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@ -147,6 +147,7 @@ front:intro an3g 0 # Introduction to the Song of Songs\n\n## Part 1: General
2:9 kf9u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism מַשְׁגִּ֨יחַ֙ מִן־הַֽ⁠חֲלֹּנ֔וֹת מֵצִ֖יץ מִן־הַֽ⁠חֲרַכִּֽים 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. Hebrew poetry was based on this kind of repetition, and it would be good to show this to your readers by including both phrases in your translation rather than combining them. However, if it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “gazing through the windows, yes, looking through the lattice”
2:9 nuxr rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-plural הַֽ⁠חֲלֹּנ֔וֹת…הַֽ⁠חֲרַכִּֽים 1 Here, the words **windows** and **lattices** are plural forms and could: (1) be used with singular meanings here. Because the author says that the man **is standing** instead of indicating that he is walking around the outside of the house, it is likely that these terms have singular meanings here. Alternate translation: “the window … the lattice” (2) have a plural meaning indicating that the man was walking around the house and looking into the house through different windows and lattices. If you decide that these two terms have a plural meaning here you can translate them in a similar way to the ULT.
2:9 s9xt rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown הַֽ⁠חֲרַכִּֽים 1 A “lattice” is a cover inside a window frame that is made by weaving strips of wood together. **lattices** have holes that people can look through. If your readers would not be familiar with **lattices**, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could describe **lattices** as modeled by the UST. Alternate translation: “the screen”
2:10 gr22 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go וּ⁠לְכִי־לָֽ⁠ךְ 1 Your language may say “go” rather than **come** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “and go”
2:11 yv91 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamation הִנֵּ֥ה ה⁠סתו 1 The man is using the term **Behold** to focus attention on what he is about to say. Use an exclamation that is natural in your language for communicating this. Alternate translation: “see that the winter”
2:11 jmbh rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּֽי 1 Here, the word **for** indicates that what follows is the motivation or reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “because”
2:11 e658 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown ה⁠סתו 1 In Israel **winter** is the time of year when it is cold and rains more heavily than during other seasons. If the seasons do not vary much in your location, you could explain this with a general expression such as “the cold season” as modeled by the UST. Alternate translation: “the cold rainy season” or “the cold wet season”
@ -156,17 +157,19 @@ front:intro an3g 0 # Introduction to the Song of Songs\n\n## Part 1: General
2:11 eh4t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet חָלַ֖ף הָלַ֥ךְ לֽ⁠וֹ 1 The terms **passed** and **went away** mean similar things. The author is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “is over and gone” or “has gone away”
2:12 j8f3 בָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ 1 Alternate translation: “throughout the land”
2:12 zmw4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְ⁠ק֥וֹל הַ⁠תּ֖וֹר נִשְׁמַ֥ע 1 The phrase **the turtledove is heard** can be translated in active form. If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who did the action, it is clear from the context that it is people. Alternate translation: “and people hear the voice of the turtledove” or “and people hear the turtledove cooing”
2:13 mk2y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification The fig tree ripens her green figs 0 The tree is spoken of as if it were actively causing its fruit to ripen. This is a collective singular and can be translated as a plural. Alternate translation: “The figs on the trees are becoming ripe”
2:13 ef3j vines are in blossom 0 Alternate translation: “vines are flowering” or “vines have flowers”
2:13 xhn3 they give off 0 The word “they” refers to the blossoms on the vines.
2:13 wjr7 their fragrance 0 Alternate translation: “their sweet smell”
2:13 m4mt my love 0 “you whom I love.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:9](../01/09.md)
2:14 a7lp 0 # General Information:\n\nThe man is speaking.
2:14 wv7q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor My dove 0 The Israelites considered doves beautiful birds with pleasant voices. The man thinks the woman’s face and voice are beautiful. If calling a woman a “dove” would be offensive, you could leave out the metaphor or use the name of a bird in your area that is considered pleasant. Alternate translation: “My beautiful woman”
2:14 eju1 the clefts 0 large cracks in the side of mountain rocks large enough for people to hide in
2:14 afg5 the mountain crags 0 Alternate translation: “the steep rocks on the sides of the mountains”
2:14 bhl6 your face 0 Some versions translate this as “your appearance” or “your form” or “what you look like.”
2:13 mk2y rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns הַ⁠תְּאֵנָה֙ חָֽנְטָ֣ה פַגֶּ֔י⁠הָ 1 The word **tree** is a singular noun that refers to all the fig trees in that region. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “The fig trees are ripening their green figs” or “The figs on the trees are becoming ripe”
2:13 ef3j וְ⁠הַ⁠גְּפָנִ֥ים ׀ סְמָדַ֖ר 1 Alternate translation: “and the grapevines are flowering” or “and the grapevines are blossoming”
2:13 xg4l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit נָ֣תְנוּ רֵ֑יחַ 1 Here, the word **they** refers to blossoms on the grapevines. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “their flowers give off a pleasant smell” or “their blossoms have a sweet smell”
2:13 xhn3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go ק֥וּמִי לכי\n \nרַעְיָתִ֥⁠י יָפָתִ֖⁠י וּ⁠לְכִי־לָֽ⁠ךְ 1 See how you translated the similar phrase in [2:10](../02/10.md). Alternate translation: “Get up, go, my darling, my beauty, and go”
2:14 m3n1 יוֹנָתִ֞⁠י 1 Here, the phrase **My dove** could be: (1) a form of address in which the man is speaking directly to the woman. Alternate translation: “O my dove” (2) the man speaking about the woman rather than addressing her directly. Alternate translation: “The woman I love is a dove”
2:14 wv7q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יוֹנָתִ֞⁠י בְּ⁠חַגְוֵ֣י הַ⁠סֶּ֗לַע בְּ⁠סֵ֨תֶר֙ הַ⁠מַּדְרֵגָ֔ה 1 Here, the man uses a term of affection for the woman, speaking of her as if she were a **dove**. He then explains the way in which she is like a dove. If it would be helpful in your language, you could turn this metaphor into a simile and explain the basis of the comparison. Alternate translation: “O my one who is like a dove. You are like a gentle and timid dove which hides in the clefts of the rock and in the hiding places of the cliff” or “You are like a dove. You are like a gentle and shy dove which hides in the clefts of the rock and in the hiding places of the cliff” or “You are like a dove. Far away in the clefts of the rock, in the hiding places of the cliff”
2:14 y6rv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism בְּ⁠חַגְוֵ֣י הַ⁠סֶּ֗לַע בְּ⁠סֵ֨תֶר֙ הַ⁠מַּדְרֵגָ֔ה 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea (that the woman seems difficult to reach and far away) with different words. Hebrew poetry was based on this kind of repetition, and it would be good to show this to your readers by including both phrases in your translation rather than combining them. However, if it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word such as **yes** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating a similar idea to the first one, not saying something additional. However, if saying similar things twice would confuse your readers you could combine the two lines as modeled by the UST. Alternate translation: “in the clefts of the rock, yes,\nin the hiding places of the cliff”
2:14 zje5 בְּ⁠חַגְוֵ֣י הַ⁠סֶּ֗לַע 1 Alternate translation: “in the cracks of the rock” or “in the cracks of the rock cliff”
2:14 kkup rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry הַרְאִ֨י⁠נִי֙ אֶתּ־מַרְאַ֔יִ⁠ךְ הַשְׁמִיעִ֖י⁠נִי אֶת־קוֹלֵ֑⁠ךְ כִּי־קוֹלֵ֥⁠ךְ עָרֵ֖ב וּ⁠מַרְאֵ֥י⁠ךְ נָאוֶֽה 1 Here, two ideas are presented and then they are further explained in reverse order. This is called a chiasm. Biblical Hebrew sometimes uses this literary device. If possible, try to follow this AB-BA sequence of presenting the information here. See the [book introduction](../front/intro.md) for more information regarding chiasms.
2:14 be0w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative הַרְאִ֨י⁠נִי֙ אֶתּ־ מַרְאַ֔יִ⁠ךְ הַשְׁמִיעִ֖י⁠נִי 1 The phrases **show me** and **make me hear** are imperatives, but they communicate a polite request rather than a command. Use forms in your language that communicate a polite request. It may be helpful to add an expression such as “please” or “let” to make this clear. Alternate translation: “please let me see your appearance, please make me hear” or “let me see you, let me hear”
2:14 datu קוֹלֵ֥⁠ךְ עָרֵ֖ב 1 Alternate translation: “your voice is sweet-sounding” or “your voice sounds beautiful”
2:15 xns5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the foxes 0 These animals look like small dogs and were often used in love poetry to represent eager young men who would spoil a young woman.
2:15 170A rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown שֽׁוּעָלִ֔ים שֽׁוּעָלִ֥ים 1 A **fox** is a . If your readers would not be familiar with this type of animal, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “”
2:15 v31m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive for us … our vineyard 0 The words **us** and **our** could possibly be: (1) exclusive, referring to the woman herself, as in [Song of Songs 1:4](../01/01.md), or (2) inclusive, referring to the woman and the man, or (3) exclusive, referring to the woman and the rest of her family.
2:15 dac9 foxes 0 Another possible meaning is “jackals.” A jackal is a type of thin wild dog with long legs.
2:15 wl95 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the little foxes that spoil 0 Foxes spoil or destroy vineyards by digging holes and eating vines and grapes. This could be a metaphor for young men who spoil young women.

1 Reference ID Tags SupportReference Quote Occurrence Note
147 2:9 kf9u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism מַשְׁגִּ֨יחַ֙ מִן־הַֽ⁠חֲלֹּנ֔וֹת מֵצִ֖יץ מִן־הַֽ⁠חֲרַכִּֽים 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. Hebrew poetry was based on this kind of repetition, and it would be good to show this to your readers by including both phrases in your translation rather than combining them. However, if it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “gazing through the windows, yes, looking through the lattice”
148 2:9 nuxr rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-plural הַֽ⁠חֲלֹּנ֔וֹת…הַֽ⁠חֲרַכִּֽים 1 Here, the words **windows** and **lattices** are plural forms and could: (1) be used with singular meanings here. Because the author says that the man **is standing** instead of indicating that he is walking around the outside of the house, it is likely that these terms have singular meanings here. Alternate translation: “the window … the lattice” (2) have a plural meaning indicating that the man was walking around the house and looking into the house through different windows and lattices. If you decide that these two terms have a plural meaning here you can translate them in a similar way to the ULT.
149 2:9 s9xt rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown הַֽ⁠חֲרַכִּֽים 1 A “lattice” is a cover inside a window frame that is made by weaving strips of wood together. **lattices** have holes that people can look through. If your readers would not be familiar with **lattices**, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could describe **lattices** as modeled by the UST. Alternate translation: “the screen”
150 2:10 gr22 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go וּ⁠לְכִי־לָֽ⁠ךְ 1 Your language may say “go” rather than **come** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “and go”
151 2:11 yv91 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamation הִנֵּ֥ה ה⁠סתו 1 The man is using the term **Behold** to focus attention on what he is about to say. Use an exclamation that is natural in your language for communicating this. Alternate translation: “see that the winter”
152 2:11 jmbh rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּֽי 1 Here, the word **for** indicates that what follows is the motivation or reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “because”
153 2:11 e658 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown ה⁠סתו 1 In Israel **winter** is the time of year when it is cold and rains more heavily than during other seasons. If the seasons do not vary much in your location, you could explain this with a general expression such as “the cold season” as modeled by the UST. Alternate translation: “the cold rainy season” or “the cold wet season”
157 2:11 eh4t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet חָלַ֖ף הָלַ֥ךְ לֽ⁠וֹ 1 The terms **passed** and **went away** mean similar things. The author is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “is over and gone” or “has gone away”
158 2:12 j8f3 בָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ 1 Alternate translation: “throughout the land”
159 2:12 zmw4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְ⁠ק֥וֹל הַ⁠תּ֖וֹר נִשְׁמַ֥ע 1 The phrase **the turtledove is heard** can be translated in active form. If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who did the action, it is clear from the context that it is people. Alternate translation: “and people hear the voice of the turtledove” or “and people hear the turtledove cooing”
160 2:13 mk2y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns The fig tree ripens her green figs הַ⁠תְּאֵנָה֙ חָֽנְטָ֣ה פַגֶּ֔י⁠הָ 0 1 The tree is spoken of as if it were actively causing its fruit to ripen. This is a collective singular and can be translated as a plural. Alternate translation: “The figs on the trees are becoming ripe” The word **tree** is a singular noun that refers to all the fig trees in that region. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “The fig trees are ripening their green figs” or “The figs on the trees are becoming ripe”
161 2:13 ef3j vines are in blossom וְ⁠הַ⁠גְּפָנִ֥ים ׀ סְמָדַ֖ר 0 1 Alternate translation: “vines are flowering” or “vines have flowers” Alternate translation: “and the grapevines are flowering” or “and the grapevines are blossoming”
162 2:13 xhn3 xg4l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit they give off נָ֣תְנוּ רֵ֑יחַ 0 1 The word “they” refers to the blossoms on the vines. Here, the word **they** refers to blossoms on the grapevines. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “their flowers give off a pleasant smell” or “their blossoms have a sweet smell”
163 2:13 wjr7 xhn3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go their fragrance ק֥וּמִי לכי\n \nרַעְיָתִ֥⁠י יָפָתִ֖⁠י וּ⁠לְכִי־לָֽ⁠ךְ 0 1 Alternate translation: “their sweet smell” See how you translated the similar phrase in [2:10](../02/10.md). Alternate translation: “Get up, go, my darling, my beauty, and go”
164 2:13 2:14 m4mt m3n1 my love יוֹנָתִ֞⁠י 0 1 “you whom I love.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:9](../01/09.md) Here, the phrase **My dove** could be: (1) a form of address in which the man is speaking directly to the woman. Alternate translation: “O my dove” (2) the man speaking about the woman rather than addressing her directly. Alternate translation: “The woman I love is a dove”
165 2:14 a7lp wv7q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יוֹנָתִ֞⁠י בְּ⁠חַגְוֵ֣י הַ⁠סֶּ֗לַע בְּ⁠סֵ֨תֶר֙ הַ⁠מַּדְרֵגָ֔ה 0 1 # General Information:\n\nThe man is speaking. Here, the man uses a term of affection for the woman, speaking of her as if she were a **dove**. He then explains the way in which she is like a dove. If it would be helpful in your language, you could turn this metaphor into a simile and explain the basis of the comparison. Alternate translation: “O my one who is like a dove. You are like a gentle and timid dove which hides in the clefts of the rock and in the hiding places of the cliff” or “You are like a dove. You are like a gentle and shy dove which hides in the clefts of the rock and in the hiding places of the cliff” or “You are like a dove. Far away in the clefts of the rock, in the hiding places of the cliff”
166 2:14 wv7q y6rv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism My dove בְּ⁠חַגְוֵ֣י הַ⁠סֶּ֗לַע בְּ⁠סֵ֨תֶר֙ הַ⁠מַּדְרֵגָ֔ה 0 1 The Israelites considered doves beautiful birds with pleasant voices. The man thinks the woman’s face and voice are beautiful. If calling a woman a “dove” would be offensive, you could leave out the metaphor or use the name of a bird in your area that is considered pleasant. Alternate translation: “My beautiful woman” These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea (that the woman seems difficult to reach and far away) with different words. Hebrew poetry was based on this kind of repetition, and it would be good to show this to your readers by including both phrases in your translation rather than combining them. However, if it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word such as **yes** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating a similar idea to the first one, not saying something additional. However, if saying similar things twice would confuse your readers you could combine the two lines as modeled by the UST. Alternate translation: “in the clefts of the rock, yes,\nin the hiding places of the cliff”
167 2:14 eju1 zje5 the clefts בְּ⁠חַגְוֵ֣י הַ⁠סֶּ֗לַע 0 1 large cracks in the side of mountain rocks large enough for people to hide in Alternate translation: “in the cracks of the rock” or “in the cracks of the rock cliff”
168 2:14 afg5 kkup rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry the mountain crags הַרְאִ֨י⁠נִי֙ אֶתּ־מַרְאַ֔יִ⁠ךְ הַשְׁמִיעִ֖י⁠נִי אֶת־קוֹלֵ֑⁠ךְ כִּי־קוֹלֵ֥⁠ךְ עָרֵ֖ב וּ⁠מַרְאֵ֥י⁠ךְ נָאוֶֽה 0 1 Alternate translation: “the steep rocks on the sides of the mountains” Here, two ideas are presented and then they are further explained in reverse order. This is called a chiasm. Biblical Hebrew sometimes uses this literary device. If possible, try to follow this AB-BA sequence of presenting the information here. See the [book introduction](../front/intro.md) for more information regarding chiasms.
169 2:14 bhl6 be0w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative your face הַרְאִ֨י⁠נִי֙ אֶתּ־ מַרְאַ֔יִ⁠ךְ הַשְׁמִיעִ֖י⁠נִי 0 1 Some versions translate this as “your appearance” or “your form” or “what you look like.” The phrases **show me** and **make me hear** are imperatives, but they communicate a polite request rather than a command. Use forms in your language that communicate a polite request. It may be helpful to add an expression such as “please” or “let” to make this clear. Alternate translation: “please let me see your appearance, please make me hear” or “let me see you, let me hear”
170 2:14 datu קוֹלֵ֥⁠ךְ עָרֵ֖ב 1 Alternate translation: “your voice is sweet-sounding” or “your voice sounds beautiful”
171 2:15 xns5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the foxes 0 These animals look like small dogs and were often used in love poetry to represent eager young men who would spoil a young woman.
172 2:15 170A rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown שֽׁוּעָלִ֔ים שֽׁוּעָלִ֥ים 1 A **fox** is a . If your readers would not be familiar with this type of animal, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “”
173 2:15 v31m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive for us … our vineyard 0 The words **us** and **our** could possibly be: (1) exclusive, referring to the woman herself, as in [Song of Songs 1:4](../01/01.md), or (2) inclusive, referring to the woman and the man, or (3) exclusive, referring to the woman and the rest of her family.
174 2:15 dac9 foxes 0 Another possible meaning is “jackals.” A jackal is a type of thin wild dog with long legs.
175 2:15 wl95 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the little foxes that spoil 0 Foxes spoil or destroy vineyards by digging holes and eating vines and grapes. This could be a metaphor for young men who spoil young women.