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@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ front:intro aq5w 0 # Introduction to Joel\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\
1:6 r35y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 1 שִׁנָּי⁠ו֙ שִׁנֵּ֣י אַרְיֵ֔ה וּֽ⁠מְתַלְּע֥וֹת לָבִ֖יא לֽ⁠וֹ These two phrases, **Its teeth {are} the teeth of a lion,\nand the fangs of a lioness {are} to it**, mean similar things. Joel is using repetition to emphasize the idea that the phrases express. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could combine the phrases and express the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Its teeth are as strong and sharp as the teeth of a lion” or “Its teeth, like the teeth of a lion, can tear through anything”
1:6 q8r9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וּֽ⁠מְתַלְּע֥וֹת לָבִ֖יא לֽ⁠וֹ 1 Joel is using a particular possessive form here. A different kind of possessive form may be more natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and it has the fangs of a lioness”
1:7 w9x2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns שָׂ֤ם גַּפְנִ⁠י֙ לְ⁠שַׁמָּ֔ה וּ⁠תְאֵנָתִ֖⁠י לִ⁠קְצָפָ֑ה 1 Since Joel and the people whom he is addressing eat the same crops, it may be more natural in your language to say “our” instead of **my**. Alternate translation: “It has made our vines into a waste and our fig trees into splinters”
1:7 g4h8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 1 שָׂ֤ם גַּפְנִ⁠י֙ לְ⁠שַׁמָּ֔ה If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **waste**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “It has laid waste my vine” or “It has ruined my vine”
1:7 g4h8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 1 שָׂ֤ם גַּפְנִ⁠י֙ לְ⁠שַׁמָּ֔ה If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **waste**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “It has laid waste my vine” or “It has ruined my vine”
1:7 b5c9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-reduplication חָשֹׂ֤ף חֲשָׂפָ⁠הּ֙ 1 Joel is repeating the verb “strip” in order to intensify the idea that it expresses. If your language can repeat words for intensification, it would be appropriate to do that here in your translation. If not, your language may have another way of expressing the emphasis. Alternate translation: “It has stripped it completely”
1:7 g1h4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠הִשְׁלִ֔יךְ 1 Joel is speaking as if the locusts had literally **thrown … away** the vegetation they had finished eating. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “spit it out”
1:7 j004 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy הִלְבִּ֖ינוּ שָׂרִיגֶֽי⁠הָ 1 Joel is using the term **have become white** to mean that the branches have been stripped of their bark, by association with the way the wood underneath the bark is white in color. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “its branches have been stripped of their bark”
@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ front:intro aq5w 0 # Introduction to Joel\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\
1:8 j2k6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בַּ֥עַל נְעוּרֶֽי⁠הָ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **youth**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “the man she became engaged to while she was young” or “the young man to whom she was engaged as a maiden”
1:9 j006 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive הָכְרַ֥ת מִנְחָ֛ה וָ⁠נֶ֖סֶךְ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The locusts have cut off the grain offering and the drink offering”
1:9 m5db rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom הָכְרַ֥ת מִ⁠בֵּ֣ית 1 The phrase **have been cut off** is an expression that means that something is no longer available. Your language may have a comparable expression that you could use in your translation. Alternate translation: “are no longer available for the house”
1:9 t9u2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִ⁠בֵּ֣ית יְהוָ֑ה 1 As the General Notes to this chapter discuss, here and often in this chapter, Joel is using the word **house** to mean “temple.” Alternate translation: “from the temple of Yahweh”
1:9 t9u2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִ⁠בֵּ֣ית יְהוָ֑ה 1 As the General Notes to this chapter discuss, here and often in this chapter, Joel is using the word **house** to mean “temple.” Alternate translation: “from the temple of Yahweh”
1:10 j007 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive שֻׁדַּ֣ד שָׂדֶ֔ה אָבְלָ֖ה אֲדָמָ֑ה כִּ֚י שֻׁדַּ֣ד דָּגָ֔ן 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The locusts have destroyed the field, the ground mourns, for the locusts have destroyed the grain”
1:10 k6l2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun שֻׁדַּ֣ד שָׂדֶ֔ה שֻׁדַּ֣ד 1 Joel is not referring to a specific **field**. He means fields in general. It may be more natural in your language to express this meaning by using a plural form. Alternate translation: “The fields have been destroyed”
1:10 c7d9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification אָבְלָ֖ה אֲדָמָ֑ה 1 Joel is speaking of **the ground** as if it were a living thing that could **mourn** because it was bare of crops. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the ground is bare”
@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ front:intro aq5w 0 # Introduction to Joel\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\
1:15 f9g3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations אֲהָ֖הּ לַ⁠יּ֑וֹם 1 Joel is using this phrase as an exclamation to express a strong feeling. There may be an equivalent phrase in your language that you could use in your translation to convey this strong feeling. If not, you could say what Joel was feeling. Alternate translation: “Oh, what a terrible day” or “What a distressing day”
1:15 j013 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אֲהָ֖הּ לַ⁠יּ֑וֹם 1 Joel is using the term **day** to mean “this particular time of trouble,” by association with the way a day is a specific period of time. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Alas for this time”
1:15 j014 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy י֣וֹם יְהוָ֔ה 1 Joel is using the term **day** to mean the time when Yahweh will judge and punish his enemies, by association with the way days make up specific periods of time. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the time when Yahweh will judge and punish his enemies”
1:15 l9m3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 1 וּ⁠כְ⁠שֹׁ֖ד מִ⁠שַׁדַּ֥י יָבֽוֹא If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **destruction**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “when Shaddai will destroy many things”
1:15 l9m3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 1 וּ⁠כְ⁠שֹׁ֖ד מִ⁠שַׁדַּ֥י יָבֽוֹא If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **destruction**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “when Shaddai will destroy many things”
1:15 j012 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מִ⁠שַׁדַּ֥י 1 The word **Shaddai** is another name for God. Some versions choose to translate the name as “the Almighty,” as in the UST.
1:16 s7t2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲ⁠ל֛וֹא נֶ֥גֶד עֵינֵ֖י⁠נוּ אֹ֣כֶל נִכְרָ֑ת מִ⁠בֵּ֥ית אֱלֹהֵ֖י⁠נוּ שִׂמְחָ֥ה וָ⁠גִֽיל 1 Joel is using the question form for emphasis. If a speaker of your language would not use the question form for that purpose, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “Food has been cut off before our eyes, and joy and gladness from the house of our God!”
1:16 j015 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive הֲ⁠ל֛וֹא נֶ֥גֶד עֵינֵ֖י⁠נוּ אֹ֣כֶל נִכְרָ֑ת 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Have not the locusts cut off food before our eyes”
@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ front:intro aq5w 0 # Introduction to Joel\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\
1:18 j018 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עֶדְרֵ֥י הַ⁠צֹּ֖אן נֶאְשָֽׁמוּ 1 Joel is speaking of the sheep dying from hunger as if they were literally being punished. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the flocks of sheep die from hunger, perishing as if they were being punished”
1:18 s1t3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive עֶדְרֵ֥י הַ⁠צֹּ֖אן נֶאְשָֽׁמוּ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the locusts have punished the flocks of sheep”
1:19 y3z6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youformal אֵלֶ֥י⁠ךָ יְהוָ֖ה אֶקְרָ֑א 1 Joel is appealing to God here, so use the form of “you” that speakers of your language would use to address God.
1:19 j019 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 1 כִּ֣י אֵ֗שׁ אָֽכְלָה֙ נְא֣וֹת מִדְבָּ֔ר Joel is speaking of the locusts’ destruction as if it were literally a fire consuming the **pastures**. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and the locusts have eaten up the grass in the pastures of the wilderness”
1:19 j019 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 1 כִּ֣י אֵ֗שׁ אָֽכְלָה֙ נְא֣וֹת מִדְבָּ֔ר Joel is speaking of the locusts’ destruction as if it were literally a fire consuming the **pastures**. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and the locusts have eaten up the grass in the pastures of the wilderness”
1:19 t6u2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun וְ⁠לֶ֣הָבָ֔ה לִהֲטָ֖ה כָּל עֲצֵ֥י הַ⁠שָּׂדֶֽה 1 Joel is not referring to a specific **flame** or **field**. He means flames and fields in general. It may be more natural in your language to express this meaning by using plural forms. Alternate translation: “and flames have burned all of the trees of the fields”
1:19 u7v2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠לֶ֣הָבָ֔ה לִהֲטָ֖ה כָּל עֲצֵ֥י הַ⁠שָּׂדֶֽה 1 Joel is speaking of the locusts’ destruction as if it were literally a flame burning the **trees**. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “yes, the locusts have eaten all of the leaves and bark from the trees of the field”
1:20 b1c4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youformal אֵלֶ֑י⁠ךָ 1 By **you**, Joel means Yahweh, so use the same form of “you” as you used in the previous verse.
@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ front:intro aq5w 0 # Introduction to Joel\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\
2:26 q8r1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אֶת שֵׁ֤ם 1 Yahweh is using the term **name** to mean character or reputation, by association with the way a name represents a person’s identity. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the character” or “the reputation”
2:26 b2c9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂ֥ה עִמָּ⁠כֶ֖ם לְ⁠הַפְלִ֑יא 1 It might seem that the expression **who has done with you, working wondrously** contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in your language. If so, you can shorten it. Alternate translation: “who has done wondrously with you” or “who has done wonderful things for you”
2:26 w2x5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠לֹא יֵבֹ֥שׁוּ עַמִּ֖⁠י לְ⁠עוֹלָֽם 1 The word translated as **forever** means “to indefinite futurity.” Alternate translation: “and for as long as anyone can imagine, my people will not feel shame”
2:27 j987 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 1 יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ While it is not known precisely where or when Joel prophesied, he appears to have lived in the southern kingdom of Judah before the exile or in the province of Judah (Judea) after the exile. So the term **Israel** probably does not mean the northern kingdom of Israel. It seems to be a reference to the people of Judah as Israelites. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel”
2:27 j987 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 1 יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ While it is not known precisely where or when Joel prophesied, he appears to have lived in the southern kingdom of Judah before the exile or in the province of Judah (Judea) after the exile. So the term **Israel** probably does not mean the northern kingdom of Israel. It seems to be a reference to the people of Judah as Israelites. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel”
2:27 y8z3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠לֹא יֵבֹ֥שׁוּ עַמִּ֖⁠י לְ⁠עוֹלָֽם 1 The word translated as **forever** means “to indefinite futurity.” Alternate translation: “and for as long as anyone can imagine, my people will not feel shame”
2:28 j045 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וְ⁠הָיָ֣ה אַֽחֲרֵי כֵ֗ן 1 Yahweh is using this phrase to introduce a new event in the story that he goes on to describe. Use a word, phrase, or other method in your language that is natural for introducing a new event.
2:28 s3t8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֶשְׁפּ֤וֹךְ אֶת רוּחִ⁠י֙ עַל כָּל בָּשָׂ֔ר 1 Yahweh is speaking as if he would literally pour out his Spirit like a liquid. He means that he will give his Spirit generously. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I will generously give my Spirit to very many people”
@ -244,15 +244,15 @@ front:intro aq5w 0 # Introduction to Joel\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\
3:4 b5p9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מָה אַתֶּ֥ם לִ⁠י֙ 1 This is an expression that a person in this culture would commonly use to ask another person why he was treating him with hostility. Your language may have a comparable expression that you can use in your translation. You could also use plain language. Alternate translation: “what do you have against me” or “why are you treating me with hostility”
3:4 a2b8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הַ⁠גְּמ֗וּל אַתֶּם֙ מְשַׁלְּמִ֣ים עָלָ֔⁠י וְ⁠אִם גֹּמְלִ֤ים אַתֶּם֙ עָלַ֔⁠י 1 Yahweh is speaking as if the nations were literally paying him back for something bad that he had done to them. He is asking if they have a grudge against him that they are carrying out. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Do you have some grudge against me that you are carrying out? And if you are carrying out a grudge against me”
3:4 e7f3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet קַ֣ל מְהֵרָ֔ה 1 The terms **swiftly** and **speedily** mean similar things. Yahweh is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “very quickly”
3:4 w7x3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 1 אָשִׁ֥יב גְּמֻלְ⁠כֶ֖ם בְּ⁠רֹאשְׁ⁠כֶֽם Yahweh is using one part of a person, his **head**, to mean the entire person. If it would be clearer in your language, you could express this meaning with a more general term. Alternate translation: “I will turn your recompense onto you” or “I will directly pay you back”
3:4 z1a6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns 1 בְּ⁠רֹאשְׁ⁠כֶֽם Since Yahweh is referring to multiple nations, it might be more natural in your language to use the plural form of **head**. Alternate translation: “onto your heads”
3:4 w7x3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 1 אָשִׁ֥יב גְּמֻלְ⁠כֶ֖ם בְּ⁠רֹאשְׁ⁠כֶֽם Yahweh is using one part of a person, his **head**, to mean the entire person. If it would be clearer in your language, you could express this meaning with a more general term. Alternate translation: “I will turn your recompense onto you” or “I will directly pay you back”
3:4 z1a6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns 1 בְּ⁠רֹאשְׁ⁠כֶֽם Since Yahweh is referring to multiple nations, it might be more natural in your language to use the plural form of **head**. Alternate translation: “onto your heads”
3:6 c4d1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ⁠בְנֵ֤י יְהוּדָה֙ וּ⁠בְנֵ֣י יְרוּשָׁלִַ֔ם 1 See how you translated the term **sons** in [2:23](../02/23.md). Alternate translation: “the people who lived in the province of Judah and the city of Jerusalem”
3:6 j053 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לִ⁠בְנֵ֣י הַ⁠יְּוָנִ֑ים 1 Here the word **sons** does not mean literal first-generation offspring but “descendants.” The phrase **the sons of Javan** refers to the Ionians, that is, the Greeks. Alternate translation: “to the Greeks”
3:6 e4f5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הַ⁠יְּוָנִ֑ים 1 The word **Javan** is the name of a man.
3:6 l4n8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result לְמַ֥עַן הַרְחִיקָ֖⁠ם מֵ⁠עַ֥ל גְּבוּלָֽ⁠ם 1 While this phrase seems to describe a purpose or goal, it is actually describing a result. Alternate translation: “and as a result, they were removed far from their territory”
3:7 t7f2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom הִנְ⁠נִ֣י מְעִירָ֔⁠ם 1 As in [2:19](../02/19.md), this expression means “I am going to rouse them.” Your language may have a comparable expression that you can use in your translation. Alternate translation: “But I am going to stir them up”
3:7 j054 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo אֲשֶׁר מְכַרְתֶּ֥ם אֹתָ֖⁠ם שָׁ֑מָּ⁠ה 1 It may seem that this expression contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in your language. If so, you can shorten it. Alternate translation: “to which you sold them”
3:7 y9z5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 1 וַ⁠הֲשִׁבֹתִ֥י גְמֻלְ⁠כֶ֖ם בְּ⁠רֹאשְׁ⁠כֶֽם See how you translated the same expression in [3:4](../03/04.md).
3:7 y9z5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 1 וַ⁠הֲשִׁבֹתִ֥י גְמֻלְ⁠כֶ֖ם בְּ⁠רֹאשְׁ⁠כֶֽם See how you translated the same expression in [3:4](../03/04.md).
3:7 b3c8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns בְּ⁠רֹאשְׁ⁠כֶֽם 1 Since Yahweh is referring to multiple nations, it might be more natural in your language to use the plural form of “head.” Alternate translation: “onto your heads”
3:8 l2m5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases וּ⁠מָכַרְתִּ֞י 1 Yahweh is using the word **For** to introduce more specific information about what he described in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “This will happen when I sell”
3:8 d5e1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns בְּ⁠יַד֙ בְּנֵ֣י יְהוּדָ֔ה 1 Since Yahweh is referring to a group of people, it might be more natural in your language to use the plural form of **hand**. Alternate translation: “into the hands of the sons of Judah”
@ -269,7 +269,7 @@ front:intro aq5w 0 # Introduction to Joel\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\
3:11 e5f6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys ע֣וּשׁוּ וָ⁠בֹ֧אוּ 1 This phrase expresses a single idea by using two words connected with **and**. The word **Hurry** tells in what way the nations should **come**. Alternate translation: “Come quickly”
3:12 a7b3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations יֵע֨וֹרוּ֙ הַ⁠גּוֹיִ֔ם 1 Most versions treat verses 12 and 13 as a direct quotation of Yahweh, but some do not. If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to follow the quotation boundaries that it has. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the same boundaries as the ULT.
3:12 j056 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate עֵ֖מֶק יְהֽוֹשָׁפָ֑ט 1 See how you translated this name in [3:2](../03/02.md).
3:12 m4n1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction 1 אֵשֵׁ֛ב לִ⁠שְׁפֹּ֥ט To **sit to judge** means to sit down as a symbolic action that represents taking an official position of authority to make judgments. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the significance of this action. Alternate translation: “I will take my place as judge”
3:12 m4n1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction 1 אֵשֵׁ֛ב לִ⁠שְׁפֹּ֥ט To **sit to judge** means to sit down as a symbolic action that represents taking an official position of authority to make judgments. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the significance of this action. Alternate translation: “I will take my place as judge”
3:13 g9h2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שִׁלְח֣וּ מַגָּ֔ל כִּ֥י בָשַׁ֖ל קָצִ֑יר כִּ֥י 1 Yahweh is speaking as if he literally wanted the “warriors” mentioned in 3:11 to harvest grain. He means that he wants them to punish the nations. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Strike the nations, just as harvesters cut down grain with a sickle”
3:13 w5x6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche שִׁלְח֣וּ מַגָּ֔ל 1 Yahweh is using the first action that someone would do in order to use a sickle, **Strech** it out, to refer to the entire act of using it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Use the sickle”
3:13 y7z8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun שִׁלְח֣וּ מַגָּ֔ל 1 Yahweh is not referring to a specific **sickle**. He means the sickles that his “warriors” of verse 11 symbolically have. It may be more natural in your language to express this meaning by using a plural form. Alternate translation: “Use your sickles”
@ -297,7 +297,7 @@ front:intro aq5w 0 # Introduction to Joel\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\
3:19 t4u9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מִצְרַ֨יִם֙ לִ⁠שְׁמָמָ֣ה תִֽהְיֶ֔ה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **desolation**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “Egypt will become desolate”
3:19 u3v4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession מֵֽ⁠חֲמַס֙ בְּנֵ֣י יְהוּדָ֔ה 1 Yahweh is using this possessive form to describe not **violence** that the **sons of Judah** committed but violence that was committed against them. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “for the violence that they committed against the sons of Judah”
3:19 j060 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שָׁפְכ֥וּ דָם נָקִ֖יא 1 Yahweh is using the term **blood** to mean the lives of people, by association with the way people’s blood may be shed when they are killed. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “killed innocent people”
3:19 f7g3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns בְּ⁠אַרְצָֽ⁠ם 1 The word **their** could refer to: (1) **the sons of Judah**, and would mean that the violence was done in Judah. Alternate translation: “in the land of Judah” or (2) **Egypt** and **Edom**, and would mean that the violence was done in those countries. Alternate translation: “in their lands”
3:19 f7g3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns בְּ⁠אַרְצָֽ⁠ם 1 The word **their** could refer to: (1) **the sons of Judah**, and would mean that the violence was done in Judah. Alternate translation: “in the land of Judah” or (2) **Egypt** and **Edom**, and would mean that the violence was done in those countries. Alternate translation: “in their lands”
3:20 e6f8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וִ⁠יהוּדָ֖ה 1 Yahweh is using the term **Judah** by association to mean the people living in Judah. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the people of Judah”
3:20 u7v3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וִ⁠ירוּשָׁלִַ֖ם לְ⁠ד֥וֹר וָ⁠דֽוֹר 1 Yahweh is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and Jerusalem will dwell to generation and generation”
3:20 l1s8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לְ⁠ד֥וֹר וָ⁠דֽוֹר 1 Like the expression in [2:2](../02/02.md), this means “for a very long time.” Your language may have a comparable expression that you can use in your translation. Alternate translation: “for all generations to come”

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