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Stephen's edits to 2CO and 1TH (#3142) 

Co-authored-by: stephenwunrow <stephenwunrow@noreply.door43.org>
Reviewed-on: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_tn/pulls/3142
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Richard Mahn 2023-02-07 19:12:26 +00:00
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@ -309,9 +309,9 @@ front:intro jp2y 0 # Introduction to 1 Thessalonians\n\n## Part 1: General In
4:3 o59a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῆς πορνείας 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **immorality**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “doing what is sexually immoral” or “acting in sexually immoral ways”
4:4 s4yl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit εἰδέναι ἕκαστον ὑμῶν 1 Here, the phrase **that each of you knows** could: (1) give another example of what “sanctification” means (see [4:3](../04/03.md)). Alternate translation: “and that each of you knows” (2) describe more specifically what it means to avoid “sexual immorality” (see [4:3](../04/03.md)). Alternate translation: “more specifically, that each of you knows”
4:4 vhbp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit εἰδέναι ἕκαστον ὑμῶν & κτᾶσθαι 1 Here, the word **knows** could refer specifically to: (1) learning how to do something. Alternate translation: “that each of you learns to possess” (2) understanding something. Alternate translation: “that each of you understands how to possess”
4:4 arkf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism τὸ ἑαυτοῦ σκεῦος, κτᾶσθαι 1 Here, the word **vessel** could refer to: (1) a person’s sexual organs. Alternate translation: “to possess his own sexual organs” (2) a person’s body. Alternate translation: “to possess his own body” (2) a man’s wife. Alternate translation: “to possess his own wife”
4:4 f4ux rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τὸ ἑαυτοῦ σκεῦος, κτᾶσθαι 1 The meaning of the verb **possess** depends on what the word **vessel** means (see the previous note): (1) If the word **vessel** refers to the body or more specifically to the sexual organs, the word **possess** refers to people having control over their bodies. Alternate translation: “to exercise control over his sexual organs” or “to exercise sexual self-control” (2) If the word **vessel** refers to a wife, the word **possess** could refer to a man having sex with his wife. Alternate translation: “to have sexual relations with his wife” (3) If the word **vessel** refers to a wife, the word **possess** could refer to a man marrying a woman. Alternate translation: “to marry a wife”
4:4 fpyv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations τὸ ἑαυτοῦ σκεῦος 1 The referent of the word **his** depends on what the word **vessel** means (see the previous two notes): (1) If the word **vessel** refers to a person’s sexual organs, Paul is using the word **his** in a generic sense that includes both men and women. Alternate translation: “his or her own vessel” (2) If the word **vessel** refers to a wife, Paul is using the word **his** to refer only to men and not to women. Alternate translation: “the vessel that is his”
4:4 arkf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism τὸ ἑαυτοῦ σκεῦος, κτᾶσθαι 1 Here, the word **vessel** could refer to: (1) a person’s sexual organ. This is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “to possess his own sexual organ” (2) a man’s wife. This is a metaphor. Alternate translation: “to possess his own wife”
4:4 f4ux rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τὸ ἑαυτοῦ σκεῦος, κτᾶσθαι 1 The meaning of the verb **possess** depends on what the word **vessel** means (see the previous note): (1) If the word **vessel** refers to the body or more specifically to the sexual organ, the word **possess** refers to people having control over their bodies. Alternate translation: “to exercise control over his sexual organs” or “to exercise sexual self-control” (2) If the word **vessel** refers to a wife, the word **possess** could refer to a man having sex with his wife. Alternate translation: “to have sexual relations with his wife” (3) If the word **vessel** refers to a wife, the word **possess** could refer to a man marrying a woman. Alternate translation: “to marry a wife”
4:4 fpyv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations τὸ ἑαυτοῦ σκεῦος 1 The referent of the word **his** depends on what the word **vessel** means (see the previous two notes): (1) If the word **vessel** refers to a person’s sexual organ, Paul is using the word **his** in a generic sense that includes both men and women. Alternate translation: “his or her own vessel” (2) If the word **vessel** refers to a wife, Paul is using the word **his** to refer only to men and not to women. Alternate translation: “the vessel that is his”
4:4 ihqe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐν ἁγιασμῷ καὶ τιμῇ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **sanctification** and **honor**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “in holy and honorable ways”
4:5 y9g2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast μὴ ἐν πάθει ἐπιθυμίας 1 Here, **not in the passion of lust** contrasts with the previous phrase “in holiness and honor” (see: [4:4](../04/04.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces this kind of contrast. Alternate translation: “and in contrast, not in the passion of lust”
4:5 utvd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns μὴ ἐν πάθει ἐπιθυμίας 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **passion** and **lust**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “not passionately lusting”
@ -319,58 +319,66 @@ front:intro jp2y 0 # Introduction to 1 Thessalonians\n\n## Part 1: General In
4:5 nrmz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis καθάπερ καὶ τὰ ἔθνη τὰ μὴ εἰδότα τὸν Θεόν 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply words such as “behave” or “act” if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “just as also the Gentiles behave, the ones not knowing God” or “just as also the Gentiles, the ones not knowing God, act”
4:5 w03g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish τὰ ἔθνη τὰ μὴ εἰδότα τὸν Θεόν 1 Here Paul is distinguishing from **Gentiles** who do not know God from Gentiles who do know God. Be sure that this distinction is clear in your translation. Alternate translation: “the Gentiles, specifically the ones not knowing God” or “all the Gentiles who do not know God”
4:5 lbvc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom τὰ μὴ εἰδότα τὸν Θεόν 1 Here, the phrase **not knowing God** means that these **Gentiles** do not listen to, trust in, or obey God. It does not mean that they do not know about God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the ones not listening to God” or “the ones not obeying God”
4:6 ho6h τὸ μὴ ὑπερβαίνειν 1
4:6 wmb6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys ὑπερβαίνειν καὶ πλεονεκτεῖν 1
4:6 yudl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τὸν ἀδελφὸν αὐτοῦ 1
4:6 knir rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations τὸν ἀδελφὸν αὐτοῦ 1
4:6 ckez rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν τῷ πράγματι 1
4:6 q7bf rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result διότι 1
4:6 ax3k rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns πάντων τούτων 1
4:6 d1ip rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit καθὼς καὶ προείπαμεν ὑμῖν καὶ διεμαρτυράμεθα 1
4:6 ix4p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet καὶ προείπαμεν ὑμῖν καὶ διεμαρτυράμεθα 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The repetition is used to emphasize what the apostles had already told the Thessalonian church during a previous visit. If your language does not use repetition in this way, you can combine these phrases. Alternate translation: “exactly as we also solemnly forewarned you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
4:7 qx6y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns οὐ γὰρ ἐκάλεσεν ἡμᾶς ὁ Θεὸς ἐπὶ ἀκαθαρσίᾳ, ἀλλ’ ἐν ἁγιασμῷ 1 If your language does not use the abstract nouns **uncleanness** and **sanctification**, you can express the ideas behind them in other ways. Alternate translation: “We must not live impurely or act unholy, because God did not call us as his people for this purpose” or “God called us, so we must purify and set ourselves apart like those who belong to God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
4:7 v3np rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes οὐ γὰρ ἐκάλεσεν ἡμᾶς ὁ Θεὸς ἐπὶ ἀκαθαρσίᾳ, ἀλλ’ ἐν ἁγιασμῷ 1 Paul uses a figure of speech that expresses a strong positive meaning by using a negative word together with a word that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If this is confusing in your language, you can express the meaning positively. Alternate translation: “Certainly God summons us to live purely and act holy” or “Indeed, God calls us to be pure and holy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
4:7 q4tj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἡμᾶς 1 Here, **us** is inclusive, referring to the apostles, the Thessalonian church, and by extension, to all Christians. Your language may require you to mark these forms. Alternate translation: “us believers in Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
4:7 qli0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast ἀλλ’ ἐν ἁγιασμῷ 1 What follows the word **but** is in contrast to **uncleanness**. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
4:8 mn5y rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases τοιγαροῦν 1 The emphatic connecting word **Therefore** is meant to mark the end of this section prohibiting sexual immorality. Use a natural way in your language to indicate this emphasis. Alternate translation: “So then” or “As you can be absolutely certain” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
4:8 gzz8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast ὁ ἀθετῶν & ἀλλὰ τὸν Θεὸν, τὸν διδόντα 1 Here God’s constant giving of the **Holy Spirit** is contrasted with the person who constantly **rejects** the apostolic teaching. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: “he who continues to reject … but actually God himself, who continues to give” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
4:9 uxn8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit περὶ δὲ τῆς φιλαδελφίας 1 This phrase implies that the apostles are answering a specific question previously asked by the Thessalonian church. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “Now, related to your question about how to love fellow believers in Christ” or “Now, about your question referring to Christian relationships” or “Now, about your question related to Christian friendships” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:9 rpmn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῆς φιλαδελφίας 1 If your language does not use the abstract noun phrase **brotherly love**, you can express the idea behind it in another way. Alternate translation: “how to affectionately care for fellow believers in Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
4:9 sgen rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result οὐ χρείαν ἔχετε γράφειν ὑμῖν, αὐτοὶ γὰρ ὑμεῖς θεοδίδακτοί ἐστε, εἰς τὸ ἀγαπᾶν ἀλλήλους 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases since the second phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. Alternate translation: “because God himself teaches you that you should love each other, you do not need us to write to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
4:9 l1n7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole οὐ χρείαν ἔχετε γράφειν ὑμῖν 1 Here, **no need** is an exaggeration that Paul uses to show how successfully the Thessalonian church is practicing Christian love. Paul knows that they still have things to learn about loving fellow believers in Christ. If this would be misunderstood in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language. Alternate translation: “we feel no need to write to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
4:9 fyqe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis οὐ χρείαν 1 A word is left out here in the original that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. Since English needs it, **{for us}** is added in brackets. Do what is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
4:9 ctiq αὐτοὶ γὰρ ὑμεῖς θεοδίδακτοί ἐστε, εἰς τὸ ἀγαπᾶν ἀλλήλους 1 This clause could refer to: (1) the content of God’s teaching. Alternate translation: “because it is God himself who teaches you: love each other” (2) the manner of God’s teaching. Alternate translation: “indeed, it is God who teaches you how to love each other” (3) the purpose of God’s teaching. Alternate translation: “the reason why God teaches you is so that you would love each other” Use a natural way in your language for expressing this idea.
4:9 j7z0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor αὐτοὶ γὰρ ὑμεῖς θεοδίδακτοί ἐστε 1 Paul speaks of the Thessalonian church as though God himself were physically present as their teacher. Paul means that the Thessalonian church already has been taught **to love one another** through the words of Jesus (See John 13:34; 15:12, 17) by the apostles. If your readers would not understand what it means to be **taught by God** in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express Paul’s meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “because you have learned well what God teaches,” or “since this is what God teaches you to do,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4:9 zroq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns αὐτοὶ 1 Paul uses the word **yourselves** to emphasize that the Thessalonian church is doing what God teaches. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this emphasis. Alternate translation: “personally” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
4:10 e3e0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background καὶ γὰρ ποιεῖτε αὐτὸ εἰς πάντας τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς, τοὺς ἐν ὅλῃ τῇ Μακεδονίᾳ 1 Paul provides this background information to show another aspect of how the Thessalonian church “became an example” to the churches in Macedonia and Achaia (See [1:7–8](../01/07.md)). Use the natural form in your language for expressing background information. Alternate translation: “Certainly, you habitually show love to all your fellow believers in Christ throughout the region of Macedonia” or “In fact, you are doing just that to all the fellow Christians throughout the province of Macedonia” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
4:10 dec9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases καὶ γὰρ 1 Here, **For indeed** indicates that what follows in an example of how the Thessalonian church shows Christian love. Use a natural way in your language to indicate this emphasis. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
4:10 hg7a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ποιεῖτε αὐτὸ 1 What is implied here is that **this** refers back to the phrase “to love” in [4:9](../04/09.md). If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say that explicitly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:10 gxfa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litany παρακαλοῦμεν δὲ ὑμᾶς, ἀδελφοί, 1 Speaking of what the apostles **exhort** the Thessalonian church to do, Paul uses a repetitive series of five verb forms that continues into [4:11](../04/11.md). This repetitive style of speaking or writing is called a “litany.” Use a form in your language that someone would use to list things that someone is urged to do. Alternate translation: “Now, fellow believers in Christ, we are urging you” or “But, fellow Christians, we strongly encourage you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litany]])
4:10 u3fl rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases δὲ 1 Here, **But** indicates that what follows are numerous exhortations. Use a natural way in your language to express this emphasis. Alternate translation: “However” or “Certainly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
4:11 h2df rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy καὶ φιλοτιμεῖσθαι, ἡσυχάζειν καὶ πράσσειν τὰ ἴδια, καὶ ἐργάζεσθαι ταῖς ἰδίαις χερσὶν ὑμῶν 1 Paul is describing peaceful communal living by using this combination of ideas. If this would be misunderstood in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or use plain language. Alternate translation: “and seek to lovingly honor others: by living quietly and tending to your own business and focusing on doing your own work” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
4:11 d2fg καὶ φιλοτιμεῖσθαι, ἡσυχάζειν 1 These phrases continue the apostles’ exhortations. Here, the phrases translated **and to strive to live quietly** could refer to: (1) phrases that complement each other. Alternate translation: “and to aspire to live quietly” (2) phrases that express separate ideas. Alternate translation: “and seek to lovingly honor others, to live quietly,” Use a natural way in your language to emphasize this.
4:11 j4c7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit πράσσειν τὰ ἴδια 1 Here, **to perform your own things** implies that the Thessalonian church should tend to their own concerns. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “to tend to your own business” or “to focus on your own tasks” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:11 jmt9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ἐργάζεσθαι ταῖς ἰδίαις χερσὶν ὑμῶν 1 Here, **to work with your own hands** is an idiom meaning “earn what you need to live.” If this would be misunderstood in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “to work hard to earn what you need” or “to labor to pay for your expenses” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
4:11 bz8s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish καθὼς ὑμῖν παρηγγείλαμεν 1 This phrase and the following verse signal the end of this larger section of teaching about how to live in Christian community (See [4:1,2](../04/01.md) for the same wording). Here, **just as we commanded** also expresses that what the apostles teach is the same as being “taught by God” (See [4:9](../04/09.md)). If this would not be understood in your language, you could make the relationship between these phrases clearer. Alternate translation as a new sentence: “This is what we already commanded you to do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
4:12 wj25 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα 1 Here, **so that** could introduce a purpose clause. Paul could be stating the purpose for the apostles’ exhortation in [4:10](../04/10.md). Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “in order that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
4:12 oo9l rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ἵνα περιπατῆτε 1 Here, **so that you may walk** could be a result clause. It is possible that this phrase refers to both purpose and result. If there is a way to indicate this in your language, you could express this dual meaning. Alternate translation: “as a result you now live” or “then you will live” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
4:12 hp6g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor περιπατῆτε εὐσχημόνως 1 Here, **walk** is a metaphor that means “to live” or “behave.” If your readers would not understand what it means **to walk** in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express Paul’s meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you would live appropriately” or “you would live nobly” or “you would behave modestly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4:12 k59r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor πρὸς τοὺς ἔξω 1 Paul speaks of these people as if they were physically located outside of an area. He means that they are not part of the Christian community. If your readers would not understand what “before those outside” means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express Paul’s meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in the presence of non-Christians” or “in front of those who do not trust in Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4:12 nait rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result καὶ μηδενὸς χρείαν ἔχητε 1 This is a purpose clause. Paul is stating the purpose for the apostles’ exhortation in [4:10](../04/10.md). Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “and so that you would not need anything” or “and then you could be self-sufficient” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
4:13 vi2y rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases δὲ 1 Here, **Now** is a connecting word that signals the beginning of an extended section in [4:13–5:11](../04/13.md) about the Second Coming of Christ (See chapter and book introduction)(See also 2 Thessalonians 1:7–10; 2:3–12). If our language has a special section marker, you could use it here. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
4:13 lan8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes οὐ θέλομεν δὲ ὑμᾶς ἀγνοεῖν 1 Paul uses a figure of speech that expresses a strong positive meaning by using a negative word together with a word that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If this is confusing in your language, you can express the meaning positively. Alternate translation: “We want you to know for certain” or “Now we desire to clarify” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
4:13 qt5b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit περὶ 1 Here, **concerning** implies that the apostles are answering another specific question previously asked by the Thessalonian church (See [4:9](../04/09.md)). If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “as it relates to your question about” or “concerning your question about” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:13 j68e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism τῶν κοιμωμένων 1 Here, **the ones sleeping** is a euphemism for death that continues through [5:10](../05/10.md). In this specific context, it refers to those human souls who are awaiting the reunion of their bodies at the Second Coming of Christ (See [4:16–17](../04/16.md)). You could either use a similar euphemism for death in your language or say this plainly. Alternate translation: “those who are already dead” or “those who have died” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
4:13 ocjp rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα μὴ λυπῆσθε 1 Here, **so that you may not grieve** is a purpose clause. Paul is stating the purpose for why he does not want the Thessalonian church to remain ignorant about the destiny of their loved ones **who are asleep**. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “so that you would not sorrow” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
4:13 r9f8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj καθὼς καὶ οἱ λοιποὶ 1 Paul is using the adjective phrase **the rest** as a noun in order to describe a group of people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this with a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “like the rest of people” or “in the same way as the rest of humanity” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
4:13 f9eq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit οἱ μὴ ἔχοντες ἐλπίδα 1 Here Paul assumes that his readers will know that **hope** refers to salvation at the final resurrection (See [1:3; 2:19; 4:16; 5:8](../01/03.md)). Previously **hope** was associated with the Second Coming of Christ in [2:19](../02/19.md). If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “who possess no confidence of life after death” or “who possess no assurance of life after death” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:13 puvg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns οἱ μὴ ἔχοντες ἐλπίδα 1 If your language does not use the abstract noun **hope**, you can express the idea behind it in another way. Alternate translation: “who are not confident of life after death” “who are not sure about life after death” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
4:14 j09o rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact εἰ γὰρ πιστεύομεν ὅτι Ἰησοῦς ἀπέθανεν καὶ ἀνέστη 1 Paul is speaking as if this were a hypothetical possibility, but he actually means that it is true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might what the apostles are saying is not certain, then you could translate their words as an affirmative statement. Alternate translation: “As we certainly believe that Jesus died and resurrected” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]])
4:6 ho6h rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal τὸ μὴ ὑπερβαίνειν 1 Here, the phrase **not to transgress** could introduce: (1) the purpose of what Paul has said in [4:3–5](../04/03.md) about abstaining from sexual immorality. Alternate translation: “in order not to transgress” (2) another example of what “sanctification” means (see [4:3](../04/03.md)). Alternate translation: “and that each of you does not transgress” (3) another description of what it means to avoid “sexual immorality” (see [4:3](../04/03.md)). Alternate translation: “that each of you does not transgress”
4:6 wmb6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys ὑπερβαίνειν καὶ πλεονεκτεῖν 1 The two terms **transgress** and **take advantage of** work together to express a single idea. The phrase **take advantage of** tells how a person might **transgress**. If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this meaning in a different way. Alternate translation: “transgress through taking advantage of” or “transgress, taking advantage of”
4:6 yudl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τὸν ἀδελφὸν αὐτοῦ 1 Paul is using the term **brother** to mean a person who shares the same faith. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “his believing friend”
4:6 knir rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations τὸν ἀδελφὸν αὐτοῦ 1 Here Paul could be using the masculine form **his brother** to refer to: (1) specific fellow believers, whether men or women. Alternate translation: “any brother or sister” or “his or her brother or sister” (2) specific male believers, specifically men in charge of families. Alternate translation: “any brother in charge of a family”
4:6 ckez rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν τῷ πράγματι 1 Here, the phrase **this matter** refers to what Paul has been speaking about: sexual morality. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “in the area of sexual morality” or “in his sexual behavior”
4:6 q7bf rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result διότι 1 Here, the word **for** introduces a reason why the Thessalonians should obey God by avoiding sexual immorality. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a reason, or you could leave **for** untranslated. Alternate translation: “and you should behave in these ways because” or “all of which you should do since”
4:6 ax3k rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns πάντων τούτων 1 Here, the phrase **all these things** refers to the sinful sexual behaviors that Paul has mentioned. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “all these sexually immoral behaviors” or “every sexual sin”
4:6 d1ip rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit καθὼς καὶ προείπαμεν ὑμῖν καὶ διεμαρτυράμεθα 1 Here Paul refers to what he and his fellow workers told the Thessalonians when they visited them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “just as we also we also said before to you and testified when we visited you”
4:6 ix4p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet καὶ προείπαμεν ὑμῖν καὶ διεμαρτυράμεθα 1 The terms **said before** and **testified** mean similar things. Paul is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “we also solemnly warned you before” or “we also already testified to you”
4:7 v3np rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** introduces a reason or basis for what Paul has said about avoiding sexual immorality (see [4:3–6](../04/03.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a reason or basis. Alternate translation: “All that is important because”
4:7 q4tj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἡμᾶς 1 Here, the word **us** includes Paul, his fellow workers, and the Thessalonians. Your language may require you to mark this form.
4:7 qx6y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐπὶ ἀκαθαρσίᾳ, ἀλλ’ ἐν ἁγιασμῷ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **uncleanness** and **sanctification**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “to be unclean, but to be sanctified” or “to act in unclean ways, but in holy ways”
4:7 qli0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ἀλλ’ ἐν ἁγιασμῷ 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “but he called us in sanctification”
4:8 mn5y rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result τοιγαροῦν 1 Here, the word **Therefore** introduces an inference or conclusion from what Paul has said in [4:3–7](../04/03.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use another word that introduces an inference or conclusion. Alternate translation: “Because of all that” or “In conclusion”
4:8 gzz8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ὁ ἀθετῶν 1 Here, the word **this** refers back to what Paul has commanded the Thessalonians about living holy lives and avoiding sexual immorality. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “the one rejecting these commands about sexual morality” or “the one rejecting what we have said about sexual behavior”
4:8 kfcb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure οὐκ ἄνθρωπον ἀθετεῖ, ἀλλὰ τὸν Θεὸν, τὸν διδόντα 1 If your language would not naturally put the negative statement before the positive statement, you could reverse the two elements here. Alternate translation: “rejects God, not man, and God is the one who gives”
4:8 b7q5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ἄνθρωπον 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Paul is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “a person” or “a man or woman”
4:8 zm4y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish τὸν διδόντα 1 Here Paul is adding more information about **God**. He is not distinguishing between different gods. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a form that clearly adds information instead of distinguishing between people. Alternate translation: “who is the one who gives”
4:8 v4lc rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants τὸν διδόντα 1 Many ancient manuscripts read **the one giving**. The ULT follows that reading. Other ancient manuscripts read “the one having given.” If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT.
4:8 azkx rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants ὑμᾶς 1 Many ancient manuscripts read **you**. The ULT follows that reading. Other ancient manuscripts read “us.” If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT.
4:9 uxn8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases δὲ 1 Here, the word **But** introduces a new section in the letter. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a new section, or you could leave **But** untranslated. Alternate translation: “Next,”
4:9 rpmn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῆς φιλαδελφίας 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **love**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “loving the brothers” or “how to love others in a brotherly way”
4:9 sgen rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure οὐ χρείαν ἔχετε γράφειν ὑμῖν, αὐτοὶ γὰρ ὑμεῖς θεοδίδακτοί ἐστε, εἰς τὸ ἀγαπᾶν ἀλλήλους 1 If your language would naturally state a reason before its result, you could reverse the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “because you yourselves are taught by God to love one another, you have no need {for us} to write to you”
4:9 l1n7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants ἔχετε 1 Many ancient manuscripts read **you have**. The ULT follows that reading. Other ancient manuscripts read “we have.” If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT.
4:9 fyqe rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γὰρ 1 Here, the word **For** introduces a reason why Paul and his fellow workers do not need **to write** to the Thessalonians. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a reason or basis for a claim, or you could leave **For** untranslated. Alternate translation: “since”
4:9 ctiq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive αὐτοὶ & ὑμεῖς θεοδίδακτοί ἐστε 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God has taught you yourselves”
4:9 zroq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns αὐτοὶ & ὑμεῖς & ἐστε 1 Here, the word translated **yourselves** emphasizes **you**. Consider using a natural way to emphasize **you** in your language. Alternate translation: “you indeed are” or “as for you, you are” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
4:10 dec9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result καὶ γὰρ ποιεῖτε 1 Here, the phrase **For also** introduces another reason why Paul and his fellow workers do not need to write to the Thessalonians (see [4:9](../04/09.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a reason or basis for a claim, or you could leave **For** untranslated. Alternate translation: “Again, we do not need to write to you about this, since you do” or “Even more, you do”
4:10 hg7a rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ποιεῖτε αὐτὸ 1 Here, the word **it** refers to “brotherly love” (see [4:9](../04/09.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “you show brotherly love”
4:10 gxfa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor πάντας τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς & ἀδελφοί 1 Paul is using the term **brothers** to mean people who share the same faith. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “all the believers … believing friends”
4:10 lxpc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations πάντας τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς & ἀδελφοί 1 Although the term **brothers** is masculine, Paul is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If you retain the metaphor in your translation, and if it would be helpful in your language, you could say “brothers and sisters” to indicate this. Alternate translation: “all the brothers and sisters … brothers and sisters”
4:10 u3fl rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases δὲ 1 Here, the word **But** introduces a slight contrast between what the Thessalonians are doing and how Paul wants them to do it **even more**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces this kind of contrast, or you could leave **But** untranslated. Alternate translation: “Now” or “Yet”
4:10 z51t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit περισσεύειν μᾶλλον 1 Here Paul implies that he and his fellow workers want the Thessalonians to **abound** in brotherly love **even more**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “to abound even more in brotherly love”
4:11 d2fg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἡσυχάζειν 1 Here, the phrase **to be quiet** refers to living in a peaceful way that does not disrupt others. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a similar phrase or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to avoid disrupting others” or “to behave calmly around other people”
4:11 j4c7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit πράσσειν τὰ ἴδια 1 Here, the phrase **to perform your own things** refers to focusing on one’s own tasks and responsibilities instead of becoming involved in other people’s private affairs. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “to focus on your own own affairs” or “to stay out of other people’s business”
4:11 jmt9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ἐργάζεσθαι ταῖς ἰδίαις χερσὶν ὑμῶν 1 Here Paul uses the phrase **work with your own hands** to indicate that the Thessalonians should support themselves instead of relying on others to provide for them. He does not mean that they must do physical labor. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to provide for yourselves” or “to earn your own living”
4:11 bz8s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit καθὼς ὑμῖν παρηγγείλαμεν 1 Here Paul refers to what he and his fellow workers **commanded** the Thessalonians when they visited them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “just as we commanded you when we visited you”
4:12 wj25 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ἵνα 1 Here, the phrase **so that** could introduce: (1) the result of doing what Paul has commanded in [4:10–11](../04/10.md). Alternate translation: “with the result that” (2) the purpose of doing what Paul has commanded in [4:10–11](../04/10.md). Alternate translation: “in order that”
4:12 hp6g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor περιπατῆτε εὐσχημόνως 1 Paul speaks of behavior in life as if it were walking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you may act properly” or “you may live your lives properly”\n
4:12 k59r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom τοὺς ἔξω 1 Here, the phrase **the ones outside** identifies people who do not belong to the group of believers in Thessalonica. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea with a word or phrase that refers to people who do not belong to a specific group. Alternate translation: “the outsiders” or “the unbelievers”
4:12 nait rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit μηδενὸς 1 Here word translated **nothing** could refer: (1) to things. In this case, Paul wants them to have everything that they need. Alternate translation: “of no essential things” (2) to people. In this case, Paul wants them to be independent and not rely on other people to provide for them. Alternate translation: “of nobody” or “of support from no person”
4:13 vi2y rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases δὲ 1 Here, the word **Now** introduces a new section in the letter. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a new section, or you could leave **Now** untranslated. Alternate translation: “Next,”
4:13 lan8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives οὐ θέλομεν & ὑμᾶς ἀγνοεῖν 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a positive expression to translate this double negative that consists of the negative particle **not** and the negative word **ignorant**. Alternate translation: “we want you to know”
4:13 p7nu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἀδελφοί 1 Paul is using the term **brothers** to mean people who share the same faith. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “believing friends”
4:13 pcan rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations ἀδελφοί 1 Although the term **brothers** is masculine, Paul is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If you retain the metaphor in your translation, and if it would be helpful in your language, you could say “brothers and sisters” to indicate this.
4:13 j68e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism τῶν κοιμωμένων 1 Here, the phrase **the ones sleeping** is a polite way to refer to people who have died. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a similar polite phrase or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the ones having passed away” or “the ones who are dead”
4:13 ocjp rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα 1 The connecting words **so that** introduces the purpose for which Paul wants to instruct the Thessalonians. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a purpose or goal. Alternate translation: “in order that”
4:13 jggl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis οἱ λοιποὶ, οἱ μὴ ἔχοντες ἐλπίδα 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “the rest grieve, the ones not having hope” or “the rest who have no hope grieve”
4:13 p5zs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish οἱ λοιποὶ, οἱ μὴ ἔχοντες ἐλπίδα 1 Here Paul is distinguishing between people who have hope and people who do not have hope. Be sure that this distinction is clear in your translation. Alternate translation: “the rest who do not have hope” or “the rest, that is, those who do not have hope”
4:13 r9f8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj οἱ λοιποὶ 1 Paul is using the adjective **rest** as a noun to refer to a group of people that includes everyone who does not have hope. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “the rest of people” or “everyone else”
4:13 f9eq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐλπίδα 1 Here Paul implies that the **hope** concerns what happens to people after they die. People who do not have **hope** do not expect anyone who dies to live again. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “hope that people will live again” or “hope of resurrection”
4:13 puvg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns οἱ μὴ ἔχοντες ἐλπίδα 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **hope**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “the ones not hoping for anything after people die” or “the ones not believing that people will live again”
4:14 j09o rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact εἰ 1 Paul speaks as if this were a hypothetical situation, but he means that it must be true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might think that what Paul is saying is uncertain, then you could translate his words as an affirmative statement. Alternate translation: “because”
4:14 ybz6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive πιστεύομεν 1
4:14 hmw4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit πιστεύομεν ὅτι Ἰησοῦς ἀπέθανεν καὶ ἀνέστη 1 Here it is assumed that the Thessalonian church knows the apostolic teaching that **Jesus died and rose again**. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “we apostles trust―as you already know―that Jesus died and rose again” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:14 ybz6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive πιστεύομεν 1 Although **we believe** could be inclusive of the Thessalonian church (and by extension all Christians), it is most likely exclusive, referring to Paul, Silvanus, and Timothy. The previous use in [4:11](../04/11.md) and subsequent uses (See “we say” in [4:15](../04/15.md)) are clearly referring to the apostles. Here, it mostly likely is a reference to their authoritative teaching. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
4:14 kmk2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result οὕτως & ὁ Θεὸς 1 This phrase could refer to: (1) result. Alternate translation: “then God” (2) manner. Alternate translation: “this is the way God” or “this is how God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
4:14 m1fy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession καὶ ὁ Θεὸς τοὺς κοιμηθέντας διὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ ἄξει σὺν αὐτῷ. 1 Paul is using the possessive form. Here, **through Jesus** could refer to: (1) being united to Jesus’ resurrection power **through** death. Alternate translation: “God will bring back with Jesus those who are united to him in death” (2) those who God will also bring back again **through** Jesus. Alternate translation: “it is through Jesus that God will also bring back the dead people who are with him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
4:14 tjqj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit αὐτῷ 1 Here Paul implies that **him** refers to **Jesus**. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say that explicitly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:14 kmk2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis οὕτως καὶ ὁ Θεὸς 1 the phrase **thus also** could go with: (1) **God will bring**. In this case, **thus also** indicates that believers will experience something like how Jesus died and rose again. (2) the implied phrase “we believe.” In this case, **thus also** indicates that believing that Christians will resurrect results from believing in Jesus’ resurrection.
4:14 skuw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἄξει 1 (1) believers who have died and who are with Jesus in heaven. God will resurrect them and send them with Jesus when Jesus comes back. (2) believers who have died. God will resurrect them and bring them to be with Jesus in heaven.
4:14 m1fy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism τοὺς κοιμηθέντας 1
4:14 tkhu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure διὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ 1 (1) with **will bring** (2) with **having slept**
4:14 tjqj rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns αὐτῷ 1
4:15 vvda rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases τοῦτο γὰρ ὑμῖν λέγομεν ἐν λόγῳ Κυρίου 1 This clause indicates that what follows is something else important that the Thessalonian church should pay attention to (See also [1:8](../01/08.md) for **the word of the Lord**). Alternate translation: “Certainly, what we now say to you is the Lord Jesus’ message” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
4:15 ni3m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἐν λόγῳ Κυρίου 1 The phrase **the word of the Lord** refers to “the whole message of the Lord’s gospel.” If this would be misunderstood in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or use plain language. Here, **word** could refer to: (1) the authority of the message. Alternate translation: “because the Lord Jesus authorized our message” (2) the means of the message. Alternate translation: “with a message from the Lord Jesus” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
4:15 gbe1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases Κυρίου, ὅτι ἡμεῖς 1 Here, **that** indicates that the rest of the verse is the content of **the word of the Lord**. You could indicate this by changing the punctuation or some other natural way in your language. Alternate translation: “of the Lord: we” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])

1 Reference ID Tags SupportReference Quote Occurrence Note
309 4:3 o59a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῆς πορνείας 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **immorality**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “doing what is sexually immoral” or “acting in sexually immoral ways”
310 4:4 s4yl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit εἰδέναι ἕκαστον ὑμῶν 1 Here, the phrase **that each of you knows** could: (1) give another example of what “sanctification” means (see [4:3](../04/03.md)). Alternate translation: “and that each of you knows” (2) describe more specifically what it means to avoid “sexual immorality” (see [4:3](../04/03.md)). Alternate translation: “more specifically, that each of you knows”
311 4:4 vhbp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit εἰδέναι ἕκαστον ὑμῶν & κτᾶσθαι 1 Here, the word **knows** could refer specifically to: (1) learning how to do something. Alternate translation: “that each of you learns to possess” (2) understanding something. Alternate translation: “that each of you understands how to possess”
312 4:4 arkf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism τὸ ἑαυτοῦ σκεῦος, κτᾶσθαι 1 Here, the word **vessel** could refer to: (1) a person’s sexual organs. Alternate translation: “to possess his own sexual organs” (2) a person’s body. Alternate translation: “to possess his own body” (2) a man’s wife. Alternate translation: “to possess his own wife” Here, the word **vessel** could refer to: (1) a person’s sexual organ. This is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “to possess his own sexual organ” (2) a man’s wife. This is a metaphor. Alternate translation: “to possess his own wife”
313 4:4 f4ux rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τὸ ἑαυτοῦ σκεῦος, κτᾶσθαι 1 The meaning of the verb **possess** depends on what the word **vessel** means (see the previous note): (1) If the word **vessel** refers to the body or more specifically to the sexual organs, the word **possess** refers to people having control over their bodies. Alternate translation: “to exercise control over his sexual organs” or “to exercise sexual self-control” (2) If the word **vessel** refers to a wife, the word **possess** could refer to a man having sex with his wife. Alternate translation: “to have sexual relations with his wife” (3) If the word **vessel** refers to a wife, the word **possess** could refer to a man marrying a woman. Alternate translation: “to marry a wife” The meaning of the verb **possess** depends on what the word **vessel** means (see the previous note): (1) If the word **vessel** refers to the body or more specifically to the sexual organ, the word **possess** refers to people having control over their bodies. Alternate translation: “to exercise control over his sexual organs” or “to exercise sexual self-control” (2) If the word **vessel** refers to a wife, the word **possess** could refer to a man having sex with his wife. Alternate translation: “to have sexual relations with his wife” (3) If the word **vessel** refers to a wife, the word **possess** could refer to a man marrying a woman. Alternate translation: “to marry a wife”
314 4:4 fpyv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations τὸ ἑαυτοῦ σκεῦος 1 The referent of the word **his** depends on what the word **vessel** means (see the previous two notes): (1) If the word **vessel** refers to a person’s sexual organs, Paul is using the word **his** in a generic sense that includes both men and women. Alternate translation: “his or her own vessel” (2) If the word **vessel** refers to a wife, Paul is using the word **his** to refer only to men and not to women. Alternate translation: “the vessel that is his” The referent of the word **his** depends on what the word **vessel** means (see the previous two notes): (1) If the word **vessel** refers to a person’s sexual organ, Paul is using the word **his** in a generic sense that includes both men and women. Alternate translation: “his or her own vessel” (2) If the word **vessel** refers to a wife, Paul is using the word **his** to refer only to men and not to women. Alternate translation: “the vessel that is his”
315 4:4 ihqe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐν ἁγιασμῷ καὶ τιμῇ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **sanctification** and **honor**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “in holy and honorable ways”
316 4:5 y9g2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast μὴ ἐν πάθει ἐπιθυμίας 1 Here, **not in the passion of lust** contrasts with the previous phrase “in holiness and honor” (see: [4:4](../04/04.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces this kind of contrast. Alternate translation: “and in contrast, not in the passion of lust”
317 4:5 utvd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns μὴ ἐν πάθει ἐπιθυμίας 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **passion** and **lust**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “not passionately lusting”
319 4:5 nrmz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis καθάπερ καὶ τὰ ἔθνη τὰ μὴ εἰδότα τὸν Θεόν 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply words such as “behave” or “act” if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “just as also the Gentiles behave, the ones not knowing God” or “just as also the Gentiles, the ones not knowing God, act”
320 4:5 w03g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish τὰ ἔθνη τὰ μὴ εἰδότα τὸν Θεόν 1 Here Paul is distinguishing from **Gentiles** who do not know God from Gentiles who do know God. Be sure that this distinction is clear in your translation. Alternate translation: “the Gentiles, specifically the ones not knowing God” or “all the Gentiles who do not know God”
321 4:5 lbvc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom τὰ μὴ εἰδότα τὸν Θεόν 1 Here, the phrase **not knowing God** means that these **Gentiles** do not listen to, trust in, or obey God. It does not mean that they do not know about God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the ones not listening to God” or “the ones not obeying God”
322 4:6 ho6h rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal τὸ μὴ ὑπερβαίνειν 1 Here, the phrase **not to transgress** could introduce: (1) the purpose of what Paul has said in [4:3–5](../04/03.md) about abstaining from sexual immorality. Alternate translation: “in order not to transgress” (2) another example of what “sanctification” means (see [4:3](../04/03.md)). Alternate translation: “and that each of you does not transgress” (3) another description of what it means to avoid “sexual immorality” (see [4:3](../04/03.md)). Alternate translation: “that each of you does not transgress”
323 4:6 wmb6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys ὑπερβαίνειν καὶ πλεονεκτεῖν 1 The two terms **transgress** and **take advantage of** work together to express a single idea. The phrase **take advantage of** tells how a person might **transgress**. If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this meaning in a different way. Alternate translation: “transgress through taking advantage of” or “transgress, taking advantage of”
324 4:6 yudl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τὸν ἀδελφὸν αὐτοῦ 1 Paul is using the term **brother** to mean a person who shares the same faith. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “his believing friend”
325 4:6 knir rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations τὸν ἀδελφὸν αὐτοῦ 1 Here Paul could be using the masculine form **his brother** to refer to: (1) specific fellow believers, whether men or women. Alternate translation: “any brother or sister” or “his or her brother or sister” (2) specific male believers, specifically men in charge of families. Alternate translation: “any brother in charge of a family”
326 4:6 ckez rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν τῷ πράγματι 1 Here, the phrase **this matter** refers to what Paul has been speaking about: sexual morality. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “in the area of sexual morality” or “in his sexual behavior”
327 4:6 q7bf rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result διότι 1 Here, the word **for** introduces a reason why the Thessalonians should obey God by avoiding sexual immorality. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a reason, or you could leave **for** untranslated. Alternate translation: “and you should behave in these ways because” or “all of which you should do since”
328 4:6 ax3k rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns πάντων τούτων 1 Here, the phrase **all these things** refers to the sinful sexual behaviors that Paul has mentioned. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “all these sexually immoral behaviors” or “every sexual sin”
329 4:6 d1ip rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit καθὼς καὶ προείπαμεν ὑμῖν καὶ διεμαρτυράμεθα 1 Here Paul refers to what he and his fellow workers told the Thessalonians when they visited them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “just as we also we also said before to you and testified when we visited you”
330 4:6 ix4p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet καὶ προείπαμεν ὑμῖν καὶ διεμαρτυράμεθα 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The repetition is used to emphasize what the apostles had already told the Thessalonian church during a previous visit. If your language does not use repetition in this way, you can combine these phrases. Alternate translation: “exactly as we also solemnly forewarned you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) The terms **said before** and **testified** mean similar things. Paul is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “we also solemnly warned you before” or “we also already testified to you”
331 4:7 qx6y v3np rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases οὐ γὰρ ἐκάλεσεν ἡμᾶς ὁ Θεὸς ἐπὶ ἀκαθαρσίᾳ, ἀλλ’ ἐν ἁγιασμῷ γὰρ 1 If your language does not use the abstract nouns **uncleanness** and **sanctification**, you can express the ideas behind them in other ways. Alternate translation: “We must not live impurely or act unholy, because God did not call us as his people for this purpose” or “God called us, so we must purify and set ourselves apart like those who belong to God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) Here, the word **For** introduces a reason or basis for what Paul has said about avoiding sexual immorality (see [4:3–6](../04/03.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a reason or basis. Alternate translation: “All that is important because”
332 4:7 v3np q4tj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive οὐ γὰρ ἐκάλεσεν ἡμᾶς ὁ Θεὸς ἐπὶ ἀκαθαρσίᾳ, ἀλλ’ ἐν ἁγιασμῷ ἡμᾶς 1 Paul uses a figure of speech that expresses a strong positive meaning by using a negative word together with a word that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If this is confusing in your language, you can express the meaning positively. Alternate translation: “Certainly God summons us to live purely and act holy” or “Indeed, God calls us to be pure and holy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) Here, the word **us** includes Paul, his fellow workers, and the Thessalonians. Your language may require you to mark this form.
333 4:7 q4tj qx6y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἡμᾶς ἐπὶ ἀκαθαρσίᾳ, ἀλλ’ ἐν ἁγιασμῷ 1 Here, **us** is inclusive, referring to the apostles, the Thessalonian church, and by extension, to all Christians. Your language may require you to mark these forms. Alternate translation: “us believers in Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **uncleanness** and **sanctification**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “to be unclean, but to be sanctified” or “to act in unclean ways, but in holy ways”
334 4:7 qli0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ἀλλ’ ἐν ἁγιασμῷ 1 What follows the word **but** is in contrast to **uncleanness**. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) Paul is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “but he called us in sanctification”
335 4:8 mn5y rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result τοιγαροῦν 1 The emphatic connecting word **Therefore** is meant to mark the end of this section prohibiting sexual immorality. Use a natural way in your language to indicate this emphasis. Alternate translation: “So then” or “As you can be absolutely certain” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) Here, the word **Therefore** introduces an inference or conclusion from what Paul has said in [4:3–7](../04/03.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use another word that introduces an inference or conclusion. Alternate translation: “Because of all that” or “In conclusion”
336 4:8 gzz8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ὁ ἀθετῶν & ἀλλὰ τὸν Θεὸν, τὸν διδόντα ὁ ἀθετῶν 1 Here God’s constant giving of the **Holy Spirit** is contrasted with the person who constantly **rejects** the apostolic teaching. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: “he who continues to reject … but actually God himself, who continues to give” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) Here, the word **this** refers back to what Paul has commanded the Thessalonians about living holy lives and avoiding sexual immorality. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “the one rejecting these commands about sexual morality” or “the one rejecting what we have said about sexual behavior”
337 4:9 4:8 uxn8 kfcb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure περὶ δὲ τῆς φιλαδελφίας οὐκ ἄνθρωπον ἀθετεῖ, ἀλλὰ τὸν Θεὸν, τὸν διδόντα 1 This phrase implies that the apostles are answering a specific question previously asked by the Thessalonian church. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “Now, related to your question about how to love fellow believers in Christ” or “Now, about your question referring to Christian relationships” or “Now, about your question related to Christian friendships” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) If your language would not naturally put the negative statement before the positive statement, you could reverse the two elements here. Alternate translation: “rejects God, not man, and God is the one who gives”
338 4:9 4:8 rpmn b7q5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations τῆς φιλαδελφίας ἄνθρωπον 1 If your language does not use the abstract noun phrase **brotherly love**, you can express the idea behind it in another way. Alternate translation: “how to affectionately care for fellow believers in Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) Although the term **man** is masculine, Paul is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “a person” or “a man or woman”
339 4:9 4:8 sgen zm4y rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish οὐ χρείαν ἔχετε γράφειν ὑμῖν, αὐτοὶ γὰρ ὑμεῖς θεοδίδακτοί ἐστε, εἰς τὸ ἀγαπᾶν ἀλλήλους τὸν διδόντα 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases since the second phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. Alternate translation: “because God himself teaches you that you should love each other, you do not need us to write to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) Here Paul is adding more information about **God**. He is not distinguishing between different gods. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a form that clearly adds information instead of distinguishing between people. Alternate translation: “who is the one who gives”
340 4:9 4:8 l1n7 v4lc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants οὐ χρείαν ἔχετε γράφειν ὑμῖν τὸν διδόντα 1 Here, **no need** is an exaggeration that Paul uses to show how successfully the Thessalonian church is practicing Christian love. Paul knows that they still have things to learn about loving fellow believers in Christ. If this would be misunderstood in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language. Alternate translation: “we feel no need to write to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) Many ancient manuscripts read **the one giving**. The ULT follows that reading. Other ancient manuscripts read “the one having given.” If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT.
341 4:9 4:8 fyqe azkx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants οὐ χρείαν ὑμᾶς 1 A word is left out here in the original that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. Since English needs it, **{for us}** is added in brackets. Do what is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) Many ancient manuscripts read **you**. The ULT follows that reading. Other ancient manuscripts read “us.” If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT.
342 4:9 ctiq uxn8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases αὐτοὶ γὰρ ὑμεῖς θεοδίδακτοί ἐστε, εἰς τὸ ἀγαπᾶν ἀλλήλους δὲ 1 This clause could refer to: (1) the content of God’s teaching. Alternate translation: “because it is God himself who teaches you: love each other” (2) the manner of God’s teaching. Alternate translation: “indeed, it is God who teaches you how to love each other” (3) the purpose of God’s teaching. Alternate translation: “the reason why God teaches you is so that you would love each other” Use a natural way in your language for expressing this idea. Here, the word **But** introduces a new section in the letter. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a new section, or you could leave **But** untranslated. Alternate translation: “Next,”
343 4:9 j7z0 rpmn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns αὐτοὶ γὰρ ὑμεῖς θεοδίδακτοί ἐστε τῆς φιλαδελφίας 1 Paul speaks of the Thessalonian church as though God himself were physically present as their teacher. Paul means that the Thessalonian church already has been taught **to love one another** through the words of Jesus (See John 13:34; 15:12, 17) by the apostles. If your readers would not understand what it means to be **taught by God** in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express Paul’s meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “because you have learned well what God teaches,” or “since this is what God teaches you to do,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **love**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “loving the brothers” or “how to love others in a brotherly way”
344 4:9 zroq sgen rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure αὐτοὶ οὐ χρείαν ἔχετε γράφειν ὑμῖν, αὐτοὶ γὰρ ὑμεῖς θεοδίδακτοί ἐστε, εἰς τὸ ἀγαπᾶν ἀλλήλους 1 Paul uses the word **yourselves** to emphasize that the Thessalonian church is doing what God teaches. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this emphasis. Alternate translation: “personally” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) If your language would naturally state a reason before its result, you could reverse the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “because you yourselves are taught by God to love one another, you have no need {for us} to write to you”
345 4:10 4:9 e3e0 l1n7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants καὶ γὰρ ποιεῖτε αὐτὸ εἰς πάντας τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς, τοὺς ἐν ὅλῃ τῇ Μακεδονίᾳ ἔχετε 1 Paul provides this background information to show another aspect of how the Thessalonian church “became an example” to the churches in Macedonia and Achaia (See [1:7–8](../01/07.md)). Use the natural form in your language for expressing background information. Alternate translation: “Certainly, you habitually show love to all your fellow believers in Christ throughout the region of Macedonia” or “In fact, you are doing just that to all the fellow Christians throughout the province of Macedonia” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) Many ancient manuscripts read **you have**. The ULT follows that reading. Other ancient manuscripts read “we have.” If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT.
346 4:10 4:9 dec9 fyqe rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result καὶ γὰρ γὰρ 1 Here, **For indeed** indicates that what follows in an example of how the Thessalonian church shows Christian love. Use a natural way in your language to indicate this emphasis. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) Here, the word **For** introduces a reason why Paul and his fellow workers do not need **to write** to the Thessalonians. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a reason or basis for a claim, or you could leave **For** untranslated. Alternate translation: “since”
347 4:10 4:9 hg7a ctiq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ποιεῖτε αὐτὸ αὐτοὶ & ὑμεῖς θεοδίδακτοί ἐστε 1 What is implied here is that **this** refers back to the phrase “to love” in [4:9](../04/09.md). If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say that explicitly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God has taught you yourselves”
348 4:10 4:9 gxfa zroq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litany rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns παρακαλοῦμεν δὲ ὑμᾶς, ἀδελφοί, αὐτοὶ & ὑμεῖς & ἐστε 1 Speaking of what the apostles **exhort** the Thessalonian church to do, Paul uses a repetitive series of five verb forms that continues into [4:11](../04/11.md). This repetitive style of speaking or writing is called a “litany.” Use a form in your language that someone would use to list things that someone is urged to do. Alternate translation: “Now, fellow believers in Christ, we are urging you” or “But, fellow Christians, we strongly encourage you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litany]]) Here, the word translated **yourselves** emphasizes **you**. Consider using a natural way to emphasize **you** in your language. Alternate translation: “you indeed are” or “as for you, you are” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
349 4:10 u3fl dec9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result δὲ καὶ γὰρ ποιεῖτε 1 Here, **But** indicates that what follows are numerous exhortations. Use a natural way in your language to express this emphasis. Alternate translation: “However” or “Certainly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) Here, the phrase **For also** introduces another reason why Paul and his fellow workers do not need to write to the Thessalonians (see [4:9](../04/09.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a reason or basis for a claim, or you could leave **For** untranslated. Alternate translation: “Again, we do not need to write to you about this, since you do” or “Even more, you do”
350 4:11 4:10 h2df hg7a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns καὶ φιλοτιμεῖσθαι, ἡσυχάζειν καὶ πράσσειν τὰ ἴδια, καὶ ἐργάζεσθαι ταῖς ἰδίαις χερσὶν ὑμῶν ποιεῖτε αὐτὸ 1 Paul is describing peaceful communal living by using this combination of ideas. If this would be misunderstood in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or use plain language. Alternate translation: “and seek to lovingly honor others: by living quietly and tending to your own business and focusing on doing your own work” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) Here, the word **it** refers to “brotherly love” (see [4:9](../04/09.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “you show brotherly love”
351 4:11 4:10 d2fg gxfa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor καὶ φιλοτιμεῖσθαι, ἡσυχάζειν πάντας τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς & ἀδελφοί 1 These phrases continue the apostles’ exhortations. Here, the phrases translated **and to strive to live quietly** could refer to: (1) phrases that complement each other. Alternate translation: “and to aspire to live quietly” (2) phrases that express separate ideas. Alternate translation: “and seek to lovingly honor others, to live quietly,” Use a natural way in your language to emphasize this. Paul is using the term **brothers** to mean people who share the same faith. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “all the believers … believing friends”
352 4:11 4:10 j4c7 lxpc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations πράσσειν τὰ ἴδια πάντας τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς & ἀδελφοί 1 Here, **to perform your own things** implies that the Thessalonian church should tend to their own concerns. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “to tend to your own business” or “to focus on your own tasks” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) Although the term **brothers** is masculine, Paul is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If you retain the metaphor in your translation, and if it would be helpful in your language, you could say “brothers and sisters” to indicate this. Alternate translation: “all the brothers and sisters … brothers and sisters”
353 4:11 4:10 jmt9 u3fl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases ἐργάζεσθαι ταῖς ἰδίαις χερσὶν ὑμῶν δὲ 1 Here, **to work with your own hands** is an idiom meaning “earn what you need to live.” If this would be misunderstood in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “to work hard to earn what you need” or “to labor to pay for your expenses” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) Here, the word **But** introduces a slight contrast between what the Thessalonians are doing and how Paul wants them to do it **even more**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces this kind of contrast, or you could leave **But** untranslated. Alternate translation: “Now” or “Yet”
354 4:11 4:10 bz8s z51t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit καθὼς ὑμῖν παρηγγείλαμεν περισσεύειν μᾶλλον 1 This phrase and the following verse signal the end of this larger section of teaching about how to live in Christian community (See [4:1,2](../04/01.md) for the same wording). Here, **just as we commanded** also expresses that what the apostles teach is the same as being “taught by God” (See [4:9](../04/09.md)). If this would not be understood in your language, you could make the relationship between these phrases clearer. Alternate translation as a new sentence: “This is what we already commanded you to do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) Here Paul implies that he and his fellow workers want the Thessalonians to **abound** in brotherly love **even more**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “to abound even more in brotherly love”
355 4:12 4:11 wj25 d2fg rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἵνα ἡσυχάζειν 1 Here, **so that** could introduce a purpose clause. Paul could be stating the purpose for the apostles’ exhortation in [4:10](../04/10.md). Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “in order that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) Here, the phrase **to be quiet** refers to living in a peaceful way that does not disrupt others. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a similar phrase or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to avoid disrupting others” or “to behave calmly around other people”
356 4:12 4:11 oo9l j4c7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἵνα περιπατῆτε πράσσειν τὰ ἴδια 1 Here, **so that you may walk** could be a result clause. It is possible that this phrase refers to both purpose and result. If there is a way to indicate this in your language, you could express this dual meaning. Alternate translation: “as a result you now live” or “then you will live” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) Here, the phrase **to perform your own things** refers to focusing on one’s own tasks and responsibilities instead of becoming involved in other people’s private affairs. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “to focus on your own own affairs” or “to stay out of other people’s business”
357 4:12 4:11 hp6g jmt9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom περιπατῆτε εὐσχημόνως ἐργάζεσθαι ταῖς ἰδίαις χερσὶν ὑμῶν 1 Here, **walk** is a metaphor that means “to live” or “behave.” If your readers would not understand what it means **to walk** in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express Paul’s meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you would live appropriately” or “you would live nobly” or “you would behave modestly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) Here Paul uses the phrase **work with your own hands** to indicate that the Thessalonians should support themselves instead of relying on others to provide for them. He does not mean that they must do physical labor. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable phrase or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to provide for yourselves” or “to earn your own living”
358 4:12 4:11 k59r bz8s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit πρὸς τοὺς ἔξω καθὼς ὑμῖν παρηγγείλαμεν 1 Paul speaks of these people as if they were physically located outside of an area. He means that they are not part of the Christian community. If your readers would not understand what “before those outside” means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express Paul’s meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in the presence of non-Christians” or “in front of those who do not trust in Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) Here Paul refers to what he and his fellow workers **commanded** the Thessalonians when they visited them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “just as we commanded you when we visited you”
359 4:12 nait wj25 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result καὶ μηδενὸς χρείαν ἔχητε ἵνα 1 This is a purpose clause. Paul is stating the purpose for the apostles’ exhortation in [4:10](../04/10.md). Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “and so that you would not need anything” or “and then you could be self-sufficient” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) Here, the phrase **so that** could introduce: (1) the result of doing what Paul has commanded in [4:10–11](../04/10.md). Alternate translation: “with the result that” (2) the purpose of doing what Paul has commanded in [4:10–11](../04/10.md). Alternate translation: “in order that”
360 4:13 4:12 vi2y hp6g rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor δὲ περιπατῆτε εὐσχημόνως 1 Here, **Now** is a connecting word that signals the beginning of an extended section in [4:13–5:11](../04/13.md) about the Second Coming of Christ (See chapter and book introduction)(See also 2 Thessalonians 1:7–10; 2:3–12). If our language has a special section marker, you could use it here. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) Paul speaks of behavior in life as if it were walking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you may act properly” or “you may live your lives properly”\n
361 4:13 4:12 lan8 k59r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom οὐ θέλομεν δὲ ὑμᾶς ἀγνοεῖν τοὺς ἔξω 1 Paul uses a figure of speech that expresses a strong positive meaning by using a negative word together with a word that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If this is confusing in your language, you can express the meaning positively. Alternate translation: “We want you to know for certain” or “Now we desire to clarify” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) Here, the phrase **the ones outside** identifies people who do not belong to the group of believers in Thessalonica. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea with a word or phrase that refers to people who do not belong to a specific group. Alternate translation: “the outsiders” or “the unbelievers”
362 4:13 4:12 qt5b nait rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit περὶ μηδενὸς 1 Here, **concerning** implies that the apostles are answering another specific question previously asked by the Thessalonian church (See [4:9](../04/09.md)). If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “as it relates to your question about” or “concerning your question about” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) Here word translated **nothing** could refer: (1) to things. In this case, Paul wants them to have everything that they need. Alternate translation: “of no essential things” (2) to people. In this case, Paul wants them to be independent and not rely on other people to provide for them. Alternate translation: “of nobody” or “of support from no person”
363 4:13 j68e vi2y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases τῶν κοιμωμένων δὲ 1 Here, **the ones sleeping** is a euphemism for death that continues through [5:10](../05/10.md). In this specific context, it refers to those human souls who are awaiting the reunion of their bodies at the Second Coming of Christ (See [4:16–17](../04/16.md)). You could either use a similar euphemism for death in your language or say this plainly. Alternate translation: “those who are already dead” or “those who have died” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) Here, the word **Now** introduces a new section in the letter. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a new section, or you could leave **Now** untranslated. Alternate translation: “Next,”
364 4:13 ocjp lan8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives ἵνα μὴ λυπῆσθε οὐ θέλομεν & ὑμᾶς ἀγνοεῖν 1 Here, **so that you may not grieve** is a purpose clause. Paul is stating the purpose for why he does not want the Thessalonian church to remain ignorant about the destiny of their loved ones **who are asleep**. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “so that you would not sorrow” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a positive expression to translate this double negative that consists of the negative particle **not** and the negative word **ignorant**. Alternate translation: “we want you to know”
365 4:13 r9f8 p7nu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor καθὼς καὶ οἱ λοιποὶ ἀδελφοί 1 Paul is using the adjective phrase **the rest** as a noun in order to describe a group of people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this with a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “like the rest of people” or “in the same way as the rest of humanity” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) Paul is using the term **brothers** to mean people who share the same faith. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “believing friends”
366 4:13 f9eq pcan rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations οἱ μὴ ἔχοντες ἐλπίδα ἀδελφοί 1 Here Paul assumes that his readers will know that **hope** refers to salvation at the final resurrection (See [1:3; 2:19; 4:16; 5:8](../01/03.md)). Previously **hope** was associated with the Second Coming of Christ in [2:19](../02/19.md). If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “who possess no confidence of life after death” or “who possess no assurance of life after death” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) Although the term **brothers** is masculine, Paul is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If you retain the metaphor in your translation, and if it would be helpful in your language, you could say “brothers and sisters” to indicate this.
367 4:13 puvg j68e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism οἱ μὴ ἔχοντες ἐλπίδα τῶν κοιμωμένων 1 If your language does not use the abstract noun **hope**, you can express the idea behind it in another way. Alternate translation: “who are not confident of life after death” “who are not sure about life after death” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) Here, the phrase **the ones sleeping** is a polite way to refer to people who have died. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a similar polite phrase or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the ones having passed away” or “the ones who are dead”
368 4:14 4:13 j09o ocjp rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal εἰ γὰρ πιστεύομεν ὅτι Ἰησοῦς ἀπέθανεν καὶ ἀνέστη ἵνα 1 Paul is speaking as if this were a hypothetical possibility, but he actually means that it is true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might what the apostles are saying is not certain, then you could translate their words as an affirmative statement. Alternate translation: “As we certainly believe that Jesus died and resurrected” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]]) The connecting words **so that** introduces the purpose for which Paul wants to instruct the Thessalonians. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that introduces a purpose or goal. Alternate translation: “in order that”
369 4:13 jggl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis οἱ λοιποὶ, οἱ μὴ ἔχοντες ἐλπίδα 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “the rest grieve, the ones not having hope” or “the rest who have no hope grieve”
370 4:13 p5zs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish οἱ λοιποὶ, οἱ μὴ ἔχοντες ἐλπίδα 1 Here Paul is distinguishing between people who have hope and people who do not have hope. Be sure that this distinction is clear in your translation. Alternate translation: “the rest who do not have hope” or “the rest, that is, those who do not have hope”
371 4:13 r9f8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj οἱ λοιποὶ 1 Paul is using the adjective **rest** as a noun to refer to a group of people that includes everyone who does not have hope. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “the rest of people” or “everyone else”
372 4:13 f9eq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐλπίδα 1 Here Paul implies that the **hope** concerns what happens to people after they die. People who do not have **hope** do not expect anyone who dies to live again. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this idea more explicit. Alternate translation: “hope that people will live again” or “hope of resurrection”
373 4:13 puvg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns οἱ μὴ ἔχοντες ἐλπίδα 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **hope**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “the ones not hoping for anything after people die” or “the ones not believing that people will live again”
374 4:14 j09o rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact εἰ 1 Paul speaks as if this were a hypothetical situation, but he means that it must be true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might think that what Paul is saying is uncertain, then you could translate his words as an affirmative statement. Alternate translation: “because”
375 4:14 ybz6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive πιστεύομεν 1
376 4:14 hmw4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit πιστεύομεν ὅτι Ἰησοῦς ἀπέθανεν καὶ ἀνέστη 1 Here it is assumed that the Thessalonian church knows the apostolic teaching that **Jesus died and rose again**. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “we apostles trust―as you already know―that Jesus died and rose again” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
377 4:14 ybz6 kmk2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis πιστεύομεν οὕτως καὶ ὁ Θεὸς 1 Although **we believe** could be inclusive of the Thessalonian church (and by extension all Christians), it is most likely exclusive, referring to Paul, Silvanus, and Timothy. The previous use in [4:11](../04/11.md) and subsequent uses (See “we say” in [4:15](../04/15.md)) are clearly referring to the apostles. Here, it mostly likely is a reference to their authoritative teaching. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) the phrase **thus also** could go with: (1) **God will bring**. In this case, **thus also** indicates that believers will experience something like how Jesus died and rose again. (2) the implied phrase “we believe.” In this case, **thus also** indicates that believing that Christians will resurrect results from believing in Jesus’ resurrection.
378 4:14 kmk2 skuw rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit οὕτως & ὁ Θεὸς ἄξει 1 This phrase could refer to: (1) result. Alternate translation: “then God” (2) manner. Alternate translation: “this is the way God” or “this is how God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) (1) believers who have died and who are with Jesus in heaven. God will resurrect them and send them with Jesus when Jesus comes back. (2) believers who have died. God will resurrect them and bring them to be with Jesus in heaven.
379 4:14 m1fy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism καὶ ὁ Θεὸς τοὺς κοιμηθέντας διὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ ἄξει σὺν αὐτῷ. τοὺς κοιμηθέντας 1 Paul is using the possessive form. Here, **through Jesus** could refer to: (1) being united to Jesus’ resurrection power **through** death. Alternate translation: “God will bring back with Jesus those who are united to him in death” (2) those who God will also bring back again **through** Jesus. Alternate translation: “it is through Jesus that God will also bring back the dead people who are with him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
380 4:14 tjqj tkhu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure αὐτῷ διὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ 1 Here Paul implies that **him** refers to **Jesus**. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say that explicitly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) (1) with **will bring** (2) with **having slept**
381 4:14 tjqj rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns αὐτῷ 1
382 4:15 vvda rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases τοῦτο γὰρ ὑμῖν λέγομεν ἐν λόγῳ Κυρίου 1 This clause indicates that what follows is something else important that the Thessalonian church should pay attention to (See also [1:8](../01/08.md) for **the word of the Lord**). Alternate translation: “Certainly, what we now say to you is the Lord Jesus’ message” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
383 4:15 ni3m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἐν λόγῳ Κυρίου 1 The phrase **the word of the Lord** refers to “the whole message of the Lord’s gospel.” If this would be misunderstood in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or use plain language. Here, **word** could refer to: (1) the authority of the message. Alternate translation: “because the Lord Jesus authorized our message” (2) the means of the message. Alternate translation: “with a message from the Lord Jesus” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
384 4:15 gbe1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases Κυρίου, ὅτι ἡμεῖς 1 Here, **that** indicates that the rest of the verse is the content of **the word of the Lord**. You could indicate this by changing the punctuation or some other natural way in your language. Alternate translation: “of the Lord: we” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])

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