrote 1 Timothy. Paul was from the city of Tarsus. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee. He persecuted Christians. After he became a Christian, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus.\n\nPaul may have written other letters to Timothy, but this is the earliest one that we still have. That is why it is known as 1 Timothy or First Timothy. Timothy was Paul’s disciple and close friend. Paul probably wrote this letter near the end of his life.\n\n### What is the Book of 1 Timothy about?\n\nPaul had left Timothy in the city of Ephesus to help the believers there. Paul wrote this letter to instruct Timothy about various matters. The topics he addressed included church worship, qualifications for church leaders, and warnings against false teachers. This letter shows how Paul was training Timothy to be a leader among the churches while Timothy himself trained other leaders.\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nTranslators may choose to call this book by its customary title, “1 Timothy” or “First Timothy.” Or they may choose a different title, such as “Paul’s First Letter to Timothy.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### What is discipleship?\n\nDiscipleship is the process of making people to be disciples of Christ. The goal of discipleship is to encourage other Christians to be more like Christ. This letter gives many instructions about how a leader should train a less mature Christian. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/disciple]])\n\n### When Paul uses the words “faith” and “love,” who does he imply are the recipients of the faith and love?\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### What did Paul mean by the expression “in Christ”?\n\nPaul meant to express the idea of a very close union with Christ and the believers. Please see the introduction to the Book of Romans for more details about this kind of expression.\n\n### What are the major textual issues in the text of the book of 1 Timothy?\n\nIn [6:5](../06/05.md), the oldest Greek manuscripts differ from later Greek manuscripts. Modern translations may also differ depending on the Greek manuscript that they translate from. The ULT text translates the Greek from the oldest manuscripts and puts the differences from later manuscripts in a footnote. If a translation of the Bible exists in the general region, translators should consider following the decision in that translation. If not, translators are advised to follow the oldest Greek manuscripts as reflected in the ULT text. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]]) -1:intro a4v2 0 # 1 Timothy 1 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n1. Greetings (1:1–2)\n2. Paul commands Timothy to tell people not to teach false doctrines (1:3–20)\n * Paul commands Timothy to silence the false teachers (1:3–7)\n * The purpose of the law (1:8–11)\n * Paul thanks Jesus for his mercy and praises God (1:12–17)\n * The reason for Paul’s command to Timothy (1:18–20)\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### The prophecies about Timothy\n\nIn [1:18](../01/18.md), Paul indicates that there were prophecies about Timothy. Paul implies that the prophecies are related to how Timothy will faithfully serve God by proclaiming the gospel. It is not clear when these prophecies were given. They may have been given before Timothy was born, when he was a child, when he became a believer, or when he was commissioned to serve with Paul. It is also not clear who gave these prophecies. When you translate this verse, it is best to refer to these prophecies with as few details as Paul gives.\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in this Chapter\n\n### Spiritual children\n\nIn [1:2](../01/02.md), Paul calls Timothy a “genuine child in the faith.” He means that Timothy is like a legitimate son to him in the context of their faith in Jesus. The phrase implies that Paul is a mentor to Timothy and that Timothy is a good student. When Paul again calls Timothy “child” in [1:18](../01/18.md), he means something very similar: Paul is Timothy’s mentor in the context of their faith in Jesus. Since the use of family language for fellow believers is an important metaphor in the New Testament, if possible preserve the metaphor or express the idea in simile form. See the notes on these verses for translation options. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n### Fighting the good fight\n\nIn [1:18](../01/18.md), Paul exhorts Timothy to “fight the good fight.” He compares how Timothy must serve God by proclaiming the gospel to how soldiers fight in a war. He implies that Timothy will experience conflict, danger, and hardship and that he must obey God and Paul as a soldier obeys his commanders. Since Paul uses warfare language to refer to the Christian life in many verses, if possible preserve the metaphor or express the idea in simile form. See the notes on this verse for translation options. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n### Shipwrecked regarding the faith\n\nIn [1:19](../01/19.md), Paul refers to people who “have shipwrecked regarding the faith.” As a ship breaks apart and sinks, so the faith of these people has ceased to function properly. They do not believe in Jesus any longer. If your readers would not be familiar with shipwrecks, you could consider using a comparable metaphor or stating the meaning plainly. See the notes on this verse for translation options. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### The list in [1:9–10](../01/09.md)\n\nIn these verses, Paul provides a list of some of the kinds of people for whom the law was given. Paul gives four pairs of words connected with “and,” six individual words, and then a concluding phrase. You may need to break this long list into multiple different sentences, as the UST does. If you do, you could still preserve the general structure of Paul’s list, as the UST does in most places. Consider how you would include a list of this kind in your language. +front:intro wy83 0 # Introduction to 1 Timothy\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of the Book of 1 Timothy\n\n1. Letter opening (1:1–2)\n2. Paul urges Timothy to condemn false teachers (1:3–11)\n3. Paul thanks Jesus and praises God (1:12–17)\n4. Paul warns and encourages Timothy (1:18–20)\n5. Paul gives instructions about prayer and behavior in public worship (2:1–15)\n6. Paul gives instructions about qualifications for church leaders (3:1–16)\n7. Paul gives instructions about how Timothy should behave and what he should teach (4:1–16)\n8. Paul gives instructions about how to treat different types of believers (5:1–6:2)\n9. Paul condemns false teachers and lovers of money (6:3–10)\n10. Paul encourages Timothy (6:11–16)\n11. Paul gives commands for rich people (6:17–19)\n12. Final exhortation and letter closing (6:20–21)\n\n### Who wrote the Book of 1 Timothy?\n\nThe author identifies himself as Paul the apostle. Paul was originally from the city of Tarsus but lived in Jerusalem. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee, and he persecuted Christians. After he became a Christian, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire, telling people about Jesus. Eventually, he was arrested and taken to Rome, the capital of the empire. After several years in jail, he was released. Paul wrote this letter sometime after his release and before he was arrested again and executed.\n\nPaul wrote this letter to Timothy, who was Paul’s disciple and his close friend. Timothy was in Ephesus during this time. Paul may have written other letters to Timothy, but this is the earliest one that we still have. That is why it is known as 1 Timothy or First Timothy.\n\n### What is the Book of 1 Timothy about?\n\nPaul had left Timothy in the city of Ephesus to help the believers there. Paul wrote this letter to instruct Timothy about various matters. The topics he addressed included church worship, qualifications for church leaders, and false teachers. This letter shows how Paul was training Timothy to be a leader among the churches while Timothy himself trained other leaders.\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nTranslators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, “1 Timothy” or “First Timothy.” Or they may choose a different title, such as “Paul’s First Letter to Timothy” or “A First Letter from Paul to Timothy.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### Who were the false teachers?\n\nThe only information we have about who these false teachers were and what they taught comes from this letter and from the letters named 2 Timothy and Titus. These false teachers were Christians, or at least claimed to be Christians. They taught using texts and stories that Paul considered unreliable, and they spoke about and debated things that Paul considered unimportant. According to this letter, they told people not to marry and to avoid eating certain kinds of food. Paul critiques them for causing divisions and for desiring to gain money. Since the only information about the false teachers and what they taught come from this letter and 2 Timothy and Titus, it is best not to specify precisely what false teaching this was. You should preserve what Paul said about the false teaching without making it fit into a type of false teaching that might be familiar in your area.\n\n### What kind of church structure was Paul describing?\n\nSome Christian churches are organized with strictly defined roles and hierarchies for leaders and relationships between individual churches. Other Christian churches are organized with fewer defined roles and loose relationships between individual churches. What Paul says in this letter relates to these differing church structures, since Paul speaks about several types of leaders and what their qualifications are. He specifically mentions “overseers,” “elders,” and “deacons.” Christians debate whether “overseers” and “elders” are different words for the same type of leader, whether Paul was referring to strictly defined roles with these words, and whether all churches had all these kinds of leaders. Consider how you might translate these titles, especially if your language already has words for specific types of church leaders. If possible, do not use titles that favor one specific group of churches over others. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/overseer]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/elder]], and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/deacon]])\n\n### What was Paul’s attitude towards women in the church?\n\nThis letter is significant when Christians debate the roles women should have within the church. Some Christians believe that Paul prohibited women from serving as leaders and teachers over the church. Other Christians believe that Paul was condemning a specific situation in Ephesus, where women were spreading false teaching, and they argue that Paul usually wanted women to teach and lead in the church. Other Christians believe that Paul wanted women to serve as leaders in some ways but not in other ways. What is clear is that Paul worked closely with women who were serving and leading in certain ways (for example, see what Paul says about Phoebe in [Romans 16:1–2](../rom/16/01.md)). So, Paul did not think that women were inferior or not worthy of serving. However, he does include certain restrictions related to women (and men!) serving as leaders and teachers. While translators cannot ignore their own views, it is important to represent what Paul wrote as carefully as possible. If possible, then, a translation should allow for multiple interpretations, just as what Paul wrote allows for multiple interpretations.\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### What did Paul mean by the expression “in Christ”?\n\nPaul uses the spatial metaphor “in Christ” several times in this letter. This metaphor emphasizes that believers are as closely united to Christ as if they were inside him. Paul believes that this is true for all believers, and sometimes he uses “in Christ” simply to identify that what he is speaking about is true for those who believe in Jesus. Other times, he emphasizes union with Christ as the means or the basis for some statement or exhortation. See the notes on specific verses for help in understanding the contextual meaning of “in Christ.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n### What does Paul mean when he uses the word “faith”?\n\nPaul uses the abstract noun “faith” 19 times in this letter. The word “faith” could refer to the act of having “faith” or to the content of the “faith,” that is, what it is that Christians believe. In many places in 1 Timothy, Christians debate which meaning Paul intended. In each of these places, a translation note provides examples of how to express the two possible meanings, and the UST models how to express the idea when the word “faith” refers to the act of believing. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])\n\n### Who receives the “love” that Paul mentions in the letter?\n\nPaul uses the abstract noun “love” five times in this letter. He could mean that believers should love each other, or that they should love God, or that they should love both God and each other. If possible, though, you should express the idea so that it could include all of these possibilities. If you must express whom people are to love, it is recommended that you indicate that it is fellow believers. The UST models how to express the idea in that way. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/love]])\n\n### To whom does Paul refer with the words “we,” “us,” and “our”?\n\nPaul always uses the first-person plural to refer to both himself and Timothy, and often he includes other believers as well. So, you should always use the inclusive form of the first-person plural in your translation if your language marks that distinction. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])\n\n### When is “you” singular, and when is “you” plural?\n\nSince this letter is addressed an individual, Timothy, every form of “you” throughout the letter is singular except for “you” in the final blessing in [6:21](../06/21.md). A note will point out this occurrence of a plural form of “you.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])\n\n### What are the major textual issues in the text of the book of 1 Timothy?\n\nIn the following verses, ancient manuscripts do not all have the same words. The ULT uses the words that are found in most of the earliest manuscripts. When you translate these verses, you should compare the ULT with any translations with which your readers may be familiar to see what your readers may expect. Unless there is a good reason to use the alternate words, you should follow the ULT. See the footnotes and notes at each of these verses for more information. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])\n\n* “the only God” (1:17). Some ancient manuscripts have this: “the only wise God.”\n* “I am speaking the truth in Christ” (2:7). Some ancient manuscripts have this: “I am speaking the truth.”\n* “not a brawler” (3:3). Some ancient manuscripts have this: “not a brawler, not greedy.”\n* “Who” (3:16). Some ancient manuscripts have this: “God.”\n* “struggle” (4:10). Some ancient manuscripts have this: “are reproached.”\n* “in love” (4:12). Some ancient manuscripts have this: “in love, in spirit.”\n* “believing woman” (5:16). Some ancient manuscripts have this: “believing man or woman.”\n* “a means of gain” (6:5). Some ancient manuscripts have this: “a means of gain. Withdraw from such.”\n* “that” (6:7). Some ancient manuscripts have this: “it is clear that.”\n* “God” (6:17). Some ancient manuscripts have this: “the living God.”\n* “the real life” (6:19). Some ancient manuscripts have this: “eternal life.”\n* “you” (6:21). Some ancient manuscripts have this: “you. Amen.” +1:intro a4v2 0 # 1 Timothy 1 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n1. Letter opening (1:1–2)\n2. Paul urges Timothy to condemn false teachers (1:3–11)\n * Paul commands Timothy to silence the false teachers (1:3–7)\n * The purpose of the law (1:8–11)\n3. Paul thanks Jesus and praises God (1:12–17)\n4. Paul warns and encourages Timothy (1:18–20)\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### The prophecies about Timothy\n\nIn [1:18](../01/18.md), Paul indicates that there were prophecies about Timothy. Paul implies that the prophecies are related to how Timothy will faithfully serve God by proclaiming the gospel. It is not clear when these prophecies were given. They may have been given before Timothy was born, when he was a child, when he became a believer, or when he was commissioned to serve with Paul. It is also not clear who gave these prophecies. When you translate this verse, it is best to refer to these prophecies with as few details as Paul gives.\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in this Chapter\n\n### Spiritual children\n\nIn [1:2](../01/02.md), Paul calls Timothy a “genuine child in the faith.” He means that Timothy is like a legitimate son to him in the context of their faith in Jesus. The phrase implies that Paul is a mentor to Timothy and that Timothy is a good student. When Paul again calls Timothy “child” in [1:18](../01/18.md), he means something very similar: Paul is Timothy’s mentor in the context of their faith in Jesus. Since the use of family language for fellow believers is an important metaphor in the New Testament, if possible preserve the metaphor or express the idea in simile form. See the notes on these verses for translation options. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n### Fighting the good fight\n\nIn [1:18](../01/18.md), Paul exhorts Timothy to “fight the good fight.” He compares how Timothy must serve God by proclaiming the gospel to how soldiers fight in a war. He implies that Timothy will experience conflict, danger, and hardship and that he must obey God and Paul as a soldier obeys his commanders. Since Paul uses warfare language to refer to the Christian life in many verses, if possible preserve the metaphor or express the idea in simile form. See the notes on this verse for translation options. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n### Shipwrecked regarding the faith\n\nIn [1:19](../01/19.md), Paul refers to people who “have shipwrecked regarding the faith.” As a ship breaks apart and sinks, so the faith of these people has ceased to function properly. They do not believe in Jesus any longer. If your readers would not be familiar with shipwrecks, you could consider using a comparable metaphor or stating the meaning plainly. See the notes on this verse for translation options. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### The list in [1:9–10](../01/09.md)\n\nIn these verses, Paul provides a list of some of the kinds of people for whom the law was given. Paul gives four pairs of words connected with “and,” six individual words, and then a concluding phrase. You may need to break this long list into multiple different sentences, as the UST does. If you do, you could still preserve the general structure of Paul’s list, as the UST does in most places. Consider how you would include a list of this kind in your language. 1:1 i3zz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person\t Παῦλος, ἀπόστολος 1 In this culture, letter writers would give their own names first, referring to themselves in the third person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use the first person here. Or if your language has a particular way of introducing the author of a letter, and if it would be helpful to your readers, you could use it here. Alternate translation: “From Paul. I am an apostle”\n 1:1 xl6d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns κατ’ ἐπιταγὴν Θεοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν, καὶ Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **command**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “as it was commanded by God our Savior and by the Lord Jesus Christ” 1:1 wb8j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν 1 Here, Paul is using the possessive form to describe a **Savior** who saves us. If this is not clear in your language, you could express the idea in another way. Alternate translation: “who saves us” +1:1 t9cr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἡμῶν & ἡμῶν 1 In this letter, Paul uses the words **our**, “we,” and “us” to refer either to Timothy and himself, or else to all believers, which would also include the two of them. So, use the inclusive forms of those words throughout your translation if your language marks that distinction. 1:1 sw77 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ τῆς ἐλπίδος ἡμῶν 1 Here, **our hope** refers to the person in whom we have hope. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translations: “of the Lord Jesus Christ, the one in whom we have hope”\n 1:1 kdwn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns Χριστοῦ τῆς ἐλπίδος ἡμῶν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **hope**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “Christ, in whom we hope” 1:2 p3h5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person Τιμοθέῳ 1 In this culture, after giving their own names, letter writers would name those to whom they sent the letter, referring to them in the third person. If that is confusing in your language, you could use the second person here. Or if your language has a particular way of introducing the recipient of a letter, and if it would be helpful to your readers, you could use it here. Alternate translation: “This letter is for you, Timothy” @@ -17,7 +18,7 @@ front:intro wy83 0 # Introduction to 1 Timothy\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc 1:3 suy8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit πορευόμενος εἰς Μακεδονίαν 1 Here Paul could be implying that, when he previously **urged** Timothy to remain in Ephesus, he was: (1) in Ephesus with Timothy and was about to leave for **Macedonia**. Alternate translation: “being about to leave Ephesus for Macedonia” (2) already on his way to Macedonia. Alternate translation: “being on my way to Macedonia” 1:3 k4tm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go πορευόμενος 1 In a context such as this, your language might say “coming” instead of **going**. Alternate translation: “coming” 1:3 k35a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular σε 1 In this letter, with one exception, the words **you**, “your,” and “yourself” refer to Timothy and so are singular. A note will discuss the one exception in [6:21](../06/21.md). -1:3 v4g2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἑτεροδιδασκαλεῖν 1 The implication is that these people were teaching different things than what Paul and Timothy taught, not that they teaching in a different way. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “to teach what is different from what we teach” or “to teach a different doctrine” +1:3 v4g2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἑτεροδιδασκαλεῖν 1 The implication is that these people were teaching different things than what Paul and Timothy taught, not that they were teaching in a different way. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “to teach what is different from what we teach” or “to teach a different doctrine” 1:4 pw2h rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown μύθοις 1 The word **myths** refers to a certain kind of story that is generally considered to be untrustworthy. This kind of story is often about what important people did a long time ago. Often, many people in a culture know these stories but do not consider them to be reliable historical narratives. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of story, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “fictional narratives” or “traditional tales”\n 1:4 qpv9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole γενεαλογίαις ἀπεράντοις 1 Paul says **endless** here as an overstatement for emphasis. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “genealogies that seem as if they will never end” or “extremely lengthy genealogies” 1:4 ft33 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown γενεαλογίαις 1 The word **genealogies** refers to lists of someone’s ancestors. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of list, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “collections of the names of forefathers” or “lists of important people from long ago” @@ -39,14 +40,13 @@ front:intro wy83 0 # Introduction to 1 Timothy\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc 1:7 t131 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives μὴ νοοῦντες μήτε & μήτε 1 The words translated **no**, **either**, and **or** are two three words. In this construction, the second and third negatives do not cancel the first to create a positive meaning. Instead, they give greater emphasis to the negative. If your language can use three negatives that do not cancel one another to create a positive meaning, you could use a triple negative here. If your language does not use three negatives in that way, you could translate with one or two negatives. Alternate translation: “understanding neither … nor”\n 1:7 t132 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism μήτε ἃ λέγουσιν, μήτε περὶ τίνων διαβεβαιοῦνται 1 Here, the clauses **what they are saying** and **what they insist on** mean similar things. Paul is using the two clauses together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single clause. Alternate translation: “anything that they are saying” or “any of the things that they insist on”\n 1:8 g1ey rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases δὲ 1 Here, the word **But** introduces the next thing that Paul wishes to write about. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces the next topic, or you could leave **But** untranslated. Alternate translation: “Now” -1:8 t134 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive οἴδαμεν 1 In this letter, Paul uses the words **we**, “us,” and “our” to refer either to Timothy and himself, or else to all believers, which would also include the two of them. So generally, these words include the addressee. A note will discuss the one possible exception in [4:10](../04/10.md). 1:8 d6dz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὁ νόμος 1 Here, the word **law** refers specifically to the laws that God gave the Israelites through Moses. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could make that idea more explicit. See how you referred to this **law** in [1:7](../01/07.md). Alternate translation: “the law of Moses” 1:8 r86g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐάν τις αὐτῷ νομίμως χρῆται 1 Here Paul indicates that **the law {is} good** when people use it as God intended it to be used, that is, **lawfully**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translations: “if one uses it as it was intended to be used” or “if one uses it in the way that God intended” 1:9 m7me rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo εἰδὼς τοῦτο, ὅτι & νόμος 1 Here, the word **this** refers directly ahead to **that the law is not made for the righteous**. Paul expresses the idea in this way to emphasize what he is about to say. If using **this** to introduce an idea in would be redundant in your language, you could omit the redundant information. Alternate translation: “knowing that”\n 1:9 xs94 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result εἰδὼς τοῦτο 1 Here, the phrase **knowing this** introduces a reason why Paul and other believers know that “the law if good” (see [1:8](../01/08.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a reason. Alternate translation: “which we know because we also know this” 1:9 fq4i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive νόμος οὐ κεῖται 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who did the action, it is clear from the context that it was God. Alternate translation: “God did not lay down the law” 1:9 e4h5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit νόμος 1 Here, the phrase **the law** could refer to: (1) the laws that God gave the Israelites through Moses. Alternate translation: “the law of Moses” (2) laws in general. Alternate translation: “every law” or “law” -1:9 t139 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj δικαίῳ & ἀνόμοις δὲ καὶ ἀνυποτάκτοις, ἀσεβέσι καὶ ἁμαρτωλοῖς, ἀνοσίοις καὶ βεβήλοις 1 Paul here uses adjectives as nouns to refer to groups of people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate these word with equivalent phrases. Alternate translation: “for righteous people, but for lawless and rebellious people, ungodly and sinful people, godless and profane people” +1:9 t139 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj δικαίῳ & ἀνόμοις δὲ καὶ ἀνυποτάκτοις, ἀσεβέσι καὶ ἁμαρτωλοῖς, ἀνοσίοις καὶ βεβήλοις 1 Paul here uses adjectives as nouns to refer to groups of people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate these words with equivalent phrases. Alternate translation: “for righteous people, but for lawless and rebellious people, ungodly and sinful people, godless and profane people” 1:9 t141 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit πατρολῴαις καὶ μητρολῴαις, ἀνδροφόνοις 1 In this list Paul uses several compound words to express his meaning concisely and vividly. In each case the first term in the compound, a noun, is the object of the second term in the compound, a verb. Three of these compound words are in this verse, and two more are in the next verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express these terms by translating them either with single terms or with phrases. Alternate translations: “patricides and matricides, murders” or “people who kill other people, even their own fathers and mothers” 1:9 t142 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ἀνδροφόνοις 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Paul is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “human-slayers” 1:10 y5dx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj πόρνοις 1 Paul is using the adjective **immoral** as a noun to mean immoral people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “people who are immoral” @@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ front:intro wy83 0 # Introduction to 1 Timothy\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc 1:18 b6uq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τέκνον 1 Paul speaks of his close relationship to Timothy as though Timothy were his **child**. Paul means that he is Timothy’s spiritual father, and Paul loves Timothy in the way a father loves his child. See how you expressed the similar idea in [1:2](../01/02.md). Alternate translation: “who are like a child to me” or “my spiritual son”\n 1:18 y6jg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὰς προαγούσας ἐπὶ σὲ προφητείας 1 Here Paul implies that some people had given prophecies about Timothy sometime **earlier**. These prophecies may have been spoken before Timothy was born, before Timothy became a believer, or when Timothy officially joined Paul to proclaim the gospel. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. If possible, leave the exact timing of the prophecies unstated, as Paul does. Alternate translation: “the prophecies about you that people gave before” or “what some people prophesied about you some time ago” 1:18 m744 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν αὐταῖς 1 Here, the phrase **in them** could indicate that Timothy should **fight the good fight**: (1) as the prophecies indicated that he would. Alternate translation: “in line with them” or “just as they indicated,” (2) by means of the prophecies, which function like weapons in the **fight**. Alternate translation: “by means of them” or “with them as weapons” (3) with the prophecies as his motivation. Alternate translation: “by remembering them” or “encouraged by them” -1:18 w2ex rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor στρατεύῃ & τὴν καλὴν στρατείαν 1 Paul speaks about Timothy serving God by preaching the gospel and by confronting false teachers as if he it were fighting a **good fight**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea in simile form or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “as a soldier fights the good fight, you might preach and defend the gospel” or “you might preach and defend the gospel well” +1:18 w2ex rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor στρατεύῃ & τὴν καλὴν στρατείαν 1 Paul speaks about Timothy serving God by preaching the gospel and by confronting false teachers as if he were fighting a **good fight**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea in simile form or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “as a soldier fights the good fight, you might preach and defend the gospel” or “you might preach and defend the gospel well” 1:18 jubb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὴν καλὴν στρατείαν 1 Here, the phrase **the good fight** could indicate: (1) that someone is fighting well. Alternate translation: “the fight well” (2) that the **fight** is right or just. Alternate translation: “the just fight” or “the correct fight” 1:19 jj6k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἔχων πίστιν καὶ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faith**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “believing and having” 1:19 ly6q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ἀγαθὴν συνείδησιν 1 A **conscience** that is **good** is one that does not convict a person of doing anything wrong. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase or state the meaning plainly. See how you translated this phrase in [1:5](../01/05.md). Alternate translation: “a clean conscience” or “a conscience that is not guilty”\n @@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ front:intro wy83 0 # Introduction to 1 Timothy\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc 1:20 pv7f rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Ὑμέναιος & Ἀλέξανδρος 1 The words **Hymenaeus** and **Alexander** are the names of two men. 1:20 ty7n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor παρέδωκα τῷ Σατανᾷ 1 To give someone over to someone else refers to transferring a person from one authority to another. Here, then, Paul says that he has transferred these two men from under the authority of the church to under the authority of **Satan**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable figure of speech or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I have turned over to Satan” or “I have put under Satan’s authority”\n 1:20 s76c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive παιδευθῶσι μὴ βλασφημεῖν 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who did the action, you could indicate that it was their punishment. Alternate translation: “they might realize that they should not blaspheme” or “this punishment may teach them not to blaspheme” -2:intro c6rf 0 # 1 Timothy 2 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n3. Paul gives instructions about how to re-establish order and decency in the church (2:1–15)\n * Command to pray for all people (2:1–7)\n * How men should pray (2:8)\n * How women should behave (2:9–15)\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### “Quiet” and “quietness”\n\nPaul uses the adjective “quiet” in [2:2](../02/02.md), and he uses the noun “quietness” in [2:11](../02/11.md) and [2:12](../02/12.md). The word “quiet” describes something that is peaceful or calm. However, Christians debate what the word “quietness” describes. First, some argue that it means something similar to what the word “quiet” means: a situation in which things are peaceful and calm. In this case, Paul is commanding the women in the church to behave in peaceful and calm ways. Second, some argue that it means something stronger than what the word “quiet” means: not speaking in a public setting. In this case, Paul is forbidding the women in the church from contributing to public conversations. If possible, use a word or phrase that could have either of these meanings. See the notes on these verses for translation options.\n\n### God desires to save “all men,” and Jesus is a ransom for “all”\n\nIn [2:4](../02/04.md), Paul writes that God desires that “all men” be saved, and in [2:6](../02/06.md), he writes that Jesus is a ransom “for all.” Christians debate whether Jesus died to save certain people specifically (either those whom God has chosen or those who will believe) or whether he died to save all people (although some may not accept this salvation). So, Paul could be using the word “all” to refer to all different kinds or groups of people, or he could be using the word “all” to refer to every human. Since Paul uses general terms in these verses, it is recommended that you also use a general term that refers to all people. If this is a significant issue in your area, you could include some of this information in a footnote.\n\n### Women in the church\n\nChristians do not agree about what women should and should not do as the church worships and functions. Some Christians believe that women are prohibited from leading and teaching publicly in these settings. Other Christians believe that women can do whatever men do in these settings. Because of that, there are many different interpretations of [2:8–15](../02/08.md). While translators cannot ignore their own beliefs, it is important to represent what Paul wrote as carefully as possible. If possible, then, a translation should allow for multiple interpretations, just as what Paul wrote allows for multiple interpretations.\n\n### Women’s clothing, jewelry, and hairstyles\n\nAs in many cultures, in Paul’s culture what women wore and how they did their hair and makeup indicated certain things about them. Wearing fancy hairstyles and expensive jewelry and clothes would indicate that a woman was showing off her or her husband’s wealth. Further, she was drawing attention to herself. People would often criticize women for showing off more than was appropriate for their social status. When Paul prohibits certain types of clothing, hairstyles, and jewelry, he likely has this context in mind. He may be concerned that some women in the church are showing off, or he may want to prevent women in the church from being criticized by others. Either way, your translation should make it clear that Paul refers to clothing, jewelry, and hairstyles to prohibit showing off and drawing attention to oneself. See the notes on [2:9](../02/09.md) for translation options.\n\n### Adam and Eve\n\nIn [2:13–14](../02/13.md), Paul refers to two stories about Adam and Eve, the first humans that God created. The first story is about how God made them. He made Adam first, and then he made Eve using one of Adam’s ribs. You can read this story in [Genesis 2:5–25](../gen/02/05.md). The second story is about how Adam and Eve first sinned. A talking serpent came to Eve and convinced her to eat fruit from a specific tree, even though God had commanded them not to eat fruit from that tree. Once Eve ate the fruit, she gave some fruit to Adam, and he too ate some of it. After that, God came to them and judged them. You can read this story in [Genesis 3:1–7](../gen/03/01.md). If your readers would not be familiar with these stories, you could include some of this information in footnotes. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/names/eve]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/names/adam]])\n\n### “She will be saved through childbearing”\n\nIn [2:15](../02/15.md), Paul writes that “she will be saved through childbearing.” Christians debate what Paul was claiming, and there are many interpretations of the clause. The most common interpretations are the following:\n\n1. “She” could refer to Eve or to women in general, and “childbearing” refers to how many women gave birth until eventually Mary gave birth to Jesus. In this case, God saves Eve, or women in general, by using the process of childbearing to send the Messiah, who saves everyone who believes.\n2. “She” refers to women in general, and “childbearing” refers to how women give birth to children and raise them. In this case, God saves women as they are acting as wives and mothers.\n3. “She” could refer to Eve or to women in general, and “childbearing” refers to the birth of a specific child, Jesus. In this case, God saves Eve, or women in general, by sending Jesus, who saves everyone who believes.\n4. “She” refers to women in general, and “childbearing” refers to the process of giving birth. In this case, God preserves and protects women as they give birth.\n\nIt is recommended that you follow one of the first two options, and only those two options will appear in the translation note on this issue. If possible, your translation should allow for several options.\n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### Men and women, or husbands and wives\n\nIn [2:8–10](../02/08.md) Paul refers to “men” and “women” using plural nouns that can refer generally to male and female humans and that can also refer more specifically to husbands and wives. In [2:11–12](../02/11.md), Paul switches to the singular form: “woman.” Again, this noun can refer generally to a female human and can also refer more specifically to a wife. Some Christians believe that Paul switches to the singular form and later refers to the stories about Adam and Eve because he is giving instructions specifically to wives in [2:11–12](../02/11.md). Other Christians believe that Paul is still referring to women in general when he switches to the singular form, which he does to apply the stories about Adam and Eve to the instructions he gives to women in [2:11–12](../02/11.md). If your language has a word that could refer to women in general and more specifically to wives, you could use it here. Otherwise, you may need to choose which option to follow. In this case, you could put the other option in a footnote. See the notes on these verses for translation options. +2:intro c6rf 0 # 1 Timothy 2 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n5. Paul gives instructions about prayer and behavior in public worship (2:1–15)\n * Command to pray for all people (2:1–7)\n * How men should pray (2:8)\n * How women should behave (2:9–15)\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### “Quiet” and “quietness”\n\nPaul uses the adjective “quiet” in [2:2](../02/02.md), and he uses the noun “quietness” in [2:11](../02/11.md) and [2:12](../02/12.md). The word “quiet” describes something that is peaceful or calm. However, Christians debate what the word “quietness” describes. First, some argue that it means something similar to what the word “quiet” means: a situation in which things are peaceful and calm. In this case, Paul is commanding the women in the church to behave in peaceful and calm ways. Second, some argue that it means something stronger than what the word “quiet” means: not speaking in a public setting. In this case, Paul is forbidding the women in the church from contributing to public conversations. If possible, use a word or phrase that could have either of these meanings. See the notes on these verses for translation options.\n\n### God desires to save “all men,” and Jesus is a ransom for “all”\n\nIn [2:4](../02/04.md), Paul writes that God desires that “all men” be saved, and in [2:6](../02/06.md), he writes that Jesus is a ransom “for all.” Christians debate whether Jesus died to save certain people specifically (either those whom God has chosen or those who will believe) or whether he died to save all people (although some may not accept this salvation). So, Paul could be using the word “all” to refer to all different kinds or groups of people, or he could be using the word “all” to refer to every human. Since Paul uses general terms in these verses, it is recommended that you also use a general term that refers to all people. If this is a significant issue in your area, you could include some of this information in a footnote.\n\n### Women in the church\n\nChristians do not agree about what women should and should not do as the church worships and functions. Some Christians believe that women are prohibited from leading and teaching publicly in these settings. Other Christians believe that women can do whatever men do in these settings. Because of that, there are many different interpretations of [2:8–15](../02/08.md). While translators cannot ignore their own beliefs, it is important to represent what Paul wrote as carefully as possible. If possible, then, a translation should allow for multiple interpretations, just as what Paul wrote allows for multiple interpretations.\n\n### Women’s clothing, jewelry, and hairstyles\n\nAs in many cultures, in Paul’s culture what women wore and how they did their hair and makeup indicated certain things about them. Wearing fancy hairstyles and expensive jewelry and clothes would indicate that a woman was showing off her or her husband’s wealth. Further, she was drawing attention to herself. People would often criticize women for showing off more than was appropriate for their social status. When Paul prohibits certain types of clothing, hairstyles, and jewelry, he likely has this context in mind. He may be concerned that some women in the church are showing off, or he may want to prevent women in the church from being criticized by others. Either way, your translation should make it clear that Paul refers to clothing, jewelry, and hairstyles to prohibit showing off and drawing attention to oneself. See the notes on [2:9](../02/09.md) for translation options.\n\n### Adam and Eve\n\nIn [2:13–14](../02/13.md), Paul refers to two stories about Adam and Eve, the first humans that God created. The first story is about how God made them. He made Adam first, and then he made Eve using one of Adam’s ribs. You can read this story in [Genesis 2:5–25](../gen/02/05.md). The second story is about how Adam and Eve first sinned. A talking serpent came to Eve and convinced her to eat fruit from a specific tree, even though God had commanded them not to eat fruit from that tree. Once Eve ate the fruit, she gave some fruit to Adam, and he too ate some of it. After that, God came to them and judged them. You can read this story in [Genesis 3:1–7](../gen/03/01.md). If your readers would not be familiar with these stories, you could include some of this information in footnotes. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/names/eve]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/names/adam]])\n\n### “She will be saved through childbearing”\n\nIn [2:15](../02/15.md), Paul writes that “she will be saved through childbearing.” Christians debate what Paul was claiming, and there are many interpretations of the clause. The most common interpretations are the following:\n\n1. “She” could refer to Eve or to women in general, and “childbearing” refers to how many women gave birth until eventually Mary gave birth to Jesus. In this case, God saves Eve, or women in general, by using the process of childbearing to send the Messiah, who saves everyone who believes.\n2. “She” refers to women in general, and “childbearing” refers to how women give birth to children and raise them. In this case, God saves women as they are acting as wives and mothers.\n3. “She” could refer to Eve or to women in general, and “childbearing” refers to the birth of a specific child, Jesus. In this case, God saves Eve, or women in general, by sending Jesus, who saves everyone who believes.\n4. “She” refers to women in general, and “childbearing” refers to the process of giving birth. In this case, God preserves and protects women as they give birth.\n\nIt is recommended that you follow one of the first two options, and only those two options will appear in the translation note on this issue. If possible, your translation should allow for several options.\n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### Men and women, or husbands and wives\n\nIn [2:8–10](../02/08.md) Paul refers to “men” and “women” using plural nouns that can refer generally to male and female humans and that can also refer more specifically to husbands and wives. In [2:11–12](../02/11.md), Paul switches to the singular form: “woman.” Again, this noun can refer generally to a female human and can also refer more specifically to a wife. Some Christians believe that Paul switches to the singular form and later refers to the stories about Adam and Eve because he is giving instructions specifically to wives in [2:11–12](../02/11.md). Other Christians believe that Paul is still referring to women in general when he switches to the singular form, which he does to apply the stories about Adam and Eve to the instructions he gives to women in [2:11–12](../02/11.md). If your language has a word that could refer to women in general and more specifically to wives, you could use it here. Otherwise, you may need to choose which option to follow. In this case, you could put the other option in a footnote. See the notes on these verses for translation options. 2:1 iag7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result παρακαλῶ οὖν 1 Here, the word **therefore** introduces an exhortation that is based on what Paul has said in chapter 1. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different word or phrase that introduces an exhortation based on a previous section. Alternate translation: “Because of all that, I urge” or “Given what I have written, I urge” 2:1 yk2z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor πρῶτον πάντων 1 Here Paul could be using the word **first**: (1) to indicate that what he is about to **urge** is the most important thing he will urge. Alternate translation: “most importantly” (2) to indicate that what he is about to **urge** is the first of several commands he will give. Alternate translation: “as the first of the following commands”\n 2:1 yjme rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal πρῶτον 1 If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you could use a cardinal number here or an equivalent expression. Alternate translation: “number one” @@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ front:intro wy83 0 # Introduction to 1 Timothy\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc 2:3 t186 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet καλὸν καὶ ἀπόδεκτον 1 The terms **good** and **acceptable** mean similar things. Paul is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “very good” or “extremely acceptable” 2:3 s7to rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ἐνώπιον τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν, Θεοῦ 1 Here, the phrase **before God** refers to God’s evaluation or view about something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in the eyes of God our Savior” or “to God our Savior” 2:3 vxzg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν 1 Here, Paul is using the possessive form to describe a **Savior** who saves us. If this is not clear in your language, you could express the idea in another way. Alternate translation: “who saves us” -2:4 g1mu rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ὃς 1 Here, the word **who** could primarily introduce: (1) a further description of God, who is “our Savior” (see [2:3](../02/03.md)). Alternate translation: “he who” (2) a reason why praying for all people is “good and acceptable” to God (see [2:3](../02/03.md)). Alternate translation: “since he” +2:4 g1mu rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ὃς 1 Here, the word **who** could primarily introduce: (1) a further description of God, who is “our Savior” (see [2:3](../02/03.md)). Alternate translation: “he who” (2) a reason why praying for all people is “good and acceptable” to God (see [2:3](../02/03.md)). Alternate translation: “since he” 2:4 i3ze rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive πάντας ἀνθρώπους & σωθῆναι, καὶ & ἐλθεῖν 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who would do the action, it is clear from the context that it would be God. Alternate translation: “that he might save all men and that they might come” 2:4 t188 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations πάντας ἀνθρώπους 1 Although the term **men** is masculine, Paul is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “everyone” or “all men and women” 2:4 n26m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor εἰς ἐπίγνωσιν & ἐλθεῖν 1 Paul speaks of **knowledge of the truth** as if it were a place where people could **come**. He means that they God desires that all people gain **knowledge of the truth**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable metaphor or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to acquire knowledge” or “to gain knowledge” @@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ front:intro wy83 0 # Introduction to 1 Timothy\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc 2:6 sgiw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὸ μαρτύριον 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **testimony**, you could express the same idea in another way. Make sure that your translation fits with the option you chose in the previous note. Alternate translation: “which is testified to” 2:6 fq7r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom καιροῖς ἰδίοις 1 Here, the phrase translated **in its own times** indicates that something happens at an appropriate time or period of time. More specifically, the **times** could be appropriate because: (1) they fit with **the testimony**. Alternate translation: “at the times appropriate to it” or “during the time appropriate to it” (2) God chose them. Alternate translation: “at the times that God chose” or “during the time that God chose” 2:7 ez96 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure εἰς ὃ ἐτέθην ἐγὼ κῆρυξ καὶ ἀπόστολος (ἀλήθειαν λέγω ἐν Χριστῷ, οὐ ψεύδομαι), διδάσκαλος ἐθνῶν ἐν πίστει καὶ ἀληθείᾳ 1 In this verse, Paul interrupts himself to affirm strongly that he is telling the truth. The ULT indicates this by using dashes. Most likely, Paul is affirming that everything he writes in this verse is true. Consider where you would naturally put an affirmation like this. Alternate translation: “for which—I am speaking the truth in Christ, I am not lying—I was made a herald and an apostle, a teacher of the Gentiles in faith and truth” -2:7 qxv9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns εἰς ὃ 1 Here, the pronoun **which** refers back to “the testimony” in the previous verse. If this is not clear for your readers, you could refer to “the testimony” more directly. Alternate translation: “for which testimony” +2:7 qxv9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns εἰς ὃ 1 Here, the pronoun **which** refers back to “the testimony” in the previous verse. If this is not clear for your readers, you could refer to “the testimony” more directly. Alternate translation: “for which testimony” 2:7 iz4y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐτέθην ἐγὼ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who did the action, Paul could be implying that: (1) Jesus did it. Alternate translation: “Christ made me” (2) God the Father did it. Alternate translation: “God made me” 2:7 cbn6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown κῆρυξ 1 A **herald** is someone who is sent out to announce a message. If your readers would not be familiar with a person who performs this kind of task, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translations: “an announcer” or “a messenger” 2:7 yllf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism ἀλήθειαν λέγω ἐν Χριστῷ, οὐ ψεύδομαι 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea in negative form. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternatively, you could combine the two clauses into one strong statement. Alternate translation: “I am speaking the whole trust in Christ” or “in Christ I am not lying at all” @@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ front:intro wy83 0 # Introduction to 1 Timothy\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc 2:15 i0ap rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical ἐὰν 1 Here Paul uses **if** to introduce a true possibility. He means that women might **remain in** these things, or they may not. He has already specified the result for if they do **remain in** these things: they **will be saved**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different form that introduces a true possibility. Alternate translation: “supposing that” or “given that”\n 2:15 sl57 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns μείνωσιν ἐν πίστει, καὶ ἀγάπῃ, καὶ ἁγιασμῷ, μετὰ σωφροσύνης 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **faith**, **love**, **holiness**, and **self-control**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “they persevere in believing in the Messiah, loving others, and living in a holy way along with being self-controlled” 2:15 a69o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit μετὰ σωφροσύνης 1 Here, the phrase **with self-control** could provide: (1) the fourth and last item in the list. Alternate translation: “and self-control” (2) the manner in which the women should **remain in faith and love and holiness**. Alternate translation: “and act with self-control as they do those things” (3) the manner in which the women should remain in **holiness**. Alternate translation: “characterized by self-control” -3:intro d9db 0 # 1 Timothy 3 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n4. Paul gives instructions about how to ensure that elders and deacons are properly qualified (3:1–13)\n * Qualifications for overseers (3:1–7)\n * Qualifications for deacons (3:8–13)\n5. Paul commands Timothy regarding his own personal conduct (3:14–5:2)\n * The reason for the letter and the mystery of godliness (3:14–16)\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in [3:16](../03/16.md), which is probably a quotation from a Christian confession or hymn.\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Overseers and deacons\n\nIn this chapter, Paul discusses whom to select to fill the roles of “overseer” and “deacon.” The word “overseer” refers to someone with authority, and Paul indicates that an “overseer” must be able to teach. The word “deacon” refers to someone who serves or assists others. Christians use various different terms for the people who lead and serve in the church. Before you translate this chapter, consider what terms in your language might refer clearly to the roles that Paul describes in this chapter. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/overseer]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/deacon]])\n\n### Qualifications for overseers and deacons\n\nIn [3:1–7](../03/01.md), Paul provides a list of characteristics that indicate who would be a good overseer, and in [3:8–12](../03/08.md) he provides a similar list of characteristics that indicate who would be a good deacon. These lists are meant to be general guidelines, not precise lists of exactly every characteristic that an overseer or deacon must have. For example, Paul indicates that both deacons and overseers must be husbands “of one wife,” but most Christians believe that this does not mean that overseers and deacons must be married. Instead, most Christians believe that this means that, if they are married, they must be husbands “of one wife.” Consider what form you might use in your language to give a general list of qualifications.\n\n### Women as overseers and deacons\n\nChristians debate whether Paul intended women to function as overseers and deacons along with men. There are a number of issues related to this question.\n\n1. Paul often uses masculine forms in his list of qualifications, but in his language masculine forms were often used by writers who wanted to refer to both men and women.\n2. More specifically, Paul indicates that both overseers and deacons must be husbands “of one wife.” Some Christians argue that this phrase indicates that overseers and deacons must be men. Other Christians argue that Paul also implied that overseers and deacons, if they are female, must be wives “of one husband.”\n3. Paul refers to a specific group of people in [3:11](../03/11.md) with a word that could refer more generally to women or more specifically to wives. Some Christians argue that the word means “women” and that Paul was giving specific qualifications for female deacons in this verse. Other Christians argue that the word means “wives” and that Paul was giving specific qualifications for the wives of deacons in this verse.\n\nIn the end, some Christians conclude that only men can serve as overseers and deacons. Other Christians conclude that only men can serve as overseers but that both men and women can serve as deacons. Other Christians conclude that both men and women can serve as overseers and deacons. While translators cannot ignore their own views, it is best to preserve the genders that Paul chose to use in these verses, if that is possible. If it would be helpful for your readers, you could include in footnotes some of the information about the issues described above. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])\n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### The generic noun “overseer”\n\nIn [3:2–7](../03/02.md), Paul lists what kind of person “the overseer” must be. As the ULT illustrates, Paul uses singular forms throughout these verses to describe any person who could be an overseer. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use plural forms in these verses to indicate that Paul is speaking generally. The UST illustrates one way to do this. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])\n\n### The confession or hymn in [3:16](../03/16.md)\n\nMost scholars believe that Paul quotes from an early Christian hymn or confession of faith in [3:16](../03/16.md). The ULT and UST put quote marks around these words and format them as poetry. Each clause is short and compact, and each clause implies extra information that is not always obvious. If possible, you should preserve this compact and brief form in your translation. If a form-based translation of the clause makes sense in your language, it is recommended that you do not make any implied information explicit. +3:intro d9db 0 # 1 Timothy 3 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n6. Paul gives instructions about qualifications for church leaders (3:1–16)\n * Qualifications for overseers (3:1–7)\n * Qualifications for deacons (3:8–13)\n * The reason for the letter and the mystery of godliness (3:14–16)\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in [3:16](../03/16.md), which is probably a quotation from a Christian confession or hymn.\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Overseers and deacons\n\nIn this chapter, Paul discusses whom to select to fill the roles of “overseer” and “deacon.” The word “overseer” refers to someone with authority, and Paul indicates that an “overseer” must be able to teach. The word “deacon” refers to someone who serves or assists others. Christians use various different terms for the people who lead and serve in the church. Before you translate this chapter, consider what terms in your language might refer clearly to the roles that Paul describes in this chapter. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/overseer]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/deacon]])\n\n### Qualifications for overseers and deacons\n\nIn [3:1–7](../03/01.md), Paul provides a list of characteristics that indicate who would be a good overseer, and in [3:8–12](../03/08.md) he provides a similar list of characteristics that indicate who would be a good deacon. These lists are meant to be general guidelines, not precise lists of exactly every characteristic that an overseer or deacon must have. For example, Paul indicates that both deacons and overseers must be husbands “of one wife,” but most Christians believe that this does not mean that overseers and deacons must be married. Instead, most Christians believe that this means that, if they are married, they must be husbands “of one wife.” Consider what form you might use in your language to give a general list of qualifications.\n\n### Women as overseers and deacons\n\nChristians debate whether Paul intended women to function as overseers and deacons along with men. There are a number of issues related to this question.\n\n1. Paul often uses masculine forms in his list of qualifications, but in his language masculine forms were often used by writers who wanted to refer to both men and women.\n2. More specifically, Paul indicates that both overseers and deacons must be husbands “of one wife.” Some Christians argue that this phrase indicates that overseers and deacons must be men. Other Christians argue that Paul also implied that overseers and deacons, if they are female, must be wives “of one husband.”\n3. Paul refers to a specific group of people in [3:11](../03/11.md) with a word that could refer more generally to women or more specifically to wives. Some Christians argue that the word means “women” and that Paul was giving specific qualifications for female deacons in this verse. Other Christians argue that the word means “wives” and that Paul was giving specific qualifications for the wives of deacons in this verse.\n\nIn the end, some Christians conclude that only men can serve as overseers and deacons. Other Christians conclude that only men can serve as overseers but that both men and women can serve as deacons. Other Christians conclude that both men and women can serve as overseers and deacons. While translators cannot ignore their own views, it is best to preserve the genders that Paul chose to use in these verses, if that is possible. If it would be helpful for your readers, you could include in footnotes some of the information about the issues described above. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])\n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### The generic noun “overseer”\n\nIn [3:2–7](../03/02.md), Paul lists what kind of person “the overseer” must be. As the ULT illustrates, Paul uses singular forms throughout these verses to describe any person who could be an overseer. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use plural forms in these verses to indicate that Paul is speaking generally. The UST illustrates one way to do this. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])\n\n### The confession or hymn in [3:16](../03/16.md)\n\nMost scholars believe that Paul quotes from an early Christian hymn or confession of faith in [3:16](../03/16.md). The ULT and UST put quote marks around these words and format them as poetry. Each clause is short and compact, and each clause implies extra information that is not always obvious. If possible, you should preserve this compact and brief form in your translation. If a form-based translation of the clause makes sense in your language, it is recommended that you do not make any implied information explicit. 3:1 ptet rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure πιστὸς ὁ λόγος: εἴ τις ἐπισκοπῆς ὀρέγεται, καλοῦ ἔργου ἐπιθυμεῖ. 1 Here, the clause **This word {is} trustworthy** could refer: (1) ahead to what Paul is about to say. Alternate translation: “Here is a word that is trustworthy: ‘If someone aspires to be an overseer, he desires a noble work’” (2) back to what Paul said in the previous verse or verses. Alternate translation: “The word I have given is trustworthy. Now if someone aspires to be an oversee, he desires a noble task” 3:1 t227 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy πιστὸς ὁ λόγος 1 Here, just as in [1:15](../01/15.md), **word** represents what Paul is about to write using words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “What I am about to write is trustworthy” or “The following words are trustworthy”\n 3:1 t228 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks εἴ τις ἐπισκοπῆς ὀρέγεται, καλοῦ ἔργου ἐπιθυμεῖ 1 These words are the **word** that Paul shares with Timothy. To indicate this, the ULT and UST put quotation marks around these words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use quotation marks or another form to indicate which words are the ones that Paul introduces as the **word**.\n @@ -220,6 +220,7 @@ front:intro wy83 0 # Introduction to 1 Timothy\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc 3:2 qnq9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet νηφάλιον, σώφρονα 1 The terms **temperate** and **self-controlled** mean similar things. Paul is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “very self-controlled” or “completely temperate” 3:3 c2c7 μὴ πάροινον 1 Alternate translation: “not one who drinks much wine”\n 3:3 trtz μὴ πλήκτην 1 Alternate translation: “not one who is violent” or “not one who likes to fight” +3:3 j749 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants μὴ πλήκτην 1 Many ancient manuscripts read **not a brawler**. The ULT follows that reading. Other ancient manuscripts read “not a brawler, not greedy.” If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT. 3:3 pc2g ἀφιλάργυρον 1 Alternate translation: “not greedy for money” 3:4 a8gu προϊστάμενον 1 Alternate translations: “managing” or “taking care of” 3:4 w3un rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν ὑποταγῇ, μετὰ πάσης σεμνότητος 1 Here, the phrase **with all dignity** could describe: (1) another characteristic of the **children**. Alternate translation: “in submission, children with all dignity” (2) another way the **children** treat their parent, the overseer. Alternate translation: “in submission who treat him with dignity” (3) how the overseer should treat his **children**. Alternate translation: “in submission as he treats them with all dignity” @@ -237,7 +238,7 @@ front:intro wy83 0 # Introduction to 1 Timothy\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc 3:6 al20 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession κρίμα & τοῦ διαβόλου 1 Here, Paul is using the possessive form to describe a **judgment** that could be: (1) the same kind of **judgment** that **the devil** received. Alternate translation: “the judgment that the devil received” (2) a **judgment** that **the devil** administers. Alternate translation: “judgment from the devil” or “judgment given by the devil” 3:6 fgua rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns κρίμα & τοῦ διαβόλου 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **judgment**, you could express the same idea in another way. Make sure that your translation fits with the option you chose in the previous note. Alternate translation: “being judged as the devil was” 3:7 dosq rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases δὲ 1 Here, the word **But** introduces the next requirement for being an overseer. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces the next idea, or you could leave **But** untranslated. Alternate translation: “Next,” -3:7 s3w1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns μαρτυρίαν καλὴν ἔχειν ἀπὸ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **testimony**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “for it to be testified about him that is good by” +3:7 s3w1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns μαρτυρίαν καλὴν ἔχειν ἀπὸ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **testimony**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “for it to be testified about him that he is good by” 3:7 x9jf μαρτυρίαν καλὴν & ἀπὸ 1 Alternate translation: “a good reputation with” 3:7 si1d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom τῶν ἔξωθεν 1 The phrase **the ones outside** identifies people who do not belong to the group of believers. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that refers to people who are not part of the group of believers. Alternate translation: “the outsiders” or “the people who are not part of your group” 3:7 qsa6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor μὴ εἰς ὀνειδισμὸν ἐμπέσῃ, καὶ 1 Here Paul refers to experiencing **reproach** as if it were falling into a hole. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable figure of speech or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he may not be overcome by reproach and fall into” or “he may not experience reproach and fall into” @@ -258,19 +259,19 @@ front:intro wy83 0 # Introduction to 1 Timothy\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc 3:11 xyc9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit γυναῖκας 1 Here, the word translated **women** could refer to: (1) female deacons. Alternate translation: “women who are deacons” (2) the wives of deacons. Alternate translation: “their wives” 3:11 q5qx σεμνάς 1 Alternate translations: “must be worthy of respect” 3:12 rdzb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative3p διάκονοι ἔστωσαν 1 If your language does not use the third-person imperative in this way, you could state this in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Deacons should be” -3:12 gjon rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit διάκονοι 1 After speaking about “women” in the previous verse, Paul could be using the word **deacons** to refer to: (1) male deacons. Alternate translation: “male deacons” (2) all deacons. Alternate translation: “all deacons” +3:12 gjon rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit διάκονοι 1 After speaking about “women” in the previous verse, Paul could be using the word **deacons** to refer to: (1) male deacons. Alternate translation: “male deacons” (2) all deacons. Alternate translation: “all deacons” 3:12 wji2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession μιᾶς γυναικὸς ἄνδρες 1 Paul used a very similar phrase in [3:2](../03/02.md), and you should express the idea as you did there. He could mean that **deacons**: (1) each must be sexually faith to one woman, his wife. Alternate translation: “men who are faithful to their wives” (2) each must have no more than one wife at a time. Alternate translation: “husbands of only one wife at a time” (3) each must have been married no more than once, even if the marriage ended in divorce or death. Alternate translation: “men who have been married only once” 3:12 dv31 προϊστάμενοι 1 Alternate translations: “managing” or “taking care of”\n 3:12 zio6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τέκνων & καὶ τῶν ἰδίων οἴκων 1 The phrase **children and their own households** is not making a distinction between **children** and **households** by indicating that the **children** are not part of the **household**. Rather, the phrase emphasizes that the **children** are a particularly important part of the **households**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “children and the rest of their own households” or “their own households, and particularly their children,”\n -3:13 rfq2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** introduces a reason why deacons should be the kind of people that Paul has described in [3:8–12](../03/08.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a reason to keep a set of requirements, or you could leave **For** untranslated. Alternate translation: “They should strive to be that kind of people, since” or “Here is why the should do those things:” -3:13 t259 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit οἱ & διακονήσαντες 1 Here, the phrase **the ones having served** could refer: (1) just to the deacons, whom Paul has discussed in [3:8–12](../03/08.md). Alternate translation: “the deacons who have served” (2) both to the deacons and to the overseers, whom has has discussed in [3:1–12](../03/01.md). Alternate translation: “the overseers and the deacons who have served”\n -3:13 cv34 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor βαθμὸν & καλὸν 1 Here Paul speaks as if these people will have **good standing**, that is, be able to stand in a good place. He could be indicating that they will gain: (1) respect and influence among believer. Alternate translation: “a good reputation” or “honor among believers” (2) a specific position or office that is respected. Alternate translation: “a respected position” or “an honored office” +3:13 rfq2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** introduces a reason why deacons should be the kind of people that Paul has described in [3:8–12](../03/08.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a reason to keep a set of requirements, or you could leave **For** untranslated. Alternate translation: “They should strive to be that kind of people, since” or “Here is why they should do those things:” +3:13 t259 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit οἱ & διακονήσαντες 1 Here, the phrase **the ones having served** could refer: (1) just to the deacons, whom Paul has discussed in [3:8–12](../03/08.md). Alternate translation: “the deacons who have served” (2) both to the deacons and to the overseers, whom he has discussed in [3:1–12](../03/01.md). Alternate translation: “the overseers and the deacons who have served”\n +3:13 cv34 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor βαθμὸν & καλὸν 1 Here Paul speaks as if these people will have **good standing**, that is, be able to stand in a good place. He could be indicating that they will gain: (1) respect and influence among believers. Alternate translation: “a good reputation” or “honor among believers” (2) a specific position or office that is respected. Alternate translation: “a respected position” or “an honored office” 3:13 m684 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit πολλὴν παρρησίαν ἐν πίστει 1 Here, the phrase **much confidence in the faith** could mean that these people: (1) will have **much confidence** in their **faith**. Alternate translation: “much confidence about their faith” (2) will speak with **much confidence** about **the faith**. Alternate translation: “much confidence in speaking about the faith” 3:13 i6kp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit πίστει τῇ ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ 1 Here, the phrase **the faith {that is} in Christ Jesus** could refer to: (1) the act of having **faith** in **Christ Jesus**. Alternate translation: “the faith that they have in Christ Jesus” (2) what people believe about **Christ Jesus** when they have **faith** in him. Alternate translation: “what Christians believe about Christ Jesus” 3:13 tlpl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns πολλὴν παρρησίαν ἐν πίστει τῇ ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **confidence** and **faith**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Make sure that your translation fits with the options you chose in the previous notes. Alternate translation: “be able to be very confident as they believe in Christ Jesus” or “be very confident about how they believe in Christ Jesus” 3:14 qxvm rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense γράφω 1 Here Paul refers to the writing of this letter from his perspective, which is in the present. However, when Timothy receives the letter, the writing of this letter would be in the past. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use whatever form people would use in your language to refer to the writing of a letter. Alternate translation: “I have written” 3:14 env2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ταῦτά 1 Here, the phrase **these things** could refer to: (1) everything that Paul has included in the letter. Alternate translation: “everything in this letter” (2) what Paul has written in the letter so far. Alternate translation: “what I have included so far” or “those things” -3:14 knu3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast ἐλπίζων 1 Here, the word **hoping** introduces something that is unexpected given what Paul has said about **writing** the letter. Usually people in Paul’s culture did not write letters to someone if they planned to visit that person soon. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces something that is unexpected. Alternate translation: “even though I hope” or “despite the fact that I hope” +3:14 knu3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast ἐλπίζων 1 Here, the word **hoping** introduces something that is unexpected given what Paul has said about **writing** the letter. Usually, people in Paul’s culture did not write letters to someone if they planned to visit that person soon. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces something that is unexpected. Alternate translation: “even though I hope” or “despite the fact that I hope” 3:14 zzzu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go ἐλθεῖν 1 In a context such as this, your language might say “go” instead of **come**. Alternate translation: “to go” 3:14 t262 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐν τάχει 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **quickness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “quickly” or “before long” 3:15 raak rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast ἐὰν δὲ βραδύνω 1 Here Paul is indicating that, instead of coming quickly to Timothy, he may **delay**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different form that indicates that Paul may **delay** in contrast to what he said in the previous verse about what he was hoping for. Alternate translation: “but knowing that I may delay” or “yet being aware that I might delay” @@ -288,6 +289,7 @@ front:intro wy83 0 # Introduction to 1 Timothy\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc 3:16 y8sp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks ὃς ἐφανερώθη ἐν σαρκί, ἐδικαιώθη ἐν Πνεύματι, ὤφθη ἀγγέλοις, ἐκηρύχθη ἐν ἔθνεσιν, ἐπιστεύθη ἐν κόσμῳ, ἀνελήμφθη ἐν δόξῃ 1 Here it is likely that Paul is quoting a confession or hymn. In order to indicate this, the ULT and UST put quote marks around these words and format them as poetry. Consider how you might indicate in your language that these words are from a confession or hymn. 3:16 m4xi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ὃς ἐφανερώθη ἐν σαρκί, ἐδικαιώθη ἐν Πνεύματι, ὤφθη ἀγγέλοις, ἐκηρύχθη ἐν ἔθνεσιν, ἐπιστεύθη ἐν κόσμῳ, ἀνελήμφθη ἐν δόξῃ 1 If your language does not use these passive forms, you could express the ideas in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who did the actions, it is clear from the context that either God or Jesus himself did the revealing, that the **Spirit** did the justifying, that the **angels** did the seeing, that believers did the proclaiming, that people in general did the believing, and that God did the taking up. Alternate translation: “God revealed him in flesh, the Spirit justified him, angels saw him, believers proclaimed him among the nations, people in the world believed in him, God took him up in glory” 3:16 gm36 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ὃς 1 The pronoun **Who** refers to Jesus Christ. If this is not clear for your readers, you could use the person's name here. Alternate translation: “Jesus” or “The Christ” +3:16 r7hg rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants ὃς 1 Many ancient manuscripts read **Who**. The ULT follows that reading. Other ancient manuscripts read “God.” If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT. 3:16 rqp6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἐν σαρκί 1 Here, the word **flesh** refers to human existence in its weakness and frailty. Paul means that Jesus was human. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “as a human being” 3:16 pjr1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐδικαιώθη ἐν Πνεύματι 1 Here, the phrase **was justified** could indicate that Jesus was: (1) declared innocent by the Holy Spirit. Alternate translation: “was proved guiltless by the Spirit” or “was vindicated by the Spirit” (2) proved by the Holy Spirit to be who he said he was. Alternate translation: “was proved right by the Spirit” 3:16 av4f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν ἔθνεσιν 1 Here, the word **nations** could refer to: (1) non-Jewish people. Alternate translation: “among the Gentiles” (2) all groups of people. Alternate translation: “among all people groups” @@ -295,7 +297,7 @@ front:intro wy83 0 # Introduction to 1 Timothy\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc 3:16 jz11 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἀνελήμφθη 1 Here Paul implies that Jesus **was taken up** into heaven. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “was taken up to heaven” 3:16 xk39 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν δόξῃ 1 Here, the phrase **in glory** could describe: (1) how Jesus **was taken up**. Alternate translation: “with much glory” (2) Jesus as he **was taken up**. Alternate translation: “as a glorious being” or “as a person with glory” 3:16 mr3a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐν δόξῃ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **glory**, you could express the same idea in another way. Make sure that your translation fits with the option you chose in the previous note. Alternate translation: “gloriously” -4:intro b39h 0 # 1 Timothy 4 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n5. Paul commands Timothy regarding his own personal conduct (3:14–5:2)\n * Condemnation of the false teachers (4:1–5)\n * Timothy should train himself for godliness (4:6–10)\n * How Timothy should act as a leader (4:11–16)\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### False teachers\n\nIn [4:1](../04/01.md), Paul indicates that some people will stop believing in Jesus. In [4:2](../04/02.md), he indicates that “liars” will teach them what is wrong. These “liars” are false teachers that Paul wants Timothy to confront and discredit. Paul does not include very much about what these false teachers were saying, but he does say that they were telling people not to marry and to avoid certain foods ([4:3](../04/03.md)). He also implies that these false teachers use or tell stories that Paul calls “myths” ([4:7](../04/07.md)). Christians debate what ideas these false teachers were spreading. What is clear is that they were using stories that were not in the Scriptures, and they were convincing people to abstain from things that God said were good. Make sure that this is clear in your translation.\n\n### Timothy’s “gift”\n\nIn [4:14](../04/14.md), Paul speaks about the “gift” that Timothy received. When he received, someone prophesied about it, and the elders laid their hands on Timothy to commission him. It is clear in the context that God gave this “gift,” which is a special skill or ability that Timothy had. Most likely, this skill or ability enabled Timothy to teach and lead believers well. Since Paul does not state or even imply what the “gift” was, you should use a general word or phrase that refers to a special skill or ability.\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in this Chapter\n\n### Training\n\nIn [4:7](../04/07.md), Paul instructs Timothy to “train” himself for godliness. In the following verse, he indicates that “bodily training” is helpful for a little while, but godliness is always helpful. In Timothy’s culture, education included both physical and mental training, and people often used words and ideas related to physical training to describe mental training. Paul similarly uses a word for physical training to describe the hard work required to become godly. Since this is a common metaphor in the Bible, if possible preserve the figure of speech or express the idea in simile form. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### Which verse contains the trustworthy word?\n\nIn [4:9](../04/09.md), Paul indicates that the “word,” or statement, is **trustworthy and worthy of all acceptance**. It is not clear whether Paul is referring back to something he wrote in [4:8](../04/08.md) or whether he is referring ahead to something he will write in [4:10](../04/10.md). Because of that, the ULT makes [4:9](../04/09.md) its own sentence to preserve the ambiguity. If it is possible, you could express the idea in such a way that the “word” could be either before or after verse 9. If you choose to make the reference explicit, the UST illustrates how you might express the idea if the “word” is in verse 10. Here is how you might express the idea if the “word” is in verse 8:\n * “[8] for ‘bodily training is useful for little, but godliness is useful for all, having promise of life, now and coming.’ [9] That word is trustworthy and worthy of all acceptance. [10] For unto this we toil and struggle, because we have hoped in the living God, who is the Savior of all men, especially of believers.”\n +4:intro b39h 0 # 1 Timothy 4 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n7. Paul gives instructions about how Timothy should behave and what he should teach (4:1–16)\n * Condemnation of the false teachers (4:1–5)\n * Timothy should train himself for godliness (4:6–10)\n * How Timothy should act as a leader (4:11–16)\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### False teachers\n\nIn [4:1](../04/01.md), Paul indicates that some people will stop believing in Jesus. In [4:2](../04/02.md), he indicates that “liars” will teach them what is wrong. These “liars” are false teachers that Paul wants Timothy to confront and discredit. Paul does not include very much about what these false teachers were saying, but he does say that they were telling people not to marry and to avoid certain foods ([4:3](../04/03.md)). He also implies that these false teachers use or tell stories that Paul calls “myths” ([4:7](../04/07.md)). Christians debate what ideas these false teachers were spreading. What is clear is that they were using stories that were not in the Scriptures, and they were convincing people to abstain from things that God said were good. Make sure that this is clear in your translation.\n\n### Timothy’s “gift”\n\nIn [4:14](../04/14.md), Paul speaks about the “gift” that Timothy received. When he received, someone prophesied about it, and the elders laid their hands on Timothy to commission him. It is clear in the context that God gave this “gift,” which is a special skill or ability that Timothy had. Most likely, this skill or ability enabled Timothy to teach and lead believers well. Since Paul does not state or even imply what the “gift” was, you should use a general word or phrase that refers to a special skill or ability.\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in this Chapter\n\n### Training\n\nIn [4:7](../04/07.md), Paul instructs Timothy to “train” himself for godliness. In the following verse, he indicates that “bodily training” is helpful for a little while, but godliness is always helpful. In Timothy’s culture, education included both physical and mental training, and people often used words and ideas related to physical training to describe mental training. Paul similarly uses a word for physical training to describe the hard work required to become godly. Since this is a common metaphor in the Bible, if possible preserve the figure of speech or express the idea in simile form. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### Which verse contains the trustworthy word?\n\nIn [4:9](../04/09.md), Paul indicates that the “word,” or statement, is **trustworthy and worthy of all acceptance**. It is not clear whether Paul is referring back to something he wrote in [4:8](../04/08.md) or whether he is referring ahead to something he will write in [4:10](../04/10.md). Because of that, the ULT makes [4:9](../04/09.md) its own sentence to preserve the ambiguity. If it is possible, you could express the idea in such a way that the “word” could be either before or after verse 9. If you choose to make the reference explicit, the UST illustrates how you might express the idea if the “word” is in verse 10. Here is how you might express the idea if the “word” is in verse 8:\n * “[8] for ‘bodily training is useful for little, but godliness is useful for all, having promise of life, now and coming.’ [9] That word is trustworthy and worthy of all acceptance. [10] For unto this we toil and struggle, because we have hoped in the living God, who is the Savior of all men, especially of believers.”\n 4:1 jzr9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases δὲ 1 Here, the word **Now** introduces the next topic that Paul wishes to write about. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces the next topic, or you could leave **Now** untranslated. Alternate translation: “Next,” 4:1 bhj9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo τὸ & Πνεῦμα ῥητῶς λέγει 1 Here Paul does not indicate when or where **the Spirit says** these things. He could be referring to prophecies in the Old Testament, prophecies that were given more recently by Christian prophets, or things that the **the Spirit** was revealing to him. Since it is not clear where and when **the Spirit** speaks, if possible use a general phrase here. Alternate translation: “the Spirit has spoken specifically” or “the Spirit is indicating specifically” 4:1 b739 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ἐν ὑστέροις καιροῖς 1 Here, the phrase **later times** could refer to: (1) the last days in general, the period between Jesus’ resurrection and second coming. Alternate translation: “in the last days” or “near the end of this current period of time” (2) sometime **later** than when the Spirit spoke. Alternate translation: “later on” or “sometime later”\n @@ -354,6 +356,7 @@ front:intro wy83 0 # Introduction to 1 Timothy\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc 4:10 l2yl rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 Here, the word **for** introduces a reason why the statement is trustworthy and should be accepted (see [4:9](../04/09.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a reason for something, or you could leave **for** untranslated. Alternate translation: “That is because” or “It is trustworthy because” 4:10 uqzu rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns εἰς τοῦτο & κοπιῶμεν καὶ ἀγωνιζόμεθα, ὅτι 1 Here, the pronoun **this** could refer: (1) what Paul is about to say in the rest of this verse about hoping in God. Alternate translation: “the reason why we toil and struggle is this, that” (2) to what Paul said in [4:8](../04/08.md) about gaining godliness that leads to life. Alternate translation: “to gain that godliness and life we toil and struggle, because” or “for that reason we toil and struggle, because” 4:10 c9db rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet κοπιῶμεν καὶ ἀγωνιζόμεθα 1 The terms **toil** and **struggle** mean similar things. Paul is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “we keep toiling” or “we always struggle” +4:10 ccgv rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants ἀγωνιζόμεθα 1 Many ancient manuscripts read **struggle**. The ULT follows that reading. Other ancient manuscripts read “are reproached.” If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT. 4:10 qmj6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Θεῷ ζῶντι 1 Here, the phrase **the living God** identifies God as the one who “lives.” The primary point is that God actually “lives,” unlike idols and other things that people call “god.” See how you translated this phrase in [3:15](../03/15.md). Alternate translation: “the God who lives” or “the true God”\n 4:10 t322 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations πάντων ἀνθρώπων 1 Although the term **men** is masculine, Paul is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “of all humans” or “of all men and women” 4:10 vbsj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit μάλιστα πιστῶν 1 Here Paul could mean that God is **the Savior** of **believers**: (1) in a special way compared to how he saves **all men**. Alternate translation: “and in a special way of believers” (2) in reality, compared to how he is the only potential **Savior** for **all men**. Alternate translation: “who acts as Savior for believers” @@ -363,6 +366,7 @@ front:intro wy83 0 # Introduction to 1 Timothy\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc 4:12 yavx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit σου τῆς νεότητος 1 Here Paul implies that people might **despise** Timothy because of his **youth**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “you because of your youth” 4:12 g5dy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐν λόγῳ, ἐν ἀναστροφῇ, ἐν ἀγάπῃ, ἐν πίστει, ἐν ἁγνίᾳ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for some or all of the ideas in this list, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “as you speak, act, love, believe, and act purely”\n 4:12 t325 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἐν λόγῳ 1 Here, **word** represents things that Timothy speaks using words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in the things you say” or “in words” +4:12 k7hy rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants ἐν ἀγάπῃ 1 Many ancient manuscripts read **in love**. The ULT follows that reading. Other ancient manuscripts read “in love, in spirit.” If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT. 4:13 ekf4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go ἔρχομαι 1 In a context such as this, your language might say “go” instead of **come**. Alternate translation: “I go to you” 4:13 t326 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit πρόσεχε τῇ ἀναγνώσει, τῇ παρακλήσει, τῇ διδασκαλίᾳ 1 Here Paul implies that the **reading**, **exhortation**, and **teaching** take place in public meetings of the church where Timothy was. In these meetings, someone would read passages from the Scriptures, someone would exhort the other believers, and leaders would teach about the Scriptures and the good news. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “attend in the gathering of believers to the reading, to the exhortation, to the teaching” or “attend to the public reading of the Scriptures, to the exhortation of fellow believers, to the teaching of the truth” 4:13 kky7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns πρόσεχε τῇ ἀναγνώσει, τῇ παρακλήσει, τῇ διδασκαλίᾳ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for some or all of the ideas in this list, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “attend to reading, exhorting, teaching”\n @@ -371,7 +375,7 @@ front:intro wy83 0 # Introduction to 1 Timothy\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc 4:14 hdd9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τοῦ ἐν σοὶ χαρίσματος 1 Here Paul implies that this **gift** is a specific ability or skill that God had given Timothy for his ministry. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “the skill that you have as a gift” or “the gift in you, your special ability” 4:14 xp1k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐδόθη 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who did the action, it is clear from the context that it was God. Alternate translation: “God gave” 4:14 jd1q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns διὰ προφητείας 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **prophecy**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “through someone prophesying” or “when a person prophesied about you” -4:14 rr8f rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction μετὰ ἐπιθέσεως τῶν χειρῶν τοῦ πρεσβυτερίου 1 Here Paul is speaking of a ceremony during which the church leaders put their **hands** on Timothy. When they did that, they were commissioning Timothy to go with Paul and proclaim the gospel. If it would be helpful in your language, you could refer to a comparable action in your culture, or you could explaining what this action means. Alternate translation: “with the laying on of the hands of the council of elders to commission you” or “when the council of elders authorized you by laying their hands on you” +4:14 rr8f rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction μετὰ ἐπιθέσεως τῶν χειρῶν τοῦ πρεσβυτερίου 1 Here Paul is speaking of a ceremony during which the church leaders put their **hands** on Timothy. When they did that, they were commissioning Timothy to go with Paul and proclaim the gospel. If it would be helpful in your language, you could refer to a comparable action in your culture, or you could explain what this action means. Alternate translation: “with the laying on of the hands of the council of elders to commission you” or “when the council of elders authorized you by laying their hands on you” 4:15 sbcg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo ταῦτα 1 Here, the phrase **these things** could refer to the instructions that Paul has given in [4:11–14](../04/11.md), [4:6–14](../04/06.md), or the whole letter so far. Since Paul used a general phrase, if possible you should use a general phrase that could refer to any of these sections. Alternate translation: “what I have said to you” or “these instructions” 4:15 m65m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐν τούτοις ἴσθι 1 Here Paul speaks as if Timothy could physically be inside the instructions he has given to Timothy. He means that Timothy always needs to focus on and perform these things. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable figure of speech or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “be absorbed by them” or “follow them consistently” 4:15 merc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit σου ἡ προκοπὴ 1 Here Paul implies that Timothy’s **progress** will be in his Christian life and ministry. In other words, he will have **progress** as he believes in Jesus, learns more about the gospel, and serves others using his gift. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “your progress in your Christian life” or “your progress as a believer” @@ -380,7 +384,7 @@ front:intro wy83 0 # Introduction to 1 Timothy\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc 4:16 uq6c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἔπεχε σεαυτῷ καὶ τῇ διδασκαλίᾳ 1 Here Paul means that Timothy should **Pay attention** to himself and to the **teaching** in order to make sure that neither he nor his teaching include anything bad or wrong. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “Pay attention so that you and the teaching are right and proper” or “Watch out lest anything corrupt you or the teaching” 4:16 vk68 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ἐπίμενε αὐτοῖς, τοῦτο γὰρ ποιῶν, καὶ σεαυτὸν σώσεις καὶ τοὺς ἀκούοντάς σου 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these clauses, since the second and third clause give the basis for the command in the first clause. Alternate translation: “Doing this, you will save both yourself and the ones hearing you. Therefore, continue in them” 4:16 zxe7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns αὐτοῖς 1 Here, the pronoun **them** could refer to: (1) “these things” in [4:15](../04/15.md). Alternate translation: “in the things I have written about” (2) paying attention to himself and the teaching. Alternate translation: “in proper behavior and right teaching” -5:intro jx4e 0 # 1 Timothy 5 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n5. Paul commands Timothy regarding his own personal conduct (3:14–5:2)\n * How Timothy should treat various people in the church (5:1–2)\n6. Paul gives instructions to ensure church support for worthy widows (5:3–16) and elders (5:17–21)\n * Qualifications for real widows whom the church will support (5:3–10)\n * Reasons for not supporting younger widows (5:11–16)\n * How to treat elders (5:17–21)\n7. Miscellaneous instructions to Timothy (5:22–25)\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### The list of widows\n\nIn [5:3–16](../05/03.md), Paul gives instructions for how to honor certain widows by supporting them financially. He implies in [5:9](../05/09.md) that there was an official list on which widows could be “enrolled.” Christians debate whether widows who were enrolled on this list had official positions in the church or were required to perform certain responsibilities. It is likely that these widows were expected to do certain things, but it is unlikely that all of them had offices or positions in the church. In your translation, you should make it clear that the church had a list of widows that it supported, but it is not recommended that you include any further implied information.\n\n### “Real” widows\n\nIn [5:3](../05/03.md), [5:5](../05/05.md), and [5:16](../05/16.md), Paul refers to “real” widows. He is not distinguishing between widows whose husbands have died and “widows” whose husbands have not actually died. Rather, he is distinguishing between widows who have no family to support them (“real” widows) and widows who do have family to support them. Paul indicates that it is these “real” widows, and even more specifically the ones who meet the qualifications in [5:9–10](../05/09.md), who can be enrolled on the list of supported widows.\n\n### Qualifications for widows who are supported by the church\n\nIn [5:9–10](../05/09.md), Paul provides a list of characteristics that indicate which widows the church should support. This list is meant to be a general guideline, not a precise list of exactly every characteristic that a widow must have. For example, Paul indicates that widows must have raised children, but most Christians believe that this does not mean that supported widows must have had children. Instead, Paul is indicating that raising children is a good example of the kind of good works that these widows must have done. Consider what form you might use in your language to give a general list of qualifications.\n\n### Younger widows\n\nIn [5:11–15](../05/11.md), Paul indicates that younger widows should not be on the list of supported widows. To support this command, he gives examples of ways in which younger widows often behaved. There are at least three primary ways to understand the situation that Paul speaks about:\n\n1. These young women’s husbands have died, which leaves them poor and unable to live comfortably. Even with the support of the church, they would have to live without very much. Paul anticipates that these young women will desire to live wealthier and more luxurious lives. To do so, they would need to marry again, and Paul is concerned that they would marry any rich man, even an unbeliever. In that case, they would be abandoning their faith in Jesus so that they can have what they want. Meanwhile, they do not do anything productive but instead spend their time interfering and gossiping. Because of that, Paul wants these young widows to go ahead and get married (to fellow believers).\n2. When widows were enrolled on the list of women that the church would support, they had to promise to serve the church and never marry again. Paul anticipates that the younger widows will desire to have sex and to have husbands again. To do so, they might break their promise not to marry again. Meanwhile, they do not do anything productive but instead spend their time interfering and gossiping. Because of those things, Paul wants these widows to marry again instead of making a promise to remain widows.\n3. The term “younger widows” refers to young women who have made vows to remain single and never marry. Paul anticipates that these young women will regret their vows and desire to have sex and to have husbands. To do so, they might break those vows. Meanwhile, they do not do anything productive but instead spend their time interfering and gossiping. Because of those things, Paul does not want the church to support these young women, who should instead marry and have families.\n\nSince Paul’s descriptions are general enough to refer to any of these three situations, if possible your translation should allow for all of these possibilities, but especially the first two.\n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### The “Scripture” in [5:18](../05/18.md)\n\nIn [5:18](../05/18.md), Paul introduces two quotations with the phrase “the Scripture says.” The first quotation is from [Deuteronomy 25:4](../deu/25/04.md). The second quotation comes from Jesus and is recorded in [Luke 10:7](../luk/10/07.md). Paul may have had a copy of the Gospel of Luke, or he may have known about this saying of Jesus from some other source. Further, Paul may have intended the word “Scripture” to refer to both quotations, in which case he would be indicating that the sayings of Jesus or perhaps even the Gospel of Luke count as Scripture. On the other hand, since the word “Scripture” is singular, Paul may have intended to identify only the first quotation as Scripture. Some translations format both quotations in the same, and other translations format them differently. Since Christians disagree about this, if possible your translation should allow for both possibilities. If you must choose one possibility, it is recommended that you identify both quotations as “Scripture.”\n\n### The coherence of [5:22-25](../05/22.md)\n\nIn [5:22–25](../05/22.md), Paul gives instructions and advice to Timothy. Christians debate whether these general instructions and pieces of advice are not closely connected or whether they are all related to which people should serve as elders and leaders in the church. For example, Paul could be talking about the sins and good works of people in general, or he could be speaking specifically about sins and good works that disqualify or qualify people to serve as elders. Since Paul speaks in general terms in these verses, if possible your translation should allow for both possibilities. +5:intro jx4e 0 # 1 Timothy 5 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n8. Paul gives instructions about how to treat different types of believers (5:1–6:2)\n * How Timothy should treat various people in the church (5:1–2)\n * Qualifications for real widows whom the church will support (5:3–10)\n * Reasons for not supporting younger widows (5:11–16)\n * How to treat elders (5:17–21)\n * Miscellaneous instructions to Timothy (5:22–25)\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### The list of widows\n\nIn [5:3–16](../05/03.md), Paul gives instructions for how to honor certain widows by supporting them financially. He implies in [5:9](../05/09.md) that there was an official list on which widows could be “enrolled.” Christians debate whether widows who were enrolled on this list had official positions in the church or were required to perform certain responsibilities. It is likely that these widows were expected to do certain things, but it is unlikely that all of them had offices or positions in the church. In your translation, you should make it clear that the church had a list of widows that it supported, but it is not recommended that you include any further implied information.\n\n### “Real” widows\n\nIn [5:3](../05/03.md), [5:5](../05/05.md), and [5:16](../05/16.md), Paul refers to “real” widows. He is not distinguishing between widows whose husbands have died and “widows” whose husbands have not actually died. Rather, he is distinguishing between widows who have no family to support them (“real” widows) and widows who do have family to support them. Paul indicates that it is these “real” widows, and even more specifically the ones who meet the qualifications in [5:9–10](../05/09.md), who can be enrolled on the list of supported widows.\n\n### Qualifications for widows who are supported by the church\n\nIn [5:9–10](../05/09.md), Paul provides a list of characteristics that indicate which widows the church should support. This list is meant to be a general guideline, not a precise list of exactly every characteristic that a widow must have. For example, Paul indicates that widows must have raised children, but most Christians believe that this does not mean that supported widows must have had children. Instead, Paul is indicating that raising children is a good example of the kind of good works that these widows must have done. Consider what form you might use in your language to give a general list of qualifications.\n\n### Younger widows\n\nIn [5:11–15](../05/11.md), Paul indicates that younger widows should not be on the list of supported widows. To support this command, he gives examples of ways in which younger widows often behaved. There are at least three primary ways to understand the situation that Paul speaks about:\n\n1. These young women’s husbands have died, which leaves them poor and unable to live comfortably. Even with the support of the church, they would have to live without very much. Paul anticipates that these young women will desire to live wealthier and more luxurious lives. To do so, they would need to marry again, and Paul is concerned that they would marry any rich man, even an unbeliever. In that case, they would be abandoning their faith in Jesus so that they can have what they want. Meanwhile, they do not do anything productive but instead spend their time interfering and gossiping. Because of that, Paul wants these young widows to go ahead and get married (to fellow believers).\n2. When widows were enrolled on the list of women that the church would support, they had to promise to serve the church and never marry again. Paul anticipates that the younger widows will desire to have sex and to have husbands again. To do so, they might break their promise not to marry again. Meanwhile, they do not do anything productive but instead spend their time interfering and gossiping. Because of those things, Paul wants these widows to marry again instead of making a promise to remain widows.\n3. The term “younger widows” refers to young women who have made vows to remain single and never marry. Paul anticipates that these young women will regret their vows and desire to have sex and to have husbands. To do so, they might break those vows. Meanwhile, they do not do anything productive but instead spend their time interfering and gossiping. Because of those things, Paul does not want the church to support these young women, who should instead marry and have families.\n\nSince Paul’s descriptions are general enough to refer to any of these three situations, if possible your translation should allow for all of these possibilities, but especially the first two.\n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### The “Scripture” in [5:18](../05/18.md)\n\nIn [5:18](../05/18.md), Paul introduces two quotations with the phrase “the Scripture says.” The first quotation is from [Deuteronomy 25:4](../deu/25/04.md). The second quotation comes from Jesus and is recorded in [Luke 10:7](../luk/10/07.md). Paul may have had a copy of the Gospel of Luke, or he may have known about this saying of Jesus from some other source. Further, Paul may have intended the word “Scripture” to refer to both quotations, in which case he would be indicating that the sayings of Jesus or perhaps even the Gospel of Luke count as Scripture. On the other hand, since the word “Scripture” is singular, Paul may have intended to identify only the first quotation as Scripture. Some translations format both quotations in the same, and other translations format them differently. Since Christians disagree about this, if possible your translation should allow for both possibilities. If you must choose one possibility, it is recommended that you identify both quotations as “Scripture.”\n\n### The coherence of [5:22-25](../05/22.md)\n\nIn [5:22–25](../05/22.md), Paul gives instructions and advice to Timothy. Christians debate whether these general instructions and pieces of advice are not closely connected or whether they are all related to which people should serve as elders and leaders in the church. For example, Paul could be talking about the sins and good works of people in general, or he could be speaking specifically about sins and good works that disqualify or qualify people to serve as elders. Since Paul speaks in general terms in these verses, if possible your translation should allow for both possibilities. 5:1 enp9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile ὡς πατέρα & ὡς ἀδελφούς 1 Paul wants Timothy to **exhort** each **older man** as he would speak to his own **father**, and he wants Timothy to **exhort** **younger men** as he would speak to his own younger **brothers**. He means that Timothy should speak to these people as if they filled the roles of father and brothers in his own family. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that more explicitly. Alternate translation: “as you would respectfully exhort your own father … as you would exhort your own brothers”\n 5:1 dnf2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis νεωτέρους 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and exhort younger men” 5:1 rb29 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit νεωτέρους 1 Here Paul could be implying that these men are **younger** than: (1) Timothy. Alternate translation: “men younger than you” (2) the **older** men. In this case, Paul is using the word **younger** to refer to a general category. Alternate translation: “young men” @@ -389,7 +393,7 @@ front:intro wy83 0 # Introduction to 1 Timothy\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc 5:2 t1pv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile ὡς μητέρας & ὡς ἀδελφὰς 1 Paul wants Timothy to exhort **older women** as he would speak to his own mother, and he wants Timothy to exhort **younger women** as he would speak to his own younger **sisters**. He means that Timothy should speak to these people as if they filled the roles of mother and sisters in his own family. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that more explicitly. Alternate translation: “as you would respectfully exhort your own mother … as you would exhort your own sisters” 5:2 qcri rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὡς ἀδελφὰς, ἐν πάσῃ ἁγνίᾳ 1 Here, the phrase **in all purity** could describe: (1) only how Timothy should exhort **younger women**. In this case, Paul is especially concerned about sexual **purity**. Alternate translation: “in all sexual purity, as sisters” (2) how Timothy should exhort older and younger men and **older** and **younger women**. In this case, Paul is speaking about **purity** in general. Alternate translation: “as sisters, exhorting all those people in all purity” 5:2 ivl7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐν πάσῃ ἁγνίᾳ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **purity**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “in a very pure way” -5:3 cryc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular χήρας τίμα 1 Here, the command **Honor** is singular. However, Paul probably implies that Timothy should make that other believers also **Honor widows**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a form that includes Timothy and also other believers. Alternate translation: “You and the rest of the believers should honor widows” +5:3 cryc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular χήρας τίμα 1 Here, the command **Honor** is singular. However, Paul probably implies that Timothy should make sure that other believers also **Honor widows**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a form that includes Timothy and also other believers. Alternate translation: “You and the rest of the believers should honor widows” 5:3 smp5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit χήρας τίμα 1 Here Paul implies that one of the ways to **Honor widows** is to provide for their needs. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “Honor widows, especially by providing for them” 5:3 qc6s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὰς ὄντως χήρας 1 Here Paul defines which category of **widows** he is particularly referring to. The word **real** indicates that these women are not only **widows** but also have no close relatives to support them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “and I especially mean widows who have no one else to provide for them” or “I mean widows with no family left” 5:4 vv64 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τέκνα ἢ ἔκγονα 1 Here Paul implies that these **children** and **grandchildren** are adults who are able to care for others. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “grown children or grandchildren” @@ -408,7 +412,7 @@ front:intro wy83 0 # Introduction to 1 Timothy\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc 5:5 u1lj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor προσμένει ταῖς δεήσεσιν καὶ ταῖς προσευχαῖς 1 Here Paul speaks as if **requests and prayers** were a location that a widow **remains in**. He means that this widow frequently and persistently makes **requests and prayers**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable figure of speech or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “consistently makes requests and prayers” 5:5 rwp4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet ταῖς δεήσεσιν καὶ ταῖς προσευχαῖς 1 The terms **requests** and **prayers** mean similar things. Paul is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “in many prayers” or “in urgent requests” 5:5 rb9f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom νυκτὸς καὶ ἡμέρας 1 Here, the phrase **night and day** indicates that this **widow** prays during both the day and the night. This means that she was praying very often every day. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “all the time” or “during every day and every night”\n -5:6 t2ew rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun 1 The phrase **the one** represents this kind of widow in general, not one particular widow. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea in another way. Alternate translation: “each one who lives self-indulgently” +5:6 t2ew rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun ἡ & σπαταλῶσα 1 The phrase **the one** represents this kind of widow in general, not one particular widow. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea in another way. Alternate translation: “each one who lives self-indulgently” 5:6 ec6s σπαταλῶσα 1 Alternate translation: “living for pleasure” or “living in a luxurious way” 5:6 qy5h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ζῶσα τέθνηκεν 1 Here Paul describes widows who act like this as if they had **died**, even though they are **living**. He means that they are like dead people because they are spiritually dead. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea in simile form or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “although still living, is like someone who has died” or “living, has died spiritually” 5:7 qw6m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit καὶ ταῦτα 1 Here, the phrase **these things**. Refers to the instructions about widows and their families in the preceding verses (see [5:4–6](../05/04.md)). Paul includes the word **also** because he earlier told Timothy to “command” other things (see [4:11](../04/11.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could make those ideas more explicit. Alternate translation: “what I have written about widows too” or “also what I have said about widows and their families” @@ -449,9 +453,10 @@ front:intro wy83 0 # Introduction to 1 Timothy\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc 5:14 te2u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit νεωτέρας 1 Here Paul is referring to the **younger** widows whom he has been speaking about in [5:11–13](../05/11.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “those younger widows” 5:14 hgp0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns μηδεμίαν ἀφορμὴν διδόναι τῷ ἀντικειμένῳ λοιδορίας χάριν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **opportunity**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “do nothing that would allow the one opposing to revile” 5:14 z79q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit λοιδορίας χάριν 1 Here, the **reviling** could be directed toward: (1) believers in general. Alternate translation: “for reviling us” (2) just the widows. Alternate translation: “for reviling them” -5:14 u94k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τῷ ἀντικειμένῳ 1 Here, the phrase **the one opposing** could refer to: (1) Satan. In this case, Satan probably would use other people to revile believers. Alternate translation: “to the devil” (2) any person who opposes or attacks believers. Alternate translation: “to people who oppose us” or “to enemies of the beleivers” +5:14 u94k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τῷ ἀντικειμένῳ 1 Here, the phrase **the one opposing** could refer to: (1) Satan. In this case, Satan probably would use other people to revile believers. Alternate translation: “to the devil” (2) any person who opposes or attacks believers. Alternate translation: “to people who oppose us” or “to enemies of the believers” 5:15 cb8l rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γάρ 1 Here, the word **For** introduces a reason why Paul has given the instructions in the previous verses. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a reason or basis for instructions, or you could leave **For** untranslated. Alternate translation: “In fact,” or “Here is why I have included those instructions:” 5:15 fy54 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐξετράπησαν ὀπίσω τοῦ Σατανᾶ 1 Here Paul speaks of abandoning what God wants to focus on what **Satan** wants as if it were turning away **after Satan**. He means that these people have stopped doing what God wants and are instead doing what **Satan** wants. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable figure of speech or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “have deviated to obeying Satan” or “have started to obey Satan instead of God”\n +5:16 ysth rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants πιστὴ 1 Many ancient manuscripts read **believing woman**. The ULT follows that reading. Other ancient manuscripts read “believing man or woman.” If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT. 5:16 mf4s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἔχει χήρας 1 The implication is that she **has widows** within her extended family. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “has relatives who are widows” 5:16 a6vt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative3p ἐπαρκείτω 1 If your language does not use the third-person imperative in this way, you could state this in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “she must aid” 5:16 ptc5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases καὶ 1 Here, the word **and** introduces what the intended result is when believing women aid the widows in their own families. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces an intended result. Alternate translation: “and so” or “and thus” @@ -463,7 +468,7 @@ front:intro wy83 0 # Introduction to 1 Timothy\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc 5:17 u93q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive οἱ καλῶς προεστῶτες πρεσβύτεροι & ἀξιούσθωσαν 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who would do the action, it is clear from the context that it would be the believers whom these **elders** have **led**. Alternate translation: “The believers should consider the elders having led them well to be worthy” 5:17 m5ou προεστῶτες 1 Alternate translations: “having managed” or “having taken care” 5:17 oxzr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit διπλῆς τιμῆς 1 Here, the phrase **double honor** could refer to: (1) two different kinds of **honor**, respect and payment. Alternate translation: “of both honor and payment” (2) a large amount of **honor**. Alternate translation: “of much honor” (3) **double** the **honor** or payment given to other people whom the church supported. Alternate translation: “of double the honor given to others” or “of double the payment that is given to others” -5:17 wp9d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns διπλῆς τιμῆς 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **honor**, you could express the same idea in another way. Make sure that your translation fits with the option you chose in the previous note. Alternate translation: “of being honored in both ways” or “of being both honored and payed” +5:17 wp9d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns διπλῆς τιμῆς 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **honor**, you could express the same idea in another way. Make sure that your translation fits with the option you chose in the previous note. Alternate translation: “of being honored in both ways” or “of being both honored and paid” 5:17 t390 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy λόγῳ 1 Here, **word** represents what these **elders** preach using words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “preaching” 5:18 jmqh rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** introduces a support for the command that Paul gave in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces support or basis for a command, or you could leave **For** untranslated. Alternate translation: “In fact,” or “Here is why:” 5:18 zkq7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations λέγει & ἡ Γραφή, βοῦν ἀλοῶντα οὐ φιμώσεις, καί, ἄξιος ὁ ἐργάτης τοῦ μισθοῦ αὐτοῦ 1 Here Paul quotes from the Old Testament scriptures, specifically from [Deuteronomy 25:4](../deu/25/04.md). Then he quotes something that Jesus said, which can be found in [Luke 10:7](../luk/10/7.md). If it would be helpful to your readers, you could format these words in a different way and include this information in a footnote. Alternate translation: “the Scripture says in Deuteronomy, ‘You will not muzzle an ox threshing,’ and in Luke, ‘The worker is worthy of his wages’” @@ -487,7 +492,7 @@ front:intro wy83 0 # Introduction to 1 Timothy\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc 5:21 t409 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ταῦτα 1 Here, the phrase **these things** refers to the instructions that Paul has given to Timothy about how to treat elders (see [5:17–20](../05/17.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “those rules about elders” 5:21 t408 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet χωρὶς προκρίματος, μηδὲν ποιῶν κατὰ πρόσκλισιν 1 The terms **prejudgment** and **partiality** mean similar things. Paul is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “as you are completely fair to everyone” 5:21 dph6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns χωρὶς προκρίματος, μηδὲν ποιῶν κατὰ πρόσκλισιν 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **prejudgment** and **partiality**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “without deciding what to do ahead of time, doing nothing that benefits only some people”\n -5:22 qb71 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction χεῖρας ταχέως μηδενὶ ἐπιτίθει 1 Here Paul is speaking of a ceremony during which church leaders would **Place** their **hands** on a person. When they did that, they were commissioning that person to serve God in a specific way, usually as a leader. If it would be helpful in your language, you could refer to a comparable action in your culture, or you could explaining what this action means. Alternate translation: “Place hands on no one hastily to commission him” or “Authorize no one by placing hands on him hastily”\n +5:22 qb71 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction χεῖρας ταχέως μηδενὶ ἐπιτίθει 1 Here Paul is speaking of a ceremony during which church leaders would **Place** their **hands** on a person. When they did that, they were commissioning that person to serve God in a specific way, usually as a leader. If it would be helpful in your language, you could refer to a comparable action in your culture, or you could explain what this action means. Alternate translation: “Place hands on no one hastily to commission him” or “Authorize no one by placing hands on him hastily”\n 5:22 pyl8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit μηδὲ κοινώνει ἁμαρτίαις ἀλλοτρίαις 1 Here, Paul implies that Timothy might **share in the sins of others** if he helps to appoint leaders who are sinning or if he does not confront leaders who are sinning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “nor participate in the sins of others by appointing and affirming them as leaders” or “nor join in with or affirm others who are sinning” 5:23 xl32 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit οἴνῳ ὀλίγῳ χρῶ 1 Here Paul means that Timothy should have **a little wine** in addition to the water he was drinking. In Paul’s culture, people believed that wine could help with certain physical problems and illnesses. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “also use a little wine as medicine” 5:23 gl5g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo διὰ τὸν στόμαχον καὶ τὰς πυκνάς σου ἀσθενείας 1 Paul does not imply what kind of **stomach** problems and **illnesses** Timothy was experiencing. However, it is clear that Paul thought that **a little wine** would help with these problems. Since Paul does not state what kind of health problems Timothy was having, you should use general terms for stomach problems and sicknesses. Alternate translation: “because of your digestion problems and your frequent sicknesses” @@ -499,88 +504,144 @@ front:intro wy83 0 # Introduction to 1 Timothy\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc 5:25 bl51 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὰ ἄλλως ἔχοντα 1 Here Paul is referring to good works that are **otherwise** because they are not immediately **evident**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “the ones that are not immediately evident” or “the good works that are secret” 5:25 bb2t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives κρυβῆναι οὐ δύναταί 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a positive expression to translate this double negative that consists of the negative particle **not** and the negative verb **hidden**. Alternate translation: “will necessarily be revealed” 5:25 t420 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive κρυβῆναι οὐ δύναταί 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “cannot stay secret” or “are not able to remain unknown” -6:intro rks4 0 # 1 Timothy 6 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Slavery\n\nIn this chapter Paul teaches slaves about honoring, respecting, and diligently serving their masters. This does not mean that he is endorsing slavery as a good thing or as something that God approves of. Instead, Paul is encouraging believers to be godly and content in every situation that they are in. This does not mean that they cannot also work to change those situations. -6:1 nm4n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ὅσοι εἰσὶν ὑπὸ ζυγὸν δοῦλοι 1 Paul speaks of people who work as **slaves** as though they were oxen plowing or pulling with a **yoke** around their necks. Alternate translation: “Concerning people who are working as slaves” -6:1 ep1l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὅσοι εἰσὶν & δοῦλοι 1 The implication in context is that Paul is speaking about believers who are slaves. Alternate translation: “All the believers who are working as slaves” -6:1 he2n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἵνα μὴ τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ Θεοῦ καὶ ἡ διδασκαλία βλασφημῆται 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this passive phrase with an active form, and you could state who would do the action. Alternate translation: “so that unbelievers will not insult God’s character or what we believe and teach” -6:1 e3ce ἵνα μὴ τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ Θεοῦ καὶ ἡ διδασκαλία βλασφημῆται 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this negative phrase in a positive way. Alternate translation: “so that unbelievers will always speak respectfully about God’s character and about the things that we teach” -6:1 xb92 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Here, **name** is a figurative way of referring to the fame or reputation of a person. Alternate translations: “God’s character” or “God’s reputation” -6:1 f5pc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἡ διδασκαλία 1 Implicitly Paul means **the teaching** about Jesus and about how his followers should live. Alternate translation: “our teaching about how believers should live” -6:2 fvv7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ἀδελφοί εἰσιν 1 Here, **brothers** means fellow believers in Jesus, whether male or female. Alternate translation: “they are fellow believers” -6:2 nmh9 καὶ ἀγαπητοὶ 1 This could have either, or both, meanings: (1) God loves these people. Alternate translation: “whom God loves” (2) other believers love these people. Alternate translation: “and so their believing slaves should love them” -6:3 t430 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ὑγιαίνουσι λόγοις 1 See how you translated the term **healthy** in [1:10](../01/10.md). Here, as well, it is a figurative way to say that the teaching is good and reliable in every way and has no defect or corruption. A person with a healthy mind would recognize this teaching as correct. Alternate translations: “to the correct words” or “to the true expression of our faith” -6:3 t431 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ὑγιαίνουσι λόγοις 1 Paul uses the term **words** to describe the verbal expression of what followers of Jesus genuinely believe. Alternate translation: “to the true expression of our faith” -6:3 sshf τοῖς τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 Here, **the ones** could refer to: (1) the message about the Lord Jesus. (2) words spoken by the Lord Jesus. -6:4 pn8n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τετύφωται 1 Paul speaks of a person who is excessively proud as if they were inflated with air. See how you translated this phrase in [3:6](../03/06.md). Alternate translation: “he is excessively proud” -6:4 t433 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive τετύφωται 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the phrase **puffed up** with an active form. Alternate translation: “he is excessively proud” -6:4 t434 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations τετύφωται 1 Here, **he** refers to anyone in general who teaches what is not correct. Alternate translation: “that person is excessively proud” -6:4 z2rb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole μηδὲν ἐπιστάμενος 1 Paul uses the term **nothing** here as a generalization for emphasis. It is specifically God’s true message that the person does not understand. Alternate translation: “he understands nothing about God’s truth” -6:4 qu86 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor νοσῶν περὶ ζητήσεις 1 Paul speaks of people who feel compelled to engage in useless arguments as if they were ill. Such people greatly desire to argue, and they do not really want to find a way to agree. Alternate translation: “morbidly craves arguments” -6:4 i3lk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet ζητήσεις καὶ λογομαχίας 1 These two terms mean basically the same thing, although the second term refers more specifically to arguments about the meaning of words. Paul uses these terms together for emphasis. If these are not separate ideas in your language, you could combine them. Alternate translation: “arguments” -6:4 xt1z λογομαχίας 1 Alternate translation: “fights about the meaning of words” -6:4 y3mx βλασφημίαι 1 While the term **blasphemies** often refers to untrue or disrespectful things that people say about God, in this context it refers to people falsely saying bad things about each other. Alternate translation: “insults” -6:4 kn69 ὑπόνοιαι πονηραί 1 Alternate translation: “thinking incorrectly that others want to harm them” -6:5 x93f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor διαπαρατριβαὶ 1 Here, **friction** is the last item in the list that began in the previous verse, a litany of bad things that result from “controversies and word-battles.” This is a metaphor. It compares two results: the heat and damage which occur when two objects rub together and the irritation and anger that can occur when people interact badly. Alternate translation: “and constant conflict” -6:5 z2d8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive διεφθαρμένων ἀνθρώπων τὸν νοῦν καὶ ἀπεστερημένων τῆς ἀληθείας 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this passive phrase with an active form. Alternate translation: “between people whose minds are corrupt and who no longer believe the truth” -6:5 tyf7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism διεφθαρμένων ἀνθρώπων τὸν νοῦν καὶ ἀπεστερημένων τῆς ἀληθείας 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thin; Paul uses the repetition for emphasis. If it would be helpful in your language, you could combine these phrases. Alternate translation: “people who are no longer able to recognize the truth” -6:5 t443 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ἀνθρώπων 1 Paul uses the term **men** here in a generic sense that includes both men and women. Alternate translation: “between people” -6:6 q5sq rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast δὲ 1 Paul uses the word **But** to introduce a contrast between what the false teachers believe about godliness and what is really true about godliness. Alternate translation: “instead” -6:6 ya9z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἡ εὐσέβεια μετὰ αὐταρκείας 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the abstract nouns **godliness** and **contentment** by stating the ideas behind them with verbal phrases. Alternate translation: “doing what is godly along with being content with what a person has” -6:6 o6j4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἔστιν & πορισμὸς μέγας 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **gain** with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “makes a person very well off” -6:7 t446 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 Paul uses the word **For** to introduce the reason for what he said in the previous sentence. Alternate translation: “After all” -6:7 j6qv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit οὐδὲν & εἰσηνέγκαμεν εἰς τὸν κόσμον 1 The implication of this phrase is that Paul is speaking about when a person is born. Alternate translation: “brought nothing into the world when we were born” -6:7 t448 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ὅτι 1 Here Paul leaves out some of the words that a sentence would ordinarily need in order to be complete. Alternate translation: “and so it is also clear that” -6:7 jlv8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit οὐδὲ ἐξενεγκεῖν τι δυνάμεθα 1 The implication of this phrase is that Paul is speaking about when a person dies. Alternate translation: “we can take nothing out of the world when we die” -6:8 lbk5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative ἀρκεσθησόμεθα 1 Here Paul uses a statement in order to express a moral imperative. Alternate translation: “that should be enough for us” -6:8 t451 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἀρκεσθησόμεθα 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this passive phrase with an active form. Alternate translation: “that should be enough for us” -6:9 ij4j rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast δὲ 1 Paul uses the word **Now** to indicate that he is returning to the topic of those who think being godly will make them wealthy. You can translate the term with the word or phrase in your language that is most similar in meaning and significance. -6:9 pl5d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐμπίπτουσιν εἰς πειρασμὸν, καὶ παγίδα 1 Paul speaks about those who let the **temptation** of money cause them to sin as if they were animals that **fall into** a hole that a hunter is using as **a trap**. Alternate translation: “will encounter more temptation than they can resist” -6:9 gfy7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor καὶ ἐπιθυμίας πολλὰς ἀνοήτους καὶ βλαβεράς 1 This phrase continues the figure of speech from the previous phrase. Paul speaks about these desires if they too were a hole that a hunter was using as a trap. Alternate translation: “and will experience destructive impulses than they cannot overcome” -6:9 t456 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys ἐπιθυμίας & ἀνοήτους καὶ βλαβεράς 1 Here Paul expresses a single idea by using two words connected with **and.** The word **foolish** tells why these desires are **harmful**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this connection by stating the meaning with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “destructive impulses” -6:9 nc3i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor αἵτινες βυθίζουσι τοὺς ἀνθρώπους εἰς ὄλεθρον καὶ ἀπώλειαν 1 This phrase summarizes the character of the temptations and impulses that Paul has just described. He speaks of them as if they could make people drown in deep water. Alternate translation: “which people cannot escape, and such things destroy them” -6:9 t458 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ἀνθρώπους 1 Paul uses the term **men** here in a generic sense that includes both men and women. Alternate translation: “people” -6:9 t459 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet ὄλεθρον καὶ ἀπώλειαν 1 These two words **ruin** and **destruction** mean very similar things. Paul uses them both to emphasize that this is very bad. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use one term with a word that adds emphasis. Alternate translations: “complete destruction” or “total ruin” -6:10 t460 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 Paul uses the word **For** to introduce the reasons for what the previous sentence stated. Alternate translation: “This is because” -6:10 xs9d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ῥίζα & πάντων τῶν κακῶν ἐστιν ἡ φιλαργυρία 1 Paul speaks of evil as if it were a plant, and of **the love of money** as if it were the **root** from which that plant grew. Alternate translation: “loving money leads a person to do all kinds of wrong things” -6:10 t462 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole πάντων τῶν κακῶν 1 Paul uses the term **all** here as a generalization for emphasis. Alternate translation: “of many kinds of wrong things” -6:10 j5z9 τινες ὀρεγόμενοι 1 The reference here is to people **desiring** money, not evil. You could start a new sentence here if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “some people who want to become rich” -6:10 b83v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἀπεπλανήθησαν ἀπὸ τῆς πίστεως 1 Paul speaks of the desire for money as if it were an evil guide that intentionally leads people down the wrong path. Alternate translation: “have stopped believing in Jesus because of their desire for money” -6:10 t465 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἧς τινες ὀρεγόμενοι, ἀπεπλανήθησαν ἀπὸ τῆς πίστεως 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this passive phrase with an active form. Alternate translations: “which has led some people away from believing in Jesus” or “a love for money that has led some people to stop following Jesus” -6:10 a1fx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἑαυτοὺς περιέπειραν ὀδύναις πολλαῖς 1 Paul speaks about grief as if it were a sword that people use to stab themselves. Alternate translation: “have experienced great sorrows in their lives” -6:11 tp97 ὦ ἄνθρωπε Θεοῦ 1 Alternate translations: “You servant of God” or “You person who belongs to God” -6:11 h9c6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ταῦτα φεῦγε 1 Paul speaks of these temptations and sins as if they were things a person could physically run away from. Alternate translation: “make sure that you do not do these things” -6:11 a88g ταῦτα 1 This phrase could refer to: (1) everything Paul has been talking about in this section of the letter (false teachings, pride, arguments, and the love of money). (2) what Paul has been talking about most recently (the love of money). If possible, it is best to leave it as a general reference. -6:11 zjl3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor δίωκε 1 Paul speaks of righteousness and other good qualities as if they were things that a person could run after and catch. This metaphor is the opposite of “flee from.” It means to try your best to obtain something. Alternate translation: “seek to acquire” -6:12 w21p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἀγωνίζου τὸν καλὸν ἀγῶνα τῆς πίστεως 1 Here, Paul speaks about a person persevering in following Jesus as if he were a warrior fighting at his best, or an athlete doing his best to win an event. Alternate translation: “Do your best to obey Jesus” -6:12 y6m8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐπιλαβοῦ τῆς αἰωνίου ζωῆς 1 Paul speaks about people wanting **eternal life** so much that they hold onto it firmly in their hands. He may be continuing the metaphor of an athlete who worked hard to win an event and now holds the trophy in his hands. Alternate translations: “eagerly desire to live with God forever” or “do whatever is necessary to pursue life with God forever” -6:12 usd1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive εἰς ἣν ἐκλήθης 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this passive phrase with an active form, and you could state who did the action. Alternate translation: “to which God called you” -6:12 qw96 ὡμολόγησας τὴν καλὴν ὁμολογίαν 1 Alternate translation: “you publicly stated your faith in Jesus” -6:12 vm6q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐνώπιον πολλῶν μαρτύρων 1 The implication is that Timothy’s statement of his faith was binding because these **witnesses** were present and could testify that he had made it. In your translation, you could use the expression used in your culture for a public, legal commitment. Alternate translation: “while many people were watching” -6:13 t476 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐνώπιον τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 The implication is that Paul is asking **God** to be his witness that he has given Timothy this command. Alternate translation: “with God as my witness” -6:13 ts65 τοῦ ζῳοποιοῦντος τὰ πάντα 1 Alternate translation: “who causes all things to live” -6:13 t477 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit καὶ Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ 1 The implication is that Paul is also asking **Jesus** to be his witness. Alternate translation: “and with Christ Jesus as my witness as well” -6:13 amy1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τοῦ μαρτυρήσαντος ἐπὶ Ποντίου Πειλάτου τὴν καλὴν ὁμολογίαν 1 Paul is offering Jesus to Timothy as an example of someone who publicly affirmed his obedience to God even when others were hostile and threatening. Alternate translation: “who acknowledged God himself when Pontius Pilate put him on trial” -6:14 p9n9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet ἄσπιλον ἀνεπίλημπτον 1 The terms **spotless** and **irreproachable** mean similar things. Paul may be using them together for emphasis. If it would be helpful in your language, you could combine these terms and express the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “completely blameless” -6:14 t480 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἄσπιλον 1 A spot means a moral fault. This could mean: (1) Timothy should live in such a way that Jesus will not find fault with him or blame him for doing wrong. (2) Timothy should live in such a way that other people will not find fault with him or blame him for doing wrong. Alternate translation: “blameless” -6:14 nk52 μέχρι τῆς ἐπιφανείας τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 Alternate translation: “until our Lord Jesus Christ returns” -6:15 t482 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom καιροῖς ἰδίοις 1 See how you translated this expression in [2:6](../02/06.md). Alternate translation: “at the time that God will choose” -6:15 ac6y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὁ μακάριος καὶ μόνος Δυνάστης 1 This expression refers implicitly to God. Alternate translation: “God, the One we praise, who alone rules over the world” -6:16 l9i8 ὁ μόνος ἔχων ἀθανασίαν 1 Alternate translation: “the only one who has always existed” -6:16 tsz3 φῶς οἰκῶν ἀπρόσιτον 1 Alternate translation: “who lives in light so bright that no one can come near it” -6:16 t487 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations οὐδεὶς ἀνθρώπων 1 Paul uses the term **men** here in a generic sense that includes both men and women. Alternate translation: “no human being” -6:17 te3z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj τοῖς πλουσίοις 1 Paul is using the adjective **rich** as a noun to refer to a class of people that it describes. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this term by translating it with a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “people who are rich” -6:17 z4ec ἐν τῷ νῦν αἰῶνι 1 The **present age** is the time period in which we are living, before Jesus returns and establishes God’s rule over all people. Alternate translation: “at this time” -6:17 drj6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐπὶ πλούτου ἀδηλότητι 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **uncertainty** with a verbal phrase. Alternate translations: “in riches, which are so uncertain” or “in wealth, which a person can lose so easily” -6:17 iq61 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis πάντα πλουσίως εἰς ἀπόλαυσιν 1 By **all**, Paul is referring to all of the things that anyone actually has, not to everything that it might be possible to have. If it would be helpful in your language, you may want to include words to make that clear. Alternate translation: “all of the things that we have so that we can enjoy them” -6:18 cii3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor πλουτεῖν ἐν ἔργοις καλοῖς 1 Paul speaks of doing things to help others as a way of becoming wealthy, but it is measured in something other than money. Alternate translation: “to serve and help others in many ways” -6:19 zc9d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἀποθησαυρίζοντας ἑαυτοῖς θεμέλιον καλὸν εἰς τὸ μέλλον 1 Paul speaks about the blessings that God will give to those who have served him faithfully as if they were riches that a person was **storing** in a safe place. Alternate translation: “securing a good start now on their future life in God’s presence” -6:19 t493 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἀποθησαυρίζοντας ἑαυτοῖς θεμέλιον καλὸν εἰς τὸ μέλλον 1 Paul also speaks about the blessings that God will give as if they were the **foundation** of a building. He means that they will give a person a good start on their new life in the presence of God forever. Alternate translation: “securing a good start now on their future life in God’s presence” -6:19 t494 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom εἰς τὸ μέλλον 1 In the New Testament, this expression can refer to different things, but in this case it seems to refer to the new life that believers will have in God’s presence after death and the end of history. It is equivalent to the expression “for the coming life” in [4:8](../04/08.md). Alternate translation: “for their future life in God’s presence” -6:19 z5ru rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἵνα ἐπιλάβωνται τῆς ὄντως ζωῆς 1 Paul is using the same image as in the phrase **grasp** eternal **life** in [6:12](../06/12.md). He is speaking about people wanting eternal life so much that they hold onto it firmly in their hands. Alternate translation: “so that they can indeed live with God forever” -6:20 dd1v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὴν παραθήκην φύλαξον 1 The implication is that Jesus has entrusted Timothy with the message to proclaim about him. Alternate translation: “protect the message about Jesus that he has put in your care” -6:20 vgr8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἐκτρεπόμενος τὰς βεβήλους κενοφωνίας 1 In order to avoid **profane chatter**, Timothy must avoid the people who do the chattering. Alternate translation: “do not pay attention to the talk of people for whom nothing is sacred” -6:20 t498 καὶ ἀντιθέσεις 1 This could mean: (1) the false teachers are saying things that are contrary to true Christian belief. Alternate translations: “and teachings that contradict us” or “and the opposing statements” (2) the false teachers are saying things that cannot all be true at the same time. -6:20 y2u7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive τῆς ψευδωνύμου γνώσεως 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this passive phrase with an active form, and you could state who is doing the action. Alternate translation: “of what some people falsely call knowledge” -6:21 e6rb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor περὶ τὴν πίστιν ἠστόχησαν 1 See how you translated this expression in [1:6](../01/06.md). Paul speaks of faith in Christ as if it were a target that people should aim at. Alternate translation: “have not fulfilled the purpose of faith in Jesus” -6:21 t501 ἡ χάρις μεθ’ ὑμῶν 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could state explicitly who will give this grace and who Paul is thinking will make this happen. Alternate translation: “May God give grace to all of you” -6:21 hix2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you ἡ χάρις μεθ’ ὑμῶν 1 The word **you** is plural and refers to Timothy and all the believers at Ephesus. Alternate translation: “May God give grace to all of you” +6:intro rks4 0 # 1 Timothy 6 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n8. Paul gives instructions about how to treat different types of believers (5:1–6:2)\n * How slaves should treat their masters (6:1–2)\n9. Paul condemns false teachers and lovers of money (6:3–10)\n10. Paul encourages Timothy (6:11–16)\n11. Paul gives commands for rich people (6:17–19)\n12. Final exhortation and letter closing (6:20–21)\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Slavery\n\nIn [6:1–2](../06/01.md), Paul teaches Christian slaves to honor and serve their masters. This does not mean that he is endorsing slavery as a good thing or as something that God approves of. Instead, Paul is encouraging believers to be godly and content in every situation that they are in. This does not mean that they cannot also work to change those situations. Be sure that your translation does not imply that Paul is encouraging people to have slaves.\n\n### Wealth and money\n\nIn [6:5–10](../06/05.md), Paul condemns some people for thinking that godliness is a means of gain, and he instead indicates that godliness with contentment is the real gain. Then Paul explains that loving money causes many kinds of evil desires and behavior. Later on, in [6:17–19](../06/17.md), he indicates that people who are rich should focus on gaining blessings from Jesus when he returns. To do that, they should give away and share their money and possessions. So, throughout this chapter, Paul indicates that being rich and desiring to be rich are dangerous. Paul does not mean that no rich people can be believers, but he does mean that rich people must do good things, including giving and sharing what they have. Make sure that your translation expresses that idea.\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in this Chapter\n\n### Fighting the good fight\n\nIn [6:12](../06/12.md), Paul exhorts Timothy to “fight the good fight of the faith.” He compares how Timothy must act in **faith** to how soldiers fight in a war. He implies that Timothy will experience conflict, danger, and hardship and that he must obey God and Paul as a soldier obeys his commanders. Since Paul uses warfare language to refer to the Christian life in many verses, if possible preserve the metaphor or express the idea in simile form. See the notes on this verse for translation options, and see how you expressed the similar idea in [1:18](../01/18.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n +6:1 nm4n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ὑπὸ ζυγὸν δοῦλοι 1 Here Paul speaks of people who work as **slaves** as though they were working animals with a **yoke** around their necks. He could mean: (1) that these people truly are slaves and not just workers or servants. Alternate translation: “truly salves” (2) that these **slaves** work for cruel or strict masters. Alternate translation: “slaves under strict masters” +6:1 ep1l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative3p ἡγείσθωσαν 1 If your language does not use the third-person imperative in this way, you could state this in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “they must consider” +6:1 uw69 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession πάσης τιμῆς ἀξίους 1 Here, Paul is using the possessive form to describe **masters** who are **worthy** to receive **all honor**. If this is not clear in your language, you could express the idea in another way. Alternate translation: “as deserving all honor” or “as those who should receive all honor”\n +6:1 pvyp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns πάσης τιμῆς 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **honor**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “of being honored always” +6:1 he2n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive μὴ τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ Θεοῦ καὶ ἡ διδασκαλία βλασφημῆται 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who would do the action, it is clear from the context that it would be unbelievers. Alternate translation: “unbelievers may not blaspheme the name of God and the teaching” +6:1 xb92 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Here, **name** represents a person, especially that person’s reputation and nature. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the reputation of God” or “who God is” +6:2 t2v7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases δὲ 1 Here, the word **But** introduces a command that is related to what Paul said in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a related command, or you could leave **But** untranslated. Alternate translation: “Further,” or “More specifically,” +6:2 zm0i rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result μὴ καταφρονείτωσαν, ὅτι ἀδελφοί εἰσιν 1 Here, the word **because** could introduce: (1) the reason why slaves might **despise** their believing masters. Alternate translation: “let them not, since they are brothers, despise them” (2) the reason why slaves should not **despise** their believing masters. Alternate translation: “because they are brothers, let them not despite them” +6:2 ujcg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative3p μὴ καταφρονείτωσαν & δουλευέτωσαν 1 If your language does not use the third-person imperative in this way, you could state this in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “they must not despise them … they must serve them” +6:2 u4vv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἀδελφοί 1 Paul is using the term **brothers** to mean people who share the same faith. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “believers” +6:2 fvv7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ἀδελφοί 1 Although the term **brothers** is masculine, Paul is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If you retain the metaphor in your translation, and if it would be helpful in your language, you could say “brothers and sisters” to indicate this. +6:2 ypgw rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ἀλλὰ μᾶλλον δουλευέτωσαν, ὅτι πιστοί εἰσιν καὶ ἀγαπητοὶ, οἱ τῆς εὐεργεσίας ἀντιλαμβανόμενοι 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these clauses, since the second clause gives the reason for the command that the first clause gives. Alternate translation: “but rather, because the ones taking the benefaction are believers and beloved, let them serve them” +6:2 jspi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit μᾶλλον δουλευέτωσαν 1 Here, the word translated **rather** could: (1) introduce what the slaves should do instead of despising their masters. Alternate translation: “let them serve them instead” (2) indicate that slaves should serve believing masters even better than they might serve unbelieving masters. Alternate translation: “let them serve them more” or “let them serve them even better” +6:2 tum0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit οἱ τῆς εὐεργεσίας ἀντιλαμβανόμενοι 1 Here Paul could be indicating that: (1) the masters receive **benefaction** from the slaves. Since **benefaction** was usually something that someone with money and resources gave to someone without those things, Paul is indicating that believing slaves can actually function as benefactors for their believing masters. Alternate translation: “the ones for whom their slaves function as benefactors” or “the ones for whom their slaves do good” (2) the masters give **benefaction** to their slaves. Alternate translation: “the ones functioning as benefactors for their slaves” or “the ones doing good for their slaves” (3) the masters and slaves together give **benefaction** to others. Alternate translation: “the ones sharing with them in benefaction” +6:2 iznk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns οἱ τῆς εὐεργεσίας ἀντιλαμβανόμενοι 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **benefaction**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “the ones who are benefited” +6:2 nmh9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἀγαπητοὶ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who did the action, you could indicate that it is: (1) God. Alternate translation: “those whom God loves” (2) other believers, including the slaves. Alternate translation: “those whom believers love” or “those whom the slaves love”\n +6:2 rda3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo ταῦτα 1 Here, the phrase **these things** refers back to the instructions that Paul has given to Timothy. These instructions could be the ones in [6:1–2](../06/01.md), [5:3–6:2](../05/03.md), or even the whole letter so far. Since Paul used a general phrase, if possible you should use a general phrase that could refer to any of these sections. Alternate translation: “what I have said to you” or “these instructions” +6:3 b8np rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact εἴ 1 Paul speaks as if this were a hypothetical situation, but he means that it is true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might think that what Paul is saying is uncertain, then you could translate his words as an affirmative statement. Alternate translation: “When” +6:3 xpro rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἑτεροδιδασκαλεῖ 1 The implication is that some people were teaching different things than what Paul and Timothy taught, not that they were teaching in a different way. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. See how you expressed the similar idea in [1:3](../01/03.md). Alternate translation: “is teaching what is different from what we teach” or “is teaching a different doctrine” +6:3 ncsf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor μὴ προσέρχεται ὑγιαίνουσι λόγοις & τῇ & διδασκαλίᾳ 1 Here Paul speaks of someone agreeing with **words** and **teaching** as if that person were coming to those **words** and **teaching**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “does not agree with the healthy words … with the teaching” +6:3 t430 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ὑγιαίνουσι λόγοις 1 Here Paul speaks as if **words** could be **healthy**. He means that these **words** are good and reliable in every way and have no defect or corruption. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea in simile form or state the meaning plainly. See how you expressed the similar phrase in [1:10](../01/10.md). Alternate translation: “to the words that are like healthy food” or “to the correct words”\n +6:3 t431 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ὑγιαίνουσι λόγοις 1 Here, **words** represents things spoken using words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to the healthy statements” or “to the healthy declarations” +6:3 sshf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τοῖς τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 Here, Paul is using the possessive form to describe a **words** that could: (1) have been spoken by **our Lord Jesus Christ**. Alternate translation: “the ones spoken by our Lord Jesus Christ” (2) have been spoken about **our Lord Jesus Christ**. Alternate translation: “the ones about our Lord Jesus Christ” +6:3 biga rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῇ κατ’ εὐσέβειαν διδασκαλίᾳ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **godliness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “to the teaching that is godly” or “to the teaching that makes people godly” +6:4 g2ht rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations τετύφωται 1 Although the term **he** is masculine, Paul is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “that person is puffed up” or “he or she is puffed up” +6:4 pn8n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τετύφωται 1 Here Paul speaks of becoming prideful as if it were being **puffed up** by air. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable figure of speech or state the meaning plainly. See how you expressed the idea in [3:6](../03/06.md). Alternate translation: “he is conceited”\n +6:4 t433 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive τετύφωται 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “he puffs himself up” +6:4 z2rb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole μηδὲν ἐπιστάμενος 1 Paul says **nothing** here as an overstatement for emphasis. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “understanding almost nothing” or “having basically no understanding” +6:4 qu86 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor νοσῶν περὶ 1 Here Paul speaks as if these false teachers were **sick** and as if their illnesses were **controversies** and **word battles**. He means that they are constantly participating in these **controversies** and **word battles**, but those things are bad for them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea in simile form or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “being like people who are sick with” or “constantly seeking out”\n +6:4 i3lk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ζητήσεις καὶ λογομαχίας 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **controversies**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “debating and battling about words” +6:4 xt1z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor λογομαχίας 1 Here Paul refers to arguments about what **words** mean as if they were **battles**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable figure of speech or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “disputes about words” +6:4-5 we0g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns γίνεται φθόνος, ἔρις, βλασφημίαι, ὑπόνοιαι πονηραί & διαπαρατριβαὶ & ἀνθρώπων 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for some or all of the ideas in this list, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “people become envious, quarrelsome, blasphemous, suspicious in evil ways, annoying each other as men” +6:4 kn69 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὑπόνοιαι πονηραί 1 Here, the word **evil** could indicate that the **suspicions**: (1) themselves are **evil**. Alternate translation: “suspicions that are evil” (2) are that others have done what is **evil**. Alternate translation: “suspicions that others are evil” +6:5 x93f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor διαπαρατριβαὶ 1 Here, Paul speaks of frequent quarrels and arguments between people as if they were **constant friction**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable metaphor or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “constant grating” or “consistent bickering” +6:5 t443 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ἀνθρώπων 1 Although the term **men** is masculine, Paul is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “of men and women” +6:5 z2d8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive διεφθαρμένων & τὸν νοῦν καὶ ἀπεστερημένων τῆς ἀληθείας 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who did the action, it is clear from the context that it was they themselves. Alternate translation: “whose minds are corrupt and who no longer have the truth” or “who have corrupted their minds and who have deprived themselves of the truth” +6:5 x1tb rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns τὸν νοῦν 1 If it would not be natural in your language to speak as if a group of people had only one **mind**, you could use the plural form of that word in your translation. Alternate translation: “in their minds”\n +6:5 tyf7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῆς ἀληθείας 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **truth**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “of the true teachings” +6:5 pphc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὴν εὐσέβειαν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **godliness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “being godly” +6:5 v8s1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants πορισμὸν 1 Many ancient manuscripts end this verse with the phrase **a means of gain**. The ULT follows that reading. Other ancient manuscripts read include the following sentence after **a means of gain**: “Withdraw from such.” If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT. +6:6 q5sq rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast δὲ 1 Paul uses the word **But** to introduce a contrast between what the false teachers believe about **godliness** and what is really true about **godliness**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different word or phrase that introduces this kind of contrast. Alternate translation: “Despite what they think,” or “And yet” +6:6 ya9z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἡ εὐσέβεια μετὰ αὐταρκείας 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **godliness** and **sufficiency**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “being godly and self-sufficient” +6:6 yb8l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit αὐταρκείας 1 Here, the word translated **sufficiency** could refer to: (1) considering what one has to be sufficient, no matter how much or how little it is. Alternate translation: “contentment” (2) not being dependent on other people or resources to live. Alternate translation: “self-sufficiency” +6:6 o6j4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit πορισμὸς μέγας 1 Here, the word **gain** is the same word that Paul used in [6:5](../06/05.md) for gaining money. Here, he uses the word to refer to gaining something else, which he does not state explicitly. He could be referring to salvation, spiritual blessings, or something else. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the distinction between **gain** here and in [6:5](../06/05.md) more explicit. However, it is recommended that you do not specify exactly what is the content of the **gain** in this verse. Alternate translation: “great gain in other things” or “great gain in things besides money” +6:7 t446 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** introduces a reason why Paul focuses on gaining things besides money in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a reason or basis for a claim, or you could leave **For** untranslated. Alternate translation: “I say that since” or “Trying to gain money is wrong because” +6:7 j6qv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit οὐδὲν & εἰσηνέγκαμεν εἰς τὸν κόσμον 1 Here Paul is referring to when a person is born. When a person is born, they do not own anything or contribute anything to **the world**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “we brought nothing into the world when we were born” +6:7 t448 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ὅτι 1 Here, the word translated **that** could: (1) introduce something that is clear or obvious. In this case, Paul has omitted the words that indicate that the second sentence is clear or obvious. Alternate translation: “and it is clear that” (2) introduce a reason for the first clause. In this case, the reason why people bring nothing into the world is because they will bring nothing out of the world. Alternate translation: “because” (3) function as a simple connector. Alternate translation: “and” +6:7 q5kk rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants ὅτι 1 Many ancient manuscripts read **that**. The ULT follows that reading. Other ancient manuscripts read “it is clear that.” If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT. +6:7 jlv8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit οὐδὲ ἐξενεγκεῖν τι δυνάμεθα 1 Here Paul is referring to when a person dies. When a person dies, they no longer own anything or contribute anything to **the world**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “neither are we able to take anything out when we die” +6:7 aebd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ἐξενεγκεῖν τι 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “to take anything out of the world” +6:8 u96e rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases δὲ 1 Here, the word **But** introduces a development of the ideas from the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a development, or you could leave **But** untranslated. Alternate translation: “So then,” or “Given that,” +6:8 q942 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit σκεπάσματα 1 Here, the word **covering** could refer to: (1) clothing primarily. Alternate translation: “clothing” (2) any kind of protection from the elements, whether clothing, house, or shelter. Alternate translation: “shelter” or “protection from the weather” +6:8 lbk5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative ἀρκεσθησόμεθα 1 Here Paul could be using the future tense to: (1) give a command or instruction. Alternate translation: “we must be satisfied” or “let us be satisfied” (2) describe a result. Alternate translation: “we will then be satisfied”\n +6:8 t451 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive τούτοις ἀρκεσθησόμεθα 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say what would do the action, it is clear from the context that it would be **food and clothing**. Alternate translation: “with these we will find satisfaction” or “these will satisfy us” +6:9 j396 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast δὲ 1 Here, the word **But** introduces what some people desire in contrast to those who are satisfied (see [6:8](../06/08.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces this kind of contrast, or you could leave **But** untranslated. Alternate translation: “On the other hand,” +6:9 pl5d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐμπίπτουσιν εἰς πειρασμὸν, καὶ παγίδα, καὶ ἐπιθυμίας πολλὰς ἀνοήτους καὶ βλαβεράς 1 Here Paul speaks as if **temptation and a trap and many foolish and harmful desires** were holes that people could **fall into**. He means that these people will be experience these things and be unable to escape from them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable figure of speech or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “experience temptation and a trap and many foolish and harmful desires” or “will not be able escape being tempted and being trapped and desiring foolish and harmful things” +6:9 t456 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns εἰς πειρασμὸν, καὶ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **temptation**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “into being tempted and into” +6:9 p663 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor παγίδα 1 Here Paul speaks of how these people are not free to do whatever they want as if they had fallen into a **trap**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea in simile form or state the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar figure of speech in [3:7](../03/07.md). Alternate translation: “something like a trap” or “a lack of freedom”\n +6:9 xywv rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases καὶ 2 Here, the word **and** could introduce: (1) a third thing that these people **fall into**. Alternate translation: “and also” (2) a definition of the **trap**. Alternate translation: “that is” +6:9 nc3i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor αἵτινες βυθίζουσι τοὺς ἀνθρώπους εἰς ὄλεθρον καὶ ἀπώλειαν 1 Here Paul speaks as if these people’s desires would **sink** or drown them in **ruin and destruction**. He means that these desires will lead to complete **ruin and destruction**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable figure of speech or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “whatever overwhelms men with ruin and destruction” or “whatever causes men to experience ruin and destruction” +6:9 t458 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ἀνθρώπους 1 Although the term **men** is masculine, Paul is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “men and women” +6:9 fllx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns εἰς ὄλεθρον καὶ ἀπώλειαν 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **ruin** and **destruction**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “so that they are ruined and destroyed” +6:9 t459 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet ὄλεθρον καὶ ἀπώλειαν 1 The terms **ruin** and **destruction** mean similar things. Paul is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translations: “complete destruction” or “total ruin” +6:10 t460 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** introduces a reason for what Paul stated in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a reason or basis for a statement, or you could leave **For** untranslated. Alternate translation: “Here is why:” +6:10 xs9d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ῥίζα & πάντων τῶν κακῶν ἐστιν ἡ φιλαργυρία 1 Paul speaks of evil as if it were a plant, and of **the love of money** as if it were the **root** from which that plant grew. He means that **the love of money** leads to **all the evils**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea in simile form or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the love of money is like a root of all the evils” or “the love of money leads to all the evils” +6:10 t462 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole πάντων τῶν κακῶν 1 Paul says **all** here as an overstatement for emphasis. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “of many kinds of evils” +6:10 trx6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἡ φιλαργυρία 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **love**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “loving money” +6:10 j5z9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ἧς & ὀρεγόμενοι 1 The pronoun **which** refers to **money**. If this is not clear for your readers, you could refer to it more directly. Alternate translation: “and desiring money” +6:10 t465 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἧς τινες ὀρεγόμενοι, ἀπεπλανήθησαν ἀπὸ τῆς πίστεως, καὶ & περιέπειραν 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say what did the action, it is clear from the context that it was desiring money. Alternate translations: “which desire has led some people away from the faith, and they have pierced” or “and when some people desired money, it led them away from the faith, and they have pierced” +6:10 b83v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἀπεπλανήθησαν ἀπὸ τῆς πίστεως 1 Paul speaks of **desiring** money as if it were an evil guide that intentionally leads people down the wrong path. He means that **desiring** money causes people to stop having **faith**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable figure of speech or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “have left the faith” or “have ceased to have faith” +6:10 drsr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἀπὸ τῆς πίστεως 1 Here, the word **faith** could refer to: (1) the act of having **faith** in Jesus. Alternate translation: “from the faith that they had” (2) what people believe about Jesus when they have **faith** in him. Alternate translation: “from what Christians believe”\n +6:10 hj6n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἀπὸ τῆς πίστεως 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faith**, you could express the same idea in another way. Make sure that your translation fits with the option you chose in the previous note. Alternate translation: “from how they believed in Jesus”\n +6:10 a1fx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἑαυτοὺς περιέπειραν ὀδύναις πολλαῖς 1 Paul speaks about people who cause grief for themselves as if they were using a sword to stab themselves. He means that they are responsible for the **many sorrows** that they experience. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea in simile form or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “have caused themselves many sorrows as if they had stabbed themselves with swords” or “have caused themselves to have many sorrows” +6:10 xy7l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ὀδύναις πολλαῖς 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **sorrows**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “by often making themselves sorrowful” +6:11 tp97 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἄνθρωπε Θεοῦ 1 Here, Paul is using the possessive form to describe a **man** who serves and obeys **God**. If this is not clear in your language, you could express the idea in another way. Alternate translations: “man who obeys God” or “man who worships God” +6:11 h9c6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ταῦτα φεῦγε 1 Paul speaks of these temptations and sins as if they were things a person could physically run away from. He means that Timothy should always avoid these things. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable figure of speech or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “make sure that you do not do these things” +6:11 a88g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo ταῦτα 1 Here, the phrase **these things** refers to sinful behaviors and desires that Paul has been writing about. He could be referring more specifically to everything he has written about in this section of the letter (false teachings, pride, arguments, and the love of money). On the other hand, he could be referring just to what he wrote about most recently (the love of money). Since Paul used a general phrase, if possible you should use a general phrase that could refer to any of these ideas. Alternate translation: “these sinful things” or “the things I have been writing about” +6:11 zjl3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor δίωκε 1 Paul speaks of **righteousness** and other good qualities as if they were things that a person could run after and catch. He means that Timothy should try very hard to be characterized by these good things. Alternate translation: “seek to acquire” or “work hard to be characterized by” +6:11 eyb2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns δικαιοσύνην, εὐσέβειαν, πίστιν, ἀγάπην, ὑπομονήν, πραϋπαθίαν 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for some or all of the ideas in this list, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “becoming more righteous, godly, believing, loving, persistent, gentle” +6:12 w21p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἀγωνίζου τὸν καλὸν ἀγῶνα τῆς πίστεως 1 Here, Paul speaks about how Timothy should persevere in believing in and obeying Jesus as if he were a warrior fighting at his best or an athlete doing his best to win an event. He means that Timothy will encounter opposition, pain, and problems, but he should persist and persevere in believing in and obeying Jesus. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea in simile form or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Have faith as if you were fighting a good fight” or “Persevere in believing, no matter how hard it is” +6:12 u2ft rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὸν καλὸν ἀγῶνα τῆς πίστεως 1 Here, the phrase **the good fight** could indicate: (1) that someone is fighting well. Alternate translation: “the fight of the faith well” (2) that the **fight** is right or just. Alternate translation: “the just fight of the faith” or “the correct fight of the faith” +6:12 kds4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὸν καλὸν ἀγῶνα τῆς πίστεως 1 Here, Paul is using the possessive form to describe a **good fight** that could be: (1) the struggle of maintaining **faith**. Alternate translation: “the good fight to persist in faith” (2) caused by **faith**. Alternate translation: “that is caused by your faith” (3) the work of defending the **faith**, understood as Christianity and its teachings. Alternate translation: “the good fight for the faith” +6:12 wnkw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῆς πίστεως 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faith**, you could express the same idea in another way. Make sure that your translation fits with the option you chose in the previous note. Alternate translation: “to believe in Jesus”\n +6:12 y6m8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐπιλαβοῦ τῆς αἰωνίου ζωῆς 1 Here Paul tells Timothy to desire and focus on **eternal life** so much that it is like holding onto it firmly in his hands. Paul may be continuing the metaphor of an athlete who worked hard to win an event and now holds the trophy in his hands. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable figure of speech or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translations: “eagerly desire eternal life” or “do whatever is necessary to gain eternal life” +6:12 vgww rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῆς αἰωνίου ζωῆς 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **life**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “being able to live eternally”\n +6:12 usd1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐκλήθης καὶ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who did the action, it is clear from the context that it was God. Alternate translation: “God called you and you” +6:12 i1za rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases καὶ 1 Here, the word **and** could introduce: (1) a second thing that Timothy experienced that is related to eternal life. Alternate translation: “and for which you” (2) when it was clear that Timothy was called to eternal life. Alternate translation: “when you” +6:12 qw96 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὡμολόγησας τὴν καλὴν ὁμολογίαν 1 Here, the phrase **the good confession** refers to what Christians would say when they publicly declared that they were Christians. Most likely, they **confessed** that they considered Jesus to be Lord and that they believed in him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “confessed your faith in Jesus” or “confessed the good confession that Jesus is Lord” +6:12 r30g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὴν καλὴν ὁμολογίαν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **confession**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “the good things that we believe” or “the good things that you said” +6:12 vm6q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐνώπιον πολλῶν μαρτύρων 1 Here Paul implies that Timothy’s **confession** of his faith was binding because these **witnesses** were present and could testify that he had made it. In your translation, you could use an expression in your language for a public, legal commitment. Alternate translation: “while many people were watching” or “in a public and binding way” +6:13 t476 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-oathformula παραγγέλλω σοι ἐνώπιον τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Here the Paul puts Timothy under oath, or makes him swear by **God** and **Christ Jesus**, when he gives him a command. Use a natural way in your language to express an oath. See how you expressed the similar oath formula in [5:21](../05/21.md). Alternate translation: “I command you, asking you to swear before God” or “I command you by God”\n +6:13 ts65 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj τὰ πάντα 1 Paul is using the adjective **all** as a noun to mean all living things. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “all living things” +6:13 amy1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τοῦ μαρτυρήσαντος ἐπὶ Ποντίου Πειλάτου τὴν καλὴν ὁμολογίαν 1 Here Paul refers to what happened when Jesus was on trial **before** the Roman governor, **Pontius Pilate**. When Pilate asked Jesus who he was, Jesus told the truth, even though it was dangerous to do so. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “the one having declared the good confession about who he was when he was being examined by the governor, Pontius Pilate” +6:13 t6yn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὴν καλὴν ὁμολογίαν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **confession**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “the good things about himself” or “the truth” +6:14 awen rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τηρῆσαί σε τὴν ἐντολὴν ἄσπιλον ἀνεπίλημπτον 1 Here, the adjectives **spotless** and **irreproachable** could modify: (1) **you**. In this case, Timothy should be **spotless** and **irreproachable** as he keeps **the commandment**. Alternate translation: “that you keep the commandment in a spotless and irreproachable way” (2) **the commandment**. In this case, Timothy is supposed preserve **the commandment** that he obeys and teaches so that it remains **spotless** and **irreproachable**. Alternate translation: “that you preserve the commandment so that it is spotless and irreproachable” +6:14 xzgw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo τὴν ἐντολὴν 1 Here Paul does not specify what **the commandment** is. He could be referring to the instructions he just wrote, to the instructions in the letter as a whole, to what Timothy is supposed to do as a leader, or to what all believers are supposed to do. If possible, use a general phrase that could refer to any of these specific commands. If you need to be more specific, you could indicate that either God or Paul gave this **commandment**. Alternate translation: “the commandment that you know” +6:14 nogv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὴν ἐντολὴν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **commandment**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “what you were commanded” or “what we have been commanded” +6:14 p9n9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet ἄσπιλον ἀνεπίλημπτον 1 The terms **spotless** and **irreproachable** mean similar things. Paul is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “completely blameless” +6:14 t480 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἄσπιλον 1 Here Paul speaks as if he wants Timothy to be physically clean, without any spots or defects. He means that Timothy should not commit any sins or do anything wrong. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable figure of speech or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “pure” or “without sinning” +6:14 nk52 μέχρι τῆς ἐπιφανείας τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 Alternate translation: “until our Lord Jesus Christ comes back” +6:15 htqm rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ἣν 1 The pronoun **which** refers to “appearance” in the previous verse. If this is not clear for your readers, you could refer to it more directly. Alternate translation: “which appearance” +6:15 t482 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom καιροῖς ἰδίοις 1 Here, the phrase translated **in its own times** indicates that Jesus’ appearance will happen at an appropriate time or period of time. See how you translated this expression in [2:6](../02/06.md). More specifically, the **times** could be appropriate because: (1) they fit with Jesus’ appearance. Alternate translation: “at the times appropriate to it” or “during the time appropriate to it” (2) God chose them. Alternate translation: “at the times that he chose” or “during the time that he chose”\n +6:15 ac6y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ὁ μακάριος καὶ μόνος Δυνάστης 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who does the action, it is clear from the context that it is believers. Alternate translation: “the only Sovereign whom believers bless” +6:15 xrdv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit μόνος Δυνάστης 1 Here Paul means that God is the **only Sovereign** over whom no one else rules. He does not mean that no one else rules. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “most powerful Sovereign” or “highest Sovereign” +6:15 sayt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet ὁ Βασιλεὺς τῶν βασιλευόντων, καὶ Κύριος τῶν κυριευόντων 1 The phrases **King of the ones reigning** and **Lord of the ones ruling** mean similar things. Paul is using the two phrases together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “King and Lord of all kings and lords” or “Ruler of all rulers” +6:16 l9i8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὁ μόνος ἔχων ἀθανασίαν 1 Here Paul means that God is **the only One** who always has and always will exist. He will never die or cease to exist. While Christians believe that those who trust in Jesus will live forever, God is the one who enables them to do that. So, God is the only one who lives forever without the help of someone else’s power. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a form that makes that more explicit. Alternate translation: “the only One who has always existed” or “the only One who is by himself immortal” +6:16 zljw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἔχων ἀθανασίαν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **immortality**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “who is immortal” +6:16 tsz3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit φῶς οἰκῶν ἀπρόσιτον 1 Here Paul describes the **light** that fills God’s dwelling place in heaven. No one can come near this place because of how bright that **light** is. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make it more explicit that Paul is referring to God’s dwelling place in heaven. Alternate translation: “who lives in heaven in light so bright that no one can come near it” +6:16 t487 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations οὐδεὶς ἀνθρώπων 1 Although the term **men** is masculine, Paul is using the word in a generic sense that includes all humans, both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “no one of humans” or “no human being” +6:16 wfw9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ᾧ τιμὴ καὶ κράτος αἰώνιον 1 Here, the word **eternal** could describe: (1) **power**. Alternate translation: “to whom be honor and power that is eternal” (2) how God has **honor** and **power**. Alternate translation: “to whom be honor and power forever” +6:16 kbrm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἰδεῖν & ᾧ τιμὴ καὶ κράτος αἰώνιον 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **text** and **text**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “to see. May he be honored and always powerful” +6:17 te3z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj τοῖς πλουσίοις 1 Paul is using the adjective **rich** as a noun to mean rich people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “people who are rich” +6:17 z4ec rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ἐν τῷ νῦν αἰῶνι 1 Here, the phrase **the present age** refers to the time period in which Paul and Timothy lived, the time period before Jesus comes back and God transforms everything. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “during the current time period” or “in this time before Jesus returns” +6:17 qoa9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession πλούτου ἀδηλότητι 1 Here, Paul is using the possessive form to describe **riches** that are characterized by **uncertainty**. If this is not clear in your language, you could express the idea in another way. Alternate translation: “uncertain riches” or “riches, which are characterized by uncertainty” +6:17 drj6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns πλούτου ἀδηλότητι 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **uncertainty**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translations: “riches, which are so uncertain” or “riches, which a person can lose so easily” +6:17 drho rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ἀλλ’ ἐπὶ Θεῷ 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “but to hope in God” +6:17 s607 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants Θεῷ 1 Many ancient manuscripts read **God**. The ULT follows that reading. Other ancient manuscripts read “the living God.” If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT. +6:17 iq61 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole πάντα 1 Paul says **all** here as an overstatement for emphasis. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “very many things” +6:17 l3h9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns εἰς ἀπόλαυσιν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **enjoyment**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “to be enjoyed” +6:18 dda6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet ἀγαθοεργεῖν, πλουτεῖν ἐν ἔργοις καλοῖς 1 The phrases **to do good** and **to be rich in good works** mean similar things. Paul is using the two phrases together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “to be rich in doing what is good” or “to do good at all times” +6:18 cii3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor πλουτεῖν ἐν ἔργοις καλοῖς 1 Here Paul speaks of **good works** as if they were money that could make people **rich** if they did many **good works**. He means that these believers should do very many **good works**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could explain the figure of speech or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to be rich in good works instead of in money” or “to accomplish a large number of good works” +6:18 pfv8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet εὐμεταδότους εἶναι, κοινωνικούς 1 The terms **generous** and **willing to share** mean similar things. Paul is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “to be extremely generous” or “to share everything at all times” +6:19 zc9d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἀποθησαυρίζοντας ἑαυτοῖς θεμέλιον καλὸν εἰς τὸ μέλλον 1 Here Paul speaks about blessings that believers will receive as if they were treasure that believers were **storing up for themselves**. He means that things done in this life will ensure good things for life after Jesus comes back. Paul also speaks about these blessings as if they were **a good foundation**. He means that these blessings are something that believers will have from the moment when Jesus comes back, and they can rely upon these blessings. If it is possible, you could preserve both these metaphors. Otherwise, you could: (1) only use the metaphor of treasure. Alternate translation: “storing up for themselves good treasure for what is coming” or “ensuring that they will have good things in what is coming as if they were storing up treasure for themselves” (2) only use the foundation metaphor. Alternate translation: “building for themselves a good foundation for what is coming” or “ensuring that they will have good things in what is coming as if they were building a good foundation” (3) state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “ensuring that they will have good things in what the coming”\n +6:19 t494 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit εἰς τὸ μέλλον 1 Here Paul is referring to the **coming** age, or time period. This **coming** age contrasts with “the present age” that Paul referred to in [6:17](../06/17.md). The **coming** age is the time period after Jesus comes back and God transforms everything. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “for the future time period” or “for the time after Jesus returns”\n +6:19 m2y1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα 1 Here, the phrase **so that** could introduce: (1) the purpose for which the rich believers should do good for others and store up a good foundation. Alternate translation: “in order that” (2) the result of doing good for others and storing up a good foundation. Alternate translation: “with the result that” +6:19 z5ru rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐπιλάβωνται τῆς ὄντως ζωῆς 1 Here Paul speaks about believers gaining **real life** as if they were holding onto it firmly in their hands. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable figure of speech or state the meaning plainly. See how you expressed the similar figure of speech in [6:12](../06/12.md). Alternate translations: “they may be sure of having real life” or “they may attain real life”\n +6:19 l4n6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῆς ὄντως ζωῆς 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of life, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “being able to really live”\n +6:19 fck8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants τῆς ὄντως ζωῆς 1 Many ancient manuscripts read **the real life**. The ULT follows that reading. Other ancient manuscripts read “eternal life.” If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT. +6:20 dd1v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὴν παραθήκην φύλαξον 1 Here, the word **deposit** refers to something that has been entrusted to Timothy and that he must **guard**. This **deposit** could be: (1) the gospel, which God entrusted to Timothy. Alternate translation: “guard the deposit of the gospel” or “guard the gospel that God entrusted to you” (2) the instructions Paul has given in this letter. Alternate translation: “guard the deposit of these instructions” or “guard what I have instructed you to do” (3) Timothy’s commission or ministry. Alternate translation: “guard the deposit of your commission” or “guard the ministry that you were given” +6:20 vgr8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὰς βεβήλους κενοφωνίας 1 Here Paul implies that the **sayings** are **empty** of useful or true information. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “the profane sayings that have no meaning” +6:20 t498 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἀντιθέσεις τῆς ψευδωνύμου γνώσεως 1 Here, the word **oppositions** could refer to: (1) things that false teachers say to contradict and critique the gospel. Alternate translations: “critiques based on falsely-named knowledge” or “opposing statements from falsely-named knowledge” (2) things that the false teachers say that are not consistent. Alternate translation: “self-contradictions found in falsely-named knowledge” +6:20 qxbv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἀντιθέσεις τῆς ψευδωνύμου γνώσεως 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **oppositions** and **knowledge**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Make sure that your translation fits with the option you chose in the previous note. Alternate translation: “the things that people falsely claim to be true that they use to oppose the gospel” or “what people use to oppose the gospel that they falsely call wise” +6:20 fqq0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive τῆς ψευδωνύμου γνώσεως 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who did the action, you could use an indefinite subject. Alternate translation: “of what people falsely name knowledge” +6:21 e6rb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor περὶ τὴν πίστιν ἠστόχησαν 1 Paul speaks as if **the faith** were a **mark** or target that some people **have missed**. Paul means that these people have failed to continue in **the faith**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable figure of speech or state the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar phrase in [1:6](../01/06.md). Alternate translation: “have not remained in the faith” or “have ceased to have faith”\n +6:21 enjr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit περὶ τὴν πίστιν 1 Here, the word **faith** could refer to: (1) the act of having **faith** in Jesus. Alternate translation: “regarding the faith that they had” (2) what people believe about Jesus when they have **faith** in him. Alternate translation: “regarding what Christians believe” +6:21 sidp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns περὶ τὴν πίστιν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faith**, you could express the same idea in another way. Make sure that your translation fits with the option you chose in the previous note. Alternate translation: “regarding how they believe” +6:21 t501 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing ἡ χάρις μεθ’ ὑμῶν 1 As was customary in his culture, Paul closes his letter with a blessing for Timothy and the believers with him. He implies that the **Grace** is from God. Use a form that people would recognize as a blessing in your language. Alternate translation: “May you experience kindness from God within you” or “I pray that you will have grace from God”\n +6:21 hix2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἡ χάρις μεθ’ ὑμῶν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **grace**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “May God act graciously toward you”\n +6:21 wg26 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular ὑμῶν 1 Because Paul gives this blessing to Timothy and all the believers who are with him, this is the only place in the letter where **you** is plural. +6:21 xiaz rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants ὑμῶν 1 Many ancient manuscripts read **you**. The ULT follows that reading. Other ancient manuscripts read “you. Amen.” If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT.