@ -400,7 +400,6 @@ front:intro mw28 0 # Introduction to Acts\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\
3:7 a206 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐστερεώθησαν αἱ βάσεις αὐτοῦ καὶ τὰ σφυδρά 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this with an active form. Alternate translation: “his feet and ankles became strong”
3:8 a207 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result καὶ 1 Luke is using the word translated **And** to indicate that the events in this verse happened as a result of the events in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “So”
3:8 abc1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ἔστη καὶ περιεπάτει, καὶ εἰσῆλθεν σὺν αὐτοῖς 1 The pronoun **he** refers to the man who had been lame, and the pronoun **them** refers to Peter and John. You could indicate that specifically if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “the man stood and began to walk, and the man entered with Peter and John”
3:8 q13i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo ἔστη καὶ περιεπάτει, καὶ εἰσῆλθεν σὺν αὐτοῖς 1 Luke is using the word **began** to indicate that this man had been doing something else (sitting at the gate begging) but then began to do something new when was healed. It might not be necessary to translate the word **began**, since it may seem to convey redundant information that would be not be natural to express in your language. Alternate translation: “he stood and walked”
3:8 zp7x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy εἰς τὸ ἱερὸν 1 Only priests were allowed inside the temple building, so when Luke says **the temple** here, he means the courtyard associated with the temple. Alternate translation: “into the temple courtyard”
3:9 a208 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole πᾶς ὁ λαὸς 1 The word **all** is a generalization for emphasis. Alternate translation: “the crowd that was in the courtyard”
3:10 zy7h ἐπεγίνωσκον & αὐτὸν, ὅτι αὐτὸς ἦν ὁ & καθήμενος 1 Alternate translation: “they realized that he was the man who had been sitting”
@ -139,6 +139,7 @@ front:intro v8pn 0 # Introduction to Judges\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
2:7 kcc2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background וַיַּעַבְד֤וּ הָעָם֙ אֶת־יְהוָ֔ה 1 If you decided to translate [2:6](../02/06.md) in a way that showed it was background information, you can continue to do that in this verse. Alternate translation: “And the people had served Yahweh”
2:7 ydz9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy כֹּ֖ל יְמֵ֣י יְהוֹשֻׁ֑עַ וְכֹ֣ל ׀ יְמֵ֣י הַזְּקֵנִ֗ים 1 In these phrases, the author is using the term **days** to refer to a specific time, the lifetimes of Joshua and these elders. He is doing this by association with the way a lifetime is made up of individual days. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “throughout the lifetimes of Joshua and the elders”
2:7 qml9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אֲשֶׁ֨ר הֶאֱרִ֤יכוּ יָמִים֙ אַחֲרֵ֣י יְהוֹשׁ֔וּעַ 1 The author is speaking as if these **elders** had done something to make their days longer after Joshua died. He is using a common expression that means that their **days**, that is, their lifetimes, continued for some years after Joshua died. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “who had outlived Joshua”
2:7 vx72 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns אֵ֣ת כָּל־מַעֲשֵׂ֤ה & הַגָּד֔וֹל 1 In a context such as this, it might be more natural in your language to use the plural form of **deed**. Alternate translation: “all of the great deeds”
2:8 ii19 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background וַיָּ֛מָת יְהוֹשֻׁ֥עַ בִּן־נ֖וּן עֶ֣בֶד יְהוָ֑ה 1 If you have been translating these verses in a way that shows they are background information, you can continue to do that here. Alternate translation: “Now Joshua the son of Nun, the servant of Yahweh, had died”
2:8 k12w rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names נ֖וּן 1 The word **Nun** is the name of a man, the father of **Joshua**.
2:8 xfn6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בֶּן־מֵאָ֥ה וָעֶ֖שֶׂר שָׁנִֽים 1 In certain contexts, the expression **son of** indicates that a person shares the qualities of something. In cases such as this, it specifically describes how old a person is. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “when he was 110 years old”
@ -962,6 +963,7 @@ front:intro v8pn 0 # Introduction to Judges\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
10:12 w39a rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וּמָע֔וֹן 1 The word **Maon** is the name of a people group.
10:12 e4ml rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מִיָּדָֽם 1 See how you translated the same expression in [2:14](../02/14.md). Alternate translation: “from their power”
10:14 j491 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony לְכ֗וּ וְזַֽעֲקוּ֙ אֶל־הָ֣אֱלֹהִ֔ים אֲשֶׁ֥ר בְּחַרְתֶּ֖ם בָּ֑ם הֵ֛מָּה יוֹשִׁ֥יעוּ לָכֶ֖ם בְּעֵ֥ת צָרַתְכֶֽם 1 Yahweh does not really want the Israelites to **cry out** to other **gods** for help. He means to communicate emphatically the opposite of the literal meaning of his words. Alternate translation: “Since you have chosen other gods, you have no right to cry out to me to save you in your time of distress!”
10:14 ng7p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo אֲשֶׁ֥ר בְּחַרְתֶּ֖ם בָּ֑ם 1 It might seem that this expression contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in your language. If so, you can shorten it. Alternate translation: “that you have chosen”
10:15 j492 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy כְּכָל־הַטּ֖וֹב בְּעֵינֶ֑יךָ 1 See how you translated the similar expression in [2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: “according to everything that you judge to be good”
10:15 j493 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy הַיּ֥וֹם הַזֶּֽה 1 The Israelites are using the term **day** to refer to a specific time. They are not asking Yahweh to **deliver** them on that specific day. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “at this time” or “right away”
10:16 i218 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אֶת־אֱלֹהֵ֤י הַנֵּכָר֙ 1 The author is using the expression **foreign gods** by association to mean idols that represented these gods. Alternate translation: “the idols”
@ -972,80 +974,114 @@ front:intro v8pn 0 # Introduction to Judges\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
10:18 j497 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַיֹּאמְר֨וּ & אִ֣ישׁ אֶל־רֵעֵ֔הוּ 1 See how you translated the same expression in [6:29](../06/29.md). Alternate translation: “Then … all asked each other”
10:18 j3k2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מִ֣י הָאִ֔ישׁ אֲשֶׁ֣ר יָחֵ֔ל לְהִלָּחֵ֖ם בִּבְנֵ֣י עַמּ֑וֹן 1 The princes of Gilead are using a common expression to ask who should lead their army against the Ammonites. They are not asking which soldier will be the first to engage in combat with them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Who will lead our army to fight against the Ammonites?”
10:18 j498 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לְרֹ֔אשׁ 1 The princes of Gilead are using the word **head** to mean “ruler,” not just “military commander,” as [11:11](../11/11.md) shows, where the people make Jephthah both their “head” (ruler) and commander. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the ruler”
11:intro q7si 0 # Judges 11 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThe account of Jephthah continues in this chapter.\n\n## Religious and Cultural Concepts in This Chapter\n\n### Jephthah the leader\n\nJephthah was half Israelite and half Canaanite by birth. While all of the judges were called by Yahweh, it is the leaders who called Jephthah to help them, but Yahweh still used Jephthah to help them.
11:1 yk6s rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Gileadite 0 This is someone who is from the region of Gilead. It is a coincidence that his father’s name is also Gilead. See how you translated this in [Judges 10:3](../10/03.md).
11:2 r35b When his wife’s sons grew up 0 Alternate translation: “When the sons of Gilead’s wife became adults”
11:3 aw1r rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names the land of Tob 0 Tob is the name of a region.
11:3 f5ze they traveled with him 0 Alternate translation: “they followed him” or “they went everywhere together”
11:4 cn67 Some days later 0 Alternate translation: “Some time later”
11:4 s6ku rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom made war against Israel 0 The phrase “made war” is an idiom which means that they attacked Israel and were at war with them. Here “Israel” refers to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “attacked the people of Israel” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
11:6 b37n that we may fight with 0 Alternate translation: “so that we can fight against”
11:7 f7vj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy my father’s house 0 Here “house” refers to people living in the house. Alternate translation: “my family”
11:8 ph3x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit That is why we are turning to you now 0 The word “that” refers to what Jephthah said about them being in trouble. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “We are turning to you now because we are in trouble”
11:8 uem9 fight with the people of Ammon 0 Alternate translation: “fight against the people of Ammon”
11:11 hf4c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet leader and commander 0 These two words basically have the same meaning repeated to emphasize how important Jephthah had became. You can combine the two words. Alternate translation: “commander”
11:11 v6uq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom When he was before Yahweh in Mizpah, Jephthah repeated all the promises he made 0 This is an idiom. Here the phrase “before Yahwheh” means that he repeated his promises as a vow before Yahweh. Alternate translation: “When Jephthah was in Mizpah he repeated all of these promises as a vow before Yahweh”
11:11 w6mk all the promises he made 0 This refers to the promises he made to the leaders of Gilead about becoming their leader.
11:12 ybt9 What is this conflict between us 0 “Why is there conflict between us?” Jephthah is asking the king why they are angry with Israel.
11:12 su7k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Why have you come with force to take our land 0 The word “you” refers to the King of Ammon and represents himself and his soldiers. Alternate translation: “Why have your soldiers come to seize our land”
11:12 hwk4 come with force to take 0 Alternate translation: “come to forcefully take”
11:13 qdz6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Arnon … Jabbok 0 These are the names of two rivers.
11:13 ps71 over to the Jordan 0 Alternate translation: “on the other side of the Jordan River”
11:13 tsw4 in peace 0 Alternate translation: “peacefully” or “and do not try to defend them”
11:15 i4ns rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit he said 0 Here the word “he” refers to the messenger who was speaking to the king. This may be written with the word “they” as in the UST, referring to the group of messengers. Alternate translation: “Jephthah told the messengers to say” or “they said”
11:16 e7sj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom they came up from Egypt 0 Whenever people traveled to the promised land it is referred to as going “up” to the promised land. When the Israelites left Egypt they were on their way to the promised land. Alternate translation: “they left Egypt”
11:17 je4p 0 # General Information:\n\nJephthah’s messengers continue to speak.
11:17 tn6f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche When Israel sent messengers 0 The messengers were sent by the leaders of Israel. Alternate translation: “When the leaders of Israel sent messengers”
11:17 kl4c pass through 0 Alternate translation: “go through” or “cross”
11:17 v8aa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom would not listen 0 This phrase is an idiom that means to “refuse.” Alternate translation: “refused” or “denied their request”
11:17 q2mz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit They also sent messengers to the king of Moab 0 The reason that Israel sent messengers to the king of Moab can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “They also send messengers to the king of Moab with the same request”
11:17 x2ue rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit but he refused 0 The king of Moab refused Israel’s request to pass through Moab. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “but he also refused and would not let them pass through the land of Moab”
11:18 el82 Arnon 0 This is the name of a river. See how you translated this in [Judges 11:13](../11/13.md).
11:19 msq6 0 # General Information:\n\nJephthah’s messengers continue to speak.
11:19 ur8x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Israel sent messengers to Sihon 0 The messengers were sent by the leaders of Israel. Alternate translation: “When the leaders of Israel sent messengers”
11:19 j2t5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Sihon 0 This is the name of a person.
11:19 pyu6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Heshbon 0 This is the name of a city.
11:20 mn9x rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Jahaz 0 This is the name of a city.
11:20 ew16 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit But Sihon did not trust Israel to pass through his territory 0 Sihon did not trust the people of Israel to pass through his land peacefully. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “But Sihon did not trust the people of Israel to pass through his territory peacefully”
11:20 d9ga rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche there he fought 0 The word “he” refers to Sihon and represents himself and his army. Alternate translation: “there they fought” or “there his army fought”
11:21 sf5x 0 # General Information:\n\nJephthah’s messengers continue to speak.
11:21 fsk6 Sihon 0 See how you translated this man’s name in [Judges 11:19](../11/19.md).
11:21 vp7w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy gave Sihon and all his people into the hand of Israel 0 Here “hand” refers to power to defeat in battle. Alternate translation: “gave Israel power over Sihon and all his people”
11:22 ce2e Arnon … Jabbok 0 See how you translated the names of these rivers in [Judges 11:13](../11/13.md).
11:23 v22e 0 # General Information:\n\nJephthah’s messengers continue to speak.
11:23 ru3n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion should you now take possession of their land? 0 Jephthah is rebuking the king of the Ammonites with this rhetorical question. The word “their” refers to the Israel. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “therefore, you should not take possession of their land.”
11:24 nr59 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Will you not take over the land that Chemosh, your god, gives you? 0 Jephthah is rebuking the king of the Ammonites with a rhetorical question. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “You should only take over the land that Chemosh, your god, gives you.”
11:24 bcm5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom take over 0 This is an idiom which means to take control of something. Alternate translation: “take control of” or “take possession of”
11:24 z3zh rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Chemosh 0 This is the name of a false god.
11:25 wln3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Now are you really better than Balak son of Zippor, king of Moab? 0 Jephthah is rebuking the king of the Ammonites with a rhetorical question. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “You are not better than Balak son of Zippor, who was king of Moab.”
11:25 fk7m rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Balak … Zippor 0 These are the names of men.
11:25 giw3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Did he dare to have an argument with Israel? 0 Jephthah is rebuking the king of the Ammonites with a rhetorical question. This question can be translated with a statement. Alternate translation: “Yet he did not dare to have an argument with Israel.”
11:25 k8y5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Did he ever wage war against them? 0 Jephthah is rebuking the king of the Ammonites with a rhetorical question. This question can be translated with a statement. Alternate translation: “Nor did he ever wage war against them.”
11:26 pty2 0 # General Information:\n\nJephthah’s messengers continue to speak.
11:26 t5g4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers three hundred years 0 “300 years”
11:26 pu9w Heshbon 0 Translate the name of this city the same way that you did in [Judges 11:19](../11/19.md).
11:26 c2xi rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Aroer 0 This is the name of a city.
11:26 h61t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion why then did you not take them back during that time? 0 Jephthah is rebuking the king of the Ammonites with a rhetorical question. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “you should have taken them back during that time.” or “now it is too late; you should have taken them back long ago.”
11:27 aei3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche I have not done you wrong, but you are doing me wrong by attacking me 0 Jephthah is speaking to the Sihon. Here Jephthah speaks about the Israelites as though they were himself and of the Ammonites as if they were Sihon their king. Alternate translation: “The Israelites have not done wrong to your people, but your people are doing us wrong by attacking us”
11:29 p2lw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom the Spirit of Yahweh came on Jephthah 0 This is an idiom which means that the Spirit influenced Jephthah’s decisions. Alternate translation: “the Spirit of Yahweh took control of Jephthah”
11:29 dq1c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit he passed through Gilead and Manasseh … from Mizpah of Gilead 0 Jephthah passed through these places enlisting men for his army to go to war with the people of Ammon. The full meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: “he gathered men for his army as he passed through Gilead and Manasseh … from Mizpah of Gilead”
11:31 kh4e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom I will offer it up 0 This is an idiom which means to give something as an offering. Alternate translation: “I will offer it to you” or “I will sacrifice it to you”
11:32 wr1n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche So Jephthah passed through … Yahweh gave him victory 0 Since Jephthah was the leader of his army, he and his army are often spoken of as Jephthah himself. Alternate translation: “So Jephthah and his army passed through … Yahweh gave them victory”
11:33 rt2j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche He attacked 0 Since Jephthah was the leader of his army, he and his army are often spoken of as Jephthah himself (verse 32). Alternate translation: “they attacked”
11:33 dl1t Aroer 0 Translate the name of this city the same way you did in [Judges 11:26](../11/26.md).
11:33 pfq6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Minnith … Abel Keramim 0 These are the names of cities.
11:34 ng9v rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown tambourines 0 musical instruments with heads like drums that can be hit and with pieces of metal around their sides that sound when the instruments are shaken
11:35 md3n rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction he tore his clothes 0 This is an act that shows mourning or great sadness. Alternate translation: “he tore his clothes from grief”
11:35 puu2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism You have crushed me with sorrow … you have become one who causes me pain 0 Jephthah said basically the same thing twice to emphasize that he was very sad
11:35 qi6c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor You have crushed me with sorrow 0 Here Jephthah speaks of his great sorrow as something that crushes him. Alternate translation: “You have caused me great sorrow” or “You have filled me with sorrow”
11:35 dvs5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you have become one who causes me pain 0 Here Jephthah talks about his great distress and trouble as if it were pain. Alternate translation: “you have become someone who troubles me” or “you cause me great distress”
11:35 gvy5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom I cannot turn back on my promise 0 This is an idiom. To turn back on a promise means to not do what you have promised to do. Alternate translation: “I must do what I have promised” or “I cannot break my promise”
11:36 e6gu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit has taken vengeance for you against your enemies, the Ammonites 0 Yahweh has taken vengence for him by defeating his enemies. The meaning of this can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “has taken vengeance for you against your enemies, the Ammonites, by defeating them”
11:37 hj6q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Let this promise be kept for me 0 This can be stated in an active form. Alternate translation: “Keep this promise for me” or “Keep this promise concerning me”
11:37 dh7s grieve over my virginity 0 Alternate translation: “weep because I am a virgin” or “cry because I will never be married”
11:39 n4my rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism had never known a man 0 This is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “had never had sexual relations with a man”
11:40 s739 the Gileadite 0 This refers to someone from Gilead. See how you translated this in [Judges 10:3](../10/03.md).
11:intro q7si 0 # Judges 11 General Notes\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThe account of Jephthah continues in this chapter.\n\n## Religious and Cultural Concepts in This Chapter\n\n### Why did Jephthah sacrifice his daughter?\n\nThe story of Jephthah defeating the Ammonites has a tragic ending. He vows that if Yahweh will give him victory, upon his return, he will sacrifice the first person who comes out of his house as a burnt offering. This person turns out to be his daughter, his only child. But he fulfills his vow anyway and sacrifices her. Part of the explanation for this is that Jephthah’s half-brothers drove him away from their home in Israel so that he had to live in Syria. The Syrians practiced human sacrifice, and Jephthah apparently came to regard it as a way of influencing a deity. The rest of the explanation is that Jephthah did not know the provisions of the law of Moses. In [Leviticus 27:1–8](../lev/27/01.md), Yahweh tells Moses that if someone dedicates a person, he must redeem that person by paying a certain amount of silver shekels. That is what Jephthah was supposed to do. It was all right for him to devote a family member to Yahweh as long as he then redeemed that person. The author of Judges is using this story to show what happens when, as he says in [17:6](../17/06.md) and [21:25](../21/25.md), everyone does what is right in his own eyes, rather than what Yahweh has commanded. This supports the overall argument of the book that Israel should have a good king who makes sure that the Israelites follow the law of Moses.\n\n\n\n
11:1 j499 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background וְיִפְתָּ֣ח הַגִּלְעָדִ֗י הָיָה֙ גִּבּ֣וֹר חַ֔יִל וְה֖וּא בֶּן־אִשָּׁ֣ה זוֹנָ֑ה וַיּ֥וֹלֶד גִּלְעָ֖ד אֶת־יִפְתָּֽח 1 Here and in the next two verses, the author is providing background information to help readers understand what happens next in the story. In your translation, introduce this information in a way that would be natural in your own language and culture.
11:1 j500 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants וְיִפְתָּ֣ח הַגִּלְעָדִ֗י הָיָה֙ גִּבּ֣וֹר חַ֔יִל 1 The author is using introducing **Jephthah** as a new participant in the story. If your language has its own way of introducing new participants, you can use it here in your translation. Alternate translation: “Now there was a man named Jephthah, a Gileadite, who was a warrior of valor”
11:1 j501 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns גִּבּ֣וֹר חַ֔יִל 1 See how you translated the same expression in [6:12](../06/12.md). Alternate translation: “a valiant warrior”
11:1 yk6s rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names גִּלְעָ֖ד 1 Here the word **Gilead** is the name of a man, not the name of a region. But the word **Gileadite** does refer to someone who came from the region called Gilead.
11:2 r35b rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential וַתֵּ֧לֶד אֵֽשֶׁת־גִּלְעָ֛ד ל֖וֹ בָּנִ֑ים 1 The author does not say specifically whether Gilead became the father of Jephthah before or after he was married. However, the story seems to suggest that it was before and that Jephthah was somewhat older than his half-brothers, since they had to wait until they grew up to drive him away from the family. Your language may have a connecting phrase that you can use to indicate this. Alternate translation: “Later, when Gilead had a wife, she bore sons to him”
11:2 j502 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-events וַיְגָרְשׁ֣וּ אֶת־יִפְתָּ֗ח וַיֹּ֤אמְרוּ לוֹ֙ לֹֽא־תִנְחַ֣ל בְּבֵית־אָבִ֔ינוּ כִּ֛י בֶּן־אִשָּׁ֥ה אַחֶ֖רֶת אָֽתָּה 1 Since the **sons of the wife** said this to Jephthah before they **drove** him **out**, in your translation you may wish to relate these events in the order in which they happened. Alternate translation: “and they said to Jephthah, ‘You will not inherit in the house of our father, for you are the son of another woman.’ And they drove him out”
11:2 j503 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּבֵית־אָבִ֔ינוּ 1 Here, **house** represents the family of Gilead. (He may have died by this point, since it appears that Jephthah was a member of the household while he was alive.) Alternate translation: “as if you were a proper member of family”
11:2 j504 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive בְּבֵית־אָבִ֔ינוּ 1 Gilead was the father of Jephthah and his half-brothers, so it may be natural for you to use the inclusive form of **our** if your language marks that distinction. However, since the half-brothers are describing **the house of our father** to Jephthah as something that he has no place in, some languages, considering the entire phrase, might use the exclusive form.
11:3 j505 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מִפְּנֵ֣י אֶחָ֔יו 1 Here the word **face** represents the presence of a person, by association with the way people can see the face of someone who is present. Alternate translation: “from the presence of his brothers”
11:3 j506 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship אֶחָ֔יו 1 These **brothers** were sons of Jephthah’s father but not of his mother. Your language may have its own term or expression for this relationship. Alternate translation: “his half-brothers”
11:3 aw1r rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names ט֑וֹב 1 The word **Tob** is the name of a region. It seems to have been a part of Aram (Syria) that was near Gilead.
11:3 f5ze rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַיֵּצְא֖וּ עִמּֽוֹ 1 This expression means that Jephthah led these men on raids to get plunder. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and they all formed a gang of bandits”
11:4 s6ku rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וַיְהִ֖י מִיָּמִ֑ים וַיִּלָּחֲמ֥וּ בְנֵֽי־עַמּ֖וֹן עִם־יִשְׂרָאֵֽל 1 The author is using this phrase to return to the main story after providing background information about Jephthah. This is the same event that was described in [10:17](../10/17.md). Alternate translation: “It was some days after that when the sons of Ammon fought with Israel”
11:4 cn67 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מִיָּמִ֑ים 1 The author is using the term **days** to mean “time.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “after some time”
11:5 j507 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וַיְהִ֕י 1 The author is using this phrase to introduce a further development in the story. Use a word, phrase, or other method in your language that is natural for this purpose.
11:6 b37n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative לְכָ֕ה וְהָיִ֥יתָה לָּ֖נוּ לְקָצִ֑ין 1 The elders are using an imperative followed by a verb form that could make future statement in order to make a polite request of Jephthah. You can translate this with a form that is suitable for a polite request in your language. Alternate translation: “Please come and be our commander”
11:7 j508 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲלֹ֤א אַתֶּם֙ שְׂנֵאתֶ֣ם אוֹתִ֔י וַתְּגָרְשׁ֖וּנִי מִבֵּ֣ית אָבִ֑י 1 Jephthah is using the question form for emphasis. If a speaker of your language would not use the question form for that purpose, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “It is clear that hate me, since you drove me from the house of my father!”
11:7 j509 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result הֲלֹ֤א אַתֶּם֙ שְׂנֵאתֶ֣ם אוֹתִ֔י וַתְּגָרְשׁ֖וּנִי מִבֵּ֣ית אָבִ֑י 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases, since the second phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. Alternate translation: “You drove me from the house of my father, and that shows that you hate me!”
11:7 j510 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וַתְּגָרְשׁ֖וּנִי מִבֵּ֣ית אָבִ֑י 1 It was Jephthah’s half-brothers, not the elders of Gilead, who drove him from the house of his father. Jephthah may mean that the elders were implicated in this action because they did nothing to help him. Alternate translation: “since you did nothing to help me when my brothers drove me from the house of my father”
11:7 f7vj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִבֵּ֣ית אָבִ֑י 1 See how you translated the similar expression in [11:2](../11/02.md). Alternate translation: “from my family”
11:7 j511 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion וּמַדּ֜וּעַ בָּאתֶ֤ם אֵלַי֙ עַ֔תָּה כַּאֲשֶׁ֖ר צַ֥ר לָכֶֽם 1 Jephthah is using the question form for emphasis. If a speaker of your language would not use the question form for that purpose, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. The UST models one way to do this.
11:8 ph3x rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result לָכֵן֙ עַתָּה֙ שַׁ֣בְנוּ אֵלֶ֔יךָ 1 The elders are using the word translated as **Therefore** to acknowledge the reason why they have **returned** to Jephthah to ask for his help. They do not mean that they have come because they hate Jephthah or because they drove him out. They mean that they have come because they have trouble. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “Yes, it is because we are in trouble that we have returned to you”
11:8 uem9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical וְהָלַכְתָּ֣ עִמָּ֔נוּ וְנִלְחַמְתָּ֖ בִּבְנֵ֣י עַמּ֑וֹן וְהָיִ֤יתָ לָּ֨נוּ֙ לְרֹ֔אשׁ לְכֹ֖ל יֹשְׁבֵ֥י גִלְעָֽד 1 The elders are actually describing a condition in which a second event will take place if a first event does. Alternate translation: “Now if you come with us and fight with the sons of Ammon, then you shall be for us the head of all of the dwellers of Gilead”
11:8 j512 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לְרֹ֔אשׁ 1 See how you translated the same term in [10:18](../10/18.md). Alternate translation: “the ruler”
11:9 j513 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical אִם־מְשִׁיבִ֨ים אַתֶּ֤ם אוֹתִי֙ לְהִלָּחֵם֙ בִּבְנֵ֣י עַמּ֔וֹן וְנָתַ֧ן יְהוָ֛ה אוֹתָ֖ם לְפָנָ֑י אָנֹכִ֕י אֶהְיֶ֥ה לָכֶ֖ם לְרֹֽאשׁ 1 This could mean: (1) that Jephthah is restating the condition that the elders described in order to confirm it. Your language may have an expression that you can use to indicate this. Alternate translation: “Now let me get this straight: If you have brought me back to fight with the sons of Ammon and Yahweh gives them over to my face, I will be the head for you” (2) that Jephthah is asking the elders to confirm the description they have described. Alternate translation: “If you have brought me back to fight with the sons of Ammon and Yahweh gives them over to my face, will I really be the head for you?”
11:9 j514 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְנָתַ֧ן יְהוָ֛ה אוֹתָ֖ם לְפָנָ֑י 1 Jephthah is using this expression to mean that Yahweh would enable him to defeat the Ammonites. (Gideon used a very similar expression in [8:7](../08/07.md) when he spoke of Yahweh “giving” Zebah and Zalmunna into his “hand.”) If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and Yahweh enables me to defeat them”
11:9 j515 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לָכֶ֖ם לְרֹֽאשׁ 1 See how you translated the same term in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “your ruler”
11:10 j516 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-oathformula יְהוָ֗ה יִהְיֶ֤ה שֹׁמֵ֨עַ֙ בֵּֽינוֹתֵ֔ינוּ אִם־לֹ֥א כִדְבָרְךָ֖ כֵּ֥ן נַעֲשֶֽׂה 1 Following the custom of their culture, the elders are swearing an oath by stating the first part of a condition (“if”) but not the second part (“then”). If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explicitly state the second part of this condition. (In this context, the idea of Yahweh **hearing** includes the aspect of Yahweh judging and punishing people for not doing the things he has heard them promise.) Alternate translation: “If we do not do according to your word, then may Yahweh punish us for not keeping the promises he has heard us make to you”
11:10 j517 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בֵּֽינוֹתֵ֔ינוּ 1 Here the term **between** is not a preposition but a substantive. The elders are speaking of the commitments that they and Jephthah have made to each other as if they were literally something that had taken on actual form in the space between them. Your language may have a comparable expression that you can use in your translation. You could also use plain language. Alternate translation: “the things that have passed between us” or “the commitments we have made to each other”
11:10 j518 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אִם־לֹ֥א כִדְבָרְךָ֖ כֵּ֥ן נַעֲשֶֽׂה 1 The elders are using the term **word** to represent what Jephthah has just said by using words. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “if we do not do exactly what you have said”
11:11 j519 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-events וַיָּשִׂ֨ימוּ הָעָ֥ם אוֹת֛וֹ עֲלֵיהֶ֖ם לְרֹ֣אשׁ וּלְקָצִ֑ין וַיְדַבֵּ֨ר יִפְתָּ֧ח אֶת־כָּל־דְּבָרָ֛יו לִפְנֵ֥י יְהוָ֖ה בַּמִּצְפָּֽה 1 It may be that Jephthah reaffirmed the commitments that he and the elders had made to each other before he formally became the **head** and **commander** of the **people**. In your translation, you may wish to relate these events in that order. Alternate translation: “And after Jephthah spoke all of his words to the face of Yahweh at Mizpah, the people set him over them as head and as commander”
11:11 hf4c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לְרֹ֣אשׁ וּלְקָצִ֑ין 1 See how you translated the word **head** in [11:8–9](../11/08.md). Alternate translation: “not only as their military commander but also as their ruler”
11:11 w6mk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אֶת־כָּל־דְּבָרָ֛יו 1 The author is using the term **words** to represent something that Jephthah said by using words. It seems that he repeated **at Mizpah** the same thing he said to the elders in [11:9](../11/09.md). Alternate translation: “the same thing he had said to the elders”
11:11 v6uq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִפְנֵ֥י יְהוָ֖ה 1 Here the word **face** represents the presence of a person, by association with the way people can see the face of someone who is present. This is probably a reference to a solemn assembly of **the people**, where it was understood that Yahweh would be present. Alternate translation: “in a solemn assembly of the people, where Yahweh was present”
11:12 su7k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche מַה־לִּ֣י וָלָ֔ךְ כִּֽי־בָ֥אתָ אֵלַ֖י לְהִלָּחֵ֥ם בְּאַרְצִֽי 1 Jephthah’s messengers are speaking on his behalf, and so they use the singular pronouns **me** and **my**. They are addressing the Ammonite king, so **you** is also singular. However, Jephthah is speaking as a representative of all the Israelites, and he is addressing the Ammonite king as a representative of his own people and army. So it may be more natural in your language to use the plural pronouns “us” and “our” and plural forms of **you** if your language marks that distinction.
11:12 j520 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion מַה־לִּ֣י וָלָ֔ךְ כִּֽי־בָ֥אתָ אֵלַ֖י לְהִלָּחֵ֥ם בְּאַרְצִֽי 1 Jephthah is using the question form for emphasis. If a speaker of your language would not use the question form for that purpose, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “There is nothing to me and to you, that you should come against me to fight in my land!”
11:12 ybt9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מַה־לִּ֣י וָלָ֔ךְ 1 This is a common expression that, in this context, inquires what quarrel the Ammonite king has with Jephthah, who represents the Israelites. The implication is that he really has no just cause to invade their land. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “What quarrel is there between us …?” or “There is no quarrel between us …!”
11:12 hwk4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּאַרְצִֽי 1 This could mean: (1) that Jephthah is objecting to the presence of the Ammonite army on Israelite territory. Alternate translation: “and have invaded my land” (2) that Jephthah is using the term **land** by association to mean the people who live in the land. Alternate translation: “against my people” (3) that Jephthah is saying that the Ammonite king wants to contest possession of the land. Alternate translation: “over my land”
11:13 j521 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis כִּֽי־לָקַ֨ח יִשְׂרָאֵ֤ל אֶת־אַרְצִי֙ 1 The Ammonite king is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “I have come against you to fight because Israel took my land”
11:13 qdz6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מֵאַרְנ֥וֹן & הַיַּבֹּ֖ק 1 The words **Arnon** and **Jabbok** are the names of rivers.
11:13 ps71 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns אֶתְהֶ֖ן 1 The Ammonite king is using the plural pronoun **them** to refer to the areas bounded by the rivers he names. However, since he uses the singular term **land** to describe this entire territory, it may be more natural in your language to use a singular pronoun. Alternate translation: “it”
11:13 tsw4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּשָׁלֽוֹם 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **peace**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “peacefully”
11:14 j522 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo וַיּ֥וֹסֶף ע֖וֹד יִפְתָּ֑ח וַיִּשְׁלַח֙ מַלְאָכִ֔ים 1 It might seem that saying both **resumed** and **again** would be to state extra information that would be unnatural to express in your language. If so, you represent just one of these terms. Alternate translation: “Then Jephthah sent messengers once again” or “Jephthah continued to send messengers”
11:15 i4ns rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַיֹּ֣אמֶר 1 The verb **said** is singular. It refers to Jephthah, and it means that Jephthah said this to the king of Ammon through his messengers. However, since a group of messengers actually spoke these words to the king, it might be more natural in your language to use the pronoun “they” with a plural verb. Alternate translation: “and they said”
11:15 j523 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes כֹּ֖ה אָמַ֣ר יִפְתָּ֑ח לֹֽא־לָקַ֤ח יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ אֶת־אֶ֣רֶץ מוֹאָ֔ב וְאֶת־אֶ֖רֶץ בְּנֵ֥י עַמּֽוֹן 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “Jephthah says that Israel did not take the land of Moab or the land of the sons of Ammon”
11:15 j524 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לֹֽא־לָקַ֤ח יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ אֶת־אֶ֣רֶץ מוֹאָ֔ב וְאֶת־אֶ֖רֶץ בְּנֵ֥י עַמּֽוֹן 1 Jephthah recognizes that the Ammonite king is speaking of land that formerly belonged partly to Ammon and partly to Moab. It appears that at this time, the Moabites were either allies or subjects of the Ammonites, and so the Ammonite king regards the Moabites’ interests as his own. The author assumes that his readers will have this knowledge and so he does not explain it as background information. But you could indicate it in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “Israel did not take any land from you Ammonites or from your allies the Moabites”
11:16 j525 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns בַּעֲלוֹתָ֣ם & וַיָּבֹ֖א 1 The messengers are using both plural (**their**) and singular (**he**) pronouns to refer to **Israel**, as a group of people and as a nation. It may be more natural in your language to use either plural or singular pronouns consistently. Alternate translation: “when they came up … and they came” or “when he came up … and he came”
11:17 j526 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes לֵאמֹ֜ר אֶעְבְּרָה־נָּ֣א בְאַרְצֶ֗ךָ 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “asking for permission to pass through his land”
11:17 v8aa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְלֹ֤א שָׁמַע֙ 1 The word translated as **listen** here is the same one that is translated as **heard** in [2:2](../02/02.md) and similar contexts. As the General Introduction to Judges discusses, in these contexts the word has the specific sense of complying with what someone has said. Alternate translation: “But … did not agree”
11:17 q2mz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְגַ֨ם אֶל־מֶ֧לֶךְ מוֹאָ֛ב שָׁלַ֖ח 1 The messengers are leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “And the Israelites also sent messengers to the king of Moab requesting safe passage through his country”
11:17 x2ue rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַיֵּ֥שֶׁב יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל בְּקָדֵֽשׁ 1 The messengers are leaving some information implicit that they assume the Ammonite king will understand. This information supports Jephthah’s claim that the Israelites did not take any territory from the Ammonites or their allies the Moabites. You could indicate this explicitly in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “In response, the Israelites did not try to force their way through Edom or Moab. Instead, they waited in Kadesh and considered what they should do next”
11:18 el82 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַיָּבֹ֤א מִמִּזְרַח־שֶׁ֨מֶשׁ֙ לְאֶ֣רֶץ מוֹאָ֔ב 1 The messengers do not mean that the Israelites traveled **from** the place where the sun rises, that is, somewhere in the east, **to** the land of Moab. They are using a characteristic expression to describe the location of one place relative to another place. They mean that from where the Israelites went in the wilderness, if one went **to the land of Moab** from there, one would approach it **from the rising of the sun**, that is, from the east. Your language may have a comparable expression that you can use in your translation. See how you translated the similar expression in [8:11](../08/11.md). Alternate translation: “and he traveled to the east of the land of Moab”
11:18 j527 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּעֵ֣בֶר אַרְנ֑וֹן 1 The messengers are speaking from a vantage point south of the Arnon River, since the Israelites approached it from the south on their journey from Egypt. So **the other side** implicitly means the north side. You could indicate this explicitly in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. See how you translated the similar expression in [10:8](../10/08.md). Alternate translation: “on the north side of the Arnon River”
11:19 msq6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes וַיֹּ֤אמֶר לוֹ֙ יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל נַעְבְּרָה־נָּ֥א בְאַרְצְךָ֖ עַד־מְקוֹמִֽי 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “and Israel asked him for permission to pass through his land to its place”
11:19 ur8x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וַיֹּ֤אמֶר לוֹ֙ יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל נַעְבְּרָה־נָּ֥א בְאַרְצְךָ֖ עַד־מְקוֹמִֽי 1 Jephthah’s messengers are speaking of **Israel** as if it were an individual person who could speak to Sihon. They mean that the messengers whom the Israelites send to him spoke this message. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and the messengers said to him, ‘Please, may we Israelites pass through your land unto our place’”
11:19 j528 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns נַעְבְּרָה & בְאַרְצְךָ֖ עַד־מְקוֹמִֽי 1 The Israelite messengers used both plural (**we**) and singular (**my**) pronouns to refer to themselves, as a group of people and as a nation. It may be more natural in your language to use either plural or singular pronouns consistently. Alternate translation: “may we pass through your land unto our place” or “may I pass through your land unto my place”
11:20 ew16 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy עֲבֹ֣ר בִּגְבֻל֔וֹ 1 Jephthah’s messengers are using the term **border** by association to refer to all of Sihon’s territory. However, it is significant that they do not say “land,” as they report the Israelite messengers saying in the previous verse. The idea is that not only did Sihon not want the Israelites to walk across his land, he did not want them even to cross the border and come into any part of his territory. Alternate translation: “coming into his territory”
11:20 mn9x rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names בְּיָ֑הְצָה 1 The word **Jahaz** is the name of a town.
11:21 vp7w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַיַּכּ֑וּם 1 See how you translated the same expression in [1:5](../01/05.md). Alternate translation: “and they beat them” or “and they defeated them”
11:22 ce2e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וַיִּ֣ירְשׁ֔וּ 1 In this verse, Jephthah’s messengers are saying the same thing as in the last sentence of the previous verse. They are describing the same territory as “all the land of the Amorite.” However, they are naming the same specific borders that the Ammonite king did in [11:13](../11/13.md) in order to establish Israel’s claim to that land. So it would be good to include this information. However, it may be clearer in your language to introduce it with a word other than **And** in order to show that this sentence is not saying something additional to the last sentence of the previous verse. It is repeating the meaning, although with further information. Alternate translation: “Indeed, they possessed”
11:22 j529 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אֵ֖ת כָּל־גְּב֣וּל הָאֱמֹרִ֑י 1 The messengers are using the term **border** by association to mean the territory that was enclosed within the borders they describe. Alternate translation: “the entire territory of those Amorites”
11:23 v22e rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases וְעַתָּ֞ה 1 The phrase translated as **And now** is an expression that was used letters and messages of this time to introduce the main business that the sender wished to address. If your language has a comparable expression that it uses for this same purpose, you can use it in your translation. If not, you do not have to translate this phrase explicitly; you can indicate in other ways that this is the main point that Jephthah wanted his messengers to make. Alternate translation: “Here is my main point:”
11:23 ru3n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion וְאַתָּ֖ה תִּירָשֶֽׁנּוּ 1 Jephthah’s messengers are using the question form for emphasis. If a speaker of your language would not use the question form for that purpose, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “So do not think that you can possess it!”
11:23 j530 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular וְאַתָּ֖ה תִּירָשֶֽׁנּוּ 1 As in [11:19](../11/19.md), the word **you** is singular here, and it is also singular for the rest of this speech (with one exception that these notes will indicate), because the messengers are addressing the Ammonite king. So use the singular form in your translation if your language marks that distinction.
11:24 nr59 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲלֹ֞א אֵ֣ת אֲשֶׁ֧ר יוֹרִֽישְׁךָ֛ כְּמ֥וֹשׁ אֱלֹהֶ֖יךָ אוֹת֥וֹ תִירָ֑שׁ 1 The messengers are using the question form for emphasis. If a speaker of your language would not use the question form for that purpose, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “You should just possess what Chemosh, your god, causes you to possess”
11:24 z3zh rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names כְּמ֥וֹשׁ 1 The word **Chemosh** is the name of a false god.
11:25 k8y5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְעַתָּ֗ה 1 See how you translated the same expression in [11:23](../11/23.md). Alternate translation: “And here is another important point:”
11:25 giw3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-reduplication הֲט֥וֹב טוֹב֙ אַתָּ֔ה מִבָּלָ֥ק & הֲר֥וֹב רָב֙ עִם־יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל אִם־נִלְחֹ֥ם נִלְחַ֖ם בָּֽם 1 The messengers are repeating the verbs translated as **being better**, **Contending**, and **fighting** in order to intensify the ideas that they express. If your language can repeat words for intensification, it would be appropriate to do that here in your translation. If not, your language may have another way of expressing the emphasis. Alternate translation: “are you really better than Balak …? Did he contend at all with Israel, or did he fight with them at all?”
11:25 wln3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲט֥וֹב טוֹב֙ אַתָּ֔ה מִבָּלָ֥ק & הֲר֥וֹב רָב֙ עִם־יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל אִם־נִלְחֹ֥ם נִלְחַ֖ם בָּֽם 1 The messengers are using the question form for emphasis. If a speaker of your language would not use the question form for that purpose, you could translate these questions as statements or as exclamations. Alternate translation: “you are not really better than Balak …! He did not contend at all with Israel, no, he did not fight with them at all!”
11:25 fk7m rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מִבָּלָ֥ק & צִפּ֖וֹר 1 The words **Balak** and **Zippor** are the names of men.
11:25 j531 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit נִלְחַ֖ם בָּֽם 1 The messengers are leaving some information implicit that they know the Ammonite king will understand. Most modern readers, however, will not have this information. It is that the land that the Israelites acquired when they defeated Sihon had previously belonged to the Moabites and Ammonites. Sihon had taken it from them. But Balak did not try to get it back. The implication is that unless the Ammonite king thinks that he is greater than Balak, he should not try to get it back either. You could indicate this explicitly in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “did he fight with them to get back the part of that land that Sihon had earlier taken from the Moabites and Ammonites? No, and you should not either!”
11:26 j532 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּבִבְנוֹתֶ֜יהָ & וּבִבְנוֹתֶ֗יהָ 1 See how you translated the same expression in [1:27](../01/27.md). Alternate translation: “and in the surrounding villages … and in the surrounding villages”
11:26 c2xi rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וּבְעַרְע֣וֹר 1 The word **Aroer** is the name of a city.
11:26 h61t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion וּמַדּ֥וּעַ לֹֽא־הִצַּלְתֶּ֖ם בָּעֵ֥ת הַהִֽיא 1 The messengers are using the question form for emphasis. If a speaker of your language would not use the question form for that purpose, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “but you did not deliver during that time!”
11:26 pu9w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular לֹֽא־הִצַּלְתֶּ֖ם 1 The word **you** is plural here because the messengers are asking why none of the Ammonites tried to recapture the land during the time they are describing. If your language marks that distinction, you could use the plural form in your translation. Other languages may have other ways of indicating this. Alternate translation: “did you Ammonites not deliver”
11:27 aei3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וְאַתָּ֞ה עֹשֶׂ֥ה אִתִּ֛י רָעָ֖ה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **wrong**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “but you are doing to me what is wrong”
11:28 j533 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְלֹ֣א שָׁמַ֔ע 1 See how you translated the word “listen” in [11:17](../11/17.md). It has the same meaning here. Alternate translation: “But … did not agree not to fight after he heard”
11:28 j534 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy דִּבְרֵ֣י יִפְתָּ֔ח אֲשֶׁ֥ר שָׁלַ֖ח אֵלָֽיו 1 The author is using the term **words** to represent what Jephthah said by using words. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the message that Jephthah sent to him”
11:29 j535 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַתְּהִ֤י עַל־יִפְתָּח֙ ר֣וּחַ יְהוָ֔ה 1 See how you translated the similar expression about Othniel in [3:10](../03/10.md). Alternate translation: “Then the Spirit of Yahweh powerfully influenced Jephthah”
11:29 dq1c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַיַּעֲבֹ֥ר אֶת־הַגִּלְעָ֖ד וְאֶת־מְנַשֶּׁ֑ה 1 The author means implicitly that Jephthah **passed through** these areas to summon Israelite men to fight, as Barak did in [4:10](../04/10.md) and Gideon did in [6:34–35](../06/0341.md). You could indicate this explicitly in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and he passed through Gilead and Manasseh summoning troops to fight against the Ammonites”
11:30 j536 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background וַיִּדַּ֨ר יִפְתָּ֥ח נֶ֛דֶר לַיהוָ֖ה וַיֹּאמַ֑ר 1 Here the author is providing background information to help readers understand what happens in the story. Since the first sentence of [11:32](../11/32.md) describes the same thing as the last sentence of [11:29](../11/29.md), the Israelite attack against the Ammonites, this verse and the next one are describing something that happened just before that. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “But before he led that attack against the Ammonites, Jephthah vowed a vow to Yahweh and said”
11:30 j537 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys וַיִּדַּ֨ר יִפְתָּ֥ח נֶ֛דֶר לַיהוָ֖ה וַיֹּאמַ֑ר 1 This phrase expresses a single idea by using two words connected with **and**. The vowing and saying were not two different actions. The word **vowed** indicates what Jephthah was doing when he **said** this. Alternate translation: “And Jephthah solemnly promised Yahweh”
11:30 j538 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo וַיִּדַּ֨ר יִפְתָּ֥ח נֶ֛דֶר 1 It might seem that the expression **vowed a vow** contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in your language. If so, you can shorten it. Alternate translation: “And Jephthah made a vow”
11:30 j539 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-reduplication אִם־נָת֥וֹן תִּתֵּ֛ן 1 Jephthah is repeating the verb **give** in order to intensify the idea that it expresses. If your language can repeat words for intensification, it would be appropriate to do that here in your translation. If not, your language may have another way of expressing the emphasis. Alternate translation: “If in fact you give”
11:31 kh4e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche אֲשֶׁ֨ר יֵצֵ֜א מִדַּלְתֵ֤י בֵיתִי֙ לִקְרָאתִ֔י 1 Jephthah is using one part of his **house**, its **doors**, to mean all of the house as a place for human habitation. In other words, he is specifying a person, rather than an animal that might come from a field or a stall. (See the discussion in the General Notes to this chapter of how wrong Jephthah was to offer a human sacrifice and for what purpose the author includes this account in the book of Judges.) Alternate translation: “the first member of my household who comes out to greet me”
11:31 j540 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְשָׁל֖וֹם 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **peace**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “peacefully”
11:32 wr1n rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background וַיַּעֲבֹ֥ר יִפְתָּ֛ח אֶל־בְּנֵ֥י עַמּ֖וֹן לְהִלָּ֣חֶם בָּ֑ם 1 Here the author is returning to the main story after providing background information in [11:30–31](../11/30.md). It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “It was after making this vow that Jephthah passed through to the sons of Ammon to fight with them”
11:33 pfq6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מִנִּ֜ית & אָבֵ֣ל כְּרָמִ֔ים 1 The terms **Minnith** and **Abel Keramim** are the names of cities.
11:33 i18j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וַיִּכָּֽנְעוּ֙ בְּנֵ֣י עַמּ֔וֹן מִפְּנֵ֖י בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “So the sons of Israel subdued the sons of Ammon before their face”
11:33 j541 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וַיִּכָּֽנְעוּ֙ בְּנֵ֣י עַמּ֔וֹן מִפְּנֵ֖י בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל 1 Here the word **face** represents the presence of a person, by association with the way people can see the face of someone who is present. Your language may have a comparable expression that you can use in your translation. You could also use plain language. Alternate translation: “So the sons of Ammon could not stand against the sons of Israel” or “So the sons of Ammon had to act humbly in the presence of the sons of Israel”
11:34 j542 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-plural בְתֻפִּ֖ים וּבִמְחֹל֑וֹת 1 Jephthah’s daughter was probably not carrying and playing several **timbrels**. The author may be using the plural forms **timbrels** and **dances** to indicate that she was leading a group of young women from the community who were together celebrating Jephthah’s victory. (This would be similar to what happens in [1 Samuel 18:6](../1sa/18/06.md).) Alternate translation: “leading a group of women who were playing timbrels and dancing”
11:34 ng9v rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown בְתֻפִּ֖ים 1 The term **timbrels** describes small percussion instruments. A timbrel is a hand-held drum that may also have pieces of metal around its sides that make sounds when a person shakes or hits the drum. If your readers would not be familiar with what a timbrel is, in your translation you could use the name of a similar thing that your readers would recognize, or you could use a general expression.
11:34 j543 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo וְרַק֙ הִ֣יא יְחִידָ֔ה אֵֽין־ל֥וֹ מִמֶּ֛נּוּ בֵּ֖ן אוֹ־בַֽת 1 It might seem that this sentence contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in your language. If so, you can shorten it. Alternate translation: “And except for her, he did not have a son or daughter” or “And he did not have a son or daughter apart from her”
11:35 md3n rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction וַיִּקְרַ֣ע אֶת־בְּגָדָ֗יו 1 When Jephthah **tore his garments**, this was a symbolic action that expressed great distress and grief. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the significance of this action. Alternate translation: “that he tore his garments to show his great distress”
11:35 qi6c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-reduplication הַכְרֵ֣עַ הִכְרַעְתִּ֔נִי 1 Jephthah is repeating the verb **Causing to bow** in order to intensify the idea that it expresses. If your language can repeat words for intensification, it would be appropriate to do that here in your translation. If not, your language may have another way of expressing the emphasis. Alternate translation: “You have certainly caused me to bow”
11:35 puu2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הַכְרֵ֣עַ הִכְרַעְתִּ֔נִי 1 Jephthah probably does not mean that he is literally bowing down. He is speaking of his grief and distress as if those emotions were so strong that they were keeping him from standing up. Your language may have a comparable expression that you can use in your translation. You could also use plain language. Alternate translation: “You have brought me very low” or “You have caused me very great grief”
11:35 dvs5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְאַ֖תְּ הָיִ֣יתְ בְּעֹֽכְרָ֑י 1 Jephthah may be implicitly comparing his distress at seeing his daughter with the distress that the Ammonites caused the Israelites when they invading their land. (In [11:7](../11/07.md), Jephthah complained to the elders of Gilead that they were only seeking his help because they were in “trouble.” The author speaks similarly in [10:16](../10/16.md) of the Ammonite invasion as “the trouble of Israel.”) You could indicate this explicitly in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and my distress at seeing you is as great as the distress that the Ammonites caused us”
11:35 j544 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְאָנֹכִ֗י פָּצִ֤יתִי־פִי֙ אֶל־יְהוָ֔ה 1 Jephthah is referring to what he vowed to Yahweh, by association with the way he **opened** his **mouth** in order to speak his vow. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “For I have spoken a vow to Yahweh”
11:35 gvy5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְלֹ֥א אוּכַ֖ל לָשֽׁוּב 1 Jephthah is speaking as if he were literally walking somewhere and could not **turn back** to return to where he was before he started walking. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and I am not able to break my vow”
11:36 j545 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy פָּצִ֤יתָה אֶת־פִּ֨יךָ֙ אֶל־יְהוָ֔ה 1 See how you translated the same expression in [11:35](../11/35.md). Alternate translation: “you have spoken a vow to Yahweh”
11:36 j546 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy כַּאֲשֶׁ֖ר יָצָ֣א מִפִּ֑יךָ 1 Jephthah’s daughter is referring to what he said, by association with the way it **came forth from** his **mouth** when he said it. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “according to what you said”
11:36 e6gu rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-plural נְקָמ֛וֹת 1 Jephthah’s daughter is using the plural form **vengeances** in a context where the singular term “vengeance” would suffice. This suggests that she is using the plural form for emphasis. Your language may use plural forms in the same way. If not, you could express the meaning in another way. Alternate translation: “great vengeance”
11:37 hj6q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יֵעָ֥שֶׂה לִּ֖י הַדָּבָ֣ר הַזֶּ֑ה 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Please do this thing for me”
11:37 dh7s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְיָרַדְתִּ֣י עַל־הֶֽהָרִ֔ים 1 As the General Introduction to Judges discusses, In Hebrew, writers and speakers generally indicated whether people were going up to a higher elevation or going down to a lower elevation when they traveled. The town of Mizpah was located at a high elevation, and Jephthah’s daughter is indicating that she would like to go down from there and wander the hills in the area. You could indicate this explicitly in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and I will wander the hills in this area”
11:39 j547 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo וַיַּ֣עַשׂ לָ֔הּ אֶת־נִדְר֖וֹ אֲשֶׁ֣ר נָדָ֑ר 1 It might seem that this expression contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in your language. If so, you can shorten it. Alternate translation: “and he did to her what he had vowed to do”
11:39 n4my rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism וְהִיא֙ לֹא־יָדְעָ֣ה אִ֔ישׁ 1 The author is using this expression to speak of a private matter in a delicate way. Your language may have a similar expression that you can use in your translation. You could also use plain language. Alternate translation: “And she had never slept with a man” or “And she had never had sexual relations with a man”
11:40 s739 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מִיָּמִ֣ים ׀ יָמִ֗ימָה 1 This is a common expression that means “every year.” (In this context, **days** in the plural means “year.” The usual word for “year” occurs at the end of the verse.) Your language may have a comparable expression that you can use in your translation. You could also use plain language. Alternate translation: “Year by year” or “Every year”
12:intro p8zn 0 # Judges 12 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThe account of Jephthah concludes in this chapter.\n\n### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Shibboleth\n\nThis is a word in Hebrew. Its importance in this chapter is because of its sounds, not its meaning. The translator should not translate the meaning of this word, but should transliterate or transfer it into the target language by substituting letters that have the same sounds. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]])
12:1 mp3k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns A call went out to the men of Ephraim 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **call**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “The men of Ephraim were called together” or “The men … of Ephraim called together their soldiers”
12:1 ubq3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Zaphon 0 This is the name of a city.
@ -1578,4 +1614,4 @@ front:intro v8pn 0 # Introduction to Judges\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
21:22 pcc6 You are innocent … not give your daughters to them 0 This refers to the men of Shiloh. They did not voluntarily give their daughters to the Benjamites, and therefore did not break their promise not to do that.
21:23 ng9r the number of wives that they needed 0 This refers to one wife for each of the two hundred Benjamite men who did not receive wives from Jabesh Gilead ([Judges 21:14](../21/14.md)).
21:25 b8xe there was no king in Israel 0 Alternate translation: “Israel did not yet have a king”
21:25 d46g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor what was right in his own eyes 0 The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: “what he judged to be right” or “what he considered to be right”
21:25 d46g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor what was right in his own eyes 0 The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: “what he judged to be right” or “what he considered to be right”
@ -13,9 +13,9 @@ front:intro hk4p 0 # Introduction to Jonah\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction
1:3 f5sr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַיָּ֤קָם יוֹנָה֙ לִבְרֹ֣חַ 1 Here the words **got up** mean that Jonah took action in response to God’s command, but his action was to disobey instead of to obey. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could state the meaning plainly. See how you translated this idiom in [1:2](../01/02.md). Alternate translation: “But Jonah decided to run away” or “Jonah prepared himself, but to run away”
1:3 n96t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִלִּפְנֵ֖י יְהוָ֑ה & מִלִּפְנֵ֖י יְהוָֽה 1 The expression **the face of Yahweh** represents his presence. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. The idea of Yahweh’s presence also includes his knowledge, notice, attention, or judgment. By running away, Jonah is hoping that Yahweh will not notice that he is disobeying. Alternate translation: “from the presence of Yahweh” … “away from Yahweh”
1:3 g66v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לִבְרֹ֣חַ תַּרְשִׁ֔ישָׁה 1 This city named Tarshish was in the direction opposite to Nineveh. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “to flee in the opposite direction, toward Tarshish, away”
1:3 djv1 וַיֵּ֨רֶד יָפ֜וֹ 1 Alternate translation: “Jonah went to Joppa”
1:3 djv1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo וַיֵּ֨רֶד יָפ֜וֹ 1 Here, **down** indicates that Joppa, being next to the sea, is at a lower elevation than the place where Jonah was. If your language would not use this type of word to describe travel, use a description of travel that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Jonah went to Joppa”
1:3 w3uc rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown אָנִיָּ֣ה 1 A **ship** is a a very large type of boat that can travel on the sea and carry many passengers or heavy cargo. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of boat, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “a large boat”
1:3 pz67 וַיִּתֵּ֨ן שְׂכָרָ֜הּ 1 Alternate translation: “There Jonah paid the cost of his trip”
1:3 pz67 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַיִּתֵּ֨ן שְׂכָרָ֜הּ 1 The author assumes that readers will know that **fare** refers to the price that a person pays to travel on a ship. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say that explicitly.Alternate translation: “There Jonah paid the cost of traveling on the ship”
1:3 g5xp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַיֵּ֤רֶד בָּהּ֙ 1 The ship is large enough that it has at least one lower deck that is inside the ship. This is where Jonah went. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and went down inside the ship”
1:3 i6bi rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns עִמָּהֶם֙ 1 The pronoun **them** refers to the other people who were traveling on the ship, and the only other people we are told about are members of the crew. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say who these people are. Alternate translation: “with the crew”
1:4 jdr2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast וַֽיהוָ֗ה 1 **But** here indicates a strong contrast between what Jonah thought would happen and what God did. In your translation, indicate this strong contrast in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “However, Yahweh”
@ -39,10 +39,10 @@ front:intro hk4p 0 # Introduction to Jonah\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction
1:7 m93h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לְכוּ֙ וְנַפִּ֣ילָה גֽוֹרָל֔וֹת 1 Here, **Come** is an idiom that invites the hearer to begin an action with the speaker that the speaker names next. If **Come** does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have that meaning, state the meaning plainly, or omit the word. Alternate translation: “Listen! We should cast lots” or “We should do this: cast lots”
1:7 t5p9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown וְנַפִּ֣ילָה גֽוֹרָל֔וֹת 1 We do not know the exact method that the sailors used to cast lots. It may have been with marked stones or pieces of wood. It was their method of getting a god to answer a question. If you have a name in your language for casting lots to get an answer to a question, consider using it here.
1:7 l5xq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְנֵ֣דְעָ֔ה בְּשֶׁלְּמִ֛י הָרָעָ֥ה הַזֹּ֖את לָ֑נוּ 1 The phrase **so that we may know** implies that the men believed that the gods would control how the lots fell in order to tell them what they wanted to know. This was a form of divination. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “so that the gods can tell us who has caused this trouble”
1:7 d726 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הָרָעָ֥ה הַזֹּ֖את 1 The sailors are using the general term **this evil** to speak of the storm. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “this awful storm”
1:7 at67 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַיִּפֹּ֥ל הַגּוֹרָ֖ל עַל־יוֹנָֽה 1 The expression **the lot fell on Jonah** is an idiom meaning that when the men cast lots, the result indicated Jonah. This does not mean that the lot literally fell down on top of Jonah. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and the lot showed that Jonah was the guilty person”
1:8 wkh6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַיֹּאמְר֣וּ אֵלָ֔יו 1 Here, **they** refers back to the group of sailors referred to as “every man” in verse 7; the pronoun **him** refers to Jonah. If it would be helpful in your language, you could repeat Jonah's name and the term that you are using for the sailors here. Alternate translation: “Then the men who were working on the ship said to Jonah”
1:8 e7wb הַגִּידָה־נָּ֣א לָ֔נוּ בַּאֲשֶׁ֛ר לְמִי־הָרָעָ֥ה הַזֹּ֖את לָ֑נוּ 1 Alternate translation: “Reveal to us who caused this bad thing that is happening to us”
1:8 e7wb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַגִּידָה־נָּ֣א לָ֔נוּ בַּאֲשֶׁ֛ר לְמִי־הָרָעָ֥ה הַזֹּ֖את לָ֑נוּ 1 The sailors are asking Jonah to tell them who is responsible for the storm. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “Reveal to us who caused this bad storm to happen to us”
1:9 wav5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom יְהוָ֞ה & אֲנִ֣י יָרֵ֔א 1 Here, **I fear Yahweh** is an idiom that means “I worship Yahweh and not any other god.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have that meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I am a worshiper of Yahweh”
1:10 zi05 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry וַיִּֽירְא֤וּ הָֽאֲנָשִׁים֙ יִרְאָ֣ה גְדוֹלָ֔ה 1 Here, **feared a great fear** is an emphatic construction that uses a verb and its object that both come from the same root. You may be able to use the same construction in your language to express the meaning here. Alternatively, your language may have another way of showing the emphasis. Alternate translation: “Then the men were extremely frightened”
1:10 peg3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion מַה־זֹּ֣את עָשִׂ֑יתָ 1 The men on the ship used a rhetorical question to show how afraid and angry they were that Jonah was causing so much trouble for all of them. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “You have done a terrible thing!”
1
Reference
ID
Tags
SupportReference
Quote
Occurrence
Note
13
1:3
f5sr
rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom
וַיָּ֤קָם יוֹנָה֙ לִבְרֹ֣חַ
1
Here the words **got up** mean that Jonah took action in response to God’s command, but his action was to disobey instead of to obey. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could state the meaning plainly. See how you translated this idiom in [1:2](../01/02.md). Alternate translation: “But Jonah decided to run away” or “Jonah prepared himself, but to run away”
14
1:3
n96t
rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
מִלִּפְנֵ֖י יְהוָ֑ה & מִלִּפְנֵ֖י יְהוָֽה
1
The expression **the face of Yahweh** represents his presence. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. The idea of Yahweh’s presence also includes his knowledge, notice, attention, or judgment. By running away, Jonah is hoping that Yahweh will not notice that he is disobeying. Alternate translation: “from the presence of Yahweh” … “away from Yahweh”
15
1:3
g66v
rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit
לִבְרֹ֣חַ תַּרְשִׁ֔ישָׁה
1
This city named Tarshish was in the direction opposite to Nineveh. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “to flee in the opposite direction, toward Tarshish, away”
16
1:3
djv1
rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo
וַיֵּ֨רֶד יָפ֜וֹ
1
Alternate translation: “Jonah went to Joppa”Here, **down** indicates that Joppa, being next to the sea, is at a lower elevation than the place where Jonah was. If your language would not use this type of word to describe travel, use a description of travel that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Jonah went to Joppa”
17
1:3
w3uc
rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown
אָנִיָּ֣ה
1
A **ship** is a a very large type of boat that can travel on the sea and carry many passengers or heavy cargo. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of boat, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “a large boat”
18
1:3
pz67
rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit
וַיִּתֵּ֨ן שְׂכָרָ֜הּ
1
Alternate translation: “There Jonah paid the cost of his trip”The author assumes that readers will know that **fare** refers to the price that a person pays to travel on a ship. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say that explicitly.Alternate translation: “There Jonah paid the cost of traveling on the ship”
19
1:3
g5xp
rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit
וַיֵּ֤רֶד בָּהּ֙
1
The ship is large enough that it has at least one lower deck that is inside the ship. This is where Jonah went. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and went down inside the ship”
20
1:3
i6bi
rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns
עִמָּהֶם֙
1
The pronoun **them** refers to the other people who were traveling on the ship, and the only other people we are told about are members of the crew. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say who these people are. Alternate translation: “with the crew”
**But** here indicates a strong contrast between what Jonah thought would happen and what God did. In your translation, indicate this strong contrast in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “However, Yahweh”
39
1:7
m93h
rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom
לְכוּ֙ וְנַפִּ֣ילָה גֽוֹרָל֔וֹת
1
Here, **Come** is an idiom that invites the hearer to begin an action with the speaker that the speaker names next. If **Come** does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have that meaning, state the meaning plainly, or omit the word. Alternate translation: “Listen! We should cast lots” or “We should do this: cast lots”
40
1:7
t5p9
rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown
וְנַפִּ֣ילָה גֽוֹרָל֔וֹת
1
We do not know the exact method that the sailors used to cast lots. It may have been with marked stones or pieces of wood. It was their method of getting a god to answer a question. If you have a name in your language for casting lots to get an answer to a question, consider using it here.
The phrase **so that we may know** implies that the men believed that the gods would control how the lots fell in order to tell them what they wanted to know. This was a form of divination. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “so that the gods can tell us who has caused this trouble”
42
1:7
d726
rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit
הָרָעָ֥ה הַזֹּ֖את
1
Alternate translation: “this awful storm”The sailors are using the general term **this evil** to speak of the storm. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “this awful storm”
43
1:7
at67
rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom
וַיִּפֹּ֥ל הַגּוֹרָ֖ל עַל־יוֹנָֽה
1
The expression **the lot fell on Jonah** is an idiom meaning that when the men cast lots, the result indicated Jonah. This does not mean that the lot literally fell down on top of Jonah. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and the lot showed that Jonah was the guilty person”
44
1:8
wkh6
rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns
וַיֹּאמְר֣וּ אֵלָ֔יו
1
Here, **they** refers back to the group of sailors referred to as “every man” in verse 7; the pronoun **him** refers to Jonah. If it would be helpful in your language, you could repeat Jonah's name and the term that you are using for the sailors here. Alternate translation: “Then the men who were working on the ship said to Jonah”
Alternate translation: “Reveal to us who caused this bad thing that is happening to us”The sailors are asking Jonah to tell them who is responsible for the storm. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “Reveal to us who caused this bad storm to happen to us”
46
1:9
wav5
rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom
יְהוָ֞ה & אֲנִ֣י יָרֵ֔א
1
Here, **I fear Yahweh** is an idiom that means “I worship Yahweh and not any other god.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have that meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I am a worshiper of Yahweh”
47
1:10
zi05
rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry
וַיִּֽירְא֤וּ הָֽאֲנָשִׁים֙ יִרְאָ֣ה גְדוֹלָ֔ה
1
Here, **feared a great fear** is an emphatic construction that uses a verb and its object that both come from the same root. You may be able to use the same construction in your language to express the meaning here. Alternatively, your language may have another way of showing the emphasis. Alternate translation: “Then the men were extremely frightened”
48
1:10
peg3
rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion
מַה־זֹּ֣את עָשִׂ֑יתָ
1
The men on the ship used a rhetorical question to show how afraid and angry they were that Jonah was causing so much trouble for all of them. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “You have done a terrible thing!”
@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ front:intro syt5 0 # Introduction to Joshua\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
1:15 f85b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לַֽאֲחֵיכֶם֮ 1 See how you translated the word **brothers** in the previous verse where it is used with the same meaning.
1:18 zhz1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations כָּל־אִ֞ישׁ 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, the Reubenites, the Gadites, and the half-tribe of Manasseh are using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “Every person”
1:18 rel4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism כָּל־אִ֞ישׁ אֲשֶׁר־יַמְרֶ֣ה אֶת־פִּ֗יךָ וְלֹֽא־יִשְׁמַ֧ע אֶת־דְּבָרֶ֛יךָ לְכֹ֥ל אֲשֶׁר־תְּצַוֶּ֖נּוּ יוּמָ֑ת 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that any form of disobedience will be punished. The phrase **rebels against your mouth** and the phrase **will not hear your words** mean basically the same thing. The Reubenites, the Gadites, and the half-tribe of Manasseh are the same thing twice, in slightly different ways, to emphasize that they will **put to death** anyone who rebels against what Joshua commands. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one and show the emphasis in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “We will surely put to death every man who rebels against what you instruct us to do”
1:18 mxi0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom יַמְרֶ֣ה אֶת־פִּ֗יךָ וְלֹֽא־יִשְׁמַ֧ע אֶת־דְּבָרֶ֛יךָ 1 The speakers are using the words **mouth** and **words** and associating them with the instructions or commands that Joshua would speak with his **mouth** using **words**. If your readers would not understand this, you could use equivalent expressions or use plain language. Alternate translation: “rebels against your commands and will not hear your instructions”
1:18 mxi0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy יַמְרֶ֣ה אֶת־פִּ֗יךָ וְלֹֽא־יִשְׁמַ֧ע אֶת־דְּבָרֶ֛יךָ 1 The speakers are using the words **mouth** and **words** and associating them with the instructions or commands that Joshua would speak with his **mouth** using **words**. If your readers would not understand this, you could use equivalent expressions or use plain language. Alternate translation: “rebels against your commands and will not hear your instructions”
1:18 lbc3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יוּמָ֑ת 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, the context implies indicates that the Reubenites, the Gadites, and the half-tribe of Manasseh will do it. Alternate translation: “we will put to death”
1:18 m66s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns יוּמָ֑ת 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **death**, you could express the same idea with an active verb or in some other way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “we will kill”
1:18 zez7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet חֲזַ֥ק וֶאֱמָֽץ 1 See how you translated the phrase **be strong and be courageous** in [1:6](../01/06.md).
@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ front:intro syt5 0 # Introduction to Joshua\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
4:7 gx13 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לִבְנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל 1 See how you translated the phrase **the sons of Israel** in [1:2](../01/02.md).
4:9 igh8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּשְׁתֵּ֧ים עֶשְׂרֵ֣ה אֲבָנִ֗ים הֵקִ֣ים יְהוֹשֻׁעַ֮ בְּת֣וֹךְ הַיַּרְדֵּן֒ 1 These were twelve additional stones, not the stones that the twelve men carried from the riverbed in [4:8](../04/08.md). If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly as modeled by the UST which adds the word “other” to the phrase “large stones” in order to make it clear that these were a different set of **12 stones** than those carried from the riverbed in the previous verse.
4:9 fumr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַיַּרְדֵּן֒ 1 Here, the phrase **the Jordan** refers to the riverbed of the **Jordan** River, as it did in [3:17](../03/17.md). See how you translated the phrase **the Jordan** there. Alternate translation: “the river bed of the Jordan” or “the Jordan’s river bed”
4:9 wgcz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom עַ֖ד הַיּ֥וֹם הַזֶּֽה 1 The phrase **until this day** is an idiom meaning “until this time.” If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “until this time” or “until now”
4:9 wgcz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom עַ֖ד הַיּ֥וֹם הַזֶּֽה 1 The phrase **until this day** is an idiom meaning “until this time.” The author is saying that the 12 stones were still in the middle of the Jordan at the time he wrote this. If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “until this time” or “until now”
4:10 reg9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַיַּרְדֵּן֒ 1 Here, the phrase **the Jordan** refers to the riverbed of the **Jordan** River, as it did in [3:17](../03/17.md). See how you translated the phrase **the Jordan** there. Alternate translation: “the river bed of the Jordan” or “the Jordan’s river bed”
4:11 vff8 וַיַּעֲבֹ֧ר אֲרוֹן־יְהוָ֛ה\nוְהַכֹּהֲנִ֖ים לִפְנֵ֥י הָעָֽם 1 Alternate translation: “that the priests, who were carrying the Box of Yahweh, crossed the Jordan in front of the people”
4:12 y1qn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure וַ֠יַּעַבְרוּ בְּנֵי־רְאוּבֵ֨ן וּבְנֵי־גָ֜ד וַחֲצִ֨י שֵׁ֤בֶט הַֽמְנַשֶּׁה֙ חֲמֻשִׁ֔ים לִפְנֵ֖י בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל כַּאֲשֶׁ֛ר דִּבֶּ֥ר אֲלֵיהֶ֖ם מֹשֶֽׁה 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could place the words **just as Moses had spoken to them** at the beginning of this verse instead of at the end because the words **as Moses had spoken to them** gives the reason for the result that the first part of this verse describes. Alternate translation: “Just as Moses had spoken to them, the sons of Reuben, and the sons of Gad, and the half of the tribe of Manasseh, armed men, crossed over before the face of the sons of Israel”
@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ front:intro syt5 0 # Introduction to Joshua\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
6:20 p5kj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo וַיַּ֨עַל הָעָ֤ם הָעִ֨ירָה֙ 1 The expression **went up** indicates that the Israelite soldiers moved upwards in elevation in order to enter Jericho. If it is unnatural in your language to indicate elevation when expressing movement you could shorten the expression. Alternate translation: “and the people went into the city”
6:21 cf5x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification לְפִי־חָֽרֶב 1 The author is speaking of **the sword** as if it were a living thing that had a **mouth** and could eat. This is probably a reference to the way a sword cuts into a person as if it were an animal biting him. An idea implicit in this personification is that when a sword eats, it devours everything. So this expression means “to the degree that the sword devours.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “”
6:21 b19h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism מֵאִישׁ֙ וְעַד־אִשָּׁ֔ה מִנַּ֖עַר וְעַד־זָקֵ֑ן וְעַ֨ד שׁ֥וֹר וָשֶׂ֛ה וַחֲמ֖וֹר 1 The author is giving examples of the different types and categories of living beings that the phrase **all that was in the city** refers to. The Israelite soldiers killed all the animals and all the humans in the city of Jericho. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “every human being, and every animal.”
6:21 b19h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism מֵאִישׁ֙ וְעַד־אִשָּׁ֔ה מִנַּ֖עַר וְעַד־זָקֵ֑ן וְעַ֨ד שׁ֥וֹר וָשֶׂ֛ה וַחֲמ֖וֹר 1 The author is giving examples of the different types and categories of living beings that the phrase **all that was in the city** refers to. The Israelite soldiers killed all the animals and all the humans in the city of Jericho. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “every human being, and every animal” or “they killed all the people, both male and female, regardless of their age, and they killed all the cattle and sheep and donkeys. They killed every living thing”
6:21 hmkk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj מִנַּ֖עַר וְעַד־זָקֵ֑ן 1 The author is using the adjectives **young** and **old** as nouns in order to describe groups of people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate these words with noun phrases. Alternate translation: “from young people and to old people”
6:22 vluk rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result בֹּ֖אוּ בֵּית־הָאִשָּׁ֣ה הַזּוֹנָ֑ה וְהוֹצִ֨יאוּ מִשָּׁ֤ם אֶת־הָֽאִשָּׁה֙ וְאֶת־כָּל־אֲשֶׁר־לָ֔הּ כַּאֲשֶׁ֥ר נִשְׁבַּעְתֶּ֖ם לָֽהּ 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these phrases, since the last phrase gives the reason for the result that the phrases before it describe. Alternate translation: “Do what you swore to the woman, the prostitute, and enter her house and bring her out from there and all who belong to her”
6:23 ukcg וְאֶת־כָּל־אֲשֶׁר־לָ֔הּ 1 The phrase **all who belonged to her** could refer to: (1) Rahab’s other relatives who were in her house. Alternate translation: “and all her relatives who were with her in her house” (2) Rahab’s slaves. Alternate translation: “and her slaves” or “and all her slaves”
@ -312,10 +312,11 @@ front:intro syt5 0 # Introduction to Joshua\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
7:25 vd6n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion מֶ֣ה עֲכַרְתָּ֔נוּ 1 Joshua is not asking for information, but is using the question form to rebuke Achan. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate these words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “You have greatly troubled us!”
7:25 i3rq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-events וַיִּרְגְּמ֨וּ אֹת֤וֹ כָל־יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ אֶ֔בֶן וַיִּשְׂרְפ֤וּ אֹתָם֙ בָּאֵ֔שׁ וַיִּסְקְל֥וּ אֹתָ֖ם בָּאֲבָנִֽים 1 The Israelites **stoned** Achan and his family to death and then **burned them**. It might be helpful to reorder the last sentence so that it is clear that Achan and his family were **burned** after they were **stoned**. Alternate translation: “And all Israel stoned Achan and his family with the stones and then they burned them with fire”
7:25 ftq1 וַיִּסְקְל֥וּ אֹתָ֖ם בָּאֲבָנִֽים 1 Alternate translation: “and they stoned Achan and his famiily with the stones”
7:26 hfq5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom עַ֚ד הַיּ֣וֹם הַזֶּ֔ה…עַ֖ד הַיּ֥וֹם הַזֶּֽה 1 See how you translated the phrase **until this day** in [4:9](../04/09.md) where it occurs with the same meaning.
7:26 enq0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis עַ֚ד הַיּ֣וֹם הַזֶּ֔ה 1 The author is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “that remains until this day”
7:26 zcp9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַיָּ֥שָׁב יְהוָ֖ה מֵחֲר֣וֹן אַפּ֑וֹ 1 See how you translated the idiom “the nose of Yahweh burned” in [7:1](../07/01.md). Here, the phrase **turned from** means “stopped” or“relented”. Alternate translation: “Yahweh stopped being angry”
7:26 jg1j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive קָרָ֞א שֵׁ֣ם הַמָּק֤וֹם הַהוּא֙ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form, as modeled by the UST, or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, the context implies that “people” did it.
7:26 wdse rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate עֵ֣מֶק עָכ֔וֹר 1 See how you translated the name **the Valley of Trouble** in [7:24](../07/24.md).
7:26 hfq5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom עַ֖ד הַיּ֥וֹם הַזֶּֽה 1 See how you translated the phrase **until this day** in [4:9](../04/09.md) where it occurs with the same meaning.
8:intro f3jc 0 # Joshua 8 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n## Religious and Cultural Concepts in This Chapter\n\n### Sin brought defeat\n\nIt was great sin to take what was to be destroyed. Because of their sin, Yahweh withheld victory from the Israelites. Sin resulted in defeat in battle. Because they repented, Yahweh brought victory to Israel in Ai. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]])\n\n### Built an altar\n\nAltars were commonly built in the Ancient Near East to commemorate important events. Several altars were built in the Book of Joshua.
8:1 l4p8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism אַל־תִּירָ֣א וְאַל־תֵּחָ֔ת 1 The phrases **Do not be terrified** and **do not be dismayed** mean similar things. Yahweh combines them to emphasize that Joshua and the Israelite soldiers must not be afraid. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “Make sure that you are not terrified” or “There is absolutely no reason for you to be terrified”
8:1 aiwf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative רְאֵ֣ה 1 Here, the word **See** is an imperative. Yahweh is using the term **See** to emphasize what he says in this verse. Your language may have a comparable expression that you could use in your translation.
@ -349,6 +350,7 @@ front:intro syt5 0 # Introduction to Joshua\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
8:17 zip6 וְלֹֽא־נִשְׁאַ֣ר אִ֗ישׁ בָּעַי֙ וּבֵ֣ית אֵ֔ל\nאֲשֶׁ֥ר לֹֽא־יָצְא֖וּ אַחֲרֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל 1 The phrase **there was not a man left in Ai or Bethel who had not pursued after Israel** means that all the men who were able to fight left these two towns to pursue the Israelite army. Old men and those unable to fight because of some physical disability probably did not leave these towns. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “And there was not a man of fighting age left in the Ai or Bethel who had not pursued after Israel” or “And there was not a fighting man left in the Ai or Bethel who had not pursued after Israel”
8:17 kijl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives וְלֹֽא־נִשְׁאַ֣ר אִ֗ישׁ בָּעַי֙ וּבֵ֣ית אֵ֔ל אֲשֶׁ֥ר לֹֽא־יָצְא֖וּ אַחֲרֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this sentence as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “And every man in the Ai and Bethel pursued after Israel”
8:18 xe2m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בְיָדְךָ֖ אֶתְּנֶ֑נָּה 1 See how you translated this idiom in [6:2](../06/02.md).
8:18 b6l6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction נְ֠טֵה בַּכִּיד֤וֹן אֲשֶׁר־בְּיָֽדְךָ֙ אֶל־הָעַ֔י כִּ֥י בְיָדְךָ֖ אֶתְּנֶ֑נָּה וַיֵּ֧ט יְהוֹשֻׁ֛עַ בַּכִּיד֥וֹן אֲשֶׁר־בְּיָד֖וֹ אֶל־הָעִֽיר 1 This action was a literal sign to Joshua’s soldiers to attack Ai, as the next verse indicates. It was probably also a symbolic expression that Ai was to be destroyed. You should retain this action in your translation. If it would be helpful to your readers you could indicate its meaning in footnote.
8:19 cyya rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns וְהָאוֹרֵ֡ב קָם֩ מְהֵרָ֨ה מִמְּקוֹמ֤וֹ וַיָּר֨וּצוּ֙ 1 The word **ambush** is a singular noun that refers to something done by a group of people. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “And the Israelite soldiers who were hiding themselves rose from their place and they ran”
8:20 lcmy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations וְהִנֵּ֨ה 1 The author is using the term **behold** to focus attention on what he is about to say. Your language may have a comparable expression that you could use in your translation.
8:20 vvzs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְלֹא־הָיָ֨ה בָהֶ֥ם יָדַ֛יִם לָנ֖וּס הֵ֣נָּה וָהֵ֑נָּה 1 The phrase **it was not in their hands to flee** is an idiom that could mean: (1) the men of Ai “could not flee ” (because they were surrounded by the Israelite soldiers) Alternate translation: “And they could not flee here or there because they were surrounded” (2) the men of Ai “did not have the courage to flee” Alternate translation: “And they did not have the courage to flee here or there”
@ -356,19 +358,31 @@ front:intro syt5 0 # Introduction to Joshua\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
8:21 n2cd rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns וִיהוֹשֻׁ֨עַ וְכָֽל־יִשְׂרָאֵ֜ל רָא֗וּ כִּֽי־לָכַ֤ד הָֽאֹרֵב֙ אֶת־הָעִ֔יר 1 The word **ambush** is a singular noun that refers to something done by a group of people. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “And Joshua and all Israel saw that the men who had been lying in ambush had captured the city”
8:22 mxej וְאֵ֨לֶּה יָצְא֤וּ מִן־הָעִיר֙ לִקְרָאתָ֔ם וַיִּֽהְי֤וּ לְיִשְׂרָאֵל֙ בַּתָּ֔וֶךְ 1 Alternate translation: “And the other Israelite soldiers came out from the city to meet them. And the men of Ai were in the midst of the Israelite soldiers”
8:22 dlr1 אֵ֥לֶּה מִזֶּ֖ה וְאֵ֣לֶּה מִזֶּ֑ה 1 Alternate translation: “some on this side and some on that side” or “some Israelite soldiers on one side of them and some Israelite soldiers on the other side of them”
8:24 xg2z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וַֽיִּפְּל֥וּ כֻלָּ֛ם לְפִי־חֶ֖רֶב 1 The author is speaking of **the sword** as if it were a living thing that had a **mouth** and could eat. This is probably a reference to the way a sword cuts into a person as if it were an animal biting him. An idea implicit in this personification is that when a sword eats, it devours everything. So this expression means “and all of them had fallen to the degree that the sword devours,” that is, they killed all the fighting men of Ai. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And they completely destroyed all of them” See how you translated the phrase “to the mouth of the sword” in [6:21](../06/21.md). Alternate translation: “and all of them had been killed”
8:25 d2ud rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַנֹּ֨פְלִ֜ים בַּיּ֤וֹם הַהוּא֙ 1 Here, the word **fell** means “were killed.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “the ones who were killed on that day”
8:24 dura rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish בַּשָּׂדֶ֗ה בַּמִּדְבָּר֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר רְדָפ֣וּם בּ֔וֹ 1 The phrase **in the wilderness** gives us further information about where **the field** was located. It is not making a distinction. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the relationship between these phrases clearer. Alternate translation: “in the field which was in the wilderness in which they pursued them” or “in the fields which were in the wilderness in which they pursued them”
8:24 xg2z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וַֽיִּפְּל֥וּ כֻלָּ֛ם לְפִי־חֶ֖רֶב עַד־תֻּמָּ֑ם וַיָּשֻׁ֤בוּ כָל־יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ הָעַ֔י וַיַּכּ֥וּ אֹתָ֖הּ לְפִי־חָֽרֶב 1 See how you translated the phrase “to the mouth of the sword” in [6:21](../06/21.md). Alternate translation: “once they had killed every one of those soldiers and none were left, then Israel returned to Ai and killed everyone who was there”
8:24 uhnh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וַֽיִּפְּל֥וּ כֻלָּ֛ם לְפִי־חֶ֖רֶב 1 The author is describing dying in battle by association with the word the word **fallen**, since soldiers who die in battle fall to the ground and die. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “and all of them had been killed to the mouth of the sword” or “and all of them had perished to the mouth of the sword”
8:25 d2ud rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַנֹּ֨פְלִ֜ים בַּיּ֤וֹם הַהוּא֙ 1 The author is describing dying in battle by association with the word the word **fell**, since soldiers who die in battle fall to the ground and die. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “the ones who were killed on that day”
8:25 s6hq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish שְׁנֵ֥ים עָשָׂ֖ר אָ֑לֶף כֹּ֖ל אַנְשֵׁ֥י הָעָֽי 1 The author is leaving out some of the words that the phrase **all the men of Ai** would need in many languages to be complete and show its connection to the phrase **were 12,000**. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “were 12,000, including all the men of the Ai”
8:28 uiv3 שְׁמָמָ֔ה 1 It is a place where people once lived, but now, no one lives there.
8:26 gcgu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes וִיהוֹשֻׁ֨עַ֙ לֹֽא־הֵשִׁ֣יב יָד֔וֹ אֲשֶׁ֥ר נָטָ֖ה בַּכִּיד֑וֹן 1 Here the king uses a figure of speech that expresses a strong positive meaning by using a negative word together with a word that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning positively. Alternate translation: “And Joshua continued holding out his hand which he had stretched out with the curved sword”
8:26 vffb rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction יָד֔וֹ אֲשֶׁ֥ר נָטָ֖ה בַּכִּיד֑וֹן 1 See how you translated the similar expression in [8:18](../08/18.md).
8:27 jyr5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast רַ֣ק הַבְּהֵמָ֗ה וּשְׁלַל֙ הָעִ֣יר הַהִ֔יא בָּזְז֥וּ לָהֶ֖ם יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל 1 Here, the word **only** is introducing a contrast. What follows the word **only** is in contrast to what the Israelites did to the inhabitants of Ai in the previous verse. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: “But Israel plundered for themselves the livestock and the spoil of that city”
8:27 agn1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy כִּדְבַ֣ר יְהוָ֔ה 1 See how you translated this phrase in [8:08](../08/08.md).
8:28 unrb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom עַ֖ד הַיּ֥וֹם הַזֶּֽה 1 See how you translated the phrase **until this day** in [4:9](../04/09.md) where it occurs with the same meaning.
8:29 wd9u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom עַ֖ד הַיּ֥וֹם הַזֶּֽה 1 See how you translated the phrase **until this day** in [4:9](../04/09.md) where it occurs with the same meaning.
8:30 xev4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names בְּהַ֖ר עֵיבָֽל 1 a mountain in Canaan
8:35 ym6u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives לֹֽא־הָיָ֣ה דָבָ֔ר מִכֹּ֖ל אֲשֶׁר־צִוָּ֣ה מֹשֶׁ֑ה אֲשֶׁ֨ר לֹֽא־קָרָ֜א יְהוֹשֻׁ֗עַ 1 This can be expressed positively. Alternate translation: “Joshua read every word of all that Moses commanded” or “Joshua read the entire law of Moses”
8:35 kdu7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ 1 This refers to the nation of Israel.
8:29 yq50 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis עַ֖ד הַיּ֥וֹם הַזֶּֽה 1 The author is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “that remains until this day”
8:30 isui rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential אָ֣ז 1 The word **Then** indicates that the events the story will now relate came after the event it has just described. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could show this relationship by using a fuller phrase. Alternate translation: “After that” or “After raising a great pile of stones over the corpse of the King of Ai”
8:31 td7f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֶת־בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל 1 See how you translated the phrase **the sons of Israel** in [1:2](../01/02.md).
8:32 ihwd אֲשֶׁ֣ר כָּתַ֔ב לִפְנֵ֖י בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל 1 Alternate translation: “which he wrote in the presence of the sons of Israel”
8:32 cool rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כָּתַ֔ב 1 Here, the word **he** could refer to: (1) Moses. Alternate translation: “Moses wrote” (2) Joshua. Alternate translation: “Joshua wrote”
8:32 a0rv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל 1 See how you translated the phrase **the sons of Israel** in [1:2](../01/02.md).
8:33 odgx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish הַכֹּהֲנִ֨ים הַלְוִיִּ֜ם 1 The phrase **the Levites** gives us further information about **the priests**. It is not making a distinction. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the relationship between these phrases clearer as modeled by the UST.
8:34 vf71 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive הַכָּת֖וּב 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, the context indicates that “Moses” did it. Alternate translation: “that Moses wrote”
8:35 ym6u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives לֹֽא־הָיָ֣ה דָבָ֔ר מִכֹּ֖ל אֲשֶׁר־צִוָּ֣ה מֹשֶׁ֑ה אֲשֶׁ֨ר לֹֽא־קָרָ֜א יְהוֹשֻׁ֗עַ 1 This is a double negative which uses the negative particle **not** twice. If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a positive expression to translate this. Alternate translation: “Joshua read every word that Moses had commanded”
8:35 ozlo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish כָּל־קְהַ֤ל יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ וְהַנָּשִׁ֣ים וְהַטַּ֔ף וְהַגֵּ֖ר הַהֹלֵ֥ךְ בְּקִרְבָּֽם 1 The phrases **the women**, **the children**, and **the sojourners who are going in the midst of them** give us further information about **all the assembly of Israel** that was gathered there. It is not making a distinction. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the relationship between these phrases clearer. Alternate translation: “all the assembly of Israel, which included the women, the children, and the sojourners who are going in the midst of them”
9:intro w1cx 0 # Joshua 9 General Notes\n\n## Religious and Cultural Concepts in This Chapter\n\n### Israel’s mistake\n\nIsrael was deceived because “they did not consult with Yahweh for guidance.” Instead of consulting Yahweh, they attempted to achieve victory under their own power. This was sinful. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
9:1 g4h4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הַיַּרְדֵּ֜ן 1 a shortened name for the Jordan River
9:2 uj94 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy פֶּ֖ה אֶחָֽד 1 Here “command” represents the one who commanded them. Being under him represents obeying his commands. Alternate translation: “obeying the commands of one leader”
9:4 r5yb בְּעָרְמָ֔ה 1 a crafty scheme intended to trick Joshua and the Israelites
9:2 uj94 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom פֶּ֖ה אֶחָֽד 1 The phrase **as one mouth** is an idiom meaning “with one accord” or “unanimously.” If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “with one accord” or “unanimously”
9:3 aktq rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast וְיֹשְׁבֵ֨י 1 What follows the word **But** here is in contrast to what the kings in the previous verse did. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast as modeled by the UST.
9:4 r5yb rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast גַם־הֵ֨מָּה֙ 1 The author uses the phrase **even they**, to emphasize that the way the Gibeonites acted toward the Israelites was in different from the way the other kings acted toward the Israelites. If repeating the word **they** would be an un-natural way to emphasize this difference in behavior, use a natural way in your language to indicate this contrast as modeled by the UST.
9:5 q9v6 יָבֵ֖שׁ הָיָ֥ה נִקֻּדִֽים 1 Alternate translation: “dry and filled with fungus” or “stale and ruined”
9:6 rz8e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche אִ֣ישׁ יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל 1 This refers to the entire nation of Israel.
9:7 w599 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הַחִוִּ֑י 1 This is another name for the Gibeonites.
1
Reference
ID
Tags
SupportReference
Quote
Occurrence
Note
49
1:15
f85b
rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit
לַֽאֲחֵיכֶם֮
1
See how you translated the word **brothers** in the previous verse where it is used with the same meaning.
50
1:18
zhz1
rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations
כָּל־אִ֞ישׁ
1
Although the term **man** is masculine, the Reubenites, the Gadites, and the half-tribe of Manasseh are using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “Every person”
These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that any form of disobedience will be punished. The phrase **rebels against your mouth** and the phrase **will not hear your words** mean basically the same thing. The Reubenites, the Gadites, and the half-tribe of Manasseh are the same thing twice, in slightly different ways, to emphasize that they will **put to death** anyone who rebels against what Joshua commands. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one and show the emphasis in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “We will surely put to death every man who rebels against what you instruct us to do”
The speakers are using the words **mouth** and **words** and associating them with the instructions or commands that Joshua would speak with his **mouth** using **words**. If your readers would not understand this, you could use equivalent expressions or use plain language. Alternate translation: “rebels against your commands and will not hear your instructions”
53
1:18
lbc3
rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive
יוּמָ֑ת
1
If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, the context implies indicates that the Reubenites, the Gadites, and the half-tribe of Manasseh will do it. Alternate translation: “we will put to death”
54
1:18
m66s
rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns
יוּמָ֑ת
1
If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **death**, you could express the same idea with an active verb or in some other way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “we will kill”
55
1:18
zez7
rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet
חֲזַ֥ק וֶאֱמָֽץ
1
See how you translated the phrase **be strong and be courageous** in [1:6](../01/06.md).
143
4:7
gx13
rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor
לִבְנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל
1
See how you translated the phrase **the sons of Israel** in [1:2](../01/02.md).
These were twelve additional stones, not the stones that the twelve men carried from the riverbed in [4:8](../04/08.md). If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly as modeled by the UST which adds the word “other” to the phrase “large stones” in order to make it clear that these were a different set of **12 stones** than those carried from the riverbed in the previous verse.
145
4:9
fumr
rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit
הַיַּרְדֵּן֒
1
Here, the phrase **the Jordan** refers to the riverbed of the **Jordan** River, as it did in [3:17](../03/17.md). See how you translated the phrase **the Jordan** there. Alternate translation: “the river bed of the Jordan” or “the Jordan’s river bed”
146
4:9
wgcz
rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom
עַ֖ד הַיּ֥וֹם הַזֶּֽה
1
The phrase **until this day** is an idiom meaning “until this time.” If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “until this time” or “until now” The phrase **until this day** is an idiom meaning “until this time.” The author is saying that the 12 stones were still in the middle of the Jordan at the time he wrote this. If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “until this time” or “until now”
147
4:10
reg9
rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit
הַיַּרְדֵּן֒
1
Here, the phrase **the Jordan** refers to the riverbed of the **Jordan** River, as it did in [3:17](../03/17.md). See how you translated the phrase **the Jordan** there. Alternate translation: “the river bed of the Jordan” or “the Jordan’s river bed”
If it would be more natural in your language, you could place the words **just as Moses had spoken to them** at the beginning of this verse instead of at the end because the words **as Moses had spoken to them** gives the reason for the result that the first part of this verse describes. Alternate translation: “Just as Moses had spoken to them, the sons of Reuben, and the sons of Gad, and the half of the tribe of Manasseh, armed men, crossed over before the face of the sons of Israel”
239
6:20
p5kj
rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo
וַיַּ֨עַל הָעָ֤ם הָעִ֨ירָה֙
1
The expression **went up** indicates that the Israelite soldiers moved upwards in elevation in order to enter Jericho. If it is unnatural in your language to indicate elevation when expressing movement you could shorten the expression. Alternate translation: “and the people went into the city”
240
6:20
v2v6
אִ֣ישׁ
1
Alternate translation: “each man” or “every man”
241
6:21
cf5x
rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification
לְפִי־חָֽרֶב
1
The author is speaking of **the sword** as if it were a living thing that had a **mouth** and could eat. This is probably a reference to the way a sword cuts into a person as if it were an animal biting him. An idea implicit in this personification is that when a sword eats, it devours everything. So this expression means “to the degree that the sword devours.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “”
The author is giving examples of the different types and categories of living beings that the phrase **all that was in the city** refers to. The Israelite soldiers killed all the animals and all the humans in the city of Jericho. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “every human being, and every animal.” The author is giving examples of the different types and categories of living beings that the phrase **all that was in the city** refers to. The Israelite soldiers killed all the animals and all the humans in the city of Jericho. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “every human being, and every animal” or “they killed all the people, both male and female, regardless of their age, and they killed all the cattle and sheep and donkeys. They killed every living thing”
243
6:21
hmkk
rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj
מִנַּ֖עַר וְעַד־זָקֵ֑ן
1
The author is using the adjectives **young** and **old** as nouns in order to describe groups of people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate these words with noun phrases. Alternate translation: “from young people and to old people”
If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these phrases, since the last phrase gives the reason for the result that the phrases before it describe. Alternate translation: “Do what you swore to the woman, the prostitute, and enter her house and bring her out from there and all who belong to her”
245
6:23
ukcg
וְאֶת־כָּל־אֲשֶׁר־לָ֔הּ
1
The phrase **all who belonged to her** could refer to: (1) Rahab’s other relatives who were in her house. Alternate translation: “and all her relatives who were with her in her house” (2) Rahab’s slaves. Alternate translation: “and her slaves” or “and all her slaves”
312
7:25
vd6n
rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion
מֶ֣ה עֲכַרְתָּ֔נוּ
1
Joshua is not asking for information, but is using the question form to rebuke Achan. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate these words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “You have greatly troubled us!”
The Israelites **stoned** Achan and his family to death and then **burned them**. It might be helpful to reorder the last sentence so that it is clear that Achan and his family were **burned** after they were **stoned**. Alternate translation: “And all Israel stoned Achan and his family with the stones and then they burned them with fire”
314
7:25
ftq1
וַיִּסְקְל֥וּ אֹתָ֖ם בָּאֲבָנִֽים
1
Alternate translation: “and they stoned Achan and his famiily with the stones”
315
7:26
hfq5
rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom
עַ֚ד הַיּ֣וֹם הַזֶּ֔ה…עַ֖ד הַיּ֥וֹם הַזֶּֽה
1
See how you translated the phrase **until this day** in [4:9](../04/09.md) where it occurs with the same meaning.
316
7:26
enq0
rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis
עַ֚ד הַיּ֣וֹם הַזֶּ֔ה
1
The author is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “that remains until this day”
317
7:26
zcp9
rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom
וַיָּ֥שָׁב יְהוָ֖ה מֵחֲר֣וֹן אַפּ֑וֹ
1
See how you translated the idiom “the nose of Yahweh burned” in [7:1](../07/01.md). Here, the phrase **turned from** means “stopped” or“relented”. Alternate translation: “Yahweh stopped being angry”
318
7:26
jg1j
rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive
קָרָ֞א שֵׁ֣ם הַמָּק֤וֹם הַהוּא֙
1
If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form, as modeled by the UST, or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, the context implies that “people” did it.
319
7:26
wdse
rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate
עֵ֣מֶק עָכ֔וֹר
1
See how you translated the name **the Valley of Trouble** in [7:24](../07/24.md).
7:26
hfq5
rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom
עַ֖ד הַיּ֥וֹם הַזֶּֽה
1
See how you translated the phrase **until this day** in [4:9](../04/09.md) where it occurs with the same meaning.
320
8:intro
f3jc
0
# Joshua 8 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n## Religious and Cultural Concepts in This Chapter\n\n### Sin brought defeat\n\nIt was great sin to take what was to be destroyed. Because of their sin, Yahweh withheld victory from the Israelites. Sin resulted in defeat in battle. Because they repented, Yahweh brought victory to Israel in Ai. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]])\n\n### Built an altar\n\nAltars were commonly built in the Ancient Near East to commemorate important events. Several altars were built in the Book of Joshua.
321
8:1
l4p8
rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism
אַל־תִּירָ֣א וְאַל־תֵּחָ֔ת
1
The phrases **Do not be terrified** and **do not be dismayed** mean similar things. Yahweh combines them to emphasize that Joshua and the Israelite soldiers must not be afraid. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “Make sure that you are not terrified” or “There is absolutely no reason for you to be terrified”
322
8:1
aiwf
rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative
רְאֵ֣ה
1
Here, the word **See** is an imperative. Yahweh is using the term **See** to emphasize what he says in this verse. Your language may have a comparable expression that you could use in your translation.
The phrase **there was not a man left in Ai or Bethel who had not pursued after Israel** means that all the men who were able to fight left these two towns to pursue the Israelite army. Old men and those unable to fight because of some physical disability probably did not leave these towns. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “And there was not a man of fighting age left in the Ai or Bethel who had not pursued after Israel” or “And there was not a fighting man left in the Ai or Bethel who had not pursued after Israel”
If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this sentence as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “And every man in the Ai and Bethel pursued after Israel”
352
8:18
xe2m
rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom
בְיָדְךָ֖ אֶתְּנֶ֑נָּה
1
See how you translated this idiom in [6:2](../06/02.md).
This action was a literal sign to Joshua’s soldiers to attack Ai, as the next verse indicates. It was probably also a symbolic expression that Ai was to be destroyed. You should retain this action in your translation. If it would be helpful to your readers you could indicate its meaning in footnote.
The word **ambush** is a singular noun that refers to something done by a group of people. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “And the Israelite soldiers who were hiding themselves rose from their place and they ran”
355
8:20
lcmy
rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations
וְהִנֵּ֨ה
1
The author is using the term **behold** to focus attention on what he is about to say. Your language may have a comparable expression that you could use in your translation.
The phrase **it was not in their hands to flee** is an idiom that could mean: (1) the men of Ai “could not flee ” (because they were surrounded by the Israelite soldiers) Alternate translation: “And they could not flee here or there because they were surrounded” (2) the men of Ai “did not have the courage to flee” Alternate translation: “And they did not have the courage to flee here or there”
The word **ambush** is a singular noun that refers to something done by a group of people. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “And Joshua and all Israel saw that the men who had been lying in ambush had captured the city”
Alternate translation: “And the other Israelite soldiers came out from the city to meet them. And the men of Ai were in the midst of the Israelite soldiers”
360
8:22
dlr1
אֵ֥לֶּה מִזֶּ֖ה וְאֵ֣לֶּה מִזֶּ֑ה
1
Alternate translation: “some on this side and some on that side” or “some Israelite soldiers on one side of them and some Israelite soldiers on the other side of them”
The author is speaking of **the sword** as if it were a living thing that had a **mouth** and could eat. This is probably a reference to the way a sword cuts into a person as if it were an animal biting him. An idea implicit in this personification is that when a sword eats, it devours everything. So this expression means “and all of them had fallen to the degree that the sword devours,” that is, they killed all the fighting men of Ai. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And they completely destroyed all of them” See how you translated the phrase “to the mouth of the sword” in [6:21](../06/21.md). Alternate translation: “and all of them had been killed” The phrase **in the wilderness** gives us further information about where **the field** was located. It is not making a distinction. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the relationship between these phrases clearer. Alternate translation: “in the field which was in the wilderness in which they pursued them” or “in the fields which were in the wilderness in which they pursued them”
Here, the word **fell** means “were killed.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “the ones who were killed on that day” See how you translated the phrase “to the mouth of the sword” in [6:21](../06/21.md). Alternate translation: “once they had killed every one of those soldiers and none were left, then Israel returned to Ai and killed everyone who was there”
363
8:24
uhnh
rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy
וַֽיִּפְּל֥וּ כֻלָּ֛ם לְפִי־חֶ֖רֶב
1
The author is describing dying in battle by association with the word the word **fallen**, since soldiers who die in battle fall to the ground and die. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “and all of them had been killed to the mouth of the sword” or “and all of them had perished to the mouth of the sword”
364
8:25
d2ud
rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit
הַנֹּ֨פְלִ֜ים בַּיּ֤וֹם הַהוּא֙
1
The author is describing dying in battle by association with the word the word **fell**, since soldiers who die in battle fall to the ground and die. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “the ones who were killed on that day”
365
8:25
s6hq
rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish
שְׁנֵ֥ים עָשָׂ֖ר אָ֑לֶף כֹּ֖ל אַנְשֵׁ֥י הָעָֽי
1
The author is leaving out some of the words that the phrase **all the men of Ai** would need in many languages to be complete and show its connection to the phrase **were 12,000**. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “were 12,000, including all the men of the Ai”
It is a place where people once lived, but now, no one lives there.Here the king uses a figure of speech that expresses a strong positive meaning by using a negative word together with a word that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning positively. Alternate translation: “And Joshua continued holding out his hand which he had stretched out with the curved sword”
367
8:26
vffb
rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction
יָד֔וֹ אֲשֶׁ֥ר נָטָ֖ה בַּכִּיד֑וֹן
1
See how you translated the similar expression in [8:18](../08/18.md).
Here, the word **only** is introducing a contrast. What follows the word **only** is in contrast to what the Israelites did to the inhabitants of Ai in the previous verse. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: “But Israel plundered for themselves the livestock and the spoil of that city”
369
8:27
agn1
rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy
כִּדְבַ֣ר יְהוָ֔ה
1
See how you translated this phrase in [8:08](../08/08.md).
370
8:28
unrb
rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom
עַ֖ד הַיּ֥וֹם הַזֶּֽה
1
See how you translated the phrase **until this day** in [4:9](../04/09.md) where it occurs with the same meaning.
371
8:29
wd9u
rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom
עַ֖ד הַיּ֥וֹם הַזֶּֽה
1
See how you translated the phrase **until this day** in [4:9](../04/09.md) where it occurs with the same meaning.
a mountain in CanaanThe author is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “that remains until this day”
This can be expressed positively. Alternate translation: “Joshua read every word of all that Moses commanded” or “Joshua read the entire law of Moses”The word **Then** indicates that the events the story will now relate came after the event it has just described. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could show this relationship by using a fuller phrase. Alternate translation: “After that” or “After raising a great pile of stones over the corpse of the King of Ai”
This refers to the nation of Israel.See how you translated the phrase **the sons of Israel** in [1:2](../01/02.md).
375
8:32
ihwd
אֲשֶׁ֣ר כָּתַ֔ב לִפְנֵ֖י בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל
1
Alternate translation: “which he wrote in the presence of the sons of Israel”
376
8:32
cool
rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit
כָּתַ֔ב
1
Here, the word **he** could refer to: (1) Moses. Alternate translation: “Moses wrote” (2) Joshua. Alternate translation: “Joshua wrote”
377
8:32
a0rv
rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit
בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל
1
See how you translated the phrase **the sons of Israel** in [1:2](../01/02.md).
378
8:33
odgx
rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish
הַכֹּהֲנִ֨ים הַלְוִיִּ֜ם
1
The phrase **the Levites** gives us further information about **the priests**. It is not making a distinction. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the relationship between these phrases clearer as modeled by the UST.
379
8:34
vf71
rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive
הַכָּת֖וּב
1
If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, the context indicates that “Moses” did it. Alternate translation: “that Moses wrote”
This is a double negative which uses the negative particle **not** twice. If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a positive expression to translate this. Alternate translation: “Joshua read every word that Moses had commanded”
The phrases **the women**, **the children**, and **the sojourners who are going in the midst of them** give us further information about **all the assembly of Israel** that was gathered there. It is not making a distinction. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the relationship between these phrases clearer. Alternate translation: “all the assembly of Israel, which included the women, the children, and the sojourners who are going in the midst of them”
382
9:intro
w1cx
0
# Joshua 9 General Notes\n\n## Religious and Cultural Concepts in This Chapter\n\n### Israel’s mistake\n\nIsrael was deceived because “they did not consult with Yahweh for guidance.” Instead of consulting Yahweh, they attempted to achieve victory under their own power. This was sinful. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
a shortened name for the Jordan RiverThe phrase **as one mouth** is an idiom meaning “with one accord” or “unanimously.” If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “with one accord” or “unanimously”
Here “command” represents the one who commanded them. Being under him represents obeying his commands. Alternate translation: “obeying the commands of one leader”What follows the word **But** here is in contrast to what the kings in the previous verse did. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast as modeled by the UST.
a crafty scheme intended to trick Joshua and the IsraelitesThe author uses the phrase **even they**, to emphasize that the way the Gibeonites acted toward the Israelites was in different from the way the other kings acted toward the Israelites. If repeating the word **they** would be an un-natural way to emphasize this difference in behavior, use a natural way in your language to indicate this contrast as modeled by the UST.
386
9:5
q9v6
יָבֵ֖שׁ הָיָ֥ה נִקֻּדִֽים
1
Alternate translation: “dry and filled with fungus” or “stale and ruined”
@ -285,6 +285,7 @@ front:intro r2f2 0 # Introduction to the Gospel of Mark\n\n## Part 1: General
2:21 opbt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit αἴρει τὸ πλήρωμα ἀπ’ αὐτοῦ 1 Here Jesus implies that **the patch** will tear away when the garment is washed, because **the patch** will shrink and rip the old garment. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “when the garment is washed, the patch shrinks and tears away from it”
2:21 m3sx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj τὸ καινὸν τοῦ παλαιοῦ 1 Jesus is using the adjectives **new** and **old** as nouns to mean new and old cloth. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “the new patch from the old garment”
2:22 q5fg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parables καὶ οὐδεὶς βάλλει οἶνον νέον εἰς ἀσκοὺς παλαιούς; εἰ δὲ μή ῥήξει ὁ οἶνος τοὺς ἀσκούς, καὶ ὁ οἶνος ἀπόλλυται καὶ οἱ ἀσκοί; ἀλλὰ οἶνον νέον εἰς ἀσκοὺς καινούς 1 To help the people who asked the question understand why his disciples do not fast, Jesus offers another brief illustration. He wants them to think of the new things that he teaches and does as **new wine** and of the current ways of doing things as if they were **old wineskins**. You should preserve the form of the parable, but if it would be helpful in your language, you could state explicitly that what Jesus does and teaches is like the **new wine**, and the normal way of doing things is like **old wineskins**. Alternate translation: “And no one puts new wine into old wineskins, but if not, the wine will burst the wineskins and the wine and the wineskins are destroyed, but new wine into new wineskins. What I say and do is like the new wine, and the normal way of doing things is like the old wineskins.”
2:22 g99g rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown ἀσκοὺς…ἀσκοὺς 1 These were bags made out of animal skins. They were used for holding wine. If your readers would not be familiar with wineskins, you could use a general expression. Alternate translation: “leather bags … leather bags”
2:22 fk15 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo εἰ δὲ μή ῥήξει ὁ οἶνος τοὺς ἀσκούς, καὶ ὁ οἶνος ἀπόλλυται καὶ οἱ ἀσκοί 1 Jesus is using a hypothetical situation to teach. Use a natural method in your language for introducing a hypothetical situation. Alternate translation: “but if someone actually did, the wine would burst the wineskins and the wine and the wineskins would be destroyed” or “but were a person to do that, the wine would burst the wineskins and the wine and the wineskins would be destroyed”
2:22 alse rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ῥήξει ὁ οἶνος τοὺς ἀσκούς 1 Here Jesus implies that the new **wine**, when it ferments, will expand and burst the **wineskins**, which are old and so no longer able to stretch. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “when the wine ferments, the wineskins cannot stretch and will burst”
2:22 n0iy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ὁ οἶνος ἀπόλλυται καὶ οἱ ἀσκοί 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the wine and the wineskins become useless” or “this destroys the wine and the wineskins”
@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ front:intro an3g 0 # Introduction to the Song of Songs\n\n## Part 1: General
1:intro xrm2 0 # Song of Songs 1 General Notes\n\n## Translation Issues in This Chapter\n\n### Metaphors\n\nIn the ancient Near East, it was common to describe a woman by using metaphors involving animals. In many cultures today, such metaphors can be considered offensive. Different metaphors of beauty are used in different cultures. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n## Translation Issues in This Chapter\n\n### The lines indicating who is speaking and who is being spoken to.\n\nThroughout the poem, the author does not identify the speakers and their audience. So to help readers understand the poem, some translations attempt to identify the speaker and the audience. It is not always certain who the speaker is, so sometimes translations disagree about the identity of the speaker. Before each speech, the UST places a header to identify the speaker and the audience. You may wish to do the same in your translation.\n\n### “I am black”\n\nIn the ancient Near East, wealthy people usually had lighter skin because they did not need to work outside in the sun which darkened the skin. This young woman had to work outside in the sun, and her skin became dark as a result, and this is why she says “I am black” in [1:5-6](../01/05.md).
1:1 dsf1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry שִׁ֥יר הַשִּׁירִ֖ים אֲשֶׁ֥ר לִשְׁלֹמֹֽה 1 This verse is the title of this book. Use whatever formatting convention is most natural in your language for indicating the title of a poem or song. The ULT places this line further to the left than the other lines in this book to indicate that this verse is the title.
1:1 qbe2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession שִׁ֥יר הַשִּׁירִ֖ים 1 The possessive form is used here to indicate a comparison with other **Songs** and to show that this **Song** is the best or greatest of all songs. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use another form to indicate this. Alternate translation: “The best song” or “The most excellent song” or “The greatest song”
1:1 r5ns לִשְׁלֹמֹֽה 1 The phrase **of Solomon** could mean: (1) Solomon wrote this song. Alternate translation: “Solomon wrote” (2) this song was dedicated to Solomon. Alternate translation: “is dedicated to Solomon” (3) this song was about Solomon. Alternate translation: “is about Solomon”
1:1 r5ns rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession לִשְׁלֹמֹֽה 1 The phrase **of Solomon** could mean: (1) Solomon wrote this song. Alternate translation: “Solomon wrote” (2) this song was dedicated to Solomon. Alternate translation: “is dedicated to Solomon” (3) this song was about Solomon. Alternate translation: “is about Solomon”
1:2-4 fna4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry יִשָּׁקֵ֨נִי֙ מִנְּשִׁיק֣וֹת פִּ֔יהוּ כִּֽי־טוֹבִ֥ים דֹּדֶ֖יךָ מִיָּֽיִן & לְרֵ֨יחַ֙ שְׁמָנֶ֣יךָ טוֹבִ֔ים שֶׁ֖מֶן תּוּרַ֣ק שְׁמֶ֑ךָ עַל־כֵּ֖ן עֲלָמ֥וֹת אֲהֵבֽוּךָ 1 These lines of poetry most likely indicate thoughts or words that the woman is speaking to herself or thinking while she is alone. Your language may have a way of indicating speech that is expressed toward a person who is not present to hear what is being said. If your language has a way to indicate that, you could use it here.
1:2 tulv rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry יִשָּׁקֵ֨נִי֙ מִנְּשִׁיק֣וֹת פִּ֔יהוּ 1 The author is using an emphatic form to indicate the fervor and intensity of the desired kisses. Your language may have another way to indicate this. Alternate translation: “Let him kiss me again and again with the kisses of his mouth” or “Let him cover my face with the kisses of his mouth”
1:2 d9mu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular דֹּדֶ֖יךָ 1 In this book every occurrence of the words **you** and **your** is singular. Your language may require you to mark these forms.
@ -347,7 +347,7 @@ front:intro an3g 0 # Introduction to the Song of Songs\n\n## Part 1: General
5:12 knr8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism עֵינָ֕יו כְּיוֹנִ֖ים עַל־אֲפִ֣יקֵי מָ֑יִם רֹֽחֲצוֹת֙ בֶּֽחָלָ֔ב יֹשְׁב֖וֹת עַל־מִלֵּֽאת 1 The phrases **beside stream beds of water** and **sitting beside the pools** mean basically the same thing. They both describe the doves as being by water. Hebrew poetry was based on this kind of repetition, and it would be good to show this to your readers by including both phrases in your translation rather than combining them. However, if it would be helpful to your readers, you could combine them. Alternate translation: “His eyes are like doves beside stream beds of water, bathing in milk” or “His eyes are like doves bathing in milk, sitting by the pools”
5:13 mem2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile לְחָיָו֙ כַּעֲרוּגַ֣ת הַבֹּ֔שֶׂם מִגְדְּל֖וֹת מֶרְקָחִ֑ים 1 Here the writer says that the man’s **cheeks** are like a garden, or an area in a garden, used for planting spices because his cheeks smell **like a bed of spices** and are like **towers of herbal spices**. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “His cheeks smell like a bed of spices and like towers that contain herbal spices”
5:13 h8iu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כַּעֲרוּגַ֣ת הַבֹּ֔שֶׂם 1 Here the term translated as **bed** refers to an area in a garden used for planting. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could include this information. Alternate translation: “like an area for planting spices” or “like a garden bed of spices” or “like planters of spices”
5:13 ioia מִגְדְּל֖וֹת 1 See the chapter five introduction for information regarding an alternate translation of the word that the ULT translates as **towers of**.
5:13 ioia rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants מִגְדְּל֖וֹת 1 See the chapter five introduction for information regarding an alternate translation of the word that the ULT translates as **towers of**.
5:13 gk3m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis מִגְדְּל֖וֹת מֶרְקָחִ֑ים 1 The woman is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “like towers of herbal spices” or “and his cheeks are like towers of herbal spices”
5:13 a4hu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שִׂפְתוֹתָיו֙ שֽׁוֹשַׁנִּ֔ים נֹטְפ֖וֹת מ֥וֹר עֹבֵֽר 1 Here, the woman is speaking of the man’s **lips** as if they are **lilies** that are **dripping {with} flowing myrrh** because of the sweet smell of both lilies and myrrh, the beauty and softness of lilies, and because the man’s kisses are wet like flowing myrrh. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “His lips are beautiful, fragrant, and soft. His kisses are sweet-smelling and moist”
5:13 t4f1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown שֽׁוֹשַׁנִּ֔ים 1 See how you translated **lilies** in [2:16](../02/16.md).
@ -418,145 +418,145 @@ front:intro an3g 0 # Introduction to the Song of Songs\n\n## Part 1: General
6:13 sm5j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person מַֽה־תֶּחֱזוּ֙ בַּשּׁ֣וּלַמִּ֔ית כִּמְחֹלַ֖ת הַֽמַּחֲנָֽיִם 1 It is difficult to know with certainty who is saying this. Because the author does not say who is speaking here, you should not indicate this in the text of your translation. However, if you are using section headers to indicate who is speaking, the speaker could be: (1) the man. If you decide that the man is speaking here, you can indicate this with a section header above this part of the verse. (2) The woman speaking of herself in the third person. If you decide that this is who is speaking here, you can place a section header indicating that the woman is speaking.
6:13 rl3x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis כִּמְחֹלַ֖ת הַֽמַּחֲנָֽיִם 1 The speaker is leaving out some of the words that a sentence in many languages would need to be complete. You could supply these words from the context, if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “like you look at the dance of two armies” or “like you would look at the dance of two armies”
6:13 rd4z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כִּמְחֹלַ֖ת הַֽמַּחֲנָֽיִם 1 This phrase could be translated as: (1) **like the dance of two armies** which refers to a dance that is performed as entertainment for armies. Alternate translation: “like a dance performed before armies” (2) “like the dance of Mahanaim” (3) “like two rows of dancers” or “like two companies of dancers” and mean “as you like to watch two rows of people dancing” See the section in the chapter 6 introduction for more information about how to translate this phrase.
7:intro hqv7 0 # Song of Songs 7 General Notes\n\n## Religious and Cultural Concepts in This Chapter\n\n### Beauty\n\nIn 7:1-7 the man describes the woman as the epitome of female beauty and attractiveness using various similes and metaphors.\n\n## Translation Issues in This Chapter\n\n### Similes and metaphors\n\nThere are many similes and metaphors in this chapter. Their purpose is to describe the beauty of the woman and to describe romantic love between a man and a woman. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) and (See:[[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n## Translation Issues in This Chapter\n\n### An alternate translation possibility for the word the ULT translates as “love” in [7:6](../07/06.md)\n\nIn verse 6, the ULT follows the standard Hebrew text by saying “love.” However, as a footnote in the ULT indicates, many biblical scholars believe that the original reading was more likely “one who is loved.” Consider using that reading in your translation. If “one who is loved” is used instead of “love” then, the portion of 7:6 that the ULT translates as “love with delights!” would instead be translated “one who is loved, with all your delights!”\n\n\n### An alternate translation possibility for the words that the ULT translates as “the lips of those who sleep” in [7:9](../07/09.md)\n\nIn verse 9, the ULT follows the standard Hebrew text by saying “the lips of those who sleep.” However, as a footnote in the ULT indicates, many biblical scholars believe that the original reading was more likely “lips and teeth.” The translators of the Septuagint (the ancient Greek translation of the Old Testament) thought this and translated this phrase as “my lips and my teeth.” If a Bible translation exists in your region that translates this phrase with the word “teeth” instead of “those who sleep” consider using “lips and teeth” instead of “the lips of those who sleep” in your translation.
7:1 z7jk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo מַה־יָּפ֧וּ פְעָמַ֛יִךְ בַּנְּעָלִ֖ים בַּת־נָדִ֑יב חַמּוּקֵ֣י יְרֵכַ֔יִךְ כְּמ֣וֹ חֲלָאִ֔ים מַעֲשֵׂ֖ה יְדֵ֥י אָמָּֽן 1 If you are using section headings to indicate who is speaking and you decided in the previous verse that the woman said the words “Why do you look at the Shulammite like the dance of two armies” you will need to place a section header above this verse indicating that the man is now speaking. The man begins speaking directly to the woman in this verse and continues speaking to her until part way through [7:9](../07/09.md).
7:1 v9et rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamation מַה 1 Here, the word **How** is used as an exclamation to emphasize a statement about how **beautiful** the woman’s **feet** are in **sandals**. Use a natural way in your language to communicate this emphasis.
7:intro hqv7 0 # Song of Songs 7 General Notes\n\n## Religious and Cultural Concepts in This Chapter\n\n### Beauty\n\nIn 7:1-7 the man describes the woman as the epitome of female beauty and attractiveness using various comparisons.\n\n## Translation Issues in This Chapter\n\n### Comparisons\n\nThere are many comparisons in this chapter. Their purpose is to describe the beauty of the woman and to describe romantic love between a man and a woman. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) and (See:[[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n## Translation Issues in This Chapter\n\n### An alternate translation possibility for the word the ULT translates as “love” in [7:6](../07/06.md)\n\nIn verse 6, the ULT follows the standard Hebrew text by saying “love.” However, as a footnote in the ULT indicates, many biblical scholars believe that the original reading was more likely “one who is loved.” Consider using that reading in your translation. If “one who is loved” is used instead of “love” then, the portion of 7:6 that the ULT translates as “love with delights!” would instead be translated “one who is loved, with all your delights!”\n\n\n### An alternate translation possibility for the words that the ULT translates as “the lips of those who sleep” in [7:9](../07/09.md)\n\nIn verse 9, the ULT follows the standard Hebrew text by saying “the lips of those who sleep.” However, as a footnote in the ULT indicates, many biblical scholars believe that the original reading was more likely “lips and teeth.” The translators of the Septuagint (the ancient Greek translation of the Old Testament) thought this and translated this phrase as “my lips and my teeth.” If a Bible translation exists in your region that translates this phrase with the word “teeth” instead of “those who sleep,” consider using “lips and teeth” instead of “the lips of those who sleep” in your translation.
7:1 z7jk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo מַה־יָּפ֧וּ פְעָמַ֛יִךְ בַּנְּעָלִ֖ים בַּת־נָדִ֑יב חַמּוּקֵ֣י יְרֵכַ֔יִךְ כְּמ֣וֹ חֲלָאִ֔ים מַעֲשֵׂ֖ה יְדֵ֥י אָמָּֽן 1 If you are using section headings to indicate who is speaking and you decided in the previous verse that the woman said the words “Why do you look at the Shulammite like the dance of two armies,” you will need to place a section header above this verse indicating that the man is now speaking. The man begins speaking directly to the woman in this verse and continues speaking to her until part way through [7:9](../07/09.md).
7:1 v9et rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamation מַה 1 Here, the word **How** is an exclamation that is emphasizing how **beautiful** the woman’s **feet** are in **sandals**. Use an exclamation that would communicate this meaning in your language.
7:1 oeoj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure מַה־יָּפ֧וּ פְעָמַ֛יִךְ בַּנְּעָלִ֖ים בַּת־נָדִ֑יב 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “Daughter of a noble, how your feet are beautiful in sandals”
7:1 foef rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בַּת־נָדִ֑יב 1 The phrase **daughter of a noble** could: (1) be translated as **daughter of a noble** and mean that the woman was the daughter of a nobleman (a person of high social status). Alternate translation: “daughter of a nobleman” (2) be translated as “noble daughter” and mean that she had noble character. Alternate translation: “noble daughter” or “woman of noble character”
7:1 b72o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile חַמּוּקֵ֣י יְרֵכַ֔יִךְ כְּמ֣וֹ חֲלָאִ֔ים מַעֲשֵׂ֖ה יְדֵ֥י אָמָּֽן 1 The point of this comparison is that the **curves** of the woman’s thighs have an attractive shape like **ornaments** that are made by a skilled **craftsman**. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the basis of this comparison. Alternate translation: “The curves of your thighs have an attractive shape, like ornaments that are made by the hands of a craftsman” or “The curves of your thighs are beautiful like the beautiful curves of jewel that a skilled craftsman has made”
7:1 foef rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בַּת־נָדִ֑יב 1 This phrase could: (1) be translated as **daughter of a noble** and refer to the daughter of a nobleman (a person of high social status). Alternate translation: “daughter of a nobleman” (2) be translated as “noble daughter” and mean that she had noble character. Alternate translation: “noble daughter” or “woman of noble character”
7:1 b72o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile חַמּוּקֵ֣י יְרֵכַ֔יִךְ כְּמ֣וֹ חֲלָאִ֔ים מַעֲשֵׂ֖ה יְדֵ֥י אָמָּֽן 1 The man is saying that the **curves** of the woman’s thighs are like **ornaments** made by a skilled **craftsman** because she is very beautiful. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “The curves of your thighs have an attractive shape, like ornaments that are made by the hands of a craftsman” or “The curves of your thighs are beautiful like the lovely curves of jewels made by a skilled craftsman”
7:1 vesl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מַעֲשֵׂ֖ה יְדֵ֥י אָמָּֽן 1 The phrase **the work of the hands of a craftsman** further describes the **ornaments**. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly by adding an explanatory phrase such as “which are” to show that this phrase is describing the **ornaments** and not introducing something new. Alternate translation: “which are the work of the hands of a craftsman”
7:1 fc12 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche מַעֲשֵׂ֖ה יְדֵ֥י אָמָּֽן 1 The man is using one part of a **craftsman**, the **hands**, to represent all of the **craftsman** in the act of making ornaments. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the work of a craftsman” or “which a craftsman has made”
7:2 u88e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor שָׁרְרֵךְ֙ אַגַּ֣ן הַסַּ֔הַר אַל־יֶחְסַ֖ר הַמָּ֑זֶג 1 The man is speaking of the woman’s **navel** as if it were a **rounded bowl** used for serving wine. The point of this comparison is that the woman’s **navel** is nicely rounded like a **rounded** wine **bowl**. The phrase **that never lacks spiced wine** describes what is inside the bowl and probably means that in a similar way to how **spiced wine** excites the man and gives him joy so her **navel** excites him and gives him joy. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly or use a simile to express the meaning. Alternate translation: “Your navel is beautifully rounded and causes me to feel excited” or “Your navel is beautifully rounded like a round wine bowl and it causes me to feel excited like drinking spiced wine” or “Your navel is beautifully rounded like a bowl and gives me joy and excitement like when I drink spiced wine”
7:2 ylpb אַל־יֶחְסַ֖ר הַמָּ֑זֶג 1 The phrase that the ULT translates as **that never lacks** could be: (1) an assertion and therefore be translated as an assertion as modeled by the ULT. (2) a strong wish. Alternate translation: “let it never lack spiced wine” or “may it never lack spiced wine”
7:2 l46c rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown הַמָּ֑זֶג 1 The phrase **spiced wine** refers to wine that is mixed with spices. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of wine, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a descriptive phrase. Alternate translation: “wine that people have added spices to”
7:2 lpza rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor בִּטְנֵךְ֙ עֲרֵמַ֣ת חִטִּ֔ים סוּגָ֖ה בַּשּׁוֹשַׁנִּֽים 1 The man is speaking of the woman’s **belly** as if it were **a heap of wheat**. The point of comparing the woman’s **belly** to **a heap of wheat** is that **wheat** was a very common food in Israel and so was considered nourishing and satisfying to the appetite. The man is expressing that the woman satisfies him. The man is also comparing the color of her **belly** to **wheat** since harvested **wheat** is a pleasant golden beige or tan color. He is also comparing the pleasant shape of her **belly** to the pleasant shape of a **heap of wheat**. The phrase **encircled with the lilies** describes what is around the **heap of wheat** and probably means that in a similar way to how **a heap of wheat encircled with the lilies** looks beautiful so her **belly** is beautiful. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly or use a simile to express the meaning. Alternate translation: “Your belly is as beautiful as a heap of wheat that is encircled with lilies and it satisfies me” or “The shape and color of your belly is beautiful” or “Your belly is beautiful and satisfying”
7:1 fc12 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche מַעֲשֵׂ֖ה יְדֵ֥י אָמָּֽן 1 The man is using the **hands**, to represent all of the **craftsman** in the act of making ornaments. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the work of a craftsman” or “which a craftsman has made”
7:2 u88e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor שָׁרְרֵךְ֙ אַגַּ֣ן הַסַּ֔הַר אַל־יֶחְסַ֖ר הַמָּ֑זֶג 1 The man is speaking of the woman’s shapely **navel** as if it were a **rounded bowl** used for serving wine. The phrase **that never lacks spiced wine** describes what is inside the **rounded bowl**. It probably means that, as **spiced wine** excites the man and gives him joy, so her **navel** excites him and gives him joy. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the comparison. Alternate translation: “Your navel is beautifully rounded and causes me to feel excited” or “Your navel is beautifully rounded like a wine bowl, and it causes me to feel excited like drinking spiced wine” or “Your navel is beautifully rounded like a bowl and gives me joy and excitement like when I drink spiced wine”
7:2 ylpb אַל־יֶחְסַ֖ר הַמָּ֑זֶג 1 The phrase that the ULT translates as **never lacks** could be: (1) an assertion and therefore be translated as modeled by the ULT. (2) a strong wish. Alternate translation: “let it never lack spiced wine” or “may it never lack spiced wine”
7:2 l46c rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown הַמָּ֑זֶג 1 The phrase **spiced wine** refers to wine that is mixed with spices. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of wine, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “wine that people have added spices to”
7:2 lpza rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor בִּטְנֵךְ֙ עֲרֵמַ֣ת חִטִּ֔ים סוּגָ֖ה בַּשּׁוֹשַׁנִּֽים 1 The man is speaking of the woman’s **belly** as if it were **a heap of wheat**. The point is that, as wheat was a common food in Israel and was nourishing and satisfying to the appetite, so the woman satisfies him. He is also comparing the color and shape of her belly to wheat, since a **heap of wheat** is a golden beige or tan color and has a softly curved shape. The phrase **encircled with the lilies** describes the **heap of wheat** and probably means that, just as **a heap of wheat encircled with the lilies** looks beautiful, so her belly is beautiful. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Your belly is as beautiful as a heap of wheat that is encircled with lilies, and it satisfies me” or “The shape and color of your belly is beautiful” or “Your belly is beautiful and satisfying”
7:2 cz8d סוּגָ֖ה בַּשּׁוֹשַׁנִּֽים 1 Alternate translation: “which has lilies all around it”
7:3 jw6n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile שְׁנֵ֥י שָׁדַ֛יִךְ כִּשְׁנֵ֥י עֳפָרִ֖ים תָּאֳמֵ֥י צְבִיָּֽה 1 See how you translated the almost identical statement in [4:5](../04/05.md).
7:4 uv17 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile צַוָּארֵ֖ךְ כְּמִגְדַּ֣ל הַשֵּׁ֑ן 1 Here, the man compares the woman’s **neck** to a **tower** that is adorned with **ivory** (the tower was decorated with ivory, not made of ivory). The appearance of a **tower** decorated with **ivory** would be beautiful in appearance and tall and slender. By comparing the woman’s **neck** to a **tower of ivory** the man is saying that the woman’s **neck** is both beautiful and tall and slender. Your language may have a comparable expression for complementing a woman’s neck in this way that you could use in your translation or you could state the basis of the comparison. Alternately, if it would help your readers, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Your neck is beautiful and slender” or “Your neck is beautiful and tall like a tower that people have adorned with ivory” or “Your neck is lovely and tall like a tower decorated with ivory”
7:4 uv17 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile צַוָּארֵ֖ךְ כְּמִגְדַּ֣ל הַשֵּׁ֑ן 1 Here the man is saying that the woman’s **neck** is like a **tower** that is adorned with **ivory** (not made of ivory) because the woman’s neck is both beautiful and tall and slender. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “Your neck is beautiful and slender” or “Your neck is beautiful and tall like a tower that people have adorned with ivory” or “Your neck is lovely and tall like a tower decorated with ivory”
7:4 xgt7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown הַשֵּׁ֑ן 1 See how you translated the term **ivory** in [5:14](../05/14.md).
7:4 h4ih rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עֵינַ֜יִךְ בְּרֵכ֣וֹת בְּחֶשְׁבּ֗וֹן עַל־שַׁ֨עַר֙ בַּת־רַבִּ֔ים 1 The man is speaking of the woman’s **eyes** as if they were clear **pools** of water in the city of **Heshbon**. The man does not say how the woman’s eyes are like **pools in Heshbon**. The point of comparison may be that the woman’s eyes sparkle or shine in the light like when light shines on water or it may be that her eyes look mysterious and deep (and possibly dark) like a deep pool of water or it may be that her eyes reflect light like a pool of water does. Your language may have a comparable expression for complementing a woman’s eyes that you could use in your translation or you could state one or more of these points of comparison or if you have been translating metaphors with similes you could use a simile here. Alternate translation: “Your eyes shine like the sun reflecting off the pools in Heshbon by the gate of Bath Rabbim” or “Your eyes are deep and mysterious like the pools in Heshbon by the gate of Bath Rabbim”
7:4 h4ih rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עֵינַ֜יִךְ בְּרֵכ֣וֹת בְּחֶשְׁבּ֗וֹן עַל־שַׁ֨עַר֙ בַּת־רַבִּ֔ים 1 The man is speaking of the woman’s **eyes** as if they were clear **pools** of water in the city of **Heshbon**. The man does not say how the woman’s eyes are like **pools in Heshbon**. It may be that the woman’s eyes sparkle or shine in the light like when light shines on water, or that her eyes look mysterious and deep (and possibly dark) like a deep pool of water, or that her eyes reflect light like a pool of water does. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Your eyes shine like the sun reflecting off the pools in Heshbon by the gate of Bath Rabbim” or “Your eyes are deep and mysterious like the pools in Heshbon by the gate of Bath Rabbim”
7:4 md6s rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names בְּחֶשְׁבּ֗וֹן 1 **Heshbon** is the name of a city.
7:4 r1vf rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names עַל־שַׁ֨עַר֙ בַּת־רַבִּ֔ים 1 **Bath Rabbim** is the name of this gate. Alternate translation: “by the gate called Bath Rabbim” or “by the gate that people call Bath Rabbim”
7:4 a4vg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile אַפֵּךְ֙ כְּמִגְדַּ֣ל הַלְּבָנ֔וֹן צוֹפֶ֖ה פְּנֵ֥י דַמָּֽשֶׂק 1 The man is speaking of the woman’s **nose** as if it were **the tower of Lebanon** that faces toward the city of **Damascus**. This tower was high and was used as a military watch tower to look out for enemy attacks. The point of comparison is that the woman’s nose was high and/or long (which was considered attractive in that culture) and beautiful and made her look dignified and impressive like **the tower of Lebanon**. Your language may have a comparable expression for complementing a woman’s nose that you could use in your translation or you could state the meaning plainly. Alternately, if it would help your readers, you could state the point of comparison. Alternate translation: “Your nose is beautiful and makes you look dignified” or “Your nose is long and beautiful like the tower in Lebanon that faces Damascus” or “Your nose is high and beautiful like the tower in Lebanon that faces Damascus”
7:5 jn22 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile רֹאשֵׁ֤ךְ עָלַ֨יִךְ֙ כַּכַּרְמֶ֔ל 1 Mount **Carmel** is a beautiful and majestic looking mountain and adds beauty to what is below it. The point of this comparison is that the woman’s head is beautiful and majestic like Mount **Carmel** and it increases the beauty of the rest of her body. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the basis of this comparison. Alternate translation: “Your head is beautiful and majestic like Mount Carmel”
7:5 p1hm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כַּכַּרְמֶ֔ל 1 **Carmel** refers to the mountain called Mount Carmel. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly as modeled by the UST.
7:5 nixx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile וְדַלַּ֥ת רֹאשֵׁ֖ךְ כָּאַרְגָּמָ֑ן 1 Here, the word **purple** refers to wool cloth that was dyed a purple-red color. The phrase **the loose hair of your head is like purple** could mean: (1) that the woman’s hair was a deep shiny black that looked like a black-purplish color when the sun radiated on it. Alternate translation: “and the loose hair of your is head shiny and black” or “and the loose hair of your head looks shiny purplish-black as the sun shines on it” (2) that the woman’s hair made her look like a queen (purple was a color associated with royalty). Alternate translation: “and the loose hair of your head is like royal cloth”
7:5 hkk7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מֶ֖לֶךְ אָס֥וּר בָּרְהָטִֽים 1 The man is speaking of the beauty of the **tresses** of the woman’s hair as if they could capture **a king**. The man means that the woman’s **tresses** are so beautiful that they captivate his attention. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Your tresses are so beautiful that a king is not able to stop admiring them” or “Your hair is so beautiful that a king is not able to stop admiring it” or “the king is captivated by your tresses”
7:5 njmj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מֶ֖לֶךְ אָס֥וּר 1 It is implied that the man speaking is the **king** spoken of here. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “your king is held captive” or “I, your king, am held captive”
7:4 a4vg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile אַפֵּךְ֙ כְּמִגְדַּ֣ל הַלְּבָנ֔וֹן צוֹפֶ֖ה פְּנֵ֥י דַמָּֽשֶׂק 1 The man is saying that the woman’s **nose** is like **the tower of Lebanon** that faces toward the city of **Damascus** because the woman’s nose was high and/or long (attractive in that culture) and beautiful and made her look dignified and impressive like **the tower of Lebanon**. This tower was high and was used as a military watch tower. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “Your nose is beautiful and makes you look dignified” or “Your nose is long and beautiful like the tower in Lebanon that faces Damascus” or “Your nose is high and beautiful like the tower in Lebanon that faces Damascus”
7:5 jn22 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile רֹאשֵׁ֤ךְ עָלַ֨יִךְ֙ כַּכַּרְמֶ֔ל 1 The man is saying that the woman’s head is beautiful and majestic like Mount **Carmel** and it increases the beauty of the rest of her body. Mount **Carmel** is a beautiful and majestic looking mountain and adds beauty to what is below it. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “Your head is beautiful and majestic like Mount Carmel”
7:5 p1hm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כַּכַּרְמֶ֔ל 1 **Carmel** refers to the mountain called Mount Carmel. You could include this information if it would be helpful to your readers.
7:5 nixx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile וְדַלַּ֥ת רֹאשֵׁ֖ךְ כָּאַרְגָּמָ֑ן 1 Here the word **purple** refers to wool cloth that was dyed a purple-red color. The phrase **the loose hair of your head is like purple** could mean: (1) that the woman’s hair was a shiny black that reflected a black-purplish color in sunlight. Alternate translation: “and the loose hair of your is head shiny and black” or “and the loose hair of your head looks shiny purplishblack as the sun shines on it” (2) that the woman’s hair made her look like a queen (purple was associated with royalty). Alternate translation: “and the loose hair of your head is like royal cloth”
7:5 hkk7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מֶ֖לֶךְ אָס֥וּר בָּרְהָטִֽים 1 The man is speaking of the beauty of the **tresses** of the woman’s hair as if they could capture **a king** because the woman’s **tresses** are so beautiful that they captivate his attention. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Your tresses are so beautiful that a king is not able to stop admiring them” or “Your hair is so beautiful that a king is not able to stop admiring it” or “the king is captivated by your tresses”
7:5 njmj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מֶ֖לֶךְ אָס֥וּר 1 The implication is that the man speaking here is the **king**. You could include this information if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “your king is held captive” or “I, your king, am held captive”
7:5 xe8w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive מֶ֖לֶךְ אָס֥וּר בָּרְהָטִֽים 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, the context implies that the woman’s **tresses** did it. Alternate translation: “the tresses hold the king captive” or “your tresses hold the king captive”
7:5 l5e5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בָּרְהָטִֽים 1 Here, the term **tresses** refers to the woman’s hair which hangs down from her head. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “in the long locks of your hair” or “in the flowing locks of your hair”
7:5 l5e5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בָּרְהָטִֽים 1 Here the assumes that the readers will understand that the word **tresses** refers to the woman’s hair which hangs down from her head. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could include this information. Alternate translation: “in the long locks of your hair” or “in the flowing locks of your hair”
7:6 bag7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamation מַה־יָּפִית֙ 1 See how you translated the similar phrase “You are beautiful” in [6:4](../06/04.md).
7:6 z5in rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamation מַה־יָּפִית֙ וּמַה־נָּעַ֔מְתְּ 1 In this phrase the word **How** is used as an exclamation to emphasize the beauty of the woman and then **how** is used as an exclamation to emphasize how **lovely** the woman is. Use an exclamation that is natural in your language for communicating the woman’s beauty and loveliness.
7:6 sf85 אַהֲבָ֖ה 1 See the chapter seven introduction for information regarding an alternate translation of the word that the ULT translates as **love**.
7:6 mtn9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אַהֲבָ֖ה בַּתַּֽעֲנוּגִֽים 1 The man is praising the delightfulness of romantic love. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “romantic love has many delights” or “how delightful romantic love is” or “romantic love is very delightful”
7:6 hqx3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns אַהֲבָ֖ה בַּתַּֽעֲנוּגִֽים 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **love**, you could express the same idea with a verb as modeled by the UST, or in some other way that is natural in your language.
7:7 jy1s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile זֹ֤את קֽוֹמָתֵךְ֙ דָּֽמְתָ֣ה לְתָמָ֔ר 1 The point of this comparison is that the woman is tall like a **palm tree**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the point of comparison explicitly as modeled by the UST or express this meaning in plain language. Alternate translation: “You are tall”
7:7 f6me rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown לְתָמָ֔ר & לְאַשְׁכֹּלֽוֹת׃ 1 Here, the term **palm tree** refers to specifically to a date palm, which is the type of palm tree that produces dates. Date palm trees are tall and thin and produce a small sweet brown fruit called a date. The term **clusters** refers to the **clusters** of dates that hang down from a date palm tree. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of tree or its fruit, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term or you could explain what a date palm is and the type of fruit it produces in a footnote. Alternate translation: “a tall and slender fruit tree … its clusters of fruit” or “a tall fruit tree … like its clusters of delicious fruit”
7:7 jr1v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile וְשָׁדַ֖יִךְ לְאַשְׁכֹּלֽוֹת 1 The point of this comparison is that the woman’s **breasts** are plump and nicely rounded like the **clusters** of dates that grow on and hang down from date palm trees. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the point of comparison explicitly or you could express this meaning in plain language. Alternate translation: “and your breasts are plump and round” or “and your breasts are plump and round like its clusters”
7:8 rpxa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אָמַ֨רְתִּי֙ אֶעֱלֶ֣ה בְתָמָ֔ר אֹֽחֲזָ֖ה בְּסַנְסִנָּ֑יו 1 Here, **go up** means “go to” and the phrase **the palm tree** refers to the woman the man loves. The phrase **fruit stalks** refers to the woman’s breasts as the previous verse indicates. **I will grab hold of its fruit stalks** means that the man wanted to caress the woman’s breasts and enjoy being intimate with her. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly Alternate translation: “I will go to the woman I love and caress her breasts and enjoy being intimate with her” or “I will go to the woman I love and enjoy touching her breasts and being close to her”
7:8 p7ge rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אָמַ֨רְתִּי֙ 1 Here, the phrase **I said** means that the man said or thought to himself the words **I will go up the palm tree; I will grab hold of its fruit stalks**. If it would help your readers, you could use a more natural word or phrase in your language to introduce something a person says or thinks to themself. Alternate translation: “I thought to myself”
7:6 z5in rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamation מַה־יָּפִית֙ וּמַה־נָּעַ֔מְתְּ 1 This is an exclamation that is emphasizing the beauty and loveliness of the woman. Use an exclamation that would communicate that meaning in your language.
7:6 sf85 אַהֲבָ֖ה 1 See the chapter seven introduction for information regarding an alternate translation of the word **love**.
7:6 mtn9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אַהֲבָ֖ה בַּתַּֽעֲנוּגִֽים 1 The man is praising the delightfulness of romantic love. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could include this information. Alternate translation: “romantic love has many delights” or “how delightful romantic love is” or “romantic love is very delightful”
7:6 hqx3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns אַהֲבָ֖ה בַּתַּֽעֲנוּגִֽים 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **love**, you could express the same idea in another way.
7:7 jy1s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile זֹ֤את קֽוֹמָתֵךְ֙ דָּֽמְתָ֣ה לְתָמָ֔ר 1 The man is saying that the woman is tall like a **palm tree**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “You are tall”
7:7 f6me rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown לְתָמָ֔ר & לְאַשְׁכֹּלֽוֹת׃ 1 Here the term **palm tree** refers to a date palm, which is tall, thin, and produces small fruits called dates. The term **clusters** refers to bunches of dates that grow on the date palm. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of tree or its fruit, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “a tall and slender fruit tree … its clusters of fruit” or “a tall fruit tree … like its clusters of delicious fruit”
7:7 jr1v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile וְשָׁדַ֖יִךְ לְאַשְׁכֹּלֽוֹת 1 The man is saying that the woman’s **breasts** are like the **clusters** of plump dates that grow on date palms. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “and your breasts are plump and round” or “and your breasts are plump and round like its clusters”
7:8 rpxa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אָמַ֨רְתִּי֙ אֶעֱלֶ֣ה בְתָמָ֔ר אֹֽחֲזָ֖ה בְּסַנְסִנָּ֑יו 1 Here the man is speaking of the woman as if she were **the palm tree** and her breasts as if they were **fruit stalks**. The man speaks of his desire to caress and be intimate with her by saying **I will grab hold of its fruit stalks**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I will go to the woman I love and caress her breasts and enjoy being intimate with her” or “I will go to the woman I love and enjoy touching her breasts and being close to her”
7:8 p7ge rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אָמַ֨רְתִּי֙ 1 Here the phrase **I said** means that the man said or thought to himself, **I will go up the palm tree; I will grab hold of its fruit stalks**. You could include this information if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “I thought to myself”
7:8 evx4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown בְתָמָ֔ר 1 See how you translated the phrase **palm tree** in the previous verse.
7:8 bbvd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative אֶעֱלֶ֣ה בְתָמָ֔ר אֹֽחֲזָ֖ה בְּסַנְסִנָּ֑יו 1 The man is using a future statement to indicate his intent or desire to do something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural form for indicating something someone intends to do or desires to do. Alternate translation: “I want to go up the palm tree; I want to grab hold of its fruit stalks” or “I have determined to go up the palm tree and grab hold of its fruit stalks”
7:8 hqz3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go אֶעֱלֶ֣ה 1 Your language may say “come” rather than **go** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “I will come up”
7:8 zfb8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile וְיִֽהְיוּ־נָ֤א שָׁדַ֨יִךְ֙ כְּאֶשְׁכְּל֣וֹת הַגֶּ֔פֶן וְרֵ֥יחַ אַפֵּ֖ךְ כַּתַּפּוּחִֽים 1 The phrase **let your breasts be like the clusters of the vine** and the phrase **let the smell of your nose be like apples** are both similes. The man means “let your breasts be sweet and enjoyable like the clusters of the vine” and “let your breath be pleasant like the pleasant smell of apples.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the basis of these comparisons or you could use equivalent expressions from your culture. Alternate translation: “And, please, let your breasts be sweet and enjoyable like the clusters of the vine, and let the smell of your breath be pleasant like the pleasant smell of apples”
7:8 s1bf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְיִֽהְיוּ־נָ֤א שָׁדַ֨יִךְ֙ & וְרֵ֥יחַ 1 The man is expressing a wish or desire. If it would help your readers, you could use a more natural form in your language for expressing a wish or desire. Alternate translation: “And, please, may your breasts be … and may the smell of”
7:8 sih4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כְּאֶשְׁכְּל֣וֹת הַגֶּ֔פֶן 1 The phrase **like the clusters of the vine** refers to **clusters** of grapes that grow on grapevines. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “like the clusters of the grapevine”
7:8 z5l1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְרֵ֥יחַ אַפֵּ֖ךְ כַּתַּפּוּחִֽים 1 The man is using the term **nose** to refer to what the nose produces (breathes out), breath. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and let the smell of your breath be like apples” or “and let the smell of the breath coming from your nose be like apples”
7:8 qrda rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְרֵ֥יחַ 1 The man is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context as modeled by the ULT which supplies the words “let the” here.
7:8 f9is rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown כַּתַּפּוּחִֽים 1 An apple is a round hard fruit that can grow to be as big as an adult’s fist. It has a sweet taste and a pleasant smell. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of fruit, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “be like sweet fruit” or “be like fragrant fruit” or “be like fruit”
7:9 btth rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile וְחִכֵּ֕ךְ כְּיֵ֥ין הַטּ֛וֹב הוֹלֵ֥ךְ לְדוֹדִ֖י לְמֵישָׁרִ֑ים דּוֹבֵ֖ב שִׂפְתֵ֥י יְשֵׁנִֽים 1 The man compares the woman’s kisses (**mouth**) to **wine** in the first line of this verse and then the woman responds to him and continues this simile in the following two lines. The man is saying that the woman’s kisses are like **wine** because **wine** is pleasant tasting and has a powerful effect on the body when drunk freely. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the basis of this comparison. Alternate translation: “and let your mouth be pleasant tasting and intoxicating like the best wine. May my mouth be like pleasant and intoxicating wine which goes down to my beloved smoothly, gliding over the lips of those who sleep”
7:9 qkwu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְחִכֵּ֕ךְ 1 The man is expressing a wish or desire. If it would help your readers, you could use a more natural form in your language for expressing a wish or desire. Alternate translation: “and may your mouth be”
7:9 yrg1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְחִכֵּ֕ךְ 1 Here, **mouth** represents the kisses which come from the woman’s **mouth**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “and let your kisses be”
7:9 fuvm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo הוֹלֵ֥ךְ לְדוֹדִ֖י לְמֵישָׁרִ֑ים דּוֹבֵ֖ב שִׂפְתֵ֥י יְשֵׁנִֽים 1 Some Bible scholars think the speaker in this part of the verse: (1) is the woman. Because the author does not say who is speaking here you should not indicate the speaker explicitly in the text of your translation. However, if you are using section headers to indicate who is speaking, as the UST does, you can indicate that the woman is now speaking. (2) continues to be the man. If you decide that the man is still speaking you do not need a header above this portion, but if you are using headers, you will need a header above the next verse indicating that the woman is speaking (since Bible scholars agree that the speaker is the woman beginning in 7:10 and continuing through at least 8:3).
7:9 thlw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go הוֹלֵ֥ךְ לְדוֹדִ֖י לְמֵישָׁרִ֑ים 1 Your language may say “Coming” rather than **Going** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “Coming down for my beloved smoothly”
7:9 lns1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הוֹלֵ֥ךְ לְדוֹדִ֖י לְמֵישָׁרִ֑ים דּוֹבֵ֖ב שִׂפְתֵ֥י יְשֵׁנִֽים 1 The phrases **Going down** and **gliding** both refer to the **wine** mentioned earlier in the verse. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “Wine which is going down to my beloved smoothly, gliding over the lips of those who sleep” or “Wine which is going down to my beloved smoothly, wine which is gliding over the lips of those who sleep”
7:9 i415 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לְמֵישָׁרִ֑ים דּוֹבֵ֖ב 1 Here, the word **smoothly** means “freely” and refers to freely flowing **wine**. The word **gliding** here means “flowing.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “freely, flowing over”
7:8 bbvd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative אֶעֱלֶ֣ה בְתָמָ֔ר אֹֽחֲזָ֖ה בְּסַנְסִנָּ֑יו 1 The man is using a future statement to indicate his intent or desire to do something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “I want to go up the palm tree; I want to grab hold of its fruit stalks” or “I have determined to go up the palm tree and grab hold of its fruit stalks”
7:8 hqz3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go אֶעֱלֶ֣ה 1 Your language may say “come” rather than **go** in a context such as this. Alternate translation: “I will come up”
7:8 zfb8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile וְיִֽהְיוּ־נָ֤א שָׁדַ֨יִךְ֙ כְּאֶשְׁכְּל֣וֹת הַגֶּ֔פֶן וְרֵ֥יחַ אַפֵּ֖ךְ כַּתַּפּוּחִֽים 1 The phrases **let your breasts be like the clusters of the vine** and **let the smell of your nose be like apples** are both comparisons. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “And, please, let your breasts be sweet and enjoyable like the clusters of the vine, and let the smell of your breath be pleasant like the pleasant smell of apples”
7:8 s1bf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְיִֽהְיוּ־נָ֤א שָׁדַ֨יִךְ֙ & וְרֵ֥יחַ 1 The man is expressing a wish or desire. You could include this information if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “And, please, may your breasts be … and may the smell of”
7:8 sih4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כְּאֶשְׁכְּל֣וֹת הַגֶּ֔פֶן 1 The phrase **like the clusters of the vine** refers to clusters of grapes that grow on grapevines. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could include this information. Alternate translation: “like the clusters of the grapevine”
7:8 z5l1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְרֵ֥יחַ אַפֵּ֖ךְ כַּתַּפּוּחִֽים 1 Here, **nose** represents breath. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and let the smell of your breath be like apples” or “and let the smell of the breath coming from your nose be like apples”
7:8 qrda rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְרֵ֥יחַ 1 The man is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need to be complete. You could supply the words "let the" if it would be clearer in your language.
7:8 f9is rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown כַּתַּפּוּחִֽים 1 An apple is a round hard fruit that has a sweet taste and a pleasant smell. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of fruit, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “be like sweet fruit” or “be like fragrant fruit” or “be like fruit”
7:9 btth rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile וְחִכֵּ֕ךְ כְּיֵ֥ין הַטּ֛וֹב הוֹלֵ֥ךְ לְדוֹדִ֖י לְמֵישָׁרִ֑ים דּוֹבֵ֖ב שִׂפְתֵ֥י יְשֵׁנִֽים 1 The man is saying that the woman’s kisses (**mouth**) are like **wine** because both are pleasant tasting and have a powerful effect on the body. The woman continues this comparison. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and let your mouth be pleasant tasting and intoxicating like the best wine. May my mouth be like pleasant and intoxicating wine which goes down to my beloved smoothly, gliding over the lips of those who sleep”
7:9 qkwu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְחִכֵּ֕ךְ 1 The man is expressing a wish or desire. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could include this information. Alternate translation: “and may your mouth be”
7:9 yrg1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְחִכֵּ֕ךְ 1 Here, **mouth** represents the kisses which come from the woman’s mouth. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and let your kisses be”
7:9 fuvm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo הוֹלֵ֥ךְ לְדוֹדִ֖י לְמֵישָׁרִ֑ים דּוֹבֵ֖ב שִׂפְתֵ֥י יְשֵׁנִֽים 1 Some Bible scholars think the speaker in this part of the verse: (1) is the woman. Because the author does not say who is speaking here, you should not indicate the speaker explicitly in the text. However, if you are using section headers to indicate who is speaking, you can indicate that the woman is now speaking. (2) continues to be the man. If you decide that the man is still speaking, you do not need a header above this portion, but if you are using headers, you will need a header above the next verse indicating that the woman is speaking (since Bible scholars agree that the speaker is the woman beginning in 7:10 and continuing through at least 8:3).
7:9 thlw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go הוֹלֵ֥ךְ לְדוֹדִ֖י לְמֵישָׁרִ֑ים 1 Your language may say “Coming” rather than **Going** in a context such as this. Alternate translation: “Coming down for my beloved smoothly”
7:9 lns1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הוֹלֵ֥ךְ לְדוֹדִ֖י לְמֵישָׁרִ֑ים דּוֹבֵ֖ב שִׂפְתֵ֥י יְשֵׁנִֽים 1 The phrases **Going down** and **gliding** both refer to the wine mentioned earlier in the verse. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could include this information. Alternate translation: “Wine, which is going down to my beloved smoothly, gliding over the lips of those who sleep” or “Wine, which is going down to my beloved smoothly; wine, which is gliding over the lips of those who sleep”
7:9 i415 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לְמֵישָׁרִ֑ים דּוֹבֵ֖ב 1 Here, the word **smoothly** means “freely” and refers to freely flowing wine. The word **gliding** here means “flowing.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could include this information. Alternate translation: “freely, flowing over”
7:9 hfsc שִׂפְתֵ֥י יְשֵׁנִֽים 1 See the chapter 7 introduction for information regarding an alternate translation of the words that the ULT translates as **the lips of those who sleep**.
7:10 k7zq אֲנִ֣י לְדוֹדִ֔י 1 See how you translated the identical phrase in [Song of Songs 6:3](../06/01.md).
7:11 xmwk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go לְכָ֤ה 1 Your language may say “Go” rather than **Come** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “Go”
7:11 xmwk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go לְכָ֤ה 1 Your language may say “Go” rather than **Come** in a context such as this. Alternate translation: “Go”
7:11 c7tx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure לְכָ֤ה דוֹדִי֙ 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “My beloved, come”
7:11 evc9 נָלִ֖ינָה בַּכְּפָרִֽים 1 Alternate translation: “and let us stay overnight in a village somewhere”
7:11 d0wu rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown בַּכְּפָרִֽים 1 The word which the ULT translates as **in the villages** has two possible meanings in the original language. Here, it could mean: (1) **in the villages** as modeled by the ULT’s translation. (2) “among the henna bushes” (henna bushes produce flowers). If you choose this option see how you translated the phrase “henna blossoms” in [1:14](../01/14.md). Alternate translation: “among the henna bushes” or “among the wildflowers” or “among the henna blossoms”
7:11 d0wu rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown בַּכְּפָרִֽים 1 The word which the ULT translates as **in the villages** has two possible meanings in the original language. Here it could mean: (1) **in the villages** as modeled by the ULT’s translation. (2) “among the henna bushes” (henna bushes produce flowers). If you choose this option, see how you translated the phrase “henna blossoms” in [1:14](../01/14.md). Alternate translation: “among the henna bushes” or “among the wildflowers” or “among the henna blossoms”
7:12 iii6 נַשְׁכִּ֨ימָה֙ 1 Alternate translation: “Let us wake up early and go” or “Let us get up early and go”
7:12 w3p4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go נַשְׁכִּ֨ימָה֙ 1 Your language may say “come” rather than **go** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “Let us come early”
7:12 w3p4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go נַשְׁכִּ֨ימָה֙ 1 Your language may say “come” rather than **go** in a context such as this. Alternate translation: “Let us come early”
7:12 xm75 פָּֽרְחָ֤ה הַגֶּ֨פֶן֙ 1 See how you translated the similar phrase “had the vine budded” in [6:11](../06/11.md).
7:12 fe54 הֵנֵ֖צוּ הָרִמּוֹנִ֑ים 1 See how you translated the similar phrase “Had the pomegranates bloomed” in [6:11](../06/11.md).
7:12 q3a4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns אֶתֵּ֥ן אֶת־דֹּדַ֖י לָֽךְ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **love**, you could express the same idea with a verbal phrase as modeled by the UST or in some other way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I will make love with you”
7:13 v61b rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown הַֽדּוּדָאִ֣ים נָֽתְנוּ־רֵ֗יחַ 1 The term **mandrakes** refers to the mandrake plant which produces flowers that have a strong pleasant smell. People in that culture thought that smelling or eating fruit from the mandrake plant would arouse a person’s sexual desire and would help women to conceive children. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of plant, you could use the name of a plant in your area that people think increases sexual desire and/or helps women to conceive children or you could use a more general term. Alternately, you could explain what a mandrake plant is in a footnote. Alternate translation: “The love flowers give off their scent” or “The scent of the love flowers is in the air”
7:13 alp4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְעַל־פְּתָחֵ֨ינוּ֙ כָּל־מְגָדִ֔ים חֲדָשִׁ֖ים גַּם־יְשָׁנִ֑ים דּוֹדִ֖י צָפַ֥נְתִּי לָֽךְ 1 Here, the woman is speaking of the different pleasurable experiences that she and the man will experience together when they express their love for each other as if they were **every choice fruit** that were stored **above** their **doors** (In that culture fruit was often kept on a shelf above doors). The woman speaks of her love that she kept to give give to the man she loves as if it were **choice fruit** that she has **stored** (reserved) for the man. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning with a simile or you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and we are surrounded by delightful pleasures, new ones and old ones, pleasures that I have been saving to give to you, my beloved”
7:12 q3a4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns אֶתֵּ֥ן אֶת־דֹּדַ֖י לָֽךְ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **love**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “I will make love with you”
7:13 v61b rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown הַֽדּוּדָאִ֣ים נָֽתְנוּ־רֵ֗יחַ 1 The **mandrakes** are plants which produce pleasant-smelling flowers. People in that culture thought that smelling or eating fruit from the mandrake plant would arouse a person’s sexual desire and would help women to conceive children. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of plant, you could use the name of a similar plant in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “The love flowers give off their scent” or “The scent of the love flowers is in the air”
7:13 alp4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְעַל־פְּתָחֵ֨ינוּ֙ כָּל־מְגָדִ֔ים חֲדָשִׁ֖ים גַּם־יְשָׁנִ֑ים דּוֹדִ֖י צָפַ֥נְתִּי לָֽךְ 1 The woman speaks of her love for the man as if it were **all choice fruits** that she has **stored up ** (reserved) for him. She also speaks of the pleasure they will enjoy together when they express their love as **all choice fruits** stored **over our doors**. (In that culture fruit was often kept on a shelf above doors). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and we are surrounded by delightful pleasures, new ones and old ones, pleasures that I have been saving to give to you, my beloved”
7:13 xbk7 וְעַל־פְּתָחֵ֨ינוּ֙ כָּל־מְגָדִ֔ים 1 Alternate translation: “and above the entrance of our house are every one of the best fruits”
7:13 c2ah rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom חֲדָשִׁ֖ים גַּם־יְשָׁנִ֑ים 1 Here, the phrase **new ones and also old ones** means “new fruits and also old fruits” and refers to fruit that is ripe (the old fruit) and fruit that has not yet ripened (the new fruit). This phrase as a whole is an idiom which means “all kinds of fruit.” If it would help your readers you could translate the meaning of the idiom or make it explicit that “new ones and also old ones” refers to ripe and unripe fruit. Alternate translation: “fruit that is not yet ripe and also sweet ripe fruit” or “all kinds of fruit”
7:13 c2ah rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom חֲדָשִׁ֖ים גַּם־יְשָׁנִ֑ים 1 Here, **new ones and also old ones** is an idiom which means “all kinds of fruit.” **New ones** refers to fruit which isn't yet ripe and **old ones** refers to ripe fruit. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have that meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “fruit that is not yet ripe and also sweet ripe fruit” or “all kinds of fruit”
7:13 jsb8 דּוֹדִ֖י צָפַ֥נְתִּי לָֽךְ 1 Alternate translation: “My beloved, I have saved these so that I can give them to you” or “My beloved, I have saved my love so that I can give it to you”
8:intro d35n 0 # Song of Songs 8 General Notes\n\n## Religious and Cultural Concepts in This Chapter\n\n### Strong feelings of love and commitment between a man and woman who love each other romantically\n\n8:6-7 describe the strong feelings of love, commitment, and emotional attachment that can exist between a man and woman who love each other romantically.\n\n## Translation Issues in This Chapter\n\n\n### The meaning of [8:12](../08/12.md)\n\nThe three possible meanings of [8:12](../08/12.md) are: (1) that the woman is speaking of herself as a vineyard and saying that her vineyard is hers alone and is comparing herself to Solomon’s vineyard (which was discussed in [8:11](../08/11.md)) and saying that Solomon can keep the profits from his vineyard and his vineyard keepers can keep their portion of the profits from that vineyard. This is the interpretation of the UST. (2) that the woman is speaking of herself as a vineyard and saying that her vineyard is hers alone but that the man who she loves and calls Solomon can freely have the vineyard (her) because she chooses to give herself freely to him. (3) that the man is speaking of the woman he loves as a vineyard and saying that his vineyard (the woman he loves) is his alone and is comparing his vineyard (the woman he loves) to Solomon’s vineyard (which was discussed in [8:11](../08/11.md)) and saying that he feels more wealthy than Solomon because he has the woman he loves as his vineyard and so Solomon can keep the profits from his vineyard and his Solomon’s keepers can keep their portion of the profits from that vineyard.
8:1 dp21 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מִ֤י יִתֶּנְךָ֙ כְּאָ֣ח לִ֔י יוֹנֵ֖ק שְׁדֵ֣י אִמִּ֑י 1 Here, the woman is using the idiom **Who will give you** to express her wish that the man she loves be **like a brother** to her (so that she could publicly **kiss** him). If it would help your readers, you could an equivalent idiom from your language that expresses a desire or a wish or you could state the meaning in plain language. Alternate translation: “How I wish that you were like a brother to me, who nursed at the breasts of my mother” or “How I desire that you were like a brother to me, who nursed at the breasts of my mother”
8:1 nh74 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo מִ֤י יִתֶּנְךָ֙ כְּאָ֣ח לִ֔י יוֹנֵ֖ק שְׁדֵ֣י אִמִּ֑י 1 In the culture at the time the author wrote this poem it was not socially acceptable for someone to show public affection towards someone they were married to and/or loved romantically but it was acceptable for siblings to give each other non romantic kisses of affection in public (the word **outside** means “in public” here). If it would help your readers you could tell your readers in a footnote that the woman desires that the man she loves be **like a brother** to her so that she could show public affection toward him.
8:1 tdby rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry מִ֤י יִתֶּנְךָ֙ כְּאָ֣ח לִ֔י יוֹנֵ֖ק שְׁדֵ֣י אִמִּ֑י 1 The phrase **who nursed at the breasts of my mother** describes the word **brother** and has a similar meaning as the term **brother**. Saying the same thing in slightly different ways is a common feature of Hebrew poetry. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you could combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “Who will give you like a brother to me”
8:intro d35n 0 # Song of Songs 8 General Notes\n\n## Religious and Cultural Concepts in This Chapter\n\n### Strong feelings of love and commitment between a man and woman who love each other romantically\n\n8:6-7 describe the strong feelings of love, commitment, and emotional attachment that exist between a man and woman who love each other romantically.\n\n## Translation Issues in This Chapter\n\n\n### The meaning of [8:12](../08/12.md)\n\nThe three possible meanings of [8:12](../08/12.md) are: (1) that the woman is speaking of herself as a vineyard and saying that her vineyard is hers alone. She is comparing herself to Solomon’s vineyard (discussed in [8:11](../08/11.md)) and saying that Solomon and his vineyard keepers can keep the profits from that vineyard. This is the interpretation of the UST. (2) that the woman is speaking of herself as a vineyard but saying that she chooses to give herself freely to the man whom she loves and calls Solomon. (3) that the man is speaking of the woman he loves as a vineyard and is comparing his vineyard to Solomon’s vineyard. He feels wealthier than Solomon because he has the woman he loves as his vineyard and so Solomon and Solomon’s keepers can keep their portion of the profits from that vineyard.
8:1 dp21 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מִ֤י יִתֶּנְךָ֙ כְּאָ֣ח לִ֔י יוֹנֵ֖ק שְׁדֵ֣י אִמִּ֑י 1 Here the woman is using the idiom **Who will give you** to express her wish that the man she loves be **like a brother** to her (so that she could publicly kiss him). If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have that meaning or you could state the meaning in plainly. Alternate translation: “How I wish that you were like a brother to me, who nursed at the breasts of my mother” or “How I desire that you were like a brother to me, who nursed at the breasts of my mother”
8:1 nh74 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo מִ֤י יִתֶּנְךָ֙ כְּאָ֣ח לִ֔י יוֹנֵ֖ק שְׁדֵ֣י אִמִּ֑י 1 In the writer's culture, it was not socially acceptable for someone to show public affection towards a spouse and/or a romantic partner, but it was acceptable for siblings to give each other non-romantic kisses in public. If it would help your readers, you could explain to them that the woman desires that the man she loves be **like a brother** so that she could show public affection toward him.
8:1 tdby rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry מִ֤י יִתֶּנְךָ֙ כְּאָ֣ח לִ֔י יוֹנֵ֖ק שְׁדֵ֣י אִמִּ֑י 1 The phrase **who nursed at the breasts of my mother** describes the word **brother** and has a similar meaning. This is poetic language. Saying the same thing in slightly different ways is a common feature of Hebrew poetry. If your language has a way to indicate poetry, you could use it here. Alternate translation: “Who will give you like a brother to me”
8:1-2 wx6j rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical אֶֽמְצָאֲךָ֤ בַחוּץ֙ אֶשָׁ֣קְךָ֔ גַּ֖ם לֹא־יָב֥וּזוּ לִֽי & אֶנְהָֽגֲךָ֗ אֲבִֽיאֲךָ֛ אֶל־בֵּ֥ית אִמִּ֖י תְּלַמְּדֵ֑נִי אַשְׁקְךָ֙ מִיַּ֣יִן הָרֶ֔קַח מֵעֲסִ֖יס רִמֹּנִֽי 1 The woman is using a hypothetical situation (the situation of the man being **like a brother** to her and her finding him **outside**) to express what she would do if the the man she loved were **like a brother** to her. Alternate translation: “If you were like a brother to me and if I found you outside, then I would kiss you. Yes, if you were like a brother to me then they would not despise me. If you were like a brother to me then I would lead you; I would bring to the house of my mother who taught me and I would make you drink from the wine of spice, from the juice of my pomegranate”
8:1 ftwb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit גַּ֖ם 1 Here, the word **Yes** is used to strongly affirm what follows it in this sentence. Use a natural form in your language for expressing a strong assertion or strong emphasis.
8:1 xesp rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result לֹא־יָב֥וּזוּ לִֽי 1 By saying **they would not despise me** the woman is expressing the result of what would happen if the man she loved were **like a brother** to her and she found him **outside** and kissed him. Use a natural form in your language for expressing reason-result expressions. Alternate translation: “then they would not despise me”
8:1 ftwb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit גַּ֖ם 1 Here the word **Yes** is used to strongly affirm what follows it in this sentence. Use a natural form that would communicate that meaning in your language.
8:1 xesp rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result לֹא־יָב֥וּזוּ לִֽי 1 The woman is saying that if the man she loved were **like a brother** and she found him **outside** and kissed him, the result is that **they would not despise me**. Use a natural form in your language for expressing a statement like this. Alternate translation: “then they would not despise me”
8:2 c9tl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go אֲבִֽיאֲךָ֛ אֶל־בֵּ֥ית אִמִּ֖י 1 See how you translated the similar phrase **I had brought him to the house of my mother** in [3:4](../03/04.md). Alternate translation: “I would take you to the house of my mother”
8:2 qs1q אֲבִֽיאֲךָ֛ אֶל־בֵּ֥ית אִמִּ֖י תְּלַמְּדֵ֑נִי 1 Alternate translation: “I would bring you to the house of my mother who taught me”
8:2 kdoj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אַשְׁקְךָ֙ מִיַּ֣יִן הָרֶ֔קַח 1 The phrase **I would make you drink from the wine of spice** means “I would cause you to drink (by giving you) spiced wine.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “I would cause you to drink spiced wine” or “I would give you spiced wine to drink”
8:2 kdoj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אַשְׁקְךָ֙ מִיַּ֣יִן הָרֶ֔קַח 1 The phrase **I would make you drink from the wine of spice** means “I would cause you to drink (by giving you) spiced wine.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could include that information Alternate translation: “I would cause you to drink spiced wine” or “I would give you spiced wine to drink”
8:2 snjj rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown מִיַּ֣יִן הָרֶ֔קַח 1 See how you translated the similar phrase “spiced wine” in [7:2](../07/02.md).
8:2 c7vj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism אַשְׁקְךָ֙ מִיַּ֣יִן הָרֶ֔קַח מֵעֲסִ֖יס רִמֹּנִֽי 1 The woman is politely and poetically referring to giving herself sexually to the man by speaking of the action of giving herself to the man as if she were making him **drink from the wine of spice** and drink **from the juice of my pomegranate**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning using a simile, or you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I will give myself to you as if I were making you drink from the wine of spice and making you drink pomegranate juice” or “I will give myself to you as if I were giving you spiced wine to drink and giving you pomegranate juice to enjoy”
8:2 vskh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מֵעֲסִ֖יס רִמֹּנִֽי 1 Here, the term the ULT translates as **juice** refers to fresh new wine that is sweet. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “from my fresh pomegranate wine” or “from my sweet pomegranate wine”
8:2 c7vj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism אַשְׁקְךָ֙ מִיַּ֣יִן הָרֶ֔קַח מֵעֲסִ֖יס רִמֹּנִֽי 1 The woman is politely and poetically referring to giving herself sexually to the man by using the phrase **I would make you drink from the wine of spice** and drink **from the juice of my pomegranate**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a polite way of referring to this in your language, or you could state this plainly. Alternate translation: “I will give myself to you as if I were making you drink from the wine of spice and pomegranate juice” or “I will give myself to you as if I were giving you spiced wine to drink and giving you pomegranate juice to enjoy”
8:2 vskh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מֵעֲסִ֖יס רִמֹּנִֽי 1 Here the term the ULT translates as **juice** refers to fresh new wine that is sweet. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could include this information. Alternate translation: “from my fresh pomegranate wine” or “from my sweet pomegranate wine”
8:3 vpti rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שְׂמֹאלוֹ֙ תַּ֣חַת רֹאשִׁ֔י וִֽימִינ֖וֹ תְּחַבְּקֵֽנִי 1 This verse is identical to [Song of Songs 2:6](../02/06.md). Translate this verse exactly as you translated [2:6](../02/06.md).
8:4 z8a4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-oathformula הִשְׁבַּ֥עְתִּי אֶתְכֶ֖ם בְּנ֣וֹת יְרוּשָׁלִָ֑ם מַה־תָּעִ֧ירוּ ׀ וּֽמַה־תְּעֹֽרְר֛וּ אֶת־הָאַהֲבָ֖ה עַ֥ד שֶׁתֶּחְפָּֽץ 1 Besides excluding the phrase “by the female gazelles or the does of the field”, this verse is nearly identical to [Song of Songs 2:7](../02/07.md). You should translate this verse in a similar way to how you translated [Song of Songs 2:7](../02/07.md), but because this verse does not have the phrase “by the female gazelles or the does of the field” you should not include that phrase in this verse.
8:4 z8a4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-oathformula הִשְׁבַּ֥עְתִּי אֶתְכֶ֖ם בְּנ֣וֹת יְרוּשָׁלִָ֑ם מַה־תָּעִ֧ירוּ ׀ וּֽמַה־תְּעֹֽרְר֛וּ אֶת־הָאַהֲבָ֖ה עַ֥ד שֶׁתֶּחְפָּֽץ 1 You should translate this verse in a similar way to how you translated [Song of Songs 2:7](../02/07.md), but because this verse does not have the phrase “by the female gazelles or the does of the field,” you should not include that phrase in this verse.
8:5 ljjf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo מִ֣י זֹ֗את עֹלָה֙ מִן־הַמִּדְבָּ֔ר מִתְרַפֶּ֖קֶת עַל־דּוֹדָ֑הּ 1 The author does not say who is speaking about the couple here so you should not indicate who you think is speaking explicitly in the text of your translation. However, if you are using section headers to indicate who is speaking, as the UST does, the speakers here are most likely the “daughters of Jerusalem” who spoke several times earlier in the book and who were addressed in the previous verse.
8:5 a5w5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion מִ֣י זֹ֗את עֹלָה֙ מִן־הַמִּדְבָּ֔ר מִתְרַפֶּ֖קֶת עַל־דּוֹדָ֑הּ 1 Here, the phrase **Who is that** is a rhetorical question that is used to create a sense of expectation and interest. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate these words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way as modeled by the UST.
8:5 wu6i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עֹלָה֙ 1 The phrase **coming up** is used by the author because the group of people described is traveling **from the wilderness** to Jerusalem. They must travel upward in elevation in order to reach Jerusalem because **the wilderness** is low in the Jordan valley and Jerusalem is built on hills and is therefore high. Use a word or phrase that expresses moving upward in elevation. Alternate translation: “moving upward” or “arising”
8:5 gd2i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go עֹלָה֙ 1 Your language may say “going” rather than **coming** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “going up”
8:5-7 df81 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo תַּ֤חַת הַתַּפּ֨וּחַ֙ עֽוֹרַרְתִּ֔יךָ שָׁ֚מָּה חִבְּלַ֣תְךָ אִמֶּ֔ךָ שָׁ֖מָּה חִבְּלָ֥ה יְלָדַֽתְךָ & שִׂימֵ֨נִי כַֽחוֹתָ֜ם עַל־לִבֶּ֗ךָ כַּֽחוֹתָם֙ עַל־זְרוֹעֶ֔ךָ כִּֽי־עַזָּ֤ה כַמָּ֨וֶת֙ אַהֲבָ֔ה קָשָׁ֥ה כִשְׁא֖וֹל קִנְאָ֑ה רְשָׁפֶ֕יהָ רִשְׁפֵּ֕י אֵ֖שׁ שַׁלְהֶ֥בֶתְ יָֽה & מַ֣יִם רַבִּ֗ים לֹ֤א יֽוּכְלוּ֙ לְכַבּ֣וֹת אֶת־הָֽאַהֲבָ֔ה וּנְהָר֖וֹת לֹ֣א יִשְׁטְפ֑וּהָ אִם־יִתֵּ֨ן אִ֜ישׁ אֶת־כָּל־ה֤וֹן בֵּיתוֹ֙ בָּאַהֲבָ֔ה בּ֖וֹז יָב֥וּזוּ לֽוֹ 1 The author does not say who is speaking here so you should not indicate who you think is speaking in the text of your translation. However, if you are using section headers to indicate who is speaking, as the UST does, you can place a header above this section indicating who the speaker is. Here the speaker could be: (1) the woman. (2) The man.
8:5 a5w5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion מִ֣י זֹ֗את עֹלָה֙ מִן־הַמִּדְבָּ֔ר מִתְרַפֶּ֖קֶת עַל־דּוֹדָ֑הּ 1 The writer is using the question form, **Who is that**, to create a sense of expectation and interest. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate these words as a statement or an exclamation.
8:5 wu6i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עֹלָה֙ 1 The writer assumes that his readers understand that the group of people **coming up from the wilderness** to Jerusalem must travel upward because **the wilderness** is low in the Jordan valley and Jerusalem is built on hills. You could include this information if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “moving upward” or “arising”
8:5 gd2i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go עֹלָה֙ 1 Your language may say “going” rather than **coming** in a context such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “going up”
8:5-7 df81 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo תַּ֤חַת הַתַּפּ֨וּחַ֙ עֽוֹרַרְתִּ֔יךָ שָׁ֚מָּה חִבְּלַ֣תְךָ אִמֶּ֔ךָ שָׁ֖מָּה חִבְּלָ֥ה יְלָדַֽתְךָ & שִׂימֵ֨נִי כַֽחוֹתָ֜ם עַל־לִבֶּ֗ךָ כַּֽחוֹתָם֙ עַל־זְרוֹעֶ֔ךָ כִּֽי־עַזָּ֤ה כַמָּ֨וֶת֙ אַהֲבָ֔ה קָשָׁ֥ה כִשְׁא֖וֹל קִנְאָ֑ה רְשָׁפֶ֕יהָ רִשְׁפֵּ֕י אֵ֖שׁ שַׁלְהֶ֥בֶתְ יָֽה & מַ֣יִם רַבִּ֗ים לֹ֤א יֽוּכְלוּ֙ לְכַבּ֣וֹת אֶת־הָֽאַהֲבָ֔ה וּנְהָר֖וֹת לֹ֣א יִשְׁטְפ֑וּהָ אִם־יִתֵּ֨ן אִ֜ישׁ אֶת־כָּל־ה֤וֹן בֵּיתוֹ֙ בָּאַהֲבָ֔ה בּ֖וֹז יָב֥וּזוּ לֽוֹ 1 The author does not say who is speaking here so you should not indicate who you think is speaking in the text of your translation. However, if you are using section headers to indicate who is speaking, you can place a header above this section indicating who the speaker is. Here the speaker could be: (1) the woman. (2) The man.
8:5 iobz rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown הַתַּפּ֨וּחַ֙ 1 See how you translated the phrase **apple tree** in [2:3](../02/03.md).
8:5 cf0x חִבְּלַ֣תְךָ 1 The phrase the ULT translates as **was in labor with you** could: (1) refer to the process of a mother being in labor and be translated as the ULT models. (2) refer to the act of conception. Alternate translation: “conceived you”
8:6 l86i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שִׂימֵ֨נִי כַֽחוֹתָ֜ם עַל־לִבֶּ֗ךָ 1 Here, **heart** could represent: (1) the chest of a person. Alternate translation: “Place me like a seal that is hung by a cord around your neck and hangs down onto your chest” (2) the emotions and thoughts of a person. Alternate translation: “Always love and think about me” or “Always love and think about me as if I were stamped onto your heart”
8:6 zl22 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile שִׂימֵ֨נִי כַֽחוֹתָ֜ם עַל־לִבֶּ֗ךָ כַּֽחוֹתָם֙ עַל־זְרוֹעֶ֔ךָ 1 The point of this comparison is that the woman wants the man she loves to be close to her like a **seal** hanging from a cord around his neck that hangs down over his **heart** (chest) and like a **seal** that is worn on his **arm**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent comparison or express this meaning in plain language. Alternately, you could express the point of comparison as modeled by the UST. Alternate translation: “Please keep me very near to you”
8:6 ixip rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כַּֽחוֹתָם֙ עַל־זְרוֹעֶ֔ךָ 1 The word which the ULT translates as **hand** can refer to any part of the arm, including the wrist and hand. The phrase **the seal on your arm** refers to a **seal** that is worn on a bracelet on the wrist. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “like a seal worn on your wrist” or “like a seal worn on a bracelet on your wrist”
8:6 eq3p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis כַּֽחוֹתָם֙ עַל־זְרוֹעֶ֔ךָ 1 The speaker is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would help your readers, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “place me like the seal on your arm”
8:6 tci8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile עַזָּ֤ה כַמָּ֨וֶת֙ אַהֲבָ֔ה קָשָׁ֥ה כִשְׁא֖וֹל קִנְאָ֑ה 1 The phrase **strong like death is love** and the phrase **unyielding like Sheol is zeal** are both similes for the power of romantic love. The point of comparison between romantic **love** and **death** is that they are both very strong and overcome a person in a powerful and irresistible way. The point of comparison between **Sheol** and the **zeal** of romantic love is that they are both **unyielding**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent comparison from your culture.
8:6 bqf1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns כִּֽי־עַזָּ֤ה כַמָּ֨וֶת֙ אַהֲבָ֔ה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **love**, you could express the meaning with a verb, as modeled by the UST, or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language.
8:6 kkfg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit קָשָׁ֥ה כִשְׁא֖וֹל קִנְאָ֑ה 1 Here, the word the ULT translates as **zeal** could: (1) have the positive meaning of romantic zeal or fervor and refer to the romantic zeal of lovers. Alternate translation: “unyielding like Sheol is the zeal lovers have for each other” or “the passionate feelings lovers have for one another is unyielding like Sheol” (2) refer to the negative feeling of a lover being jealous for the affection, love, and attention of the person they love romantically. Alternate translation: “unyielding like Sheol is jealousy” or “the jealousy lovers have for the love of one another is unyielding like Sheol”
8:6 jzw0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns קָשָׁ֥ה כִשְׁא֖וֹל קִנְאָ֑ה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **zeal**, you could express the same idea with an adverb or in some other way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “lovers zealously love each other in a way that is unyielding like Sheol” or “lovers passionately love each other in a way that is unyielding like Sheol”
8:6 fgrc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy כִשְׁא֖וֹל 1 This line is parallel in meaning to the preceding line. The woman is again referring to **death**. Here, she is describing **death** by association with **Sheol**, which is where dead people were thought to go in that culture. If your readers would not understand this, you could use plain language, as modeled by the UST, or use an equivalent expression from your culture.
8:6 fvz9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor רְשָׁפֶ֕יהָ רִשְׁפֵּ֕י אֵ֖שׁ שַׁלְהֶ֥בֶתְ יָֽה 1 Here, the woman is speaking of the **zeal** of romantic love as if it were **flashes of fire** and **the flame of Yahweh**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning with a simile or you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The zeal of lovers is like flashes of fire and like the flame of Yahweh” or “The passion of lovers is like flashes of fire and like the flame of Yahweh”
8:6 tw71 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom שַׁלְהֶ֥בֶתְ יָֽה 1 The phrase **the flame of Yah** is an idiom that refers to lightening. If your readers would not understand this, you could use use plain language or indicate the meaning in a footnote. Alternate translation: “the lightening of Yah” or “the flashes of lightening”
8:7 baf6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מַ֣יִם רַבִּ֗ים לֹ֤א יֽוּכְלוּ֙ לְכַבּ֣וֹת אֶת־הָֽאַהֲבָ֔ה וּנְהָר֖וֹת לֹ֣א יִשְׁטְפ֑וּהָ 1 Here, **love** is spoken of as though it is a strongly burning fire which **Many waters** (a great amount of water) cannot **quench** and which **rivers** cannot **drown**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning with a simile or you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Love is so strong that it is like a strong fire that great amounts of water cannot quench and which rivers full of water cannot put out” or “The feelings of love which a man and a woman who are lovers have for each other is very strong” or “Nothing can stop romantic love”\n
8:6 l86i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שִׂימֵ֨נִי כַֽחוֹתָ֜ם עַל־לִבֶּ֗ךָ 1 Here, **heart** could represent: (1) the chest of a person. Alternate translation: “Place me like a seal that is hung by a cord around your neck and hangs down onto your chest” (2) the emotions and thoughts of a person. Alternate translation: “Always love and think about me” or “Always love and think about me as if I were stamped onto your heart" If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or you could state the meaning plainly.
8:6 zl22 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile שִׂימֵ֨נִי כַֽחוֹתָ֜ם עַל־לִבֶּ֗ךָ כַּֽחוֹתָם֙ עַל־זְרוֹעֶ֔ךָ 1 The woman is saying that she wants the man she loves to be close to her like a **seal** hanging from a cord around his neck down over his **heart** (chest) and like a **seal** that is worn on his **arm**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “Please keep me very near to you”
8:6 ixip rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כַּֽחוֹתָם֙ עַל־זְרוֹעֶ֔ךָ 1 The word which the ULT translates as **arm** can refer to any part of the arm, including the wrist and hand. The phrase **the seal on your arm** refers to a seal that is worn on a bracelet on the wrist. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could include this information. Alternate translation: “like a seal worn on your wrist” or “like a seal worn on a bracelet on your wrist”
8:6 eq3p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis כַּֽחוֹתָם֙ עַל־זְרוֹעֶ֔ךָ 1 The speaker is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. If it would be clearer in your language, you could supply these words from earlier in the sentence. Alternate translation: “place me like the seal on your arm”
8:6 tci8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile עַזָּ֤ה כַמָּ֨וֶת֙ אַהֲבָ֔ה קָשָׁ֥ה כִשְׁא֖וֹל קִנְאָ֑ה 1 The phrases **strong like death is love** and **unyielding like Sheol is zeal** are comparisons because romantic **love** and **death** are both very strong and overcome a person in a powerful and irresistible way while **Sheol** and the **zeal** of romantic love are both **unyielding**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly.
8:6 bqf1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns כִּֽי־עַזָּ֤ה כַמָּ֨וֶת֙ אַהֲבָ֔ה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **love**, you could express the same idea in another way that is natural in your language.
8:6 kkfg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit קָשָׁ֥ה כִשְׁא֖וֹל קִנְאָ֑ה 1 Here the word the ULT translates as **zeal** could: (1) have the positive meaning of the romantic fervor that lovers have for one another. Alternate translation: “unyielding like Sheol is the zeal lovers have for each other” or “the passionate feelings lovers have for one another is unyielding like Sheol” (2) refer to the negative feelings of lovers who are jealous for the affection, love, and attention of the other. Alternate translation: “unyielding like Sheol is jealousy” or “the jealousy lovers have for the love of one another is unyielding like Sheol”
8:6 jzw0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns קָשָׁ֥ה כִשְׁא֖וֹל קִנְאָ֑ה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **zeal**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “lovers zealously love each other in a way that is unyielding like Sheol” or “lovers passionately love each other in a way that is unyielding like Sheol”
8:6 fgrc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy כִשְׁא֖וֹל 1 Here, **Sheol** represents **death**. This line is parallel in meaning to the preceding line. The woman is again referring to **death** by association with **Sheol**, which is where dead people were thought to go in that culture. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly.
8:6 fvz9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor רְשָׁפֶ֕יהָ רִשְׁפֵּ֕י אֵ֖שׁ שַׁלְהֶ֥בֶתְ יָֽה 1 Here the woman is speaking of the zeal of romantic love as if it were **flashes of fire** and **the flame of Yah**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The zeal of lovers is like flashes of fire and like the flame of Yahweh” or “The passion of lovers is like flashes of fire and like the flame of Yahweh”
8:6 tw71 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom שַׁלְהֶ֥בֶתְ יָֽה 1 Here, **the flame of Yah** is an idiom that means "lightening." If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have that meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the lightening of Yah” or “the flashes of lightening”
8:7 baf6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מַ֣יִם רַבִּ֗ים לֹ֤א יֽוּכְלוּ֙ לְכַבּ֣וֹת אֶת־הָֽאַהֲבָ֔ה וּנְהָר֖וֹת לֹ֣א יִשְׁטְפ֑וּהָ 1 Here the writer is speaking of **love** as if it is a strongly burning fire which **Many waters** cannot **quench** and which **rivers** cannot **drown**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Love is so strong that it is like a strong fire that great amounts of water cannot quench and which rivers full of water cannot put out” or “The feelings of love which a man and a woman who are lovers have for each other is very strong” or “Nothing can stop romantic love”\n
8:7 j0q6 מַ֣יִם רַבִּ֗ים לֹ֤א יֽוּכְלוּ֙ לְכַבּ֣וֹת אֶת־הָֽאַהֲבָ֔ה וּנְהָר֖וֹת לֹ֣א יִשְׁטְפ֑וּהָ 1 Alternate translation: “Nothing can extinguish our love for each other, not even a flood”
8:7 riom rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns אֶת־הָֽאַהֲבָ֔ה & בָּאַהֲבָ֔ה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **love**, you could express the same idea with a verb, as modeled by the UST, or you could express it in some other way that is natural in your language.
8:7 jwh1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact אִם־יִתֵּ֨ן אִ֜ישׁ אֶת־כָּל־ה֤וֹן בֵּיתוֹ֙ בָּאַהֲבָ֔ה בּ֖וֹז יָב֥וּזוּ לֽוֹ 1 The woman speaks as if this were a hypothetical situation, but she means that it must be true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, then you could translate the woman’s words as an affirmative statement. Alternate translation: “Even though a man tries to give all the wealth of his house in exchange for love, his offer will be utterly despised”
8:7 riom rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns אֶת־הָֽאַהֲבָ֔ה & בָּאַהֲבָ֔ה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **love**, you could express the same idea in some other way that is natural in your language.
8:7 jwh1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact אִם־יִתֵּ֨ן אִ֜ישׁ אֶת־כָּל־ה֤וֹן בֵּיתוֹ֙ בָּאַהֲבָ֔ה בּ֖וֹז יָב֥וּזוּ לֽוֹ 1 The woman speaks as if this were a hypothetical situation, but she means that it must be true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might think that what the woman is saying is uncertain, then you could translate her words as an affirmative statement. Alternate translation: “Even though a man tries to give all the wealth of his house in exchange for love, his offer will be utterly despised”
8:7 n3pn בָּאַהֲבָ֔ה 1 Alternate translation: “in order to get love” or “in order to buy love”
8:7 bir4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לֽוֹ 1 The word the ULT translates as **it** could: (1) refer to **all the wealth of his house** and be translated as “it” as modeled by the ULT. (2) could refer to the **man** who is offering **all the wealth of his house in exchange for love**. Alternate translation: “him”
8:8-9 qj9z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo אָח֥וֹת לָ֨נוּ֙ קְטַנָּ֔ה וְשָׁדַ֖יִם אֵ֣ין לָ֑הּ מַֽה־נַּעֲשֶׂה֙ לַאֲחֹתֵ֔נוּ בַּיּ֖וֹם שֶׁיְּדֻבַּר־בָּֽהּ & אִם־חוֹמָ֣ה הִ֔יא נִבְנֶ֥ה עָלֶ֖יהָ טִ֣ירַת כָּ֑סֶף וְאִם־דֶּ֣לֶת הִ֔יא נָצ֥וּר עָלֶ֖יהָ ל֥וּחַ אָֽרֶז 1 The author does not say who is speaking here so you should not indicate who you think is speaking explicitly in the text of your translation. However, if you are using section headers to indicate who is speaking, the majority of Bible scholars think that the woman’s brothers are speaking here. Because of this and because the phrases **A sister belongs to us** and **What will we do with our sister** in 8:8 seem to indicate that the woman’s brothers are speaking, the most likely view is that her brothers are the the ones speaking so if you choose to use headers you can place a header above 8:8-9, indicating that the woman’s brothers are speaking as modeled by the UST.
8:8 au5a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit קְטַנָּ֔ה 1 Here, the phrase **a little one** means “a young one” or “a younger one.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “a young one” or “a younger one”
8:8 ada0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְשָׁדַ֖יִם אֵ֣ין לָ֑הּ 1 The phrase **and breasts there are not for her** is an idiom expressing that the woman’s brothers think she is not yet ready for marriage and meaning that her breasts are small and have not fully formed (and are therefore small) indicating that she has not reached full physical maturity. If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “and she is not yet fully grown” or “and her breasts are still small” or “and she is not yet ready for marriage”
8:8 t9yn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בַּיּ֖וֹם 1 The phrase **on the day** is an idiom meaning “at the time.” If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language as modeled by the UST.
8:8 tzso rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בַּיּ֖וֹם שֶׁיְּדֻבַּר־בָּֽהּ 1 The phrase **the day when it is spoken for her** means “on the day when she is spoken for in marriage” and betrothed to a man. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “on the day when she is pledged to be married” or “on the day when she is spoken for in marriage” or “on the day when she is betrothed to be married”
8:8 rs4v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive שֶׁיְּדֻבַּר־בָּֽהּ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, the context implies that the brothers are the ones who will do it. Alternate translation: “when we speak for her by promising a man that he can marry her”
8:9 mpf5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אִם־חוֹמָ֣ה הִ֔יא נִבְנֶ֥ה עָלֶ֖יהָ טִ֣ירַת כָּ֑סֶף 1 Here, the woman’s brothers are speaking of their sister as if she were **a wall** that they would **build...a battlement of silver** upon. The meaning of this metaphor could be: (1) that they would makes effort to protect her virginity as if she were **a wall** that they were seeking to protect by building a silver battlement on (a battlement was a row of stones that was built on top of a wall for the purpose of protecting it). Alternate translation: “We will protect her virginity like how we would protect a wall by building a battlement of silver on it” (2) that her chest was flat like a wall because her breasts were not yet fully formed and so they would try to make her more attractive for the man she was going to marry by adorning her with silver jewels. Alternate translation: “If her chest is flat like a wall, we will decorate it by putting silver jewels that are like towers on it”
8:9 durb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְאִם־דֶּ֣לֶת הִ֔יא נָצ֥וּר עָלֶ֖יהָ ל֥וּחַ אָֽרֶז 1 Here, the woman’s brothers are speaking of their sister as if she were **a door** that they would **enclose** with **boards of cedar**. The meaning of this metaphor could be: (1) that they would makes effort to protect her virginity as if she were **a door** that they would **enclose** with **boards of cedar**. Alternate translation: “We will protect her virginity like how we would enclose a door with boards of cedar” (2) that her chest was flat like a door because her breasts were not yet fully formed and so they would try to make her more attractive for the man she was going to marry by adorning her like how they would decorate a door with cedar wood (The word the ULT translates as **enclose** is identical in form to another word which means “decorate” so it is possible that “decorate” could be the intended meaning here). Alternate translation: “And if she is flat like a door, we will decorate her like how we would decorate a door with planks of cedar wood”
8:10 bllz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo אֲנִ֣י חוֹמָ֔ה וְשָׁדַ֖י כַּמִּגְדָּל֑וֹת אָ֛ז הָיִ֥יתִי בְעֵינָ֖יו כְּמוֹצְאֵ֥ת שָׁלֽוֹם 1 The author does not say who is speaking here so you should not indicate who you think is speaking explicitly in the text of your translation. However, if you are using section headers to indicate who is speaking, as the UST does, you can place a header above 8:10 indicating that the speaker is the woman.
8:10 n2vy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲנִ֣י חוֹמָ֔ה 1 Here, the woman continues the metaphor of a wall that her brothers began in the preceding verse. By referring to herself as **a wall** here, she could: (1) be indicating that she had remained a virgin. Alternate translation: “I was like a wall and remained a virgin” (2) be referring to her chest and be saying that in the past her breasts were not fully formed. Alternate translation: “My chest was previously flat like a wall”
8:7 bir4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לֽוֹ 1 The word the ULT translates as **it** could: (1) refer to "all the wealth of his house" and be translated as “it." (2) could refer to the "man" who is offering "all the wealth of his house in exchange for love." Alternate translation: “him”
8:8-9 qj9z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo אָח֥וֹת לָ֨נוּ֙ קְטַנָּ֔ה וְשָׁדַ֖יִם אֵ֣ין לָ֑הּ מַֽה־נַּעֲשֶׂה֙ לַאֲחֹתֵ֔נוּ בַּיּ֖וֹם שֶׁיְּדֻבַּר־בָּֽהּ & אִם־חוֹמָ֣ה הִ֔יא נִבְנֶ֥ה עָלֶ֖יהָ טִ֣ירַת כָּ֑סֶף וְאִם־דֶּ֣לֶת הִ֔יא נָצ֥וּר עָלֶ֖יהָ ל֥וּחַ אָֽרֶז 1 Since the author does not say who is speaking here, you should not indicate who you think is speaking explicitly in the text of your translation. However, the majority of Bible scholars think that the woman’s brothers are speaking here. Because of this and because the phrases **A sister belongs to us** and **What will we do with our sister** in 8:8 seem to indicate that the woman’s brothers are speaking, you can place a header above 8:8-9, indicating that the woman’s brothers are speaking.
8:8 au5a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit קְטַנָּ֔ה 1 Here the phrase **a little one** means “a young one” or “a younger one.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could include this information. Alternate translation: “a young one” or “a younger one”
8:8 ada0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְשָׁדַ֖יִם אֵ֣ין לָ֑הּ 1 The phrase **and breasts there are not for her** is an idiom that means the woman’s brothers think she has not reached full physical maturity and is therefore not yet ready for marriage. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have that meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and she is not yet fully grown” or “and her breasts are still small” or “and she is not yet ready for marriage”
8:8 t9yn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בַּיּ֖וֹם 1 Here, **on the day** is an idiom that means “at the time.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have that meaning or state the meaning plainly.
8:8 tzso rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בַּיּ֖וֹם שֶׁיְּדֻבַּר־בָּֽהּ 1 The phrase **the day when it is spoken for her** means “on the day when she is spoken for in marriage” and betrothed to a man. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could include this information. Alternate translation: “on the day when she is pledged to be married” or “on the day when she is spoken for in marriage” or “on the day when she is betrothed to be married”
8:8 rs4v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive שֶׁיְּדֻבַּר־בָּֽהּ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, the context implies that the brothers are the ones who will do it. Alternate translation: “when we speak for her by promising a man that he can marry her”
8:9 mpf5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אִם־חוֹמָ֣ה הִ֔יא נִבְנֶ֥ה עָלֶ֖יהָ טִ֣ירַת כָּ֑סֶף 1 Here the woman’s brothers are speaking of their sister as if she were **a wall** that they would protect by building **a battlement of silver** on it. The meaning could be: (1) that they would protect her virginity by guarding her like a wall that has a battlement can be guarded. Alternate translation: “We will protect her virginity like we would protect a wall by building a battlement of silver on it” (2) that her chest was flat because her breasts were not fully formed, and they would try to make her attractive for the man she was going to marry by adorning her with silver jewels. Alternate translation: “If her chest is flat like a wall, we will decorate it by putting silver jewels that are like towers on it”
8:9 durb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְאִם־דֶּ֣לֶת הִ֔יא נָצ֥וּר עָלֶ֖יהָ ל֥וּחַ אָֽרֶז 1 Here the woman’s brothers are speaking of their sister as if she were **a door** that they would **enclose** with **boards of cedar**. The meaning could be: (1) that they would make an effort to protect her virginity. Alternate translation: “We will protect her virginity like we would enclose a door with boards of cedar” (2) that her chest was flat because her breasts were not fully formed and so they would try to make her more attractive for the man she was going to marry by adorning her the way they would decorate a door with cedar wood (The word the ULT translates as **enclose** is identical in form to another word which means “decorate” so “decorate” could be the intended meaning here). Alternate translation: “And if she is flat like a door, we will decorate her like we would decorate a door with planks of cedar wood”
8:10 bllz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo אֲנִ֣י חוֹמָ֔ה וְשָׁדַ֖י כַּמִּגְדָּל֑וֹת אָ֛ז הָיִ֥יתִי בְעֵינָ֖יו כְּמוֹצְאֵ֥ת שָׁלֽוֹם 1 The author does not say who is speaking here so you should not indicate who you think is speaking in the text of your translation. However, if you are using section headers to indicate who is speaking, you can place a header above 8:10 indicating that the speaker is the woman.
8:10 n2vy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲנִ֣י חוֹמָ֔ה 1 Here the woman continues the metaphor that her brothers began in the preceding verse by referring to herself as **a wall**. She could: (1) be indicating that she had remained a virgin. Alternate translation: “I was like a wall and remained a virgin” (2) be referring to her chest by saying that in the past her breasts were not fully formed. Alternate translation: “My chest was previously flat like a wall”
8:10 r3ez וְשָׁדַ֖י 1 Alternate translation: “but now my breasts are”
8:10 mc78 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile וְשָׁדַ֖י כַּמִּגְדָּל֑וֹת 1 The point of this comparison is that the woman’s breasts are large **like towers**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the point of this comparison or you could express this meaning in plain language. Alternate translation: “and now my breasts are large” or “and now my breasts are fully grown”
8:10 jdgq rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result אָ֛ז 1 The word translated as **then** indicates that what follows is a result of what came before it. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a result of what came before. Alternate translation: “this is why” or “as a result”
8:10 rll2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy הָיִ֥יתִי בְעֵינָ֖יו 1 Here, the man’s **eyes** represent his evaluation or estimation. If your readers would not understand this, you could use plain language as modeled by the UST. Alternate translation: “I am in his judgment” or “he thinks of me” or “I was in his opinion”
8:10 mc78 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile וְשָׁדַ֖י כַּמִּגְדָּל֑וֹת 1 The woman is saying that her breasts are large **like towers**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “and now my breasts are large” or “and now my breasts are fully grown”
8:10 jdgq rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result אָ֛ז 1 The word translated as **then** indicates that what follows is a result of what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a result of what came before. Alternate translation: “this is why” or “as a result”
8:10 rll2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy הָיִ֥יתִי בְעֵינָ֖יו 1 Here, **his eyes** represent his evaluation or estimation. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I am, in his judgment” or “he thinks of me” or “I was, in his opinion”
8:10 vs14 כְּמוֹצְאֵ֥ת 1 The word the ULT translates as **finds** could mean: (1) “finds.” If you choose this option you should translate this word in a similar way to the ULT. (2) “brings.” Alternate translation: “like a person who brings”
8:10 b5uu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הָיִ֥יתִי בְעֵינָ֖יו כְּמוֹצְאֵ֥ת שָׁלֽוֹם 1 Here, the word **peace** refers to “favor.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “I found favor in his eyes”
8:11-12 ewqv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo כֶּ֣רֶם הָיָ֤ה לִשְׁלֹמֹה֙ בְּבַ֣עַל הָמ֔וֹן נָתַ֥ן אֶת־הַכֶּ֖רֶם לַנֹּטְרִ֑ים אִ֛ישׁ יָבִ֥א בְּפִרְי֖וֹ אֶ֥לֶף כָּֽסֶף & כָּרְמִ֥י שֶׁלִּ֖י לְפָנָ֑י הָאֶ֤לֶף לְךָ֙ שְׁלֹמֹ֔ה וּמָאתַ֖יִם לְנֹטְרִ֥ים אֶת־פִּרְיֽוֹ 1 Because the author does not say who is speaking you should not indicate who is speaking in the text of your translation. However, if you are using section headers to indicate who is speaking the speaker could be: (1) the woman in both 8:11 and 8:12. If you decide that the woman is speaking in these verses you can follow the example of the UST and include these two verses under the section heading for 8:10 that indicates the woman is speaking. (2) the man in both these verses. If you decide the man is speaking in these verses you can put a section header at the top of 8:11 indicating that the man is speaking.
8:11 x2c3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names בְּבַ֣עַל הָמ֔וֹן 1 **Baal Hamon** is the name of a place. The name **Baal Hamon** means “master of wealth.” Because the meaning of the name has significance here you could include a footnote in your translation indicating that the name **Baal Hamon** means “master of wealth, wealthy master, possessor of abundance.”
8:11 b1b3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown לַנֹּטְרִ֑ים 1 Here, the term **keepers** refers to farmers who rent land from a land owner and pay the land owner in order to farm his land (Here, the amount the **keepers** payed **Solomon** the land owner to farm his land was **a thousand pieces of silver**). If your readers would not be familiar with this type of farmer, you could describe what this term means in your translation. Alternate translation: “people who would pay him so that they could farm it” or “men who would pay him so that they could farm it”
8:10 b5uu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הָיִ֥יתִי בְעֵינָ֖יו כְּמוֹצְאֵ֥ת שָׁלֽוֹם 1 Here the word **peace** refers to “favor.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could include this information. Alternate translation: “I found favor in his eyes”
8:11-12 ewqv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo כֶּ֣רֶם הָיָ֤ה לִשְׁלֹמֹה֙ בְּבַ֣עַל הָמ֔וֹן נָתַ֥ן אֶת־הַכֶּ֖רֶם לַנֹּטְרִ֑ים אִ֛ישׁ יָבִ֥א בְּפִרְי֖וֹ אֶ֥לֶף כָּֽסֶף & כָּרְמִ֥י שֶׁלִּ֖י לְפָנָ֑י הָאֶ֤לֶף לְךָ֙ שְׁלֹמֹ֔ה וּמָאתַ֖יִם לְנֹטְרִ֥ים אֶת־פִּרְיֽוֹ 1 Because the author does not say who is speaking, you should not indicate who is speaking in the text. If you are using section headers to indicate who is speaking, the speaker could be: (1) the woman in both 8:11 and 8:12. If you decide that the woman is speaking, you can include both verses under the section heading for 8:10 indicating that. (2) the man in both these verses. If you decide the man is speaking, you can put a section header at the top of 8:11 indicating that.
8:11 x2c3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names בְּבַ֣עַל הָמ֔וֹן 1 **Baal Hamon** is the name of a place. Because the meaning of the name has significance here, you could include a footnote in your translation indicating that the name **Baal Hamon** means “master of wealth, wealthy master, possessor of abundance.”
8:11 b1b3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown לַנֹּטְרִ֑ים 1 Here, **keepers** are farmers who rent land from an owner and farm it. The amount the **keepers** paid **Solomon** to farm his land was **a thousand pieces of silver**. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of farmer, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “people who would pay him so that they could farm it” or “men who would pay him so that they could farm it”
8:11 mz3u נָתַ֥ן אֶת־הַכֶּ֖רֶם לַנֹּטְרִ֑ים 1 Alternate translation: “He rented the vineyard to keepers” or “He leased the vineyard to keepers” or “He agreed to let keepers pay him so they could grow grapes in the vineyard”
8:11 h77m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אִ֛ישׁ יָבִ֥א בְּפִרְי֖וֹ אֶ֥לֶף כָּֽסֶף 1 Here, the phrase **its fruit** refers to the fruit of **the vineyard** and the phrase **Each person** refers to each of the **keepers**. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “Each keeper brought in exchange for the fruit of the vineyard a thousand pieces of silver” or “Each keeper brought Solomon a thousand pieces of silver as payment for the fruit of the vineyard”
8:11 h77m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אִ֛ישׁ יָבִ֥א בְּפִרְי֖וֹ אֶ֥לֶף כָּֽסֶף 1 Here the phrase **its fruit** refers to the fruit of **the vineyard** and the phrase **Each person** refers to each of the **keepers**. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could include this information. Alternate translation: “Each keeper brought in exchange for the fruit of the vineyard a thousand pieces of silver” or “Each keeper brought Solomon a thousand pieces of silver as payment for the fruit of the vineyard”
8:12 za66 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor כָּרְמִ֥י 1 Here, the phrase **My vineyard** is a metaphor (see the section on [8:12](../08/12.md) in the chapter intro for the meaning of this entire verse). Here, the phrase **My vineyard** could be: (1) the woman referring to herself as a **vineyard**, as she did in [1:6](../01/06.md). Alternate translation: “I am like a vineyard” or “My body is like a vineyard” (2) the man referring to the woman he loves as if she were his **vineyard**. Alternate translation: “The woman who I love is like my vineyard” or “The woman who I love is like a vineyard”
8:12 gc75 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לְפָנָ֑י 1 The phrase **is before me** means “is mine to give.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “is at my disposal” or “is mine to do with as I desire” or “is mine to give to whom I choose”
8:12 a9gc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הָאֶ֤לֶף לְךָ֙ שְׁלֹמֹ֔ה וּמָאתַ֖יִם לְנֹטְרִ֥ים אֶת־פִּרְיֽוֹ 1 Here, the word **thousand** refers to the “thousand pieces of silver” mentioned in the previous verse. The phrase **the two hundred** refers to the two hundred pieces of silver that **Solomon** would have paid to **the people who are keepers** of the vineyards **fruit**. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “The thousand pieces of silver belong to you, Solomon, and the two hundred pieces of silver belong to the people who you pay to be keepers of the vineyard’s fruit”
8:12 m0qa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe הָאֶ֤לֶף לְךָ֙ שְׁלֹמֹ֔ה 1 Here, the woman could be: (1) speaking as if **Solomon** is present with her even though he is not in order to use him as an example. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could translate these words in a way that does not make it seem like the woman is speaking directly to **Solomon** but rather indicates that she is speaking about **Solomon**. Alternate translation: “The thousand belong to Solomon” (2) calling the man she loves by the name **Solomon** (even though he was not Solomon) as term of endearment similar to how she called the man she loved “The king” in [1:4](../01/04.md). Alternate translation: “The thousand belong to you, the man I love, you who are like king Solomon” or “The thousand belong to you, the man I love, you who I call Solomon”
8:13 jpoa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo הַיוֹשֶׁ֣בֶת בַּגַּנִּ֗ים חֲבֵרִ֛ים מַקְשִׁיבִ֥ים לְקוֹלֵ֖ךְ הַשְׁמִיעִֽינִי 1 The author does not say who is speaking in this verse so you should not indicate who you think is speaking explicitly in the text of your translation. However, if you are using section headers to indicate who is speaking, as the UST does, you can place a header above this section indicating that the man is speaking.
8:13 em85 חֲבֵרִ֛ים 1 Here, the term **companions** is masculine in form in the original language and most likely refers to the man’s friends who were shepherds and were mentioned in [1:7](../01/07.md). See how you translated the term **companions** in [1:7](../01/07.md).
8:13 zm5h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְקוֹלֵ֖ךְ 1 Here, the word **voice** could: (1) represent the woman’s speech (the words she says). Alternate translation: “to hear you speak” (2) refer to the sound of the woman’s voice. Alternate translation: “to hear your voice”
8:14 arq1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo בְּרַ֣ח ׀ דּוֹדִ֗י וּֽדְמֵה־לְךָ֤ לִצְבִי֙ א֚וֹ לְעֹ֣פֶר הָֽאַיָּלִ֔ים עַ֖ל הָרֵ֥י בְשָׂמִֽים 1 The author does not say who is speaking in this verse so you should not indicate who you think is speaking explicitly in the text of your translation. However, if you are using section headers to indicate who is speaking, as the UST does, you can place a header above this section indicating that the woman is speaking.
8:14 c6a2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּרַ֣ח 1 Here, the word **Flee** means “come quickly.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “Come quickly” or “Hurry”
8:12 za66 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor כָּרְמִ֥י 1 Here the phrase **My vineyard** is a metaphor (see the section on [8:12](../08/12.md) in the chapter intro for the meaning of this entire verse). It could be: (1) the woman referring to herself as a vineyard, as she did in [1:6](../01/06.md). Alternate translation: “I am like a vineyard” or “My body is like a vineyard” (2) the man referring to the woman he loves as if she were his vineyard. Alternate translation: “The woman who I love is like my vineyard” or “The woman who I love is like a vineyard”
8:12 gc75 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לְפָנָ֑י 1 The phrase **is before me** means “is mine to give.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could include this information. Alternate translation: “is at my disposal” or “is mine to do with as I desire” or “is mine to give to whom I choose”
8:12 a9gc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הָאֶ֤לֶף לְךָ֙ שְׁלֹמֹ֔ה וּמָאתַ֖יִם לְנֹטְרִ֥ים אֶת־פִּרְיֽוֹ 1 Here the word **thousand** refers to the “thousand pieces of silver” in the previous verse. The phrase **the two hundred** refers to the two hundred pieces of silver that Solomon would have paid to **the people who are keepers** of the vineyards fruit. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could include this information. Alternate translation: “The thousand pieces of silver belong to you, Solomon, and the two hundred pieces of silver belong to the people who you pay to be keepers of the vineyard’s fruit”
8:12 m0qa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe הָאֶ֤לֶף לְךָ֙ שְׁלֹמֹ֔ה 1 Here the woman could be: (1) speaking as if **Solomon** is present with her even though he is not, in order to use him as an example. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words as if the woman is speaking about Solomon and not to him. Alternate translation: “The thousand belong to Solomon” (2) calling the man she loves **Solomon** (even though he was not Solomon) as a term of endearment, similar to how she called the man she loved “The king” in [1:4](../01/04.md). Alternate translation: “The thousand belong to you, the man I love, you who are like king Solomon” or “The thousand belong to you, the man I love, you who I call Solomon”
8:13 jpoa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo הַיוֹשֶׁ֣בֶת בַּגַּנִּ֗ים חֲבֵרִ֛ים מַקְשִׁיבִ֥ים לְקוֹלֵ֖ךְ הַשְׁמִיעִֽינִי 1 The author does not say who is speaking in this verse so you should not indicate who you think is speaking in the text. However, if you are using section headers to indicate who is speaking, you can place a header above this section indicating that the man is speaking.
8:13 em85 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs/gendernotations חֲבֵרִ֛ים 1 Here the term **companions** is masculine in form in the original language and most likely refers to the man’s friends who were shepherds and were mentioned in [1:7](../01/07.md). See how you translated the term **companions** in [1:7](../01/07.md).
8:13 zm5h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְקוֹלֵ֖ךְ 1 Here the word **voice** could: (1) represent the woman’s words. Alternate translation: “to hear you speak” (2) refer to the sound of the woman’s voice. Alternate translation: “to hear your voice”
8:14 arq1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo בְּרַ֣ח ׀ דּוֹדִ֗י וּֽדְמֵה־לְךָ֤ לִצְבִי֙ א֚וֹ לְעֹ֣פֶר הָֽאַיָּלִ֔ים עַ֖ל הָרֵ֥י בְשָׂמִֽים 1 The author does not say who is speaking in this verse so you should not indicate who you think is speaking in the text. However, if you are using section headers to indicate who is speaking, you can place a header above this section indicating that the woman is speaking.
8:14 c6a2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּרַ֣ח 1 Here the word **Flee** means “come quickly.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could include this information. Alternate translation: “Come quickly” or “Hurry”
8:14 zh44 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile דּוֹדִ֗י וּֽדְמֵה־לְךָ֤ לִצְבִי֙ א֚וֹ לְעֹ֣פֶר הָֽאַיָּלִ֔ים 1 See how you translated the similar expression “My beloved is resembling a gazelle or a young stag” in [2:9](../02/09.md).
8:14 mqx9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עַ֖ל הָרֵ֥י בְשָׂמִֽים 1 The phrase **the mountains of spices** has a double meaning. The literal meaning refers to **mountains** where **spices** grow. The metaphorical meaning is that the woman herself is the **mountains** where **spices** grow and she wants the man she loves to come to her and enjoy her body. If it would help your readers, you could indicate the metaphorical meaning in a footnote.
8:14 mqx9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עַ֖ל הָרֵ֥י בְשָׂמִֽים 1 The phrase **the mountains of spices** has a double meaning. The literal meaning refers to mountains where spices grow. Here the woman is speaking of herself as if she is the **mountains of spices** and she wants the man she loves to come to her and enjoy her body. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly.
See in Reader
Benjamin Wright