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Merge pull request 'Fix ampersand spaces in Galatians' (#3059) from gal_bp into master
Reviewed-on: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_tn/pulls/3059
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Larry Sallee
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a01765358b
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tn_GAL.tsv
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tn_GAL.tsv
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@ -608,15 +608,15 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
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4:24 u4hr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Ὄρους Σινά 1 Paul uses **Mount Sinai** to refer to the covenant with the laws that Moses gave to the Israelites there. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use plain language to express this. Alternate translation: “Mount Sinai, where Moses received the law and gave it to Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
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4:24 aani rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor εἰς δουλείαν γεννῶσα 1 Paul speaks of the law of Moses “producing” or “resulting in” something as if the process of “producing” were **giving birth**. Paul speaks of the “spiritual bondage” of being under the law of Moses as if it were **slavery**. Paul is saying the the law of Moses “produces spiritual slavery.” If your readers would not understand what **giving birth** or **slavery** mean in this context, you could use equivalent metaphors from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “and produces spiritual slavery” or “and results in spiritual slavery” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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4:24 e3rc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns δουλείαν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **slavery**, you could express the same idea with a concrete noun such as “slave”, as modeled by the UST, or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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4:25 u1cc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὸ&Ἁγὰρ Σινά Ὄρος ἐστὶν 1 **Hagar is Mount Sinai** means that “Hagar symbolizes Mount Sinai.” Here, Paul begin to explain the meaning of the allegory which he began in [4:22](../04/22.md). If it would help your readers you can indicate explicitly what the phrase **Hagar is Mount Sinai** means here as modeled by the UST. Alternate translation: “Hagar represents Mount Sinai” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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4:25 klcv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche τὸ&Ἁγὰρ Σινά Ὄρος ἐστὶν ἐν τῇ Ἀραβίᾳ 1 Paul uses **Mount Sinai in Arabia** to refer to the covenant with the laws that Moses gave to the Israelites there. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use plain language to express this. Alternate translation: “Hagar resembles Mount Sinai in Arabia, where Moses received the law and gave it to Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
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4:25 u1cc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὸ & Ἁγὰρ Σινά Ὄρος ἐστὶν 1 **Hagar is Mount Sinai** means that “Hagar symbolizes Mount Sinai.” Here, Paul begin to explain the meaning of the allegory which he began in [4:22](../04/22.md). If it would help your readers you can indicate explicitly what the phrase **Hagar is Mount Sinai** means here as modeled by the UST. Alternate translation: “Hagar represents Mount Sinai” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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4:25 klcv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche τὸ & Ἁγὰρ Σινά Ὄρος ἐστὶν ἐν τῇ Ἀραβίᾳ 1 Paul uses **Mount Sinai in Arabia** to refer to the covenant with the laws that Moses gave to the Israelites there. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use plain language to express this. Alternate translation: “Hagar resembles Mount Sinai in Arabia, where Moses received the law and gave it to Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
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4:25 azzt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis συνστοιχεῖ 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. The words that Paul leaves out could be: (1) Hagar. Alternate translation: “Hagar corresponds” (2) Mount Sinai. Alternate translation: “Mount Sinai corresponds” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
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4:25 xvhr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy νῦν Ἰερουσαλήμ, δουλεύει γὰρ 1 Paul is describing the religion of Judaism (which emphasized obeying the law of Moses) by association with the city of Jerusalem, which was the center of this religion. If your readers would not understand this, you could use plain language as modeled by the UST. Alternate translation: “religion of Judaism, for all who follow this religion are in slavery” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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4:25 bonn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor δουλεύει γὰρ μετὰ τῶν τέκνων αὐτῆς 1 Paul speaks of the religion of Judaism, with its emphasis on obeying the law of Moses, as being **in slavery**. Here, Paul uses the word **slavery** to refer to the ”spiritual bondage“ that seeking to obey the religious system based on the law of Moses creates for those who seek to obey it as a means of meriting God’s approval. Here, **slavery** refers to “spiritual bondage” and **children** refers to those people who seek to obey the law of Moses as a means of meriting God’s approval. If your readers would not understand what **slavery** and **children** mean in this context, you could use equivalent metaphors from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “for Jerusalem represents the religious system of Judaism, which results in spiritual bondage for all those practice it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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4:25 frft rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification δουλεύει&μετὰ τῶν τέκνων αὐτῆς 1 Here, Paul refers to the city of **Jerusalem** as though it were a woman (**she** and **her**) who could be **in slavery** and have **children**. If this might be confusing for your readers, you could express this meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “Jerusalem represents the religious system of Judaism, which results in spiritual bondage for all those practice it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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4:25 frft rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification δουλεύει & μετὰ τῶν τέκνων αὐτῆς 1 Here, Paul refers to the city of **Jerusalem** as though it were a woman (**she** and **her**) who could be **in slavery** and have **children**. If this might be confusing for your readers, you could express this meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “Jerusalem represents the religious system of Judaism, which results in spiritual bondage for all those practice it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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4:25 flc8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns δουλεύει 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **slavery**, you could express the same idea with a concrete noun such as “slave”, as modeled by the UST, or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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4:26 busv rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast δὲ 1 Here, the word **But** is introducing a contrast between “the present Jerusalem” mentioned in [425:](../04/25.md) and **the Jerusalem above** in this verse. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: “On the other hand” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
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4:26 qsz6 ἡ&ἄνω Ἰερουσαλὴμ 1 The phrase **the Jerusalem above** could refer to: (1) the heavenly city of God. Alternate translation: “the heavenly Jerusalem” (2) all Christians and be referring to the Christian church which is comprised of all those who believe in Jesus. REVISIT-SEE SIL EX SUMM PG 175
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4:26 qsz6 ἡ & ἄνω Ἰερουσαλὴμ 1 The phrase **the Jerusalem above** could refer to: (1) the heavenly city of God. Alternate translation: “the heavenly Jerusalem” (2) all Christians and be referring to the Christian church which is comprised of all those who believe in Jesus. REVISIT-SEE SIL EX SUMM PG 175
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4:26 qpxq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐλευθέρα 1 Here, the word **free** refers to spiritual freedom and freedom from the law and sin. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “spiritually free” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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4:26 iwg1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἥτις ἐστὶν μήτηρ ἡμῶν 1 Paul speaks of **the Jerusalem above** as if it was were the **mother**. If your readers would not understand what **mother** means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. REVISIT-SEE SIL EX SUMM PG 175 Alternate translation: “” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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4:26 c4qu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification μήτηρ ἡμῶν 1 Paul speaks of **the Jerusalem above** as if it was were a **mother**. If this might be confusing for your readers, you could express this meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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@ -628,7 +628,7 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
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4:27 y6x4 0
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4:27 scqa rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ὅτι 1 The word **because** is introducing the reason to **Rejoice**. Use a natural form for introducing a reason to do something. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
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4:28 jfx1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases δέ 1 Here, Paul uses the word **Now** to indicate that what he writes next is connected to what he wrote immediately before this and that he is continuing his line of thought. Use a natural form in your language to indicate that what follows is in continuity with what precedes it. Alternate translation: “And” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
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4:28 oyo4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile ὑμεῖς&ἀδελφοί, κατὰ Ἰσαὰκ, ἐπαγγελίας τέκνα ἐστέ 1 The point of this comparison is that anyone who will be like, who . If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent comparison or express this meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
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4:28 oyo4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile ὑμεῖς & ἀδελφοί, κατὰ Ἰσαὰκ, ἐπαγγελίας τέκνα ἐστέ 1 The point of this comparison is that anyone who will be like, who . If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent comparison or express this meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
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4:28 p45d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular ὑμεῖς 1 Here, the pronoun **you** is plural. Your language may require you to mark such forms. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
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4:28 ad75 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ἀδελφοί 1 See how you translated the word **brothers** in [1:2](../01/02.md) where it is used with the same meaning. Alternate translation: “brothers and sisters” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
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4:28 ct63 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐπαγγελίας τέκνα 1 Here, **children** could: (1) be a metaphor which means “God’s spiritual descendants.” Alternate translation: “God’s spiritual descendants” or “God’s children” (2) be a metaphor which means “Abraham’s spiritual descendants.” Alternate translation: “Abraham’s spiritual descendants” or “Abraham’s children” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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@ -649,10 +649,10 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
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5:intro bcg3 0 # Galatians 5 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nPaul continues writing about the law of Moses as something that traps or enslaves a person. In this chapter Paul declares repeatedly that Christ has freed believers from being obligated to obey the law of Moses. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Fruit of the Spirit\n\nThe phrase “the fruit of the Spirit” is not plural, even though it begins a list of several things. The word “fruit” is singular and refers to the nine qualities listed in [5:22–23](../05/22.md) to show that they are a united cluster of qualities that are manifested in each believer. Translators should keep the singular form for “fruit” if possible. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/fruit]])
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5:1 kuu9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τῇ ἐλευθερίᾳ, ἡμᾶς Χριστὸς ἠλευθέρωσεν 1 **For freedom Christ set us free** implies that Christ **set** believers **free** from being required to obey the laws God gave the Jews. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Christ has set us free from the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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5:1 dt67 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal τῇ ἐλευθερίᾳ 1 **For** here indicates that what follows is the purpose for which Christ freed believers. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose. Alternate translation: “For the purpose of freedom” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
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5:1 hh1k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῇ ἐλευθερίᾳ&δουλείας 1 See how you translated **freedom** in [2:4](../02/04.md) and **slavery** in [4:24](../04/24.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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5:1 hh1k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῇ ἐλευθερίᾳ & δουλείας 1 See how you translated **freedom** in [2:4](../02/04.md) and **slavery** in [4:24](../04/24.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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5:1 wfny rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἡμᾶς 1 When Paul says **us** here, he is speaking of himself, his traveling companions, and the Galatian believers, so **us** would be inclusive. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
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5:1 j679 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor στήκετε 1 **Stand firm** here refers to someone remaining steadfast in what one believes. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Be unmoved” or “Remain strong in your faith” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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5:1 eamw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive μὴ πάλιν&ἐνέχεσθε 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “do not again subject yourselves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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5:1 eamw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive μὴ πάλιν & ἐνέχεσθε 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “do not again subject yourselves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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5:1 ovu1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor μὴ πάλιν ζυγῷ δουλείας ἐνέχεσθε 1 Here Paul speaks of someone being obligated to obey the laws God gave the Jews as if that person were **subjected to a yoke of slavery.** If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “do not go back to being obligated to obey the law” or “do not be subjected to the law like one who is under a yoke of slavery” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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5:1 f969 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ζυγῷ δουλείας 1 James is using the possessive form to describe a **yoke** that is **slavery**. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “a yoke, that is, slavery” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
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5:2 bki6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἴδε 1 Paul uses the term **Behold** to focus his audience’s attention on what he is about to say. Your language may have a comparable expression that you can use in your translation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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@ -662,20 +662,20 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
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5:3 iqy8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὅλον τὸν νόμον ποιῆσαι 1 Paul implies that a **circumcised** man must obey **the whole law** in order to be righteous. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “to do the whole law to become righteous” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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5:3 cwlk rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns ὅλον τὸν νόμον 1 Here, **law** is a singular noun that refers to a group of laws that God gave Israel by dictating them to Moses. See how **law** is translated in [2:16](../02/16.md) and [Romans 2:12](../../rom/02/12.md). Alternate translation: “all of God’s laws” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
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5:4 v01q rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns κατηργήθητε ἀπὸ Χριστοῦ, οἵτινες ἐν νόμῳ δικαιοῦσθε 1 **You** here refers to **whoever is being justified by the law**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this more explicit. Alternate translation: “You who are being justified by the law were cut off from Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
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5:4 wsls rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive κατηργήθητε&δικαιοῦσθε 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You cut yourselves off … is justifying oneself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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5:4 wsls rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive κατηργήθητε & δικαιοῦσθε 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You cut yourselves off … is justifying oneself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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5:4 h4yu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor κατηργήθητε ἀπὸ Χριστοῦ 1 Here, **cut off** refers to being separated from Christ. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “You have ended your relationship with Christ” or “You are separated from Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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5:4 ipf7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit οἵτινες ἐν νόμῳ δικαιοῦσθε 1 Paul implies that these people were trying to be **justified by** obeying **the law,** which is impossible. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “whoever attempts to be justified by obeying the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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5:4 ygbj rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns νόμῳ 1 See how you translated **law** in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
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5:4 k6xe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τῆς χάριτος ἐξεπέσατε 1 Here Paul speaks of **grace** as if it were something that a person could fall away from. He means that people who are trying to save themselves by obeying the law do not receive God’s **grace**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you have rejected the grace of God” or “God will no longer be gracious to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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5:5 nabj rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** here indicates that what follows is the reason why what Paul stated in the previous verse is true. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “This is due to the fact that because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
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5:5 kvpn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Πνεύματι 1 Here and throughout this chapter, **the Spirit** refers to the Holy **Spirit**. See how you translated the same use of **Spirit** in [3:2](../03/02.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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5:5 vvk6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐκ πίστεως&ἐλπίδα δικαιοσύνης 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **faith**, **hope**, and **righteousness**, you could express the same ideas in another way. See how you translated **faith** in [2:16](../02/16.md) and **righteousness** in [2:21](../02/21.md). Alternate translation: “by trusting … what is hopeful of what it righteous” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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5:5 vvk6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐκ πίστεως & ἐλπίδα δικαιοσύνης 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **faith**, **hope**, and **righteousness**, you could express the same ideas in another way. See how you translated **faith** in [2:16](../02/16.md) and **righteousness** in [2:21](../02/21.md). Alternate translation: “by trusting … what is hopeful of what it righteous” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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5:5 pdm1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἡμεῖς 1 Here, **we** refers to Paul and those who trust in Christ instead of the law, so **we** would be exclusive. Your language may require you to mark this form. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
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5:5 qg9m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure ἡμεῖς&ἐκ πίστεως ἐλπίδα δικαιοσύνης ἀπεκδεχόμεθα 1 This could mean: (1) **we eagerly wait** **by faith**. Alternate translation: “we eagerly wait by faith for the hope of righteousness” (2) **righteousness** is **by faith**. Alternate translation: “we eagerly wait for the hope of righteousness by faith” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
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5:5 qg9m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure ἡμεῖς & ἐκ πίστεως ἐλπίδα δικαιοσύνης ἀπεκδεχόμεθα 1 This could mean: (1) **we eagerly wait** **by faith**. Alternate translation: “we eagerly wait by faith for the hope of righteousness” (2) **righteousness** is **by faith**. Alternate translation: “we eagerly wait for the hope of righteousness by faith” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
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5:5 xtqp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ἐλπίδα δικαιοσύνης 1 This could mean: (1) people **hope** for **righteousness**. Alternate translation: “the hope for righteousness” (2) **the hope** is **righteousness**. Alternate translation: “the hope, that is, righteousness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
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5:6 rn0r rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** here indicates that what follows is a reason why what Paul said in the previous verse is true. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “This is due to the fact that because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
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5:6 bhdg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐν&Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ 1 See how you translated this phrase in [3:26](../03/26.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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5:6 y2ww rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns περιτομή&ἀκροβυστία&πίστις&ἀγάπης 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **circumcision**, **uncircumcision**, **faith**, and **love**, you could express the same ideas in another way. See how you translated **faith** in [2:16](../02/16.md). Alternate translation: “being circumcised … not being circumcised … trusting … loving” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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5:6 bhdg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐν & Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ 1 See how you translated this phrase in [3:26](../03/26.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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5:6 y2ww rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns περιτομή & ἀκροβυστία & πίστις & ἀγάπης 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **circumcision**, **uncircumcision**, **faith**, and **love**, you could express the same ideas in another way. See how you translated **faith** in [2:16](../02/16.md). Alternate translation: “being circumcised … not being circumcised … trusting … loving” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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5:6 qp6b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom οὔτε περιτομή τι ἰσχύει, οὔτε ἀκροβυστία 1 Here, **anything** refers to being important to God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “neither circumcision nor uncircumcision is capable of being important to God” or “neither circumcision nor uncircumcision matters” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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5:6 bw6b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis πίστις δι’ ἀγάπης ἐνεργουμένη 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the previous clause. Alternate translation: “faith working through love is capable of something” or “faith working through love matters” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
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5:7 jj48 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐτρέχετε καλῶς 1 Here Paul refers to becoming more spiritually mature as if someone were **running** a race. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “You were making excellent progress in your faith” or “you were doing so well” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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@ -690,14 +690,14 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
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5:9 xds5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown μικρὰ ζύμη ὅλον τὸ φύραμα ζυμοῖ 1 The word **leaven** refers to a substance that causes fermentation and expansion within a batch of dough or batter. Here, **leavens** refers to the fermentation process and **lump** refers to the batch of dough. If your readers would not be familiar with **leaven**, you could use the name of a substance that they would be familiar with, or you could use a general term. Alternate translation: “A little yeast causes all of the batch of dough to swell up” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
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5:10 usoc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐν Κυρίῳ 1 Here, **in the Lord** indicates the basis or cause for which Paul was **confident in** the Galatian believers, and **the Lord** refers to Jesus. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar expression “in Christ” in [1:22](../01/22.md). Alternate translation: “on the basis of us being in union with the Lord Jesus” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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5:10 enp1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit οὐδὲν ἄλλο φρονήσετε 1 Here, **nothing otherwise** refers to **nothing** other than what Paul has told his readers. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “you will think nothing other than what I am telling you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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5:10 jc72 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun ὁ&ταράσσων ὑμᾶς&ὅστις ἐὰν ᾖ 1 Jesus is speaking of several people who were **troubling** the Galatian believers, not just one particular man. Paul states in [1:7](../01/07.md) that there were several false teachers causing trouble. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more general expression. Alternate translation: “those troubling you … whoever they may be” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
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5:10 jc72 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun ὁ & ταράσσων ὑμᾶς & ὅστις ἐὰν ᾖ 1 Jesus is speaking of several people who were **troubling** the Galatian believers, not just one particular man. Paul states in [1:7](../01/07.md) that there were several false teachers causing trouble. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more general expression. Alternate translation: “those troubling you … whoever they may be” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
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5:10 llh5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns βαστάσει τὸ κρίμα 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **judgment**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “will be judged” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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5:11 nv5x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ἀδελφοί 1 See how you translated the same use of **brothers** in [1:2](../01/02.md). Alternate translation: “brothers and sisters” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
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5:11 d4mm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo ἐγὼ&εἰ περιτομὴν ἔτι κηρύσσω, τί ἔτι διώκομαι 1 Paul is using a hypothetical situation to help emphasize that he does not **proclaim circumcision**. Use the natural form in your language for expressing a hypothetical situation. Alternate translation: “were I still proclaiming circumcision, then why am I still being persecuted” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
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5:11 gaq4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy περιτομὴν&κηρύσσω 1 Here, **proclaim circumcision** refers to telling people that they must be circumcised in order to be saved. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “proclaim the need to be circumcised” or “proclaim that everyone must be circumcised” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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5:11 d4mm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo ἐγὼ & εἰ περιτομὴν ἔτι κηρύσσω, τί ἔτι διώκομαι 1 Paul is using a hypothetical situation to help emphasize that he does not **proclaim circumcision**. Use the natural form in your language for expressing a hypothetical situation. Alternate translation: “were I still proclaiming circumcision, then why am I still being persecuted” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
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5:11 gaq4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy περιτομὴν & κηρύσσω 1 Here, **proclaim circumcision** refers to telling people that they must be circumcised in order to be saved. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “proclaim the need to be circumcised” or “proclaim that everyone must be circumcised” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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5:11 wgui rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns περιτομὴν 1 See how you translated **circumcision** in [verse 6](../05/06.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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5:11 hgo8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion τί ἔτι διώκομαι? 1 Paul is not asking for information, but is using the question form here to emphasize what he is saying. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “I would not still be persecuted!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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5:11 y3ug rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive τί ἔτι διώκομαι&κατήργηται τὸ σκάνδαλον τοῦ σταυροῦ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “why are people still persecuting me … I would have removed the stumbling block of the cross” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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5:11 y3ug rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive τί ἔτι διώκομαι & κατήργηται τὸ σκάνδαλον τοῦ σταυροῦ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “why are people still persecuting me … I would have removed the stumbling block of the cross” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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5:11 l5tk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἄρα κατήργηται τὸ σκάνδαλον τοῦ σταυροῦ 1 This sentence gives both the result of proclaiming **circumcision** and the reason why someone who proclaimed **circumcision** would not be **persecuted**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I would not be persecuted because proclaiming circumcision would remove the stumbling block of the cross” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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5:11 z2hj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὸ σκάνδαλον τοῦ σταυροῦ 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **the stumbling block** that is **the cross**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the stumbling block, that is, the cross” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
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5:11 arj5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τὸ σκάνδαλον 1 Here, **stumbling block** refers to something that offends people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the offense” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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@ -705,18 +705,18 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
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5:12 e7c2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations ὄφελον καὶ ἀποκόψονται, οἱ ἀναστατοῦντες ὑμᾶς 1 If the plain statement form for this seems unnatural, you could translate this as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “O how I wish that the ones disturbing you would even castrate themselves!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
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5:12 sfl2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor καὶ ἀποκόψονται 1 This could mean: (1) Paul wished that the false teachers who wanted to circumcise the Galatian believers would cut off their male organs, as stated literally in the ULT. (2) Paul wished that the false teachers would leave the Christian community. Alternate translation: “will even remove themselves from among you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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5:13 y1g7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 **For** here could indicate: (1) Paul is transitioning back to the topic he introduced in [verse 1](../05/01.md). Alternate translation: “Indeed,” (2) the reason for the harsh words Paul said in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “I wish they would do so because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
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5:13 ekb2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ὑμεῖς&ἐπ’ ἐλευθερίᾳ ἐκλήθητε 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God has called you to freedom” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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5:13 w433 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐλευθερίᾳ&τὴν ἐλευθερίαν 1 Here, **freedom** implies that Christ sets believers free from being required to obey the laws God gave the Jews. See how you translated the similar expression in [verse 1](../05/01.md). Alternate translation: “freedom from the law … that freedom from the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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5:13 dgaf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐλευθερίᾳ&ἐλευθερίαν 1 See how you translated **freedom** in [2:4](../02/04.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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5:13 ekb2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ὑμεῖς & ἐπ’ ἐλευθερίᾳ ἐκλήθητε 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God has called you to freedom” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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5:13 w433 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐλευθερίᾳ & τὴν ἐλευθερίαν 1 Here, **freedom** implies that Christ sets believers free from being required to obey the laws God gave the Jews. See how you translated the similar expression in [verse 1](../05/01.md). Alternate translation: “freedom from the law … that freedom from the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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5:13 dgaf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐλευθερίᾳ & ἐλευθερίαν 1 See how you translated **freedom** in [2:4](../02/04.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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5:13 yp6r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ἀδελφοί 1 See how you translated the same use of **brothers** in [1:2](../01/02.md). Alternate translation: “brothers and sisters” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
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5:13 b62s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification ἀφορμὴν τῇ σαρκί 1 Here Paul speaks of **the flesh** as if it were a person who could take advantage of **an opportunity**. He is referring to believers thinking they can sin because they do not have to obey the laws God gave the Jews . If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “an opportunity to sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]).
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5:13 viv6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τῇ σαρκί 1 Here Paul uses **flesh** to refer to sinful human nature. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “for your sinful nature” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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5:13 ierd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit διὰ τῆς ἀγάπης 1 Here, **through** indicates the means by which believers should **serve one another**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “by means of love” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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5:13 iki8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῆς ἀγάπης 1 See how you translated **love** in [verse 6](../05/06.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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5:14 cu9y rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** here indicates that what follows is the reason why Paul’s readers should obey the command he gave in the previous verse. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a reason. Alternate translation: “You must do this for one another because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
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5:14 ct8i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ὁ&πᾶς νόμος ἐν ἑνὶ λόγῳ πεπλήρωται 1 This could mean: (1) this **one command** sums up **all the law**. Alternate translation: “all the law is summed up in just one command” (2) someone who obeys this **one command** obeys **all the law**. Alternate translation: “by obeying one commandment, you obey the whole law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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5:14 eaeo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ὁ&πᾶς νόμος ἐν ἑνὶ λόγῳ πεπλήρωται 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “one command has fulfilled all the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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5:14 pda2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns ὁ&νόμος 1 See how you translated **law** in the [2:16](../02/16.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
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5:14 ct8i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ὁ & πᾶς νόμος ἐν ἑνὶ λόγῳ πεπλήρωται 1 This could mean: (1) this **one command** sums up **all the law**. Alternate translation: “all the law is summed up in just one command” (2) someone who obeys this **one command** obeys **all the law**. Alternate translation: “by obeying one commandment, you obey the whole law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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5:14 eaeo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ὁ & πᾶς νόμος ἐν ἑνὶ λόγῳ πεπλήρωται 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “one command has fulfilled all the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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5:14 pda2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns ὁ & νόμος 1 See how you translated **law** in the [2:16](../02/16.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
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5:14 qt9c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd ἀγαπήσεις τὸν πλησίον σου ὡς σεαυτόν 1 The words **you**, **your**, and **yourself** are singular here because, even though Moses said this to the Israelites as a group, each individual person was supposed to obey this command. So in your translation, use the singular forms of **you**, **your**, and **yourself** in this verse, if your language marks that distinction. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]])
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5:14 zdv4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative ἀγαπήσεις 1 **You will love** is a statement that Moses uses to give a command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “You must love” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative]])
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5:15 yk60 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor εἰ δὲ ἀλλήλους δάκνετε καὶ κατεσθίετε 1 Here Paul speaks of the Galatian believers fighting each other as if they were wild animals that attack each other. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “if you are mistreating and hurting one another” or “if you are acting like wild animals that bite and devour one another” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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@ -730,14 +730,14 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
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5:16 rl5s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification ἐπιθυμίαν σαρκὸς 1 Here Paul speaks of **the flesh** as if it were a person who has **desires**. He is referring to what a person wants to do as a result of having a sinful human nature. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how this phrase is translated in [Romans 13:14](../../rom/13/14.md). Alternate translation: “what you want to do because of your sinful nature” or “the things you want to do because you are sinful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]).
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5:16 w8a1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor σαρκὸς 1 Here Paul uses **flesh** to refer to sinful human nature. See how you translated this **flesh** in [verse 13](../05/13.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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5:17 mbdm rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** here indicates that what follows is the reason why Paul commanded his readers to “walk by the Spirit” in the previous verse. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a reason. Alternate translation: “I say this to you because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
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5:17 m7td rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἡ&σὰρξ&τῆς σαρκός 1 See how you translated this **flesh** in [verse 13](../05/13.md) and in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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5:17 xjj9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἡ&σὰρξ ἐπιθυμεῖ κατὰ τοῦ Πνεύματος 1 The phrase **desires against** implies desiring to do what is **against the Spirit**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the flesh desires to do things that are against the Spirit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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5:17 w7kv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification ἡ&σὰρξ ἐπιθυμεῖ 1 Here Paul speaks of **the flesh** as if it were a person who **desires**. He is referring to what a person **desires** to do as a result of having a sinful human nature. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “what you want to do because of your sinful nature” or “the things you want to do because you are sinful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]).
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5:17 oyog rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis τὸ&Πνεῦμα κατὰ τῆς σαρκός 1 Paul is leaving out a word that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If if would be helpful in your language, you could supply the word from the previous clause. Alternate translation: “the Spirit desires against the flesh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
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5:17 m7td rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἡ & σὰρξ & τῆς σαρκός 1 See how you translated this **flesh** in [verse 13](../05/13.md) and in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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5:17 xjj9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἡ & σὰρξ ἐπιθυμεῖ κατὰ τοῦ Πνεύματος 1 The phrase **desires against** implies desiring to do what is **against the Spirit**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the flesh desires to do things that are against the Spirit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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5:17 w7kv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification ἡ & σὰρξ ἐπιθυμεῖ 1 Here Paul speaks of **the flesh** as if it were a person who **desires**. He is referring to what a person **desires** to do as a result of having a sinful human nature. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “what you want to do because of your sinful nature” or “the things you want to do because you are sinful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]).
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5:17 oyog rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis τὸ & Πνεῦμα κατὰ τῆς σαρκός 1 Paul is leaving out a word that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If if would be helpful in your language, you could supply the word from the previous clause. Alternate translation: “the Spirit desires against the flesh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
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5:17 xp0l rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 2 **For** here indicates that what follows is the reason why the **desires** of **the flesh** and **the Spirit** are against each other. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a reason. Alternate translation: “This is for the reason that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
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5:17 r3dk rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ταῦτα 1 The pronoun **these** refers to **the flesh** and **the Spirit**. If if would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the flesh and the Spirit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
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5:17 ukce rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ἵνα 1 Here, **so that** indicates that what follows is the result of what Paul said in the previous clause. Use a natural way in your language for indicating result. Alternate translation: “as a result” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
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5:17 l0lu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἃ&θέλητε ταῦτα 1 This clause refers to the good **things** that Christians want to do. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “those good things that you would desire to do as Christians” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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5:17 l0lu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἃ & θέλητε ταῦτα 1 This clause refers to the good **things** that Christians want to do. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “those good things that you would desire to do as Christians” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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5:18 cyud rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Πνεύματι ἄγεσθε 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the Spirit leads you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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5:18 san8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification οὐκ ἐστὲ ὑπὸ νόμον 1 Paul speaks of **the law** as if it were a ruler whose authority people had to live **under**. He means that Christians are not controlled by the requirements of **the law**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how **under the law** is translated in [Romans 6:14](../../rom/06/14.md). Alternative translation: “the law does not control you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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5:18 esbf rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns νόμον 1 See how you translated **the law** in [2:16](../02/16.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
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@ -747,8 +747,8 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
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5:20 rgjl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns εἰδωλολατρία, φαρμακεία, ἔχθραι, ἔρις, ζῆλοι, θυμοί, ἐριθεῖαι, διχοστασίαι, αἱρέσεις 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **idolatry**, **sorcery**, **hostilities**, **strife**, **jealousy**, **anger**, **rivalry**, **divisions**, and **factions**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “worshiping idols, practicing witchcraft, being hostile, striving with others, being jealous, angrily bursting out, causing people to divide, making factious groups” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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5:21 fdce rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns φθόνοι, μέθαι, κῶμοι 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **envy**, **drunkenness**, and **drunken celebrations**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “being envious, being drunk, being drunk while celebrating” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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5:21 rs9b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor οὐ κληρονομήσουσιν 1 Here Paul speaks of **the kingdom of God** as if it were property that a child could **inherit** from a parent when that parent dies. Paul uses the word **inherit** here to refer to being able to dwell in **the kingdom of God**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this figure of speech with a comparable metaphor or express the idea plainly. Alternate translation: “will not dwell in” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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5:22 ejgc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ὁ&καρπὸς τοῦ Πνεύματός 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **the fruit** that **the Spirit** gives to believers. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the fruit that the Spirit gives” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
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5:22 hez3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ὁ&καρπὸς 1 Here, **fruit** refers to a result or outcome. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the product” or “the result” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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5:22 ejgc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession ὁ & καρπὸς τοῦ Πνεύματός 1 Paul is using the possessive form to describe **the fruit** that **the Spirit** gives to believers. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the fruit that the Spirit gives” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
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5:22 hez3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ὁ & καρπὸς 1 Here, **fruit** refers to a result or outcome. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the product” or “the result” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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5:22 fsxn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἀγάπη, χαρά, εἰρήνη, μακροθυμία, χρηστότης, ἀγαθωσύνη, πίστις 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **love**, **joy**, **peace**, **patience**, **kindness**, **goodness**, and **faithfulness**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “acting lovingly, joyfully, peacefully, patiently, kindly, in a good manner, faithfully” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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5:22 famj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit εἰρήνη 1 Here, **peace** could mean: (1) a peaceful feeling. Alternate translation: “feeling peaceful” (2) a peaceful relationship with other people. Alternate translation: “peace with others” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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5:23 wl7x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns πραΰτης, ἐνκράτεια 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **gentleness**, and **self-control**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “acting gently, and controlling oneself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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@ -779,10 +779,10 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
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6:3 eure rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations δοκεῖ & φρεναπατᾷ ἑαυτόν 1 Although the words **himself** and **he** are masculine, Paul is using the words here in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
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6:3 m4wk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom εἶναί τι 1 Here, **to be something** refers to someone arrogantly thinking that he is better than other people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to be better than others” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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6:3 zz1g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom μηδὲν ὤν 1 Here, **being nothing** refers to someone not being better than other people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “not being better than others” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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6:4 wo1z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person τὸ&ἔργον ἑαυτοῦ δοκιμαζέτω ἕκαστος, καὶ τότε εἰς ἑαυτὸν μόνον τὸ καύχημα ἕξει, καὶ οὐκ εἰς τὸν ἕτερον 1 In this verse Paul is addressing his readers in the third person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use the second person instead. Alternate translation: “let each one of you examine your own work, and then you will have reason to boast in yourself and not in someone else” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
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6:4 kubv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations τὸ&ἑαυτὸν&ἕξει 1 Although the words **his**, **he**, and **himself** are masculine, Paul is using the words here in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
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6:4 umjq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὸ&ἔργον ἑαυτοῦ&τὸ καύχημα ἕξει 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **work** and **reason**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “the things he does himself … he can reasonably boast” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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6:4 pb3m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor εἰς ἑαυτὸν&εἰς τὸν ἕτερον 1 Paul uses **himself** and **someone else** as if they were something that a person could **boast** inside of. He means that people **boast** about themselves or others. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation, “about himself … about someone else” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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6:4 wo1z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person τὸ & ἔργον ἑαυτοῦ δοκιμαζέτω ἕκαστος, καὶ τότε εἰς ἑαυτὸν μόνον τὸ καύχημα ἕξει, καὶ οὐκ εἰς τὸν ἕτερον 1 In this verse Paul is addressing his readers in the third person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use the second person instead. Alternate translation: “let each one of you examine your own work, and then you will have reason to boast in yourself and not in someone else” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
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6:4 kubv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations τὸ & ἑαυτὸν & ἕξει 1 Although the words **his**, **he**, and **himself** are masculine, Paul is using the words here in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
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6:4 umjq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὸ & ἔργον ἑαυτοῦ & τὸ καύχημα ἕξει 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **work** and **reason**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “the things he does himself … he can reasonably boast” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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6:4 pb3m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor εἰς ἑαυτὸν & εἰς τὸν ἕτερον 1 Paul uses **himself** and **someone else** as if they were something that a person could **boast** inside of. He means that people **boast** about themselves or others. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation, “about himself … about someone else” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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6:5 euhw rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** here indicates that what follows is the reason why Paul wants his readers to obey what he commanded in the previous verse. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “Do this because” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
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6:5 ee8v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τὸ ἴδιον φορτίον βαστάσει 1 The phrase **carry his own burden** could mean: (1) people have their own responsibilities and tasks. Alternate translation: “each person must do the work that God has given him” or “each person is responsible for his own work” (2) people are responsible for their own weaknesses and sins. Alternate translation: “each person is responsible for their own sins” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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6:5 hwxg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὸ ἴδιον φορτίον 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **burden**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “what burdens him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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@ -793,19 +793,19 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
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6:7 o9sk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive μὴ πλανᾶσθε, Θεὸς οὐ μυκτηρίζεται 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Do not deceive yourselves. No one can mock God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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6:7 tm7g rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 Here, **for** indicates that what follows is a reason why **God is not mocked**. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “due to the fact that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
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6:7 gii9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ἄνθρωπος, τοῦτο καὶ θερίσει 1 Although **man** and **he** are masculine, Paul is using the words here in a generic sense that includes both men and women. Alternate translation: “a person … that the person will also reap” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
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6:7 x5pi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ὃ&ἐὰν σπείρῃ ἄνθρωπος, τοῦτο καὶ θερίσει 1 Here, **sow** refers to doing things that will have consequences, and **reap** represents experiencing those consequences. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “just as a farmer gathers in the fruit of the seeds he plants, so everyone experiences the results of whatever they do” or “everyone receives the results of whatever they have done” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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6:8 ejbf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor σπείρων εἰς τὴν σάρκα ἑαυτοῦ&σπείρων εἰς τὸ Πνεῦμα 1 Paul continues the metaphor from the previous verse of a farmer **sowing** seeds and harvesting crops. The word **sowing** refers to doing deeds that will have consequences. Here, **sowing to his own flesh** refers to a person doing sinful actions in order to satisfy his sinful nature, and **sowing to the Spirit** refers to a person doing good actions in order to please the Holy **Spirit**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “doings things to satisfy his sinful nature … doing things to please the Holy Spirit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor]])
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6:8 p9gl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor σάρκα&σαρκὸς 1 See how you translated the same use of **flesh** in [5:13](../05/13.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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6:8 lzz8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor θερίσει&θερίσει 1 In this verse **reap** represents experiencing the consequences of doing something. See how you translated the same use of **reap** in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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6:7 x5pi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ὃ & ἐὰν σπείρῃ ἄνθρωπος, τοῦτο καὶ θερίσει 1 Here, **sow** refers to doing things that will have consequences, and **reap** represents experiencing those consequences. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “just as a farmer gathers in the fruit of the seeds he plants, so everyone experiences the results of whatever they do” or “everyone receives the results of whatever they have done” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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6:8 ejbf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor σπείρων εἰς τὴν σάρκα ἑαυτοῦ & σπείρων εἰς τὸ Πνεῦμα 1 Paul continues the metaphor from the previous verse of a farmer **sowing** seeds and harvesting crops. The word **sowing** refers to doing deeds that will have consequences. Here, **sowing to his own flesh** refers to a person doing sinful actions in order to satisfy his sinful nature, and **sowing to the Spirit** refers to a person doing good actions in order to please the Holy **Spirit**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “doings things to satisfy his sinful nature … doing things to please the Holy Spirit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor]])
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6:8 p9gl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor σάρκα & σαρκὸς 1 See how you translated the same use of **flesh** in [5:13](../05/13.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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6:8 lzz8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor θερίσει & θερίσει 1 In this verse **reap** represents experiencing the consequences of doing something. See how you translated the same use of **reap** in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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6:8 dge9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit φθοράν 1 Here, **destruction** refers to experiencing punishment forever in hell. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “eternal destruction” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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6:8 cc72 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns θερίσει φθοράν 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **destruction**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “will be destroyed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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6:9 xgi4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive μὴ ἐνκακῶμεν&θερίσομεν 1 When Paul says **we**, he is speaking of himself and the Galatian believers so **we** would be inclusive here. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
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6:9 xruj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὸ&καλὸν 1 See how you translated **good** in [4:18](../04/18.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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6:9 u77c καιρῷ&ἰδίῳ 1 Alternate translation: “at the proper time”
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6:9 xgi4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive μὴ ἐνκακῶμεν & θερίσομεν 1 When Paul says **we**, he is speaking of himself and the Galatian believers so **we** would be inclusive here. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
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6:9 xruj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὸ & καλὸν 1 See how you translated **good** in [4:18](../04/18.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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6:9 u77c καιρῷ & ἰδίῳ 1 Alternate translation: “at the proper time”
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6:9 u8fx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative μὴ ἐκλυόμενοι 1 Paul is using a statement to give a condition. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural form for a condition. Alternate translation: “if not becoming weary” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative]])
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6:9 hw39 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor θερίσομεν 1 See how you translated **reap** in [verse 7](../06/07.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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6:10 ax66 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ἄρα οὖν 1 **So then** indicates that what follows in this verse is the concluding result of what Paul has said in [verses 1–9](../06/01.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “Because all these things are true” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
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6:10 gih4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἔχομεν&ἐργαζώμεθα 1 When Paul says **we** he is speaking of himself and the Galatian believers so we would be inclusive here. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
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6:10 gih4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἔχομεν & ἐργαζώμεθα 1 When Paul says **we** he is speaking of himself and the Galatian believers so we would be inclusive here. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
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6:10 yjpq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τὸ ἀγαθὸν 1 See how you translated **good** in [4:18](../04/18.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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6:10 e8qt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj πάντας 1 Paul is using the adjective **all** as a noun in order to indicate **all** people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “all people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
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6:10 jz9i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τοὺς οἰκείους τῆς πίστεως 1 Here Paul refers to Christians as if they were a **household of the faith**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “those who are Christians” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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@ -818,15 +818,15 @@ front:intro i6u9 0 # Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduc
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6:12 n8mc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive μὴ διώκωνται 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The context indicates that the Jews might do the action. Alternate translation: “the Jews might not persecute them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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6:12 jd4x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy τῷ σταυρῷ τοῦ Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ 1 Here, **the cross** refers to believing in Christ’s sacrificial death on **the cross**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “for believing in what Christ Jesus did when he died on the cross” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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6:13 xod7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 **For** here indicates that what follows is the reason why what Paul said in the previous verse is true. Use a natural way in your language for indicating a reason. Alternate translation: “This is due to the fact that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
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6:13 cgi6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive οἱ περιτετμημένοι&ὑμᾶς περιτέμνεσθαι 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the ones who have had a person circumcise them … a person to circumcise you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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6:13 cgi6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive οἱ περιτετμημένοι & ὑμᾶς περιτέμνεσθαι 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the ones who have had a person circumcise them … a person to circumcise you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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6:13 xtsq rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα 1 Here, **so that** introduces a purpose clause. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “for the purpose that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
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6:13 q2uh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἐν τῇ ὑμετέρᾳ σαρκὶ 1 See how you translated the same use of **flesh** in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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6:14 yek3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations ἐμοὶ&μὴ γένοιτο 1 The phrase **may it never be** is an exclamation that communicates a strong desire against doing something. Use an exclamation that is natural in your language for communicating this meaning. Alternate translation: “may I absolutely never” or “may I certainly never” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
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6:14 p2zz rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-exceptions ἐμοὶ&μὴ γένοιτο καυχᾶσθαι, εἰ μὴ 1 If it would appear in your language that Paul was making a statement here and then contradicting it, you could reword this to avoid using an exception clause. Alternate translation: “may it ever only be to me to boast” or “may I only ever boast” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-exceptions]])
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6:14 yek3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations ἐμοὶ & μὴ γένοιτο 1 The phrase **may it never be** is an exclamation that communicates a strong desire against doing something. Use an exclamation that is natural in your language for communicating this meaning. Alternate translation: “may I absolutely never” or “may I certainly never” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
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6:14 p2zz rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-exceptions ἐμοὶ & μὴ γένοιτο καυχᾶσθαι, εἰ μὴ 1 If it would appear in your language that Paul was making a statement here and then contradicting it, you could reword this to avoid using an exception clause. Alternate translation: “may it ever only be to me to boast” or “may I only ever boast” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-exceptions]])
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6:14 ul40 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐν τῷ σταυρῷ 1 Here Paul speaks of **the cross** as if it were a location someone could **boast** **in**. He means that he boasts with reference to **the cross**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “when referring to the cross” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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6:14 evgd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy τῷ σταυρῷ τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 Here, **the cross** refers to Christ’s sacrificial death on **the cross**. Paul uses **the cross** here in a slightly different way than he did in [verse 12](../06/12.md). See how you translated the same use of **the cross** in [5:11](../05/11.md). Alternate translation: “what our Lord Jesus Christ did when he died on the cross” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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6:14 vsa8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐμοὶ κόσμος ἐσταύρωται, κἀγὼ κόσμῳ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God crucified the world to me, and me to the world” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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6:14 miwn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy κόσμος&κόσμῳ 1 Here, **the world** could refer to: (1) the entire world system, which is naturally hostile to God. This **world** operates according to the “elementary principles” ([4:3](../04/03.md)) that exist during this “present evil age” ([1:4](../01/04.md)). Alternate translation: “this world system that opposes God … to this world system that opposes God” (2) the system of values that people share who do not honor God, which is how John uses **the world** in [1 John 2:15](../../1jn/02/15.md). Alternate translation: “what people value in the world … to what people value in the world” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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6:14 miwn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy κόσμος & κόσμῳ 1 Here, **the world** could refer to: (1) the entire world system, which is naturally hostile to God. This **world** operates according to the “elementary principles” ([4:3](../04/03.md)) that exist during this “present evil age” ([1:4](../01/04.md)). Alternate translation: “this world system that opposes God … to this world system that opposes God” (2) the system of values that people share who do not honor God, which is how John uses **the world** in [1 John 2:15](../../1jn/02/15.md). Alternate translation: “what people value in the world … to what people value in the world” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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6:14 lpr2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐμοὶ κόσμος ἐσταύρωται 1 Here Paul speaks of **the world** no longer influencing him as if **the world** were a dead man who had been **crucified**. Just as a dead person cannot directly influence anyone, so the world could not influence Paul. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “the world does not influence me” or “it is as if the world is dead to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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6:14 v2qs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis κἀγὼ κόσμῳ 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the previous clause. Alternate translation: “and I have been crucified to the world” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
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6:14 zhnc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor κἀγὼ κόσμῳ 1 This could mean: (1) the same as the previous clause, but stated in reverse order for emphasis. Alternate translation: “and I am not influenced by the world” (2) the opposite of the previous clause. Alternate translation: “and I do not influence the world” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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