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@ -10,10 +10,10 @@ PSA 1 1 aerb figs-nominaladj רְשָׁ֫עִ֥ים 1 The author is using the a
PSA 1 1 y9ow figs-metaphor וּ⁠בְ⁠דֶ֣רֶךְ חַ֭טָּאִים לֹ֥א עָמָ֑ד 1 Here, **stands not in the pathway of sinners** refers to not copying how sinners continually live their lives, that is, their sinful habits. Standing means joining with sinners. The **pathway** means habits or how they live. Not only does the happy man not do what the wicked say, doing what sinners do does not become how he lives his life. If your readers would not understand that imitating someone’s habitual lifestyle is meant by **stands … in the pathway** in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and does not make sinning a habit”
PSA 1 1 b9ef figs-metaphor וּ⁠בְ⁠מוֹשַׁ֥ב לֵ֝צִ֗ים לֹ֣א יָשָֽׁב 1 Here, **sits not in the seat of scoffers** means to not become like people who spend their time mocking people, things, and God. By avoiding the previous two progressions towards a sinful life, the happy man avoids this final state where he would be just like the wicked. If your readers would not understand that becoming like scoffing people is meant by **sits … in the seat** in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “so he never becomes like wicked mockers”
PSA 1 2 x7b7 grammar-connect-logic-contrast כִּ֤י אִ֥ם 1 The author uses the word **But** here to indicate a strong contrast between what the does and does not do. In your translation, indicate this strong contrast in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Rather” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
PSA 1 2 zvgc figs-pronouns חֶ֫פְצ֥⁠וֹ 1 Here, **his** refers to the happy man.
PSA 1 2 zvgc writing-pronouns חֶ֫פְצ֥⁠וֹ 1 Here, **his** refers to the happy man.
PSA 1 2 fhfk figs-abstractnouns חֶ֫פְצ֥⁠וֹ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **delight**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “he delights” or “he rejoices”
PSA 1 2 nbop figs-pronouns וּֽ⁠בְ⁠תוֹרָת֥⁠וֹ 1 Here, **his** refers to Yahweh. That is, Yahweh’s instruction.
PSA 1 2 ikjs figs-pronouns יֶהְגֶּ֗ה 1 Here, **he** refers to the happy man.
PSA 1 2 nbop writing-pronouns וּֽ⁠בְ⁠תוֹרָת֥⁠וֹ 1 Here, **his** refers to Yahweh. That is, Yahweh’s instruction.
PSA 1 2 ikjs writing-pronouns יֶהְגֶּ֗ה 1 Here, **he** refers to the happy man.
PSA 1 2 u4ur figs-idiom יוֹמָ֥ם וָ⁠לָֽיְלָה 1 Here, **day and night** is used figuratively to mean continually. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “all the time”
PSA 1 3 q40p figs-simile וְֽ⁠הָיָ֗ה כְּ⁠עֵץ֮ שָׁת֪וּל עַֽל־פַּלְגֵ֫י מָ֥יִם אֲשֶׁ֤ר פִּרְי֨⁠וֹ ׀ יִתֵּ֬ן בְּ⁠עִתּ֗⁠וֹ וְ⁠עָלֵ֥⁠הוּ לֹֽא־יִבּ֑וֹל וְ⁠כֹ֖ל אֲשֶׁר־יַעֲשֶׂ֣ה יַצְלִֽיחַ 1 The point of this verse’s comparison between the happy man and a well-watered tree is that just like the streams of water cause the tree to flourish, learning Yahweh’s instructions cause the man to flourish. (In Hebrew the phrases even sound similar.) Both a positive and negative comparison are given to strengthen the force of the point. The tree, fruit, and leaf references connect both back to Eden and forward to the end of Revelation. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could make the argument a little more explicit as the “Like … so” connection does in the UST. See PSA 92:12-92:14 for another use of this imagry.
PSA 1 3 ovv7 שָׁת֪וּל 1 The point of the choice of the word **transplanted** is to emphasize the intentional placement of a tree so that it gets abundant water. Translators could use a word meaning “planted” if their readers would understand that this was intentional. Alternate translation: “deliberately planted” or “cultivated”
@ -21,18 +21,17 @@ PSA 1 3 bet7 figs-activepassive שָׁת֪וּל 1 If your language does not us
PSA 1 3 j6o3 figs-metonymy וְ⁠עָלֵ֥⁠הוּ לֹֽא־יִבּ֑וֹל 1 The author is referring figuratively to the tree dying by association with the way the leaves on a tree **wither** when a tree is dead or dying. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and it will not die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PSA 1 3 s609 figs-litotes וְ⁠עָלֵ֥⁠הוּ לֹֽא־יִבּ֑וֹל 1 Here the author uses a figure of speech that expresses a strong positive meaning by using a negative word together with a word that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If this is confusing in your language, you can express the meaning positively. Alternate translation: “and its leaves are strong and green”
PSA 1 3 zo3m writing-pronouns וְ⁠כֹ֖ל אֲשֶׁר־יַעֲשֶׂ֣ה יַצְלִֽיחַ 1 Here, both instances of **he** refer to the happy man.
PSA 1 4 s4jq לֹא־כֵ֥ן 1 The **so** here refers to everything in the first three verses. The **wicked** are not in any way like the happy man. If your language has a way to indicate that **so** refers back not just to the last line about success but to the wider context of the first three verses, consider using it.
PSA 1 4 as72 unknown כַּ֝⁠מֹּ֗ץ 1 The word **chaff** refers to the parts of a wheat or other grain plant that are not food. The husk that surrounds the edible seed is very light and blows away when the wheat is threshed to separate out the edible seed. The stalks are collected and burned. Thus the chaff is with the grain until harvest but then separated and burned or blown away. If your readers would not be familiar with this process you could describe the chaff or use another light and worthless material to describe the wicked. Alternate translation: “like dried seed husks” or “like fallen leaves”
PSA 1 4 evr7 metaphor כִּ֥י אִם־כַּ֝⁠מֹּ֗ץ אֲֽשֶׁר־תִּדְּפֶ֥⁠נּוּ רֽוּחַ 1 The idea of **the wicked** as waste material gathered at the harvest that is then eliminated in some way is a common biblical image of God judging the wicked. If your readers would misunderstand this, consider how to make the connection to the next verse show this more clearly, because there the author makes this explicit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA 1 5 xo05 connecting עַל־כֵּ֤ן 1 **Thus** indicates that the connection between the previous statements and this is one of similarity. Just like the chaff is removed from the good harvest and destroyed, thus the wicked will be removed from Yahweh’s righteous people and destroyed. Alternate translation: “In the same way”
PSA 1 5 kt0k idiom יָקֻ֣מוּ רְ֭שָׁעִים בַּ⁠מִּשְׁפָּ֑ט 1 To **stand in the judgment** is to be inncent. Unlike the man in PSA 24:3-4, the wicked will be judged by Yahweh, and will not rise again as in PSA 140:10.
PSA 1 5 h9cj יָקֻ֣מוּ 1 The word translated **stand** here is translated as arise in PSA 140:10 and in many other places. This hints at resurrection imagry which helps to clarify which judgment is in the mind of the author.
PSA 1 5 dhfv abstract בַּ⁠מִּשְׁפָּ֑ט 1 This refers to the time when Yahweh will finally judge the whole world. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **judgment**, you could express the same idea in another way. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA 1 5 yb22 ellipsis וְ֝⁠חַטָּאִ֗ים 1 The author is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “nor will sinners stand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PSA 1 5 ys17 nominaladj צַדִּיקִֽים 1 The author is using the adjective **righteous** as a noun in order to describe a group of people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this with a noun phrase. (Note: **ones** has been supplied in the ULT to mark that this adjective is plural.) Alternate translation: “righteous people” or “people who are righteous”
PSA 1 6 c4kq result כִּֽי 1 **For** here introduces an explanation of the contrast throughout this psalm. If possible, use a connector here that can refer back to more than just the immediate context.
PSA 1 6 pyo9 idiom יוֹדֵ֣עַ 1 Here, **knows** refers to Yahweh’s intimate and active involvement in the life of the righteous. Alternate translation: “guards”
PSA 1 6 wmx7 figs-parallelism 0 For Yahweh approves of the way of the righteous, but the way of the wicked will perish These two clauses contrast what happens to righteous people with what happens to wicked people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA 1 4 s4jq grammar-connect-words-phrases לֹא־כֵ֥ן 1 The **so** here refers to everything in the first three verses. The **wicked** are not in any way like the happy man. If your language has a way to indicate that **so** refers back not just to the last line about success but to the wider context of the first three verses, consider using it.
PSA 1 4 as72 translate-unknown כַּ֝⁠מֹּ֗ץ 1 The word **chaff** refers to the parts of a wheat or other grain plant that are not food. The husk that surrounds the edible seed is very light and blows away when the wheat is threshed to separate out the edible seed. The stalks are collected and burned. Thus the chaff is with the grain until harvest but then separated and burned or blown away. If your readers would not be familiar with this process you could describe the chaff or use another light and worthless material to describe the wicked. Alternate translation: “like dried seed husks” or “like fallen leaves”
PSA 1 4 evr7 figs-metaphor כִּ֥י אִם־כַּ֝⁠מֹּ֗ץ אֲֽשֶׁר־תִּדְּפֶ֥⁠נּוּ רֽוּחַ 1 The idea of **the wicked** as waste material gathered at the harvest that is then eliminated in some way is a common biblical image of God judging the wicked. If your readers would misunderstand this, consider how to make the connection to the next verse show this more clearly, because there the author makes this explicit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA 1 5 xo05 grammar-connect-words-phrases עַל־כֵּ֤ן 1 **Thus** indicates that the connection between the previous statements and this is one of similarity. Just like the chaff is removed from the good harvest and destroyed, thus the wicked will be removed from Yahweh’s righteous people and destroyed. Alternate translation: “In the same way”
PSA 1 5 kt0k figs-idiom יָקֻ֣מוּ רְ֭שָׁעִים בַּ⁠מִּשְׁפָּ֑ט 1 To **stand in the judgment** is to be innocent. Unlike the man in [PSA 24:3-4](../24/03.md), the wicked will be judged by Yahweh, and will not rise again as in [PSA 140:10](../140/10.md).
PSA 1 5 h9cj יָקֻ֣מוּ 1 The word translated **stand** here is translated as “arise” in [PSA 140:10](../140/10.md) and in many other places. This hints at resurrection imagery which helps to clarify which judgment is in the mind of the author.
PSA 1 5 dhfv figs-abstractnouns בַּ⁠מִּשְׁפָּ֑ט 1 This refers to the time when Yahweh will finally judge the whole world. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **judgment**, you could express the same idea in another way. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PSA 1 5 yb22 figs-ellipsis וְ֝⁠חַטָּאִ֗ים 1 The author is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “nor will sinners stand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PSA 1 5 ys17 figs-nominaladj צַדִּיקִֽים 1 The author is using the adjective **righteous** as a noun in order to describe a group of people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this with a noun phrase. (Note: **ones** has been supplied in the ULT to mark that this adjective is plural.) Alternate translation: “righteous people” or “people who are righteous”
PSA 1 6 c4kq grammar-connect-logic-result כִּֽי 1 **For** here introduces an explanation of the contrast throughout this psalm. If possible, use a connector here that can refer back to more than just the immediate context.
PSA 1 6 pyo9 figs-idiom יוֹדֵ֣עַ 1 Here, **knows** refers to Yahweh’s intimate and active involvement in the life of the righteous. Alternate translation: “guards”
PSA 2 intro z14u 0 # Psalm 02 General Notes<br><br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 2 is usually considered a royal psalm because it is about the king. It was probably first sung when a new person became the king. It is often thought to be about the Messiah because of verse 6 and 7 reference the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofgod]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh’s protection<br><br>The main theme of this psalm is that God is protecting and empowering the king he has appointed and that it is useless for the foreign nations to oppose God and his king.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Metaphor<br>“Today I have begotten you” here is a metaphor meaning that God acknowledges the king as his special person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PSA 2 1 bht4 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
PSA 2 1 e4gn figs-rquestion 0 Why are the nations in turmoil, and why do the peoples make plots that will fail? These questions are used to show surprise that the people are doing things that are so wrong and foolish. Alternate translation: “The nations are in turmoil and the peoples are making plots that will fail.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])

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