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@ -5,25 +5,24 @@ front:intro an3g 0 # Introduction to the Song of Songs\n\n## Part 1: General
1:1 qbe2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession שִׁ֥יר הַ⁠שִּׁירִ֖ים 1 The possessive form is being used here to indicate a comparison with other **songs** and to show that this **song** is the best or greatest of all **songs**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use another form to indicate this. Alternate translation: “The best song” or “The most excellent song” or “The greatest song”
1:1 r5ns לִ⁠שְׁלֹמֹֽה 1 The phrase **of Solomon** could mean: (1) Solomon wrote this song. Alternate translation: “Solomon wrote” (2) this song was dedicated to Solomon. Alternate translation: “is dedicated to Solomon” (3) this song was about Solomon. Alternate translation: “is about Solomon”
1:2-4 fna4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry יִשָּׁקֵ֨⁠נִי֙ מִ⁠נְּשִׁיק֣וֹת פִּ֔י⁠הוּ כִּֽי־טוֹבִ֥ים דֹּדֶ֖י⁠ךָ מִ⁠יָּֽיִן׃ לְ⁠רֵ֨יחַ֙ שְׁמָנֶ֣י⁠ךָ טוֹבִ֔ים שֶׁ֖מֶן תּוּרַ֣ק שְׁמֶ֑⁠ךָ עַל־כֵּ֖ן עֲלָמ֥וֹת אֲהֵבֽוּ⁠ךָ׃ 1 These lines of poetry most likely indicate thoughts or words that the woman is speaking or thinking to herself while she is alone. Your language may have a way of indicating speech that is expressed toward a person who is not present to hear what is being said.
1:2 j5xq 0 # General Information:\n\nThe first part of the book begins with this verse.
1:2 tulv rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry יִשָּׁקֵ֨⁠נִי֙ מִ⁠נְּשִׁיק֣וֹת 1 The author is using an emphatic form to indicate the fervor and intensity of the desired kisses. Consider using a natural way in your language to indicate this. Alternate translation: “Let him kiss me again and again with the kisses of” or “Let him cover my face with the kisses of”
1:2 tulv rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry יִשָּׁקֵ֨⁠נִי֙ מִ⁠נְּשִׁיק֣וֹת פִּ֔י⁠הוּ 1 The author is using an emphatic form to indicate the fervor and intensity of the desired kisses. Consider using a natural way in your language to indicate this. Alternate translation: “Let him kiss me again and again with the kisses of his mouth” or “Let him cover my face with the kisses of his mouth”
1:2 d9mu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular דֹּדֶ֖י⁠ךָ 1 In this book every occurrence of the words **you** and **your** are singular. Your language may require you to mark these forms.
1:2 th64 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns טוֹבִ֥ים דֹּדֶ֖י⁠ךָ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **love**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form or in another way. Alternate translation: “the way you love me is better” or “your loving is better”
1:2 th64 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns טוֹבִ֥ים דֹּדֶ֖י⁠ךָ מִ⁠יָּֽיִן 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **love**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form or in another way. Alternate translation: “the way you love me is better than wine” or “your loving is better than wine”
1:2 nze7 טוֹבִ֥ים דֹּדֶ֖י⁠ךָ מִ⁠יָּֽיִן 1 Alternate translation: “I enjoy having you near me more than I enjoy drinking wine” or “your love is more pleasant than wine”
1:3 j5ka לְ⁠רֵ֨יחַ֙ 1 The Hebrew word which the ULT translates as **As for** could: (1) indicate reference, in which case it should be translated as the ULT translates it or with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “In reference to the smell of” or (2) indicate emphasis or be making an assertion. Alternate translation: “Truly, the smell of” or “Indeed, the smell of”
1:3 si36 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שְׁמָנֶ֣י⁠ךָ טוֹבִ֔ים 1 Here, **oils** refers to colognes or perfumes. In the authors culture pleasant smelling spices were mixed into olive oil in order to make a pleasant smelling perfume which was then put on the skin. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. If men do not use put pleasant smelling things on their skin in your culture you could say that the man being spoken of here smells pleasant. Alternate translation: “your colognes—they are good” or “your scented oils—they are good” or “your skin—it is good” or “your body—it is good”
1:3 si36 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שְׁמָנֶ֣י⁠ךָ טוֹבִ֔ים 1 Here, **oils** refers to colognes or perfumes. In the authors culture pleasant smelling spices were mixed into olive oil in order to make a pleasant smelling perfume which was then put on the skin. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. If men do not put pleasant smelling things on their skin in your culture you could say that the man being spoken of here smells pleasant. Alternate translation: “your colognes—they are good” or “your scented oils—they are good” or “your skin—it is good” or “your body—it is good”
1:3 z9t3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שֶׁ֖מֶן תּוּרַ֣ק שְׁמֶ֑⁠ךָ 1 The woman is describing the man she loves and his reputation by association with his **name**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “oil poured out is your reputation” or “oil poured out is the honor that people give to you”
1:3 ijen rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שֶׁ֖מֶן תּוּרַ֣ק שְׁמֶ֑⁠ךָ 1 The woman makes a comparison between the man’s reputation (which she refers to as his **name**) and scented oil that is poured out after which the good smell of the oil spreads as the air moves. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the comparison. Alternate translation: “your reputation spreads more and more like the scent of perfume which spreads after it has been poured out”
1:3 pj62 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result עַל־כֵּ֖ן 1 The words translated as **Therefore** indicate that what follows is a result of what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a result of what came before. Alternate translation: “As a result”
1:4 gec8 מָשְׁכֵ֖⁠נִי 1 Alternate translation: “Lead me”
1:4 v83t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you אַחֲרֶ֣י⁠ךָ 1 The word **you** refers to the man and so is singular. Your language may require you to mark this form. In this book every occurrence of the words **you** and **your** are singular.
1:4 ty2p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive נָּר֑וּצָה 1 The word **us** refers to the young woman and the man that she is addressing so **us** is inclusive. Your language may require you to mark these forms. Alternate translation: “let you and I run”
1:4 xpoe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit נָּר֑וּצָה 1 Here, the woman uses **run** as a poetic way of expressing her desire that she and the man she loves hurry and go away together. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “let us hurry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1:4 xpoe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit נָּר֑וּצָה 1 Here, the woman uses **run** as a poetic way of expressing her desire that she and the man she loves hurry and go away together. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “let us hurry”
1:4 vpdi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הַ⁠מֶּ֜לֶךְ 1 Here, the woman speaks of the man she loves as if he were **The king**. Here, the term **king** is a term of endearment and is an affectionate way for the woman to refer to the man she loves. The woman is not speaking of an actual king but rather this is a poetic way of speaking. The woman is still speaking of the same man that she was speaking of in [1:2-3](../01/02.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning by using a simile. Alternate translation: “He whom I love is like a king to me and” or “He who is like a king to me”
1:4 ieqb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הֱבִיאַ֨⁠נִי הַ⁠מֶּ֜לֶךְ 1 The original language word which the ULT translates as **he has brought me** could be describing: (1) a request or wish that the woman has. If it would help your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “May the king bring me” (2) an action that has already happened. Alternate translation: “The king brought me”
1:4 ieqb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הֱבִיאַ֨⁠נִי הַ⁠מֶּ֜לֶךְ 1 The original language word which the ULT translates as **he has brought me** could be describing: (1) a request or wish that the woman has. Alternate translation: “May the king bring me” (2) an action that has already happened. Alternate translation: “The king brought me”
1:4 aoaz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go הֱבִיאַ֨⁠נִי 1 Your language may say “taken” rather than **brought** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “has taken me”
1:4 at7l נָגִ֤ילָה וְ⁠נִשְׂמְחָה֙ בָּ֔⁠ךְ נַזְכִּ֤ירָה דֹדֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ מִ⁠יַּ֔יִן 1 The **us** in these two lines could: (1) be a group of young women speaking about the man. Alternate translation: “We will be glad and rejoice in you. We will profess your love more than wine” (2) be the woman continuing to speak to the man she loves and using **us** to refer to herself. Alternate translation: “May I be glad and rejoice in you. May I profess your love more than wine” (3) be the woman continuing to speak and using **us** to refer to herself and the man. Alternate translation: “Let you and I be glad and rejoice in you. Let you and I profess your love more than wine”\n
1:4 isr6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive נָּר֑וּצָה…נָגִ֤ילָה…נַזְכִּ֤ירָה 1 The word *us** is inclusive all three times that it occurs in this verse. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
1:4 isr6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive נָּר֑וּצָה…נָגִ֤ילָה…נַזְכִּ֤ירָה 1 The word **us** is inclusive all three times that it occurs in this verse. Your language may require you to mark these forms.
1:4 ku0t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet נָגִ֤ילָה וְ⁠נִשְׂמְחָה֙ 1 The terms **glad** and **rejoice** mean similar things. The author is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “Let us greatly rejoice” or “Let us rejoice greatly”
1:4 geq4 נַזְכִּ֤ירָה 1 Alternate translation: “Let us praise”
1:4 rc0e מִ⁠יַּ֔יִן 1 The phrase **more than wine** could mean: (1) that the women would **profess** the man’s **love** as **more** delightful **than wine**. Alternate translation: “as being more delightful than wine” (2) that the women would **profess** the delightfulness of the man’s **love more than** they would **profess** the delightfulness of **wine**. Alternate translation: “more than we profess wine”
@ -32,36 +31,36 @@ front:intro an3g 0 # Introduction to the Song of Songs\n\n## Part 1: General
1:4 gxfw אֲהֵבֽוּ⁠ךָ 1 Alternate translation: “do they admire you”
1:4 ag8r מֵישָׁרִ֖ים אֲהֵבֽוּ⁠ךָ 1 Alternate translation: “it is right that other young women adore you” or “no wonder other young women adore you”
1:5 ez2x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שְׁחוֹרָ֤ה אֲנִי֙ 1 Here, **I am black** means “My skin is black” or “My skin is very dark.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “My skin is black” or “My skin is very dark”
1:5 jpj9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast וְֽ⁠נָאוָ֔ה 1 Here, the word **but** is introducing a contrast. What follows the word **But** is in contrast to what was expected, because in the author’s culture it was not considered attractive for a woman to have skin that was dark as a result of much exposure to the sun. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: “yet lovely” or “but still lovely”
1:5 jpj9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast וְֽ⁠נָאוָ֔ה 1 Here, the word **but** is introducing a contrast. What follows the word **but** is in contrast to what was expected, because in the author’s culture it was not considered attractive for a woman to have skin that was dark as a result of much exposure to the sun. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: “yet lovely” or “but still lovely”
1:5 ck9k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְּנ֖וֹת יְרוּשָׁלִָ֑ם 1 The woman is using the possessive form to poetically describe where the young women (whom she calls **daughters**) live. The phrase **daughters of Jerusalem** refers to the young women who were from the city of Jerusalem (These are probably the same women as the “marriageable women” in [1:3](../01/03.md) and the women referred to as “they” in [1:4](../01/04.md)). If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could indicate the association between these young women and **Jerusalem** in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “daughters from Jerusalem” or “young women from Jerusalem”
1:5 rbb3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כְּ⁠אָהֳלֵ֣י קֵדָ֔ר כִּ⁠ירִיע֖וֹת שְׁלֹמֹֽה 1 The Kedar were a tribe of people who used black goat skins to make their tents, thus their tents were dark in color. The woman is comparing her skin to these tents which were dark in color. The phrase **the curtains of Solomon** refers to the curtains in Solomon’s palace which were very beautiful. The point of the first comparison is that the woman’s skin was dark (referring back to and further describing the word **black**) and the point of the second comparison is that the woman was beautiful (referring back to and further describing the word **lovely**). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use equivalent comparisons from your culture or you could retain these similes and express these meanings as plainly as possible. Alternate translation: “like the dark color of the tents of the people of the tribe Kedar, like the curtains of Solomon’s palace” or “as dark as the color of the tents of Kedar, as beautiful as the curtains in Solomon’s palace”
1:6 avcq אַל־ תִּרְא֨וּ⁠נִי֙ 1 The phrase **Do not look at me** could mean: (1) that the woman does not want people to look at her with contempt. Alternate translation: “Do not look at me with contempt” or “Do not look down on me” or “Do not look at me disapprovingly” (2) that the woman does not want people to stare at her in admiration of her beauty. Alternate translation: “Do not stare at me because I am so beautiful”
1:6 gy5l rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result שֶׁ⁠אֲנִ֣י 1 The word **that** indicates that what follows is a reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “because”
1:6 gy5l rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result שֶׁ⁠אֲנִ֣י 1 The word **that** indicates that what follows is a reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “because I”
1:6 nqqb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שֶׁ⁠אֲנִ֣י שְׁחַרְחֹ֔רֶת 1 Here, **I am black** means “my skin is black” or “my skin is very dark” as it did in [1:5](../01/05.md). If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “that my skin is black” or “that my skin is very dark”
1:6 im6w rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result שֶׁ⁠שֱּׁזָפַ֖תְ⁠נִי הַ⁠שָּׁ֑מֶשׁ 1 The word **that** indicates that what follows is a reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “because the sun scorched me”
1:6 thz7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שֶׁ⁠שֱּׁזָפַ֖תְ⁠נִי הַ⁠שָּׁ֑מֶשׁ 1 The phrase **the sun scorched me** refers to sunlight shining on the skin and means “the sun burned me” or “the sun tanned my skin dark.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “that the sun burned me” or “that the sun turned my skin brown” or “that the sun tanned my skin.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1:6 thz7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שֶׁ⁠שֱּׁזָפַ֖תְ⁠נִי הַ⁠שָּׁ֑מֶשׁ 1 The phrase **the sun scorched me** refers to sunlight shining on the skin and means “the sun burned me” or “the sun tanned my skin dark.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “that the sun burned me” or “that the sun turned my skin brown” or “that the sun tanned my skin”
1:6 v86f נֹטֵרָ֣ה אֶת־הַ⁠כְּרָמִ֔ים כַּרְמִ֥⁠י שֶׁ⁠לִּ֖⁠י לֹ֥א נָטָֽרְתִּי 1 Alternate translation: “as caretaker of the vineyards—my vineyard that is mine, I have not taken care of”
1:6 w18k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor כַּרְמִ֥⁠י שֶׁ⁠לִּ֖⁠י לֹ֥א נָטָֽרְתִּי 1 The woman is probably using the phrase **my vineyard** to refer to her complexion. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “my skin, I have not protected from the sun” or “my complexion, I have not protected from the sun”
1:7 f9hi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche שֶׁ֤⁠אָהֲבָה֙ נַפְשִׁ֔⁠י 1 The woman is using one part of herself, her **soul**, to represent all of her. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you whom I love”
1:7 mpbu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis אֵיכָ֣ה תִרְעֶ֔ה 1 The woman is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “where do you graze your flock” or “where do you graze your sheep”
1:7 wsmm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism אֵיכָ֣ה תִרְעֶ֔ה אֵיכָ֖ה תַּרְבִּ֣יץ בַּֽ⁠צָּהֳרָ֑יִם 1 The phrase **where do you graze** and the phrase **Where do you make your flocks lie down at noontime** mean basically the same thing. The second phrase emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. Hebrew poetry was based on this kind of repetition, and it would be good to show this to your readers by including both phrases in your translation rather than combining them. However, if saying very similar things twice might confuse your readers, you could combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “Where do you pasture your flocks in the middle of the day”
1:7 v54w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion שַׁ⁠לָּ⁠מָ֤ה אֶֽהְיֶה֙ כְּ⁠עֹ֣טְיָ֔ה עַ֖ל עֶדְרֵ֥י חֲבֵרֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 The woman is not asking for information, but is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate her words as a statement, a request, or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “I do not want to be like a woman who covers herself\nbeside the flocks of your companions” or “Please do not let me be like a woman who covers herself\nbeside the flocks of your companions” or “Tell me so that I will not be like a woman who covers herself\nbeside the flocks of your companions”
1:7 v54w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion שַׁ⁠לָּ⁠מָ֤ה אֶֽהְיֶה֙ כְּ⁠עֹ֣טְיָ֔ה עַ֖ל עֶדְרֵ֥י חֲבֵרֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 The woman is not asking for information, but is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate her words as a statement, a request, or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “I do not want to be like a woman who covers herself beside the flocks of your companions” or “Please do not let me be like a woman who covers herself beside the flocks of your companions” or “Tell me so that I will not be like a woman who covers herself beside the flocks of your companions”
1:7 f5eb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כְּ⁠עֹ֣טְיָ֔ה עַ֖ל עֶדְרֵ֥י חֲבֵרֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 The phrase **covers herself** means **covers herself with a veil** and the phrase **your companions** refers to the other shepherds who pastured their animals near the flocks of the man and were probably his friends. If it would help your readers, you could express these phrases explicitly. Alternate translation: “like a woman who covers herself with a veil beside the flocks of the other shepherds”
1:7 v6rs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile שַׁ⁠לָּ⁠מָ֤ה אֶֽהְיֶה֙ כְּ⁠עֹ֣טְיָ֔ה עַ֖ל עֶדְרֵ֥י חֲבֵרֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 In the authors culture women who were prostitutes often covered their faces with a veil so that people would not recognize them. It would not be normal for a young unmarried woman to be wandering among shepherds and the woman did not want to be mistaken for a prostitute. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the basis of this comparison. Alternate translation: “Tell me where you pasture your flocks so that I will not need to wander around among the flocks of your companions like a prostitute when I am looking for you” or “For why should I be like a prostitute who covers herself with a veil and wanders about\nbeside the flocks of your companions”
1:7 v6rs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile שַׁ⁠לָּ⁠מָ֤ה אֶֽהְיֶה֙ כְּ⁠עֹ֣טְיָ֔ה עַ֖ל עֶדְרֵ֥י חֲבֵרֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 In the authors culture women who were prostitutes often covered their faces with a veil so that people would not recognize them. It would not be normal for a young unmarried woman to be wandering among shepherds and the woman did not want to be mistaken for a prostitute. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the basis of this comparison. Alternate translation: “Tell me where you pasture your flocks so that I will not need to wander around among the flocks of your companions like a prostitute when I am looking for you” or “For why should I be like a prostitute who covers herself with a veil and wanders about beside the flocks of your companions”
1:8 lc64 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical אִם־ לֹ֤א תֵדְעִי֙ לָ֔⁠ךְ הַ⁠יָּפָ֖ה בַּ⁠נָּשִׁ֑ים צְֽאִי־ לָ֞⁠ךְ 1 If it would help your readers to see that this is a conditional statement then you could supply a word like “then” in your translation. Alternate translation: “If you do not know, most beautiful among women, then go out”
1:8 fu4f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure אִם־ לֹ֤א תֵדְעִי֙ לָ֔⁠ךְ הַ⁠יָּפָ֖ה בַּ⁠נָּשִׁ֑ים 1 If it would be more natural in your language you could begin this verse with the phrase **most beautiful among women**. Alternate translation: “Most beautiful among women, if you do not know”
1:8 nky4 הַ⁠יָּפָ֖ה בַּ⁠נָּשִׁ֑ים 1 Alternate translation: “you who are the most beautiful of all women”
1:8 sy7k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go צְֽאִי־ לָ֞⁠ךְ 1 Your language may say “come” rather than **go** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “come out”
1:8 al9c וּ⁠רְעִי֙ אֶת־ גְּדִיֹּתַ֔יִ⁠ךְ 1 Alternate translation: “and let your young goats graze” or “and graze your young goats”
1:8 fis9 וּ⁠רְעִי֙ אֶת־ גְּדִיֹּתַ֔יִ⁠ךְ 1 Alternate translation: “graze your young goats” or “let your young goats eat”
1:9 j8xv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure לְ⁠סֻסָתִ⁠י֙ בְּ⁠רִכְבֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֔ה דִּמִּיתִ֖י⁠ךְ רַעְיָתִֽ⁠ 1 If it would be more natural in your language you could begin this verse with the phrase **my darling**. Alternate translation: “My darling, I liken you to a mare among the chariots of Pharaoh”
1:8 fis9 וּ⁠רְעִי֙ אֶת־ גְּדִיֹּתַ֔יִ⁠ךְ 1 Alternate translation: “and graze your young goats” or “and let your young goats eat”
1:9 j8xv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure לְ⁠סֻסָתִ⁠י֙ בְּ⁠רִכְבֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֔ה דִּמִּיתִ֖י⁠ךְ רַעְיָתִֽ⁠י 1 If it would be more natural in your language you could begin this verse with the phrase **my darling**. Alternate translation: “My darling, I liken you to a mare among the chariots of Pharaoh”
1:9 gw76 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile לְ⁠סֻסָתִ⁠י֙ בְּ⁠רִכְבֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֔ה דִּמִּיתִ֖י⁠ךְ 1 Here, it is implied that the man is comparing the woman to the beauty of a mare and not to other other qualities of a horse. The king of Egypt’s horses were known to be the best in the world and so they would have been very beautiful. If it would help your readers you could explain the point of this comparison. Alternate translation: “Your beauty is like the beauty of Pharaoh’s chariot horses” or “I compare your beauty to the beauty of Pharaoh’s chariot horses”
1:9 zyj5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּ⁠רִכְבֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֔ה 1 The man is using the phrase **the chariots** to mean “the horses that pull the chariots.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “among the horses that pull Pharaoh’s chariots” or “among the horses that pull the chariots of Pharaoh”
1:9 lnbo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit פַרְעֹ֔ה 1 Here, the term **Pharaoh** does not refer to a specific Egyptian king but is a title used to designate the acting king of Egypt. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “the king of Egypt”
1:10 hrjd rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown בַּ⁠תֹּרִ֔ים 1 The term the man uses, which the ULT translates as **earrings**, is a term which refers to strings of small ornaments or jewels which apparently hung down the side of one’s face. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of jewelry you could use a more general term and, if you are using footnotes, you could make a footnote explaining this type of jewelry. Alternate translation: “with neck ornaments” or “strings of jewels”
1:10 u7h9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown בַּ⁠חֲרוּזִֽים 1 **necklaces** are a type of jewelry worn around the neck in order to make a person look more attractive. If your readers would not be familiar with **necklaces**, you could use the name of something similar in your area worn around the neck for the purpose of looking nice or you could use a more general term and, if it would help your readers, you could make a footnote explaining what a necklace is if you are using footnotes. Alternate translation: “with neck ornaments” or “strings of jewels”
1:10 hrjd rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown בַּ⁠תֹּרִ֔ים 1 The term the man uses, which the ULT translates as **earrings**, is a term which refers to strings of small ornaments or jewels which apparently hung down the side of one’s face. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of jewelry you could use a more general term and, if you are using footnotes, you could make a footnote explaining this type of jewelry. Alternate translation: “with neck ornaments” or “with strings of jewels”
1:10 u7h9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown בַּ⁠חֲרוּזִֽים 1 **necklaces** are a type of jewelry worn around the neck in order to make a person look more attractive. If your readers would not be familiar with **necklaces**, you could use the name of something similar in your area worn around the neck for the purpose of looking nice or you could use a more general term and, if it would help your readers, you could make a footnote explaining what a necklace is if you are using footnotes. Alternate translation: “with neck ornaments” or “with strings of jewels”
1:11 yuyp rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown תּוֹרֵ֤י 1 See how you translated the term “earrings” in the previous verse.
1:11 dza7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns נַעֲשֶׂה 1 The man speaks as if he were many people. Some versions change this to singular “I.” Other versions take these to be the words of the woman’s friends. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
1:11 dza7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns נַעֲשֶׂה 1 The man speaks as if he were many people. Some versions change this to singular “I.” Other versions take these to be the words of the woman’s friends.
1:11 bp6l עִ֖ם נְקֻדּ֥וֹת הַ⁠כָּֽסֶף 1 Alternate translation: “with beads of silver” or “that are decorated with silver”
1:12 kec9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שֶׁ֤⁠הַ⁠מֶּ֨לֶךְ֙ 1 See how you translated the phrase “The king” in [1:4](../01/04.md) where it is used with the same meaning.
1:12 zt7d בִּ⁠מְסִבּ֔⁠וֹ 1 The word which the ULT translates as **couch** could: (1) refer to a couch and be translated as **couch** as modeled by the ULT. (2) refer to a table. Alternate translation: “was at his table”
@ -70,47 +69,46 @@ front:intro an3g 0 # Introduction to the Song of Songs\n\n## Part 1: General
1:13 vc5v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor צְר֨וֹר הַ⁠מֹּ֤ר ׀ דּוֹדִ⁠י֙ לִ֔⁠י בֵּ֥ין שָׁדַ֖⁠י יָלִֽין 1 In the author’s culture women would sometimes place a small bag or pouch of myrrh on a necklace so it would hang on their neck and they could enjoy its pleasant smell. The woman makes a comparison between the enjoyable experience of having a bag of myrrh near her and the enjoyable experience of having the man she loves near her. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a simile to show the comparison. Alternate translation: “I enjoy having my beloved near me throughout the night like I enjoy the smell of a bag of myrrh”
1:13 d77b rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown הַ⁠מֹּ֤ר 1 **myrrh** was a pleasant smelling incense that was made from resin taken from the bark of a certain kind of tree. One of the things it was used for was to make a person smell good. If your readers would not be familiar with **myrrh**, you could use the name of something pleasant smelling in your area that might be used for this purpose or you could use a general expression. Alternate translation: “pleasant smelling perfume”
1:13 bzs7 דּוֹדִ⁠י֙ 1 Alternate translation: “is my lover”
1:13 f8y8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism אֶשְׁכֹּ֨ל הַ⁠כֹּ֤פֶר ׀ דּוֹדִ⁠י֙ לִ֔⁠י 1 If using the word **breasts** would offend your readers, you could use an appropriate euphemism for **breasts** or state the meaning of the phrase **between my breasts it stays** using a more general expression. Alternate translation: “My beloved stays very close to me during the night, like a bundle of myrrh hanging near my chest”
1:13 f8y8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism צְר֨וֹר הַ⁠מֹּ֤ר ׀ דּוֹדִ⁠י֙ לִ֔⁠י בֵּ֥ין שָׁדַ֖⁠י יָלִֽין 1 If using the word **breasts** would offend your readers, you could use an appropriate euphemism for **breasts** or state the meaning of the phrase **between my breasts it stays** using a more general expression. Alternate translation: “My beloved stays very close to me during the night, like a bundle of myrrh hanging near my chest”
1:13 bl0z יָלִֽין 1 Here, the original language word that the ULT translates with the phrase **it stays** is ambiguous regarding what it is that **stays**. This word could: (1) indicate that the **bundle of myrrh** is what **stays**, in which case it should be translated as something similar to **it stays** as modeled by the ULT. (2) mean that the man **stays**. Alternate translation: “he stays”
1:13 jw0u יָלִֽין 1 Here, the word **stays** could: (1) refer to staying in one place for a prolonged period of time in which case you could translate this word with something similar to **stays** as modeled by the ULT. (2) refer to lying down. Alternate translation: “it lies”
1:14 a6jk rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown הַ⁠כֹּ֤פֶר 1 The phrase **henna blossoms** refers to **blossoms** from the **henna** plant which produces clusters of flower blossoms which have a pleasant smell. If your readers would not be familiar with this plant, you could use the name of a plant in your area that has a pleasant smell, you could explain in your translation that henna is a plant that produces fragrant blossoms, or you could use a general expression. Alternate translation: “fragrant flowers” or “fragrant blossoms from the henna plant”
1:14 zh75 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֶשְׁכֹּ֨ל הַ⁠כֹּ֤פֶר ׀ דּוֹדִ⁠י֙ לִ֔⁠י בְּ⁠כַרְמֵ֖י עֵ֥ין גֶּֽדִי 1 Here, **vineyards of En Gedi** is probably a reference to the woman’s body because at that time **vineyards** were often used to convey a sexual meaning and because the phrase **in the vineyards of Engedi** is in parallel to phrase in the previous verse in which the woman refers to her body by saying that her “beloved” is like a “bundle of myrrh“ which “stays” (the night) “between” her “breasts.” In this verse the woman makes a comparison between the pleasurable experience of the smell of henna blossoms and her enjoyment of having the man she loves near her body. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a simile to show the comparison. Because the woman describes her body in a poetic way with images, it is recommended that you either maintain these images or select images from your context and language that communicate the same concepts. Alternate translation: “I enjoy being near my beloved’s body like I enjoy the smell of the henna flowers in the vineyards of Engedi” or “I delight in my beloved being near my body like I enjoy the smell of the henna flowers in the vineyards of Engedi”
1:14 nop3 עֵ֥ין גֶּֽדִי 1
1:14 zh75 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֶשְׁכֹּ֨ל הַ⁠כֹּ֤פֶר ׀ דּוֹדִ⁠י֙ לִ֔⁠י בְּ⁠כַרְמֵ֖י עֵ֥ין גֶּֽדִי 1 Here, **vineyards of En Gedi** is probably a reference to the woman’s body because at that time **vineyards** were often used to convey a sexual meaning and because the phrase **in the vineyards of Engedi** is in parallel to the phrase in the previous verse in which the woman refers to her body by saying that her “beloved” is like a “bundle of myrrh“ which “stays” (the night) “between” her “breasts.” In this verse the woman makes a comparison between the pleasurable experience of the smell of henna blossoms and her enjoyment of having the man she loves near her body. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a simile to show the comparison. Because the woman describes her body in a poetic way with images, it is recommended that you either maintain these images or select images from your context and language that communicate the same concepts. Alternate translation: “I enjoy being near my beloved’s body like I enjoy the smell of the henna flowers in the vineyards of Engedi” or “I delight in my beloved being near my body like I enjoy the smell of the henna flowers in the vineyards of Engedi”
1:15 tae6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamation הִנָּ֤⁠ךְ…הִנָּ֥⁠ךְ 1 The man is using the term **Behold** to focus attention on what he is about to say. Your language may have a comparable expression that you could use in your translation. Alternate translation: “Look at you! … Look at you!”
1:15 x2d5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism הִנָּ֤⁠ךְ יָפָה֙ רַעְיָתִ֔⁠י הִנָּ֥⁠ךְ יָפָ֖ה עֵינַ֥יִ⁠ךְ יוֹנִֽים 1 The man uses the phrase **Behold you—you are beautiful** two times for emphasis. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one and provide emphasis in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Behold you—you are beautiful, my darling. Your eyes are doves”
1:15 m114 רַעְיָתִ֔⁠י 1 See how you translated the phrase **my darling** in [1:9](../01/09.md)
1:15 fb4x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עֵינַ֥יִ⁠ךְ יוֹנִֽים 1 The man makes a comparison between the beauty and gentleness of doves and the woman’s eyes. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a simile to show the comparison or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “your eyes are like doves” or “your eyes are gentle and beautiful”
1:16 sbi4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamation הִנְּ⁠ךָ֨ 1 The woman is using the term **Look** to focus attention on what she is about to say. Your language may have a comparable expression that you could use in your translation. Alternate translation: “Behold!”
1:16 sbi4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamation הִנְּ⁠ךָ֨ 1 The woman is using the term **Behold** to focus attention on what she is about to say. Your language may have a comparable expression that you could use in your translation. Alternate translation: “Look at you”
1:16 febl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure הִנְּ⁠ךָ֨ יָפֶ֤ה דוֹדִ⁠י֙ אַ֣ף נָעִ֔ים אַף־ עַרְשֵׂ֖⁠נוּ רַעֲנָנָֽה 1 If it would be more natural in your language you could either begin or end this verse with the phrase **my beloved**.
1:16 x3pr דוֹדִ⁠י֙ 1 See how you translated the phrase **my beloved** in [1:13](../01/13.md). Alternate translation: “my lover”
1:16 km29 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis אַ֣ף נָעִ֔ים 1 The woman is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “you are truly pleasant”
1:16 q43e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עַרְשֵׂ֖⁠נוּ 1 Here, **couch** does not refer to a literal couch but rather to the place where the couple would lie down in the forest. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “the place where we lie down is” or “the place we lie down on like a bed is”
1:16 xed8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit רַעֲנָנָֽה 1 Here, the original language word that the ULT translates as **leafy** refers to plants that are the green color. You could translate **leafy** in a general way such as “green” or if it would help your readers you could indicate specifically what vegetation the word **leafy** refers to. Here, **leafy** could refer to: (1) the grass that the couple layed down on. Alternate translation: “grass” (2) the branches above their meeting place in the forest. Alternate translation: “under the cover of branches” or “shaded by branches”
1:17 v14z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor קֹר֤וֹת בָּתֵּ֨י⁠נוּ֙ אֲרָזִ֔ים רַהִיטֵ֖נוּ בְּרוֹתִֽים 1 Here the woman is speaking of the forest as though it were a **house**, the cedar trees as if they were the **beams** of the house and **pine** trees as if they were the **rafters** of the house. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly or use a simile as modeled by the UST. Alternate translation: “Our meeting place is shaded by cedar and pine trees” or “Branches of cedar and pine trees will be a canopy over our meeting place”
1:16 xed8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit רַעֲנָנָֽה 1 Here, the word that the ULT translates as **leafy** refers to plants that are a green color. You could translate **leafy** in a general way such as “green” or if it would help your readers you could indicate specifically what vegetation the word **leafy** refers to. Here, **leafy** could refer to: (1) the grass that the couple laied down on. Alternate translation: “grass” (2) the branches above their meeting place in the forest. Alternate translation: “under the cover of branches” or “shaded by branches”
1:17 v14z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor קֹר֤וֹת בָּתֵּ֨י⁠נוּ֙ אֲרָזִ֔ים רַהִיטֵ֖נוּ בְּרוֹתִֽים 1 Here the woman is speaking of the forest as though it were a **house**, the cedar trees as if they were the **beams** of the **house** and **pine** trees as if they were the **rafters** of the **house**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly or use a simile as modeled by the UST. Alternate translation: “Our meeting place is shaded by cedar and pine trees” or “Branches of cedar and pine trees will be a canopy over our meeting place”
1:17 c3e5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown בְּרוֹתִֽים 1 **pine** is a type of tree that grows tall and close to other trees so that they provide shade from the sun. If your readers would not be familiar with **pine** trees, you could use general phrase describing them or use the name of a tree that grows tall and densely in your area. Alternate translation: “tall leafy trees”
2:intro u8uv 0 # Song of Songs 2 General Notes\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Metaphor\n\nWomen are compared to flowers in this chapter. This metaphor may describe a woman’s beauty and delicacy. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n### Euphemisms\n\nIt is possible that some of the metaphors used in this chapter are actually euphemisms. These euphemisms would refer to sex or the physical love between a husband a wife. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
2:1 cne2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲנִי֙ חֲבַצֶּ֣לֶת הַ⁠שָּׁר֔וֹן שֽׁוֹשַׁנַּ֖ת הָ⁠עֲמָקִֽים 1 The woman is speaking of herself as if she is two different types of flowers in order to make a comparison between herself and these flowers. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly, explain the comparison, or use a simile as modeled by the UST. The reason the woman compares herself to these wildflowers is to express that she thinks she has only common beauty and is no more attractive than the other young women her age. Alternate translation: “I am as common as a wildflower of Sharon or a lily of the valleys” or “my beauty is as common as a wildflower in Sharon or a lily of the valleys”
2:1 cne2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲנִי֙ חֲבַצֶּ֣לֶת הַ⁠שָּׁר֔וֹן שֽׁוֹשַׁנַּ֖ת הָ⁠עֲמָקִֽים 1 The woman is speaking of herself as if she is two different types of flowers in order to make a comparison between herself and these flowers. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly, explain the comparison, or use a simile as modeled by the UST. The reason the woman compares herself to these wildflowers is to express that she thinks she has only common beauty and is no more attractive than other young women her age. Alternate translation: “I am as common as a wildflower of Sharon or a lily of the valleys” or “My beauty is as common as a wildflower in Sharon or a lily of the valleys”
2:1 ps9x rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown חֲבַצֶּ֣לֶת 1 The original word which the ULT translates as **flower** refers to a specific type of flower which grows on the ground. The exact type of flower that the original word refers to cannot be known with certainty so you could use the name of a pretty wildflower in your area or you could use a general term as modeled by the ULT.
2:1 gh6w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַ⁠שָּׁר֔וֹן 1 **Sharon** was the name of a specific plain (a flat area). The word **Sharon** refers to a flat, wide area and so by using the word **Sharon** the woman is probably referring to “plains” in general and expressing that she is like a wildflower that grows on the plains. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly as modeled by the UST.
2:1 gh6w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַ⁠שָּׁר֔וֹן 1 **Sharon** was the name of a specific plain (a flat area) and the word itself refers to a flat, wide area and so by using the word **Sharon** the woman is probably referring to “plains” in general and expressing that she is like a wildflower that grows on the plains. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly as modeled by the UST.
2:1 bw25 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism אֲנִי֙ חֲבַצֶּ֣לֶת הַ⁠שָּׁר֔וֹן שֽׁוֹשַׁנַּ֖ת הָ⁠עֲמָקִֽים 1 The phrase **a flower of Sharon** and the phrase **a lily of the valleys** mean very similar things. The second phrase emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. Hebrew poetry was based on this kind of repetition, and it would be good to show this to your readers by including both phrases in your translation rather than combining them. However, if saying very similar things twice might confuse your readers, you could combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “I am a wildflower that grows in the plains and the valleys”
2:1 cxaq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis שֽׁוֹשַׁנַּ֖ת 1 The woman is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “I am a lily of”
2:1 ni5p rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown שֽׁוֹשַׁנַּ֖ת 1 A **lily** is a type of flower. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of flower, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “a flower of”
2:2 ibi6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כְּ⁠שֽׁוֹשַׁנָּה֙ בֵּ֣ין הַ⁠חוֹחִ֔ים כֵּ֥ן רַעְיָתִ֖⁠י בֵּ֥ין הַ⁠בָּנֽוֹת 1 The man compares the woman he loves to **a lily among thorns**. The point of this comparison is that in the same way that **a lily** is much more beautiful than **thorns** so the woman is much more beautiful than the other young women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent comparison or express this meaning in plain language. Alternate translation: “You my darling, are much more beautiful than all other women”
2:2 l00i rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown כְּ⁠שֽׁוֹשַׁנָּה֙ 1 See how you translated the word **lily** in [2:1](../02/01.md)
2:2 bi45 רַעְיָתִ֖⁠י 1 See how you translated the phrase **my darling** in [1:9](../01/09.md).
2:2 y9bu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַ⁠בָּנֽוֹת 1 Here, the phrase **the daughters** refers to the **daughters of Jerusalem** mentioned in [1:5](../01/05.md) and probably refers not just to the young women of Jerusalem but also to all women. If it would help your readers you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “the young women of Jerusalem” or “other young women”
2:2 y9bu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַ⁠בָּנֽוֹת 1 Here, the phrase **the daughters** refers to the **daughters of Jerusalem** mentioned in [1:5](../01/05.md) and probably refers not just to the young women of Jerusalem but also to all women. If it would help your readers you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “the young women of Jerusalem” or “the other young women”
2:3 xz7y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כְּ⁠תַפּ֨וּחַ֙ בַּ⁠עֲצֵ֣י הַ⁠יַּ֔עַר כֵּ֥ן דּוֹדִ֖⁠י בֵּ֣ין הַ⁠בָּנִ֑ים 1 The woman is saying that the man is like an **apple tree** because in the same way that **an apple tree** is more pleasant than the other **trees of the forest**, so the man she loves is more pleasant than other men. If it would be helpful in your language, you could explain the basis of this comparison. Alternate translation: “As apple trees are more pleasant than other trees, so you my beloved are more pleasant than other men”
2:3 jjo5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure כְּ⁠תַפּ֨וּחַ֙ בַּ⁠עֲצֵ֣י הַ⁠יַּ֔עַר כֵּ֥ן דּוֹדִ֖⁠י בֵּ֣ין הַ⁠בָּנִ֑ים 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “Among the other young men my beloved is like an apple tree among the trees of the forest” or “Compared to other men my beloved is like an apple tree among the trees of the forest”
2:3 yr6x rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown כְּ⁠תַפּ֨וּחַ֙ 1 An **apple tree** is a tree that produces pleasant tasting fruit and has a pleasant smell. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of tree, you could use the name of a similar tree in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “Like a tree that produces pleasant tasting fruit”
2:3 qtmu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בַּ⁠עֲצֵ֣י הַ⁠יַּ֔עַר 1 The phrase **the trees of the forest** refers to the other trees of the forest which were considered common when compared to an apple tree. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “among the other trees of the forest” or “compared to the common trees of the forest”
2:3 q7kl דּוֹדִ֖⁠י 1 See how you translated the phrase **my beloved** in [1:13](../01/13.md).
2:3 eogn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בֵּ֣ין הַ⁠בָּנִ֑ים 1 Here, the phrase **the sons** refers to the other young men. In the previous verse the man compared the woman to the other “daughters” (young women). Here the woman compares the man she loves to the other young men, whom she calls **the sons**. If it would help your readers you could indicate explicitly what **the sons** means here. Alternate translation: “among the other young men” or “when compared to all the other men”
2:3 pii3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּ⁠צִלּ⁠וֹ֙ חִמַּ֣דְתִּי וְ⁠יָשַׁ֔בְתִּי וּ⁠פִרְי֖⁠וֹ מָת֥וֹק לְ⁠חִכִּֽ⁠י 1 Here the woman continues speaking of the man as if he were **an apple tree**. The word **shadow** refers to the shade of an apple tree which would give both protection from the sun and refreshment. To **sit** represents being near or in the presence of the man and his **fruit** being **sweet** means that he causes the woman to experience pleasurable feelings in a way that is comparable to eating sweet fruit. If it is possible in your language you should try to retain the images used here, or substitute a comparable image if needed. If you are not able to retain the metaphors without causing misunderstanding, you could use similes or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “He provides me with refreshment and protection when I am in his presence, he gives me great pleasure” or “I sit in his presence and he refreshes and protects me, he is delightful to me like sweet fruit”
2:3 pii3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּ⁠צִלּ⁠וֹ֙ חִמַּ֣דְתִּי וְ⁠יָשַׁ֔בְתִּי וּ⁠פִרְי֖⁠וֹ מָת֥וֹק לְ⁠חִכִּֽ⁠י 1 Here the woman continues speaking of the man as if he were **an apple tree**. The word **shadow** refers to the shade of an apple tree which would give protection from the sun and refreshment. To **sit** represents being near or in the presence of the man. The phrase **his fruit is sweet** means that he causes the woman to experience pleasurable feelings in a way that is comparable to eating sweet fruit. If it is possible in your language you should try to retain the images used here, or substitute a comparable image if needed. If you are not able to retain the metaphors without causing misunderstanding, you could use similes or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “He provides me with refreshment and protection when I am in his presence, he gives me great pleasure” or “I sit in his presence and he refreshes and protects me. He is delightful to me like sweet fruit”
2:3 fkm3 בְּ⁠צִלּ⁠וֹ֙ 1 Alternate translation: “In his shade”
2:3 bfja חִמַּ֣דְתִּי 1 Alternate translation: “I passionately desired”
2:4 o9vh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הֱבִיאַ֨⁠נִי֙ 1 See how you translated the phrase “has brought me” in [1:4](../01/04.md). The original language word which the ULT translates here as **He brought me** could be describing: (1) a request or wish that the woman has and not something that has already happened. If it would help your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “May he bring me” or ”I desire him to bring me” (2) an action that has already happened. Alternate translation: “He has brought me”
2:4 o9vh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הֱבִיאַ֨⁠נִי֙ 1 See how you translated the phrase “has brought me” in [1:4](../01/04.md). The original language word which the ULT translates here as **He brought me** could be describing: (1) a request or wish that the woman has and not something that has already happened. Alternate translation: “May he bring me” or ”I desire him to bring me” (2) an action that has already happened. Alternate translation: “He has brought me”
2:4 f7e2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go הֱבִיאַ֨⁠נִי֙ 1 Your language may say “took” rather than **brought** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “He took me”
2:4 ift6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בֵּ֣ית הַ⁠יָּ֔יִן 1 In the author’s culture the phrase **house of wine** was used to refer to a location that people went for the purpose of drinking wine. The phrase does not necessarily indicate a **house** or building so here it could be referring a private location that used as their meeting place, possibly the “house” (location) where they spent time together in the forest (described in [1:17](../01/17.md)). If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly or use a general expression that allows for either meaning. Alternate translation: “the place where wine is drunk” or ”the place where wine is served” or ”our meeting place”
2:4 ift6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בֵּ֣ית הַ⁠יָּ֔יִן 1 In the author’s culture the phrase **house of wine** was used to refer to a location that people went for the purpose of drinking wine. The phrase does not necessarily indicate a **house** or building so here it could be referring a private location that the couple used as their meeting place, possibly the “house” (location) where they spent time together in the forest (described in [1:17](../01/17.md)). If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly or use a general expression that allows for either meaning. Alternate translation: “the place where wine is drunk” or ”the place where wine is served” or ”our meeting place”
2:4 hxuz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism בֵּ֣ית הַ⁠יָּ֔יִן 1 Here, **house of wine** most likely does not refer to a literal **house of wine** but instead the woman is probably using this phrase to poetically describe a private meeting place where they could enjoy expressing their love for each other. She is describing their meeting place by using an image that was meaningful in that culture. If it would be helpful in your language, you could retain the literal translation **house of wine** and explain the meaning in a footnote (if you are using them), or you could express the meaning using a different expression that is meaningful in your culture, or you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “our meeting place so that we could enjoy our love” or ”the place where we could celebrate our love for each other” or ”the place where we could consummate our love”
2:4 rp8q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠דִגְל֥⁠וֹ עָלַ֖⁠י אַהֲבָֽה 1 The woman is speaking of the man’s **love** for her as if it were a **banner**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and he publicly displays his love for me and his intention is to protect me” or “and he covers me with his love”
2:4 jgbx rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown וְ⁠דִגְל֥⁠וֹ 1 A **banner** is a flag made out of a large piece of cloth that is attached to the top of a long wooden pole. People groups and kings had their own unique banners by which they identified themselves. If your readers would not be familiar with this term, you could use the name of something used for a similar purpose in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “and his flag”
@ -119,28 +117,25 @@ front:intro an3g 0 # Introduction to the Song of Songs\n\n## Part 1: General
2:5 ukb7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-plural סַמְּכ֨וּ⁠נִי֙…רַפְּד֖וּ⁠נִי 1 The phrases **Sustain me** and **refresh me** are plural imperative forms in the original language. The woman is addressing the man using plural forms to show the intensity of her feelings. Your language may allow you to do the same thing. The ULT indicates the intensity that these two plural forms indicate by placing an exclamation point at the end of this verse. Use a natural form in your language for showing intensity of emotion.
2:5 t16z rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result סַמְּכ֨וּ⁠נִי֙ בָּֽ⁠אֲשִׁישׁ֔וֹת רַפְּד֖וּ⁠נִי בַּ⁠תַּפּוּחִ֑ים כִּי־ חוֹלַ֥ת אַהֲבָ֖ה אָֽנִי 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of the phrases in this verse, since the second part gives the reason for the result that the first part describes. Alternate translation: “Because I am sick with love, sustain me with raisin cakes and refresh me with apples”
2:5 khc1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown בָּֽ⁠אֲשִׁישׁ֔וֹת 1 A **raisin** is a dried grape. Raisin cakes were cakes made of dried grapes pressed together. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of fruit, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “with cakes made of dried fruit”
2:5 gs2a rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown בַּ⁠תַּפּוּחִ֑ים 1 An **apple** is a round pleasant tasting fruit that grows on a tree and is about the size of an adult human’s fist. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of fruit, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “fruit”
2:5 gs2a rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown בַּ⁠תַּפּוּחִ֑ים 1 An **apple** is a round pleasant tasting fruit that grows on a tree and is about the size of an adult human’s fist. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of fruit, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “with fruit”
2:5 y4qy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole כִּי־חוֹלַ֥ת אַהֲבָ֖ה אָֽנִי 1 The woman speaks of feeling **sick with love** because her feelings of love are so strong for the man that they overwhelm her body as if they were a kind of sickness. She is exaggerating in order to emphasize the strength of her feelings for the man. Alternate translation: “for my love for you is so strong that I feel as if I were sick with love” or “because my love for you overwhelms me like a sickness”
2:5 ijwy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns אַהֲבָ֖ה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **love**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form as modeled by the UST.
2:6 m6ys שְׂמֹאל⁠וֹ֙ תַּ֣חַת לְ⁠רֹאשִׁ֔⁠י וִ⁠ימִינ֖⁠וֹ תְּחַבְּקֵֽ⁠נִי 1 This verse could be describing: (1) an action that the man was doing in which case it should be translated in a similar way to the way that the ULT translates it. (2) a request or wish that the woman has and not something that has already happened. Alternate translation: “ I hope he puts his left arm under my head\nand holds me close with his right arm” or ”I want him to put his left arm under my head\nand hold me close with his right arm”
2:6 fq8w 0 Alternate translation: “holds me”
2:7 l67b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe הִשְׁבַּ֨עְתִּי אֶתְ⁠כֶ֜ם בְּנ֤וֹת יְרוּשָׁלִַ֨ם֙ 1 Here the author portrays the woman as speaking to the **daughters of Jerusalem** as if they were present and could hear her but most likely they are not present but rather the author is depicting the woman as addressing the **daughters of Jerusalem** as a poetic way of giving voice to the woman’s feelings. Because the author does this intentionally for poetic effect it is suggested that you do the same. If it would be helpful in your language, you could indicate this in a footnote if you are using them.
2:6 m6ys שְׂמֹאל⁠וֹ֙ תַּ֣חַת לְ⁠רֹאשִׁ֔⁠י וִ⁠ימִינ֖⁠וֹ תְּחַבְּקֵֽ⁠נִי 1 This verse could be describing: (1) an action that the man was doing in which case it should be translated in a similar way to the way that the ULT translates it. (2) a request or wish that the woman has and not something that has already happened. Alternate translation: “I hope he puts his left arm under my head and holds me close with his right arm” or ”I want him to put his left arm under my head and hold me close with his right arm”
2:7 l67b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe הִשְׁבַּ֨עְתִּי אֶתְ⁠כֶ֜ם בְּנ֤וֹת יְרוּשָׁלִַ֨ם֙ 1 Here, the author portrays the woman speaking to the **daughters of Jerusalem** as if they were present and could hear her but most likely they are not present but rather the author is depicting the woman as addressing the **daughters of Jerusalem** as a poetic way of giving voice to the woman’s feelings. Because the author does this intentionally for poetic effect it is suggested that you do the same. If it would be helpful in your language, you could indicate this in a footnote if you are using them.
2:7 f8kj rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-oathformula הִשְׁבַּ֨עְתִּי אֶתְ⁠כֶ֜ם…בִּ⁠צְבָא֔וֹת א֖וֹ בְּ⁠אַיְל֣וֹת הַ⁠שָּׂדֶ֑ה 1 **I adjure you** and the word **by** are both parts of Hebrew oath or promise formulas. You can use a natural way of making a promise in your culture that would be appropriate in this context. Alternate translation: “I urge you to promise me … with the female gazelles or the does of the field as our witnesses” or “Please, promise me … with the female gazelles or the does of the field as our witnesses” or “I want you to make an oath … with the female gazelles or the does of the field listening”
2:7 to30 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְּנ֤וֹת יְרוּשָׁלִַ֨ם֙ 1 See how you translated the phrase **daughters of Jerusalem** in [1:5](../01/05.md).
2:7 n4wq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בִּ⁠צְבָא֔וֹת א֖וֹ בְּ⁠אַיְל֣וֹת הַ⁠שָּׂדֶ֑ה 1 Here, the woman is using the possessive form to describe that **female gazelles** and **does** live in fields and therefore are wild rather than domesticated animals. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could explain the meaning of the phrase **of the field** in your translation. Alternate translation: “by the wild female gazelles and does”
2:7 n4wq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בִּ⁠צְבָא֔וֹת א֖וֹ בְּ⁠אַיְל֣וֹת הַ⁠שָּׂדֶ֑ה 1 Here, the woman is using the possessive form to indicate that **female gazelles** and **does** live in **the field** and therefore are wild rather than domesticated animals. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could explain the meaning of the phrase **of the field** in your translation. Alternate translation: “by the wild female gazelles and does” or “by the wild female gazelles or the wild does” or “by the female gazelles or the does that live in the wild”
2:7 sz5c rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown בִּ⁠צְבָא֔וֹת א֖וֹ בְּ⁠אַיְל֣וֹת 1 A gazelle is an animal that is a small antelope and looks like a deer, moves quickly like a deer, and is very similar in size to a deer. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of animal, you could use the name of something similar in your area or if you do not have two deer-like animals in your area or if your language does not have two different words for deer-like animals you could combine the terms **female gazelles** and **does** into one term. Alternate translation: “by the female deer of” or “by the female gazelles of”
2:7 nt79 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּ⁠אַיְל֣וֹת 1 **Does** are female deer. If it would be helpful to your readers you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “the female deer of”
2:7 ekc3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification אִם־ תָּעִ֧ירוּ ׀ וְֽ⁠אִם־ תְּעֽוֹרְר֛וּ אֶת־ הָ⁠אַהֲבָ֖ה עַ֥ד שֶׁ⁠תֶּחְפָּֽץ 1 Here **love** is spoken of as if it were a person who could sleep and be awakened and as if it were a person who could have **desires**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “do not encourage people to love romantically until the appropriate time” or “do not encourage people’s romantic feelings until the appropriate time”
2:7 fz3j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet אִם־תָּעִ֧ירוּ ׀ וְֽ⁠אִם־ תְּעֽוֹרְר֛וּ 1 Here, the words **awaken** and **stir** mean basically the same thing. The repetition is used for emphasis. If your language does not use repetition to do this, you could use one phrase and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “do not awaken”
2:7 nt79 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּ⁠אַיְל֣וֹת 1 The term **does** refers to female deer. If it would be helpful to your readers you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “the female deer of”
2:7 ekc3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification אִם־ תָּעִ֧ירוּ ׀ וְֽ⁠אִם־ תְּעֽוֹרְר֛וּ אֶת־ הָ⁠אַהֲבָ֖ה עַ֥ד שֶׁ⁠תֶּחְפָּֽץ 1 Here **love** is spoken of as if it were a person who could sleep and be awakened and as if it were a person who could have **desires**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “do not encourage people to love romantically until the appropriate time” or “do not encourage people to have romantic feelings until the appropriate time”
2:7 fz3j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet אִם־תָּעִ֧ירוּ ׀ וְֽ⁠אִם־ תְּעֽוֹרְר֛וּ 1 Here, the words **awaken** and **stir** mean basically the same thing. The repetition is used for emphasis. If your language does not use repetition to do this, you could use one phrase and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “do not awaken” or “do not stir up feeling of”
2:7 z2xm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns הָ⁠אַהֲבָ֖ה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **love**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form as modeled by the UST.
2:8 aay2 0 # General Information:\n\nThe second part of the book begins here. It is not clear whether the woman is speaking to herself or to the daughters of Jerusalem.
2:8 fq0o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ק֣וֹל דּוֹדִ֔⁠י 1 Here the original language word which the ULT translates as **voice** is being used to get the readers attention. If it would help your readers you can indicate that explicitly in your translation. Alternate translation: “Listen, I hear my beloved speaking” or “Listen, I hear my beloved approaching”
2:8 okuh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamation הִנֵּה 1 **Behold** is an exclamation word that is used to bring attention to something. Here it is used to bring attention to the man’s approach. Use an exclamation that is natural in your language for communicating this. See how you translated “Behold” in [1:15](../01/015.md). Alternate translation: “Look”
2:8 happ rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go בָּ֑א 1 Your language may say “going” rather than **coming** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “is going”
2:8 tymi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism מְדַלֵּג֙ עַל־ הֶ֣⁠הָרִ֔ים מְקַפֵּ֖ץ עַל־ הַ⁠גְּבָעֽוֹת 1 These two phrases mean the same thing. The woman says the same thing twice, in slightly different ways, to give emphasis to what she is saying. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing in your language, or if you do not have two words for steeply elevated inclines you could combine these two phrases and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “jumping over the mountains!” or “leaping over the hills!”
2:8-9 fr67 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile מְדַלֵּג֙ עַל־הֶ֣⁠הָרִ֔ים מְקַפֵּ֖ץ עַל־הַ⁠גְּבָעֽוֹת & דּוֹמֶ֤ה דוֹדִ⁠י֙ לִ⁠צְבִ֔י א֖וֹ לְ⁠עֹ֣פֶר 1 The woman speaks of the man as if he were **a gazelle or a young stag**. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the basis of this comparison. Alternate translation: “leaping over the mountains, jumping over the hills. My beloved is agile and fast and he exudes freedom and strength like a gazelle or a young stag”
2:8-9 gatn5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure מְדַלֵּג֙ עַל־הֶ֣⁠הָרִ֔ים מְקַפֵּ֖ץ עַל־הַ⁠גְּבָעֽוֹת דּוֹמֶ֤ה דוֹדִ⁠י֙ לִ⁠צְבִ֔י א֖וֹ לְ⁠עֹ֣פֶר 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “My beloved resembles a gazelle or a young stag, leaping over the mountains, jumping over the hills” or “My beloved is like a gazelle or a young stag, leaping over the mountains, jumping over the hills”
2:8 j2nl 0 This could mean: (1) “Listen carefully to what I am about to say.” You could use a word in your language that tells the hearer to listen carefully, or (2) “Listen so you can hear him coming.”
2:8-9 fr67 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile מְדַלֵּג֙ עַל־הֶ֣⁠הָרִ֔ים מְקַפֵּ֖ץ עַל־הַ⁠גְּבָעֽוֹת & דּוֹמֶ֤ה דוֹדִ⁠י֙ לִ⁠צְבִ֔י א֖וֹ לְ⁠עֹ֣פֶר 1 The woman speaks of the man as if he were **a gazelle or a young stag**. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the basis of this comparison. Alternate translation: “leaping over the mountains, jumping over the hills. My beloved is agile and fast and he exudes freedom and strength like a gazelle or young stag”
2:8-9 gatn5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure מְדַלֵּג֙ עַל־הֶ֣⁠הָרִ֔ים מְקַפֵּ֖ץ עַל־הַ⁠גְּבָעֽוֹת & דּוֹמֶ֤ה דוֹדִ⁠י֙ לִ⁠צְבִ֔י א֖וֹ לְ⁠עֹ֣פֶר 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “My beloved resembles a gazelle or a young stag, leaping over the mountains, jumping over the hills” or “My beloved is like a gazelle or a young stag, leaping over the mountains, jumping over the hills”
2:9 kq5f rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown לִ⁠צְבִ֔י 1 See how you translated the plural form “gazelles” in [2:7](../02/07.md) and translate this word as the singular of “gazelles.”
2:9 qbs9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הָֽ⁠אַיָּלִ֑ים 1 A **stag** is a male deer. If it would help your readers you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “male deer”
2:9 s6z4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamation הִנֵּה־זֶ֤ה עוֹמֵד֙ 1 **Behold** is an exclamation word that is used to bring attention to something. Here it is used to draw attention to the man’s arrival. Use an exclamation that is natural in your language in this context. Alternate translation: “Look! Here he is! Standing”
@ -158,14 +153,14 @@ front:intro an3g 0 # Introduction to the Song of Songs\n\n## Part 1: General
2:11 b8gp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go הָלַ֥ךְ לֽ⁠וֹ 1 Your language may not say **went** in contexts such as this. Alternate translation: “it ended” or “it left”
2:11 eh4t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet חָלַ֖ף הָלַ֥ךְ לֽ⁠וֹ 1 The terms **passed** and **went away** mean similar things. The author is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “is over and gone” or “has gone away”
2:12 j8f3 בָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ 1 Alternate translation: “throughout the land”
2:12 zmw4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְ⁠ק֥וֹל הַ⁠תּ֖וֹר נִשְׁמַ֥ע 1 The phrase **the turtledove is heard** can be translated in active form. If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who did the action, it is clear from the context that it is people. Alternate translation: “and people hear the voice of the turtledove” or “and people hear the turtledove cooing”
2:12 zmw4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְ⁠ק֥וֹל הַ⁠תּ֖וֹר נִשְׁמַ֥ע 1 If your language does not use the passive form, you could express the idea of the phrase **the turtledove is heard** in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who did the action, it is clear from the context that it is people. Alternate translation: “and people hear the voice of the turtledove” or “and people hear the turtledove cooing”
2:13 mk2y rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns הַ⁠תְּאֵנָה֙ חָֽנְטָ֣ה פַגֶּ֔י⁠הָ 1 The word **tree** is a singular noun that refers to all the fig trees in that region. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “The fig trees are ripening their green figs” or “The figs on the trees are becoming ripe”
2:13 ef3j וְ⁠הַ⁠גְּפָנִ֥ים ׀ סְמָדַ֖ר 1 Alternate translation: “and the grapevines are flowering” or “and the grapevines are blossoming”
2:13 xg4l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit נָ֣תְנוּ רֵ֑יחַ 1 Here, the word **they** refers to blossoms on the grapevines. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “their flowers give off a pleasant smell” or “their blossoms have a sweet smell”
2:13 xhn3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go ק֥וּמִי לכי\n \nרַעְיָתִ֥⁠י יָפָתִ֖⁠י וּ⁠לְכִי־לָֽ⁠ךְ 1 See how you translated the similar phrase in [2:10](../02/10.md). Alternate translation: “Get up, go, my darling, my beauty, and go”
2:14 m3n1 יוֹנָתִ֞⁠י 1 Here, the phrase **My dove** could be: (1) a form of address in which the man is speaking directly to the woman. Alternate translation: “O my dove” (2) the man speaking about the woman rather than addressing her directly. Alternate translation: “The woman I love is a dove”
2:14 wv7q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יוֹנָתִ֞⁠י בְּ⁠חַגְוֵ֣י הַ⁠סֶּ֗לַע בְּ⁠סֵ֨תֶר֙ הַ⁠מַּדְרֵגָ֔ה 1 Here, the man uses a term of affection for the woman, speaking of her as if she were a **dove**. He then explains the way in which she is like a dove. If it would be helpful in your language, you could turn this metaphor into a simile and explain the basis of the comparison. Alternate translation: “O my one who is like a dove. You are like a gentle and timid dove which hides in the clefts of the rock and in the hiding places of the cliff” or “You are like a dove. You are like a gentle and shy dove which hides in the clefts of the rock and in the hiding places of the cliff” or “You are like a dove. Far away in the clefts of the rock, in the hiding places of the cliff”
2:14 y6rv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism בְּ⁠חַגְוֵ֣י הַ⁠סֶּ֗לַע בְּ⁠סֵ֨תֶר֙ הַ⁠מַּדְרֵגָ֔ה 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea (that the woman seems difficult to reach and far away) with different words. Hebrew poetry was based on this kind of repetition, and it would be good to show this to your readers by including both phrases in your translation rather than combining them. However, if it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word such as **yes** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating a similar idea to the first one, not saying something additional. However, if saying similar things twice would confuse your readers you could combine the two lines as modeled by the UST. Alternate translation: “in the clefts of the rock, yes,\nin the hiding places of the cliff”
2:14 y6rv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism בְּ⁠חַגְוֵ֣י הַ⁠סֶּ֗לַע בְּ⁠סֵ֨תֶר֙ הַ⁠מַּדְרֵגָ֔ה 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea (that the woman seems difficult to reach and far away) with different words. Hebrew poetry was based on this kind of repetition, and it would be good to show this to your readers by including both phrases in your translation rather than combining them. However, if it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word such as “yes” in order to show that the second phrase is repeating a similar idea to the first one, not saying something additional. However, if saying similar things twice would confuse your readers you could combine the two lines as modeled by the UST. Alternate translation: “in the clefts of the rock, yes, in the hiding places of the cliff”
2:14 zje5 בְּ⁠חַגְוֵ֣י הַ⁠סֶּ֗לַע 1 Alternate translation: “in the cracks of the rock” or “in the cracks of the rock cliff”
2:14 kkup rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry הַרְאִ֨י⁠נִי֙ אֶתּ־מַרְאַ֔יִ⁠ךְ הַשְׁמִיעִ֖י⁠נִי אֶת־קוֹלֵ֑⁠ךְ כִּי־קוֹלֵ֥⁠ךְ עָרֵ֖ב וּ⁠מַרְאֵ֥י⁠ךְ נָאוֶֽה 1 Here two ideas are presented and then they are further explained in reverse order. This is called a chiasm. Biblical Hebrew sometimes uses this literary device. If possible, try to follow this AB-BA sequence of presenting the information here. See the [book introduction](../front/intro.md) for more information regarding chiasms.
2:14 be0w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative הַרְאִ֨י⁠נִי֙ אֶתּ־ מַרְאַ֔יִ⁠ךְ הַשְׁמִיעִ֖י⁠נִי 1 The phrases **show me** and **make me hear** are imperatives, but they communicate a polite request rather than a command. Use forms in your language that communicate a polite request. It may be helpful to add an expression such as “please” or “let” to make this clear. Alternate translation: “please let me see your appearance, please make me hear” or “let me see you, let me hear”
@ -179,7 +174,7 @@ front:intro an3g 0 # Introduction to the Song of Songs\n\n## Part 1: General
2:16 lxy4 הָ⁠רֹעֶ֖ה בַּ⁠שּׁוֹשַׁנִּֽים 1 The phrase **the man grazing among the lilies** could mean: (1) that the man himself is grazing among the lilies in which case you can translate this phrase as the ULT does. (2) that the man grazes his flock of animals among the lilies. Alternate translation: “the man grazing his flock among the lilies”
2:16 n6c3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הָ⁠רֹעֶ֖ה בַּ⁠שּׁוֹשַׁנִּֽים 1 The woman is speaking of the man as if he were “a gazelle or a young stag” ([2:9](../02/09.md)) that eats **among the lilies**. She is using **lilies** to represent herself as she did in [2:1](../02/01.md). Here, **the lilies** probably specifically represent the woman’s lips. The meaning here is that the man finds sustenance and enjoyment through being with the woman and kissing her lips. If it would help your readers, you could state the meaning plainly as modeled by the UST or you could explain the meaning in a footnote if you are using footnotes in your translation. Alternate translation: “my beloved gets pleasure grazing among the lilies” or “my beloved gets pleasure as he grazes among the lilies”
2:16 x5db rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown בַּ⁠שּׁוֹשַׁנִּֽים 1 See how you translated “lily” (the singular form of **lilies**) in [2:1](../02/01.md).
2:17 p2uq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification שֶׁ⁠יָּפ֨וּחַ֙ הַ⁠יּ֔וֹם וְ⁠נָ֖סוּ הַ⁠צְּלָלִ֑ים 1 The phrases **the day breathes** and **the shadows flee** are parallel ideas which have similar meanings. Together they both either refer to: (1) the evening time when the evening breeze blows (**breathes**) and the shadows cast by the sun disappear (**flee**). Alternate translation: “the evening time when the breeze blows and the shadows cast by the sun disappear” (2) the morning when the light from the sun dawns and the morning breeze blows (**breathes**). Alternate translation: “dawn tomorrow morning, when the darkness disappears” If it would be helpful to your readers you could express the meaning you choose in plain language.\n
2:17 p2uq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification שֶׁ⁠יָּפ֨וּחַ֙ הַ⁠יּ֔וֹם וְ⁠נָ֖סוּ הַ⁠צְּלָלִ֑ים 1 The phrases **the day breathes** and **the shadows flee** are parallel ideas which have similar meanings. Together they both either refer to: (1) the evening time when the evening breeze blows (**breathes**) and the shadows cast by the sun disappear (**flee**). Alternate translation: “the evening time when the breeze blows and the shadows cast by the sun disappear” (2) the morning when the light from the sun dawns and the morning breeze blows (**breathes**). Alternate translation: “dawn tomorrow morning, when the darkness disappears”\n
2:17 h2b1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְ⁠נָ֖סוּ הַ⁠צְּלָלִ֑ים 1 Here, the author is leaving out the word **until** which in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply this words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and until the shadows flee”
2:17 scgd סֹב֩ דְּמֵה־לְ⁠ךָ֨ דוֹדִ֜⁠י 1 Alternate translation: “turn; my beloved, and be like”
2:17 d8mw rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown לִ⁠צְבִ֗י 1 See how you translated the plural form “gazelles” in [2:7](../02/07.md) and translate this word as the singular form of “gazelles.”
@ -345,27 +340,26 @@ front:intro an3g 0 # Introduction to the Song of Songs\n\n## Part 1: General
5:10 xuy2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit דּוֹדִ֥⁠י צַח֙ וְ⁠אָד֔וֹם 1 The word translated here as **shimmering** means refers to something that is “radiant” or “glowing” and here it means that the man’s skin had a healthy glow. The word **red** refers to the man’s healthy color of skin that was a brownish red or reddish brown color. These two words are used together to indicate that the man’s skin and complexion looked healthy and handsome. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate explicitly that these two words refer to his skin or you could summarize what they indicate when used together as modeled by the UST. Alternate translation: “My beloved has radiant and healthy skin” or “My beloved’s skin glows and is a handsome reddish brown” or “My beloved’s skin is radiant and reddish-brown”
5:10 ie7h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive דָּג֖וּל מֵ⁠רְבָבָֽה 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state the phrase **able to be distinguished from** in active form, use an adjective such as “distinguishable” or “outstanding,” or express the meaning in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “he is distinguishable from ten thousand other men”
5:10 hms2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דָּג֖וּל מֵ⁠רְבָבָֽה 1 In the Hebrew language **ten thousand** is the highest number that was used when making comparisons so the woman uses this number here to stand for an uncountable number of **other people**. If you have a similar expression in your culture you could use that. Alternately, if it would help your readers, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “better than anyone else” or “there is no one else like him” or “one in a million”
5:11 s23z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor רֹאשׁ֖⁠וֹ כֶּ֣תֶם פָּ֑ז 1 The woman is speaking of the man’s **head** as if it were **gold**. Because she speaks of the appearance of the man’s **hairs** in the following line she probably intends to speak of the man’s face in this line and express that his face resembles the appearance dazzling beautiful appearance of gold. By adding that the **gold** is **refined gold** the woman is indicating that the **gold** is very special and valuable and so by adding the phrase **refined gold** she is probably indicating that the man is special and has great worth. If it would help your readers you could use a simile to express the meaning or you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “His head is like gold that is refined” or “His face is beautiful and gleams like gold. He is precious and valuable like refined gold” or “His face gleams. He is precious and valuable”
5:11 s23z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor רֹאשׁ֖⁠וֹ כֶּ֣תֶם פָּ֑ז 1 The woman is speaking of the man’s **head** as if it were **gold**. Because she speaks of the appearance of the man’s **hairs** in the following line she probably intends to speak of the man’s face in this line and express that his face resembles the dazzling, beautiful appearance of gold. By adding that the **gold** is **refined gold** the woman is indicating that the **gold** is very special and valuable and so by adding the phrase **refined gold** she is probably indicating that the man is special and has great worth. If it would help your readers you could use a simile to express the meaning or you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “His head is like gold that is refined” or “His face is beautiful and gleams like gold. He is precious and valuable like refined gold” or “His face gleams. He is precious and valuable”
5:11 mojr rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown שְׁחֹר֖וֹת כָּ⁠עוֹרֵֽב 1 A **raven** is a large bird with dark black feathers. Ravens are as big as some hawks and are similar in color and appearance to crows but are larger. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of bird, you could use the name of a similar bird in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “black like a bird with dark black feathers” or “black like a dark black bird”
5:11 m1w4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile קְוּצּוֹתָי⁠ו֙ תַּלְתַּלִּ֔ים שְׁחֹר֖וֹת כָּ⁠עוֹרֵֽב 1 The point of the comparison **black like the raven** is that the man’s hair is dark black like the color of a raven. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express this meaning in plain language. Alternate translation: “his hair is wavy and dark black”\n\n
5:12 m6e7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy His eyes are like doves 0 Translate “eyes are like doves” as in [Song of Songs 1:15](../01/15.md). This could mean: (1) the Israelites considered doves to be gentle and soft birds, and the woman considers the man’s eyes beautiful because the way the man looks at her makes her think he is gentle. Alternate translation: “His eyes are gentle like doves” or (2) the woman is speaking of the man’s white eyeballs or the shape of his eyes, the shape of a dove.
5:12 knr8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor doves beside streams of water 0 Birds that the Israelites considered gentle sitting beside a gently flowing stream are a metaphor for a gentle person.
5:12 xp2d streams of water 0 Alternate translation: “gently flowing water”
5:12 tr46 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor bathed in milk 0 Milk is a metaphor for the whiteness of the doves. Alternate translation: (1) “doves that are white like milk” or (2) milk is a metaphor for the white part of the man’s eyes. Alternate translation: “his pupils are like doves bathing in white milk”
5:12 qe85 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile mounted like jewels 0 His eyes are beautiful. Jewels that a craftsman has carefully put in place are beautiful.
5:13 ip4j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile His cheeks … aromatic scents 0 This explains that his cheeks are like beds of spices because they both give off wonderful smells.
5:13 mtt8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor beds of spices 0 gardens or parts of gardens where people grow spices. Spices give people pleasure. The man’s body gives the woman pleasure.
5:13 mem2 yielding aromatic scents 0 Alternate translation: “that give off wonderful smells.”
5:13 a4hu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor His lips are lilies 0 The woman probably compares his lips with lilies because they are beautiful and smell wonderful.
5:13 t4f1 lilies 0 See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:16](../02/16.md).
5:13 x8c2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor dripping liquid myrrh 0 “that drip with the best myrrh.” His lips are moist and have a wonderful smell like myrrh.
5:14 nl6y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor His arms are rounded gold set with jewels 0 “His arms are cylinders of gold that have jewels all over them.” The woman uses this image to say that his arms are beautiful and precious. The first readers would have understood this as a metaphor for the male body part ([Song of Songs 5:3](./03.md)), but this would be difficult to bring out in translation.
5:14 bg51 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor his abdomen is ivory covered with sapphires 0 “his belly is smooth ivory that has sapphires all over it.” The woman uses this image to say that his belly is beautiful and precious.
5:14 k5ga ivory 0 the white tusk or tooth of an animal that is similar to bone. People use ivory to make smooth and shiny pieces of art.
5:14 ws92 sapphires 0 valuable stones that are either: (1) blue or (2) clear and either blue or golden
5:15 i1xz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor His legs are pillars of marble, set on bases of pure gold 0 Marble and gold are strong and beautiful.
5:15 juu1 marble 0 a very strong stone that has many different colors and that people polish to make very smooth
5:15 z75c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile his appearance is like Lebanon 0 “he looks like Lebanon.” Lebanon was a very beautiful area with many mountains and cedar trees.
5:12 m6e7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile עֵינָ֕י⁠ו כְּ⁠יוֹנִ֖ים עַל־אֲפִ֣יקֵי מָ֑יִם רֹֽחֲצוֹת֙ בֶּֽ⁠חָלָ֔ב יֹשְׁב֖וֹת עַל־מִלֵּֽאת 1 In [1:15](../01/15.md) the man said to the woman, “your eyes are doves.” Here, the woman says this to the man and adds the word **like** and extends the comparison between **doves** and **eyes** by adding the phrase **bathing in milk** which explains what color the doves (eyes) are and by adding two parallel phrases, **beside stream beds of water** and **sitting by the pools**, both of which describe the **doves** as being by water. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could add the words “that are” and “and” to show that the comparison continues throughout the verse. Alternately, you could express the meaning in plain language as modeled by the UST. Alternate translation: “His eyes are like doves beside stream beds of water,\nthat are bathing in milk and sitting beside the pools”
5:12 knr8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism עֵינָ֕י⁠ו כְּ⁠יוֹנִ֖ים עַל־אֲפִ֣יקֵי מָ֑יִם רֹֽחֲצוֹת֙ בֶּֽ⁠חָלָ֔ב יֹשְׁב֖וֹת עַל־מִלֵּֽאת 1 The phrases **beside stream beds of water** and **sitting by the pools** mean basically the same thing. They both describe the **doves** as being by water. Hebrew poetry was based on this kind of repetition, and it would be good to show this to your readers by including both phrases in your translation rather than combining them. However, if it would be helpful to your readers, you could combine them. Alternate translation: “His eyes are like doves beside stream beds of water, bathing in milk” or “His eyes are like doves bathing in milk, sitting by the pools”
5:13 mem2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile לְחָיָ⁠ו֙ כַּ⁠עֲרוּגַ֣ת הַ⁠בֹּ֔שֶׂם מִגְדְּל֖וֹת מֶרְקָחִ֑ים 1 Here, the man’s **cheeks** are compared to a garden, or an area in a garden, used for planting **spices**. The phrase **yielding herbal spices** further describes the first line. The point of this comparison is that the man’s **cheeks** smell **like planters of spices, yielding herbal spices**. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the basis of this comparison. Alternate translation: “His cheeks smell like a bed of spices that produce herbal spices”
5:13 a4hu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שִׂפְתוֹתָי⁠ו֙ שֽׁוֹשַׁנִּ֔ים נֹטְפ֖וֹת מ֥וֹר עֹבֵֽר 1 Here, the woman compares the man’s **lips** to **lilies** that are **dripping with flowing myrrh**. The woman probably compares his lips with **lilies, dripping with flowing myrrh** because of the sweet smell of both **lilies** and **myrrh** and because of the beauty and softness of **lilies** and because the man’s kisses are wet like **flowing myrrh**. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express the meaning with a simile or you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “His lips are beautiful, fragrant, and soft. His kisses are sweet sweet-smelling and moist”
5:13 t4f1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown שֽׁוֹשַׁנִּ֔ים 1 See how you translated **lilies** in [2:16](../02/16.md).
5:13 x8c2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מ֥וֹר עֹבֵֽר 1 See how you translated the phrase **flowing myrrh** in [5:5](../05/05.md).
5:14 nl6y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יָדָי⁠ו֙ גְּלִילֵ֣י זָהָ֔ב מְמֻלָּאִ֖ים בַּ⁠תַּרְשִׁ֑ישׁ 1 Here, the woman compares the man’s **arms** to **rods of gold mounted with topaz**. **rods of gold** were powerful, had an attractive color, and had a finely rounded shape and **topaz** would have made the **rods of gold** even more nice to look at. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express the meaning with a simile or you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “His arms are powerful, nicely rounded, and beautiful like rods of gold mounted with topaz”
5:14 r9p1 יָדָי⁠ו֙ 1 The word that the ULT translates as **arms** could: (1) refer to **arms** in which case you can follow the ULT’s translation. (2) refer to “hands.” Alternate translation: “His hands are”
5:14 h4kv rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown בַּ⁠תַּרְשִׁ֑ישׁ 1 **topaz** is a beautiful looking gem stone used in jewelry and to add decoration to other things. Bible scholars are not certain exactly what stone the word the ULT translates as **topaz** refers to. Many different stones have been proposed such as **topaz** chrysolite, beryl and others. If you have one of these types of stones in your area you could use it in your translation or you could use a general term Alternate translation: “with beautiful stones” or “with jewels”
5:14 bg51 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מֵעָי⁠ו֙ עֶ֣שֶׁת שֵׁ֔ן מְעֻלֶּ֖פֶת סַפִּירִֽים 1 Here, the woman compares the man’s **belly** to **a plate of ivory covered with sapphires**. Both **ivory** and **sapphires** are very beautiful. By comparing the man’s **belly** **a plate of ivory covered with sapphires** she is saying that the man’s belly looks beautiful and is probably also trying to indicate the specialness or uniqueness of his appearance since **ivory** and **sapphires** were rare and costly. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express the meaning with a simile or you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “his belly is beautiful and precious” or “his belly is handsome”
5:14 xnyk מֵעָי⁠ו֙ 1 Alternate translation: “his stomach is”
5:14 k5ga rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown שֵׁ֔ן 1 The word **ivory** refers to the tusks of a large animal called an elephant. **ivory** is a white color and is very beautiful and costly. If your readers would not be familiar with **ivory** you could explain this term in a footnote.
5:14 ws92 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown סַפִּירִֽים 1 **sapphires** are a beautiful blue gem stone. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of stone, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “with blue gem stones” or “with beautiful blue gem stones”
5:15 i1xz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שׁוֹקָי⁠ו֙ עַמּ֣וּדֵי שֵׁ֔שׁ מְיֻסָּדִ֖ים עַל־אַדְנֵי־פָ֑ז\n 1 Here, the woman compares the man’s **thighs** to **pillars of alabaster set on bases of gold**. The woman means that the man’s legs are strong and majestic looking like **pillars of alabaster set on bases of gold**. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express the meaning with a simile or you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “His thighs are strong and majestic like pillars of alabaster set on bases of gold”
5:15 urlk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שׁוֹקָי⁠ו֙ 1 The word the ULT translates as **thighs** most likely refers to the entirety of a person’s legs so you could translate this term as **legs** as the UST does, if you desire.
5:15 juu1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown שֵׁ֔שׁ 1 **alabaster** is a type of stone. The word translated as **alabaster** can refer to either **alabaster** or marble. Both **alabaster** and marble are types of strong stone that are nice looking and are used to make large columns, statues and other things. If your readers would not be familiar with one of these types of stone use the name of the one they are familiar with. If they are not familiar with either you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “marble” or “stone”
5:15 z75c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile מַרְאֵ֨⁠הוּ֙ כַּ⁠לְּבָנ֔וֹן בָּח֖וּר כָּ⁠אֲרָזִֽים 1 **Lebanon** was a beautiful mountainous region and the cedar trees that grew there were tall and strong and considered to be the best wood. The word **choice** here means “excellent quality” so the phrase **as choice as the cedars** means that the man is of excellent quality like the **cedars** in **Lebanon**. The point of this comparison then is that the man is majestic like the area of Lebanon and is tall and strong and stately like the cedar trees in **Lebanon** and is outstanding in comparison to other men. If it would be helpful in your language, you could explain the point of this comparison or express this meaning in plain language. Alternate translation: “His appearance is tall and strong and stately. He is outstanding among other men” or “His appearance is majestic. He is strong and tall and better than other men”
5:16 sc8p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy His mouth is most sweet 0 The mouth is a metonym for either: (1) the man’s sweet kisses or (2) the sweet words that he says.
5:16 w3vr he is completely lovely 0 Alternate translation: “every part of him is lovely” or “all of him is lovely”
5:16 pi1a This is my beloved, and this is my friend 0 The word “This” refers to the man that the woman has just finished describing. Alternate translation: “That is what the one I love is like, and that is what my friend is like”

1 Reference ID Tags SupportReference Quote Occurrence Note
5 1:1 qbe2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession שִׁ֥יר הַ⁠שִּׁירִ֖ים 1 The possessive form is being used here to indicate a comparison with other **songs** and to show that this **song** is the best or greatest of all **songs**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use another form to indicate this. Alternate translation: “The best song” or “The most excellent song” or “The greatest song”
6 1:1 r5ns לִ⁠שְׁלֹמֹֽה 1 The phrase **of Solomon** could mean: (1) Solomon wrote this song. Alternate translation: “Solomon wrote” (2) this song was dedicated to Solomon. Alternate translation: “is dedicated to Solomon” (3) this song was about Solomon. Alternate translation: “is about Solomon”
7 1:2-4 fna4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry יִשָּׁקֵ֨⁠נִי֙ מִ⁠נְּשִׁיק֣וֹת פִּ֔י⁠הוּ כִּֽי־טוֹבִ֥ים דֹּדֶ֖י⁠ךָ מִ⁠יָּֽיִן׃ לְ⁠רֵ֨יחַ֙ שְׁמָנֶ֣י⁠ךָ טוֹבִ֔ים שֶׁ֖מֶן תּוּרַ֣ק שְׁמֶ֑⁠ךָ עַל־כֵּ֖ן עֲלָמ֥וֹת אֲהֵבֽוּ⁠ךָ׃ 1 These lines of poetry most likely indicate thoughts or words that the woman is speaking or thinking to herself while she is alone. Your language may have a way of indicating speech that is expressed toward a person who is not present to hear what is being said.
8 1:2 j5xq tulv rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry יִשָּׁקֵ֨⁠נִי֙ מִ⁠נְּשִׁיק֣וֹת פִּ֔י⁠הוּ 0 1 # General Information:\n\nThe first part of the book begins with this verse. The author is using an emphatic form to indicate the fervor and intensity of the desired kisses. Consider using a natural way in your language to indicate this. Alternate translation: “Let him kiss me again and again with the kisses of his mouth” or “Let him cover my face with the kisses of his mouth”
1:2 tulv rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry יִשָּׁקֵ֨⁠נִי֙ מִ⁠נְּשִׁיק֣וֹת 1 The author is using an emphatic form to indicate the fervor and intensity of the desired kisses. Consider using a natural way in your language to indicate this. Alternate translation: “Let him kiss me again and again with the kisses of” or “Let him cover my face with the kisses of”
9 1:2 d9mu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular דֹּדֶ֖י⁠ךָ 1 In this book every occurrence of the words **you** and **your** are singular. Your language may require you to mark these forms.
10 1:2 th64 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns טוֹבִ֥ים דֹּדֶ֖י⁠ךָ טוֹבִ֥ים דֹּדֶ֖י⁠ךָ מִ⁠יָּֽיִן 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **love**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form or in another way. Alternate translation: “the way you love me is better” or “your loving is better” If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **love**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form or in another way. Alternate translation: “the way you love me is better than wine” or “your loving is better than wine”
11 1:2 nze7 טוֹבִ֥ים דֹּדֶ֖י⁠ךָ מִ⁠יָּֽיִן 1 Alternate translation: “I enjoy having you near me more than I enjoy drinking wine” or “your love is more pleasant than wine”
12 1:3 j5ka לְ⁠רֵ֨יחַ֙ 1 The Hebrew word which the ULT translates as **As for** could: (1) indicate reference, in which case it should be translated as the ULT translates it or with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “In reference to the smell of” or (2) indicate emphasis or be making an assertion. Alternate translation: “Truly, the smell of” or “Indeed, the smell of”
13 1:3 si36 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שְׁמָנֶ֣י⁠ךָ טוֹבִ֔ים 1 Here, **oils** refers to colognes or perfumes. In the authors culture pleasant smelling spices were mixed into olive oil in order to make a pleasant smelling perfume which was then put on the skin. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. If men do not use put pleasant smelling things on their skin in your culture you could say that the man being spoken of here smells pleasant. Alternate translation: “your colognes—they are good” or “your scented oils—they are good” or “your skin—it is good” or “your body—it is good” Here, **oils** refers to colognes or perfumes. In the authors culture pleasant smelling spices were mixed into olive oil in order to make a pleasant smelling perfume which was then put on the skin. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. If men do not put pleasant smelling things on their skin in your culture you could say that the man being spoken of here smells pleasant. Alternate translation: “your colognes—they are good” or “your scented oils—they are good” or “your skin—it is good” or “your body—it is good”
14 1:3 z9t3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שֶׁ֖מֶן תּוּרַ֣ק שְׁמֶ֑⁠ךָ 1 The woman is describing the man she loves and his reputation by association with his **name**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “oil poured out is your reputation” or “oil poured out is the honor that people give to you”
15 1:3 ijen rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שֶׁ֖מֶן תּוּרַ֣ק שְׁמֶ֑⁠ךָ 1 The woman makes a comparison between the man’s reputation (which she refers to as his **name**) and scented oil that is poured out after which the good smell of the oil spreads as the air moves. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the comparison. Alternate translation: “your reputation spreads more and more like the scent of perfume which spreads after it has been poured out”
16 1:3 pj62 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result עַל־כֵּ֖ן 1 The words translated as **Therefore** indicate that what follows is a result of what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a result of what came before. Alternate translation: “As a result”
17 1:4 gec8 מָשְׁכֵ֖⁠נִי 1 Alternate translation: “Lead me”
18 1:4 v83t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you אַחֲרֶ֣י⁠ךָ 1 The word **you** refers to the man and so is singular. Your language may require you to mark this form. In this book every occurrence of the words **you** and **your** are singular.
19 1:4 ty2p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive נָּר֑וּצָה 1 The word **us** refers to the young woman and the man that she is addressing so **us** is inclusive. Your language may require you to mark these forms. Alternate translation: “let you and I run”
20 1:4 xpoe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit נָּר֑וּצָה 1 Here, the woman uses **run** as a poetic way of expressing her desire that she and the man she loves hurry and go away together. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “let us hurry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) Here, the woman uses **run** as a poetic way of expressing her desire that she and the man she loves hurry and go away together. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “let us hurry”
21 1:4 vpdi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הַ⁠מֶּ֜לֶךְ 1 Here, the woman speaks of the man she loves as if he were **The king**. Here, the term **king** is a term of endearment and is an affectionate way for the woman to refer to the man she loves. The woman is not speaking of an actual king but rather this is a poetic way of speaking. The woman is still speaking of the same man that she was speaking of in [1:2-3](../01/02.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning by using a simile. Alternate translation: “He whom I love is like a king to me and” or “He who is like a king to me”
22 1:4 ieqb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הֱבִיאַ֨⁠נִי הַ⁠מֶּ֜לֶךְ 1 The original language word which the ULT translates as **he has brought me** could be describing: (1) a request or wish that the woman has. If it would help your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “May the king bring me” (2) an action that has already happened. Alternate translation: “The king brought me” The original language word which the ULT translates as **he has brought me** could be describing: (1) a request or wish that the woman has. Alternate translation: “May the king bring me” (2) an action that has already happened. Alternate translation: “The king brought me”
23 1:4 aoaz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go הֱבִיאַ֨⁠נִי 1 Your language may say “taken” rather than **brought** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “has taken me”
24 1:4 at7l נָגִ֤ילָה וְ⁠נִשְׂמְחָה֙ בָּ֔⁠ךְ נַזְכִּ֤ירָה דֹדֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ מִ⁠יַּ֔יִן 1 The **us** in these two lines could: (1) be a group of young women speaking about the man. Alternate translation: “We will be glad and rejoice in you. We will profess your love more than wine” (2) be the woman continuing to speak to the man she loves and using **us** to refer to herself. Alternate translation: “May I be glad and rejoice in you. May I profess your love more than wine” (3) be the woman continuing to speak and using **us** to refer to herself and the man. Alternate translation: “Let you and I be glad and rejoice in you. Let you and I profess your love more than wine”\n
25 1:4 isr6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive נָּר֑וּצָה…נָגִ֤ילָה…נַזְכִּ֤ירָה 1 The word *us** is inclusive all three times that it occurs in this verse. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) The word **us** is inclusive all three times that it occurs in this verse. Your language may require you to mark these forms.
26 1:4 ku0t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet נָגִ֤ילָה וְ⁠נִשְׂמְחָה֙ 1 The terms **glad** and **rejoice** mean similar things. The author is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “Let us greatly rejoice” or “Let us rejoice greatly”
27 1:4 geq4 נַזְכִּ֤ירָה 1 Alternate translation: “Let us praise”
28 1:4 rc0e מִ⁠יַּ֔יִן 1 The phrase **more than wine** could mean: (1) that the women would **profess** the man’s **love** as **more** delightful **than wine**. Alternate translation: “as being more delightful than wine” (2) that the women would **profess** the delightfulness of the man’s **love more than** they would **profess** the delightfulness of **wine**. Alternate translation: “more than we profess wine”
31 1:4 gxfw אֲהֵבֽוּ⁠ךָ 1 Alternate translation: “do they admire you”
32 1:4 ag8r מֵישָׁרִ֖ים אֲהֵבֽוּ⁠ךָ 1 Alternate translation: “it is right that other young women adore you” or “no wonder other young women adore you”
33 1:5 ez2x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שְׁחוֹרָ֤ה אֲנִי֙ 1 Here, **I am black** means “My skin is black” or “My skin is very dark.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “My skin is black” or “My skin is very dark”
34 1:5 jpj9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast וְֽ⁠נָאוָ֔ה 1 Here, the word **but** is introducing a contrast. What follows the word **But** is in contrast to what was expected, because in the author’s culture it was not considered attractive for a woman to have skin that was dark as a result of much exposure to the sun. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: “yet lovely” or “but still lovely” Here, the word **but** is introducing a contrast. What follows the word **but** is in contrast to what was expected, because in the author’s culture it was not considered attractive for a woman to have skin that was dark as a result of much exposure to the sun. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: “yet lovely” or “but still lovely”
35 1:5 ck9k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְּנ֖וֹת יְרוּשָׁלִָ֑ם 1 The woman is using the possessive form to poetically describe where the young women (whom she calls **daughters**) live. The phrase **daughters of Jerusalem** refers to the young women who were from the city of Jerusalem (These are probably the same women as the “marriageable women” in [1:3](../01/03.md) and the women referred to as “they” in [1:4](../01/04.md)). If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could indicate the association between these young women and **Jerusalem** in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “daughters from Jerusalem” or “young women from Jerusalem”
36 1:5 rbb3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כְּ⁠אָהֳלֵ֣י קֵדָ֔ר כִּ⁠ירִיע֖וֹת שְׁלֹמֹֽה 1 The Kedar were a tribe of people who used black goat skins to make their tents, thus their tents were dark in color. The woman is comparing her skin to these tents which were dark in color. The phrase **the curtains of Solomon** refers to the curtains in Solomon’s palace which were very beautiful. The point of the first comparison is that the woman’s skin was dark (referring back to and further describing the word **black**) and the point of the second comparison is that the woman was beautiful (referring back to and further describing the word **lovely**). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use equivalent comparisons from your culture or you could retain these similes and express these meanings as plainly as possible. Alternate translation: “like the dark color of the tents of the people of the tribe Kedar, like the curtains of Solomon’s palace” or “as dark as the color of the tents of Kedar, as beautiful as the curtains in Solomon’s palace”
37 1:6 avcq אַל־ תִּרְא֨וּ⁠נִי֙ 1 The phrase **Do not look at me** could mean: (1) that the woman does not want people to look at her with contempt. Alternate translation: “Do not look at me with contempt” or “Do not look down on me” or “Do not look at me disapprovingly” (2) that the woman does not want people to stare at her in admiration of her beauty. Alternate translation: “Do not stare at me because I am so beautiful”
38 1:6 gy5l rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result שֶׁ⁠אֲנִ֣י 1 The word **that** indicates that what follows is a reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “because” The word **that** indicates that what follows is a reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “because I”
39 1:6 nqqb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שֶׁ⁠אֲנִ֣י שְׁחַרְחֹ֔רֶת 1 Here, **I am black** means “my skin is black” or “my skin is very dark” as it did in [1:5](../01/05.md). If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “that my skin is black” or “that my skin is very dark”
40 1:6 im6w rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result שֶׁ⁠שֱּׁזָפַ֖תְ⁠נִי הַ⁠שָּׁ֑מֶשׁ 1 The word **that** indicates that what follows is a reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “because the sun scorched me”
41 1:6 thz7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שֶׁ⁠שֱּׁזָפַ֖תְ⁠נִי הַ⁠שָּׁ֑מֶשׁ 1 The phrase **the sun scorched me** refers to sunlight shining on the skin and means “the sun burned me” or “the sun tanned my skin dark.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “that the sun burned me” or “that the sun turned my skin brown” or “that the sun tanned my skin.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) The phrase **the sun scorched me** refers to sunlight shining on the skin and means “the sun burned me” or “the sun tanned my skin dark.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “that the sun burned me” or “that the sun turned my skin brown” or “that the sun tanned my skin”
42 1:6 v86f נֹטֵרָ֣ה אֶת־הַ⁠כְּרָמִ֔ים כַּרְמִ֥⁠י שֶׁ⁠לִּ֖⁠י לֹ֥א נָטָֽרְתִּי 1 Alternate translation: “as caretaker of the vineyards—my vineyard that is mine, I have not taken care of”
43 1:6 w18k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor כַּרְמִ֥⁠י שֶׁ⁠לִּ֖⁠י לֹ֥א נָטָֽרְתִּי 1 The woman is probably using the phrase **my vineyard** to refer to her complexion. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “my skin, I have not protected from the sun” or “my complexion, I have not protected from the sun”
44 1:7 f9hi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche שֶׁ֤⁠אָהֲבָה֙ נַפְשִׁ֔⁠י 1 The woman is using one part of herself, her **soul**, to represent all of her. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you whom I love”
45 1:7 mpbu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis אֵיכָ֣ה תִרְעֶ֔ה 1 The woman is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “where do you graze your flock” or “where do you graze your sheep”
46 1:7 wsmm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism אֵיכָ֣ה תִרְעֶ֔ה אֵיכָ֖ה תַּרְבִּ֣יץ בַּֽ⁠צָּהֳרָ֑יִם 1 The phrase **where do you graze** and the phrase **Where do you make your flocks lie down at noontime** mean basically the same thing. The second phrase emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. Hebrew poetry was based on this kind of repetition, and it would be good to show this to your readers by including both phrases in your translation rather than combining them. However, if saying very similar things twice might confuse your readers, you could combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “Where do you pasture your flocks in the middle of the day”
47 1:7 v54w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion שַׁ⁠לָּ⁠מָ֤ה אֶֽהְיֶה֙ כְּ⁠עֹ֣טְיָ֔ה עַ֖ל עֶדְרֵ֥י חֲבֵרֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 The woman is not asking for information, but is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate her words as a statement, a request, or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “I do not want to be like a woman who covers herself\nbeside the flocks of your companions” or “Please do not let me be like a woman who covers herself\nbeside the flocks of your companions” or “Tell me so that I will not be like a woman who covers herself\nbeside the flocks of your companions” The woman is not asking for information, but is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate her words as a statement, a request, or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “I do not want to be like a woman who covers herself beside the flocks of your companions” or “Please do not let me be like a woman who covers herself beside the flocks of your companions” or “Tell me so that I will not be like a woman who covers herself beside the flocks of your companions”
48 1:7 f5eb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כְּ⁠עֹ֣טְיָ֔ה עַ֖ל עֶדְרֵ֥י חֲבֵרֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 The phrase **covers herself** means **covers herself with a veil** and the phrase **your companions** refers to the other shepherds who pastured their animals near the flocks of the man and were probably his friends. If it would help your readers, you could express these phrases explicitly. Alternate translation: “like a woman who covers herself with a veil beside the flocks of the other shepherds”
49 1:7 v6rs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile שַׁ⁠לָּ⁠מָ֤ה אֶֽהְיֶה֙ כְּ⁠עֹ֣טְיָ֔ה עַ֖ל עֶדְרֵ֥י חֲבֵרֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 In the authors culture women who were prostitutes often covered their faces with a veil so that people would not recognize them. It would not be normal for a young unmarried woman to be wandering among shepherds and the woman did not want to be mistaken for a prostitute. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the basis of this comparison. Alternate translation: “Tell me where you pasture your flocks so that I will not need to wander around among the flocks of your companions like a prostitute when I am looking for you” or “For why should I be like a prostitute who covers herself with a veil and wanders about\nbeside the flocks of your companions” In the authors culture women who were prostitutes often covered their faces with a veil so that people would not recognize them. It would not be normal for a young unmarried woman to be wandering among shepherds and the woman did not want to be mistaken for a prostitute. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the basis of this comparison. Alternate translation: “Tell me where you pasture your flocks so that I will not need to wander around among the flocks of your companions like a prostitute when I am looking for you” or “For why should I be like a prostitute who covers herself with a veil and wanders about beside the flocks of your companions”
50 1:8 lc64 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical אִם־ לֹ֤א תֵדְעִי֙ לָ֔⁠ךְ הַ⁠יָּפָ֖ה בַּ⁠נָּשִׁ֑ים צְֽאִי־ לָ֞⁠ךְ 1 If it would help your readers to see that this is a conditional statement then you could supply a word like “then” in your translation. Alternate translation: “If you do not know, most beautiful among women, then go out”
51 1:8 fu4f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure אִם־ לֹ֤א תֵדְעִי֙ לָ֔⁠ךְ הַ⁠יָּפָ֖ה בַּ⁠נָּשִׁ֑ים 1 If it would be more natural in your language you could begin this verse with the phrase **most beautiful among women**. Alternate translation: “Most beautiful among women, if you do not know”
52 1:8 nky4 הַ⁠יָּפָ֖ה בַּ⁠נָּשִׁ֑ים 1 Alternate translation: “you who are the most beautiful of all women”
53 1:8 sy7k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go צְֽאִי־ לָ֞⁠ךְ 1 Your language may say “come” rather than **go** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “come out”
54 1:8 al9c וּ⁠רְעִי֙ אֶת־ גְּדִיֹּתַ֔יִ⁠ךְ 1 Alternate translation: “and let your young goats graze” or “and graze your young goats”
55 1:8 fis9 וּ⁠רְעִי֙ אֶת־ גְּדִיֹּתַ֔יִ⁠ךְ 1 Alternate translation: “graze your young goats” or “let your young goats eat” Alternate translation: “and graze your young goats” or “and let your young goats eat”
56 1:9 j8xv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure לְ⁠סֻסָתִ⁠י֙ בְּ⁠רִכְבֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֔ה דִּמִּיתִ֖י⁠ךְ רַעְיָתִֽ⁠ לְ⁠סֻסָתִ⁠י֙ בְּ⁠רִכְבֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֔ה דִּמִּיתִ֖י⁠ךְ רַעְיָתִֽ⁠י 1 If it would be more natural in your language you could begin this verse with the phrase **my darling**. Alternate translation: “My darling, I liken you to a mare among the chariots of Pharaoh”
57 1:9 gw76 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile לְ⁠סֻסָתִ⁠י֙ בְּ⁠רִכְבֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֔ה דִּמִּיתִ֖י⁠ךְ 1 Here, it is implied that the man is comparing the woman to the beauty of a mare and not to other other qualities of a horse. The king of Egypt’s horses were known to be the best in the world and so they would have been very beautiful. If it would help your readers you could explain the point of this comparison. Alternate translation: “Your beauty is like the beauty of Pharaoh’s chariot horses” or “I compare your beauty to the beauty of Pharaoh’s chariot horses”
58 1:9 zyj5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּ⁠רִכְבֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֔ה 1 The man is using the phrase **the chariots** to mean “the horses that pull the chariots.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “among the horses that pull Pharaoh’s chariots” or “among the horses that pull the chariots of Pharaoh”
59 1:9 lnbo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit פַרְעֹ֔ה 1 Here, the term **Pharaoh** does not refer to a specific Egyptian king but is a title used to designate the acting king of Egypt. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “the king of Egypt”
60 1:10 hrjd rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown בַּ⁠תֹּרִ֔ים 1 The term the man uses, which the ULT translates as **earrings**, is a term which refers to strings of small ornaments or jewels which apparently hung down the side of one’s face. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of jewelry you could use a more general term and, if you are using footnotes, you could make a footnote explaining this type of jewelry. Alternate translation: “with neck ornaments” or “strings of jewels” The term the man uses, which the ULT translates as **earrings**, is a term which refers to strings of small ornaments or jewels which apparently hung down the side of one’s face. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of jewelry you could use a more general term and, if you are using footnotes, you could make a footnote explaining this type of jewelry. Alternate translation: “with neck ornaments” or “with strings of jewels”
61 1:10 u7h9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown בַּ⁠חֲרוּזִֽים 1 **necklaces** are a type of jewelry worn around the neck in order to make a person look more attractive. If your readers would not be familiar with **necklaces**, you could use the name of something similar in your area worn around the neck for the purpose of looking nice or you could use a more general term and, if it would help your readers, you could make a footnote explaining what a necklace is if you are using footnotes. Alternate translation: “with neck ornaments” or “strings of jewels” **necklaces** are a type of jewelry worn around the neck in order to make a person look more attractive. If your readers would not be familiar with **necklaces**, you could use the name of something similar in your area worn around the neck for the purpose of looking nice or you could use a more general term and, if it would help your readers, you could make a footnote explaining what a necklace is if you are using footnotes. Alternate translation: “with neck ornaments” or “with strings of jewels”
62 1:11 yuyp rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown תּוֹרֵ֤י 1 See how you translated the term “earrings” in the previous verse.
63 1:11 dza7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns נַעֲשֶׂה 1 The man speaks as if he were many people. Some versions change this to singular “I.” Other versions take these to be the words of the woman’s friends. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) The man speaks as if he were many people. Some versions change this to singular “I.” Other versions take these to be the words of the woman’s friends.
64 1:11 bp6l עִ֖ם נְקֻדּ֥וֹת הַ⁠כָּֽסֶף 1 Alternate translation: “with beads of silver” or “that are decorated with silver”
65 1:12 kec9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שֶׁ֤⁠הַ⁠מֶּ֨לֶךְ֙ 1 See how you translated the phrase “The king” in [1:4](../01/04.md) where it is used with the same meaning.
66 1:12 zt7d בִּ⁠מְסִבּ֔⁠וֹ 1 The word which the ULT translates as **couch** could: (1) refer to a couch and be translated as **couch** as modeled by the ULT. (2) refer to a table. Alternate translation: “was at his table”
69 1:13 vc5v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor צְר֨וֹר הַ⁠מֹּ֤ר ׀ דּוֹדִ⁠י֙ לִ֔⁠י בֵּ֥ין שָׁדַ֖⁠י יָלִֽין 1 In the author’s culture women would sometimes place a small bag or pouch of myrrh on a necklace so it would hang on their neck and they could enjoy its pleasant smell. The woman makes a comparison between the enjoyable experience of having a bag of myrrh near her and the enjoyable experience of having the man she loves near her. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a simile to show the comparison. Alternate translation: “I enjoy having my beloved near me throughout the night like I enjoy the smell of a bag of myrrh”
70 1:13 d77b rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown הַ⁠מֹּ֤ר 1 **myrrh** was a pleasant smelling incense that was made from resin taken from the bark of a certain kind of tree. One of the things it was used for was to make a person smell good. If your readers would not be familiar with **myrrh**, you could use the name of something pleasant smelling in your area that might be used for this purpose or you could use a general expression. Alternate translation: “pleasant smelling perfume”
71 1:13 bzs7 דּוֹדִ⁠י֙ 1 Alternate translation: “is my lover”
72 1:13 f8y8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism אֶשְׁכֹּ֨ל הַ⁠כֹּ֤פֶר ׀ דּוֹדִ⁠י֙ לִ֔⁠י צְר֨וֹר הַ⁠מֹּ֤ר ׀ דּוֹדִ⁠י֙ לִ֔⁠י בֵּ֥ין שָׁדַ֖⁠י יָלִֽין 1 If using the word **breasts** would offend your readers, you could use an appropriate euphemism for **breasts** or state the meaning of the phrase **between my breasts it stays** using a more general expression. Alternate translation: “My beloved stays very close to me during the night, like a bundle of myrrh hanging near my chest”
73 1:13 bl0z יָלִֽין 1 Here, the original language word that the ULT translates with the phrase **it stays** is ambiguous regarding what it is that **stays**. This word could: (1) indicate that the **bundle of myrrh** is what **stays**, in which case it should be translated as something similar to **it stays** as modeled by the ULT. (2) mean that the man **stays**. Alternate translation: “he stays”
74 1:13 jw0u יָלִֽין 1 Here, the word **stays** could: (1) refer to staying in one place for a prolonged period of time in which case you could translate this word with something similar to **stays** as modeled by the ULT. (2) refer to lying down. Alternate translation: “it lies”
75 1:14 a6jk rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown הַ⁠כֹּ֤פֶר 1 The phrase **henna blossoms** refers to **blossoms** from the **henna** plant which produces clusters of flower blossoms which have a pleasant smell. If your readers would not be familiar with this plant, you could use the name of a plant in your area that has a pleasant smell, you could explain in your translation that henna is a plant that produces fragrant blossoms, or you could use a general expression. Alternate translation: “fragrant flowers” or “fragrant blossoms from the henna plant”
76 1:14 zh75 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֶשְׁכֹּ֨ל הַ⁠כֹּ֤פֶר ׀ דּוֹדִ⁠י֙ לִ֔⁠י בְּ⁠כַרְמֵ֖י עֵ֥ין גֶּֽדִי 1 Here, **vineyards of En Gedi** is probably a reference to the woman’s body because at that time **vineyards** were often used to convey a sexual meaning and because the phrase **in the vineyards of Engedi** is in parallel to phrase in the previous verse in which the woman refers to her body by saying that her “beloved” is like a “bundle of myrrh“ which “stays” (the night) “between” her “breasts.” In this verse the woman makes a comparison between the pleasurable experience of the smell of henna blossoms and her enjoyment of having the man she loves near her body. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a simile to show the comparison. Because the woman describes her body in a poetic way with images, it is recommended that you either maintain these images or select images from your context and language that communicate the same concepts. Alternate translation: “I enjoy being near my beloved’s body like I enjoy the smell of the henna flowers in the vineyards of Engedi” or “I delight in my beloved being near my body like I enjoy the smell of the henna flowers in the vineyards of Engedi” Here, **vineyards of En Gedi** is probably a reference to the woman’s body because at that time **vineyards** were often used to convey a sexual meaning and because the phrase **in the vineyards of Engedi** is in parallel to the phrase in the previous verse in which the woman refers to her body by saying that her “beloved” is like a “bundle of myrrh“ which “stays” (the night) “between” her “breasts.” In this verse the woman makes a comparison between the pleasurable experience of the smell of henna blossoms and her enjoyment of having the man she loves near her body. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a simile to show the comparison. Because the woman describes her body in a poetic way with images, it is recommended that you either maintain these images or select images from your context and language that communicate the same concepts. Alternate translation: “I enjoy being near my beloved’s body like I enjoy the smell of the henna flowers in the vineyards of Engedi” or “I delight in my beloved being near my body like I enjoy the smell of the henna flowers in the vineyards of Engedi”
1:14 nop3 עֵ֥ין גֶּֽדִי 1
77 1:15 tae6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamation הִנָּ֤⁠ךְ…הִנָּ֥⁠ךְ 1 The man is using the term **Behold** to focus attention on what he is about to say. Your language may have a comparable expression that you could use in your translation. Alternate translation: “Look at you! … Look at you!”
78 1:15 x2d5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism הִנָּ֤⁠ךְ יָפָה֙ רַעְיָתִ֔⁠י הִנָּ֥⁠ךְ יָפָ֖ה עֵינַ֥יִ⁠ךְ יוֹנִֽים 1 The man uses the phrase **Behold you—you are beautiful** two times for emphasis. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one and provide emphasis in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Behold you—you are beautiful, my darling. Your eyes are doves”
79 1:15 m114 רַעְיָתִ֔⁠י 1 See how you translated the phrase **my darling** in [1:9](../01/09.md)
80 1:15 fb4x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עֵינַ֥יִ⁠ךְ יוֹנִֽים 1 The man makes a comparison between the beauty and gentleness of doves and the woman’s eyes. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a simile to show the comparison or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “your eyes are like doves” or “your eyes are gentle and beautiful”
81 1:16 sbi4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamation הִנְּ⁠ךָ֨ 1 The woman is using the term **Look** to focus attention on what she is about to say. Your language may have a comparable expression that you could use in your translation. Alternate translation: “Behold!” The woman is using the term **Behold** to focus attention on what she is about to say. Your language may have a comparable expression that you could use in your translation. Alternate translation: “Look at you”
82 1:16 febl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure הִנְּ⁠ךָ֨ יָפֶ֤ה דוֹדִ⁠י֙ אַ֣ף נָעִ֔ים אַף־ עַרְשֵׂ֖⁠נוּ רַעֲנָנָֽה 1 If it would be more natural in your language you could either begin or end this verse with the phrase **my beloved**.
83 1:16 x3pr דוֹדִ⁠י֙ 1 See how you translated the phrase **my beloved** in [1:13](../01/13.md). Alternate translation: “my lover”
84 1:16 km29 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis אַ֣ף נָעִ֔ים 1 The woman is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “you are truly pleasant”
85 1:16 q43e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עַרְשֵׂ֖⁠נוּ 1 Here, **couch** does not refer to a literal couch but rather to the place where the couple would lie down in the forest. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “the place where we lie down is” or “the place we lie down on like a bed is”
86 1:16 xed8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit רַעֲנָנָֽה 1 Here, the original language word that the ULT translates as **leafy** refers to plants that are the green color. You could translate **leafy** in a general way such as “green” or if it would help your readers you could indicate specifically what vegetation the word **leafy** refers to. Here, **leafy** could refer to: (1) the grass that the couple layed down on. Alternate translation: “grass” (2) the branches above their meeting place in the forest. Alternate translation: “under the cover of branches” or “shaded by branches” Here, the word that the ULT translates as **leafy** refers to plants that are a green color. You could translate **leafy** in a general way such as “green” or if it would help your readers you could indicate specifically what vegetation the word **leafy** refers to. Here, **leafy** could refer to: (1) the grass that the couple laied down on. Alternate translation: “grass” (2) the branches above their meeting place in the forest. Alternate translation: “under the cover of branches” or “shaded by branches”
87 1:17 v14z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor קֹר֤וֹת בָּתֵּ֨י⁠נוּ֙ אֲרָזִ֔ים רַהִיטֵ֖נוּ בְּרוֹתִֽים 1 Here the woman is speaking of the forest as though it were a **house**, the cedar trees as if they were the **beams** of the house and **pine** trees as if they were the **rafters** of the house. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly or use a simile as modeled by the UST. Alternate translation: “Our meeting place is shaded by cedar and pine trees” or “Branches of cedar and pine trees will be a canopy over our meeting place” Here the woman is speaking of the forest as though it were a **house**, the cedar trees as if they were the **beams** of the **house** and **pine** trees as if they were the **rafters** of the **house**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly or use a simile as modeled by the UST. Alternate translation: “Our meeting place is shaded by cedar and pine trees” or “Branches of cedar and pine trees will be a canopy over our meeting place”
88 1:17 c3e5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown בְּרוֹתִֽים 1 **pine** is a type of tree that grows tall and close to other trees so that they provide shade from the sun. If your readers would not be familiar with **pine** trees, you could use general phrase describing them or use the name of a tree that grows tall and densely in your area. Alternate translation: “tall leafy trees”
89 2:intro u8uv 0 # Song of Songs 2 General Notes\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Metaphor\n\nWomen are compared to flowers in this chapter. This metaphor may describe a woman’s beauty and delicacy. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n### Euphemisms\n\nIt is possible that some of the metaphors used in this chapter are actually euphemisms. These euphemisms would refer to sex or the physical love between a husband a wife. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
90 2:1 cne2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲנִי֙ חֲבַצֶּ֣לֶת הַ⁠שָּׁר֔וֹן שֽׁוֹשַׁנַּ֖ת הָ⁠עֲמָקִֽים 1 The woman is speaking of herself as if she is two different types of flowers in order to make a comparison between herself and these flowers. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly, explain the comparison, or use a simile as modeled by the UST. The reason the woman compares herself to these wildflowers is to express that she thinks she has only common beauty and is no more attractive than the other young women her age. Alternate translation: “I am as common as a wildflower of Sharon or a lily of the valleys” or “my beauty is as common as a wildflower in Sharon or a lily of the valleys” The woman is speaking of herself as if she is two different types of flowers in order to make a comparison between herself and these flowers. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly, explain the comparison, or use a simile as modeled by the UST. The reason the woman compares herself to these wildflowers is to express that she thinks she has only common beauty and is no more attractive than other young women her age. Alternate translation: “I am as common as a wildflower of Sharon or a lily of the valleys” or “My beauty is as common as a wildflower in Sharon or a lily of the valleys”
91 2:1 ps9x rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown חֲבַצֶּ֣לֶת 1 The original word which the ULT translates as **flower** refers to a specific type of flower which grows on the ground. The exact type of flower that the original word refers to cannot be known with certainty so you could use the name of a pretty wildflower in your area or you could use a general term as modeled by the ULT.
92 2:1 gh6w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַ⁠שָּׁר֔וֹן 1 **Sharon** was the name of a specific plain (a flat area). The word **Sharon** refers to a flat, wide area and so by using the word **Sharon** the woman is probably referring to “plains” in general and expressing that she is like a wildflower that grows on the plains. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly as modeled by the UST. **Sharon** was the name of a specific plain (a flat area) and the word itself refers to a flat, wide area and so by using the word **Sharon** the woman is probably referring to “plains” in general and expressing that she is like a wildflower that grows on the plains. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly as modeled by the UST.
93 2:1 bw25 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism אֲנִי֙ חֲבַצֶּ֣לֶת הַ⁠שָּׁר֔וֹן שֽׁוֹשַׁנַּ֖ת הָ⁠עֲמָקִֽים 1 The phrase **a flower of Sharon** and the phrase **a lily of the valleys** mean very similar things. The second phrase emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. Hebrew poetry was based on this kind of repetition, and it would be good to show this to your readers by including both phrases in your translation rather than combining them. However, if saying very similar things twice might confuse your readers, you could combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “I am a wildflower that grows in the plains and the valleys”
94 2:1 cxaq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis שֽׁוֹשַׁנַּ֖ת 1 The woman is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “I am a lily of”
95 2:1 ni5p rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown שֽׁוֹשַׁנַּ֖ת 1 A **lily** is a type of flower. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of flower, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “a flower of”
96 2:2 ibi6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כְּ⁠שֽׁוֹשַׁנָּה֙ בֵּ֣ין הַ⁠חוֹחִ֔ים כֵּ֥ן רַעְיָתִ֖⁠י בֵּ֥ין הַ⁠בָּנֽוֹת 1 The man compares the woman he loves to **a lily among thorns**. The point of this comparison is that in the same way that **a lily** is much more beautiful than **thorns** so the woman is much more beautiful than the other young women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent comparison or express this meaning in plain language. Alternate translation: “You my darling, are much more beautiful than all other women”
97 2:2 l00i rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown כְּ⁠שֽׁוֹשַׁנָּה֙ 1 See how you translated the word **lily** in [2:1](../02/01.md)
98 2:2 bi45 רַעְיָתִ֖⁠י 1 See how you translated the phrase **my darling** in [1:9](../01/09.md).
99 2:2 y9bu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַ⁠בָּנֽוֹת 1 Here, the phrase **the daughters** refers to the **daughters of Jerusalem** mentioned in [1:5](../01/05.md) and probably refers not just to the young women of Jerusalem but also to all women. If it would help your readers you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “the young women of Jerusalem” or “other young women” Here, the phrase **the daughters** refers to the **daughters of Jerusalem** mentioned in [1:5](../01/05.md) and probably refers not just to the young women of Jerusalem but also to all women. If it would help your readers you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “the young women of Jerusalem” or “the other young women”
100 2:3 xz7y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כְּ⁠תַפּ֨וּחַ֙ בַּ⁠עֲצֵ֣י הַ⁠יַּ֔עַר כֵּ֥ן דּוֹדִ֖⁠י בֵּ֣ין הַ⁠בָּנִ֑ים 1 The woman is saying that the man is like an **apple tree** because in the same way that **an apple tree** is more pleasant than the other **trees of the forest**, so the man she loves is more pleasant than other men. If it would be helpful in your language, you could explain the basis of this comparison. Alternate translation: “As apple trees are more pleasant than other trees, so you my beloved are more pleasant than other men”
101 2:3 jjo5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure כְּ⁠תַפּ֨וּחַ֙ בַּ⁠עֲצֵ֣י הַ⁠יַּ֔עַר כֵּ֥ן דּוֹדִ֖⁠י בֵּ֣ין הַ⁠בָּנִ֑ים 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “Among the other young men my beloved is like an apple tree among the trees of the forest” or “Compared to other men my beloved is like an apple tree among the trees of the forest”
102 2:3 yr6x rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown כְּ⁠תַפּ֨וּחַ֙ 1 An **apple tree** is a tree that produces pleasant tasting fruit and has a pleasant smell. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of tree, you could use the name of a similar tree in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “Like a tree that produces pleasant tasting fruit”
103 2:3 qtmu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בַּ⁠עֲצֵ֣י הַ⁠יַּ֔עַר 1 The phrase **the trees of the forest** refers to the other trees of the forest which were considered common when compared to an apple tree. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “among the other trees of the forest” or “compared to the common trees of the forest”
104 2:3 q7kl דּוֹדִ֖⁠י 1 See how you translated the phrase **my beloved** in [1:13](../01/13.md).
105 2:3 eogn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בֵּ֣ין הַ⁠בָּנִ֑ים 1 Here, the phrase **the sons** refers to the other young men. In the previous verse the man compared the woman to the other “daughters” (young women). Here the woman compares the man she loves to the other young men, whom she calls **the sons**. If it would help your readers you could indicate explicitly what **the sons** means here. Alternate translation: “among the other young men” or “when compared to all the other men”
106 2:3 pii3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּ⁠צִלּ⁠וֹ֙ חִמַּ֣דְתִּי וְ⁠יָשַׁ֔בְתִּי וּ⁠פִרְי֖⁠וֹ מָת֥וֹק לְ⁠חִכִּֽ⁠י 1 Here the woman continues speaking of the man as if he were **an apple tree**. The word **shadow** refers to the shade of an apple tree which would give both protection from the sun and refreshment. To **sit** represents being near or in the presence of the man and his **fruit** being **sweet** means that he causes the woman to experience pleasurable feelings in a way that is comparable to eating sweet fruit. If it is possible in your language you should try to retain the images used here, or substitute a comparable image if needed. If you are not able to retain the metaphors without causing misunderstanding, you could use similes or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “He provides me with refreshment and protection when I am in his presence, he gives me great pleasure” or “I sit in his presence and he refreshes and protects me, he is delightful to me like sweet fruit” Here the woman continues speaking of the man as if he were **an apple tree**. The word **shadow** refers to the shade of an apple tree which would give protection from the sun and refreshment. To **sit** represents being near or in the presence of the man. The phrase **his fruit is sweet** means that he causes the woman to experience pleasurable feelings in a way that is comparable to eating sweet fruit. If it is possible in your language you should try to retain the images used here, or substitute a comparable image if needed. If you are not able to retain the metaphors without causing misunderstanding, you could use similes or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “He provides me with refreshment and protection when I am in his presence, he gives me great pleasure” or “I sit in his presence and he refreshes and protects me. He is delightful to me like sweet fruit”
107 2:3 fkm3 בְּ⁠צִלּ⁠וֹ֙ 1 Alternate translation: “In his shade”
108 2:3 bfja חִמַּ֣דְתִּי 1 Alternate translation: “I passionately desired”
109 2:4 o9vh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הֱבִיאַ֨⁠נִי֙ 1 See how you translated the phrase “has brought me” in [1:4](../01/04.md). The original language word which the ULT translates here as **He brought me** could be describing: (1) a request or wish that the woman has and not something that has already happened. If it would help your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “May he bring me” or ”I desire him to bring me” (2) an action that has already happened. Alternate translation: “He has brought me” See how you translated the phrase “has brought me” in [1:4](../01/04.md). The original language word which the ULT translates here as **He brought me** could be describing: (1) a request or wish that the woman has and not something that has already happened. Alternate translation: “May he bring me” or ”I desire him to bring me” (2) an action that has already happened. Alternate translation: “He has brought me”
110 2:4 f7e2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go הֱבִיאַ֨⁠נִי֙ 1 Your language may say “took” rather than **brought** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “He took me”
111 2:4 ift6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בֵּ֣ית הַ⁠יָּ֔יִן 1 In the author’s culture the phrase **house of wine** was used to refer to a location that people went for the purpose of drinking wine. The phrase does not necessarily indicate a **house** or building so here it could be referring a private location that used as their meeting place, possibly the “house” (location) where they spent time together in the forest (described in [1:17](../01/17.md)). If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly or use a general expression that allows for either meaning. Alternate translation: “the place where wine is drunk” or ”the place where wine is served” or ”our meeting place” In the author’s culture the phrase **house of wine** was used to refer to a location that people went for the purpose of drinking wine. The phrase does not necessarily indicate a **house** or building so here it could be referring a private location that the couple used as their meeting place, possibly the “house” (location) where they spent time together in the forest (described in [1:17](../01/17.md)). If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly or use a general expression that allows for either meaning. Alternate translation: “the place where wine is drunk” or ”the place where wine is served” or ”our meeting place”
112 2:4 hxuz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism בֵּ֣ית הַ⁠יָּ֔יִן 1 Here, **house of wine** most likely does not refer to a literal **house of wine** but instead the woman is probably using this phrase to poetically describe a private meeting place where they could enjoy expressing their love for each other. She is describing their meeting place by using an image that was meaningful in that culture. If it would be helpful in your language, you could retain the literal translation **house of wine** and explain the meaning in a footnote (if you are using them), or you could express the meaning using a different expression that is meaningful in your culture, or you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “our meeting place so that we could enjoy our love” or ”the place where we could celebrate our love for each other” or ”the place where we could consummate our love”
113 2:4 rp8q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠דִגְל֥⁠וֹ עָלַ֖⁠י אַהֲבָֽה 1 The woman is speaking of the man’s **love** for her as if it were a **banner**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and he publicly displays his love for me and his intention is to protect me” or “and he covers me with his love”
114 2:4 jgbx rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown וְ⁠דִגְל֥⁠וֹ 1 A **banner** is a flag made out of a large piece of cloth that is attached to the top of a long wooden pole. People groups and kings had their own unique banners by which they identified themselves. If your readers would not be familiar with this term, you could use the name of something used for a similar purpose in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “and his flag”
117 2:5 ukb7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-plural סַמְּכ֨וּ⁠נִי֙…רַפְּד֖וּ⁠נִי 1 The phrases **Sustain me** and **refresh me** are plural imperative forms in the original language. The woman is addressing the man using plural forms to show the intensity of her feelings. Your language may allow you to do the same thing. The ULT indicates the intensity that these two plural forms indicate by placing an exclamation point at the end of this verse. Use a natural form in your language for showing intensity of emotion.
118 2:5 t16z rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result סַמְּכ֨וּ⁠נִי֙ בָּֽ⁠אֲשִׁישׁ֔וֹת רַפְּד֖וּ⁠נִי בַּ⁠תַּפּוּחִ֑ים כִּי־ חוֹלַ֥ת אַהֲבָ֖ה אָֽנִי 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of the phrases in this verse, since the second part gives the reason for the result that the first part describes. Alternate translation: “Because I am sick with love, sustain me with raisin cakes and refresh me with apples”
119 2:5 khc1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown בָּֽ⁠אֲשִׁישׁ֔וֹת 1 A **raisin** is a dried grape. Raisin cakes were cakes made of dried grapes pressed together. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of fruit, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “with cakes made of dried fruit”
120 2:5 gs2a rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown בַּ⁠תַּפּוּחִ֑ים 1 An **apple** is a round pleasant tasting fruit that grows on a tree and is about the size of an adult human’s fist. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of fruit, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “fruit” An **apple** is a round pleasant tasting fruit that grows on a tree and is about the size of an adult human’s fist. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of fruit, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “with fruit”
121 2:5 y4qy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole כִּי־חוֹלַ֥ת אַהֲבָ֖ה אָֽנִי 1 The woman speaks of feeling **sick with love** because her feelings of love are so strong for the man that they overwhelm her body as if they were a kind of sickness. She is exaggerating in order to emphasize the strength of her feelings for the man. Alternate translation: “for my love for you is so strong that I feel as if I were sick with love” or “because my love for you overwhelms me like a sickness”
122 2:5 ijwy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns אַהֲבָ֖ה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **love**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form as modeled by the UST.
123 2:6 m6ys שְׂמֹאל⁠וֹ֙ תַּ֣חַת לְ⁠רֹאשִׁ֔⁠י וִ⁠ימִינ֖⁠וֹ תְּחַבְּקֵֽ⁠נִי 1 This verse could be describing: (1) an action that the man was doing in which case it should be translated in a similar way to the way that the ULT translates it. (2) a request or wish that the woman has and not something that has already happened. Alternate translation: “ I hope he puts his left arm under my head\nand holds me close with his right arm” or ”I want him to put his left arm under my head\nand hold me close with his right arm” This verse could be describing: (1) an action that the man was doing in which case it should be translated in a similar way to the way that the ULT translates it. (2) a request or wish that the woman has and not something that has already happened. Alternate translation: “I hope he puts his left arm under my head and holds me close with his right arm” or ”I want him to put his left arm under my head and hold me close with his right arm”
124 2:6 2:7 fq8w l67b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe הִשְׁבַּ֨עְתִּי אֶתְ⁠כֶ֜ם בְּנ֤וֹת יְרוּשָׁלִַ֨ם֙ 0 1 Alternate translation: “holds me” Here, the author portrays the woman speaking to the **daughters of Jerusalem** as if they were present and could hear her but most likely they are not present but rather the author is depicting the woman as addressing the **daughters of Jerusalem** as a poetic way of giving voice to the woman’s feelings. Because the author does this intentionally for poetic effect it is suggested that you do the same. If it would be helpful in your language, you could indicate this in a footnote if you are using them.
2:7 l67b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe הִשְׁבַּ֨עְתִּי אֶתְ⁠כֶ֜ם בְּנ֤וֹת יְרוּשָׁלִַ֨ם֙ 1 Here the author portrays the woman as speaking to the **daughters of Jerusalem** as if they were present and could hear her but most likely they are not present but rather the author is depicting the woman as addressing the **daughters of Jerusalem** as a poetic way of giving voice to the woman’s feelings. Because the author does this intentionally for poetic effect it is suggested that you do the same. If it would be helpful in your language, you could indicate this in a footnote if you are using them.
125 2:7 f8kj rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-oathformula הִשְׁבַּ֨עְתִּי אֶתְ⁠כֶ֜ם…בִּ⁠צְבָא֔וֹת א֖וֹ בְּ⁠אַיְל֣וֹת הַ⁠שָּׂדֶ֑ה 1 **I adjure you** and the word **by** are both parts of Hebrew oath or promise formulas. You can use a natural way of making a promise in your culture that would be appropriate in this context. Alternate translation: “I urge you to promise me … with the female gazelles or the does of the field as our witnesses” or “Please, promise me … with the female gazelles or the does of the field as our witnesses” or “I want you to make an oath … with the female gazelles or the does of the field listening”
126 2:7 to30 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְּנ֤וֹת יְרוּשָׁלִַ֨ם֙ 1 See how you translated the phrase **daughters of Jerusalem** in [1:5](../01/05.md).
127 2:7 n4wq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בִּ⁠צְבָא֔וֹת א֖וֹ בְּ⁠אַיְל֣וֹת הַ⁠שָּׂדֶ֑ה 1 Here, the woman is using the possessive form to describe that **female gazelles** and **does** live in fields and therefore are wild rather than domesticated animals. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could explain the meaning of the phrase **of the field** in your translation. Alternate translation: “by the wild female gazelles and does” Here, the woman is using the possessive form to indicate that **female gazelles** and **does** live in **the field** and therefore are wild rather than domesticated animals. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could explain the meaning of the phrase **of the field** in your translation. Alternate translation: “by the wild female gazelles and does” or “by the wild female gazelles or the wild does” or “by the female gazelles or the does that live in the wild”
128 2:7 sz5c rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown בִּ⁠צְבָא֔וֹת א֖וֹ בְּ⁠אַיְל֣וֹת 1 A gazelle is an animal that is a small antelope and looks like a deer, moves quickly like a deer, and is very similar in size to a deer. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of animal, you could use the name of something similar in your area or if you do not have two deer-like animals in your area or if your language does not have two different words for deer-like animals you could combine the terms **female gazelles** and **does** into one term. Alternate translation: “by the female deer of” or “by the female gazelles of”
129 2:7 nt79 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּ⁠אַיְל֣וֹת 1 **Does** are female deer. If it would be helpful to your readers you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “the female deer of” The term **does** refers to female deer. If it would be helpful to your readers you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “the female deer of”
130 2:7 ekc3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification אִם־ תָּעִ֧ירוּ ׀ וְֽ⁠אִם־ תְּעֽוֹרְר֛וּ אֶת־ הָ⁠אַהֲבָ֖ה עַ֥ד שֶׁ⁠תֶּחְפָּֽץ 1 Here **love** is spoken of as if it were a person who could sleep and be awakened and as if it were a person who could have **desires**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “do not encourage people to love romantically until the appropriate time” or “do not encourage people’s romantic feelings until the appropriate time” Here **love** is spoken of as if it were a person who could sleep and be awakened and as if it were a person who could have **desires**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “do not encourage people to love romantically until the appropriate time” or “do not encourage people to have romantic feelings until the appropriate time”
131 2:7 fz3j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet אִם־תָּעִ֧ירוּ ׀ וְֽ⁠אִם־ תְּעֽוֹרְר֛וּ 1 Here, the words **awaken** and **stir** mean basically the same thing. The repetition is used for emphasis. If your language does not use repetition to do this, you could use one phrase and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “do not awaken” Here, the words **awaken** and **stir** mean basically the same thing. The repetition is used for emphasis. If your language does not use repetition to do this, you could use one phrase and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “do not awaken” or “do not stir up feeling of”
132 2:7 z2xm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns הָ⁠אַהֲבָ֖ה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **love**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form as modeled by the UST.
2:8 aay2 0 # General Information:\n\nThe second part of the book begins here. It is not clear whether the woman is speaking to herself or to the daughters of Jerusalem.
133 2:8 fq0o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ק֣וֹל דּוֹדִ֔⁠י 1 Here the original language word which the ULT translates as **voice** is being used to get the readers attention. If it would help your readers you can indicate that explicitly in your translation. Alternate translation: “Listen, I hear my beloved speaking” or “Listen, I hear my beloved approaching”
134 2:8 okuh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamation הִנֵּה 1 **Behold** is an exclamation word that is used to bring attention to something. Here it is used to bring attention to the man’s approach. Use an exclamation that is natural in your language for communicating this. See how you translated “Behold” in [1:15](../01/015.md). Alternate translation: “Look”
135 2:8 happ rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go בָּ֑א 1 Your language may say “going” rather than **coming** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “is going”
136 2:8 tymi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism מְדַלֵּג֙ עַל־ הֶ֣⁠הָרִ֔ים מְקַפֵּ֖ץ עַל־ הַ⁠גְּבָעֽוֹת 1 These two phrases mean the same thing. The woman says the same thing twice, in slightly different ways, to give emphasis to what she is saying. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing in your language, or if you do not have two words for steeply elevated inclines you could combine these two phrases and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “jumping over the mountains!” or “leaping over the hills!”
137 2:8-9 fr67 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile מְדַלֵּג֙ עַל־הֶ֣⁠הָרִ֔ים מְקַפֵּ֖ץ עַל־הַ⁠גְּבָעֽוֹת & דּוֹמֶ֤ה דוֹדִ⁠י֙ לִ⁠צְבִ֔י א֖וֹ לְ⁠עֹ֣פֶר 1 The woman speaks of the man as if he were **a gazelle or a young stag**. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the basis of this comparison. Alternate translation: “leaping over the mountains, jumping over the hills. My beloved is agile and fast and he exudes freedom and strength like a gazelle or a young stag” The woman speaks of the man as if he were **a gazelle or a young stag**. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the basis of this comparison. Alternate translation: “leaping over the mountains, jumping over the hills. My beloved is agile and fast and he exudes freedom and strength like a gazelle or young stag”
138 2:8-9 gatn5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure מְדַלֵּג֙ עַל־הֶ֣⁠הָרִ֔ים מְקַפֵּ֖ץ עַל־הַ⁠גְּבָעֽוֹת דּוֹמֶ֤ה דוֹדִ⁠י֙ לִ⁠צְבִ֔י א֖וֹ לְ⁠עֹ֣פֶר מְדַלֵּג֙ עַל־הֶ֣⁠הָרִ֔ים מְקַפֵּ֖ץ עַל־הַ⁠גְּבָעֽוֹת & דּוֹמֶ֤ה דוֹדִ⁠י֙ לִ⁠צְבִ֔י א֖וֹ לְ⁠עֹ֣פֶר 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “My beloved resembles a gazelle or a young stag, leaping over the mountains, jumping over the hills” or “My beloved is like a gazelle or a young stag, leaping over the mountains, jumping over the hills”
2:8 j2nl 0 This could mean: (1) “Listen carefully to what I am about to say.” You could use a word in your language that tells the hearer to listen carefully, or (2) “Listen so you can hear him coming.”
139 2:9 kq5f rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown לִ⁠צְבִ֔י 1 See how you translated the plural form “gazelles” in [2:7](../02/07.md) and translate this word as the singular of “gazelles.”
140 2:9 qbs9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הָֽ⁠אַיָּלִ֑ים 1 A **stag** is a male deer. If it would help your readers you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “male deer”
141 2:9 s6z4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamation הִנֵּה־זֶ֤ה עוֹמֵד֙ 1 **Behold** is an exclamation word that is used to bring attention to something. Here it is used to draw attention to the man’s arrival. Use an exclamation that is natural in your language in this context. Alternate translation: “Look! Here he is! Standing”
153 2:11 b8gp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go הָלַ֥ךְ לֽ⁠וֹ 1 Your language may not say **went** in contexts such as this. Alternate translation: “it ended” or “it left”
154 2:11 eh4t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet חָלַ֖ף הָלַ֥ךְ לֽ⁠וֹ 1 The terms **passed** and **went away** mean similar things. The author is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “is over and gone” or “has gone away”
155 2:12 j8f3 בָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ 1 Alternate translation: “throughout the land”
156 2:12 zmw4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְ⁠ק֥וֹל הַ⁠תּ֖וֹר נִשְׁמַ֥ע 1 The phrase **the turtledove is heard** can be translated in active form. If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who did the action, it is clear from the context that it is people. Alternate translation: “and people hear the voice of the turtledove” or “and people hear the turtledove cooing” If your language does not use the passive form, you could express the idea of the phrase **the turtledove is heard** in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who did the action, it is clear from the context that it is people. Alternate translation: “and people hear the voice of the turtledove” or “and people hear the turtledove cooing”
157 2:13 mk2y rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns הַ⁠תְּאֵנָה֙ חָֽנְטָ֣ה פַגֶּ֔י⁠הָ 1 The word **tree** is a singular noun that refers to all the fig trees in that region. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “The fig trees are ripening their green figs” or “The figs on the trees are becoming ripe”
158 2:13 ef3j וְ⁠הַ⁠גְּפָנִ֥ים ׀ סְמָדַ֖ר 1 Alternate translation: “and the grapevines are flowering” or “and the grapevines are blossoming”
159 2:13 xg4l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit נָ֣תְנוּ רֵ֑יחַ 1 Here, the word **they** refers to blossoms on the grapevines. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “their flowers give off a pleasant smell” or “their blossoms have a sweet smell”
160 2:13 xhn3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go ק֥וּמִי לכי\n \nרַעְיָתִ֥⁠י יָפָתִ֖⁠י וּ⁠לְכִי־לָֽ⁠ךְ 1 See how you translated the similar phrase in [2:10](../02/10.md). Alternate translation: “Get up, go, my darling, my beauty, and go”
161 2:14 m3n1 יוֹנָתִ֞⁠י 1 Here, the phrase **My dove** could be: (1) a form of address in which the man is speaking directly to the woman. Alternate translation: “O my dove” (2) the man speaking about the woman rather than addressing her directly. Alternate translation: “The woman I love is a dove”
162 2:14 wv7q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יוֹנָתִ֞⁠י בְּ⁠חַגְוֵ֣י הַ⁠סֶּ֗לַע בְּ⁠סֵ֨תֶר֙ הַ⁠מַּדְרֵגָ֔ה 1 Here, the man uses a term of affection for the woman, speaking of her as if she were a **dove**. He then explains the way in which she is like a dove. If it would be helpful in your language, you could turn this metaphor into a simile and explain the basis of the comparison. Alternate translation: “O my one who is like a dove. You are like a gentle and timid dove which hides in the clefts of the rock and in the hiding places of the cliff” or “You are like a dove. You are like a gentle and shy dove which hides in the clefts of the rock and in the hiding places of the cliff” or “You are like a dove. Far away in the clefts of the rock, in the hiding places of the cliff”
163 2:14 y6rv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism בְּ⁠חַגְוֵ֣י הַ⁠סֶּ֗לַע בְּ⁠סֵ֨תֶר֙ הַ⁠מַּדְרֵגָ֔ה 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea (that the woman seems difficult to reach and far away) with different words. Hebrew poetry was based on this kind of repetition, and it would be good to show this to your readers by including both phrases in your translation rather than combining them. However, if it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word such as **yes** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating a similar idea to the first one, not saying something additional. However, if saying similar things twice would confuse your readers you could combine the two lines as modeled by the UST. Alternate translation: “in the clefts of the rock, yes,\nin the hiding places of the cliff” These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea (that the woman seems difficult to reach and far away) with different words. Hebrew poetry was based on this kind of repetition, and it would be good to show this to your readers by including both phrases in your translation rather than combining them. However, if it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word such as “yes” in order to show that the second phrase is repeating a similar idea to the first one, not saying something additional. However, if saying similar things twice would confuse your readers you could combine the two lines as modeled by the UST. Alternate translation: “in the clefts of the rock, yes, in the hiding places of the cliff”
164 2:14 zje5 בְּ⁠חַגְוֵ֣י הַ⁠סֶּ֗לַע 1 Alternate translation: “in the cracks of the rock” or “in the cracks of the rock cliff”
165 2:14 kkup rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry הַרְאִ֨י⁠נִי֙ אֶתּ־מַרְאַ֔יִ⁠ךְ הַשְׁמִיעִ֖י⁠נִי אֶת־קוֹלֵ֑⁠ךְ כִּי־קוֹלֵ֥⁠ךְ עָרֵ֖ב וּ⁠מַרְאֵ֥י⁠ךְ נָאוֶֽה 1 Here two ideas are presented and then they are further explained in reverse order. This is called a chiasm. Biblical Hebrew sometimes uses this literary device. If possible, try to follow this AB-BA sequence of presenting the information here. See the [book introduction](../front/intro.md) for more information regarding chiasms.
166 2:14 be0w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative הַרְאִ֨י⁠נִי֙ אֶתּ־ מַרְאַ֔יִ⁠ךְ הַשְׁמִיעִ֖י⁠נִי 1 The phrases **show me** and **make me hear** are imperatives, but they communicate a polite request rather than a command. Use forms in your language that communicate a polite request. It may be helpful to add an expression such as “please” or “let” to make this clear. Alternate translation: “please let me see your appearance, please make me hear” or “let me see you, let me hear”
174 2:16 lxy4 הָ⁠רֹעֶ֖ה בַּ⁠שּׁוֹשַׁנִּֽים 1 The phrase **the man grazing among the lilies** could mean: (1) that the man himself is grazing among the lilies in which case you can translate this phrase as the ULT does. (2) that the man grazes his flock of animals among the lilies. Alternate translation: “the man grazing his flock among the lilies”
175 2:16 n6c3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הָ⁠רֹעֶ֖ה בַּ⁠שּׁוֹשַׁנִּֽים 1 The woman is speaking of the man as if he were “a gazelle or a young stag” ([2:9](../02/09.md)) that eats **among the lilies**. She is using **lilies** to represent herself as she did in [2:1](../02/01.md). Here, **the lilies** probably specifically represent the woman’s lips. The meaning here is that the man finds sustenance and enjoyment through being with the woman and kissing her lips. If it would help your readers, you could state the meaning plainly as modeled by the UST or you could explain the meaning in a footnote if you are using footnotes in your translation. Alternate translation: “my beloved gets pleasure grazing among the lilies” or “my beloved gets pleasure as he grazes among the lilies”
176 2:16 x5db rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown בַּ⁠שּׁוֹשַׁנִּֽים 1 See how you translated “lily” (the singular form of **lilies**) in [2:1](../02/01.md).
177 2:17 p2uq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification שֶׁ⁠יָּפ֨וּחַ֙ הַ⁠יּ֔וֹם וְ⁠נָ֖סוּ הַ⁠צְּלָלִ֑ים 1 The phrases **the day breathes** and **the shadows flee** are parallel ideas which have similar meanings. Together they both either refer to: (1) the evening time when the evening breeze blows (**breathes**) and the shadows cast by the sun disappear (**flee**). Alternate translation: “the evening time when the breeze blows and the shadows cast by the sun disappear” (2) the morning when the light from the sun dawns and the morning breeze blows (**breathes**). Alternate translation: “dawn tomorrow morning, when the darkness disappears” If it would be helpful to your readers you could express the meaning you choose in plain language.\n The phrases **the day breathes** and **the shadows flee** are parallel ideas which have similar meanings. Together they both either refer to: (1) the evening time when the evening breeze blows (**breathes**) and the shadows cast by the sun disappear (**flee**). Alternate translation: “the evening time when the breeze blows and the shadows cast by the sun disappear” (2) the morning when the light from the sun dawns and the morning breeze blows (**breathes**). Alternate translation: “dawn tomorrow morning, when the darkness disappears”\n
178 2:17 h2b1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְ⁠נָ֖סוּ הַ⁠צְּלָלִ֑ים 1 Here, the author is leaving out the word **until** which in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply this words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and until the shadows flee”
179 2:17 scgd סֹב֩ דְּמֵה־לְ⁠ךָ֨ דוֹדִ֜⁠י 1 Alternate translation: “turn; my beloved, and be like”
180 2:17 d8mw rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown לִ⁠צְבִ֗י 1 See how you translated the plural form “gazelles” in [2:7](../02/07.md) and translate this word as the singular form of “gazelles.”
340 5:10 xuy2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit דּוֹדִ֥⁠י צַח֙ וְ⁠אָד֔וֹם 1 The word translated here as **shimmering** means refers to something that is “radiant” or “glowing” and here it means that the man’s skin had a healthy glow. The word **red** refers to the man’s healthy color of skin that was a brownish red or reddish brown color. These two words are used together to indicate that the man’s skin and complexion looked healthy and handsome. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate explicitly that these two words refer to his skin or you could summarize what they indicate when used together as modeled by the UST. Alternate translation: “My beloved has radiant and healthy skin” or “My beloved’s skin glows and is a handsome reddish brown” or “My beloved’s skin is radiant and reddish-brown”
341 5:10 ie7h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive דָּג֖וּל מֵ⁠רְבָבָֽה 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state the phrase **able to be distinguished from** in active form, use an adjective such as “distinguishable” or “outstanding,” or express the meaning in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “he is distinguishable from ten thousand other men”
342 5:10 hms2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דָּג֖וּל מֵ⁠רְבָבָֽה 1 In the Hebrew language **ten thousand** is the highest number that was used when making comparisons so the woman uses this number here to stand for an uncountable number of **other people**. If you have a similar expression in your culture you could use that. Alternately, if it would help your readers, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “better than anyone else” or “there is no one else like him” or “one in a million”
343 5:11 s23z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor רֹאשׁ֖⁠וֹ כֶּ֣תֶם פָּ֑ז 1 The woman is speaking of the man’s **head** as if it were **gold**. Because she speaks of the appearance of the man’s **hairs** in the following line she probably intends to speak of the man’s face in this line and express that his face resembles the appearance dazzling beautiful appearance of gold. By adding that the **gold** is **refined gold** the woman is indicating that the **gold** is very special and valuable and so by adding the phrase **refined gold** she is probably indicating that the man is special and has great worth. If it would help your readers you could use a simile to express the meaning or you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “His head is like gold that is refined” or “His face is beautiful and gleams like gold. He is precious and valuable like refined gold” or “His face gleams. He is precious and valuable” The woman is speaking of the man’s **head** as if it were **gold**. Because she speaks of the appearance of the man’s **hairs** in the following line she probably intends to speak of the man’s face in this line and express that his face resembles the dazzling, beautiful appearance of gold. By adding that the **gold** is **refined gold** the woman is indicating that the **gold** is very special and valuable and so by adding the phrase **refined gold** she is probably indicating that the man is special and has great worth. If it would help your readers you could use a simile to express the meaning or you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “His head is like gold that is refined” or “His face is beautiful and gleams like gold. He is precious and valuable like refined gold” or “His face gleams. He is precious and valuable”
344 5:11 mojr rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown שְׁחֹר֖וֹת כָּ⁠עוֹרֵֽב 1 A **raven** is a large bird with dark black feathers. Ravens are as big as some hawks and are similar in color and appearance to crows but are larger. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of bird, you could use the name of a similar bird in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “black like a bird with dark black feathers” or “black like a dark black bird”
345 5:11 m1w4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile קְוּצּוֹתָי⁠ו֙ תַּלְתַּלִּ֔ים שְׁחֹר֖וֹת כָּ⁠עוֹרֵֽב 1 The point of the comparison **black like the raven** is that the man’s hair is dark black like the color of a raven. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express this meaning in plain language. Alternate translation: “his hair is wavy and dark black”\n\n
346 5:12 m6e7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile His eyes are like doves עֵינָ֕י⁠ו כְּ⁠יוֹנִ֖ים עַל־אֲפִ֣יקֵי מָ֑יִם רֹֽחֲצוֹת֙ בֶּֽ⁠חָלָ֔ב יֹשְׁב֖וֹת עַל־מִלֵּֽאת 0 1 Translate “eyes are like doves” as in [Song of Songs 1:15](../01/15.md). This could mean: (1) the Israelites considered doves to be gentle and soft birds, and the woman considers the man’s eyes beautiful because the way the man looks at her makes her think he is gentle. Alternate translation: “His eyes are gentle like doves” or (2) the woman is speaking of the man’s white eyeballs or the shape of his eyes, the shape of a dove. In [1:15](../01/15.md) the man said to the woman, “your eyes are doves.” Here, the woman says this to the man and adds the word **like** and extends the comparison between **doves** and **eyes** by adding the phrase **bathing in milk** which explains what color the doves (eyes) are and by adding two parallel phrases, **beside stream beds of water** and **sitting by the pools**, both of which describe the **doves** as being by water. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could add the words “that are” and “and” to show that the comparison continues throughout the verse. Alternately, you could express the meaning in plain language as modeled by the UST. Alternate translation: “His eyes are like doves beside stream beds of water,\nthat are bathing in milk and sitting beside the pools”
347 5:12 knr8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism doves beside streams of water עֵינָ֕י⁠ו כְּ⁠יוֹנִ֖ים עַל־אֲפִ֣יקֵי מָ֑יִם רֹֽחֲצוֹת֙ בֶּֽ⁠חָלָ֔ב יֹשְׁב֖וֹת עַל־מִלֵּֽאת 0 1 Birds that the Israelites considered gentle sitting beside a gently flowing stream are a metaphor for a gentle person. The phrases **beside stream beds of water** and **sitting by the pools** mean basically the same thing. They both describe the **doves** as being by water. Hebrew poetry was based on this kind of repetition, and it would be good to show this to your readers by including both phrases in your translation rather than combining them. However, if it would be helpful to your readers, you could combine them. Alternate translation: “His eyes are like doves beside stream beds of water, bathing in milk” or “His eyes are like doves bathing in milk, sitting by the pools”
348 5:12 5:13 xp2d mem2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile streams of water לְחָיָ⁠ו֙ כַּ⁠עֲרוּגַ֣ת הַ⁠בֹּ֔שֶׂם מִגְדְּל֖וֹת מֶרְקָחִ֑ים 0 1 Alternate translation: “gently flowing water” Here, the man’s **cheeks** are compared to a garden, or an area in a garden, used for planting **spices**. The phrase **yielding herbal spices** further describes the first line. The point of this comparison is that the man’s **cheeks** smell **like planters of spices, yielding herbal spices**. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the basis of this comparison. Alternate translation: “His cheeks smell like a bed of spices that produce herbal spices”
349 5:12 5:13 tr46 a4hu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor bathed in milk שִׂפְתוֹתָי⁠ו֙ שֽׁוֹשַׁנִּ֔ים נֹטְפ֖וֹת מ֥וֹר עֹבֵֽר 0 1 Milk is a metaphor for the whiteness of the doves. Alternate translation: (1) “doves that are white like milk” or (2) milk is a metaphor for the white part of the man’s eyes. Alternate translation: “his pupils are like doves bathing in white milk” Here, the woman compares the man’s **lips** to **lilies** that are **dripping with flowing myrrh**. The woman probably compares his lips with **lilies, dripping with flowing myrrh** because of the sweet smell of both **lilies** and **myrrh** and because of the beauty and softness of **lilies** and because the man’s kisses are wet like **flowing myrrh**. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express the meaning with a simile or you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “His lips are beautiful, fragrant, and soft. His kisses are sweet sweet-smelling and moist”
350 5:12 5:13 qe85 t4f1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown mounted like jewels שֽׁוֹשַׁנִּ֔ים 0 1 His eyes are beautiful. Jewels that a craftsman has carefully put in place are beautiful. See how you translated **lilies** in [2:16](../02/16.md).
351 5:13 ip4j x8c2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit His cheeks … aromatic scents מ֥וֹר עֹבֵֽר 0 1 This explains that his cheeks are like beds of spices because they both give off wonderful smells. See how you translated the phrase **flowing myrrh** in [5:5](../05/05.md).
352 5:13 5:14 mtt8 nl6y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor beds of spices יָדָי⁠ו֙ גְּלִילֵ֣י זָהָ֔ב מְמֻלָּאִ֖ים בַּ⁠תַּרְשִׁ֑ישׁ 0 1 gardens or parts of gardens where people grow spices. Spices give people pleasure. The man’s body gives the woman pleasure. Here, the woman compares the man’s **arms** to **rods of gold mounted with topaz**. **rods of gold** were powerful, had an attractive color, and had a finely rounded shape and **topaz** would have made the **rods of gold** even more nice to look at. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express the meaning with a simile or you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “His arms are powerful, nicely rounded, and beautiful like rods of gold mounted with topaz”
353 5:13 5:14 mem2 r9p1 yielding aromatic scents יָדָי⁠ו֙ 0 1 Alternate translation: “that give off wonderful smells.” The word that the ULT translates as **arms** could: (1) refer to **arms** in which case you can follow the ULT’s translation. (2) refer to “hands.” Alternate translation: “His hands are”
354 5:13 5:14 a4hu h4kv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown His lips are lilies בַּ⁠תַּרְשִׁ֑ישׁ 0 1 The woman probably compares his lips with lilies because they are beautiful and smell wonderful. **topaz** is a beautiful looking gem stone used in jewelry and to add decoration to other things. Bible scholars are not certain exactly what stone the word the ULT translates as **topaz** refers to. Many different stones have been proposed such as **topaz** chrysolite, beryl and others. If you have one of these types of stones in your area you could use it in your translation or you could use a general term Alternate translation: “with beautiful stones” or “with jewels”
355 5:13 5:14 t4f1 bg51 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor lilies מֵעָי⁠ו֙ עֶ֣שֶׁת שֵׁ֔ן מְעֻלֶּ֖פֶת סַפִּירִֽים 0 1 See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:16](../02/16.md). Here, the woman compares the man’s **belly** to **a plate of ivory covered with sapphires**. Both **ivory** and **sapphires** are very beautiful. By comparing the man’s **belly** **a plate of ivory covered with sapphires** she is saying that the man’s belly looks beautiful and is probably also trying to indicate the specialness or uniqueness of his appearance since **ivory** and **sapphires** were rare and costly. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express the meaning with a simile or you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “his belly is beautiful and precious” or “his belly is handsome”
356 5:13 5:14 x8c2 xnyk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor dripping liquid myrrh מֵעָי⁠ו֙ 0 1 “that drip with the best myrrh.” His lips are moist and have a wonderful smell like myrrh. Alternate translation: “his stomach is”
357 5:14 nl6y k5ga rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown His arms are rounded gold set with jewels שֵׁ֔ן 0 1 “His arms are cylinders of gold that have jewels all over them.” The woman uses this image to say that his arms are beautiful and precious. The first readers would have understood this as a metaphor for the male body part ([Song of Songs 5:3](./03.md)), but this would be difficult to bring out in translation. The word **ivory** refers to the tusks of a large animal called an elephant. **ivory** is a white color and is very beautiful and costly. If your readers would not be familiar with **ivory** you could explain this term in a footnote.
358 5:14 bg51 ws92 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown his abdomen is ivory covered with sapphires סַפִּירִֽים 0 1 “his belly is smooth ivory that has sapphires all over it.” The woman uses this image to say that his belly is beautiful and precious. **sapphires** are a beautiful blue gem stone. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of stone, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “with blue gem stones” or “with beautiful blue gem stones”
359 5:14 5:15 k5ga i1xz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ivory שׁוֹקָי⁠ו֙ עַמּ֣וּדֵי שֵׁ֔שׁ מְיֻסָּדִ֖ים עַל־אַדְנֵי־פָ֑ז\n 0 1 the white tusk or tooth of an animal that is similar to bone. People use ivory to make smooth and shiny pieces of art. Here, the woman compares the man’s **thighs** to **pillars of alabaster set on bases of gold**. The woman means that the man’s legs are strong and majestic looking like **pillars of alabaster set on bases of gold**. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express the meaning with a simile or you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “His thighs are strong and majestic like pillars of alabaster set on bases of gold”
360 5:14 5:15 ws92 urlk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit sapphires שׁוֹקָי⁠ו֙ 0 1 valuable stones that are either: (1) blue or (2) clear and either blue or golden The word the ULT translates as **thighs** most likely refers to the entirety of a person’s legs so you could translate this term as **legs** as the UST does, if you desire.
361 5:15 i1xz juu1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown His legs are pillars of marble, set on bases of pure gold שֵׁ֔שׁ 0 1 Marble and gold are strong and beautiful. **alabaster** is a type of stone. The word translated as **alabaster** can refer to either **alabaster** or marble. Both **alabaster** and marble are types of strong stone that are nice looking and are used to make large columns, statues and other things. If your readers would not be familiar with one of these types of stone use the name of the one they are familiar with. If they are not familiar with either you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “marble” or “stone”
362 5:15 juu1 z75c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile marble מַרְאֵ֨⁠הוּ֙ כַּ⁠לְּבָנ֔וֹן בָּח֖וּר כָּ⁠אֲרָזִֽים 0 1 a very strong stone that has many different colors and that people polish to make very smooth **Lebanon** was a beautiful mountainous region and the cedar trees that grew there were tall and strong and considered to be the best wood. The word **choice** here means “excellent quality” so the phrase **as choice as the cedars** means that the man is of excellent quality like the **cedars** in **Lebanon**. The point of this comparison then is that the man is majestic like the area of Lebanon and is tall and strong and stately like the cedar trees in **Lebanon** and is outstanding in comparison to other men. If it would be helpful in your language, you could explain the point of this comparison or express this meaning in plain language. Alternate translation: “His appearance is tall and strong and stately. He is outstanding among other men” or “His appearance is majestic. He is strong and tall and better than other men”
5:15 z75c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile his appearance is like Lebanon 0 “he looks like Lebanon.” Lebanon was a very beautiful area with many mountains and cedar trees.
363 5:16 sc8p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy His mouth is most sweet 0 The mouth is a metonym for either: (1) the man’s sweet kisses or (2) the sweet words that he says.
364 5:16 w3vr he is completely lovely 0 Alternate translation: “every part of him is lovely” or “all of him is lovely”
365 5:16 pi1a This is my beloved, and this is my friend 0 The word “This” refers to the man that the woman has just finished describing. Alternate translation: “That is what the one I love is like, and that is what my friend is like”