From b29ee6838c00d687b536bfc6d5fc30a5d80e66fd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: christopherrsmith Date: Fri, 14 Jul 2023 17:23:58 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] Merge christopherrsmith-tc-create-1 into master by christopherrsmith (#3382) --- tn_JOB.tsv | 669 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------------------- 1 file changed, 412 insertions(+), 257 deletions(-) diff --git a/tn_JOB.tsv b/tn_JOB.tsv index 84d2b54e57..b8a3c8a61b 100644 --- a/tn_JOB.tsv +++ b/tn_JOB.tsv @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ Reference ID Tags SupportReference Quote Occurrence Note -front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of Job\n\n1. Introduction (1:1–2:13)\n - Background to Job’s situation: He is righteous and wealthy (1:1–5)\n - Yahweh allows Satan to test Job (1:6–2:10)\n2. Job’s friends speak to him a first time and Job replies (3:1–14:22)\n3. Job’s friends speak to him a second time and Job replies (15:1–21:34)\n4. Job’s friends speak to him a third time and Job replies (22:1–31:40)\n5. Elihu speaks to Job (32:1–37:24)\n6. Yahweh answers Job out of the whirlwind (38:1–41:34) \n7. Conclusion (42:1–17)\n - Job responds humbly\n - Yahweh rebukes Eliphaz, Bildad, and Zophar (42:7–9)\n - Yahweh restores Job to prosperity (42:10–17)\n\n### What is the book of Job about?\n\nThe book of Job is about a man named Job who experienced disaster even though he was faithful to Yahweh. Job speaks with three friends and asks why Yahweh has allowed him to experience trials and losses. The book teaches that we cannot understand all of Yahweh’s ways, and when we suffer, it is more important to trust Yahweh than it is to understand the reason for the suffering.\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nThe book of Job is named for Job, the main character in the book. His name is not related to the English word “job.” Translators might use the traditional title of “The Book of Job” or simply “Job.” Or they may choose a different title such as “The Book About Job” or “The Book About a Man Named Job.”\n\n### Who wrote the book of Job?\n\nWe do not know who wrote the book of Job. Many people suggest that Moses composed or compiled the book, but it may have been written after the time of Moses.\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### Does sin cause suffering?\n\nWhen a person sins against Yahweh, that can cause the person to experience suffering. People in the ancient Near East generally believed that a person suffered because they or their ancestors had sinned against God. This is what many religions teach. However, the book of Job shows that a person may suffer even if he or she has not sinned. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])\n\n### Were Eliphaz, Bildad, and Zophar really Job’s friends?\n\nJob 2:11 describes Eliphaz, Bildad, and Zophar as the friends of Job. However, they did not succeed in comforting Job. Instead, they tried to persuade Job to say something about God that Job believed was not true. So we might wonder if it is right to translate the word as “friends.” What they said did not help Job, because they did not understand the full truth about God. However, they did care about Job, and they did want to help him. In those ways, they did what friends would do, and in that sense the word “friends” is appropriate.\n\n### When did the events in the book of Job take place?\n\nWe do not know when the events in the book of Job took place. The story is set around the time of Abraham and Isaac in the book of Genesis. However, some verses are similar to verses in the books of Proverbs and Isaiah, which were written many centuries after Abraham and Isaac lived. It is possible that the book of Job was written at a later time to describe the events of an earlier time.\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### Is the book of Job difficult to translate?\n\nThe book of Job has many uncommon words and phrases. That makes parts of it hard to understand and translate. For this reason, translators may decide to translate this book after they have translated other books of the Bible. However, since the writer did not connect Job with a specific time or place in history, the translator may also decide to translate this book before other Old Testament books.\n\n### What style of writing is in the book of Job?\n\nThe author begins and ends the book of Job by relating what happened to Job in narrative form. In the rest of the book, the characters speak in poetry. In the ancient Near East, writers often used poetry to discuss matters of wisdom. The relationship of human conduct to human prosperity and suffering is an important theme in wisdom literature.\n\n### Hebrew poetry: parallelism\n\nHebrew poetry was based on repetition of meaning rather than on repetition of sound like poetry in some other languages. A speaker would typically say one phrase and then say another phrase (or two) that meant a similar thing, an opposite thing, or something supplementary. The subsequent phrase or phrases would advance the meaning of the first phrase in one of these ways. In many cases it would be good to show this to your readers by including all the phrases in your translation rather than combining them. However, if the repetition might be confusing, you could connect the phrases with a word that would show how the later phrase or phrases are advancing the meaning of the first one. Throughout the book, notes will model ways of doing this in various cases, although not in most cases. It is hoped that these illustrations will give translators an idea of what they could do in any given instance.\n\n### Hebrew poetry: chiasm\n\nHebrew poetry often uses a form known as “chiasm.” It will make a statement consisting of two elements. It will then make a parallel, contrasting, or supplemental statement consisting of those same two elements, but in reverse order. For example, Job says in 3:5:\n\nMay it not rejoice among the days of the year;\ninto the number of the months may it not come.\n\nYou may wish to show this form in your translation by following the Hebrew word order, even if that would not ordinarily be the order you would follow in your language. For 3:5, English might ordinarily say:\n\nMay it not rejoice among the days of the year;\nmay it not come into the number of the months.\n\nBut ULT follows the Hebrew word order in order to give an idea of this characteristic form of Hebrew poetry.\n\n### “answered and said”\n\nThe author uses the phrase “answered and said” many times in the book of Job. This phrase expresses a single idea by using two words connected with **and**. The word **answered** tells for what purpose a person **said** something. Specifically, they said it in order to answer or respond to what someone else said. If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this meaning with an equivalent phrase that does not use “and,” such as “responded.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])\n\n### “fear”\n\nIn several places in the book, the author uses a word from the root “fear,” such as the verb “fear” or the adjective “fearful,” in a specific sense. He uses the word to describe an awe of God that leads to holy living. He is not referring to an emotion and saying that the person is afraid of God. He means that the person respects and obeys God. Notes will call attention to this usage where it occurs, and they will suggest translations such as the verb “respect” and the adjective “respectful.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])\n\n### “behold”\n\nIn many places in the book, characters use the term **behold** to focus their listeners’ attention on what they is about to say. Your language may have a comparable expression that you can use in your translation in these instances.\n\n### “nose”\n\nIn several places in the book, various characters use the term **nose** to mean anger. They do this by association with the way that a person who is angry breathes heavily through his nose. Your language and culture may also associate anger with a particular part of the body. If so, you could use an expression involving that part of the body in your translation. You could also use plain language and say “anger.” +front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of Job\n\n1. Introduction (1:1–2:13)\n - Background to Job’s situation: He is righteous and wealthy (1:1–5)\n - Yahweh allows Satan to test Job (1:6–2:10)\n2. Job’s friends speak to him a first time and Job replies (3:1–14:22)\n3. Job’s friends speak to him a second time and Job replies (15:1–21:34)\n4. Job’s friends speak to him a third time and Job replies (22:1–31:40)\n5. Elihu speaks to Job (32:1–37:24)\n6. Yahweh answers Job out of the whirlwind (38:1–41:34) \n7. Conclusion (42:1–17)\n - Job responds humbly\n - Yahweh rebukes Eliphaz, Bildad, and Zophar (42:7–9)\n - Yahweh restores Job to prosperity (42:10–17)\n\n### What is the book of Job about?\n\nThe book of Job is about a man named Job who experienced disaster even though he was faithful to Yahweh. Job speaks with three friends and asks why Yahweh has allowed him to experience trials and losses. The book teaches that we cannot understand all of Yahweh’s ways, and when we suffer, it is more important to trust Yahweh than it is to understand the reason for the suffering.\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nThe book of Job is named for Job, the main character in the book. His name is not related to the English word “job.” Translators might use the traditional title of “The Book of Job” or simply “Job.” Or they may choose a different title such as “The Book About Job” or “The Book About a Man Named Job.”\n\n### Who wrote the book of Job?\n\nWe do not know who wrote the book of Job. Many people suggest that Moses composed or compiled the book, but it may have been written after the time of Moses.\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### Does sin cause suffering?\n\nWhen a person sins against Yahweh, that can cause the person to experience suffering. People in the ancient Near East generally believed that a person suffered because they or their ancestors had sinned against God. This is what many religions teach. However, the book of Job shows that a person may suffer even if he or she has not sinned. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])\n\n### Were Eliphaz, Bildad, and Zophar really Job’s friends?\n\nJob 2:11 describes Eliphaz, Bildad, and Zophar as the friends of Job. However, they did not succeed in comforting Job. Instead, they tried to persuade Job to say something about God that Job believed was not true. So we might wonder if it is right to translate the word as “friends.” What they said did not help Job, because they did not understand the full truth about God. However, they did care about Job, and they did want to help him. In those ways, they did what friends would do, and in that sense the word “friends” is appropriate.\n\n### When did the events in the book of Job take place?\n\nWe do not know when the events in the book of Job took place. The story is set around the time of Abraham and Isaac in the book of Genesis. However, some verses are similar to verses in the books of Proverbs and Isaiah, which were written many centuries after Abraham and Isaac lived. It is possible that the book of Job was written at a later time to describe the events of an earlier time.\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### Is the book of Job difficult to translate?\n\nThe book of Job has many uncommon words and phrases. That makes parts of it hard to understand and translate. For this reason, translators may decide to translate this book after they have translated other books of the Bible. However, since the writer did not connect Job with a specific time or place in history, the translator may also decide to translate this book before other Old Testament books.\n\n### What style of writing is in the book of Job?\n\nThe author begins and ends the book of Job by relating what happened to Job in narrative form. In the rest of the book, the characters speak in poetry. In the ancient Near East, writers often used poetry to discuss matters of wisdom. The relationship of human conduct to human prosperity and suffering is an important theme in wisdom literature.\n\n### Hebrew poetry: parallelism\n\nHebrew poetry was based on repetition of meaning rather than on repetition of sound like poetry in some other languages. A speaker would typically say one phrase and then say another phrase (or two) that meant a similar thing, an opposite thing, or something supplementary. The subsequent phrase or phrases would advance the meaning of the first phrase in one of these ways. In many cases it would be good to show this to your readers by including all the phrases in your translation rather than combining them. However, if the repetition might be confusing, you could connect the phrases with a word that would show how the later phrase or phrases are advancing the meaning of the first one. Throughout the book, notes will model ways of doing this in various cases, although not in most cases. It is hoped that these illustrations will give translators an idea of what they could do in any given instance.\n\n### Hebrew poetry: chiasm\n\nHebrew poetry often uses a form known as “chiasm.” It will make a statement consisting of two elements. It will then make a parallel, contrasting, or supplemental statement consisting of those same two elements, but in reverse order. For example, Job says in 3:5:\n\nMay it not rejoice among the days of the year;\ninto the number of the months may it not come.\n\nYou may wish to show this form in your translation by following the Hebrew word order, even if that would not ordinarily be the order you would follow in your language. For 3:5, English might ordinarily say:\n\nMay it not rejoice among the days of the year;\nmay it not come into the number of the months.\n\nBut ULT follows the Hebrew word order in order to give an idea of this characteristic form of Hebrew poetry.\n\n### “answered and said”\n\nThe author uses the phrase “answered and said” many times in the book of Job. This phrase expresses a single idea by using two words connected with “and”. The word “answered” tells for what purpose a person “said” something. Specifically, they said it in order to answer or respond to what someone else said. If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this meaning with an equivalent phrase that does not use “and,” such as “responded.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])\n\n### “fear”\n\nIn several places in the book, the author uses a word from the root “fear,” such as the verb “fear” or the adjective “fearful,” in a specific sense. He uses the word to describe an awe of God that leads to holy living. He is not referring to an emotion and saying that the person is afraid of God. He means that the person respects and obeys God. Notes will call attention to this usage where it occurs, and they will suggest translations such as the verb “respect” and the adjective “respectful.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])\n\n### “behold”\n\nIn many places in the book, characters use the term “behold” to focus their listeners’ attention on what they is about to say. Your language may have a comparable expression that you can use in your translation in these instances.\n\n### “nose”\n\nIn several places in the book, various characters use the term “nose” to mean anger. They do this by association with the way that a person who is angry breathes heavily through his nose. Your language and culture may also associate anger with a particular part of the body. If so, you could use an expression involving that part of the body in your translation. You could also use plain language and say “anger.” 1:intro lym1 0 # Job 1 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter introduces a story about a man named Job who lived during a time long before the author.\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Wealth\n\nIn the time and place in which the book of Job is set, a person’s wealth was measured by the number of animals he owned. The book describes how Job owned thousands of animals in order to indicate that he was very rich. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])\n\n### Sacrifices\n\nJob was a man who obeyed Yahweh carefully. We might therefore wonder why he offered sacrifices on behalf of his children, as 1:5 describes, since he was not one of the descendants of Aaron, who were the only ones whom the law of Moses allowed to offer sacrifices. It must be remembered that Job lived prior to the time when God gave Moses the law, so his religious practices were different from those of the Hebrew people after Moses. In Job’s culture, it was normal and acceptable for the father to act as a priest for his family and to offer sacrifices on their behalf. The events that this book relates took place about the same time as the life of Abraham. Therefore, this book corresponds more with Genesis 12–50 than with the rest of the Old Testament. (See:[[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])\n\n## Translation Issues in this Chapter\n\n### “the adversary”\n\nThe Hebrew word satan means “adversary.” The Old Testament uses the word in that sense in several places, for example, 1 Kings 11:14, “Yahweh raised up an adversary against Solomon, Hadad the Edomite.” In chapters 1 and 2 of the book of Job, there is a character called “the satan” or “the adversary.” This seems to be a created angelic being who opposes righteous people and accuses them before God of having wrong motives. Many interpreters of the book of Job identify this character with Satan, the devil. The UST follows that interpretation, but the ULT translates the term more basically as “adversary.” You can decide how to translate this term in your own translation. 1:1 j000 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants אִ֛ישׁ הָיָ֥ה בְ⁠אֶֽרֶץ־ע֖וּץ 1 The author is introducing **Job** as the main participant in the story. If your language has its own way of introducing participants, you can use it here in your translation. Alternate translation: “There once was a man who lived in the land of Uz” 1:1 k5g4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names ע֖וּץ & אִיּ֣וֹב 1 The word **Uz** is the name of a place, and the word **Job** is the name of a man. @@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 5:1 j115 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit קְֽרָא־נָ֭א 1 Eliphaz assumes that Job will understand that by **Call out**, he is telling Job to ask someone to listen to his complaint against God. In this culture, someone who had a case against someone else would go to a public area and ask established members of the community to hear and judge the case. You could indicate this in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “Go ahead, call for someone to listen to and judge your case against God” 5:1 j116 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony קְֽרָא־נָ֭א 1 Eliphaz does not really want Job to **Call out** and ask someone to hear his complaint against God, even though he is telling Job to do that. Eliphaz actually intends to communicate the opposite of the literal meaning of his words. He wants Job to realize that there is no being who has the wisdom or authority to hear a human being’s complaint against God. Alternate translation: “There is really no point in calling for someone to listen to and judge your case against God” 5:1 gaw4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲ⁠יֵ֣שׁ עוֹנֶ֑⁠ךָּ וְ⁠אֶל־מִ֖י מִ⁠קְּדֹשִׁ֣ים תִּפְנֶֽה 1 In both of these instances, Eliphaz is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate these questions as statements or exclamations. Alternate translation: “there is no one who will answer you. You cannot turn to any of the holy ones.” -5:1 n2rw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מִ⁠קְּדֹשִׁ֣ים 1 In this context, the phrase **the holy ones** likely refers to angelic beings rather than to people who live righteously. You can indicate this in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers.. Alternate translation: “of the angelic beings” +5:1 n2rw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מִ⁠קְּדֹשִׁ֣ים 1 In this context, the phrase **the holy ones** likely refers to angelic beings rather than to people who live righteously. You can indicate this in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “of the angelic beings” 5:1 j117 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תִּפְנֶֽה 1 Eliphaz is speaking as if Job would literally **turn** to face someone whom he wanted to hear his case against God. Eliphaz means that Job would appeal to such a person, although he is arguing that there actually is no such person. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will you appeal” 5:2 j118 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases כִּֽי 1 Eliphaz is using the word **For** to explain the reason why he does not really think that Job should look for someone to judge his complaint against God. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate this in your translation. Alternate translation: “You should not look for someone to judge your complaint against God, because” 5:2 v7ip rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification לֶֽ֭⁠אֱוִיל יַהֲרָג־כָּ֑עַשׂ וּ֝⁠פֹתֶ֗ה תָּמִ֥ית קִנְאָֽה 1 Eliphaz is speaking of **indignation** and **resentment** as if they were a living things that could kill a person. He means that people who become indignant and resentful when God corrects them, rather than admitting their sins and repenting, put themselves in a position where God has to punish them, even by killing them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “when people foolishly become indignant or naïvely become resentful when God corrects them, God must punish or even kill them” @@ -460,7 +460,8 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 6:26 l7bp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הַ⁠לְ⁠הוֹכַ֣ח מִלִּ֣ים תַּחְשֹׁ֑בוּ וּ֝⁠לְ⁠ר֗וּחַ אִמְרֵ֥י נֹאָֽשׁ 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “You think to correct my words, and you liken the words of one despairing to the wind!” or “You only want to prove me wrong; you do not believe that I am justified in saying these desperate things!” 6:26 j222 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile וּ֝⁠לְ⁠ר֗וּחַ אִמְרֵ֥י נֹאָֽשׁ 1 If Job is saying that his friends are likening his words to the wind, then Job is making a comparison. The point of the comparison is that Job’s friends consider his **words** to be trivial, having no more substance than **wind**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this point explicitly. Alternate translation: “and do you consider the words of one despairing to be as insubstantial as the wind” 6:27 w62r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עַל־ יָת֥וֹם תַּפִּ֑ילוּ וְ֝⁠תִכְר֗וּ עַל־ רֵֽיעֲ⁠כֶֽם 1 Job assumes that his friends will understand that he is referring to two practices of his culture. If a man died who was indebted to others, his creditors could claim his children as slaves in repayment of the debt. Job is describing how such creditors might **cast lots** in order to determine which of them would get a particular child as a slave. Job is also referring to the practice of selling someone into slavery in order to obtain repayment of a debt. You can explain some of this cultural background in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “you cast lots to see which of you will have as a slave a child whose father, indebted to you, has died, and you try to get the best price for a friend whom you are selling into slavery to obtain repayment of his debt to you” -6:27 q6lj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עַל־ יָת֥וֹם תַּפִּ֑ילוּ וְ֝⁠תִכְר֗וּ עַל־ רֵֽיעֲ⁠כֶֽם 1 Job is speaking as if his friends would literally **cast lots** to see which of them would have an **orphan** as his slave and **haggle** over the price of a **friend** they were selling into slavery. Job does not mean that his friends are actually doing these things; he is making a comparison. The implication is that these are particularly callous things to do to a helpless **orphan** or to a **friend**, and Job is saying that his friends are acting just as callously towards him. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. The UST models one way of doing this. +6:27 q6lj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עַל־ יָת֥וֹם תַּפִּ֑ילוּ וְ֝⁠תִכְר֗וּ עַל־ רֵֽיעֲ⁠כֶֽם 1 Job is speaking as if his friends would literally **cast lots** to see which of them would have an **fatherless** child as his slave and **haggle** over the price of a **friend** they were selling into slavery. Job does not mean that his friends are actually doing these things; he is making a comparison. The implication is that these are particularly callous things to do to a helpless orphan or to a friend, and Job is saying that his friends are acting just as callously towards him. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. The UST models one way of doing this. +6:27 h7jk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj יָת֥וֹם 1 Job is using the adjective **fatherless** as a noun, to mean a certain kind of person. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this with an equivalent expression. Alternate translation: “a fatherless child” or “an orphan” 6:28 m2bq rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction וְ֭⁠עַתָּה הוֹאִ֣ילוּ פְנוּ־בִ֑⁠י וְ⁠עַל־פְּ֝נֵי⁠כֶ֗ם אִם־אֲכַזֵּֽב 1 Job is asking his friends to perform a symbolic action by looking directly at him so that he can look them right in the face himself. Job wants to be able to do this in order to dramatize the sincerity of what he is saying. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the significance of this action. Alternate translation: “But now, be willing, look at me, so that I can look right at you to show that I am speaking the truth” 6:28 j223 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְ⁠עַל־פְּ֝נֵי⁠כֶ֗ם אִם־אֲכַזֵּֽב 1 This could mean: (1) that Job is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. Specifically, he is speaking the first part of an oath and leaving the second part understood. You can supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and if I would lie to your faces, then may God punish me severely!” (2) that Job is using the word **if** to introduce a question that anticipates a contrary answer. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate this in your translation. Alternate translation: “for I would not lie to your faces, would I?” 6:28 q6v3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וְ⁠עַל־פְּ֝נֵי⁠כֶ֗ם אִם־אֲכַזֵּֽב 1 Job is using one part of his friends, their **faces**, to mean all of them in the act of looking at him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and if I would lie to you while you were looking at me” @@ -680,7 +681,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 9:24 l9pz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor פְּנֵֽי־שֹׁפְטֶ֥י⁠הָ יְכַסֶּ֑ה 1 Job is speaking as if God literally **covers the faces** of **judges**. He means that God keeps these judges from recognizing how to decide cases fairly. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “He keeps judges from recognizing how to decide cases fairly” 9:24 y1iv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis אִם־לֹ֖א 1 Job is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “If it is not God who does these things” 9:25 aw7i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וְ⁠יָמַ֣⁠י קַ֭לּוּ מִנִּי־רָ֑ץ בָּֽ֝רְח֗וּ 1 Job is speaking of the **days** of his life as if they were a living thing that could run fast and **flee**. This could mean: (1) that Job is quickly using up his days, that is, he is rapidly approaching the end of his life. Alternate translation: “And I am using up my days very quickly” (2) that each of Job’s days goes by quickly. Alternate translation: “And each of my days seems very short” -9:25 um75 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לֹא־רָא֥וּ טוֹבָֽה 1 Here, as in [3:10](../03/10.md) and [7:7](../07/07.md), to **see** good means to experience it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “They do not experience good” +9:25 um75 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לֹא־רָא֥וּ טוֹבָֽה 1 Here, as in [7:7](../07/07.md), to **see** good means to experience it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “They do not experience good” 9:25 ej64 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj לֹא־רָא֥וּ טוֹבָֽה 1 Job is using the adjective **good** as a noun to mean a certain kind of experience. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “They do not experience good things” 9:25 a6zy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification לֹא־רָא֥וּ טוֹבָֽה 1 Job is speaking of the **days** of his life as if they were a living thing that could experience good things or fail to experience them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I do not experience good things during my days” 9:26 icr6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor חָ֭לְפוּ עִם־אֳנִיּ֣וֹת אֵבֶ֑ה 1 Job is speaking as if the days of his life literally **glide** across the water together with **boats of papyrus**. As in the previous verse, he means that his days move very quickly. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I am running out of days as quickly as a papyrus boat glides across the water” or “Each of my days goes by as quickly as a papyrus boat glides across the water” @@ -914,7 +915,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 12:18 j407 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מוּסַ֣ר מְלָכִ֣ים פִּתֵּ֑חַ 1 This could mean implicitly: (1) that **kings** might put a **bond** (that is, shackles) on someone to make him a prisoner, but God can set that person free. Alternate translation: “A king may imprison someone, but God can set that person free” (2) that kings may be wearing some symbol of royal authority as a **bond** (that is, as something bound around their bodies), such as a sash or chain, but God takes away their authority and removes this symbol of it. This meaning would be similar to what Job said in the previous verse about God removing counselors’ robes of authority. Alternate translation: “God strips kings of their royal sashes” or “God removes the chains of royal authority that kings are wearing” 12:18 w5lc rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction מוּסַ֣ר מְלָכִ֣ים פִּתֵּ֑חַ 1 Whether this refers to God removing shackles from people whom kings have imprisoned or God removing symbols of royal authority that kings are wearing, it is a symbolic action that demonstrates that God is taking away kings’ authority. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the significance of this action. Alternate translation: “He takes away kings’ authority” 12:18 p4c4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction וַ⁠יֶּאְסֹ֥ר אֵ֝ז֗וֹר בְּ⁠מָתְנֵי⁠הֶֽם 1 To wrap a **cloth** around someone’s **loins** is to make them dress as a slave would. This is a symbolic action that shows that the person has become a slave. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the significance of this action. Alternate translation: “and he turns them into slaves” -12:19 mkn4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction מוֹלִ֣יךְ כֹּהֲנִ֣ים שׁוֹלָ֑ל 1 See how you translated the similar expression in [12:17](../12/17.md).. Alternate translation: “God takes away from priests the robes that represent the authority and power of their office” +12:19 mkn4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction מוֹלִ֣יךְ כֹּהֲנִ֣ים שׁוֹלָ֑ל 1 See how you translated the similar expression in [12:17](../12/17.md). Alternate translation: “God takes away from priests the robes that represent the authority and power of their office” 12:19 ch3f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj וְ⁠אֵֽתָנִ֣ים 1 Job is using the adjective **incumbent** as a noun to mean a certain kind of person. The term is plural; the ULT shows this by adding the word **ones**. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this adjective with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “and people who are long established in their positions” 12:20 g3na rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מֵסִ֣יר שָׂ֭פָה לְ⁠נֶאֱמָנִ֑ים 1 Job is using the term **lip** by association to mean speech. He is using speech, in turn, to mean what these **trusted** people say, that is, the advice that they give. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. It may be helpful to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “God discredits the advice of the ones being trusted” 12:20 dk1e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive מֵסִ֣יר שָׂ֭פָה לְ⁠נֶאֱמָנִ֑ים 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God discredits the advice of the people in whom kings trust” @@ -1440,7 +1441,7 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 19:29 tw35 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche of the face of the sword 1 Job is using one kind of severe punishment, execution by a **sword**, to mean severe punishment in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “that God may punish you severely” 19:29 t8gg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns {from} wrath {is} the punishment of the sword 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **wrath**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “when God becomes angry at people for being wicked, God punishes them severely” 19:29 n1i1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns {there is} judgment 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **judgment**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “that God punishes wickedness justly” -20:intro p78g 0 # Job 20 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\n This chapter is the second speech of Job’s friend, Zophar. In this chapter, Zophar speaks more strongly to Job than he did the first time spoke to him.\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is poetry.\n\nTranslation Issues in This Chapter\n\n### Zophar answering Job with his own words\n\nIn [7:8](../07/08.md), as Job was appealing to God, he said, “The eye of the one seeing me will not regard me; your eyes will be on me, but I will not exist.” Zophar says in [20:9](../20/09.md) about the wicked person, “The eye that saw him will not continue.” Job said in [7:10](../01/01.md) of himself as a mortal person, “He will not return again to his house, and his place will not know him again.” Zophar says of the wicked person in [20:9](../01/01.md), “his place will no longer observe him.” In both instances Zophar is suggesting that Job himself is a wicked person, using Job’s own words.\n\nSimilarly, Zophar says in [20:27](../20/27.md) of the wicked person that “the heavens will reveal his iniquity, and the earth will raise itself up against him” as a witness. In [16:18](../16/18.md), Job called upon the earth to see that he received justice, and in [16:19](../16/19.md), Job said that he had an advocate in the heavens. So Zophar is likely answering Job once again in his own words, implying that Job himself is a wicked person of the type that he has been describing in his speech.\n\nTo help your readers appreciate how Zophar is answering Job with his own words, you may wish to translate what Zophar says in these instances similarly to the way you translated what Job said earlier.\n\n### Indelicate Images that Zophar Uses\n\nAs noted above, Zophar speaks strongly to Job in this speech. He uses a couple of images drawn from bodily functions that people in your culture might consider it indelicate to include in a Bible translation. If so, you could use comparable images. Zophar says in [20:7](../20/07.md) of the wicked person, “he will perish forever like his dung.” You could refer to something else that disappears completely, saying, for example, “he will perish forever like the dust that the wind blows away.” Zophar says of the wicked person in [20:15](../20/15.md), “He swallows wealth, but he will vomit it.” You might say instead something such as, “Though he may become rich, he will lose all his money.” +20:intro p78g 0 # Job 20 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\n This chapter is the second speech of Job’s friend Zophar. In this chapter, Zophar speaks more strongly to Job than he did the first time spoke to him.\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is poetry.\n\nTranslation Issues in This Chapter\n\n### Zophar answering Job with his own words\n\nIn [7:8](../07/08.md), as Job was appealing to God, he said, “The eye of the one seeing me will not regard me; your eyes will be on me, but I will not exist.” Zophar says in [20:9](../20/09.md) about the wicked person, “The eye that saw him will not continue.” Job said in [7:10](../01/01.md) of himself as a mortal person, “He will not return again to his house, and his place will not know him again.” Zophar says of the wicked person in [20:9](../01/01.md), “his place will no longer observe him.” In both instances Zophar is suggesting that Job himself is a wicked person, using Job’s own words.\n\nSimilarly, Zophar says in [20:27](../20/27.md) of the wicked person that “the heavens will reveal his iniquity, and the earth will raise itself up against him” as a witness. In [16:18](../16/18.md), Job called upon the earth to see that he received justice, and in [16:19](../16/19.md), Job said that he had an advocate in the heavens. So Zophar is likely answering Job once again in his own words, implying that Job himself is a wicked person of the type that he has been describing in his speech.\n\nTo help your readers appreciate how Zophar is answering Job with his own words, you may wish to translate what Zophar says in these instances similarly to the way you translated what Job said earlier.\n\n### Indelicate Images that Zophar Uses\n\nAs noted above, Zophar speaks strongly to Job in this speech. He uses a couple of images drawn from bodily functions that people in your culture might consider it indelicate to include in a Bible translation. If so, you could use comparable images. Zophar says in [20:7](../20/07.md) of the wicked person, “he will perish forever like his dung.” You could refer to something else that disappears completely, saying, for example, “he will perish forever like the dust that the wind blows away.” Zophar says of the wicked person in [20:15](../20/15.md), “He swallows wealth, but he will vomit it.” You might say instead something such as, “Though he may become rich, he will lose all his money.” 20:2 j583 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases Therefore 1 Zophar is using the word **Therefore** to introduce the reason he is about to give for why he is speaking to Job again. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate this in your translation. Alternate translation: “This is why” 20:2 eef1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification my thoughts turn me back 1 Zophar is speaking of his **thoughts** as if they were a living thing that could **turn** him **back**, that is, make him turn around and return to Job as if he had left him. He means that he wants to speak to Job again and share what he is thinking in response to what Job has just said. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I need to speak to you again and tell you what I am thinking” 20:2 wy6h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo because of my urgency in me 1 It might seem that this expression contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in your language. If so, you can shorten it. Alternate translation: “because I feel such urgency” @@ -1529,257 +1530,411 @@ front:intro u3jc 0 # Introduction to Job\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n 20:29 j622 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations the wicked man 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Zophar is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a term in your language that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “the wicked person” 20:29 j623 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun the wicked man 1 Zophar is not referring to a specific **wicked man** or person. He means wicked people in general. It may be more natural in your language to express this meaning by using a plural form. Alternate translation: “wicked people” 20:29 j624 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession the heritage of his appointment from God 1 Zophar is using this possessive form to describe a symbolic **heritage** or inheritance that God has appointed to a wicked person. It may be helpful clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “his appointed heritage from God” or “the heritage that God has appointed to him” -21:intro k6tx 0 # Job 21 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This chapter is Job’s response to Zophar. It is also a response to all three of his friends in general.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Ancestor’s sin\nIn the ancient Near East, it was common to believe that a person could be punished because of the sins of their fathers and ancestors. It was seen as the punishment of a god. While a father’s sin may have consequences for their children, Yahweh does not punish people because of their father’s sin. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Rhetorical questions\n\nJob uses many different rhetorical questions in this chapter in order to try to convince Zophar that he is wrong. These questions help to build Job’s argument. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -21:1 l3vp Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nJob begins to answer Zophar’s accusations. -21:3 x7gy Put up with me 0 Alternate translation: “Allow me” or “Be patient with me” -21:3 w3a4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony mock on 0 “you can continue mocking me.” Job is using sarcasm to imply that his friends would ignore what he would say and continue to mock him. -21:4 ztr6 Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nJob continues speaking to his friends. -21:4 d6w5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion As for me, is my complaint to a person? Why should I not be impatient? 0 Job uses questions to emphasize that he thinks it is fair for him to complain to God. Alternate translation: “I am not complaining to a person. I have the right to be impatient” -21:5 lu7q rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction lay your hand upon your mouth 0 “cover your mouth with your hand.” Possible meanings are that: (1) this is a response to being astonished. Alternate translation: “cover your mouth with your hand” or (2) this is a symbol that the person will not speak. Alternate translation: “do not say anything” -21:6 f8uu trembling seizes my body 0 Alternate translation: “fear causes my body to tremble” or “I shake with fear” -21:7 suz1 Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nJob continues speaking to his friends. -21:7 i446 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Why do wicked people continue to live, become old, and grow mighty in power? 0 Job uses this question to show that his friends are wrong to think evil men always suffer. Alternate translation: “Wicked people indeed continue to live, become old, and become wealthier.” -21:8 w7je rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Their descendants are established with them in their sight … their offspring are established before their eyes 0 This two clauses mean the same thing and emphasize that this is true. -21:8 n4np rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism in their sight … before their eyes 0 These phrases mean the same thing because “eyes” refers to sight. Wicked people get to watch their descendants grow strong and wealthy. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -21:9 e8z5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Their houses 0 Here “houses” refers to the family members that lives in them. Alternate translation: “Their families” -21:9 u9sb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy rod of God 0 This refers to God’s punishment. -21:10 v7y4 Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nJob continues speaking to his friends. -21:10 za7c does not lose her calf prematurely 0 Alternate translation: “she does not miscarry” or “her calf is born healthy and strong” -21:11 f9ae rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile little ones like a flock 0 Job compares these children to lambs to emphasize that they run, play, and are happy. -21:12 w5nf rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown tambourine 0 a musical instrument with a head like a drum that can be hit and with pieces of metal around the side that sound when the instrument is shaken -21:13 elg8 Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nJob continues speaking with his friends. -21:13 s7tf their days 0 Alternate translation: “their lifetime” -21:13 bx7u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism they go down quietly to Sheol 0 This is a polite way of saying that they die. Alternate translation: “they die peacefully” -21:14 fm9x your ways 0 This refers to how God wants people to behave. -21:15 k5g5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion What is the Almighty, that we should worship him? What advantage would we get if we prayed to him? 0 The wicked people use these questions to mock God. Alternate translation: “We do not believe that this Almighty God is worthy of our worship. He can do nothing for us.” -21:16 ke4m Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nJob continues speaking to his friends. -21:16 t984 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy See, is not their prosperity in their own hands? 0 Here “hands” refers to their power or control. Job uses this question to challenge his friends. Alternate translation: “Look, these wicked people claim that they make themselves prosper!” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -21:17 d4mw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion How often is it … their calamity comes upon them? 0 Job uses this question to emphasize that it seems to him that God does not punish the wicked very often. Alternate translation: “It is not often … their calamity comes upon them.” -21:17 c9nn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the lamp of wicked people is put out 0 Job compares extinguishing the lamp to a person dying. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that God causes them to die suddenly” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -21:17 g7cl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the lamp of wicked people 0 Job compares the life of the wicked to a lamp that is burning. -21:17 bmg2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion How often does it happen … in his anger? 0 Job uses this second question to emphasize that it seems to him that God does not punish the wicked very often. Alternate translation: “It is not often … in his anger.” -21:18 lhr9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion How often is it … the storm carries away? 0 Job uses this third question to emphasize that it seems to him that God does not punish the wicked very often. Alternate translation: “It is not often … the storm carries away.” -21:18 a6g9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile they become like stubble before the wind or like chaff that the storm carries away 0 The death of the wicked is spoken of as if they were worthless less chaff and stubble that blows away. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God takes them away like the wind blows away the chaff” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -21:19 sac1 Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nJob continues speaking to his friends. -21:19 gwj5 You say 0 These words are added by most versions in order to make it clear that the Job is quoting his friends in the next statement. -21:19 ev9v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor God lays up one’s guilt for his children to pay 0 Guilt is spoken of as something that can be stored for later use. Here “to pay” refers to punishment for sin. Alternate translation: “God keeps a record of a person’s sins, then he punishes the person’s children for his wicked deeds” -21:19 iyl4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Let him pay it himself, & know his guilt 0 Job now begins to state his own opinion. It may be helpful to state this explicitly using an indirect quotation. “But I say that he should pay it himself, … know his guilt’” -21:20 j2ut rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Let his eyes see 0 Here “eyes” refers to the person. Alternate translation: “Let him see” -21:20 wq4y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor let him drink of the wrath of the Almighty 0 Here the wrath of God is spoken of as if it were a drink that a person can taste, and tasting is a metonym for experiencing the drink. Job wants the wicked person to experience God’s punishment. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -21:21 vtu2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion For what does he care about his family after him when the number of his months is cut off? 0 Job uses this question to show that punishing the evil man’s children is not effective. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “For the wicked man does not care what happens to his family after he has died!” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -21:21 rky2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism the number of his months is cut off 0 This is a polite way of saying that he dies. -21:21 m58j the number of his months 0 This refers to the length of his life. -21:22 yte9 Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nJob continues speaking to his friends. -21:22 ail2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Can anyone teach God knowledge since he judges even those who are high? 0 Job asks this question to emphasize that God knows everything. Alternate translation: “Obviously, no one can teach anything to God since he even judges those in heaven.” -21:22 x9p8 those who are high 0 This could mean: (1) “those who are in heaven” or (2) “powerful people.” -21:23 krv3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit One man dies in his full strength 0 Job contrasts this man who dies in health and peace to the man who dies in sorrow and pain in [Job 21:25](../21/25.md). You can make this explicit. Alternate translation: “If there are two men, one may die in his full strength” -21:24 mli3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism His body is full of milk … the marrow of his bones is moist 0 Both of these phrases mean that the person is very healthy. -21:24 sa7q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom His body is full of milk 0 The word for “milk” may mean “fat.” Either rendering means he is well-fed. Alternate translation: “His body if full of fat” -21:24 uug7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom the marrow of his bones is moist 0 This idiom means his body is youthful and healthy. -21:25 k7cw Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nJob continues speaking to his friends. -21:25 s5ge Another man dies 0 Job contrasts this man to the man who dies in peace in [Job 21:23](../21/23.md). -21:25 m7zq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor in bitterness of soul 0 Here sorrow is spoken of as if it tasted bitter, and “soul” refers to the whole man. Alternate translation: “with anger and resentment” or “after living a sad life” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -21:25 xpm3 has never experienced anything good 0 This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “has experienced only bad things” -21:26 fc95 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism They lie down alike in the dust 0 This is a polite way to say that they died. Alternate translation: “They both die and people bury them” -21:26 tyf2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit the worms cover them both 0 Worms are associated with decay of dead bodies. Alternate translation: “the worms in the dirt eat their dead bodies” -21:27 veu9 Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nJob continues speaking to his friends. -21:27 jy5r See 0 Job uses this phrase to call attention to the statement that follows. Alternate translation: “Listen” -21:28 n1y2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Where now is the house of the prince? Where is the tent in which the wicked man once lived? 0 Job believes his friends will ask these question to scold him. Both questions mean the same thing. Alternate translation: “See, the house of the evil ruler is gone. The tent of the wicked man has disappeared.” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -21:29 czd4 Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nJob continues speaking to his friends. -21:29 asa9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Have you never asked traveling people? 0 Job uses these questions to rebuke his friends for not learning from people who travel. Alternate translation: “You should listen to those who have traveled to distant places.” -21:30 q7hn Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nJob finishes asking a rhetorical question that begins with the words “Do you not know” in verse 29. -21:30 x25q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion the wicked man is kept … from the day of wrath? 0 Job uses these questions to rebuke his friends for not learning from people who travel. “Those who have traveled to distant places will tell you … from the day of wrath.” -21:30 wy2e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive the wicked man is kept from the day of calamity … he is led away from the day of wrath 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God keeps the wicked man from the day of calamity … God leads him away from the day of wrath” -21:31 ri98 Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nJob continues speaking to his friends. -21:31 b6yh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Who will condemn the wicked man’s way to his face? 0 Job uses this question to contradict his friends’ belief that the wicked are always judged. Alternate translation: “No one condemns the wicked man to his face.” -21:31 wlf1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom to his face 0 This means no one will go directly to the wicked person and condemn him personally. -21:31 wn61 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Who will repay him for what he has done? 0 Job uses this question to contradict his friends’ belief that the wicked are always judged. Alternate translation: “No one repays him for the bad things that he has done.” -21:32 g68a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive he will be borne 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people will carry him” -21:33 eqt1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche The clods of the valley will be sweet to him 0 Job imagines that the dead person will even enjoy the dirt that is put on him. This means the wicked person will even have a good death and a nice burial after a fulfilling life. “Clods” refer to the earth that covers the grave. Alternate translation: “He will enjoy being covered with the dirt of the valley” or “He will enjoy being buried in the dirt of the valley” -21:33 p9wd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo all people will follow after him, as there were innumerable people before him 0 Job emphasizes that a large crowd of people will be in the funeral procession of this imaginary wicked man to honor him. Alternate translation: “a huge number of people go to the grave site; some go in front of the procession and some come behind” -21:34 aa8a Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nThis concludes Job’s speech to his friends. -21:34 j6yy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion How then do you comfort me with nonsense, since in your answers there is nothing but falsehood? 0 Job uses a question to scold his friends. Alternate translation: “You cannot comfort me with nonsense. All of your answers are false.” -22:intro m13v 0 # Job 22 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This chapter is a continuation of the advice of Job’s friend, Eliphaz. His words in this chapter are much stronger than when he previously spoke.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Repentance\n\nEliphaz tries to get Job to repent in this chapter. Eliphaz assumes that he is righteous, while assuming Job is not. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Rhetorical questions\n\nEliphaz uses many different rhetorical questions in this chapter in order to try to convince Job that he is wrong. These questions help to build Eliphaz’s argument. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -22:1 cea8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Eliphaz the Temanite 0 See how you translated this man’s name in [Job 2:11](../02/11.md). -22:2 r9kd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Can a man be useful to God? Can a wise man be useful to him? 0 Both questions mean basically the same thing. Eliphaz uses questions to emphasize that a person’s actions and wisdom do not benefit God. Alternate translation: “A man cannot be useful to God. A wise man cannot be useful to him.” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -22:3 h3pe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Is it any pleasure to the Almighty if you are righteous? Is it gain to him if you make your ways blameless? 0 Both of these statements mean the same thing. Eliphaz uses questions to emphasize that Job’s actions do not help God. Alternate translation: “The Almighty does not receive any pleasure if you are righteous. He does not gain anything if you make your ways blameless.” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -22:4 g1nn Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nEliphaz continues speaking to Job. -22:4 s9qh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Is it because of your reverence for him that he rebukes you and takes you to judgment? 0 Eliphaz uses questions to scold Job and accuse him of committing terrible sins. Alternate translation: “It is certainly not because you have been devoted to him that God rebukes you and takes you to judgment!” -22:5 zd3w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Is not your wickedness great? Is there no end to your iniquities? 0 Eliphaz uses questions to scold Job and accuse him of committing terrible sins. Alternate translation: “As you know, he judges you because your wickedness is great and you keep on sinning!” -22:6 z1dn Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nEliphaz continues speaking to Job. -22:6 hip2 you have demanded guarantee of a loan 0 This refers to a lender taking something from the borrower to ensure that the borrower pays him back. -22:6 qq5g you have stripped away clothing from the naked 0 Eliphaz is accusing Job of taking clothes as security from poor people who borrowed from him. -22:7 q9nb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche withheld bread 0 Here “bread” refers to food in general. Alternate translation: “withheld food” -22:8 dj3n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism possessed the earth … lived in it 0 Eliphaz is accusing Job of taking land from poor people and not allowing them to live on it. He is emphasizing this point by restating it twice. -22:8 gry9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole possessed the earth 0 Eliphaz is exaggerating the amount of land that Job owned in order to portray Job as greedy. Alternate translation: “possessed a great amount of land” -22:9 ti2j Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nEliphaz continues speaking to Job. -22:9 u5gg You have sent widows away empty 0 Alternate translation: “You made widows go away with nothing” -22:9 kyr7 widows 0 women whose husbands have died -22:9 pdd7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the arms of the fatherless have been broken 0 Here “arms” refer to power. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you even oppressed orphans” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -22:10 wdg6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor snares are all around you … sudden fear troubles you 0 These are metaphors for trouble and danger. Alternate translation: “you are always in danger … you become afraid for no reason” -22:11 kz5f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor There is darkness … an abundance of waters covers you 0 Each of these metaphors means troubles and dangers are all around Job because of his sin. -22:11 a6pa an abundance of waters 0 Alternate translation: “a flood” -22:12 n1zi Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nEliphaz continues speaking to Job. -22:12 st8p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Is not God in the heights of heaven? 0 Eliphaz uses this question to say that God sees Job’s sin and will judge him. Alternate translation: “God is in the heights of heaven and sees everything that happens on earth.” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -22:12 rtk3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Look at the height of the stars, how high they are! 0 Eliphaz implies that God is higher than the stars. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “Look at how high the stars are. God is even higher than the stars!” -22:13 y6zh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion What does God know? Can he judge through the thick darkness? 0 Eliphaz uses these questions to imply that Job has said these things against God. Alternate translation: “God does not know what happens on earth. He sits in dark clouds and cannot see to judge us.” -22:14 x5ap rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit he walks on the vault of heaven 0 Here “vault” refers to the barrier that ancient people believed separated the earth from heaven. Alternate translation: “he lives too far away in heaven to see what happens here” -22:15 cvp4 Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nEliphaz continues speaking to Job. -22:16 iid8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor those who were snatched away 0 Dying is compared to God snatching them away. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “those who died” or “those whom God took away” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -22:16 lc5k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile those whose foundations have washed away like a river 0 The death of wicked people is compared to buildings that had their foundations washed away by a flood. -22:17 q2mt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion What can the Almighty do to us? 0 Eliphaz quotes a question wicked people use to mock God. Alternate translation: “The Almighty cannot do anything to us!” -22:18 nr68 Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nEliphaz continues speaking to Job. -22:18 jh2r Yet he filled 0 Alternate translation: “Yet God filled” -22:18 l57x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom the plans of wicked people are far from me 0 The idiom “far from me” means Eliphaz rejects them. Alternate translation: “but I will not listen to their wicked plans” -22:19 ku9s see their fate 0 Alternate translation: “know what will happen to the wicked” -22:19 q2jl laugh them to scorn 0 Alternate translation: “mock the wicked people” -22:20 j4fq They say 0 Alternate translation: “The righteous say” -22:20 jwg8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Surely those who rose up against us are cut off 0 Here “those who rose up” refers to the wicked people. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Surely God has destroyed the wicked people who harmed us” -22:21 z6jk Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nEliphaz continues speaking to Job. -22:21 aj2c Now 0 Eliphaz uses this word to introduce something important he is about to say. -22:22 ll7g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy instruction from his mouth 0 Here “from his mouth” represents what God has spoken. Alternate translation: “the instruction that God has spoken” -22:22 dp7d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom store up his words 0 God’s words are compared to treasures that Job could keep in a storeroom. Alternate translation: “treasure his commands” -22:22 y867 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy your heart 0 Here “heart” refers to Job’s thoughts. Alternate translation: “your mind” -22:23 x1jk Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nEliphaz continues speaking to Job. -22:23 mz1i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you will be built up 0 Eliphaz compares Job’s restoration to the rebuilding of a house that has fallen. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “he will heal you and make you prosper again” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -22:23 kbt1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor if you put unrighteousness far away from your tents 0 Unrighteousness is pictured as a person who is living in Job’s tent who must be removed. Alternate translation: “if you and everyone in your house stops sinning” -22:24 u6qk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Lay your treasure down in the dust 0 To lay a treasure in the dust is to treat it as unimportant. Alternate translation: “Consider your riches as unimportant as dust” -22:24 m1gk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom the gold of Ophir among the stones of the brooks 0 To put gold in the stream is to treat it as no more valuable than stones. Alternate translation: “the gold of Ophir is as worthless as stones in a stream” -22:24 g8dq rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Ophir 0 This is the name of a region famous for its gold. -22:25 wg73 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the Almighty will be your treasure, precious silver to you 0 This means God will be more valuable to Job than any treasure. -22:26 wd8v Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nEliphaz continues speaking to Job. -22:26 l352 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom you will lift up your face to God 0 This means Job will no longer be ashamed but will trust in God. Alternate translation: “you will be able to approach God confidently” -22:28 ldp9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive it will be confirmed for you 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God will cause you to succeed” -22:28 k1nu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor light will shine on your paths 0 God’s blessing is compared to a light on all of Job’s paths. Alternate translation: “it will be like a light shining on the road in front of you” -22:29 yck5 Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nThis concludes Eliphaz’s speech to Job. -22:29 xgw4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom the one with lowered eyes 0 Here “lowered eyes” refers to humility. Alternate translation: “the humble person” -22:30 f84n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor He will rescue even the man who is not innocent; who will be rescued through the cleanness of your hands 0 Job being innocent is spoken of as if his hands were physically clean. The phrase “who will be rescued” can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will rescue even the person who is not innocent because you do what is right” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -22:30 wrz4 He will rescue even the man who is not innocent; who will be rescued through the cleanness of your hands 0 Some versions of the Bible read, “He rescues the innocent person; so he will rescue you when your hands are clean” -23:intro fb42 0 # Job 23 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This chapter is Job’s response to Eliphaz.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Court\n\nThis chapter uses an extended metaphor of a court case to describe Job’s “case,” which he seeks to bring to Yahweh, who is a judge. Cultures without a legal system will have difficulty translating this chapter. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -23:2 fi9s Even today my complaint is bitter 0 Here “Even today” emphasizes that his friends arguments have not changed Job’s situation at all. Alternate translation: “In spite of what you have said, my complaint is still bitter” -23:2 ke1p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom my complaint is bitter 0 Job speaks of his unanswered complaint against God as if it was a bitter taste in his mouth. Alternate translation: “my unanswered complaint is as bad as bitter food in my mouth” -23:2 cm2j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy my hand … heavy because of my groaning 0 This could mean: (1) “I can barely lift my hand because of my groaning” or (2) “God’s hand continues to make me suffer in spite of my groaning” where “hand” refers to God’s power to punish. -23:3 k3e2 Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nJob continues speaking. -23:3 pn2b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Oh, that I knew where … Oh, that I might come 0 These two lines mean the same thing and emphasize Job’s desire to meet with God. -23:3 rpr9 I might find him 0 Alternate translation: “I might find God” -23:4 u14t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism lay my case … fill my mouth 0 These two lines mean the same thing and emphasize Job’s desire to explain his situation to God. -23:4 vtm3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy fill my mouth with arguments 0 Here “fill my mouth” refers to speaking. Alternate translation: “I would speak all of my arguments” -23:5 jln8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism I would learn the words … would understand 0 These two lines mean basically the same thing and emphasize Job’s desire to hear God’s answer. -23:5 s5td the words with which he would answer me 0 Alternate translation: “the answer that he would give me” -23:6 p72s Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nJob continues speaking. -23:6 tw6n Would he 0 Alternate translation: “Would God” -23:7 lx63 There 0 This refers to the place where God is. -23:7 aw1l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive I would be acquitted forever by my judge 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “my judge would acquit me forever” or “God, who is my judge, would say that I am innocent once and for all” -23:8 tfb8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism 0 Job continues speaking. He begins using a merism to say that he has looked everywhere. -23:9 ja9l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism north … south 0 This is the end of the merism that begins with the words “eastward … westward” in verse 8. By mentioning these four directions, Job emphasizes that he has looked everywhere. -23:9 br9j where he hides himself 0 Job speaks of God as if he is a person who hides. -23:10 x7cb Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nJob continues speaking. -23:10 lq4v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he knows the way that I take 0 Job’s actions are spoken of as if he is walking on a path. Alternate translation: “God knows what I do” -23:10 v4c5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile I will come out like gold 0 Job believes that the test will prove that he is as pure as refined gold. Alternate translation: “he will see that I am as pure as gold when anything not pure has been burned away” -23:11 w13v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche My foot has held fast to his steps 0 Here “My foot” refers to Job. Alternate translation: “I have followed the path he has shown me” -23:11 xw5w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I have kept to his way 0 Job’s obedience is spoken of as if he is walking in a path that God showed him. Alternate translation: “I have done what he told me to do” -23:11 gk1e turned not aside 0 This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “followed it exactly” -23:12 fg26 I have not gone back from 0 This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “I have always obeyed” -23:12 m22y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy of his lips 0 This phrase refers to the message that God spoke. Alternate translation: “that he spoke” -23:12 tcz4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche the words of his mouth 0 Here God is represented by his “mouth.” Alternate translation: “what he said” -23:13 xe4e Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nJob continues speaking. -23:13 l1d5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion But he is one of a kind, who can turn him back? 0 Job uses this question to emphasize that there is no one like God and no one can force him to change. Alternate translation: “But there is no one like him, and nobody can make him change his mind.” or “But he alone is God, and no one can influence him.” -23:13 if99 What he desires, he does 0 Alternate translation: “He does whatever he wants to do” -23:14 g641 he carries out his decree against me 0 Alternate translation: “he is doing to me what he said he would do” -23:14 i8u2 there are many like them 0 Alternate translation: “he has many similar plans for me” -23:15 n27i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\nEach of these verses has the form of a parallelism to emphasize the main point Job makes there. -23:15 sw44 Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nJob continues speaking. -23:16 p6ma rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism For God has made my heart weak; the Almighty has terrified me 0 These two lines mean basically the same thing and emphasize that Job is very afraid of God. -23:16 d4fw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom made my heart weak 0 A person whose heart is weak is a person who is timid or fearful. Alternate translation: “made me afraid” -23:17 dng4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit I have not been brought to an end by darkness 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. This could mean: (1) “The thick darkness in front of me has not made me silent” or (2) “Darkness has not stopped me” or “God has stopped me, not the darkness.” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -23:17 qpa8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche the gloom of my face 0 Here Job refers to himself by his “face.” Alternate translation: “my sadness” -24:intro e2gb 0 # Job 24 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This chapter is Job’s response to Eliphaz. It is a continuation of the previous chapter.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Court\n\nThis chapter uses an extended metaphor of a court case to describe Job’s “case,” which he seeks to bring to Yahweh, who is a judge. Cultures without a legal system will have difficulty translating this chapter. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Rhetorical questions\n\nJob uses many different rhetorical questions in this chapter in order to try to convince Eliphaz that he is wrong. These questions help to build Job’s argument. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -24:1 mg7h Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nJob continues speaking. -24:1 thc8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Why are times for judging wicked people not set by the Almighty? 0 Job uses this question to express his frustration that God has not judged evil. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I do not understand why God does not set a time when he will judge wicked people.” or “The Almighty should set a time when he will judge wicked people.” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -24:1 ej3y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Why do not those who are faithful to God see his days of judgment come? 0 Job uses this question to express his frustration that the righteous have not seen God judge evil. Alternate translation: “It seems that those who obey him never get to see him judge the wicked.” or “God should show the day he will judge the wicked to those who know him.” -24:2 h88w Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nJob continues speaking. -24:2 pse5 boundary markers 0 These are stones or other objects to mark the boundary between the lands owned by different people. -24:2 mn98 pastures 0 land with grass for animals to eat -24:3 fml5 They drive away 0 Alternate translation: “They steal” -24:3 y9i2 those without fathers 0 Alternate translation: “orphans” or “children whose parents have died” -24:3 m884 they take the widow’s ox as security 0 Alternate translation: “they take widows’ oxen to guarantee that the widows will pay back the money that they loaned to those widows” -24:3 e6wc widow 0 a woman whose husband has died -24:3 uu5w as security 0 A lender would take something from a borrower to ensure that the borrower pays him back. -24:4 lzi7 out of their path 0 Alternate translation: “out of their way” or “off the road” -24:4 r5d2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole poor people of the earth all hide themselves 0 The word “all” is an exaggeration to show that many poor people are afraid of these wicked people. -24:5 d79k Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nJob continues speaking. -24:5 m813 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile these poor people go out to their work like wild donkeys in the wilderness, looking carefully for food 0 These poor people are spoken of as if they are wild donkeys who do not know where they will find food. Alternate translation: “these poor people go out to search for food as if they were wild donkeys in the wilderness” -24:5 yaj6 wild donkeys 0 Alternate translation: “donkeys that no one owns or cares for” -24:6 j8dx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Poor people reap in the night … they glean grapes 0 These two lines describe the same thing and are used together to emphasize that these people are so hungry that they are forced to steal food at night. -24:7 u7w8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism They lie naked … they have no covering 0 These two lines describe the same thing and are used together to emphasize that these people do not have enough clothing to keep warm. -24:8 a2gx Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nJob continues speaking. -24:8 j5eb They are wet with the showers of the mountains 0 Alternate translation: “They become wet when it rains in the mountains” -24:9 t1ki rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche orphans from their mothers’ breast 0 Here “breast” refers to the mother. This implies that these orphans are still very young. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “young orphans out of their mothers’ arms” or “fatherless infants from their mothers” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -24:9 ahj1 orphans 0 This generally refers to children without parents. Here, however, it is used for children who have mothers but do not have fathers. -24:9 ma3c take children as security from poor people 0 Alternate translation: “take poor people’s children to guarantee that the poor people will pay back money that they borrowed from the wicked people” -24:9 yq41 as security 0 A lender would take something from a borrower to ensure that the borrower pays him back. See how you translated this in [Job 24:3](../24/03.md). -24:10 u922 go about 0 Alternate translation: “walk around” -24:10 eps1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet naked without clothing 0 The words “without clothing” mean the same thing as “naked.” Alternate translation: “completely naked” or “naked because they have no clothing” -24:10 qj7x they carry bundles of grain belonging to other people 0 This means their work will provide food for others but not for themselves. -24:11 fp3g Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nJob continues speaking. -24:11 rks1 The poor people make oil 0 they squeezed olives in order to extract olive oil from them -24:11 mr4m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche within the walls of those wicked men 0 Here “walls” refers to the whole house. Alternate translation: “in the houses of those evil men” -24:11 z8b4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit they tread the wicked men’s winepresses 0 It may be helpful to state that they do this to produce juice to make wine. Alternate translation: “they tread on grapes to make juice for wine” -24:11 a1m7 they themselves suffer thirst 0 Alternate translation: “they suffer from thirst” or “they are thirsty” -24:13 m581 Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nJob continues speaking. -24:13 dl4e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor rebel against the light 0 Here, **light** could mean: (1) visible light or (2) spiritual light, which refers to God or living righteously. Alternate translation: “hate the daylight” or “do not want to do things openly” or “rebel against God” -24:13 djk4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor they know not its ways, nor do they stay in its paths 0 These two lines describe the same thing, and are used together to emphasize that they do not want to follow the ways of the light. Alternate translation: “they do not know how to live a moral life; they stay far away from living a righteous life” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -24:14 u116 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet poor and needy people 0 The words “poor” and “needy” refer to the same group of people and emphasize that these are people who are unable to help themselves. -24:14 d2ft rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile he is like a thief 0 The murderer kills in secret just like a thief steals without anyone seeing what he does. Alternate translation: “he kills people secretly, just like a thief steals secretly” -24:15 jp3l Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nJob continues speaking. -24:15 mza9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche the eye of the adulterer 0 Here “eye” refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “the adulterer” -24:15 ymp3 for the twilight 0 Alternate translation: “for the sunset” -24:15 ewy1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche No eye will see me 0 Here “eye” refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “No one will see me” -24:16 c35g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit wicked people dig into houses 0 They dig into the houses in order to steal from them. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “wicked people dig into houses to steal from them” -24:16 k9sq they shut themselves up 0 Alternate translation: “they hide inside” -24:17 g55x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile For all of them, thick darkness is like the morning 0 The thick darkness is as comfortable for the wicked as light of the morning is for normal people. -24:17 y5ib the terrors of thick darkness 0 Alternate translation: “the scary things that happen at night” -24:18 ay3v Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nJob continues speaking. -24:18 f772 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile like foam on the surface of the waters 0 Foam lasts only a short time. This emphasizes how quickly God will cause the wicked to disappear. -24:18 lat6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive their portion of the land is cursed 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God curses the part of the land that they own” -24:19 b8g4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile As drought and heat melt away … those who have sinned 0 Job says that sinners will disappear in Sheol in the same way as snow melts and disappears when it becomes warm. -24:19 u6db rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys drought and heat 0 These two words describe essentially the same weather and are used together to describe it fully. -24:20 hnl6 Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nJob continues speaking. -24:20 dg9v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche The womb 0 This refers to the mother. Alternate translation: “The mother” -24:20 ja3y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom the worm will feed sweetly on him 0 This means that he will die and worms will eat his body. Alternate translation: “the worm will enjoy eating his dead body” or “he will die and then his body will be eaten by worms” -24:20 auf1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive he will be remembered no more 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “no one will remember him anymore” -24:20 k6gl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor wickedness will be broken like a tree 0 God’s destruction of the wicked man is describes as if he were cutting down a tree. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God will destroy the wicked as if he were a tree” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -24:21 ys4w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The wicked one devours 0 This metaphor emphasizes how ruthless the wicked man is. Alternate translation: “Just like a wild animal kills its prey, so the wicked person harms” -24:21 m9u5 the barren women who have not borne children 0 The people of that day considered that a woman who was barren was cursed by God. Therefore, this represents the most unfortunate women. -24:21 i5m9 widow 0 a woman whose husband has died -24:22 xl8g Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nJob continues speaking. -24:22 ps1m by his power 0 Alternate translation: “by using his power” or “because he is powerful” -24:22 x59s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom he rises up and does not strengthen them in life 0 Here “does not strengthen them in life” means God does not keep them alive. Alternate translation: “God rises up and does not give wicked people the strength to live” or “God rises up and causes them to die” -24:23 qks3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche but his eyes are on their ways 0 Here “eyes” refers to God. Alternate translation: “but he is always watching what they do” -24:24 yq9p Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nThis concludes Job’s speech. -24:24 b7v1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive they will be brought low 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God will bring them low” or “God will destroy them” -24:24 j5za rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants they will be gathered up like all the others 0 Some translations are based on a different early text, which says “they wither and fade like weeds.” -24:24 ix1v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive they will be gathered up like all the others 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. What “the others” refers to can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “God will gather them up as he gathered up the other wicked people” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -24:24 mqt2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile they will be cut off like the tops of ears of grain 0 These wicked people will be cut off in the same way heads of grain are cut off during harvest. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God will cut them off like a farmer cuts off the top of a stalk of grain” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -24:25 cfk7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion If it is not so, who can prove me to be a liar; who can make my speech worth nothing? 0 Job uses this question to express the certainty of his argument. The implicit answer is: “no one.” Alternate translation: “This is true, and no one can prove that I am a liar; no one can prove me wrong.” -24:25 iy58 make my speech worth nothing 0 Alternate translation: “prove what I say is wrong” -25:intro yz1x 0 # Job 25 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This chapter is a continuation of the advice of Job’s friend, Bildad. His words in this chapter are much stronger than when he previously spoke.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### God’s holiness and man’s sin\nBildad describes the holiness of Yahweh and the universal nature of man’s sinfulness. While his points are accurate, they are not convincing for Job because he has been righteous. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Rhetorical questions\n\nBildad uses many different rhetorical questions in this chapter in order to try to convince Job that he is wrong. These questions help to build Bildad’s argument. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -25:1 vb52 Bildad the Shuhite 0 See how you translated this man’s name in [Job 2:11](../02/11.md). -25:2 cz5c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns Dominion and fear are with him 0 Here “him” refers to God. The abstract nouns “dominion” and “fear” can be stated as verbs. Alternate translation: “God rules over all and people should fear only him” -25:2 t8t1 he makes order in his high places of heaven 0 Alternate translation: “he makes peace in the high heaven” -25:3 agz7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Is there any end to the number of his armies? 0 Bildad uses this question to emphasize how great God is. The implicit answer is “no.” This refers to the armies of God’s angels. Alternate translation: “There is no end to the number of angels in his army.” or “His armies are so big that no one can count them.” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -25:3 tb5c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Upon whom does his light not shine? 0 Bildad uses this question to emphasize that God gives light to every person. Alternate translation: “There is no one upon whom his light does not shine.” or “God makes his light shine over everyone.” -25:4 gq9p Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nBildad continues speaking. -25:4 w2pf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism How then can man … God? How can he who is born … him? 0 These two questions are used together to emphasize that it is impossible for a man to be good enough before God. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -25:4 v4y8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion How then can man be righteous with God? 0 The implicit reaction is that he cannot. Alternate translation: “A man can never be righteous before God.” -25:4 z1j1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion How can he who is born … acceptable to him? 0 The implicit reaction is that he cannot. Alternate translation: “He who is born of a woman cannot be clean or acceptable to him.” -25:4 kx6l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom he who is born of a woman 0 This idiom includes everyone. Alternate translation: “any person” -25:5 f8pe See 0 The word “See” here adds emphasis to what follows. Alternate translation: “Indeed” -25:5 un12 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns the moon has no brightness to him 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **brightness**, you can express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “the moon is not bright enough for God” -25:5 kt4v the stars are not pure in his sight 0 Here “pure” means “perfect.” Alternate translation: “he does not think even the stars are perfect” -25:6 c7kh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism How much less man … a son of man, who is a worm 0 These two lines say the same thing and are used together to emphasize that man is not perfect. -25:6 h6x7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor who is a worm 0 Bildad states that human beings are as worthless as worms. Alternate translation: “who is as worthless as a worm” -25:6 l7b7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy a son of man 0 This is another way of referring to a person. Alternate translation: “a person” +21:intro k6tx 0 # Job 21 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter is Job’s response to Zophar’s second speech.\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is poetry.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Punishment for the sins of one’s parents or ancestors\nIn the culture in which the book of Job was composed, people commonly believed that God might punish someone for the sins of their parents or ancestors. Job says in verse 19 of this chapter that this is what his three friends believe. However, while people’s sins may have consequences for their children and descendants, God does not punish people directly for their parents’ or ancestors’ sins. Be sure that this is clear in your translation.\n\n## Translation issues in this chapter\n\n### The adjective “wicked” as a noun\n\nIn verses 7, 16, 17, and 28, Job uses the adjective “wicked” as a noun to mean wicked people in general. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this word with an equivalent phrase such as “wicked people.” +21:2 ztr6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular שָׁ֭מוֹעַ & תַּנְח֥וּמֹֽתֵי⁠כֶֽם 1 The word **your** and the implied “you” in the imperative **hear** are plural because Job is addressing his three friends, so use the plural form in your translation if your language marks that distinction. +21:2 l3vp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-reduplication שִׁמְע֣וּ שָׁ֭מוֹעַ מִלָּתִ֑⁠י 1 Job is repeating the verb **hear** in order to intensify the idea that it expresses. If your language can repeat words for intensification, it would be appropriate to do that here in your translation. If not, your language may have another way of expressing the emphasis. Alternate translation: “Listen carefully to my words” +21:2 j625 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מִלָּתִ֑⁠י 1 Job is using the term **words** to mean what he is about to say by using words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “what I am about to say” +21:2 j626 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession תַּנְח֥וּמֹֽתֵי⁠כֶֽם 1 Job is using this possessive form to describe not the **consolation** that his friends will have but the **consolation** that he wants them to offer him. It may be helpful clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “the consolation that you offer to me” +21:3 x7gy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular שָׂ֭אוּ⁠נִי & תַלְעִֽיג 1 The implied “you” in the imperative **Tolerate** is plural because Job is addressing his three friends, but the pronoun **you** later in the verse is singular because Job is responding directly to Zophar. Use the corresponding forms in your translation if your language marks a distinction between singular and plural “you.” +21:3 j627 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וְ⁠אָנֹכִ֣י אֲדַבֵּ֑ר 1 For emphasis, Job is stating the pronoun **I**, whose meaning is already present in the verb **speak**. If your language can state implied pronouns explicitly for emphasis, you may want to use that construction here in your translation. Other languages may have other ways of bringing out this emphasis. Alternate translation: “and I will take my turn and speak” +21:3 w3a4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony תַלְעִֽיג 1 For emphasis, Job is saying the opposite of what he means. If a speaker of your language would not do this, in your translation you could indicate what Job actually means. Alternate translation: “you will probably continue to mock me, even though you should not” +21:4 d6w5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion לְ⁠אָדָ֣ם שִׂיחִ֑⁠י 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “my complaint is not to a man!” +21:4 j628 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations לְ⁠אָדָ֣ם שִׂיחִ֑⁠י 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Job does not mean specifically a male human. He is using the term to mean a mortal as opposed to God. Alternate translation: “my complaint is not to a mortal!” +21:4 j629 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives לְ⁠אָדָ֣ם שִׂיחִ֑⁠י 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this as a positive expression. Alternate translation: “my complaint is to God!” +21:4 j630 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְ⁠אִם 1 Job is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. (Some languages may be able to say simply “And if not” to follow up on a question that expects a negative answer.) Alternate translation: “And if my complaint is not to a mortal but to God” +21:4 j631 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion מַ֝דּ֗וּעַ לֹא־תִקְצַ֥ר רוּחִֽ⁠י 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “then my breath may certainly be short!” +21:4 j632 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מַ֝דּ֗וּעַ לֹא־תִקְצַ֥ר רוּחִֽ⁠י 1 Job is using his **breath** being **short** (that is, the fact that he is breathing quickly) by association to mean him being upset. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “why may I not be upset” or, as a statement, “then I may certainly be upset!” +21:5 j633 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular פְּנוּ & וְ⁠שִׂ֖ימוּ 1 The implied “you” in the imperatives **Look** and **lay** is plural because Job is addressing his three friends, so use the plural form in your translation if your language marks that distinction. +21:5 j634 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns וְ⁠שִׂ֖ימוּ יָ֣ד עַל־פֶּֽה 1 Since Job is speaking to three people, it may be more natural in your language to use the plural forms of **hand** and **mouth**. Alternate translation: “and lay your hands upon your mouths” +21:5 lu7q rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction וְ⁠שִׂ֖ימוּ יָ֣ד עַל־פֶּֽה 1 Covering the **mouth** with the **hand** prevents a person from speaking. Job is suggesting that his three friends perform this symbolic action to indicate that his situation is so tragic and distressing that nothing can be said about it. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the significance of this action. Alternate translation: “and lay your hands upon your mouths to show that my situation is so tragic and distressing that nothing can be said about it” +21:6 j635 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit זָכַ֥רְתִּי 1 Job is referring implicitly to when he remembers or is mindful of his sufferings. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “I think about my sufferings” +21:6 j636 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְ⁠נִבְהָ֑לְתִּי 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “then that terrifies me” +21:6 f8uu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וְ⁠אָחַ֥ז בְּ֝שָׂרִ֗⁠י פַּלָּצֽוּת 1 Job is speaking of **trembling** as if it were a living thing that could seize his **flesh**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and my flesh trembles” +21:6 suz1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וְ⁠אָחַ֥ז בְּ֝שָׂרִ֗⁠י פַּלָּצֽוּת 1 Job is using one part of himself, his **flesh**, to mean his whole body. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and my whole body trembles” +21:7 i446 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion מַדּ֣וּעַ רְשָׁעִ֣ים יִחְי֑וּ עָ֝תְק֗וּ גַּם־גָּ֥בְרוּ חָֽיִל 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “The wicked should not live, grow old, and become mighty in power!” +21:7 j637 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj רְשָׁעִ֣ים 1 As the General Notes to this chapter discuss, here as in several other places in the chapter, Job is using the adjective **wicked** as a noun to mean a certain group of people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “wicked people” +21:8 w7je rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor זַרְעָ֤⁠ם נָכ֣וֹן 1 Here the term **seed** means “children.” It is a word picture. Just as plants produce seeds that grow into many more plants, so people can have many children. Alternate translation: “Their children are established” +21:8 j638 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive זַרְעָ֤⁠ם נָכ֣וֹן 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Their children grow up” +21:8 j639 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִ⁠פְנֵי⁠הֶ֣ם 1 Here the word **faces** represents the presence of people by association with the way people can see the face of someone who is present. Alternate translation: “in their presence” or “in their homes” +21:8 n4np rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ֝⁠צֶאֱצָאֵי⁠הֶ֗ם לְ⁠עֵינֵי⁠הֶֽם 1 Job is using the term **eyes** by association to mean sight. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and their descendants in their sight” or “and their descendants where they can see them” +21:8 j640 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְ֝⁠צֶאֱצָאֵי⁠הֶ֗ם לְ⁠עֵינֵי⁠הֶֽם 1 Job is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and their descendants grow up where they can see them” +21:9 j641 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בָּתֵּי⁠הֶ֣ם שָׁל֣וֹם 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **peace**, you could express the same idea in another way. In this instance, Job is using an abstract noun with the sense of an adjective. Alternate translation: “Their houses are peaceful” +21:9 e8z5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בָּתֵּי⁠הֶ֣ם 1 Job could be using the term **houses** by association to mean the households of wicked people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Their households” +21:9 u9sb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ⁠לֹ֤א שֵׁ֖בֶט אֱל֣וֹהַּ עֲלֵי⁠הֶֽם 1 Job is using the term **rod** by association to mean punishment. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation, as in UST: “and God does not punish them” +21:10 za7c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun שׁוֹר֣⁠וֹ עִ֭בַּר וְ⁠לֹ֣א יַגְעִ֑ל תְּפַלֵּ֥ט פָּ֝רָת֗⁠וֹ וְ⁠לֹ֣א תְשַׁכֵּֽל 1 Although Job uses singular pronouns in this verse, he is not referring to a specific wicked person. He is still speaking of wicked people in general. It may be more natural in your language to express his meaning by using plural pronouns. Alternate translation: “Their bulls breed and they do not fail; their cows calve and they do not miscarry” +21:11 f9ae rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile יְשַׁלְּח֣וּ כַ֭⁠צֹּאן עֲוִילֵי⁠הֶ֑ם 1 The point of this comparison is that just as shepherds send their flocks out to pasture, so the wicked people whom Job is describing send their young children out to play in the fields around their homes. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this point explicitly. Alternate translation: “They send their young children out to play in the fields around their homes as if they were a flock of sheep going out to pasture” +21:11 j642 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יְשַׁלְּח֣וּ & עֲוִילֵי⁠הֶ֑ם 1 The implication is that wicked people can **send** their **babes** (young children) out to play because they are safe, as Job says in verse 9. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “Because they are so safe, they can allow their young children to play outside” +21:11 j643 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ֝⁠יַלְדֵי⁠הֶ֗ם יְרַקֵּדֽוּ⁠ן 1 The implication is that the **children** of wicked people **dance** because they are happy and carefree. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and their children dance because they are happy and carefree” +21:12 j644 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יִ֭שְׂאוּ כְּ⁠תֹ֣ף וְ⁠כִנּ֑וֹר 1 The implication is that the children **lift up** these musical instruments in order to play them. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “They play the tambourine and the harp” or “They play tambourines and harps” +21:12 elg8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns יִ֭שְׂאוּ & וְ֝⁠יִשְׂמְח֗וּ 1 In this verse, the pronouns **They** and **they** refer to the children of wicked people, not to wicked people themselves. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “Their children lift up … and those children rejoice” +21:12 w5nf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun כְּ⁠תֹ֣ף וְ⁠כִנּ֑וֹר & עוּגָֽב 1 Job is not referring to a specific **tambourine** or **harp** or **flute**. He means those musical instruments in general. It may be more natural in your language to express this meaning by using plural forms. Alternate translation: “tambourines and harps … flutes” +21:13 s7tf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom יְמֵי⁠הֶ֑ם 1 Job is using the term **days** to mean a specific period of time, the lifetime of wicked people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “their lifetime” +21:13 bx7u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּ֝⁠בְ⁠רֶ֗גַע 1 The implication is that wicked people do not die a painful, lingering death. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “quickly and painlessly” +21:14 j645 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes וַ⁠יֹּאמְר֣וּ לָ֭⁠אֵל ס֣וּר מִמֶּ֑⁠נּוּ וְ⁠דַ֥עַת דְּ֝רָכֶ֗י⁠ךָ לֹ֣א חָפָֽצְנוּ 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “They tell God to turn away from them because they do not desire knowledge of his ways” +21:14 j646 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ס֣וּר מִמֶּ֑⁠נּוּ 1 The wicked people are speaking as if they wanted God literally to **turn away** from them. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Do not be concerned with us” +21:14 j647 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וְ⁠דַ֥עַת דְּ֝רָכֶ֗י⁠ךָ לֹ֣א חָפָֽצְנוּ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **knowledge**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “for we do not want to know your ways” +21:14 fm9x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דְּ֝רָכֶ֗י⁠ךָ 1 The wicked people are speaking of how God wants people to live as if that were a series of **ways** or paths that God wanted people to walk along. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “how you want people to live” +21:15 j648 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes Who {is} Shaddai, that we should serve him? And how will we profit, that we should pray to him?’ 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could continue to translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “They ask who Shaddai is, that they should serve him, and how they would profit, that they should pray to him” +21:15 j649 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person מַה־שַׁדַּ֥י כִּֽי־נַֽעַבְדֶ֑⁠נּוּ וּ⁠מַה־נּ֝וֹעִ֗יל כִּ֣י נִפְגַּע־בּֽ⁠וֹ 1 Job is continuing to quote what wicked people say. The wicked people may no longer be speaking “to God,” as in the previous verse, but speaking about God. Alternatively, they may be speaking to God but using the third person. You might choose to translate this in the second person. Alternate translation: “Who are you, Shaddai, that we should serve you? And how will we profit, that we should pray to you?” +21:15 k5g5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion מַה־שַׁדַּ֥י כִּֽי־נַֽעַבְדֶ֑⁠נּוּ וּ⁠מַה־נּ֝וֹעִ֗יל כִּ֣י נִפְגַּע־בּֽ⁠וֹ 1 The wicked people are using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate these questions as statements or as exclamations. Alternate translation: “Shaddai is not important, so we do not have to serve him! It would not benefit us, so we do not have to pray to him!” +21:16 ke4m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations הֵ֤ן לֹ֣א בְ⁠יָדָ֣⁠ם טוּבָ֑⁠ם עֲצַ֥ת רְ֝שָׁעִ֗ים רָ֣חֲקָה מֶֽ⁠נִּי 1 Job is making two statements in this verse that express strong feelings. In the previous verse, he described how wicked people say that they do not need to pray to God because that would not benefit them. In his first statement here, he insists in response that any benefit or **prosperity** that the wicked enjoy is something that God has generously given to them even though they do not deserve it. In his second statement, Job reacts strongly against the **counsel** or advice that he said wicked people give themselves, that they should not serve Shaddai or pray to him. The ULT places exclamation marks at the end of these sentences to show that they communicate strong emotion. In your translation, use your own language’s way of showing that. +21:16 t984 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לֹ֣א בְ⁠יָדָ֣⁠ם 1 Job is using the word **hand** to represent the power and control that people have over something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is not of their own making” or “is not something that they have gained by themselves” +21:16 j650 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עֲצַ֥ת רְ֝שָׁעִ֗ים רָ֣חֲקָה מֶֽ⁠נִּי 1 Job is speaking as if he wanted the **counsel of the wicked** literally to be **far** away from him. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I want nothing to do with the counsel of the wicked” +21:17 d4mw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion כַּ⁠מָּ֤ה ׀ נֵר־רְשָׁ֘עִ֤ים יִדְעָ֗ךְ וְ⁠יָבֹ֣א עָלֵ֣י⁠מוֹ אֵידָ֑⁠ם חֲ֝בָלִ֗ים יְחַלֵּ֥ק בְּ⁠אַפּֽ⁠וֹ 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate these questions as statements or as exclamations. Alternate translation: “The lamp of the wicked does not often go out! No, their calamity does not come upon them often! God does not distribute pains to them in his anger!” +21:17 c9nn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor כַּ⁠מָּ֤ה ׀ נֵר־רְשָׁ֘עִ֤ים יִדְעָ֗ךְ 1 Job is speaking as if wicked people literally had a **lamp** that might **go out** or stop burning. He is using this image to represent them dying. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “How often do the wicked die” +21:17 g7cl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠יָבֹ֣א עָלֵ֣י⁠מוֹ אֵידָ֑⁠ם 1 Job is speaking as if **calamity** were literally an object that **comes upon** people. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “or how often do they experience their calamity” +21:17 bmg2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo אֵידָ֑⁠ם 1 It might seem that the expression **their calamity** contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in your language. If so, you can shorten it. Alternate translation: “calamity” +21:17 j651 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns חֲ֝בָלִ֗ים יְחַלֵּ֥ק בְּ⁠אַפּֽ⁠וֹ 1 The pronouns **his** and **he** refer to God. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “Does God distribute pains to them in his anger” +21:18 lhr9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion יִהְי֗וּ כְּ⁠תֶ֥בֶן לִ⁠פְנֵי־ר֑וּחַ וּ֝⁠כְ⁠מֹ֗ץ גְּנָבַ֥תּ⁠וּ סוּפָֽה 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “They are not often like stubble to the face of the wind or like chaff that a storm carries away!” +21:18 a6g9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile יִהְי֗וּ כְּ⁠תֶ֥בֶן לִ⁠פְנֵי־ר֑וּחַ וּ֝⁠כְ⁠מֹ֗ץ גְּנָבַ֥תּ⁠וּ סוּפָֽה 1 Job is comparing God’s punishment to the **wind** and a **storm**, and he is comparing wicked people to **stubble** and **chaff** that strong winds drive away quickly and completely. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say this in plain language. Alternate translation: “How often does God destroy them quickly and completely in punishment for their sins” or, as a statement, “God does not often destroy them quickly and completely in punishment for their sins” +21:18 j652 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִ⁠פְנֵי־ר֑וּחַ 1 Here the phrase **to the face of** means “in the presence of,” by association with the way people can see the face of someone who is present. To say that something is in the presence of the wind is to say that the wind is blowing on it. Alternate translation: “when the wind blows on it” +21:19 gwj5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֱל֗וֹהַּ יִצְפֹּן־לְ⁠בָנָ֥י⁠ו אוֹנ֑⁠וֹ 1 Since this sentence does not agree with what Job says in the rest of this speech, Job must be quoting a popular saying that he knows Zophar would agree with (see, for example, [20:10](../20/10.md)). You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “You say, ‘God lays up his guilt for his sons’” +21:19 sac1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes אֱל֗וֹהַּ יִצְפֹּן־לְ⁠בָנָ֥י⁠ו אוֹנ֑⁠וֹ 1 If you decide to identify this explicitly as a popular saying that Job is quoting, if it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “You say that God lays up his guilt for his sons” +21:19 ev9v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֱל֗וֹהַּ יִצְפֹּן־לְ⁠בָנָ֥י⁠ו אוֹנ֑⁠וֹ 1 This saying speaks of **guilt** as something that can be stored for later use. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “God remembers what he is guilty of doing and punishes his sons for it” +21:19 j653 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations לְ⁠בָנָ֥י⁠ו 1 Although the term **sons** is masculine, Job is using the word in a generic sense that includes both male and female children. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use translate this in a way that shows that. Alternate translation: “for his sons and daughters” or “for his children” +21:19 j654 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns יְשַׁלֵּ֖ם אֵלָ֣י⁠ו וְ⁠יֵדָֽע 1 The first instance of **him** refers to God, while the second instance of **him** and the word **he** refer to a wicked person. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “Let God repay to the wicked person, and that person will know” +21:19 j655 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom יְשַׁלֵּ֖ם אֵלָ֣י⁠ו 1 Here the word **repay** has the sense of “punish.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Let God punish him” +21:19 iyl4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠יֵדָֽע 1 Job means implicitly that if God would **repay** or punish the wicked person, then that person would **know** that he was guilty of sinning. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and he will know that he is guilty of sinning” +21:20 j2ut rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche יִרְא֣וּ עֵינָ֣יו כִּיד֑⁠וֹ\n \n\n 1 Job is using one part of the wicked person, his **eyes**, to mean all of him in the act of seeing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Let him see his own destruction” +21:20 wq4y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ⁠מֵ⁠חֲמַ֖ת שַׁדַּ֣י יִשְׁתֶּֽה 1 Job is speaking as if **the wrath of Shaddai** were a liquid that a wicked person could literally **drink**. He means that he wishes that wicked people would experience that wrath. Alternate translation: “and let him experience the wrath of Shaddai” or “and let Shaddai punish him in his wrath” +21:21 j656 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases כִּ֤י 1 Job is using the word **For** to explain the reason why he said in the previous two verses that God should punish wicked people themselves rather than their children. You could indicate this in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “Let the wicked person himself suffer, for” +21:21 vtu2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion מַה־חֶפְצ֣⁠וֹ בְּ⁠בֵית֣⁠וֹ אַחֲרָ֑י⁠ו וּ⁠מִסְפַּ֖ר חֳדָשָׁ֣י⁠ו חֻצָּֽצוּ 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “he has no interest in his house after him when the number of his months is cut off!” +21:21 j657 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּ⁠בֵית֣⁠וֹ 1 Job is most likely using the term **house** by association to mean the household or family of a wicked person. The popular saying that he quoted in verse 19 suggested that God would punish a wicked person by making his children suffer, but Job is saying here that after a wicked person dies, he will not care about that. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in his family” or “in his children” +21:21 rky2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וּ⁠מִסְפַּ֖ר חֳדָשָׁ֣י⁠ו חֻצָּֽצוּ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “when God cuts off the number of his months” +21:21 m58j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ⁠מִסְפַּ֖ר חֳדָשָׁ֣י⁠ו חֻצָּֽצוּ 1 Job is speaking as if the **number** of **months** that a wicked person would live might literally be **cut off**, as if it were a branch on a tree, for example. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “when the number of his months ends” or “when his lifetime ends” or “when God ends his lifetime” +21:22 ail2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הַ⁠לְ⁠אֵ֥ל יְלַמֶּד־דָּ֑עַת וְ֝⁠ה֗וּא רָמִ֥ים יִשְׁפּֽוֹט 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “No one can teach knowledge to God, since he judges the ones being high!” +21:22 x9p8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy רָמִ֥ים 1 Job is probably using the term **high** by association to mean angels, who are high in heaven. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “even the angels” +21:23 j658 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns זֶ֗ה 1 The pronoun **This** does not refer to a specific person. Job is using it to describe one kind of person and to introduce a contrast with a different kind of person, whom he describes as “That one” in verse 25. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “One person” +21:23 krv3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בְּ⁠עֶ֣צֶם תֻּמּ֑⁠וֹ 1 In this expression, the word **bone** indicates the essence of something. Your language may have a comparable expression that you can use in your translation. Alternate translation: “at the height of his perfection” +21:23 j659 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּ⁠עֶ֣צֶם תֻּמּ֑⁠וֹ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **perfection**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “while he is still perfectly healthy” +21:23 j660 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole כֻּ֝לּ֗⁠וֹ שַׁלְאֲנַ֥ן וְ⁠שָׁלֵֽיו 1 Job says **all** here as a generalization for emphasis. If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “he is very tranquil and secure” +21:23 j661 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet כֻּ֝לּ֗⁠וֹ שַׁלְאֲנַ֥ן וְ⁠שָׁלֵֽיו 1 The terms **tranquil** and **secure** mean similar things. Job may be using the two terms together for emphasis. However, there is a slight difference between them. The word **tranquil** refers more to a person not having to worry about threats, while the word **secure** refers more to a person being wealthy. You could express both words with a single phrase that would communicate emphasis, or you could use two words to bring out the different shades of meaning. Alternate translation: “he is very comfortable” or “he is so wealthy that he does not worry” +21:24 mli3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche עֲ֭טִינָי⁠ו מָלְא֣וּ חָלָ֑ב 1 Interpreters are not entirely sure of the meaning of the word translated as **pails**. One likely interpretation is that it describes pails that people would use to collect milk from their cattle. If that is the meaning, then Job is using one aspect of this person’s prosperity, the fact that his cattle give milk abundantly, to indicate that the person is prosperous in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “His cattle give milk abundantly” or “He is very prosperous” +21:24 uug7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וּ⁠מֹ֖חַ עַצְמוֹתָ֣י⁠ו יְשֻׁקֶּֽה 1 Job is using one aspect of this person’s health, the fact that the **marrow of his bones** is healthy, to indicate that the person is healthy in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and he is very healthy” +21:24 sa7q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יְשֻׁקֶּֽה 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “is moist” +21:25 s5ge rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וְ⁠זֶ֗ה 1 See ho you translated the expression “This one” in [21:23](../21/23.md). Alternate translation: “But another person” +21:25 m7zq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בְּ⁠נֶ֣פֶשׁ מָרָ֑ה 1 Like the word “bone” in verse 21, in this expression, the word **soul** indicates the essence of something. Your language may have a comparable expression that you can use in your translation. Alternate translation: “in the depths of bitterness” +21:25 k7cw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּ⁠נֶ֣פֶשׁ מָרָ֑ה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **bitterness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “when his life is very bitter” +21:25 j662 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠לֹֽא־אָ֝כַ֗ל בַּ⁠טּוֹבָֽה 1 Job is talking about more than food here, and so when he speaks as if a person could literally have **eaten** things that are **good** (although in this case the person did not), he means experiencing those things. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and he has not experienced the good” +21:25 xpm3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj וְ⁠לֹֽא־אָ֝כַ֗ל בַּ⁠טּוֹבָֽה 1 Job is using the adjective **good** as a noun to mean a certain kind of thing. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “and he has not experienced good things” or “and he has not enjoyed good things” +21:26 fc95 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism יַ֭חַד עַל־עָפָ֣ר יִשְׁכָּ֑בוּ 1 Job is using the phrase **lie down … in the dust** to mean “die.” This is a poetic way of referring to death. Your language may have a similar expression that you can use in your translation. You could also use plain language. Alternate translation: “They both die and are buried” +21:26 j663 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun וְ֝⁠רִמָּ֗ה תְּכַסֶּ֥ה עֲלֵי⁠הֶֽם 1 Job is not referring to a specific **worm**. He means worms in general. It may be more natural in your language to express this meaning by using a plural form. Alternate translation: “and worms cover them both” +21:26 tyf2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ֝⁠רִמָּ֗ה תְּכַסֶּ֥ה עֲלֵי⁠הֶֽם 1 The implication of worms covering the bodies of these dead people is that the worms are eating their bodies. For clarity, you could indicate that in your. Alternate translation: “and worms eat their bodies” +21:27 veu9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יָ֭דַעְתִּי מַחְשְׁבֽוֹתֵי⁠כֶ֑ם וּ֝⁠מְזִמּ֗וֹת 1 Job implicitly means that he knows his friends are thinking of him when they speak of a wicked person. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “I know that when you speak of a wicked person, you are speaking of me, and I know the notions” +21:27 j664 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular מַחְשְׁבֽוֹתֵי⁠כֶ֑ם & תַּחְמֹֽסוּ 1 The words **your** and **you** are plural here because Job is addressing his three friends, so use the plural form in your translation if your language marks that distinction. The words “you” and “your” are plural in the rest of the chapter as well, specifically in verses 29 and 34. +21:27 jy5r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ֝⁠מְזִמּ֗וֹת עָלַ֥⁠י תַּחְמֹֽסוּ 1 Job is speaking as if his friends would literally **wrest**, or yank violently out of place, **notions** or ideas to use against him. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and the ideas you misappropriate to use against me” +21:28 j665 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes כִּ֤י תֹֽאמְר֗וּ אַיֵּ֥ה בֵית־נָדִ֑יב וְ֝⁠אַיֵּ֗ה אֹ֤הֶל ׀ מִשְׁכְּנ֬וֹת רְשָׁעִֽים 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “For you ask where the house of the tyrant is and where the tent of the habitation of the wicked is” +21:28 n1y2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion אַיֵּ֥ה בֵית־נָדִ֑יב וְ֝⁠אַיֵּ֗ה אֹ֤הֶל ׀ מִשְׁכְּנ֬וֹת רְשָׁעִֽים 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate these questions as statements or as exclamations. Alternate translation: “The house of the tyrant is gone! The tent of the habitation of the wicked is gone!” +21:28 j666 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche אַיֵּ֥ה בֵית־נָדִ֑יב וְ֝⁠אַיֵּ֗ה אֹ֤הֶל ׀ מִשְׁכְּנ֬וֹת רְשָׁעִֽים 1 In this quotation that Job attributes to his friends, he is using one possession a **prince**, his **house**, and one possession of the wicked, their **tent**, to mean all of their possessions and ultimately their lives. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation, as exclamations: “The tyrant no longer lives among us! The wicked no longer live among us!” +21:28 j667 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אַיֵּ֥ה בֵית־נָדִ֑יב וְ֝⁠אַיֵּ֗ה אֹ֤הֶל ׀ מִשְׁכְּנ֬וֹת רְשָׁעִֽים 1 This quotation means implicitly that the **tyrant** and the **wicked** are no longer alive because God has killed them to punish them for doing wrong. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “God punishes the tyrant by killing him! God punishes the wicked by killing them!” +21:28 j668 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אַיֵּ֥ה בֵית־נָדִ֑יב 1 Job is not referring to a specific **tyrant**. He means tyrants in general. It may be more natural in your language to express this meaning by using plural forms. Alternate translation: “Where are the houses of tyrants?” or “Tyrants no longer live among us!” or “God punishes tyrants by killing them!” +21:28 j670 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj וְ֝⁠אַיֵּ֗ה אֹ֤הֶל ׀ מִשְׁכְּנ֬וֹת רְשָׁעִֽים 1 Job is using the adjective **wicked** as a noun to mean a group of people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Since Job is speaking of more than one person, it may be more natural in your language to use the plural form of “tent.” Alternate translation: “Where are the tents in which wicked people lived?” or “Wicked people no longer live among us!” or “God punishes wicked people by killing them!” +21:28 j669 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns אֹ֤הֶל ׀ מִשְׁכְּנ֬וֹת רְשָׁעִֽים 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **habitation**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “the tent in which the wicked lived” +21:29 asa9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲ⁠לֹ֣א שְׁ֭אֶלְתֶּם ע֣וֹבְרֵי דָ֑רֶךְ 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “You must have asked travelers of the way!” +21:29 czd4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הֲ⁠לֹ֣א שְׁ֭אֶלְתֶּם ע֣וֹבְרֵי דָ֑רֶךְ 1 Job means implicitly that his friends must have heard from widely traveled people that the wicked are not always punished as they have been claiming. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “You must have asked travelers of the way, and they must have told you what really happens to wicked people!” +21:29 j671 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun ע֣וֹבְרֵי דָ֑רֶךְ 1 Job is not referring to a specific **way**, that is, to a specific road or route. He means roads in general. It may be more natural in your language to express this meaning by using a plural form. Alternate translation: “people who travel on roads” or “people who have traveled widely” +21:29 j672 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion וְ֝⁠אֹתֹתָ֗⁠ם לֹ֣א תְנַכֵּֽרוּ 1 This is the beginning of a sentence in which Job is using the question form for emphasis. The sentence continues into the next verse. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “You should acknowledge their signs” +21:29 j673 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ֝⁠אֹתֹתָ֗⁠ם 1 Job is using the word **signs** in a specific sense. He means proofs or tokens that something is true. He is probably referring to stories that travelers tell of wicked people whom they have seen or heard about. These stories, in Job’s opinion, would offer evidence that he is right and his friends are wrong about what happens to wicked people. (Job describes the content of these stories in the next verse.) If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Or … the truth of the stories they tell about wicked people” +21:30 q7hn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion כִּ֤י לְ⁠י֣וֹם אֵ֭יד יֵחָ֣שֶׂךְ רָ֑ע לְ⁠י֖וֹם עֲבָר֣וֹת יוּבָֽלוּ׃ 1 In this verse, Job completes a sentence that he began in the previous verse using the question form for emphasis. If in the previous verse you said something such as “You should acknowledge their signs,” you may be able to translate this much as it appears in the ULT, treating it as the continuation of a statement or exclamation. Alternate translation: “that the wicked is spared in the day of calamity, that in the day of wrath he is brought forth.” +21:30 wy2e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יֵחָ֣שֶׂךְ רָ֑ע 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God spares the wicked” +21:30 j674 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj רָ֑ע 1 Job is using the adjective **wicked** as a noun to mean a certain kind of person. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “a wicked person” +21:30 j675 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לְ⁠י֣וֹם אֵ֭יד 1 Job is using the term **day** to refer to a specific time. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “at the time of calamity” or “when calamity happens” +21:30 j676 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לְ⁠י֖וֹם עֲבָר֣וֹת 1 Job is once again using the term **day** to refer to a specific time. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “at the time of wrath” +21:30 x25q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְ⁠י֖וֹם עֲבָר֣וֹת 1 Job is using the term **wrath** by association to mean God punishing people in his wrath. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “at the time when God punishes people,” +21:30 j677 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יוּבָֽלוּ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The idea is that a wicked person is **brought forth** from, that is, taken out of, the group of people whom God is punishing. Alternate translation: “God brings him forth” or “God does not punish him” +21:31 b6yh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion מִֽי־יַגִּ֣יד עַל־פָּנָ֣י⁠ו דַּרְכּ֑⁠וֹ וְ⁠הֽוּא־עָ֝שָׂ֗ה מִ֣י יְשַׁלֶּם־לֽ⁠וֹ 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate these questions as statements or as exclamations. Alternate translation: “No one declares his way to his face! No one repays him for what he has done!” +21:31 ri98 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דַּרְכּ֑⁠וֹ 1 Job is speaking of how a person lives as if that were a **way** or path that the person was walking along. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “his manner of life” +21:31 wlf1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy עַל־פָּנָ֣י⁠ו 1 Here the word **face** represents the presence of a person by association with the way people can see the face of someone who is present. Alternate translation: “to him personally” +21:31 wn61 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠הֽוּא־עָ֝שָׂ֗ה מִ֣י יְשַׁלֶּם־לֽ⁠וֹ 1 As in verse 19, here the word **repay** has the sense of “punish.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation, as a statement: “God does not punish him for what he has done.” +21:32 j678 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast וְ֭⁠הוּא לִ⁠קְבָר֣וֹת יוּבָ֑ל 1 The word that the ULT translates as **brought forth** here is the same word that it translates as “brought forth” in verse 30. Job is saying that a wicked person is not only spared from God’s punishment, he is buried with honor in a great procession (which Job describes further in the next verse). Your language may similarly have a term that you can use in both contexts to show the contrast that Job is drawing here between what a wicked person deserves and what he gets. +21:32 g68a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְ֭⁠הוּא & יוּבָ֑ל 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Indeed, people will carry him” +21:32 j679 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְֽ⁠עַל־גָּדִ֥ישׁ יִשְׁקֽוֹד 1 The implication is that people will keep **watch** over the wicked person’s **burial mound** to make sure that it is kept in good order and not desecrated. In other words, even in death the wicked person has an honored place in the community. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and people from the community will watch his burial mound to make sure that no one desecrates it” +21:32 j680 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown גָּדִ֥ישׁ 1 In this culture, to show special honor to a person after his death, people might build a **mound** of stones or earth over his grave. If your readers would not be familiar with this practice, in your translation you could name a comparable practice of your own culture, or you could convey the meaning with a general expression. Alternate translation: “his honorable burial site” +21:33 eqt1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy רִגְבֵ֫י נָ֥חַל 1 Job is using the phrase **The clods of the torrent** by association to mean the burial mound that the wicked person’s mourners build up over his grave. He is using the word **torrent** to mean the course that a torrent or stream flows through, from which people could take **clods** of dirt to build a mound. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “His burial mound” +21:33 j681 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מָֽתְקוּ־ל֗⁠וֹ 1 Job is speaking as if the wicked person, even after death, could literally taste his burial mound and find it to be **sweet**. Job means that the wicked person would enjoy being honored with a burial mound. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will honor him” +21:33 p9wd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole כָּל־אָדָ֣ם 1 Job says **every** here as a generalization for emphasis. He means that a procession consisting of a large number of people will follow the wicked person’s body to its grave. If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “a long procession” +21:33 j682 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּ֝⁠לְ⁠פָנָ֗י⁠ו 1 In this context, the phrase **to his face** means “in front of him” or “ahead of him.” It is a further reference to the funeral procession for the wicked person. Alternate translation: “and ahead of him” +21:33 j683 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole אֵ֣ין מִסְפָּֽר 1 As a generalization for emphasis, Job is saying that a number of people too great to count will walk in front of the wicked person’s body to lead it in an honorary procession to his grave. If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “people in great numbers are also walking” +21:34 j6yy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion וְ֭⁠אֵיךְ תְּנַחֲמ֣וּ⁠נִי הָ֑בֶל 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “You are comforting me in vain!” +21:34 aa8a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וּ֝⁠תְשֽׁוּבֹתֵי⁠כֶ֗ם נִשְׁאַר־מָֽעַל 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Job is saying that once he disregards everything that seems to be present in his friends’ **answers** but is not actually present, falsehood is the only thing that will remain. Alternate translation: “And your answers are nothing but falsehood” +21:34 j684 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וּ֝⁠תְשֽׁוּבֹתֵי⁠כֶ֗ם נִשְׁאַר־מָֽעַל 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **falsehood**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “And what you are saying in answer to me is entirely false” +22:intro m13v 0 # Job 22 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter is the third and last speech of Job’s friend Eliphaz. What he says in this speech is stronger than what he says in his previous two speeches. He insists that Job must have done wrong, and he suggests several specific evil things that Job may have done.\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is poetry.\n\n## Translation issues in this chapter\n\n### Eliphaz answering Job with his own words\n\nIn several places in this chapter, Eliphaz answers Job with his own words. That is, Eliphaz uses the same expressions that Job did earlier, but with different meaning and implications. To help your readers appreciate this, you may wish to translate Eliphaz’s expressions in these places in the same way that you translated Job’s similar expressions earlier. Notes will suggest ways to do this. +22:2 r9kd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Can a man be useful to God? 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “A man cannot be useful to God!” +22:2 j685 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations a man 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Job is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a term in your language that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “a person” +22:3 h3pe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion {Is it} pleasure to Shaddai that you are righteous? Or if {it is} gain that you perfect your ways? 1 Eliphaz is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate these questions as statements or as exclamations. Alternate translation: “It is not pleasure to Shaddai that you are righteous! It is not gain to him that you perfect your ways!” +22:3 j686 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom if {it is} gain that you perfect your ways 1 Eliphaz is using the word **if** to introduce a question that anticipates a negative answer. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate this in your translation. Alternate translation: “it is not gain to him that you perfect your ways, is it” +22:3 j687 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor your ways 1 Job is speaking of how a person lives as if that were a series of **ways** or paths that the person was walking along. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “your manner of life” +22:4 s9qh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion For your fear does he rebuke you, enter into judgment with you 1 Eliphaz is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “God is certainly not rebuking you and entering into judgment with you because of your reverent respect for him!” +22:4 g1nn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit fear 1 By **fear**, Eliphaz implicitly means the fear of God, that is, reverent respect for God. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “your reverent respect for him” +22:5 zd3w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Is not your wickedness great? 1 Eliphaz is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “Your wickedness is great!” +22:5 j688 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole And there is no end to your iniquities 1 Eliphaz says **no end** here as a generalization for emphasis. If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “And you are guilty of very many iniquities” +22:6 z1dn rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases For 1 Eliphaz is not saying that Job has definitely done the wrongs that he describes in this verse and the next three verses. He is using the word **For** to encourage Job to consider what he might have done wrong, since God seems to be punishing him for something. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate this in your translation. Alternate translation: “Perhaps” or “Consider whether” +22:6 hip2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit you have bound your brother {with a pledge} without cause 1 By **without cause**, Eliphaz probably means that Job did not need to take a garment in pledge as security for the kind of small loan that a laborer in this culture would require. Job was a wealthy man, Eliphaz notes in verse 8, and he could afford a relatively small loss, while the outer garment the laborer would have to give in pledge (described in the second half of the verse) probably represented his most valuable possession. Eliphaz may also be suggesting that the laborer was trustworthy and Job could have and should have trusted him to repay the loan without demanding security. Your culture may have terms and customs relating to loans and pledges that you can use in your translation to bring out the implicit meaning here. Alternate translation: “you have forced your brother to give you his outer garment as security for a loan, even though you did not need to do that” +22:6 j689 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor your brother 1 Eliphaz is using the term **brother** figuratively to mean a fellow human being. He is suggesting that Job should feel an affinity for any fellow human. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “your fellow human being” +22:6 qq5g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit and you have stripped off the clothing of the naked 1 The word translated **naked** can describe people who have little clothing, and that seems to be the meaning here. It would not make sense to speak of the **clothing** of people who were **naked** in the sense of having no clothing. The idea seems to be that by taking in pledge an outer garment that a laborer would also use as a blanket at night, Job was leaving that person without enough clothing to stay warm. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “indeed, you have left that person without enough clothing to stay warm” +22:7 j690 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the weary & and from the hungry 1 Eliphaz is using the adjectives **weary** and **hungry** as nouns to mean certain kinds of people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate these words with equivalent phrases. Alternate translation: “weary people … and from hungry people” +22:7 q9nb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche bread 1 Eliphaz is using one kind of food, **bread**, to mean food in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “food” +22:8 j691 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person but the man of arm, the earth {was} to him, and the lifted of face dwelt upon it 1 Eliphaz could mean: (1) that Job himself was this **man of arm**. In that case he would be speaking of Job in the third person, even though he was speaking directly to Job. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate this in the second person. Alternate translation: “even though, as a man of arm, the earth was to you, and you dwelt upon it as someone lifted of face” (2) that Job showed favoritism to powerful and honored people. Alternate translation: “but you decided in favor of the man of arm and the lifted of face, so that the earth was to them and they dwelt upon it” +22:8 dj3n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom but the man of arm, the earth {was} to him 1 The expression **the man of arm** means a powerful person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but the powerful person, the earth was to him” or “but as a powerful person, the earth was to you” +22:8 gry9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole the earth {was} to him 1 Eliphaz is speaking as if this **man of arm** possessed the entire **earth**. He likely means that this person (possibly Job) owned much land. If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “he owned much land” +22:8 ti2j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom and the lifted of face dwelt 1 The expression **lifted of face** means to be favored or honored. (See the discussion of the phrase “lift his face” in the General Notes to chapter 13.) Alternate translation: “and honored people” or “and you as an honored person” +22:8 u5gg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive and the lifted of face 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and people who received honors” +22:9 kyr7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive the arms of the fatherless have been broken 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you have broken the arms of the fatherless” +22:9 j692 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the arms of the fatherless have been broken 1 Job is using the adjective **fatherless** as a noun to mean a certain kind of person. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this word with an equivalent word or phrase. Alternate translation: “you have broken the arms of orphans” +22:9 pdd7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the arms of the fatherless have been broken 1 Eliphaz is speaking as if Job had literally **broken** the **arms** of **fatherless** people. He means that Job has not helped orphans but has treated them in a way that has made them even weaker and more destitute. (As in the previous verse, the arm is a symbol of power.) If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you have taken advantage of orphans” or “you have exploited orphans” +22:10 wdg6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor snares {are} around you 1 Eliphaz is speaking as if **snares** or traps were literally surrounding Job. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you are having many different kinds of trouble” +22:10 j693 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy and fear suddenly terrifies you 1 Eliphaz is using the term **fear** by association to mean things that cause fear. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and fearful things suddenly terrify you” +22:11 j694 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis Or darkness—you cannot see 1 Eliphaz is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “And that is why you are in darkness and cannot see” +22:11 kz5f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Or darkness—you cannot see 1 Eliphaz is speaking as if Job were literally in **darkness** and could not **see** anything. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And that is why your troubles are so great that you do not know what to do about them” +22:11 a6pa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor And an abundance of waters covers you 1 Eliphaz is speaking as if Job were literally engulfed in deep **waters**. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Yes, that is why you feel completely overwhelmed” +22:12 st8p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Is not God in the height of the heavens? 1 Eliphaz is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “God is in the height of the heavens!” +22:12 n1zi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession in the height of the heavens 1 Eliphaz is using this possessive form to describe the highest part of the **heavens**. It may be helpful clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “in the highest heaven” or “in heaven, above the sky” +22:12 rtk3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom And behold the head of the stars, that they are high 1 In this context, the word **head** means “height.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And behold how high the stars are” +22:12 j695 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit And behold the head of the stars, that they are high 1 The implication is that since God is above the stars, and the stars are very high up, the highest things that people can see, then God must be supremely high. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “God is even above the stars, even though those are the highest things that we can see” +22:13 j696 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes But you say, ‘What does God know? Will he judge through thick darkness? 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “But you say that God does not know what is happening here on and that he cannot judge through thick darkness” +22:13 y6zh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion What does God know? Will he judge through thick darkness? 1 Eliphaz is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate these questions as statements or as exclamations. Alternate translation: “God does not know what is happening here on earth! He cannot judge through thick darkness!” +22:13 j697 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Will he judge through thick darkness? 1 As is clear from the next verse, Eliphaz is using the expression **thick darkness** by association to mean dark clouds. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation, as a statement: “He cannot see through dark clouds in order to know how to judge people!” +22:14 j698 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes Clouds {are} a covering to him and he does not see; he walks around on the dome of the heavens 1 If you decided in the previous verse to translate this quotation as an indirect quotation, you can continue to do that in this verse. In many languages it will not be necessary to change the wording from that of a direct quotation. +22:14 j699 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit and he does not see 1 Eliphaz implicitly means that by saying this, Job means that God does not **see** what is happening on earth. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and he does not see what is happening on earth” +22:14 x5ap rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit indeed, he walks around on the dome of the heavens 1 The implication is that because the **dome of the heavens** is above the clouds, the clouds block God’s view of the earth. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “indeed, he walks around on the dome of the heavens, where the clouds block his view of the earth” +22:14 cvp4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Will you keep the old way that men of iniquity have walked 1 Eliphaz is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. This sentence continues for the next two verses. Alternate translation: “You should not keep the old way that men of iniquity have walked” +22:15 j700 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Will you keep the old way that men of iniquity have walked 1 Eliphaz is speaking of how people live as if that were a **way** or path that people were walking along. When Eliphaz asks whether Job will **keep** that way or stay on that path, he is asking whether Job really wants to live that way himself. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Will you live as men of iniquity have customarily lived” or, as a statement, “You should not live as men of iniquity have customarily lived” +22:15 j701 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns men of iniquity 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **iniquity**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “wicked people” +22:16 j702 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor who were carried off 1 Eliphaz is speaking as if these “men of iniquity” were literally **carried off** as if they were a bundle of sticks that someone had collected. He means that they died. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “who died” +22:16 j703 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive who were carried off 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “whom death carried off” +22:16 j704 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit and {it was} not time 1 Eliphaz implicitly means that these wicked men died before it was their **time** to die. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “before it was their time to die” or “while they were still young” +22:16 j705 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive their foundations were washed away by a torrent 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “a torrent washed away their foundations” +22:16 lc5k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor their foundations were washed away by a torrent 1 Eliphaz is speaking as if these wicked men were buildings that collapsed when a **torrent** of water destroyed their **foundations**. The suggestion in the image is that the men died unexpectedly and violently. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “yes, they died unexpectedly and violently” +22:17 j706 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes the ones saying to God, ‘Turn away from us,’ and, ‘What will Shaddai do to them?’ 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “the ones who told God to turn away from them and asked what Shaddai would do to them” +22:17 j707 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Turn away from us 1 Eliphaz depicts these wicked people as speaking as if they wanted God literally to **turn away** from them. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. See how you translated the same expression in [21:14](../21/14.md). Alternate translation: “Do not be concerned with us” +22:17 j708 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person What will Shaddai do to them? 1 The wicked people are speaking about themselves in the third person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate this in the first person. Alternate translation: “What will Shaddai do to us?” +22:17 q2mt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion What will Shaddai do to them? 1 The wicked people are using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “Shaddai will not do anything to us!” +22:17 j709 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit What will Shaddai do to them? 1 The wicked people implicitly mean that Shaddai will not do anything to punish them if they do the wrong actions that they are contemplating. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “Shaddai will not do anything to us if we do evil things!” +22:18 jh2r rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns Yet he filled their houses with good 1 The pronoun **he** refers to God. Eliphaz is echoing what Job said about wicked people in [21:16](../21/16.md), “their prosperity is not in their hand,” that is, their prosperity is not of their own making. Eliphaz is saying, as Job did, that any **good** the wicked enjoy is something that God has generously given to them even though they do not deserve it. Eliphaz is agreeing with Job on that point, although he is making it in support of a different conclusion, that in the end, God actually does punish the wicked in this life. Alternate translation: “Yet God filled their houses with good” +22:18 nr68 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj Yet he filled their houses with good 1 Eliphaz is using the adjective **good** as a noun to mean a certain kind of thing. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “Yet he filled their houses with good things” +22:18 j710 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole Yet he filled their houses with good 1 Eliphaz says **filled** here as an overstatement for emphasis. If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “Yet he generously gave them many good things” +22:18 l57x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor {May} the counsel of the wicked {be} far from me! 1 Eliphaz is echoing what Job said in [21:16](../21/16.md). He is speaking as if he wanted the **counsel of the wicked** literally to be **far** away from him. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar expression in [21:16](../21/16.md). Alternate translation: “I want nothing to do with the counsel of the wicked” +22:19 ku9s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit The righteous see 1 Eliphaz implicitly means that the righteous **see** what happens to wicked people. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “The righteous see what happens to wicked people” +22:19 q2jl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj The righteous & the innocent 1 Eliphaz is using the adjectives **righteous** and **innocent** as nouns to mean certain kinds of people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate these words with equivalent phrases. Alternate translation: “Righteous people … innocent people” +22:20 j4fq rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ‘If our enemy is not cut off? And fire has devoured their possessions!’ 1 The pronoun **their** refers to the **enemy** mentioned in the first part of the verse. It may be more natural in your language to make the pronoun agree in number. Since Eliphaz speaks of wicked people in the plural in these verses, you may find it appropriate to do that by saying “enemies.” Alternate translation: “If our enemies are not cut off? And fire has devoured their possessions” +22:20 j711 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations ‘If our enemy is not cut off? And fire has devoured their possessions!’ 1 Eliphaz is quoting what righteous and innocent people say about wicked people whom God destroys. If that would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that in your translation. Alternate translation: “They say, ‘If our enemies are not cut off? And fire has devoured their possessions!’” +22:20 j712 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes ‘If our enemy is not cut off? And fire has devoured their possessions!’ 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “They say that their enemies have been cut off and that fire has devoured their possessions” +22:20 j713 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom If our enemy is not cut off 1 The righteous and innocent people are using the word **If** to introduce a question that anticipates a negative answer. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate this in your translation. Alternate translation: “Our enemies have been cut off, have they not” +22:20 j714 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion If our enemy is not cut off 1 The righteous and innocent people are using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “Our enemies have been cut off!” +22:20 jwg8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive If our enemy is not cut off 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who does the action, the context suggests that it is God. Alternate translation: “God has cut off our enemies!” +22:20 j715 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor If our enemy is not cut off 1 To make a different point, that God actually judges wicked people in this life, Eliphaz is echoing what Job said in [21:21](../21/21.md) when he spoke of a wicked person dying as if he were literally being **cut off**, like a branch from a tree. See how you translated the similar expression there. Alternate translation: “God has ended the lives of our enemies!” +22:20 j716 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor And fire has devoured their possessions 1 Eliphaz depicts innocent and righteous people as speaking as if **fire** had destroyed the **possessions** of wicked people. Eliphaz depicts them as speaking as if the fire had literally **devoured** or eaten the possessions. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And they have lost their possessions” or “And other people will now get their possessions” +22:21 aj2c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Reconcile now with him and be at peace 1 Eliphaz is echoing his own words at the beginning of this speech and Job’s words in his preceding speech. In verse 2, Eliphaz insisted that a person cannot be “useful to God,” that is, a person can do nothing to win God’s favor or to put God under obligation. Here Eliphaz uses a different form of the same verb to encourage Job to **Reconcile** with God. A person, he says, can at least cultivate a good relationship with God. Job said in [21:19](../21/19.md) that he wished God would “repay” wicked people, that is, punish them. Eliphaz uses the same verb here to encourage Job to be **at peace** with God, with the suggestion that to that end, Job should do whatever is necessary to make up for any wrong things he has done. Your language may have terms that you can use here and in [21:19](../21/19.md) and [22:2](../22/02.md) in order to show these connections. +22:21 z6jk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns and be at peace 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **peace**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “and have a peaceful relationship with him” +22:21 j717 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns by these 1 The pronoun **these** refers to the actions of reconciling and being at peace with God. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “if you do these things” +22:21 j718 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj good will come to you 1 Eliphaz is using the adjective **good** as a noun to mean a certain kind of thing. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “good things will come to you” +22:21 j719 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification good will come to you 1 Eliphaz is speaking of **good** as if it were a living thing that could **come** to Job. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you will have good things once again” +22:22 ll7g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy accept instruction from his mouth 1 Eliphaz is using the term **mouth** by association to mean what God says by using his mouth. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “let what God says instruct you” +22:22 y867 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor and set his words in your heart 1 Eliphaz is speaking as if Job could literally **set** God’s **words** in his **heart**. He is using the **heart** to represent the memory. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “yes, carefully remember his words” +22:22 dp7d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy and set his words in your heart 1 Eliphaz is using the term **words** to mean what God says by using words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “yes, carefully remember what he says” +22:23 x1jk rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result you will be built up, if you distance unrighteousness from your tent 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases, since the phrase **if you distance unrighteousness from your tent**, like the phrase ** If you return to Shaddai**, gives the reason for the result that would follow, **you will be built up**. Alternate translation: “yes, if you distance unrighteousness from your tent, you will be built up” +22:23 j720 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive you will be built up 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “he will build you up” +22:23 mz1i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you will be built up 1 Eliphaz is speaking as if Job were a building that God would rebuild after it had been ruined. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “God will restore you to health and prosperity” +22:23 kbt1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor if you distance unrighteousness from your tent 1 Eliphaz is speaking as if **unrighteousness** were an object that Job could literally set at some **distance** from the **tent** in which he lives. In this image, the tent represents Job’s life. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “if you stop practicing unrighteousness in your life” +22:23 j721 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns if you distance unrighteousness from your tent 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **unrighteousness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “if you stop doing unrighteous things” +22:24 j722 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative And set gold in the dust, and Ophir among the stones of the torrents 1 Eliphaz is using an imperative sentence to tell the condition under which something would happen. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could translate this as a conditional sentence. Alternate translation: “Now if you set your gold in the dust, and Ophir among the stones of the torrents” +22:24 u6qk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor And set gold in the dust, and Ophir among the stones of the torrents 1 Eliphaz is speaking as if he wants Job literally to throw away his **gold**, including the fine gold he has from the land of **Ophir**, so that it lands **in the dust** and **among the stones of the torrents**. He means that Job should not depend on gold as a source of security. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation, combining the parallel statements into a single statement and conveying the emphasis of the parallelism in another way: “Now if you do not rely on gold at all” +22:24 j723 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche And set gold in the dust, and Ophir among the stones of the torrents 1 Eliphaz is using one type of wealth, **gold**, including fine gold from **Ophir**, to mean wealth in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And abandon your all of your wealth” or “Now if you do not rely on wealth at all” +22:24 m1gk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis and Ophir 1 Eliphaz is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and set Ophir” +22:24 g8dq rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names and Ophir 1 The word **Ophir** is the name of a land that produced gold of excellent quality. +22:24 j724 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy and Ophir 1 Eliphaz is using the name **Ophir** by association to mean gold from the country of Ophir. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and set the gold of Ophir” +22:25 wg73 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor then Shaddai will be your golds and silver of heights to you 1 Eliphaz is speaking as if **Shaddai** would literally be precious metals that Job owned. He means that Job would value Shaddai more than anything else. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “then you will value Shaddai more than anything else” +22:25 j725 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-plural your golds 1 Eliphaz is using the plural form **golds** to indicate gold of supreme excellence. Your language may use plural forms in the same way. If not, you could express the meaning in another way. Alternate translation: “more valuable to you than the finest gold you could possess” +22:25 wd8v rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-plural and silver of heights 1 Eliphaz is using the plural form **heights** to indicate silver of superlative quality. Your language may use plural forms in the same way. If not, you could express the meaning in another way. Alternate translation: “and silver of the highest quality” +22:26 l352 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction and you will lift your face to God 1 In [10:15](../10/15.md), Job said to God, “I will not lift my head.” He means that he would look down as a symbolic action to express that he was feeling shame. Here Eliphaz responds that Job will no longer need to do that. See how you translated the similar expression in [10:15](../10/15.md). Alternate translation: “and you will no longer need to look down, away from God, in shame” or “and you will be confident that God accepts you” +22:27 j726 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom and he will hear you 1 In this context, the word **hear** means to grant a request. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and he will grant your request” +22:27 j727 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit and your vows you will pay 1 Eliphaz assumes that Job will understand that by **vows** he means the vows that a person in this culture would make to God to promise public recognition of mercies granted. The implication is that God would grant such mercies to Job and so he would have occasion to **pay** such **vows**. You could say that explicitly if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and you will have occasion to thank God publicly for mercies that he has granted to you” +22:28 j728 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy And you will decree a word 1 Eliphaz is using the term **word** to mean what Job might say by using words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And you will say what you want to happen” or “And you will say what you plan to do” +22:28 ldp9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom and it will stand for you 1 In this context, the word **stand** means “happen,” with the idea of surety and durability. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and it will certainly happen for you” or “and you will certainly be able to do it” +22:28 k1nu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor and on your paths light will shine 1 Eliphaz is speaking of the plans Job might want to carry out as if they were a series of **paths** that Job would be walking along. When he says that **light** will **shine** on these paths, he means that Job will know clearly how to carry out his plans. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and you will know clearly how to carry out your plans successfully” +22:29 j729 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor they cast down and you say, ‘Lifting up!’ 1 Eliphaz is speaking as if people might literally **cast** Job **down**, that is, throw him down from a height or throw him onto the ground. He is also speaking as if Job might ask God to lift him up from where people had thrown him. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you are in difficult circumstances and you say, ‘Help me!’” +22:29 yck5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns they cast down 1 Here, **they** is an indefinite pronoun that does not have a specific referent in the immediate context. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate this with a different expression that does not use an indefinite pronoun. Alternate translation: “when you are cast down” +22:29 j730 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes and you say, ‘Lifting up!’ 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “and you ask God to lift you up” +22:29 j731 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns then he will save 1 The pronoun **he** refers to God. Eliphaz is talking about the results of prayer, as he described in verse 27. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “then God will save” or “in response, God will save” +22:29 j732 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the lowered of eyes 1 Job is using the adjective phrase **the lowered of eyes** as a noun to mean a certain kind of person. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “the person who has lowered his eyes” or “the who is looking down” +22:29 xgw4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction the lowered of eyes 1 In this culture, lowering one’s **eyes** was a symbolic action that indicated that one was in difficult circumstances and felt humbled by them. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate the significance of this action. Alternate translation: “the person who is humbled by being in difficult circumstances” +22:29 j733 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person the lowered of eyes 1 Eliphaz is speaking about Job in the third person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate this in the second person. Alternate translation: “you from the difficult circumstances that have humbled you” +22:30 j734 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns He will rescue & indeed, he will be rescued 1 The pronoun **He** in the first part of this verse refers to God, while the pronoun **he** in the second part of the verse refers to a person who is not innocent. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “God will rescue … indeed, that person will be rescued” +22:30 j735 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the non-innocent 1 Job is using the adjective **not-innocent** as a noun to mean a certain kind of person. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “people who are not innocent” or “people who are guilty of sin” +22:30 j736 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive indeed, he will be rescued 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “indeed, God will rescue him” +22:30 wrz4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy through the cleanness of your hands 1 Eliphaz is likely using the term **hands** by association to mean “prayers,” since people in this culture lifted their hands when they prayed. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “through the cleanness of your prayers” +22:30 f84n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor through the cleanness of your hands 1 Eliphaz is speaking as if Job would have literally refrained from doing things that would make his **hands** dirty. He means that Job would not have done wrong things, and so he could offer prayers to God as an innocent person whose prayers God would answer. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “through the prayers that you, as an innocent person, offer for him” +23:intro fb42 0 # Job 23 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter is the beginning of Job’s response to Eliphaz’s third and final speech. Job’s response continues in the next chapter.\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Legal proceeding\n\nIn this chapter, Job speaks of making a legal case to prove his innocence to God. As a note to [9:3](../09/03.md) explains, in this culture, people typically presented such cases to community leaders in public places such as the gate of a town. Each party in a dispute would question the other party in the presence of the leaders, and the leaders would then discuss the case and decide which party was guilty and which party was innocent. However, the Bible indicates that judges would also travel around from place to place and hear cases. For example, [1 Samuel 7:16–17](../1sa/07/16.md) says that Samuel “went around to Bethel and Gilgal and Mizpah and judged Israel in all those places.” Job is envisioning God serving as this kind of judge and hearing his case. In your translation, express his language in such a way that readers who are familiar with the legal process in your own culture will recognize what Job is saying.n\n## Translation issues in this chapter\n\n### “he,” “him,” and “his”\n\nThe pronouns “he,” “him,” and “his” refer to God throughout this chapter. The UST models how a translation may say “God” regularly in order to make this clear.\n\n###“my hand” or “his hand” (23:2)\n\nIn verse 2, Hebrew manuscripts read “my hand.” The ULT follows that reading. Some ancient translations of the Hebrew Bible into other languages say “his hand,” and some modern versions follow that reading. If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of ULT. +23:2 fi9s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Even today 1 Job is using this expression to emphasize to his friends that their arguments have not changed his situation at all.. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “Despite all the things you have said to me,” +23:2 ke1p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor my complaint is bitter 1 Job is speaking as if his **complaint** about what has happened to him is **bitter** or bad-tasting. The image is that what he says is so unpleasant that it leaves a bad taste in his mouth when he says it. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I have many unpleasant things to complain about” +23:2 cm2j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor my hand is heavy upon my groaning 1 Job is speaking as if he were literally holding his **hand** down hard on his **groaning** in order to suppress it. He means that there is more that he could groan or complain about than he has actually stated yet. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I have been suppressing my groaning” +23:3 pn2b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Who will give {that} I knew and I would find him 1 See how you translated the expression **Who will give** in [11:5–6](../11/05.md). Alternate translation: “I wish that I knew and I would find him!” +23:3 rpr9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys I knew and I would find him 1 This phrase expresses a single idea by using two words connected with **and**. The word **knew** tells in what way Job would be able to **find** God. If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this meaning with an equivalent phrase that does not use “and.” Alternate translation: “I knew where to find him” +23:3 j737 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns I knew and I would find him & his place 1 The pronouns **him** and **his** refers to God. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “I knew where to find God … the place where God lives” +23:4 u14t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy to his face 1 Here the word **face** represents the presence of a person by association with the way people can see the face of someone who is present. Alternate translation: “in his presence” or “to him personally” +23:4 vtm3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor and I would fill my mouth with arguments 1 Job is speaking as if **arguments** were objects with which he could literally **fill** his mouth. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and I would make many arguments as I spoke” +23:5 s5td rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy I would know the words he would answer 1 Job is using the term **words** to mean what God would say by using words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I would know what he would tell me in response” +23:6 p72s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis he would only set upon me 1 Job is leaving out some of the words of a characteristic Hebrew expression that occurs in full form in [1:8](../01/08.md), [2:3](../02/03.md), and [7:17](../07/17.md). Alternate translation: “he would only set his heart upon me” +23:6 tw6n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he would only set upon me 1 See how you translated this expression in [1:8](../01/08.md), [2:3](../02/03.md), and [7:17](../07/17.md). Alternate translation: “he would only consider what I had to say” +23:7 lx63 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit There 1 **There** implicitly means in God’s presence, as Job describes in verses 3 and 4. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “In God’s presence,” +23:7 aw1l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the upright 1 Job is using the adjective **upright** as a noun to mean a certain kind of person. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “an upright person is arguing with him” +23:7 j738 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense the upright is arguing with him 1 Job is using the participle **arguing** to depict action as occurring regularly in order to indicate that it is possible. Alternate translation: “an upright person can reason with him” +23:7 j739 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person the upright is arguing with him 1 Job is likely referring to himself when he speaks of an **upright** person. In that case, he would be speaking of himself in the third person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate this in the first person. Alternate translation: “an upright person like me can reason with him” or “I, as an upright person, can reason with him” +23:8 tfb8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-versebridge In this verse and the next verse, Job is using the four major directions to mean everywhere in creation. He is speaking of looking everywhere for the “place” where God lives, as he described in verse 3. To show this, you could create a verse bridge for verses 8–9. It might say something like this: “Behold, I could go everywhere in creation, and I might see evidence of God at work, but I would not find him personally” 1 +23:9 ja9l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit in his working in the north, I do not behold {him} 1 Many interpreters believe that when Job refers to God’s **working in the north**, he means the northern lights (the aurora borealis). You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “when I see the northern lights, I believe that God must be present to create such beauty, but if I went to the north, I would not behold him personally” +23:10 lq4v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the way {that is} with me 1 Job is speaking of how he has been living as if that were a **way** or path that he has been walking along. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “how I have been living” +23:10 x7cb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture he has tested me, I have come out like gold 1 Job is using the past tense in order to refer to something that he hopes will happen in the future. He is doing this to describe what he is confident the outcome would be. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use the future tense. Alternate translation: “when he tests me, I will come out like gold” +23:10 v4c5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile he has tested me, I have come out like gold 1 The point of this comparison is that just as genuine **gold** is shown to be pure when it is **tested**, so God giving Job a hearing would show that he is innocent. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this point explicitly. Alternate translation: “when he tests me, this will show that I am innocent, just as testing gold shows its purity” +23:11 w13v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor My foot has held onto his step 1 Job is speaking as if he has used his **foot** literally to hold onto each place where God had stepped. He means that he has walked exactly where God had walked, putting his feet down right where God put his feet down. Job is using this image to mean that he has obeyed God exactly. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I have obeyed God exactly” +23:11 xw5w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I have kept to his way, and I have not turned aside 1 Job is speaking of how God wants a person lives as if that were a **way** or path that the person should walk along. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I have lived consistently in the way God wants people to live” +23:12 fg26 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I have not departed from the commandment of his lips 1 Job is speaking as if he had not physically gone away from or **departed** from God’s **commandment**. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I have not disobeyed the commandment of his lips” or, positively, “I have obeyed the commandment of his lips” +23:12 m22y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy from the commandment of his lips 1 Job is using the term **lips** by association to mean speaking, since people use their lips when they speak. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from the commandment that he has spoken” +23:12 j740 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun from the commandment of his lips 1 Job is not referring to a specific **commandment**. He means God’s commandments in general. It may be more natural in your language to express this meaning by using a plural form. Alternate translation: “from the commandments that he has spoken” +23:12 tcz4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the words of his mouth 1 Job is using the term **words** to mean what God has commanded by using words, and he is similarly using the term **mouth** to mean speaking, since people use their mouths when they speak. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the things his mouth has said” +23:12 xe4e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche the words of his mouth 1 Job is using one part of God, his **mouth**, to mean all of him in the act of speaking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the things that he has said” +23:12 j741 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit more than my portion 1 By **portion**, Job implicitly means his daily portion of food. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “more than the food that I eat” +23:13 j742 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis But he {is} of one 1 Job is leaving out a word that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. The context suggests that Job means that God **is of one** opinion, that is, he has decided one thing definitively. If it would be clearer in your language, you can supply the missing word. Your language may have a natural expression that would suit this context. Alternate translation: “But he is of one mind” +23:13 j743 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor and who will turn him back 1 Job is speaking as if someone might physically **turn** God **back** from going in one direction and make God go in a different direction. He is speaking of someone making God change his mind. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and who will make him change his mind” +23:13 l1d5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion and who will turn him back 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “and no one will turn him back” or “and no one can make him change his mind” +23:13 if99 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche For his soul desires, and he does 1 Job is using one part of God, his **soul**, to mean all of God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “For he desires to do something, and he does it” or “For he does whatever he desires” +23:14 g641 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession my decree 1 Job is using this possessive form to describe what God has decreed for him, not a **decree** that he has made himself. It may be helpful clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “what he has decreed for me” or “what he has decided to do to me” +23:14 i8u2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns and many like these {are} with him 1 The pronoun **these** probably refers to the sufferings that Job is already experiencing. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “and he is capable afflicting me with many more sufferings if my present ones are not sufficient to fulfill his purpose” +23:15 n27i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy I am terrified from his face 1 Here the word **face** represents the presence of a person by association with the way people can see the face of someone who is present. Alternate translation: “I am too terrified to be in his presence” +23:15 sw44 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit I consider 1 Job is implicitly referring to when he might **consider** all that God might still do to him. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “I consider all that he might still do to me” +23:16 d4fw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor For God has softened my heart 1 Here, the **heart** figuratively represents the emotions and specifically the emotion of courage. Job is speaking as if God had literally made his heart **soft**. He means that God has caused him to lose courage. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “For God has caused me to lose courage” +23:17 j744 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases For 1 Job is using the word **For** to explain the reason why he is terrified of God, as he described in the previous two verses. You could indicate this in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “I am terrified of God because” +23:17 j745 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive I was not cut off 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God did not cut me off” +23:17 dng4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I was not cut off 1 Job is speaking as if he might literally have been **cut off**, as if he were a branch on a tree, for example. He is talking about dying. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I did not die” or “God did not let me die” +23:17 j746 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy from the face of the darkness 1 In this instance, the phrase **from the face of** means “in front of” or “before.” It refers to time rather than to place. Alternate translation: “before the time of darkness” or “before the darkness came” +23:17 j747 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor from the face of the darkness 1 Job is using the term **darkness** to represent troubles. See how you translated the similar expression in [20:26](../20/26.md). Alternate translation: “before these troubles began” +23:17 qpa8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy and from my face gloom covers 1 In this instance, the phrase **from my face ** means “in front of.” It could refer either to place or to time. Alternate translation: “and gloom covers everything in front of me” or “and gloom covers everything that will happen to me in the future” +23:17 j748 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor and from my face gloom covers 1 Job is speaking as if **gloom** were literally covering everything in front of him or everything that would happen to him in the future. He is using **gloom**, like **darkness** earlier in the verse, to represent troubles. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and there is trouble everywhere I look” or “and I can only anticipate further trouble happening to me” +24:intro e2gb 0 # Job 24 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter is the continuation of Job’s response to Eliphaz’s third and final speech. Job’s response began in the previous chapter.\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is poetry.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### God’s judgment of wicked people\n\nIn verses 1–17, Job protests that God does not judge wicked people. He lists many oppressive things that wicked people do to vulnerable, innocent people, and he complains that God acts as if there is nothing wrong with those things. But in verses 18–24, Job then describes how God actually does judge wicked people. There is an explanation for this apparent contradiction. In the speech as a whole, Job is saying that he knows God will judge wicked people in the end, but it is very distressing to him that God does not judge and punish them now in order to keep them from continuing to oppress vulnerable people. In your translation, you can use language that shows that Job firmly believes what he says in both parts of the chapter, since it is actually consistent for him to say both that God seemingly does not judge wicked people now and that God ultimately will judge wicked people in the end. This is not a contradiction, it is a paradox, and the Bible speaks of it in other passages as well. For example, [Ecclesiastes 8:11](../08/11.md) says that because God does not immediately punish people who do wrong, people feel that they can get away with doing wrong. But Ecclesiastes goes on to say in the next verse that even if a sinner might do a hundred evil things and live a long time, it is still better to obey God.\n\n## Translation issues in this chapter\n\n### Changing referents of “they”\n\nJob uses the word “they” throughout this chapter to mean both wicked people and the poor people whom they exploit. He does not often indicate when he changing the referent of the word. Notes indicate the referent in each verse. In your translation, to be helpful to your readers, you may wish to specify “wicked people” or “poor people” each time the referent changes. +24:1 thc8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Why are times not set by Shaddai? And {why} do the ones knowing him not see his days? 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate these questions as statements or as exclamations. Alternate translation: “Times should be set by Shaddai! The ones knowing him ought to see his days!” +24:1 ej3y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Why are times not set by Shaddai 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Why does Shaddai not set times” or, as an exclamation, “Shaddai should set times!” +24:1 mg7h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit times 1 Job implicitly means **times** for judgment. (See the discussion in the General Notes to chapter 23 of how judges in Israel would come to specific places at appointed times.) You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “times for judgment” +24:1 j749 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom And {why} do the ones knowing him not see his days? 1 In this context, to **see** means to experience. See how you translated the similar expression in [7:7](../07/07.md). Alternate translation: “And why do the ones knowing him not experience his days?” +24:1 j750 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit his days 1 Job implicitly means **days** on which God would judge wicked people. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “days on which God judges wicked people” +24:2 h88w rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns They remove boundary markers 1 The pronoun **They** refers to wicked people, not to “the ones knowing” God in the previous verse. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. The pronoun **they** in the second part of the verse also refers to wicked people, and that is also the reference in the next two verses. Alternate translation: “Wicked people remove boundary markers” +24:2 pse5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit They remove boundary markers 1 Job implicitly means that wicked people steal land from others by removing the **boundary markers** that indicate property lines and arguing that their property extends farther into their neighbor’s land than it actually does. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “They steal land from others by removing boundary markers” +24:2 mn98 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun they seize the flock and pasture {it} 1 Job is not referring to a specific **flock**. He means flocks in general that wicked people steal from vulnerable people such as widows and orphans, whom he names specifically in the next verse. It may be more natural in your language to express this meaning by using plural forms. Alternate translation: “they seize flocks and pasture them” +24:2 j751 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit and pasture {it} 1 Job implicitly means that wicked people steal flocks from others and **pasture** them with their own flocks as if they had owned them all along. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and put others’ animals in with their own as if those animals belonged to them” +24:3 fml5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun The donkey of the fatherless, they lead away; they take in pledge the ox of the widow. 1 Job is not referring to a specific **donkey**, **fatherless** person, **ox**, or **widow**. He means those animals and people in general. It may be more natural in your language to express this meaning by using plural forms. Alternate translation: “Wicked people lead away donkeys that belong to fatherless people; they take in pledge oxen that belong to widows” +24:3 y9i2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the fatherless 1 Job is using the adjective **fatherless** as a noun to mean a certain group of people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “children whose fathers have died” or “orphans” +24:3 m884 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit they take in pledge 1 See the note to [22:6](../22/06.md) about the cultural practice of taking possessions **in pledge**. See how you translated the similar expression there. +24:4 j752 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the poor & the needy 1 Job is using the adjectives **needy** and **poor** as nouns to mean certain groups of people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate these words with equivalent phrases. Alternate translation: “needy people … poor people” +24:4 lzi7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit They turn the needy from the way 1 This could mean: (1) that needy people avoid walking on the main road or **way** in order to avoid wicked people who would exploit them. In that sense, it is as if the wicked people are actively forcing the needy people off the road. Alternate translation: “Needy people stay off the main roads in order to avoid wicked people” (2) that wicked people push needy people aside on the road so that they can go ahead of them. Alternate translation: “Wicked people push needy people aside on the road so that they can go ahead of them” +24:4 r5d2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive the poor of the land are hidden together 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Wicked people are the implied agent. Job is not saying simply that poor people hide themselves to avoid the wicked; he is saying that wicked people force poor people to hide themselves to escape oppression. Alternate translation: “all the poor people of the land have to hide in order to avoid the wicked people who would oppress them” +24:5 m813 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile like wild donkeys in the wilderness they go out in their work 1 The point of this comparison is that the need to escape from oppressive wicked people forces poor people to go far away from human community, **like wild donkeys in the wilderness**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this point explicitly. Alternate translation: “like wild donkeys in the wilderness, far away from human community,” +24:5 d79k rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns they go out 1 Here and through verse 8, the pronoun **they** refers to poor people. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “poor people go out” +24:5 yaj6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun {is} to him bread for their children 1 The pronoun **him** does not refer to a specific poor person. Job means poor people in general. It may be more natural in your language to express this meaning by using a plural form. Alternate translation: “provides them with bread for their children” +24:5 j753 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche {is} to him bread for their children 1 Job is using one kind of, **bread**, to mean food in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a general term in your translation, or you could name the kind of food that people would find in the **Arabah** or desert. Alternate translation: “provides them with roots and herbs to feed to their children” +24:6 j8dx rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns They gather his fodder in the field, and the vineyard of the wicked they glean 1 The pronoun **him** could refer to: (1) the wicked person whom Job mentions in the second part of the verse. If that is the meaning, it may be helpful to mention the wicked person in the first part of the verse instead. Alternate translation: “Poor people gather fodder for their animals from what the wicked person has left in his field, and they glean in his vineyard” (2) an individual poor person. Alternate translation: “Each of these poor people gathers his fodder in the field, and they all glean the vineyard of the wicked” +24:6 j754 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj and the vineyard of the wicked 1 Job is using the adjective **wicked** as a noun to mean a certain kind of person. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “and the vineyard of a wicked person” +24:6 j755 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun and the vineyard of the wicked 1 Job is not referring to a specific **wicked** person. He means wicked people in general. It may be more natural in your language to express this meaning by using plural forms. Alternate translation: “and the vineyards of wicked people” +24:7 u7w8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit naked 1 As in [22:6](../22/06.md), the word **naked** here does not mean without any clothing. Rather, as the context indicates, it means without sufficient clothing, in this case without an outer **garment** that would also serve as a blanket. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “exposed” +24:7 j756 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit without a garment 1 The poor people that Job is talking about may be **without a garment** because: (1) wicked people have taken their outer garments in pledge and not returned them, as Eliphaz describes in [22:6](../22/06.md). This would suit the context, in which Job is describing how wicked people oppress poor people. Alternate translation: “without a garment because wicked people have taken their garments in pledge and not returned them” (2) they are too poor to afford outer garments. Alternate translation: “without outer garments because they have become too poor to afford them” +24:8 a2gx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit and from {being} without shelter 1 In this instance, the word **without** means “without any other.” You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and because they have no other shelter,” +24:8 j5eb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun they hug the rock 1 Job is not referring to a specific **rock**. He means rocks in general. It may be more natural in your language to express this meaning by using a plural form. Alternate translation: “they hug the rocks” +24:8 j757 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom they hug the rock 1 Job is using this expression to mean that poor people huddle up close to rocks seeking shelter from the rain. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “they huddle up close to rocks” +24:9 ma3c rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns They snatch & they bind {a pledge} 1 The pronoun **They** in the first part of the verse and the pronoun **they** in the second part of the verse refer to wicked people. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “Wicked people snatch … wicked people bind a pledge” +24:9 ahj1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the fatherless & the poor 1 Job is using the adjectives **fatherless** and **poor** as nouns to mean certain kinds of people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate these words with equivalent phrases. Alternate translation: “fatherless children … poor people” or “children whose fathers have died … people who are poor” +24:9 t1ki rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit They snatch the fatherless from the breast 1 Job implicitly means that wicked people snatch **fatherless** children **from the breast** of their mother, that is, while they are nursing, in order to claim the children as slaves in payment of a debt. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “Wicked people even take infants away from their mothers while they are nursing, in order to claim the children as slaves in payment of a debt” +24:9 yq41 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit and upon the poor they bind {a pledge} 1 See how you translated the similar expression in [22:6](../22/06.md). Alternate translation: “and they require the poor to give them their outer garments as security for loans” +24:10 u922 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns They go about & they carry 1 The pronoun **They** in the first part of the verse and the pronoun **they** in the second part of the verse refer to poor people. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “Poor people go about … poor people carry” +24:10 eps1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit They go about naked, without clothing 1 As in [22:6](../22/06.md), the word **naked** here does not mean without any clothing. Job is describing the result of what he said at the end of the previous verse, that wicked people “bind a pledge” upon the poor, that is, they take their outer garments as security for loans. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “Because wicked people take their outer garments in pledge, poor people go about exposed to the elements, not having sufficient clothing” +24:10 j758 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun and, hungry, they carry a sheaf 1 Job is not referring to a specific **sheaf**. He means sheaves in general. It may be more natural in your language to express this meaning by using a plural form. Alternate translation: “and, hungry, they carry sheaves” +24:10 qj7x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit and, hungry, they carry a sheaf 1 Job is saying that poor people must try to earn money to feed themselves by working as day laborers harvesting the grain in the fields of wicked people, but those poor people still go **hungry**, even with all that food around, because the wicked people do not pay or feed their workers adequately. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and they are hungry, even though they work as harvesters, because the wicked people who own the fields they are harvesting do not pay or feed them adequately” +24:11 fp3g rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns Within their walls they press oil; they tread their winepresses, but they thirst. 1 In this verse, the pronoun **they** refers to poor people and the pronoun **their** refers to wicked people. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “Within the walls of wicked people, poor people press oil; poor people tread the winepresses of wicked people, but those poor people suffer thirst” +24:11 rks1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit they press oil 1 Job is referring to the way that workers would **press oil** from olives, which were a staple food in this culture. You could indicate that explicitly in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. You could also use a general expression if your readers might not be familiar with olives. Alternate translation: “they press oil from olives” or “they work hard to produce oil from plants” +24:11 a1m7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit they tread their winepresses, but they thirst 1 Job is commenting here on the injustice of wicked people having poor people **tread their winepresses** but then not giving them any of the wine to drink. (In this culture, the water was often unsafe to drink and the wine had a low alcohol content. People drank wine to quench their thirst, and they could do that without getting drunk. Job is not saying that the wicked people should have given the poor people wine so that they could get drunk, only that they should have given them wine to quench their thirst.) See how you expressed the implicit meaning in the previous verse, where Job described how poor people carried grain but went hungry. Alternate translation: “they are thirsty, even though they work treading winepresses, because the wicked people who own the presses do not give them any of the wine to quench their thirst” +24:12 j759 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations men 1 Although the term **men** is masculine, Job is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a term in your language that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “men and women” +24:12 j760 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj and the soul of the wounded cries out 1 Job is using the adjective **wounded** as a noun to mean a certain kind of person. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “and the souls of wounded people cry out” +24:12 j761 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche and the soul of the wounded cries out 1 Job is using one part of a **wounded** person, his **soul**, to mean all of him in the act of crying out. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and wounded people cry out” +24:12 j762 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit and the soul of the wounded cries out 1 Job implicitly means that these people are crying out to God for justice. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and wounded people cry out to God for justice” +24:12 j763 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit but God does not ascribe impropriety 1 Job implicitly means that God seems to feel that there is nothing wrong with what the wicked people are doing, and so God does not punish them in response to the poor people’s cries for justice. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “but God does not punish the wicked people who have caused their suffering” +24:13 m581 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns They & they do not regard & they do not stay 1 The pronoun **They** at the start of the verse and the two instances of the pronoun **they** later in the verse refer to the wicked people whom Job has been describing. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “These wicked people … these wicked people … they” +24:13 dl4e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor {against} the light 1 Job is speaking as if **light** were an authority and these wicked people were **rebelling** against it. Job is using light to represent what God has revealed to humans about how they should live. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “against God’s moral revelation” +24:13 djk4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor they do not regard its ways, and they do not stay in its paths 1 Job is speaking as if **light** maintained certain **ways** and **paths** that people should walk along. He means that God’s revelation shows people how they should conduct their lives. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “they do not regard the manner of life that God has shown people they should follow; no, they live in a different way” +24:13 j764 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit they do not regard its ways 1 Here the word **regard** means “look at” with the implication of looking with approval. Alternate translation: “they do not admire its ways” +24:13 j765 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives and they do not stay in its paths 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this as a positive expression. Alternate translation: “and they leave its paths” +24:14 j766 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom At light 1 This expression describes the time of day when it is just beginning to get **light**. There is enough light for the **murderer** to see, but not enough light for him to be identified. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “In the morning twilight,” +24:14 j767 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun the murderer arises; he kills & and he is like a thief 1 Job is not referring to a specific **murderer**. He means murderers in general. It may be more natural in your language to express this meaning by using plural forms. Alternate translation: “murderers arise; they kill … and they are like thieves” +24:14 j768 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the poor and the needy 1 Job is using the adjectives **poor** and **needy** as nouns to mean certain kinds of people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate these words with equivalent phrases. Alternate translation: “poor people and needy people” +24:14 u116 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet the poor and the needy 1 The terms **relaxed** and **reposed** mean similar things. Job is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “desperately poor people” +24:14 d2ft rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile and he is like a thief in the night 1 The point of this comparison is that the **murderer** escapes apprehension because he commits his crime in dim light and at a time when people are sleeping. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this point explicitly. Alternate translation: “and he is like a thief in the night, whom no one sees commit his crime” +24:15 mza9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche And the eye of the adulterer 1 Job is using one part of an **adulterer**, his **eye**, to mean all of him in the act of watching. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And the adulterer” +24:15 jp3l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun the adulterer 1 Job is not referring to a specific **adulterer**. He is describing the behavior that is characteristic of any adulterer. It may be more natural in your language to make **adulterer** an indefinite noun rather than a definite one. Alternate translation: “an adulterer” +24:15 ymp3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes saying, ‘No eye will perceive me,’ 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “saying to himself that no one will perceive him” +24:15 ewy1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche No eye will perceive me 1 The characteristic adulterer is using one part of someone who might **perceive** him, that person’s **eye**, to mean all of him in the act of perceiving. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “No one will perceive me” +24:15 j769 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit and he puts a cover {over} {his} face 1 Job is not speaking of a **cover** that would keep the **adulterer** from seeing. He is speaking of a disguise intended to keep people from recognizing who the adulterer is. You could express this in a way that would be familiar in your culture. Alternate translation: “and he pulls his hat down low over his face” +24:16 j770 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns One digs into houses 1 The pronoun **One** refers to a wicked person. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Since, as the rest of the verse shows, Job is actually describing behavior that is characteristic of wicked people in general, you may wish to use a plural term. Alternate translation: “Wicked people dig into houses” +24:16 c35g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit He digs into houses 1 In this culture, **houses** were made of clay or sun-dried brick, so thieves could gain entry to a house most easily by digging through one of its walls. If houses in your culture are made of different materials that a thief would not or could not dig through, you may wish to use a general expression in your translation. Alternate translation: “He breaks into houses” or “Wicked people break into houses” +24:16 k9sq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom they shut themselves up 1 This expression means to stay indoors. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “they stay indoors” +24:16 j771 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom they do not know the light 1 This expression means that wicked people are not familiar with **light**, and the reason is that they do not leave their homes when it is light. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “they do not go out when it is light” +24:16 j772 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit they do not know the light 1 While the word **light** here is literal, since Job is using it to mean **day**, there is also a moral overtone, as in verse 13, where Job said that wicked people rebel against the light, meaning God’s revelation. If your language has a term for “light” that also has these moral connotations, it would be appropriate to use it here in your translation. +24:17 j773 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases For together 1 Job is using the word **For** to give the reason why he said in the preceding verse that wicked people do not go out during the day. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate this in your translation. Alternate translation: “They go not go out because for all of them” +24:17 j774 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns morning for them & one regards 1 The pronoun **them** refers to wicked people, and the pronoun **one** refers to a representative or characteristic wicked person. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “morning for wicked people … each one of them” +24:17 g55x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor morning for them {is} deep darkness 1 Job is speaking as if **morning** were literally **deep darkness** for wicked people. He means that they dread and avoid morning just as honest people dread and avoid the night. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “they dread the morning as if it were deep darkness” +24:17 y5ib rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit one regards 1 As in [24:13](../24/13.md), here the word **regards** means “looks at” with the implication of looking with approval. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “each one of them admires” +24:18 ay3v rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast He (is} swift on the face of the waters 1 As the General Notes to this chapter discuss, at this point in his speech, Job implicitly begins to draw a contrast between the present situation of wicked people and their ultimate fate. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate this explicitly in your translation. Alternate translation: “Nevertheless, he is swift” +24:18 lat6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom He (is} swift on the face of the waters 1 Here the word **face** means “surface.” Alternate translation: “He (is} swift on the surface of the waters” +24:18 f772 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor He (is} swift on the face of the waters 1 Job is speaking as if a wicked person were literally something light that would float on the surface of the **waters** of a brook or river and pass swiftly downstream. He means that a wicked person only flourishes for a short time and then is gone. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Since Job speaks of wicked people in the plural in the next phrase, you may wish to use the plural in this phrase as well. Alternate translation: “Wicked people flourish only for a short time, then they are gone, like debris that water carries swiftly downstream” +24:18 j775 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy one does not turn {to} the way of their vineyards 1 This expression means that no one goes to work in the **vineyards** of wicked people. Since Job says in verse 13 that poor people do work in their vineyards, he is talking here about what will happen to wicked people in the future. Alternate translation: “their vineyards will be abandoned” +24:19 u6db rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis Drought and heat strip away the waters of snow; Sheol, {those who} have sinned 1 Job is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. Job is drawing a comparison. Alternate translation: “Just as drought and heat strip away the waters of snow, so Sheol strips away those who have sinned.” +24:19 b8g4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor strip away the waters of snow 1 Job is speaking as if, in the hot season, **Drought** and **heat** literally **strip away** the **waters** in his arid region that come from melting **snow** in the mountains. He means that the heat makes these waters evaporate. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “make water from melted snow evaporate” +24:20 hnl6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns The womb will forget him, the worm will dine on him, until he is not remembered 1 The pronouns **him** and **he** refers to a wicked person. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “The womb will forget a wicked person, the worm will dine on that person, until he is not remembered” +24:20 dg9v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy The womb will forget him 1 Job is using the term **womb** by association to mean the mother who carried the wicked person in her womb and gave birth to him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “As for a wicked person, even his own mother will forget him” +24:20 ja3y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony the worm will dine on him 1 The term translated **dine** means to eat with enjoyment. Job is describing an ironic consequence that wicked people will experience. During their lives, as he said earlier, they had oil and wine and grain that they enjoyed but did not share with others. Now, after death, they provide a satisfying meal for the worms that eat them in their graves. Your language may have a similar term that you can use in your translation. +24:20 auf1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive until he is not remembered and wickedness is broken like a tree 1 If your language does not use these passive forms, you could express the ideas in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “until no one remembers him and wickedness is like a tree that a windstorm has broken” +24:20 k6gl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile and wickedness is broken like a tree 1 The point of this comparison is that just as a **tree** may be **broken** (by a powerful wind, for example) so that it falls over and dies, so a wicked person will lose his possessions and status and ultimately die. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this point explicitly. Alternate translation: “and wickedness is broken, just as a windstorm knocks down a tree and it dies” +24:21 j776 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns the one devouring the barren 1 The pronoun **one** refers to a wicked person. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers, and it may be helpful to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “A wicked person devours the barren” +24:21 ys4w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the one devouring 1 Job is speaking as if a wicked person would literally devour or eat up childless women and widows. He means that the wicked person would cheat and exploit them in the ways he described earlier in this speech. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the one exploiting” +24:21 j777 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the barren, who has not borne 1 Job is using the adjective **barren** as a noun to mean a certain kind of person. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “the barren woman, who has not borne” +24:21 m9u5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo the barren, who has not borne 1 It might seem that this expression contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in your language. If so, you can shorten it. Alternate translation: “the childless woman” +24:21 j778 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun the barren, who has not borne 1 Job is not referring to a specific **barren** woman. He means women in general who have not had children. It may be more natural in your language to express this meaning by using a plural form. Alternate translation: “childless women” +24:21 i5m9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun and he does not do good {to} the widow 1 Job is not referring to a specific **widow**. He means widows in general. It may be more natural in your language to express this meaning by using a plural form. Alternate translation: “and he does not do good to widows” +24:21 j779 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives and he does not do good {to} the widow 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this as a positive expression. Alternate translation: “and he harms the widow” or “and he harms widows” +24:22 xl8g rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns But he drags away the mighty by his power 1 In this first part of the verse, the pronouns **he** and **his** refer to God. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “But God drags away the mighty by his power” +24:22 ps1m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he drags away 1 Job is speaking as if God literally **drags away** people who are **mighty**. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he destroys” +24:22 j780 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the mighty 1 Job is using the adjective **mighty** as a noun to mean a certain group of people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “mighty people” +24:22 x59s rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns he arises and he does not believe in life 1 Interpreters are uncertain as to whom the pronoun **he** refers in the two instances in the second part of this verse. This could mean: (1) that God **arises** against mighty people, so that each one of them realizes that he is doomed. Alternate translation: “God arises against them, so that each one of them despairs of life” (2) that a wicked person **arises** or prospers for a time, but he has no assurance of a long life. Alternate translation: “a wicked person may prosper for a time, but he has no assurance of a long life” +24:23 j781 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns He gives him security and he is supported, but his eyes are on their ways. 1 The pronoun **He** in its first instance and the pronoun **his** refer to God, and the pronoun **he** in its second instance and the pronoun **him** refer to a wicked person. The pronoun **them** refers to wicked people in general. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “God gives a wicked person security, and that person is supported, but God’s eyes are on the ways of wicked people” +24:23 j782 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive He gives him security and he is supported 1 If your language would not use the passive form **he is supported**, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you would need to say who does the action, the context indicates that it is God. Alternate translation: “God gives him security and supports him” +24:23 j783 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism He gives him security and he is supported 1 These two phrases mean similar things. Job is using repetition to emphasize the idea that the phrases express. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could combine them. While Job seems to say that God actively **gives** security and support to wicked people, the idea is that God actually allows these things. Alternate translation: “God may allow a wicked person to feel a sense of security” +24:23 qks3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche but his eyes are on their ways 1 Job is using one part of God, his **eyes**, to mean all of him in the act of seeing. Sight, in turn, represents awareness. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “text” Alternate translation: “but he watches their ways carefully” or “but he is very aware of their ways” +24:23 j784 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor but his eyes are on their ways 1 Job is speaking of how a person lives as if that were a **way** or path that the person was walking along. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but he is very aware of how wicked people are living” +24:24 yq9p rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns They are exalted 1 The pronoun **They** (or **they**) refers to wicked people in all of its instances in this verse. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers in the first instance. Alternate translation: “Wicked people are exalted” +24:24 j785 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor They are exalted 1 Job is speaking of wicked people as if they were literally **exalted** or raised up to a high position. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “They achieve greatness” +24:24 j786 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive They are exalted 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “They achieve greatness” +24:24 j787 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit a little 1 This could mean: (1) that wicked people are exalted for a **little** while. Alternate translation: “for a short time” (2) that wicked people are exalted a **little** bit. Alternate translation: “to a limited extent” +24:24 b7v1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive then they are brought low 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who does the action, the context suggests that it is God. Alternate translation: “then God brings them low” +24:24 j788 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor then they are brought low 1 Job is speaking as if wicked people were literally **brought low** or moved down to a low position. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Since this phrase repeats the meaning of **then they do not exist**, the meaning seems to be that they die. Alternate translation: “indeed, they die” +24:24 j5za rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom like all, they are gathered, and like the tops of ears of grain they are cut off 1 The phrase **they are gathered** could be: (1) a characteristic Hebrew expression that describes death. Alternate translation: “like all people, they are die; yes, like the tops of ears of grain, they are cut off” (2) part of the comparison to **ears of grain**. In that case, it would be appropriate to translate it literally. Alternate translation: “like all people, they are gathered and cut off like the tops of ears of grain” +24:24 ix1v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive like all, they are gathered, and like the tops of ears of grain they are cut off 1 If your language does not use these passive forms, you could express the ideas in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: (1) “God gathers them among the dead, as he does all people; yes, God cuts them off like the tops of ears of grain” or (2) “as he does to all people, God gathers them and cuts them off like the tops of ears of grain” +24:25 cfk7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion And if not, then who will falsify me and make my word nothing? 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “And if anyone believes that what I have said is not true, then I challenge him to prove me wrong and show that what I have said is not valid” +24:25 j789 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis And if not 1 Job is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “And if what I am saying is not true” +24:25 iy58 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom and make my word nothing 1 This expression means to show that something is of no value, that is, not valid. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and show that my word is not valid” +24:25 j790 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy my word 1 Job is using the term **word** to mean what he has been saying by using words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “what I have said” +25:intro yz1x 0 # Job 25 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter is the third and final speech of Job’s friend Bildad.\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is poetry.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### The brevity of Bildad’s speech\n\nThis speech by Bildad is much shorter than his first two speeches. It is also much shorter than the three speeches that Eliphaz has given to this point in the book and the two speeches that Zophar has given. The likely explanation is that Job’s friends are running out of things to say to him. Indeed, Zophar does not give a third speech at all. The narrator says in [32:3](../32/03.md) that the three friends “found no answer” for Job’s arguments. The brevity of Bildad’s third speech and the absence of a third speech by Zophar dramatize this. Since the narrator eventually offers an explanation, it would not be necessary to put an explanation in your translation at the end of this chapter such as, “And that was all that Job’s friends had to say to him.”\n\n God’s holiness and human sinfulness\nIn this short speech, Bildad describes God’s holiness and human sinfulness. While the points he makes are accurate, they are not convincing for Job, because he has actually been righteous. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])\n\n## Translation issues in this chapter\n\n### Bildad using the words of Eliphaz\n\nAlthough Bildad speaks only briefly, he repeats significant phrases from Eliphaz’s first and second speeches. Bildad asks in verse 4, “So how will a man be righteous with God? Or how will one born of a woman be pure?” Eliphaz had asked similarly in 4:17, “Will a man be more righteous than God? If a man will be more pure than his Maker?” and in 15:14, “What is man, that he should be pure, or that one born of a woman should be righteous?” To show this, it would be helpful to use the same wording in your translation in 25:4 that you used in 4:17 and 15:14. +25:2 vb52 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns Dominion and awe {are} with him 1 The pronoun **him** refers to God. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “Dominion and awe are with God” or “God possesses dominion and awe” +25:2 j791 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys Dominion and awe {are} with him 1 This phrase expresses a single idea by using two words connected with **and**. The word **awe** tells what response God’s **Dominion** produces in those who recognize its powerful and holy character. If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this meaning with an equivalent phrase that does not use “and.” Alternate translation: “Awesome dominion is with him” +25:2 cz5c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns Dominion and awe {are} with him 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **dominion** and **awe**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “God rules in a way that inspires great respect” +25:2 t8t1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit the one making peace in his heights 1 The word translated **peace** could mean: (1) harmonious order. Alternate translation: “the one who establishes harmonious order” (2) the absence of conflict. Alternate translation: “the one who rules without opposition” or “the one who rules without rebellion” +25:2 j792 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-plural in his heights 1 Bildad is using the term **heights** to mean heaven, which is high above the earth. The plural form probably identifies these **heights** as the supreme example of their class. That is, while being on top of a mountain gives someone a commanding position, ruling from heaven gives God the supremely commanding position. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in highest heaven” or “in heaven, where he rules supremely” +25:3 agz7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Is there a number to his troops? Upon whom does his light not arise? 1 Job is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate these questions as statements or as exclamations. Alternate translation: “There is no number to his troops! His light arises on everyone!” +25:3 tb5c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Is there a number to his troops? 1 In this context, the word **troops** implicitly refers to the stars, as if they were soldiers. (Bildad is describing God’s greatness by saying that at night, there are too many stars in the sky to count, and by day, the sun shines all over the world.) You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “Is there a number to the stars?” or “There are too many stars in the sky to count!” +25:3 j793 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Upon whom does his light not arise? 1 Bildad is using the term **light** by association to mean the sun. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Upon whom does the sun not rise?” or “The sun shines on everyone!” +25:4 w2pf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion So how will a man be righteous with God? Or how will one born of a woman be clean? 1 Bildad is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “A man cannot be righteous with God! One born of a woman cannot be clean!” +25:4 v4y8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations a man 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Bildad is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a term in your language that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “a person” +25:4 kx6l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive one born of a woman 1 See how you translated this expression in [15:14](../15/14.md). Alternate translation: “a mortal” +25:5 un12 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit the moon does not shine 1 Bildad implicitly means that compared with God’s holiness, the **moon** does not **shine** with the brightness of a pure, holy thing. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “the moon has no holy brightness” +25:5 kt4v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy in his eyes 1 Bildad is using the term **eyes** by association to mean sight. Sight, in turn, represents attention, perspective, and judgment. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in his perspective” +25:6 c7kh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Indeed that, a man, a worm 1 **Indeed that** is an expression that indicates that what follows is greater in degree than what a person has just said. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “How much less a man, a worm” +25:6 j794 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis Indeed that, a man, a worm 1 Bildad is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “How much less could a man, a worm, be pure” +25:6 l7b7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations a man & or a son of man 1 Although the terms **man** and **son** are masculine, Bildad is using these words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use terms in your language that are clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “a human … or a human child” +25:6 h6x7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor a man, a worm 1 Bildad is speaking as if a human were literally a **worm**. The basis of the comparison is probably that just as worms live in the earth, God originally formed humans from the earth. So this is a poetic reference to human mortality. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a mortal” +25:6 j795 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor or a son of man, a grub! 1 Bildad is similarly speaking as if a human were literally a **grub**. Once again the basis of the comparison seems to be that just as grubs live in the earth, God originally formed humans from the earth. So this is a parallel poetic reference to human mortality. Rather than repeat the image, it may be more natural in your language to translate this as an explanatory phrase. Alternate translation, not preceded by a comma: “whom God formed from the earth” 26:intro f665 0 # Job 26 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This chapter is Job’s response to Bildad.\n\nThis chapter begins a section continuing through chapter 31.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s power\nWhile Bildad describes Yahweh’s power as being so much greater than Job’s, Job understands the true extent of Yahweh’s power. It is not just over Job’s life, but over all of creation.\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Sarcasm\n\nJob uses sarcasm in this chapter. This is the use of irony to insult Bildad. (See: [Job 1–4](./01.md) and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) 26:2 lud4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony How you have helped one … the arm that has no strength 0 In these statements, Job is accusing Bildad. The word “one” refers to Job. And, the word “arm” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “I am powerless and have no strength, but you act like you have helped me; but really, you have not helped me at all” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 26:3 s1r5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony How you have advised one who has no wisdom and announced to him sound knowledge 0 Job is saying that Bildad has not provided him with good advice and knowledge. Alternate translation: “You act like I have no wisdom and that you have advised me, that you have given me good advice”