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Chris Smith edits to JDG 10 UTN (#3804)
Reviewed-on: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_tn/pulls/3804
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@ -927,49 +927,52 @@ front:intro v8pn 0 # Introduction to Judges\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
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9:57 j480 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns בְּרֹאשָׁ֑ם 1 Since the author is referring to a group of people, if you retain this image in your translation, it might be more natural in your language to use the plural form of **head**. Alternate translation: “upon their heads”
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9:57 hua1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַתָּבֹ֣א אֲלֵיהֶ֔ם קִֽלֲלַ֖ת יוֹתָ֥ם בֶּן־יְרֻבָּֽעַל 1 The author is speaking as if the **curse of Jotham** literally **came upon** the people of Shechem. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and everything happened to them just as Jotham, the son of Jerubbaal, said it would when he cursed them”
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10:intro zqn2 0 # Judges 10 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter begins the account of Jephthah ([Judges 10–12](./01.md)).\n\n## Religious and Cultural Concepts in This Chapter\n\n### Israel’s punishment\nIn Judges, Israel’s actions are connected to their obedience to Yahweh. When Israel does evil, they are oppressed. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/oppress]])
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10:1 g7ww rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Tola … Puah … Dodo 0 These are names of men.
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10:1 ti4g rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Shamir 0 This is the name of a place.
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10:1 lxh7 arose to deliver Israel 0 Alternate translation: “came to deliver Israel” or “became the leader to deliver Israel”
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10:1 i5f3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy deliver Israel 0 Here “Israel” represents the people of Israel.
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10:2 m2fd He judged Israel 0 Here “judged” means he led the people of Israel.
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10:2 m93u rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers twenty-three years 0 “23 years”
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10:2 unp5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive was buried 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “they buried him”
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10:3 f3wi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive He was followed by Jair the Gileadite 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Jair the Gileadite was leader after Tola”
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10:3 m9uk rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Jair 0 This is the name of a man.
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10:3 j6fm the Gileadite 0 Jair was from the tribe of Gilead.
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10:3 fmn8 He judged Israel 0 Here “judged” means he led the people of Israel.
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10:3 d5gs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Israel 0 Here “Israel” represents the people of Israel.
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10:3 ezp7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers twenty-two years 0 “22 years”
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10:4 i1hv rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers thirty sons 0 “30 sons”
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10:4 vb1y rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Havvoth Jair 0 This is the name of a region, which is named after a man.
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10:4 h644 to this day 0 This means to the time when the book of Judges was being written.
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10:5 t8ka rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive was buried 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “they buried him”
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10:5 s19j rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Kamon 0 This is the name of a place.
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10:6 lj2d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor added to the evil they had done in the sight of Yahweh 0 This speaks of evil as if it were an object that a person could add to and make bigger. Alternate translation: “continued doing what Yahweh said was evil”
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10:6 ki1z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor in the sight of Yahweh 0 The sight of Yahweh represents Yahweh’s judgment or evaluation. Alternate translation: “according to Yahweh”
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10:6 p7j4 Ashtoreths 0 This is the plural of Ashtoroth, who was worshiped as a goddess in many different forms. See how you translated this in [Judges 2:13](../02/13.md).
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10:6 r515 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism They abandoned Yahweh and no longer worshiped him 0 The author basically said the same thing twice for emphasis. These can be combined. Alternate translation: “They completely stopped worshiping Yahweh”
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10:6 p6q5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor They abandoned Yahweh 0 No longer obeying and worshiping Yahweh is spoken of as if the people left Yahweh and went somewhere else.
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10:7 zf61 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Yahweh burned with anger toward Israel 0 Yahweh becoming angry is spoken of as if anger were a burning fire. Alternate translation: “Yahweh was very angry at Israel”
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10:7 f4v2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he sold them into the hand of the Philistines and into the hand of the Ammonites 0 Yahweh allowing the Philistines and the Ammonites to defeat the Israelites is spoken of as if he sold the Israelites to them.
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10:7 aj5n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy into the hand 0 Here “hand” represents power or control.
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10:8 psa9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet crushed and oppressed 0 These two words basically mean the same and emphasize how much the Israelites suffered. Alternate translation: “terribly oppressed”
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10:8 q2ml rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers eighteen years 0 “18 years”
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10:8 msz6 who were beyond the Jordan 0 This means on the east side of the Jordan River.
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10:8 b5w4 which is in Gilead 0 Alternate translation: “this region is also called Gilead”
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10:9 wq6g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Judah … Benjamin 0 “Judah” and “Benjamin” refer to the people belonging to those tribes. Alternate translation: “the people of the tribe of Judah … the people of the tribe of Benjamin”
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10:9 nt9c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy house of Ephraim 0 The “house” refers to the people of the tribe of Ephraim. Alternate translation: “the people of the tribe of Ephraim”
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10:9 gl3b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy so that Israel was greatly distressed 0 “Israel” refers to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “so that the people of Israel suffered much”
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10:10 lda9 the people of Israel called out to Yahweh 0 This means the people of Israel desperately asked Yahweh for help.
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10:10 b8t5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor because we abandoned our God 0 The people no longer obeying and worshiping Yahweh is spoken of as if they left Yahweh and went somewhere else.
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10:10 t38a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person abandoned our God 0 The people are speaking to Yahweh and refer to him as “our God.” This can be stated in second person. Alternate translation: “abandoned you, our God”
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10:12 lf73 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion and also from the Sidonians? 0 God is rebuking the people of Israel for their worship of other gods. The rhetorical question that begins with the words “Did I not deliver you” in verse 11 ends here. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “I am the one who delivered you … and also from the Sidonians.”
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10:12 w39a rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Maonites 0 These are the people from the clan or family of Maon.
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10:12 e4ml rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy from their power 0 Here “power” represents the Amalekites and the Maonites. Alternate translation: “from them”
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10:13 p759 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you abandoned me again 0 The people no longer obeying and worshiping Yahweh is spoken of as if they left Yahweh and went somewhere else.
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10:16 i2l8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit foreign gods among them 0 You can make explicit the implicit meaning of this statement. Alternate translation: “foreign gods whose images they possessed”
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10:16 m6hd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Yahweh could bear Israel’s misery no longer 0 Here Israel refers to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “And Yahweh did not want the people of Israel to suffer any longer”
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10:18 j3k2 Who is the man who will begin to fight the Ammonites? 0 Alternate translation: “Who will lead our army to fight against the Ammonites?”
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10:1 g7ww rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Tola & Puah & Dodo & Shamir 1 The words **Tola**, **Puah**, and **Dodo** are the names of men, and the word **Shamir** is the name of a town.
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10:1 lxh7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom arose to save Israel 1 As in [5:7](../05/07.md), the author is using the expression **arose** to mean that Tola took on a particular role. See how you translated the expression there. Alternate translation: “became the next deliverer of Israel”
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10:2 unp5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive and was buried 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and they buried him”
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10:3 m9uk rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Jair 1 The word **Jair** is the name of a man.
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10:3 fmn8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom arose 1 See how you translated the same expression in [10:2](../10/02.md). Alternate translation: “became the next deliverer”
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10:4 j481 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession And it was to him 30 sons 1 This is a possessive form that the author is using to indicate that Jair was the father of these **30 sons**. Your language may have an equivalent expression that you can use in your translation. Alternate translation: “And he had 30 sons”
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10:4 i1hv rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction riding on 30 donkeys 1 In this culture at this time, Jair’s sons **riding** on these **donkeys** was a symbolic action that indicated that they were young men of wealth and status. This, in turn, indicated that Jair himself was wealthy and influential. Alternate translation: “each of whom he could afford to give a donkey to ride”
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10:4 j482 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns they call them 1 Here, **they** is an indefinite pronoun that does not have a specific referent in the immediate context. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate this with a different expression that does not use an indefinite pronoun. Alternate translation: “they are called”
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10:4 vb1y rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Havvoth Jair 1 **Havvoth Jair** is the name of a group of cities.
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10:4 j483 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate Havvoth Jair 1 In your translation, you could spell this name the way it sounds in your language, the way the ULT does. However, this name means the Cities of Jair, and If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say that in your translation instead. Alternate translation: “the Cities of Jair”
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10:4 h644 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit to this day 1 By **this day**, the author means the time when he was writing. He and his audience knew when that was, but we are not entirely sure of it today. It may be helpful to use a general expression in your translation. Alternate translation: “at this time”
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10:5 t8ka rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive and was buried 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and they buried him”
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10:5 s19j rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Kamon 1 The word **Kamon** is the name of a town.
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10:6 ki1z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy evil in the eyes of Yahweh 1 See how you translated the same expression in [2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: “what was evil in Yahweh’s judgment”
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10:6 p7j4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names the Baals and the Ashtoreths 1 See how you translated the similar expression in [2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: “many false gods and goddesses”
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10:6 j484 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession and the gods of Aram and the gods of Sidon and the gods of Moab and the gods of the sons of Ammon and the gods of the Philistines 1 See the discussion in the General Notes to this chapter for a suggestion about how to use slightly different possessive forms here in your translation to reflect a distinction that the author is making.
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10:6 r515 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism And they forsook Yahweh and did not serve him. 1 For emphasis, the author is saying basically the same thing twice, first positively and then negatively. If it would be clearer in your language, you could combine these statements. Alternate translation: “And they completely stopped worshiping Yahweh”
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10:7 zf61 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent Then the nose of Yahweh burned 1 The author is introducing a new event in the story. The ULT indicates this with the word **Then**. Use a word, phrase, or other method in your language that is natural for introducing a new event.
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10:7 f4v2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Then the nose of Yahweh burned against Israel, and he sold them into the hand of the Philistines and into the hand of the sons of Ammon. 1 See how you translated the expressions “the nose of Yahweh burned” and “he sold them into the hand of” in [3:8](../03/08.md). Alternate translation: “Then Yahweh became furious with Israel, and he made them subjects of the Philistines and the Ammonites”
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10:7 j485 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure into the hand of the Philistines and into the hand of the sons of Ammon 1 See the discussion of this phrase in the General Notes to this chapter. Alternate translation: “into the hand of the sons of Ammon and into the hand of the Philistines”
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10:8 j486 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-events And they shattered and crushed the sons of Israel in that year. {For} 18 years, all the sons of Israel who {were} on the other side of the Jordan in the land of the Amorites, which {is} in Gilead. 1 The author is describing one event before describing an event that preceded it. In your translation, you may wish to relate these events in the order in which they happened. The UST models one way to do this.
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10:8 q2ml rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit And they shattered and crushed the sons of Israel in that year 1 The author is using the phrase **in that year** to mean implicitly that the Ammonites began to oppress all of the Israelites, not just the ones living east of the Jordan, as soon as Yahweh decided in his anger to punish and discipline the Israelites. If you decide to relate the events in this verse in the same order that the author does, you could indicate this explicitly in your translation. Alternate translation: “Right away the Ammonites began to shatter and crush all of the Israelites”
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10:8 j487 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns And they shattered and crushed 1 The pronoun **they** refers to the “sons of Ammon” or Ammonites, as the next verse makes clear. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “And the Ammonites shattered and crushed”
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10:8 j488 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor And they shattered and crushed 1 The author is speaking as if the Israelites had literally been an object such as a clay jar that could be **shattered** or a skull that could be **crushed**. (The author uses the same verb for “crush” in [9:53](../09/53.md) to describe what the millstone did to Abimelek’s skull.) If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And they afflicted and oppressed”
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10:8 psa9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet And they shattered and crushed 1 The terms **shattered** and **crushed** mean similar things. The author is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “And they severely oppressed”
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10:8 j489 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis {For} 18 years, all the sons of Israel who {were} on the other side of the Jordan 1 The author is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “For the previous 18 years, they had oppressed all the sons of Israel who were on the other side of the Jordan”
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10:8 msz6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit {were} on the other side of the Jordan 1 The author is speaking from a vantage point west of the Jordan River, so **the other side** implicitly means the east side. You could indicate this explicitly in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “were on the east side of the Jordan”
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10:8 j490 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession in the land of the Amorites 1 The author is using this possessive form to provide a more specific description of where these Israelites were living. He is referring to the land that the Israelites conquered from the Amorites. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “in the land that the Israelites conquered from the Amorites”
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10:8 b5w4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background which {is} in Gilead 1 The author is using this phrase to indicate that the land he is describing is the area that his readers probably know better as **Gilead**. Alternate translation: “which is now known as Gilead”
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10:8 nt9c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor and with the house of Ephraim 1 The author is using the word **house** to mean all the people descended from a particular person. So by **the house of Ephraim**, he means all the people descended from Ephraim, who was one of the twelve sons of Jacob. It is not clear why he uses this expression for this tribe but not for the other two tribes he mentions. In your translation, you could speak of **Ephraim** the same way the author speaks of **Judah** and **Benjamin**. Alternate translation: “and with Ephraim”
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10:9 gl3b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor and it narrowed to Israel greatly 1 See how you translated the same expression in [2:15](../02/15.md). Alternate translation: “and the Israelites were in great distress”
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10:10 t38a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person our God 1 Although the Israelites are praying to Yahweh, they are speaking about him in the third person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate this in the second person. Alternate translation: “you, our God”
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10:11 lf73 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-versebridge 1 In this verse and the next verse, Yahweh is asking the Israelites a long question, using the question form for emphasis. If a speaker of your language would not use the question form for that purpose, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. In order to do that, you could create a verse bridge for verses 11–12. You might have Yahweh say something like this: “When the Egyptians and Amorites and Ammonites and Philistines and Sidonians and Amalekites and Maonites oppressed you, you cried out to me, and I saved you from their hand!”
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10:12 w39a rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Maon 1 The word **Maon** is the name of a people group.
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10:12 e4ml rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy from their hand 1 See how you translated the same expression in [2:14](../02/14.md). Alternate translation: “from their power”
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10:14 j491 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony Go and cry out to the gods that you have chosen. Let them save you in the time of your distress 1 Yahweh does not really want the Israelites to **cry out** to other **gods** for help. He means to communicate emphatically the opposite of the literal meaning of his words. Alternate translation: “You have no right to cry out to me to save you in your time of distress when you have chosen other gods!”
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10:15 j492 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy according to all of the good in your eyes 1 See how you translated the similar expression in [2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: “according to what you judge to be good”
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10:15 j493 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy this day 1 The Israelites are using the term **day** to refer to a specific time. They are not asking Yahweh to **deliver** them on that specific day. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “at this time” or “right away”
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10:16 i218 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the foreign gods 1 The author is using the expression **foreign gods** by association to mean idols that represented these gods. Alternate translation: “the idols”
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10:16 m6hd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche his soul 1 The author is using one part of Yahweh, his **soul**, to mean all of him. Alternate translation: “he”
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10:17 j494 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent Now the sons of Ammon were summoned 1 The author is introducing a new event in the story. The ULT indicates this with the word **Now.** Use a word, phrase, or other method in your language that is natural for introducing a new event.
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10:17 j495 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Now the sons of Ammon were summoned 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Now the Ammonite commanders summoned their soldiers”
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10:18 j496 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants Then the people, the princes of Gilead, said 1 This could mean: (1) that the author is using the term **people** to introduce these **princes** as new participants in the story. (This would be similar to the usage in [4:4](../04/04.md), where the author describes Deborah as “a woman, a prophetess.”) Alternate translation: “Then the people who were the leaders of Gilead said” (2) that the author is describing how both the ordinary **people** and the **princes** of Gilead met to discuss this question. Alternate translation: “Then the people and princes of Gilead said”
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10:18 j497 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom said, a man to his fellow 1 See how you translated the same expression in [6:29](../06/29.md). Alternate translation: “all asked each other”
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10:18 j3k2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Who {is} the man who will begin to fight with the sons of Ammon? 1 The princes of Gilead are using a common expression to ask who should lead their army against the Ammonites. They are not asking which soldier will be the first to engage in combat with them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Who will lead our army to fight against the Ammonites?”
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10:18 j498 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the head 1 The princes of Gilead are using the word **head** to mean “ruler,” not just “military commander,” as [11:11](../11/11.md) shows, where the people make Jephthah both their “head” (ruler) and commander. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the ruler”
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11:intro q7si 0 # Judges 11 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThe account of Jephthah continues in this chapter.\n\n## Religious and Cultural Concepts in This Chapter\n\n### Jephthah the leader\n\nJephthah was half Israelite and half Canaanite by birth. While all of the judges were called by Yahweh, it is the leaders who called Jephthah to help them, but Yahweh still used Jephthah to help them.
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11:1 yk6s rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Gileadite 0 This is someone who is from the region of Gilead. It is a coincidence that his father’s name is also Gilead. See how you translated this in [Judges 10:3](../10/03.md).
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11:2 r35b When his wife’s sons grew up 0 Alternate translation: “When the sons of Gilead’s wife became adults”
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