diff --git a/tn_RUT.tsv b/tn_RUT.tsv index e72ec4a502..2ccce54bce 100644 --- a/tn_RUT.tsv +++ b/tn_RUT.tsv @@ -1,124 +1,139 @@ Reference ID Tags SupportReference Quote Occurrence Note -front:intro f68r 0 # Introduction to Ruth\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of Ruth\n\n1. How Ruth came to Bethlehem with Naomi (1:1–22)\n1. Boaz helps Ruth as she gleans (2:1–23)\n1. Boaz and Ruth at the threshing floor (3:1–18)\n1. How Ruth became the wife of Boaz (4:1–16)\n1. Obed born to Ruth and Boaz; the genealogy of David (4:13–22)\n\n### What is the book of Ruth about?\n\nThis book is about a non-Israelite woman named Ruth. It tells how she came to join the people of Yahweh. The book also explains how Ruth became an ancestor of King David.\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nThis book traditionally has the title **Ruth** because she is the main person in it. Translators can use a title such as **The Book About Ruth**. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n### When did the events in the book of Ruth occur?\n\nThe story of Ruth is set during the time when there were judges in Israel. This was after the people of Israel had entered into the land of Canaan, but before they had a king. The judges were men and women whom God chose to help the Israelites defeat their enemies. These leaders usually continued to help the people by deciding disputes among them. They also helped the people make important decisions. Many of these leaders served all the people of Israel, but some of them may have served only certain tribes.\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### Why does Scripture include a book about a woman from the foreign land of Moab?\n\nIn a period when Israel was often unfaithful to Yahweh, a woman from Moab showed great faith in him. The Israelites’ frequent lack of faith in Yahweh is contrasted with the faith of this woman from a foreign land. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]])\n\n### What important marriage custom is found in the book of Ruth?\n\nIsraelites practiced what is called "levirate marriage." In this custom, the closest male relative of a man who died without any children was obligated to provide for his widow by marrying her. Usually this would be one of the man’s brothers. Any children born to them were to be regarded as children of the dead man. They did this so that the dead man would have descendants. If the closest relative did not marry the woman, another relative could fulfil this obligation.\n\n### What was a "kinsman-redeemer"?\n\nA person’s close relative or relatives were expected to act as "kinsmen-redeemers" (2:20 ULT) for him or her. They were responsible to provide for a relative in need, fulfill obligations of levirate marriage, and buy back land into the family that had been sold to someone outside of the family. In the book of Ruth, Boaz is one such kinsman-redeemer.\n\n### What was "gleaning" in the book of Ruth?\n\nIn Israel, poor people were allowed to follow after the men who harvested a field. These gleaners picked up stalks of grain that the harvesters missed or dropped. In this way, poor people were able to find some food. Ruth became a gleaner in a field belonging to Boaz.\n\n### What is covenant faithfulness or covenant loyalty?\n\nA covenant is a formal, binding agreement between two parties that one or both parties must fulfill. Covenant faithfulness or covenant loyalty is when a person does what they said they would do according to the covenant that they had made. God made a covenant with Israel in which he promised that he would love and be faithful to the Israelites. The Israelites were to do the same toward him and toward each other.\n\nThe book of Ruth shows that what kinsmen-redeemers do for their relatives is part of Israel’s duties according to God’s covenant with them. The story of Boaz, Ruth, and Naomi gives examples to all of Israel of the good effects of covenant faithfulness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenantfaith]])\n\n### What function did city gates have in the ancient Near East?\n\nCity gates in the time of Boaz were meeting places for the city elders. Elders were honored men who decided business matters and legal matters together. The city walls were thick, especially at the entryways, and the gates had guard towers beside and above them. Therefore, the gateway opening provided a large shady area for public meetings and there were places for important people to sit. For this reason, Boaz and the other elders sat in the gateway.\n\nSome English Bible versions speak of Boaz sitting at the city gate, but it may be best for translators to make clear that Boaz sat in the city gateway.\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### How does the book of Ruth change from one topic to another topic?\n\nThe book of Ruth often changes to new topics or new parts of the story. The ULT uses various words to indicate these changes, such as "so," "then," and "now." Translators should use the ways most natural in their own languages to signal these changes. +front:intro f68r 0 # Introduction to Ruth\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of Ruth\n\n1. Naomi goes to Moab with her family (1:1–5)\n1. Ruth comes to Bethlehem with Naomi (1:6–22)\n1. Boaz helps Ruth as she gleans (2:1–23)\n1. Boaz and Ruth at the threshing floor (3:1–18)\n1. Ruth becomes the wife of Boaz (4:1–16)\n1. Obed born to Ruth and Boaz; the genealogy of David (4:13–22)\n\n### What is the book of Ruth about?\n\nThis book is about a non-Israelite woman named Ruth. It tells how she came to join the people of Yahweh. The book also explains how Ruth became an ancestor of King David.\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nThis book traditionally has the title **Ruth** because she is the main person in it. If the church prefers, you could use a fuller title such as **The Book About Ruth**. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n### When did the events in the book of Ruth occur?\n\nThe story of Ruth is set during the time when there were judges in Israel. This was after the people of Israel had entered into the land of Canaan, but before they had a king. The judges were men and women whom God chose to help the Israelites defeat their enemies. These leaders usually continued to help the people by deciding disputes among them. They also helped the people make important decisions. Many of these leaders served all the people of Israel, but some of them may have served only certain tribes.\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### Why does Scripture include a book about a woman from the foreign land of Moab?\n\nIn a period when Israel was often unfaithful to Yahweh, a woman from Moab showed great faith in him. The Israelites’ frequent lack of faith in Yahweh is contrasted with the faith of this woman from a foreign land. This shows us that God is the God of all people, not just of Israel. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]])\n\n### What important marriage custom is found in the book of Ruth?\n\nIsraelites practiced what is called "levirate marriage." In this custom, the closest male relative of a man who died without any children was obligated to provide for his widow by marrying her. Usually this would be one of the man’s brothers. Any children born to them were to be regarded as children of the dead man. They did this so that the dead man would have descendants. If the closest relative did not marry the woman, another relative could fulfill this obligation.\n\n### What was a "kinsman-redeemer"?\n\nA person’s close relative or relatives were expected to act as "kinsmen-redeemers" (2:20 ULT) for him or her. They were responsible to provide for a relative in need, fulfill obligations of levirate marriage, and buy back land into the family that had been sold to someone outside of the family. In the book of Ruth, Boaz is one such kinsman-redeemer.\n\n### What was "gleaning" in the book of Ruth?\n\nIn Israel, poor people were allowed to follow after the men who harvested a field. These gleaners picked up stalks of grain that the harvesters missed or dropped. In this way, poor people were able to find some food. Ruth became a gleaner in a field belonging to Boaz.\n\n### What is covenant faithfulness or covenant loyalty?\n\nA covenant is a formal, binding agreement between two parties that one or both parties must fulfill. Covenant faithfulness or covenant loyalty is when a person does what they said they would do according to the covenant that they had made. God made a covenant with Israel in which he promised that he would love and be faithful to the Israelites. The Israelites were to do the same toward him and toward each other.\n\nThe book of Ruth shows that what kinsmen-redeemers do for their relatives is part of Israel’s duties according to God’s covenant with them. The story of Boaz, Ruth, and Naomi gives examples to all of Israel of the good effects of covenant faithfulness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenantfaith]])\n\n### What function did city gates have in the ancient Near East?\n\nCity gates in the time of Boaz were meeting places for the city elders. Elders were honored men who decided business matters and legal matters together. The city walls were thick, especially at the entryways, and the gates had guard towers beside and above them. Therefore, the gateway opening provided a large shady area for public meetings and there were places for important people to sit. For this reason, Boaz and the other elders sat in the gateway.\n\nSome English Bible versions speak of Boaz sitting at the city gate, but it may be best for translators to make clear that Boaz sat in the city gateway.\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### How does the book of Ruth change from one topic to another topic?\n\nThe book of Ruth often changes to new topics or new parts of the story. The ULT uses various words to indicate these changes, such as "so," "then," and "now." Translators should use the ways most natural in their own languages to signal these changes. 1:intro irf4 0 # Ruth 1 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n### **It happened in the days when the judges ruled**\n\nThe events of this book occur during the period of Judges. The book is concurrent with the book of Judges. To understand the historical context of the book, the translator may wish to review the book of Judges.\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Women without a husband or children\n\nIn the ancient Near East, if a woman lacked a husband or sons, she was considered to be in a dire circumstance. She would not have been able to provide for herself. This is why Naomi told her daughters to remarry.\n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### Contrast\n\nThe actions of Ruth the Moabite are intended to contrast with the actions of Naomi the Jew. Ruth shows great faith in Naomi’s God, while Naomi does not trust in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) -1:1 sb2j rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וַ⁠יְהִ֗י 1 This is a common way of beginning a historical story. Alternative translation: "It was" -1:1 m9nl rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous בִּ⁠ימֵי֙ שְׁפֹ֣ט הַ⁠שֹּׁפְטִ֔ים 1 The phrase **in the days of** indicates the time period during which the famine happened. Use a natural form in your language for introducing the time during which another event happened. Alternate translation: “in the time when the judges ruled” -1:1 nm13 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בָּ⁠אָ֑רֶץ 1 This phrase, **in the land**, refers to the land of Israel. Alternate translation: “in the land of Israel” -1:1 mmb4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants אִ֜ישׁ 1 This is a common way of introducing a character into a story. -1:2 e53a אֶפְרָתִ֔ים מִ⁠בֵּ֥ית לֶ֖חֶם יְהוּדָ֑ה 1 The name **Ephrathites** refers to the people from the clan of Ephrathah, people who lived in the area around Bethlehem. Alternate translation: “from the clan of Ephrathah, from Bethlehem, in Judah.” -1:3 rxb1 הִ֖יא וּ⁠שְׁנֵ֥י בָנֶֽי⁠הָ׃ 1 **so that Naomi had only her two sons remaining with her** -1:4 pk7g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יִּשְׂא֣וּ לָ⁠הֶ֗ם נָשִׁים֙ 1 The phrase **took wives for themselves** is an idiom for marrying women. They did not take women who were already married. -1:4 k7y9 figs-extrainfo מֹֽאֲבִיּ֔וֹת 1 Naomi’s sons married women who were from the tribe of Moab. The Moabites worshiped other gods and descendants of Moabites were forbidden from becoming part of Israel. If it would not be clear to your readers, you could explain the significance of this action in a footnote or introduction. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]]) -1:4 aee6 שֵׁ֤ם הָֽ⁠אַחַת֙ & וְ⁠שֵׁ֥ם הַ⁠שֵּׁנִ֖ית 1 Alternate translation: "the name of one woman was … and the name of the other woman was" -1:4 rt4c כְּ⁠עֶ֥שֶׂר שָׁנִֽים 1 About ten years after Elimelek and Naomi came to the country of Moab, their sons Mahlon and Kilion died. -1:5 dbr3 וַ⁠תִּשָּׁאֵר֙ הָֽ⁠אִשָּׁ֔ה מִ⁠שְּׁנֵ֥י יְלָדֶ֖י⁠הָ וּ⁠מֵ⁠אִישָֽׁ⁠הּ 1 Alternate translation: "and Naomi was left widowed and childless" +1:1 sb2j rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וַ⁠יְהִ֗י 1 This phrase translates a common way of beginning a historical story in the Bible. Use a natural way of beginning a true story that happened a long time ago. Alternative translation: "It was" +1:1 m9nl rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous בִּ⁠ימֵי֙ שְׁפֹ֣ט הַ⁠שֹּׁפְטִ֔ים 1 The phrase **in the days of** indicates the time period during which the famine happened. The famine probably lasted for years, not just days. Use a natural form in your language for introducing the time during which another event happened. Alternate translation: “in the time when the judges ruled” +1:1 nm13 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בָּ⁠אָ֑רֶץ 1 This phrase, **in the land**, refers to the land of Israel. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “in the land of Israel” +1:1 mmb4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants אִ֜ישׁ 1 This is a common way of introducing a character into a story. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a new participant in a story. +1:2 e53a rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אֶפְרָתִ֔ים 1 The name **Ephrathites** refers to the people from the clan of Ephrathah, people who lived in the area around Bethlehem. Alternate translation: “from the clan of Ephrathah” +1:3 rxb1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וַ⁠תִּשָּׁאֵ֥ר הִ֖יא וּ⁠שְׁנֵ֥י בָנֶֽי⁠הָ׃ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Naomi remained as a widow, only her two sons remaining with her” +1:4 pk7g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יִּשְׂא֣וּ לָ⁠הֶ֗ם נָשִׁים֙ 1 The phrase **took wives for themselves** is an idiom that means that they married women. They did not take women by force or women who were already married to other men. +1:4 aee6 שֵׁ֤ם הָֽ⁠אַחַת֙ עָרְפָּ֔ה וְ⁠שֵׁ֥ם הַ⁠שֵּׁנִ֖ית ר֑וּת 1 If your language must distinguish which woman married which son, you can say that Orpah married Kilion and that Ruth married Mahlon. Alternate translation: "the name of the woman who married Kilion was Orpah, and the name of the woman who married Mahlon was Ruth" +1:4 rt4c כְּ⁠עֶ֥שֶׂר שָׁנִֽים 1 Ten years is the approximate time from when Elimelek and Naomi first came to the country of Moab to when their sons Mahlon and Kilion died. It is not measuring the time that Mahlon and Kilion were married. +1:5 dbr3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וַ⁠תִּשָּׁאֵר֙ הָֽ⁠אִשָּׁ֔ה מִ⁠שְּׁנֵ֥י יְלָדֶ֖י⁠הָ וּ⁠מֵ⁠אִישָֽׁ⁠הּ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and the woman was alone without her husband or her two sons” or "and Naomi remained widowed and childless" +1:6 wsr0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וַ⁠תָּ֤קָם הִיא֙ וְ⁠כַלֹּתֶ֔י⁠הָ וַ⁠תָּ֖שָׁב 1 This part of the sentence forms an introductory summary of what will happen in the following section. It does not relate events in the timeline of the story. If your language does not use introductory summaries like this, you can translate these actions as events. Alternate translation: “Then she, along with her daughters-in-law, prepared to return” +1:6 tmq3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants וַ⁠תָּ֤קָם הִיא֙ וְ⁠כַלֹּתֶ֔י⁠הָ וַ⁠תָּ֖שָׁב 1 The verbs **arose** and **returned** are singular, and refer to Naomi. This shows that Naomi is the main character who takes the initiative in these actions. However, her daughters-in-law are included. If your language requires plural verbs when more than one person is included in an action, you can use them here. Alternate translation: “Then she and her daughters-in-law arose and returned” 1:6 u9q2 וְ⁠כַלֹּתֶ֔י⁠הָ 1 Alternate translation: "and the women who had married Naomi’s sons" +1:6 zo55 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure כִּ֤י שָֽׁמְעָה֙ בִּ⁠שְׂדֵ֣ה מוֹאָ֔ב כִּֽי־פָקַ֤ד יְהוָה֙ אֶת־עַמּ֔⁠וֹ\nלָ⁠תֵ֥ת לָ⁠הֶ֖ם לָֽחֶם 1 Naomi first heard about Yahweh visiting his people and then decided to return to Bethlehem, so it might be more natural to put this information first, as in the UST. 1:6 sa4z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שָֽׁמְעָה֙ בִּ⁠שְׂדֵ֣ה מוֹאָ֔ב 1 It is implied that the news came from Israel. Alternate translation: “while she was in the region of Moab, she had heard from someone who came from Israel” 1:6 ser2 יְהוָה֙ 1 The word **Yahweh** is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. 1:6 v86z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit פָקַ֤ד & אֶת־עַמּ֔⁠וֹ 1 The implication is that God saw their need and provided good harvests for them. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “had helped the Israelites” 1:6 ab01 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לָ⁠תֵ֥ת לָ⁠הֶ֖ם לָֽחֶם׃ 1 Here, **bread** refers to food in general. Alternate translation: “giving them abundant harvests, so that they had plenty of food.” 1:7 w7ti וַ⁠תֵּלַ֣כְנָה בַ⁠דֶּ֔רֶךְ 1 Alternate translation: "And they walked along the road" 1:8 fu39 לִ⁠שְׁתֵּ֣י כַלֹּתֶ֔י⁠הָ 1 Alternate translation: "to her two sons’ wives" or "to the widows of her two sons" -1:8 lxs2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual אִשָּׁ֖ה 1 Since Naomi is speaking to two people, the form of "you" would be dual here, if your language uses that form. +1:8 lxs2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual לֵ֣כְנָה שֹּׁ֔בְנָה אִשָּׁ֖ה 1 Since Naomi is speaking to two people, the form of address would be dual here, if your language uses that form. +1:8 hizu לֵ֣כְנָה שֹּׁ֔בְנָה אִשָּׁ֖ה לְ⁠בֵ֣ית אִמָּ֑⁠הּ 1 If this custom seems strange to your readers, you could include a footnote to explain it, such as: “According to the custom of the ancient Hebrews, a young widow could either stay with the family of her deceased husband or return to live with her parents until she married again.” 1:8 hsf7 לְ⁠בֵ֣ית אִמָּ֑⁠הּ 1 Alternate translation: "to the home of your mother" -1:8 g4r8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom עִם־הַ⁠מֵּתִ֖ים 1 Here, **with the dead** is referring to Naomi's two sons, who had died. Alternate translation: "toward your husbands, who died," -1:8 acb4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj הַ⁠מֵּתִ֖ים 1 The writer is using the adjective **dead** as a noun to mean those who have died. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: "your husbands, who died" -1:9 pm6y יִתֵּ֤ן יְהוָה֙ לָ⁠כֶ֔ם וּ⁠מְצֶ֣אןָ 1 Alternate translation: "May Yahweh give you" or "May Yahweh allow you to have" -1:9 c74v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ⁠מְצֶ֣אןָ מְנוּחָ֔ה 1 The word **rest** here does not refer to sitting down to rest. It means a place where these women would belong, a home for them, which would include the security that comes through marriage. -1:9 v2vx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בֵּ֣ית אִישָׁ֑⁠הּ 1 This means with new husbands, not with their previous husbands, who died, or with someone else’s husband. The word **house** refers to both a physical house that belongs to the husband, and to the protection from shame and poverty that a husband provides. -1:9 t69w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠תִּשֶּׂ֥אנָה קוֹלָ֖⁠ן וַ⁠תִּבְכֶּֽינָה 1 To lift up the voice is an idiom for speaking loudly. The daughters cried loudly or wept bitterly. +1:8 nnen rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing יעשה יְהוָ֤ה עִמָּ⁠כֶם֙ חֶ֔סֶד כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֧ר עֲשִׂיתֶ֛ם עִם־הַ⁠מֵּתִ֖ים וְ⁠עִמָּדִֽ⁠י 1 Naomi is asking God to bless Orpah and Ruth. Use a natural form for a blessing in your language. Alternate translation: “I pray that Yahweh will show you covenant faithfulness as you have shown to the dead and to me.” +1:8 acb4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj עִם־הַ⁠מֵּתִ֖ים 1 The writer is using the adjective **dead** as a noun to mean those who have died. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: "toward your husbands, who died," +1:8 etw2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חֶ֔סֶד 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “loyally and faithfully” +1:9 pm6y rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing יִתֵּ֤ן יְהוָה֙ לָ⁠כֶ֔ם וּ⁠מְצֶ֣אןָ 1 Here, Naomi continues her blessing. Use a natural form for a blessing in your language. Alternate translation: "May Yahweh give you" or "I pray that Yahweh will allow you to have" +1:9 c74v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ⁠מְצֶ֣אןָ מְנוּחָ֔ה 1 The word **rest** here does not refer to sitting down to rest. It means a place where these women would belong, a home for them, which would include the security that comes through marriage. Alternate translation: “a safe and stable home” +1:9 v2vx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בֵּ֣ית אִישָׁ֑⁠הּ 1 This means with new husbands, not with their previous husbands, who died, or with someone else’s husband. The word **house** refers to both a physical house that belongs to the husband, and to the protection from shame and poverty that a husband provides. Alternate translation: “in her own husband's household” +1:9 t69w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠תִּשֶּׂ֥אנָה קוֹלָ֖⁠ן וַ⁠תִּבְכֶּֽינָה 1 To lift up the voice is an idiom for speaking or crying loudly. Alternate translation: “and they cried loudly” or “and they wept bitterly” 1:10 mag8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive נָשׁ֖וּב 1 When Orpah and Ruth said **we,** they were referring to themselves and not Naomi. So languages that have inclusive and exclusive forms of **we** would use the exclusive form here. +1:10 hilu rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast וַ⁠תֹּאמַ֖רְנָה 1 The word **But** here indicates a strong contrast between what Naomi said and what the daughters-in-law are about to say. In your translation, indicate this strong contrast in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Nevertheless, they said” +1:10 u1dh rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast כִּי־ 1 The daughters-in-law use the word **Rather** here to indicate a strong contrast between what Naomi wants them to do and what they propose to do. In your translation, indicate this strong contrast in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Instead of that” 1:10 bq4j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular אִתָּ֥⁠ךְ 1 The word **you** is singular here because it refers to Naomi. -1:11 ggi3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion לָ֥⁠מָּה תֵלַ֖כְנָה עִמִּ֑⁠י 1 The author is using the question form here to convince the young women of her own conviction. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate \ntranslation: “It does not make sense for you to go with me.” or “You should not go with me!” -1:11 q2hn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הַֽ⁠עֽוֹד־לִ֤⁠י בָנִים֙ בְּֽ⁠מֵעַ֔⁠י וְ⁠הָי֥וּ לָ⁠כֶ֖ם לַ⁠אֲנָשִֽׁים 1 The writer is using the question form to cause the young women to say that she cannot have other sons for them to marry. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “It is certainly not possible for me to have any more sons who could become your husbands.” +1:11 q849 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast וַ⁠תֹּ֤אמֶר נָעֳמִי֙ 1 The word **But** here indicates a strong contrast between what the daughters-in-law said and what Naomi is about to say. In your translation, indicate this strong contrast in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “However, Naomi said” +1:11 b8q1 בְנֹתַ֔⁠י 1 Orpah and Ruth are Naomi's daughters-in-law, but she calls them **my daughters** here and in the next two verses as a term of affection. If your language would not do that, you can express the affection in another way. Alternate translation: “my beloved daughters-in-law” +1:11 ggi3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion לָ֥⁠מָּה תֵלַ֖כְנָה עִמִּ֑⁠י 1 Naomi is using the question form here to convince the young women of her own conviction. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate \ntranslation: “It does not make sense for you to go with me.” or “You should not go with me!” +1:11 q2hn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הַֽ⁠עֽוֹד־לִ֤⁠י בָנִים֙ בְּֽ⁠מֵעַ֔⁠י וְ⁠הָי֥וּ לָ⁠כֶ֖ם לַ⁠אֲנָשִֽׁים 1 Naomi is using the question form to make the point that she cannot have other sons for the young women to marry. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “You know that I cannot have any more sons who could become your husbands.” 1:12 dyc4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit זָקַ֖נְתִּי מִ⁠הְי֣וֹת לְ⁠אִ֑ישׁ 1 The implication is that Naomi cannot again marry and provide them with husbands. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “I am too old to marry again and bear more children” -1:12 abc1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion כִּ֤י אָמַ֨רְתִּי֙ יֶשׁ־לִ֣⁠י תִקְוָ֔ה גַּ֣ם הָיִ֤יתִי הַ⁠לַּ֨יְלָה֙ לְ⁠אִ֔ישׁ וְ⁠גַ֖ם יָלַ֥דְתִּי בָנִֽים 1 This rhetorical question begins here and continues into the next verse. Naomi uses this question to say that she cannot provide other sons for them to marry. Alternate translation: “Even if it were possible that I could expect to marry right away and also give birth to sons right away” +1:12 abc1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion כִּ֤י אָמַ֨רְתִּי֙ יֶשׁ־לִ֣⁠י תִקְוָ֔ה גַּ֣ם הָיִ֤יתִי הַ⁠לַּ֨יְלָה֙ לְ⁠אִ֔ישׁ וְ⁠גַ֖ם יָלַ֥דְתִּי בָנִֽים 1 This rhetorical question begins here and continues into the next verse. Naomi uses this question to emphasize that she cannot provide other sons for them to marry. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “Even if it were possible that I could expect to marry right away and also give birth to sons right away” 1:12 kh9g יָלַ֥דְתִּי בָנִֽים 1 Alternate translation: "I were to bear sons" or "I were to deliver baby boys" -1:13 gmc2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion אֲשֶׁ֣ר יִגְדָּ֔לוּ הֲ⁠לָהֵן֙ תֵּֽעָגֵ֔נָה לְ⁠בִלְתִּ֖י הֱי֣וֹת לְ⁠אִ֑ישׁ 1 Naomi completes the rhetorical question she began in the previous verse and asks a second rhetorical question which emphasizes the same meaning. Alternate translation: “you would not wait until they were grown up so that you could marry them. You would need to marry a husband before then.” -1:13 ab04 אֲשֶׁ֣ר יִגְדָּ֔לוּ הֲ⁠לָהֵן֙ תֵּֽעָגֵ֔נָה לְ⁠בִלְתִּ֖י הֱי֣וֹת לְ⁠אִ֑ישׁ 1 This refers to the practice of levirate marriage, in which it is expected that, if a married man dies, one of his brothers will marry the man’s widow. See the introduction for more explanation. +1:13 gmc2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲ⁠לָהֵ֣ן ׀ תְּשַׂבֵּ֗רְנָה עַ֚ד אֲשֶׁ֣ר יִגְדָּ֔לוּ הֲ⁠לָהֵן֙ תֵּֽעָגֵ֔נָה לְ⁠בִלְתִּ֖י הֱי֣וֹת לְ⁠אִ֑ישׁ 1 Naomi completes the rhetorical question she began in the previous verse and immediately asks another rhetorical question which emphasizes the same meaning. Alternate translation: “you would not wait until they were grown up so that you could marry them. You would need to marry a husband before then.” +1:13 ab04 הֲ⁠לָהֵ֣ן ׀ תְּשַׂבֵּ֗רְנָה עַ֚ד אֲשֶׁ֣ר יִגְדָּ֔לוּ הֲ⁠לָהֵן֙ תֵּֽעָגֵ֔נָה לְ⁠בִלְתִּ֖י הֱי֣וֹת לְ⁠אִ֑ישׁ 1 This idea refers to the custom among the ancient Hebrews of levirate marriage, in which it was expected that, if a married man died, one of his brothers would marry the man’s widow. See the introduction for more explanation. 1:13 gh99 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מַר־לִ֤⁠י מְאֹד֙ 1 Here, bitterness is a metaphor for grief. Alternate translation: “it is a great grief for me” 1:13 z9u3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy יָצְאָ֥ה בִ֖⁠י יַד־יְהוָֽה 1 Here, **hand** represents the power of God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the power of Yahweh has caused terrible things to happen to me” 1:13 ab02 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יָצְאָ֥ה בִ֖⁠י יַד־יְהוָֽה 1 The implication is that Yahweh caused the deaths of Naomi's family. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has taken away our husbands” -1:14 n47v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠תִּשֶּׂ֣נָה קוֹלָ֔⁠ן וַ⁠תִּבְכֶּ֖ינָה 1 Here, **they lifted up their voices** is an idiom meaning that they expressed themselves loudly. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, use an idiom from your language that does have that meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: "they wailed and wept loudly" -1:14 t4sl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠ר֖וּת דָּ֥בְקָה בָּֽ⁠הּ 1 The implication is that Ruth would not let go of her. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “Ruth refused to leave her” or “Ruth would not leave her” -1:15 ld6g הִנֵּה֙ 1 Alternate translation, punctuated as a separate sentence: "Pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important." -1:15 nqm3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants יְבִמְתֵּ֔⁠ךְ 1 The author is using the phrase **your sister-in-law** to refer to Orpha, a participant in the story. If your language has its own way of referring to participants, you could use it here in your translation. Alternate translation: "the wife of your husband’s brother" or "Orpah" -1:15 man4 אֱלֹהֶ֑י⁠הָ 1 Here, **her gods** is using the possessive form to describe the gods of the Moabites. Before Orpah and Ruth married Naomi’s sons, they worshiped the gods of Moab. During their marriage, they began to worship Yahweh. Now, Orpah was going to worship the gods of Moab again. Alternate translation: "the gods that she used to worship" +1:14 n47v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠תִּשֶּׂ֣נָה קוֹלָ֔⁠ן וַ⁠תִּבְכֶּ֖ינָה 1 Here, **they lifted up their voices** is an idiom meaning that they expressed themselves loudly. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, use an idiom from your language that does have that meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: "Then they wailed and wept loudly" +1:14 t4sl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠ר֖וּת דָּ֥בְקָה בָּֽ⁠הּ 1 This could mean: (1) Ruth refused to leave Naomi. Alternate translation: “but Ruth would not leave her” or (2) Ruth physically held on to Naomi and would not let go of her. Alternate translation: “but Ruth held on to her” +1:15 ld6g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הִנֵּה֙ 1 Naomi is using the term **Behold** to focus Ruth's attention on what she is about to say. Your language may have a comparable expression that you could use in your translation. Alternate translation: “Pay attention” +1:15 nqm3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants יְבִמְתֵּ֔⁠ךְ 1 Naomi is using the phrase **your sister-in-law** to refer to Orpah, the wife of Ruth's deceased husband's brother. Use the natural term in your language to refer to that relationship. Alternate translation: "the wife of your husband’s brother" or "Orpah" +1:15 i9wa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession עַמָּ֖⁠הּ 1 Here, Naomi is using the possessive form to describe the **people** to whom Orpah belongs. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could express this in another way. Alternate translation: “the clan that she came from” +1:15 man4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession אֱלֹהֶ֑י⁠הָ 1 Here, Naomi is using the possessive form to describe the **god** of the Moabites that Orpah and Ruth used to worship before they married Naomi's sons and began to worship Yahweh. If your language would not use the possessive form to express the relationship between Orpah and this god, you could express this in another way. Alternate translation: "the god that she used to worship" 1:16 z5ug וּ⁠בַ⁠אֲשֶׁ֤ר תָּלִ֨ינִי֙ 1 Alternate translation: "where you live" -1:16 b518 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עַמֵּ֣⁠ךְ עַמִּ֔⁠י 1 Here the implication of the phrase **Your people are my people** is that Ruth wants to be adopted into the culture and religion of Naomi, who is an Israelite. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “I will consider the people of your country as being my own people” or “I will consider your relatives as my own relatives” -1:17 lql7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֤ר תָּמ֨וּתִי֙ אָמ֔וּת 1 The phrase **in the place where you die, I will die** is an idiom that refers to Ruth’s desire to spend the rest of her life living in the same place and town as Naomi. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. -1:17 sje3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom יַעֲשֶׂ֨ה יְהוָ֥ה לִ⁠י֙ וְ⁠כֹ֣ה יֹסִ֔יף כִּ֣י 1 This is an idiom that Ruth uses to show that she is very committed to doing what she says. She is making a curse on herself, asking God to punish her if she does not do what she has said. Use the form that your language uses to do this. -1:17 abc2 כִּ֣י הַ⁠מָּ֔וֶת יַפְרִ֖יד בֵּינִ֥⁠י וּ⁠בֵינֵֽ⁠ךְ 1 Alternate translation: "if anything other than death separates us from each other" or "if I leave you while you and I are both still alive" +1:16 wspu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet לְ⁠עָזְבֵ֖⁠ךְ לָ⁠שׁ֣וּב מֵ⁠אַחֲרָ֑יִ⁠ךְ 1 The phrase **turn back from behind you** further defines the phrase **forsake you**. Ruth is using the two phrases together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could use a single phrase and express the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “to forget my commitment to remain loyal to you” +1:16 b518 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis עַמֵּ֣⁠ךְ עַמִּ֔⁠י וֵ⁠אלֹהַ֖יִ⁠ךְ אֱלֹהָֽ⁠י 1 With these phrases, Ruth completely identifies herself with the culture and religion of Naomi, who is an Israelite. The original does not have any verbs, so, if your language requires verbs here, choose the ones that best communicate this. Alternate translation: “Your people will be my own people, and your God will be my God” +1:17 sje3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-oathformula כֹּה֩ יַעֲשֶׂ֨ה יְהוָ֥ה לִ⁠י֙ וְ⁠כֹ֣ה יֹסִ֔יף 1 This is an oath formula that Ruth uses to show that she is very committed to doing what she says. She is making a curse on herself, asking God to punish her if she does not do what she has said. In keeping with the custom, she did not express what that punishment would be. Use a natural way in your language to express an oath. Alternate translation: “May Yahweh strike me dead” +1:17 abc2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole כִּ֣י הַ⁠מָּ֔וֶת יַפְרִ֖יד בֵּינִ֥⁠י וּ⁠בֵינֵֽ⁠ךְ 1 This could mean: (1) Even death cannot overcome Ruth's commitment to Naomi. This could be a form of hyperbole, or simply a way to restate her commitment to be buried in the same place as Naomi is buried. Alternate translation: "if even death separates us from each other" (2) The only thing that can separate Ruth from Naomi would be when one of them dies. Alternate translation: "if anything other than death separates us from each other" or "if I leave you while you and I are both still alive" 1:17 ab05 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom יַפְרִ֖יד בֵּינִ֥⁠י וּ⁠בֵינֵֽ⁠ךְ 1 This phrase is an idiom that means “separates you and me.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “separates the two of us” or “comes between us” -1:18 rsq2 וַ⁠תֶּחְדַּ֖ל לְ⁠דַבֵּ֥ר אֵלֶֽי⁠הָ 1 Alternate translation: "Naomi stopped arguing with Ruth" +1:18 rsq2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וַ⁠תֶּחְדַּ֖ל לְ⁠דַבֵּ֥ר אֵלֶֽי⁠הָ 1 This phrase expresses the result of the previous phrase. You may want to indicate this by using a connector that introduces a result. Alternate translation: "so she refrained from speaking to her further" +1:18 xncr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns וַ⁠תֶּחְדַּ֖ל לְ⁠דַבֵּ֥ר אֵלֶֽי⁠הָ 1 In this phrase, **she** refers to Naomi, and **her** refers to Ruth. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use their names here. Also, this does not mean that Naomi was angry with Ruth or that she no longer spoke to her at all. It only means that she stopped trying to persuade Ruth to leave her. Alternate translation: "so Naomi stopped trying to persuade Ruth" 1:19 j9wa rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וַ⁠יְהִ֗י 1 **And it happened** introduces a new event in the story. Use a word, phrase, or other method in your language that is natural for introducing a new event. Alternate translation: "And it came about" -1:19 jdr1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background כְּ⁠בֹאָ֨⁠נָה֙ בֵּ֣ית לֶ֔חֶם 1 This phrase provides background information about their arrival to help readers understand what happens next in the story. In your translation, present this information in a way that makes it clear that this is background information. Alternate translation: "after Naomi had returned to Bethlehem with Ruth" +1:19 jdr1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background כְּ⁠בֹאָ֨⁠נָה֙ בֵּ֣ית לֶ֔חֶם 1 This phrase provides background information about their arrival to help readers understand what happens next in the story. In your translation, present this information in a way that makes it clear that this is background information. Alternate translation: "While Naomi and Ruth were still walking into Bethlehem" 1:19 y3us rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy כָּל־הָ⁠עִיר֙ 1 Here, **town** represents the people who live there. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “everyone who lived there” -1:19 abc3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole כָּל־הָ⁠עִיר֙ 1 The word **entire** here as a generalization for emphasis. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Many of the residents of the town were excited, but not all of the residents may have been excited by this news. Alternate translation: "most of the residents" -1:19 xnb3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲ⁠זֹ֥את נָעֳמִֽי 1 The writer is using a rhetorical question to emphasize the reaction of the people to Naomi's condition upon her return. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Because it had been many years since Naomi lived in Bethlehem and now she no longer has her husband and two sons, it is likely that the women were expressing shock that this woman was actually Naomi. Treat this as a rhetorical question functioning as an exclamation. Alternate translation: "This must be Naomi!" -1:20 stw5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אַל־תִּקְרֶ֥אנָה לִ֖⁠י נָעֳמִ֑י 1 The name **Naomi** means **my delight**. Since Naomi lost her husband and sons, she no longer feels that her life matches her name. Alternate translation: "I no longer am called Naomi." -1:20 swe9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מָרָ֔א 1 **Mara** is a literal rendering of a Hebrew name meaning “bitter.” Since it is a name, you may choose to use the English form, which is **Bitter**, and use a footnote to explain that the English term gives the meaning of the Hebrew name +1:19 abc3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole כָּל־הָ⁠עִיר֙ 1 The word **entire** here is a generalization for emphasis. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Many of the residents of the town were excited, but not all of the residents may have been excited by this news. Alternate translation: "most of the residents" +1:19 xnb3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲ⁠זֹ֥את נָעֳמִֽי 1 The writer is using a rhetorical question to emphasize the reaction of the people to Naomi's condition upon her return. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Because it had been many years since Naomi lived in Bethlehem and now she no longer has her husband and two sons, it is likely that the women were expressing shock that this woman was actually Naomi. Alternate translation: "This must be Naomi, but I do not see her family!" +1:20 stw5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אַל־תִּקְרֶ֥אנָה לִ֖⁠י נָעֳמִ֑י 1 The name **Naomi** means “delight” or “pleasantness.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could include this information in the text or in a footnote. Alternate translation: “It is no longer appropriate to call me Naomi, the Pleasant One.” +1:20 swe9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מָרָ֔א 1 The name **Mara** means “bitter.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could include this information in the text or in a footnote. Alternate translation: “Mara, the Bitter One” 1:21 n9zc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲנִי֙ מְלֵאָ֣ה הָלַ֔כְתִּי וְ⁠רֵיקָ֖ם הֱשִׁיבַ֣⁠נִי יְהוָ֑ה 1 Here, Naomi is speaking of herself as a container that can be **full** or **empty**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “As for me, I went out with a complete family, but Yahweh has brought me back with no one” -1:21 jqx5 עָ֣נָה בִ֔⁠י 1 Alternate translation: "he has judged me guilty" +1:21 be0f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion לָ֣⁠מָּה תִקְרֶ֤אנָה לִ⁠י֙ נָעֳמִ֔י 1 Naomi is using the question form to emphasize that there is no reason to call her Naomi. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “There is no reason to call me Naomi” +1:21 dvyb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וַֽ⁠יהוָה֙ עָ֣נָה בִ֔⁠י וְ⁠שַׁדַּ֖י הֵ֥רַֽע לִֽ⁠י 1 These two statements say the same thing using different words to emphasize the idea that God has made Naomi's life very hard. Both **Yahweh** and **the Almighty** refer to God. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could combine the statements to show that the second statement is not saying a new thing. Alternate translation: “But as for Yahweh, the Almighty God, he has opposed me and treated me badly.” +1:21 jqx5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עָ֣נָה בִ֔⁠י 1 Here Naomi is speaking of **Yahweh** as if he were a witness who caused her to be punished for a crime. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he has brought punishment on me” 1:21 t1p8 הֵ֥רַֽע לִֽ⁠י 1 Alternate translation: "has brought calamity on me" or "has brought tragedy to me" -1:22 cx7g rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-endofstory וַ⁠תָּ֣שָׁב נָעֳמִ֗י וְ⁠ר֨וּת 1 The word **So** introduces information about what happened at the end of the story so far. Your language may have its own way of presenting such information. Follow that way here. -1:22 jdr2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background וְ⁠הֵ֗מָּה בָּ֚אוּ בֵּ֣ית לֶ֔חֶם בִּ⁠תְחִלַּ֖ת קְצִ֥יר שְׂעֹרִֽים 1 This sentence provides background information to help readers understand what happens next in the story. It explains that Naomi and Ruth had arrived in Bethlehem as the Israelites were beginning to harvest their barley. In your translation, present this information in a way that makes it clear that this is background information. -1:22 bgy3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בִּ⁠תְחִלַּ֖ת קְצִ֥יר שְׂעֹרִֽים 1 The phrase **the harvest of barley** can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “when the farmers were just beginning to harvest barley” or "when the farmers started harvesting the barley" -2:intro ld2v 0 # Ruth 2 General Notes\n\n## Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### "Do not go to glean in another field"\n\nBoaz said this because he could not guarantee Ruth’s safety in another person’s field. It seems that not everyone was as gracious and obedient to the law of Moses as was Boaz. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -2:1 ab10 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background וּֽ⁠לְ⁠נָעֳמִ֞י מוֹדַ֣ע לְ⁠אִישָׁ֗⁠הּ 1 Verse 1 gives background information about Boaz so that the reader will understand who he is. Your language may also have a specific way to give background information. -2:1 t2sn rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants וּֽ⁠לְ⁠נָעֳמִ֞י מוֹדַ֣ע לְ⁠אִישָׁ֗⁠הּ 1 This phrase introduces **Boaz** as a new participant in the story. If your language has its own way of introducing new participants, you could use it here in your translation. -2:1 b4q7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אִ֚ישׁ גִּבּ֣וֹר חַ֔יִל 1 The expression **a man of great worth** describes Boaz as a person who was prosperous and well known in his community, with a good reputation. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom from your language or state this plainly. Alternate translation: "a prominent, wealthy man" -2:1 ab09 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship מִ⁠מִּשְׁפַּ֖חַת אֱלִימֶ֑לֶךְ 1 The use of the term **clan** here means that Boaz was related to Elimelek but did not have the same parents as Elimelek. The text is not saying that the clan was named after Elimelek or that Elimelek was the patriarch or leader of the clan. +1:22 cx7g rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-endofstory וַ⁠תָּ֣שָׁב נָעֳמִ֗י וְ⁠ר֨וּת הַ⁠מּוֹאֲבִיָּ֤ה כַלָּתָ⁠הּ֙ עִמָּ֔⁠הּ הַ⁠שָּׁ֖בָה מִ⁠שְּׂדֵ֣י מוֹאָ֑ב 1 This sentence provides a brief summary and conclusion of the story so far. It does not provide new information or new events in the story. Your language may have its own way of showing that this is the end of a section of a story. Follow that way here. +1:22 jdr2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background וְ⁠הֵ֗מָּה בָּ֚אוּ בֵּ֣ית לֶ֔חֶם בִּ⁠תְחִלַּ֖ת קְצִ֥יר שְׂעֹרִֽים 1 This sentence provides background information to help readers understand what happens next in the story. In your translation, present this information in a way that makes it clear that this is background information. +1:22 bgy3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בִּ⁠תְחִלַּ֖ת קְצִ֥יר שְׂעֹרִֽים 1 The phrase **the harvest of barley** can be translated with a verbal phrase if that would be helpful in your language. Alternate translation: “when the farmers were just beginning to harvest barley” or "when the farmers started harvesting the barley" +2:intro ld2v 0 # Ruth 2 General Notes\n\n## Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n\n### “a man of great worth” (2:1)\n\nThis phrase describes Boaz as having good attributes, but in a very general way. The phrase could describe a man who is physically strong and able, wealthy, or of good, godly character, or all of those things. From the context of the story, we can see that Boaz has land, servants who respect him, and he lives in a way that honors God, so it seems that this phrase is describing his wealth and character. Think about how you would describe someone like this in your language. \n\n### "Do not go to glean in another field" (2:8)\n\nBoaz said this because he could not guarantee Ruth’s safety in another person’s field. It seems that not everyone was as gracious and obedient to the law of Moses as was Boaz. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])\n\n### “kinsman-redeemer” (2:20)\n\n\nA "kinsmen-redeemer" was a male relative who was responsible to provide for any close member of the same clan who was in need, fulfill obligations of levirate marriage, and buy back land into the family that had been sold to someone outside of the family. See the book introduction for more information. +2:1 ab10 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background וּֽ⁠לְ⁠נָעֳמִ֞י מוֹדַ֣ע לְ⁠אִישָׁ֗⁠הּ 1 Verse 1 gives background information about Boaz so that the reader will understand who he is. In your translation, present this information in a way that makes it clear that this is background information. +2:1 t2sn rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants וּֽ⁠לְ⁠נָעֳמִ֞י מוֹדַ֣ע לְ⁠אִישָׁ֗⁠הּ 1 This phrase begins the introduction of **Boaz** as a new participant in the story. If your language has its own way of introducing new participants, you could use it here in your translation. +2:1 b4q7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אִ֚ישׁ גִּבּ֣וֹר חַ֔יִל 1 The expression **a man of great worth** describes Boaz as a person who was prosperous and well known in his community, with a good reputation. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom from your language or state this plainly. See the chapter introduction for more information. Alternate translation: "a prominent, wealthy man" +2:1 ab09 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship מִ⁠מִּשְׁפַּ֖חַת אֱלִימֶ֑לֶךְ 1 The use of the term **clan** here means that Boaz was related to Elimelek but did not have the same parents as Elimelek. The text is not saying that the clan was named after Elimelek or that Elimelek was the patriarch or leader of the clan, only that Elimelek and Boaz belonged to the same clan. 2:2 am6a rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants ר֨וּת הַ⁠מּוֹאֲבִיָּ֜ה 1 Here the writer reintroduces Ruth after giving background information about someone else. If your language has its own way of reintroducing old participants when it resumes a story, you could use it here in your translation. Alternate translation: “the same Moabite woman, Ruth” 2:2 c7rk הַ⁠מּוֹאֲבִיָּ֜ה 1 Alternate translation: "from the country of Moab" -2:2 qt4q וַ⁠אֲלַקֳטָּ֣ה בַ⁠שִׁבֳּלִ֔ים 1 Alternate translation: "and gather heads of grain left behind by the harvesters" or "and pick up heads of grain left behind by the harvesters" -2:2 j59b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אֶמְצָא־חֵ֖ן בְּ⁠עֵינָ֑י⁠ו 1 The idiom **in whose eyes I find favor** means “whoever will approve of me.” Ruth speaks of gaining someone’s favor as gaining permission, kindness, or approval. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “who will be kind to me” -2:2 abc5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּ⁠עֵינָ֑י⁠ו 1 The **eyes** are a metonym that represents seeing, and seeing is a metaphor for knowledge, notice, attention, or judgment. Alternate translation: “who will decide [to be kind to me]” +2:2 j59b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אֲשֶׁ֥ר אֶמְצָא־חֵ֖ן בְּ⁠עֵינָ֑י⁠ו 1 The idiom **in whose eyes I find favor** means “whoever will approve of me.” Ruth speaks of gaining someone’s favor as gaining permission, kindness, or approval. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “anyone who gives me permission” or “whoever will be kind to me” 2:2 ed93 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship בִתִּֽ⁠י 1 Ruth was caring for Naomi as if she were her own mother, and Naomi addressed Ruth affectionately as her daughter. If it would be helpful in your language, use the term in your language that would indicate this kind of close relationship between two women. -2:3 ht73 וַ⁠יִּ֣קֶר מִקְרֶ֔⁠הָ 1 Alternate translation: "Being unaware of who owned the field, Ruth came to" +2:3 ht73 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠יִּ֣קֶר מִקְרֶ֔⁠הָ 1 The phrase, **her chance chanced upon** indicates that Ruth did not know whose field she was in. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: "Being unaware of who owned the field, Ruth came to" 2:3 ab11 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship מִ⁠מִּשְׁפַּ֥חַת אֱלִימֶֽלֶךְ 1 The use of the term **clan** here means that Boaz was related to Elimelek but did not have the same parents as Elimelek. The text is not saying that the clan was named after Elimelek or that Elimelek was the patriarch or leader of the clan. -2:4 vys2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠הִנֵּה 1 The writer is using the term **behold** to alert us to the important event of Boaz arriving at the field and seeing Ruth for the first time. Your language may have a comparable expression that you can use in your translation. -2:4 q1lv בָּ֚א מִ⁠בֵּ֣ית לֶ֔חֶם 1 Alternate translation: "arriving from the town of Bethlehem" -2:4 r4bl יְבָרֶכְ⁠ךָ֥ יְהוָֽה 1 Alternate translation: "May Yahweh do good things for you" +2:4 vys2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠הִנֵּה 1 The writer is using the term **behold** to alert us to the important event of Boaz arriving at the field and seeing Ruth for the first time. Your language may have a comparable way of calling attention to this event that you can use in your translation. Alternate translation: “Then look” +2:4 q1lv rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense בָּ֚א מִ⁠בֵּ֣ית לֶ֔חֶם 1 Here the writer uses the present tense in past narration in order to call attention to an important event in the story. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you could use the past tense and call attention to the event in another way. Alternate translation: “appeared, coming from Bethlehem” +2:4 q3zk rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing יְהוָ֣ה עִמָּ⁠כֶ֑ם 1 This is a blessing, used as a greeting. Use a form for this that would be natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I ask Yahweh to be with you” +2:4 r4bl rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing יְבָרֶכְ⁠ךָ֥ יְהוָֽה 1 This is a blessing, used as a greeting. Use a form for this that would be natural in your language. Alternate translation: "I ask Yahweh to do good things for you" +2:5 sdf9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom הַ⁠נִּצָּ֖ב עַל 1 Here, **set over** is an idiom that means “managing.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: "who was overseeing" or "who was in charge of" 2:5 a5ht rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship לְ⁠מִ֖י הַ⁠נַּעֲרָ֥ה הַ⁠זֹּֽאת 1 In that culture, women were under the authority of their male relatives. Boaz was asking whom Ruth’s husband or father might be. He did not think that Ruth was a slave. -2:5 sdf9 הַ⁠נִּצָּ֖ב עַל 1 Alternate translation: "who was in charge of" or "who was managing" -2:7 ab17 translate-unknown אֲלַקֳטָה־נָּא֙ 1 To **glean** meant to pick up grain or other produce that the workers dropped or missed as they were harvesting. This was part of the law that God gave to Moses, that the workers should not go back over the field for this produce, so that it would be left in the field for the poor or for foreign travelers to pick up. See verses such as Leviticus 19:10 and Deuteronomy 24:21. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) +2:6 ty7q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys וַ⁠יַּ֗עַן & וַ⁠יֹּאמַ֑ר 1 The two words **answered** and **said** express a single idea. If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this idea in a different way. Alternate translation: “Then…answered him by saying” or “Then…said” +2:7 lqec rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes וַ⁠תֹּ֗אמֶר אֲלַקֳטָה־נָּא֙ וְ⁠אָסַפְתִּ֣י בָֽ⁠עֳמָרִ֔ים אַחֲרֵ֖י הַ⁠קּוֹצְרִ֑ים 1 If your language would not use a direct quotation inside of a direct quotation, you could translate this second direct quotation as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “She asked me if she could glean and gather among the bundles of grain after the reapers” +2:7 n696 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys אֲלַקֳטָה־נָּא֙ וְ⁠אָסַפְתִּ֣י 1 The two words **glean** and **gather** express a single idea. If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this idea in a different way. Alternate translation: “Please let me glean by gathering” 2:7 kj7a translate-unknown הַ⁠בַּ֖יִת 1 Here, **the house** was a temporary shelter or garden hut in the field that provided shade from the sun where the workers could rest. Alternate translation: "in the hut" or "in the shed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -2:8 ltk3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲ⁠ל֧וֹא שָׁמַ֣עַתְּ בִּתִּ֗⁠י 1 The writer is using the question form to draw Ruth's attention to what Boaz says to her. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “Listen to me, my daughter!” or “Note well what I am telling you, my daughter!” -2:8 ke9b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בִּתִּ֗⁠י 1 Boaz's use of the term, **my daughter** was a kind way to address a younger woman. Ruth was not the actual daughter of Boaz, but he was treating her kindly and respectfully. Use the term that communicates this in your language. +2:8 ltk3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲ⁠ל֧וֹא שָׁמַ֣עַתְּ בִּתִּ֗⁠י 1 Boaz is using the question form to draw Ruth's attention to what he will say to her. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “Listen to me, my daughter!” or “Note well what I am telling you, my daughter!” +2:8 ke9b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בִּתִּ֗⁠י 1 Boaz's use of the term, **my daughter** was a kind way to address a younger woman. Ruth was not the actual daughter of Boaz, but he was treating her kindly and respectfully. Use the term that communicates kindness and respect from a man to a younger woman in your language. 2:9 jq6n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy עֵינַ֜יִ⁠ךְ בַּ⁠שָּׂדֶ֤ה 1 Here, **eyes* represents the capability of a person to see, watch or observe. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Watch only the field” or “Pay attention only to the field” -2:9 xc6u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲ⁠ל֥וֹא צִוִּ֛יתִי אֶת־הַ⁠נְּעָרִ֖ים לְ⁠בִלְתִּ֣י נָגְעֵ֑⁠ךְ 1 Boaz is using the question form to emphasize his hospitality—that he had already made provision to help Ruth. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “I have given the men strict instructions not to harm you.” -2:9 ub62 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֶת־הַ⁠נְּעָרִ֖ים 1 The writer assumes that his readers will understand the implications of a woman toiling in a field near young male workers. You can include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “the workers” -2:9 v5e4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism לְ⁠בִלְתִּ֣י נָגְעֵ֑⁠ךְ 1 The writer is referring to harm or sexual assault in a polite way by using the phrase **touch you**. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a polite way of referring to this in your language, or you could state this plainly. Alternate translation: “not to harm her or assault her sexually” -2:9 ahr7 מֵ⁠אֲשֶׁ֥ר יִשְׁאֲב֖וּ⁠ן הַ⁠נְּעָרִֽים 1 Alternate translation: "from water pulled up from the well by the workers" -2:10 az6y rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction וַ⁠תִּפֹּל֙ עַל־פָּנֶ֔י⁠הָ וַ⁠תִּשְׁתַּ֖חוּ אָ֑רְצָ⁠ה 1 Falling **on her face** and bowing **down to the ground** were symbolic acts of respect and reverence. She was showing honor to Boaz out of gratefulness for what he had done for her. It was also a posture of humility. \nIf this would not be clear to your readers, you can explain the significance of this action. Alternate translation: "Then she prostrated herself before him" +2:9 ldfq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns אַחֲרֵי⁠הֶ֔ן 1 Here, **them** is feminine and refers back to the “young female workers” in verse 8. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that makes that clear. Alternate translation: “behind the women” +2:9 xc6u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲ⁠ל֥וֹא צִוִּ֛יתִי אֶת־הַ⁠נְּעָרִ֖ים לְ⁠בִלְתִּ֣י נָגְעֵ֑⁠ךְ 1 Boaz is using the question form to emphasize his hospitality—that he had already made provision to help Ruth. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “I have given the men strict instructions not to interfere with you.” +2:9 ub62 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֶת־הַ⁠נְּעָרִ֖ים 1 The writer assumes that his readers will understand the implications of a woman toiling in a field near young male workers. You can include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “the workmen” +2:9 v5e4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism לְ⁠בִלְתִּ֣י נָגְעֵ֑⁠ךְ 1 The writer is referring to harm or sexual assault in a polite way by using the phrase **touch you**. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a polite way of referring to this in your language, or you could state this plainly. Alternate translation: “not to assault you sexually” +2:9 ahr7 מֵ⁠אֲשֶׁ֥ר יִשְׁאֲב֖וּ⁠ן הַ⁠נְּעָרִֽים 1 Alternate translation: "from water pulled up from the well by the workmen" 2:10 ab12 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet וַ⁠תִּפֹּל֙ עַל־פָּנֶ֔י⁠הָ וַ⁠תִּשְׁתַּ֖חוּ אָ֑רְצָ⁠ה 1 These are two descriptions of a single action. The writer may be using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternative translation: "Then she prostrated herself before him" -2:10 ab13 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠תִּפֹּל֙ עַל־פָּנֶ֔י⁠הָ 1 The idiom **fell on her face** means that she bowed low with her face to the ground. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could state the meaning plainly. +2:10 az6y rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction וַ⁠תִּפֹּל֙ עַל־פָּנֶ֔י⁠הָ וַ⁠תִּשְׁתַּ֖חוּ אָ֑רְצָ⁠ה 1 The action of falling **on her face** and bowing **down to the ground** was a symbol of respect and reverence. She was showing honor to Boaz out of gratefulness for what he had done for her. It was also a posture of humility. \nIf this would not be clear to your readers, you can explain the significance of this action. Alternate translation: "Then she prostrated herself before him to show gratitude and honor" +2:10 ab13 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠תִּפֹּל֙ עַל־פָּנֶ֔י⁠הָ וַ⁠תִּשְׁתַּ֖חוּ אָ֑רְצָ⁠ה 1 The idiom **fell on her face** means that she bowed low with her face to the ground. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: "Then she bowed low with her face to the ground” 2:10 ug7p rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast מַדּוּעַ֩ מָצָ֨אתִי חֵ֤ן בְּ⁠עֵינֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ לְ⁠הַכִּירֵ֔⁠נִי וְ⁠אָּנֹכִ֖י נָכְרִיָּֽה 1 Using a question form, here Ruth explicitly states the reason why she is surprised by Boaz’s kindness. It is a contrast from her expectations. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. In some languages you may need to make part of her question a statement. Alternate translation: “Why have I found favor in your eyes? Israelites never show Moabites this sort of kindness.” or "People never show foreigners this sort of kindness." -2:10 abc7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מָצָ֨אתִי חֵ֤ן בְּ⁠עֵינֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ 1 The phrase **found favor in your eyes** is an idiom which means that you have approved of someone. Ruth speaks of gaining someone’s favor as gaining their kindness or approval. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you have been kind to me” -2:10 abc8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בְּ⁠עֵינֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ 1 Naomi uses the phrase **in your eyes** to mean "in the judgment of Boaz." Alternate translation: “in your judgment” or “that you decided” -2:11 ab14 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet וַ⁠יַּ֤עַן בֹּ֨עַז֙ וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר 1 Both **answered** and **said** describe the same action. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use only one verb for this, as in the UST Alternate translation: "Then Boaz responded" -2:11 app6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive הֻגֵּ֨ד הֻגַּ֜ד לִ֗⁠י 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: "people have reported to me" or "people have told me" -2:11 abc9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom הֻגֵּ֨ד הֻגַּ֜ד 1 Here two forms of the word for **report** are repeated in the original Hebrew text to emphasize the certainty or extent of the statement. In your translation, be sure to express the fullness of the report given to Boaz. +2:10 abc7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מָצָ֨אתִי חֵ֤ן בְּ⁠עֵינֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ 1 The phrase **found favor in your eyes** is an idiom that means that you have approved of someone. Ruth speaks of gaining someone’s favor as gaining their kindness or approval. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “have you shown kindness to me” +2:11 ab14 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys וַ⁠יַּ֤עַן בֹּ֨עַז֙ וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר 1 Both **answered** and **said** describe the same action. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use only one verb for this, as in the UST. Alternate translation: "Then Boaz responded" +2:11 nnmx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-reduplication הֻגֵּ֨ד הֻגַּ֜ד 1 The words **It has been fully reported** translate a verb that is repeated twice to emphasize the fullness of the report. If your language can repeat words for emphasis, it would be appropriate to use that construction here in your translation. +2:11 app6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive הֻגֵּ֨ד הֻגַּ֜ד לִ֗⁠י 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: "People have fully reported to me" 2:11 r44n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וַ⁠תֵּ֣לְכִ֔י אֶל־עַ֕ם 1 With the words **you came to a people**, Boaz is referring to Ruth coming to dwell with Naomi in a village and community, a country and religion that she did not know. -2:11 ab60 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom תְּמ֥וֹל שִׁלְשֽׁוֹם׃ 1 Here, **the day before yesterday** is an idiom that means “recently” or “previously” -2:12 x5ct יְשַׁלֵּ֥ם יְהוָ֖ה פָּעֳלֵ֑⁠ךְ 1 Alternate translation: **May Yahweh repay you** or **May Yahweh pay you back** +2:11 ab60 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom תְּמ֥וֹל שִׁלְשֽׁוֹם׃ 1 Here, **the day before yesterday** is an idiom that means “recently.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before” or “a little while ago” 2:12 s2vm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit פָּעֳלֵ֑⁠ךְ 1 The implication is that her **work** was the good things she had done, everything Boaz had just described. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “your good deeds.” -2:12 gnn5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וּ⁠תְהִ֨י מַשְׂכֻּרְתֵּ֜⁠ךְ שְׁלֵמָ֗ה מֵ⁠עִ֤ם יְהוָה֙ 1 This clause and the previous clause mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “May Yahweh fully give to you everything that you deserve” +2:12 gnn5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וּ⁠תְהִ֨י מַשְׂכֻּרְתֵּ֜⁠ךְ שְׁלֵמָ֗ה מֵ⁠עִ֤ם יְהוָה֙ 1 This clause and the previous clause mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses in a way that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “that is, may you receive everything that you deserve from Yahweh” 2:12 eh86 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲשֶׁר־בָּ֖את לַ⁠חֲס֥וֹת תַּֽחַת־כְּנָפָֽי⁠ו 1 Here, **under whose wings** is a metaphor that uses the picture of a mother bird gathering her chicks under her wings to protect them as a way to describe God’s protection for those who trust in him. Alternate translation: “in whose safe care you have placed yourself” -2:13 abc6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אֶמְצָא־חֵ֨ן 1 Here **find favor** is an idiom that means be approved of or be found to be pleasing. Alternate translation: “May you continue to approve of me” or “May you continue to be pleased with me” -2:13 v2q1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonym בְּ⁠עֵינֶ֤י⁠ךָ 1 The word **eyes** is a metonym that represents seeing, and seeing is a metaphor for knowledge, notice, attention, or judgment. Alternate translation: "according to your judgment" or “from you” -2:13 abc4 אֲדֹנִ⁠י֙ 1 Ruth speaks to Boaz using a respectful title, **my lord**. Use a form for addressing someone respectfully in your language. Boaz is not Ruth’s master, but he is the owner of the field where she is gleaning. He is also a Jew and a prominent man in the city. Therefore, Ruth is honoring him by calling him her **lord**, and speaking of herself as his servant. Alternate translation: “sir” or “master” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-politeness]]) -2:13 zc5n rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-politeness וְ⁠אָנֹכִי֙ לֹ֣א אֶֽהְיֶ֔ה כְּ⁠אַחַ֖ת שִׁפְחֹתֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 Ruth is expressing surprise and gratitude that Boaz is treating her as if she belongs among his workers, which she does not. +2:13 abc6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אֶמְצָא־חֵ֨ן בְּ⁠עֵינֶ֤י⁠ךָ 1 Here **find favor in your eyes** is an idiom that means to be approved of or to be found to be pleasing. Alternate translation: “May you continue to approve of me” or “May you continue to be pleased with me” +2:13 abc4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-politeness אֲדֹנִ⁠י֙ 1 Ruth speaks to Boaz using a respectful title, **my lord**. Use a form for addressing someone respectfully in your language. Boaz is not Ruth’s master, but he is the owner of the field where she is gleaning. He is also a Jew and a prominent man in the city. Therefore, Ruth is honoring him by calling him her **lord**, and speaking of herself as his servant. Alternate translation: “sir” or “master” +2:13 px4k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person עַל־לֵ֣ב שִׁפְחָתֶ֑⁠ךָ 1 Ruth is speaking about herself in the third person. If this would not be natural in your language, you could use the first person form. Alternate translation: “to the heart of me, your female servant” +2:13 d2hx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עַל־לֵ֣ב 1 Here, **the heart** represents the inner thoughts and emotions of a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different metaphor or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to the liver of” or “kindly to” or “in an encouraging way to” +2:13 nyr3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-politeness שִׁפְחָתֶ֑⁠ךָ 1 Ruth is referring to herself as Boaz's servant to show respect to him. She is not actually one of his servants. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that clear. Alternate translation: “one who is as lowly as a servant” +2:13 zc5n rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-politeness וְ⁠אָנֹכִי֙ לֹ֣א אֶֽהְיֶ֔ה כְּ⁠אַחַ֖ת שִׁפְחֹתֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 Ruth is expressing surprise and gratitude that Boaz is treating her as if she belongs among his workers, which she does not. She is being very humble, admitting that she does not even have the status of a servant before him. Use a form for addressing someone respectfully in your language. Alternate translation: “But I do not even have the status of being one of your servant girls” 2:14 yht2 לְ⁠עֵ֣ת הָ⁠אֹ֗כֶל 1 Alternate translation: "at the time of the midday meal" -2:14 p256 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background וְ⁠טָבַ֥לְתְּ פִּתֵּ֖⁠ךְ בַּ⁠חֹ֑מֶץ 1 This verse provides background information about the meal to help readers understand what happens next in the story. In your translation, present this information in a way that makes it clear that this is background information.\nThis was a simple meal eaten in the field. People would sit on the ground around a cloth that had a bowl of wine vinegar on it and pieces of broken bread. They would take a piece of bread and dip it in the wine vinegar to add flavor before they ate it. -2:14 xr6s translate-unknown בַּ⁠חֹ֑מֶץ 1 The **vinegar** was a sauce into which they dipped bread. The Israelites made vinegar from grape juice that was fermented beyond the point of being wine. At the vinegar stage, the juice becomes very sour and acidic. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -2:15 v6wr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠תָּ֖קָם לְ⁠לַקֵּ֑ט וַ⁠יְצַו֩ בֹּ֨עַז אֶת־נְעָרָ֜י⁠ו 1 When Boaz spoke to his workers, it is likely that Ruth was far enough away not to hear Boaz’s instructions. Alternate translation: “And when Ruth got up to gather up grain, Boaz privately instructed his young men” -2:15 rct9 וַ⁠תָּ֖קָם 1 Alternate translation: "After she stood up" -2:15 a5z9 גַּ֣ם בֵּ֧ין הָֽ⁠עֳמָרִ֛ים 1 Here, the word **even** lets the workers know that they are to do above and beyond what they normally do. People who were gleaning were normally forbidden from working close to the harvested grain for fear that they might steal from the grain that was already harvested. But Boaz instructs his workers to let Ruth glean close to the bundles of grain. -2:16 u6hv שֹׁל־תָּשֹׁ֥לּוּ לָ֖⁠הּ מִן־הַ⁠צְּבָתִ֑ים 1 Here Boaz goes another step beyond what is normal and tells his workers to drop some of the grain that was already harvested for Ruth to glean. Alternate translation: "take some stalks of grain out of the bundles and leave them for her" or 'leave behind stalks of grain for her to collect" -2:16 nn9l וְ⁠לֹ֥א תִגְעֲרוּ־בָֽ⁠הּ 1 Alternate translation: "do not cause her shame" or "do not speak harshly to her" -2:17 h3ap וַ⁠תַּחְבֹּט֙ 1 Alternate translation: "She separated the edible part of the grain from the hull and stalk, which are thrown away, from" +2:14 jbri rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative גֹּ֤שִֽׁי הֲלֹם֙ וְ⁠אָכַ֣לְתְּ מִן־הַ⁠לֶּ֔חֶם וְ⁠טָבַ֥לְתְּ פִּתֵּ֖⁠ךְ בַּ⁠חֹ֑מֶץ 1 The verbs in this sentence are imperatives that communicate a gracious invitation rather than a command. Use a form in your language that communicates a gracious invitation. It may be helpful to add an expression such as “please” to make this clear. Alternate translation: “Please come, and help yourself to the bread and dip it in the vinegar” +2:14 duch rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure וְ⁠אָכַ֣לְתְּ מִן־הַ⁠לֶּ֔חֶם וְ⁠טָבַ֥לְתְּ פִּתֵּ֖⁠ךְ בַּ⁠חֹ֑מֶץ 1 It would be necessary to dip the bread and then eat it, so it might be more natural in your language to put the information about dipping the bread first. Alternate translation: “and dip some of this bread in the vinegar and eat it” +2:14 p256 translate-unknown וְ⁠טָבַ֥לְתְּ פִּתֵּ֖⁠ךְ בַּ⁠חֹ֑מֶץ 1 This was a simple meal eaten in the field. People would sit on the ground around a cloth that had a bowl of wine vinegar on it and pieces of broken bread. They would take a piece of bread and dip it in the wine vinegar to add flavor before they ate it. The Israelites made vinegar from grape juice that was fermented beyond the point of being wine. At the vinegar stage, the juice becomes very sour and acidic. Alternate translation: "and please dip your piece of bread in the wine vinegar first" +2:15 v6wr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠יְצַו֩ בֹּ֨עַז אֶת־נְעָרָ֜י⁠ו 1 When Boaz spoke to his workers, it is likely that Ruth was far enough away that she did not hear Boaz’s instructions. Alternate translation: “Then Boaz privately instructed his young men” +2:15 a5z9 translate-unknown גַּ֣ם בֵּ֧ין הָֽ⁠עֳמָרִ֛ים 1 Here, the word **even** lets the workers know that they are to do above and beyond what they normally do. People who were gleaning were normally forbidden from working close to the harvested grain because then it would be easy for them to steal from the grain that was already harvested. But Boaz instructs his workers to let Ruth glean close to the bundles of harvested grain. Alternate translation: “among the bundles as well” +2:15 usb1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠לֹ֥א תַכְלִימֽוּ⁠הָ 1 Boaz is referring to shaming Ruth by scolding her verbally. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and do not shame her by saying that she should stop” +2:16 u6hv translate-unknown וְ⁠גַ֛ם 1 Here Boaz goes another step beyond what is normal and tells his workers to also drop on the ground some of the grain that they had harvested for Ruth to pick up. Alternate translation: “Not only that, but also” +2:16 nn9l וְ⁠לֹ֥א תִגְעֲרוּ־בָֽ⁠הּ 1 Alternate translation: "and do not cause her shame" or "and do not speak harshly to her" +2:17 h3ap translate-unknown וַ⁠תַּחְבֹּט֙ 1 Ruth would have beaten the barley stalks with a big stick until the kernels of edible grain came off. She would then keep only the kernels of grain. Alternate translation: "She beat the edible kernels of grain off of the stalks from" 2:17 mq6b rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume כְּ⁠אֵיפָ֥ה שְׂעֹרִֽים 1 An **ephah** is a unit of measurement equal to about 22 liters. Alternate translation: “about 22 liters of barley.” Use the normal measurement for grain in your language. 2:18 etn8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠תִּשָּׂא֙ וַ⁠תָּב֣וֹא הָ⁠עִ֔יר 1 It is implied that Ruth carried the grain home. 2:18 r6sz וַ⁠תֵּ֥רֶא חֲמוֹתָ֖⁠הּ 1 Alternate translation: "and Naomi saw"