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@ -228,6 +228,7 @@ front:intro spe4 0 # Introduction to Proverbs\n\n## Part 1: General Introduct
2:21 wou9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּֽי 1 **For** here indicates that what follows in [2:21–22](../02/21.md) is the conclusion to what was stated in [2:11–20](../02/11.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different expression. See how you translated a similar use of **For** in [1:32](../01/32.md). Alternate translation: “In conclusion,”
2:21 uy6e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism יְשָׁרִ֥ים יִשְׁכְּנוּ אָ֑רֶץ וּ֝⁠תְמִימִ֗ים יִוָּ֥תְרוּ בָֽ⁠הּ 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “the upright ones will dwell in the land, yes, the blameless ones will remain in it”
2:21 bqn1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יִשְׁכְּנוּ אָ֑רֶץ & יִוָּ֥תְרוּ בָֽ⁠הּ 1 Here, **the land** and **it** could refer to: (1) the **land** of Israel, which God had given to the Jewish people and which Solomon was ruling over when he wrote these proverbs. Alternate translation: “will dwell in the land of Israel … will remain in Israel” or “will dwell in our land … will remain in our land” (2) the earth in general, in which case this would refer to staying alive. Alternate translation: “will dwell on the earth … will remain alive on the earth”
2:21 p0cw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּ֝⁠תְמִימִ֗ים 1 Here, **blameless ones** refers to people whom Yahweh does not blame for acting wickedly. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and the ones whom Yahweh rightly does not blame”
2:22 nyod rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast וּ֭⁠רְשָׁעִים 1 Here, **but** indicates a strong contrast between the **wicked** and **treacherous** people and the “upright” and “blameless” people, who were mentioned in the previous verse. See how you translated a similar strong contrast in [1:33](../01/33.md).
2:22 mnw9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יִכָּרֵ֑תוּ &יִסְּח֥וּ 1 If your language does not use these passive forms, you could express the ideas in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The context indicates that God will do the action. Alternate translation: “God will cut off … God will tear away”
2:22 r5sm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִכָּרֵ֑תוּ & יִסְּח֥וּ 1 Solomon speaks of Yahweh removing people from **the land** as if he were cutting those people off, like a person cuts a branch from a tree, or as if he were tearing those people away, like a person violently pulls someone off of something. Solomon does not state if these people are removed by being killed or by being forced to leave **the land**, so it is best to use general expressions for these phrases. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will be removed … will be taken away”
@ -1245,6 +1246,7 @@ front:intro spe4 0 # Introduction to Proverbs\n\n## Part 1: General Introduct
11:13 s2og rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְ⁠נֶאֱמַן־ר֝֗וּחַ 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe someone who is characterized by being **faithful**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “but a faithful one”\n
11:13 ot6x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מְכַסֶּ֥ה 1 See how you translated the same use of **covers** in [10:6](../10/06.md).
11:14 xqvv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּ⁠אֵ֣ין תַּ֭חְבֻּלוֹת & וּ֝⁠תְשׁוּעָ֗ה בְּ⁠רֹ֣ב יוֹעֵֽץ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **directions**, **salvation**, **abundance**, and **counsel**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. See how you translated **abundance** in [5:23](../05/23.md) and **counsel** in [1:25](../01/25.md). Alternate translation: “When no one directs … but many people counseling someone will save that person”
11:14 tw7g rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns עָ֑ם 1 In this verse, the word **people** is singular in form, but it refers to multiple people as a group that could also be called a “nation” or “country.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could say this plainly. Alternate translation: “a group of people” or “a nation”
11:14 j012 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִפָּל 1 See how you translated the same use of “fall” in [11:5](../11/05.md).
11:14 a9wq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ֝⁠תְשׁוּעָ֗ה בְּ⁠רֹ֣ב יוֹעֵֽץ 1 Here, Solomon is speaking of **salvation** as if it were an object that could be found **in an abundance of counsel**. He means that **an abundance of counsel** can result in **salvation**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but salvation is the result of an abundance of counsel”
11:15 ir1y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations עָ֣רַב 1 Although the term **he** is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “one pledged for” or “that person pledges for”
@ -1695,6 +1697,7 @@ front:intro spe4 0 # Introduction to Proverbs\n\n## Part 1: General Introduct
14:33 xi3x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification תִּוָּדֵֽעַ 1 Here, **she** refers to **wisdom** as if it were a woman. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “wisdom will be known”\n
14:34 ousu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns צְדָקָ֥ה & וְ⁠חֶ֖סֶד & חַטָּֽאת 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **Righteousness** in [1:3](../01/03.md), **sin** in [5:22](../05/22.md), and **shame** in [6:33](../06/33.md).
14:34 tavd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תְרֽוֹמֵֽם־גּ֑וֹי 1 Here, Solomon refers to a **nation** becoming great as if it were an object that **Righteousness** **raises** up. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar use of “raised up” in [11:11](../11/11.md). Alternate translation: “makes a nation great”\n
14:34 w56h rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns לְאֻמִּ֣ים 1 The plural use of **peoples** here refers to several groups of people that could also be called “nations” or “countries.” See how you translated “people” in [11:14](../11/14.md).
14:35 vi56 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רְֽצוֹן & מַשְׂכִּ֑יל וְ֝⁠עֶבְרָת֗⁠וֹ 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **delight** in [8:30](../08/30.md), **insight** in [1:3](../01/03.md), and **rage** in [11:23](../11/23.md).
14:35 c522 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מֶ֭לֶךְ לְ⁠עֶ֣בֶד & וְ֝⁠עֶבְרָת֗⁠וֹ תִּהְיֶ֥ה מֵבִֽישׁ 1 Here, **a king**, **the servant**, **his**, and **one who acts shamefully** refer to types of people, not to specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “any king is for any servant … but any king’s rage is for any person who acts shamefully”
15:intro l872 0 # Proverbs 15 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 15 continues the section of the book written by Solomon that is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Contrasting parallelism\n\nExcept for [15:3](../15/03.md), [10–12](../15/10.md), [16–17](../15/16.md), [23–24](../15/23.md), [30–31](../15/30.md), and [33](../15/33.md), all the proverbs in this chapter consist of two parallel clauses that contrast with each other.
@ -3062,12 +3065,13 @@ front:intro spe4 0 # Introduction to Proverbs\n\n## Part 1: General Introduct
24:22 jzb3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion וּ⁠פִ֥יד שְׁ֝נֵי⁠הֶ֗ם מִ֣י יוֹדֵֽעַ 1 The writer is using the question form to emphasize the how terrible the **destruction** will be. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “and no one knows how terrible the destruction of the two of them will be!”
24:22 ub7e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שְׁ֝נֵי⁠הֶ֗ם 1 This phrase refers to “Yahweh and the king” mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Yahweh and the king”
24:23 jq5s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit גַּם־אֵ֥לֶּה לַֽ⁠חֲכָמִ֑ים 1 **These** here refers to a new collection of proverbs that continues from this verse to the last verse of this chapter. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “The following proverbs are additional sayings of the wise ones”
24:23 ml44 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom הַֽכֵּר־פָּנִ֖ים 1 **Give recognition to faces** is an idiom that means “to show partiality” or “to favor” someone. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar use of “lift the face” in [18:5](../18/05.md). Alternate translation: “Five pride of place to certain people” or “Being partial to certain people”
24:23 ml44 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom הַֽכֵּר־פָּנִ֖ים 1 **Recognizing faces** is an idiom that means “to show partiality” or “to favor” someone. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar use of “lift the face” in [18:5](../18/05.md). Alternate translation: “Five pride of place to certain people” or “Being partial to certain people”
24:23 m7va rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּ⁠מִשְׁפָּ֣ט 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **judgment**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “when judging”
24:23 njcr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes בַּל־טֽוֹב 1 See how you translated the same use of not good in [16:29](../16/29.md).
24:24 kxbv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אֹ֤מֵ֨ר ׀ לְ⁠רָשָׁע֮ & יִקְּבֻ֥⁠הוּ & יִזְעָמ֥וּ⁠הוּ 1 **One who says**, **the wicked one**, and **him** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who says to any wicked person … will curse that person … will denounce that person”
24:24 ecfp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations אֹ֤מֵ֨ר ׀ לְ⁠רָשָׁע֮ צַדִּ֪יק אָ֥תָּה 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “One who says to the wicked one that he is righteous”\n
24:24 rqty rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְ⁠רָשָׁע֮ צַדִּ֪יק 1 In this verse, **wicked** refers to being guilty of doing something **wicked** and **righteous** refers to being innocent of doing something **wicked**. See how you translated the same use of **wicked** and **righteous** in [17:15](../17/15.md).
24:24 a72x rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns עַמִּ֑ים 1 See how you translated the same use of **peoples** in [14:34](../14/34.md).
24:24 lma6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְאֻמִּֽים 1 Here, **nations** refers to the people who live in those **nations**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “people of nations”
24:25 xwv5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠לַ⁠מּוֹכִיחִ֥ים 1 Here, **the rebukers** refers to judges who rightly condemn guilty people for the wicked things they have done. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “But for those who convict the guilty ones”
24:25 g6a8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns יִנְעָ֑ם 1 Here, **it** refers to the lives of **the rebukers**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “life will be pleasant”
@ -3467,89 +3471,147 @@ front:intro spe4 0 # Introduction to Proverbs\n\n## Part 1: General Introduct
27:26 j2vp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּ⁠מְחִ֥יר שָׂ֝דֶ֗ה עַתּוּדִֽים 1 Here, Solomon implies that the **male goats** will be sold for an amount of money that will be enough to buy **a field**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and selling your goats will provide enough money to pay the price for a field”
27:27 q28m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ֝⁠חַיִּ֗ים לְ⁠נַעֲרוֹתֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 Here, Solomon implies that there will also be enough **milk of female goats** to provide **life for your young women**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and there will be enough goat’s milk to sustain the life of your young women”
27:27 xjw4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ֝⁠חַיִּ֗ים 1 Here, **life** refers to the nourishment needed to sustain **life**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and nourishment”
28:intro g91u 0 # Proverbs 28 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\n6. Hezekiah’s proverbs from Solomon (25:1–29:27)\n * Warnings and admonitions (25:1–27:27)\n * Contrastive wise sayings (28:1–29:27)\n\nChapter 28 begins the second part of this section of the book that contains proverbs written by Solomon that were copied by scribes during the reign of Hezekiah. This part in [28:1](../28/01.md)–[29:27](../29/27.md) mostly contains general proverbs that use contrastive parallelism.
28:2 b4c7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns Because of the transgression of a land 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **transgression**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “Because of how a land transgresses”
28:2 qks4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the transgression of a land 0 This is a metonym for the sins of the people living in a land. Alternate translation: “the transgression of the people of a land”
28:2 ivf7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit with a man of understanding and knowledge 0 The implied information is that this man is a ruler or leader. The abstract nouns “understanding” and “knowledge” can be translated as verbs. Alternate translation: “with a man who understands and knows how to rule” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
28:3 tx2c who oppresses 0 Alternate translation: “who severely mistreats”
28:3 pb4k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile like a beating rain that leaves no food 0 The poor man who oppresses other poor people is compared to a rain that falls so hard that it leaves no crop to harvest.
28:4 z1ah forsake the law 0 Alternate translation: “forsake God’s law”
28:4 j98f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor those who keep the law 0 To “keep the law” means to do what God’s law requires. Alternate translation: “those who obey God’s law”
28:4 whf7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor fight against them 0 “struggle against them.” This means to strongly oppose or resist them.
28:5 pi7r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations Evil men 0 Here “men” means people in general. Alternate translation: “People who do evil things”
28:5 t38q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns do not understand justice 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **justice**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “do not understand what is just”
28:5 k5mh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor those who seek Yahweh 0 Those who want to know Yahweh and please him are spoken of as if they are literally seeking to find Yahweh.
28:5 ru6t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit understand everything 0 The implied information is that those who seek Yahweh understand all about justice. Alternate translation: “completely understand what is just”
28:6 q4ty It is better for a poor person … than for a rich person 0 Alternate translation: “It is better to be a poor person … than it is to be a rich person”
28:6 pfi9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor walks in his integrity 0 This represents a person living a life of integrity. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **integrity**, you could express the same idea with an adverb. Alternate translation: “walks honestly” or “lives honestly” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
28:6 jdf4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor who is crooked in his ways 0 Rich people who are dishonest are spoken of as if they walk on crooked or twisted paths. Alternate translation: “who is not honest in what he does”
28:7 b5pv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor He who keeps the law 0 To “keep the law” means to do what God’s law requires. Alternate translation: “He who obeys God’s law”
28:7 h42h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns a son who has understanding 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **understanding**, you could express the same idea with a verb. Alternate translation: “a son who understands”
28:7 rh6n of gluttons 0 “of people who eat too much.” A “glutton” is a person who often eats and drinks excessively.
28:7 q9hm shames his father 0 Alternate translation: “puts his father to shame” or “dishonors his father”
28:8 uef7 makes his fortune 0 Alternate translation: “increases his wealth”
28:8 i36g charging too much interest 0 Alternate translation: “charging extra money to borrow”
28:8 tj5f interest 0 money paid by a borrower for the use of someone else’s money
28:8 xz6i gathers his wealth 0 Alternate translation: “brings his wealth together”
28:8 e1qz for another 0 Alternate translation: “for another person”
28:9 s7cf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche turns away his ear from hearing the law 0 This represents the whole person turning away from and rejecting God’s law. Alternate translation: “turns away from hearing and obeying the law”
28:9 a3bi detestable 0 See how you translated this in [Proverbs 3:32](../03/32.md).
28:10 hgy2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Whoever misleads the upright into an evil way 0 This is a metaphor for leading upright people in an evil direction. Alternate translation: “Whoever causes the upright to go in an evil direction”
28:10 pv8z Whoever misleads … evil way will fall 0 Alternate translation: “If anyone misleads … evil way, he will fall”
28:10 tw7h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor will fall into his own pit 0 “will fall into the trap that he has dug.” This is a metaphor for ending up in the same bad place as others had been led toward. Alternate translation: “will end up in the same evil place toward which he guided other people”
28:10 w756 will have a good inheritance 0 Alternate translation: “will inherit what is good”
28:11 eg7v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor be wise in his own eyes 0 The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: “be wise in his own thoughts” or “think he is wise”
28:11 pj9j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns who has understanding 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **understanding**, you could express the same idea with a verb. Alternate translation: “who understands”
28:11 ynr5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom will find him out 0 This is an idiom that means the poor person will be able to determine whether or not the rich person is really wise. Alternate translation: “will see his true nature”
28:12 qew3 When the righteous triumph 0 Alternate translation: “When righteous people succeed”
28:12 zkn5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom when the wicked arise 0 This is an idiom that means when the wicked gain power or start to rule. Alternate translation: “when the wicked rise to power”
28:12 g949 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit people are sought out 0 You may need to make explicit that those who “are sought out” have hidden themselves to escape from the wicked. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “they seek people out” or “they seek out the people who hide from them” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
28:13 h8gm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor hides his sins 0 “covers his sins.” This is the opposite of confessing and forsaking sins, and is spoken of as covering sins rather than bringing them into the open
28:13 e7kw will not prosper 0 Alternate translation: “will not succeed” or “will not advance”
28:13 m9fz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive the one who confesses them and forsakes them will be shown mercy 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God will show mercy to the one who confesses and forsakes them”
28:14 ijf7 reverence 0 This refers to deeply respecting Yahweh and showing that respect by obeying him.
28:14 ymm8 whoever hardens his heart 0 Alternate translation: “the one who hardens his heart”
28:14 ebu1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom hardens his heart 0 This is an idiom that means to be stubborn or unwilling to obey God. Alternate translation: “refuses to obey God”
28:14 l7ee rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor will fall into trouble 0 This represents ending up in misery and distress. Alternate translation: “will end up in trouble”
28:15 z8ti rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile Like a roaring lion or a charging bear is a wicked ruler over poor people 0 Poor people who are helpless against an evil ruler are compared to people who have a lion roaring at them or a bear attacking them.
28:15 x5l1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown a charging bear 0 A bear is a large, furry, dangerous animal that walks on four legs and has sharp claws and teeth.
28:16 et9j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns The ruler who lacks understanding 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **understanding**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “The ruler who does not understand”
28:16 az95 oppressor 0 a person who treats people harshly and makes their lives very difficult
28:16 lv7n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns the one who hates dishonesty 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **dishonesty**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “the one who hates being dishonest”
28:16 eae9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom prolong his days 0 This could mean: (1) this is an idiom that means his living for more time. Alternate translation: “live longer” or (2) this is an idiom that means extending the length of his reign. Alternate translation: “rule for a longer time”
28:17 rm8g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy he has shed someone’s blood 0 Here “blood” represents a person’s life. To “shed blood” means to murder someone. Alternate translation: “he has killed someone” or “he has murdered someone”
28:18 nhr1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Whoever walks with integrity will be kept safe 0 This can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “God will keep safe anyone who walks with integrity”
28:18 u4m5 Whoever 0 Alternate translation: “Anyone who”
28:18 kvc6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the one whose way is crooked 0 A dishonest person is spoken of as if he walks on crooked or twisted paths. Alternate translation: “the one who does not live honestly”
28:18 x79a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor will suddenly fall 0 What will happen to a dishonest person is spoken of as if he suddenly fell down. Alternate translation: “will suddenly be ruined” or “will suddenly perish”
28:19 dlk7 works his land 0 This means to till, sow, and care for his crops.
28:19 uq9z whoever follows 0 Alternate translation: “anyone who follows”
28:19 t64p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom follows worthless pursuits 0 “chases after worthless projects.” The person who is busy doing things that do not produce anything is spoken of as chasing after useless things.
28:19 b8y8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony will have plenty of poverty 0 The person following worthless pursuits is spoken of as getting the opposite of plenty of food. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **poverty**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “will be very poor” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
28:20 ix4q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes the one who gets rich quickly will not go unpunished 0 The double negative “will not go unpunished” is used for emphasis. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God will certainly punish the one who gets rich quickly” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
28:20 nt6p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit the one who gets rich quickly 0 The implied information is that this person gains wealth by unfaithful or dishonest means. Alternate translation: “the one who tries to get rich quickly”
28:21 kg9c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole for a piece of bread a man will do wrong 0 “A piece of bread” here is an exaggeration for a very small bribe or reward. Alternate translation: “a man will sin for very little gain”
28:22 f7a8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom hurries after riches 0 The stingy man is spoken of as if he was chasing after wealth. Alternate translation: “is greedy for riches”
28:22 mz2h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom poverty will come upon him 0 The result of being stingy is spoken of as if poverty was overtaking the stingy person. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **poverty**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “he will suddenly become poor” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
28:23 sr8r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Whoever disciplines someone, afterward will find more favor from him than from the one who flatters him with his tongue 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **favor**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “A person will favor the one who disciplines him more than he favors the person who flatters him with his tongue” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
28:23 k6hl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy flatters him with his tongue 0 The tongue here represents speaking. Alternate translation: “flatters him with words”
28:24 xcp2 Whoever robs 0 Alternate translation: “The one who robs”
28:24 qt94 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations says, “That is no sin,” he 0 This can be expressed as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “says that it is not a sin, he”
28:24 ie7m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom the companion of 0 Possible meanings are: (1) “the friend of” or (2) an idiom that means having the same character as. Alternate translation: “the same kind of person as”
28:25 e3ce A greedy man 0 a person who selfishly wants more things, money or food than what he needs
28:25 bkj4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor stirs up conflict 0 The action of the greedy man is spoken of as if he were stirring up or awakening conflict. Alternate translation: “causes conflict”
28:26 pnc4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche One who trusts in his own heart 0 Depending on one’s self is spoken of as trusting in one’s own heart. Alternate translation: “The person who relies on himself”
28:26 dyj3 whoever walks 0 Alternate translation: “any person who walks”
28:26 g7hy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom walks in wisdom 0 This could mean: (1) this is an idiom that means to live wisely. Alternate translation: “lives wisely” or (2) this is an idiom that means to follow the teachings of wise people. Alternate translation: “follows wise teachings”
28:27 yhn4 The one 0 Alternate translation: “The person”
28:27 iwx5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes lack nothing 0 This double negative is used for emphasis. Alternate translation: “have everything they need”
28:27 ykd8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive whoever closes his eyes to them will receive many curses 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. This could mean: (1) they will receive many curses from the poor. Alternate translation: “the poor will give many curses to whoever closes his eyes to them” or (2) they will receive many curses from people in general. Alternate translation: “people will give many curses to whoever closes his eyes to the poor” or (3) they will receive many curses from God. Alternate translation: “God will give many curses to whoever closes his eyes to the poor”
28:27 cgl4 whoever closes 0 Alternate translation: “anyone who closes”
28:27 x8x1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy closes his eyes to 0 Closing the eyes represents not responding to the needs of the poor. Alternate translation: “ignores” or “chooses not to help”
28:28 ku38 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom When the wicked arise 0 This is an idiom that means when wicked people gain power or start to rule. Alternate translation: “When wicked people rise to power”
28:28 xc51 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole people hide themselves 0 This is an exaggeration for doing everything they can to avoid having wicked people harm them. Alternate translation: “people go into hiding” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
28:28 vjp8 perish 0 This could mean: (1) “go away” or (2) “fall from power” or (3) “are destroyed.”
28:28 pd87 increase 0 This could mean: (1) “multiply” or (2) “rise to power.”
28:intro g91u 0 # Proverbs 28 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\n6. Hezekiah’s proverbs from Solomon (25:1–29:27)\n * Warnings and admonitions (25:1–27:27)\n * Contrastive wise sayings (28:1–29:27)\n\nChapter 28 begins the second part of this section of the book that contains proverbs written by Solomon that were copied by scribes during the reign of Hezekiah. This part in [28:1](../28/01.md)–[29:27](../29/27.md) mostly contains general proverbs that use contrastive parallelism.\n
28:1 nri8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj רָשָׁ֑ע 1 Solomon is using the adjective **wicked** as a noun to mean **wicked** people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “The wicked ones”\n
28:1 gy6g rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast וְ⁠אֵין־רֹדֵ֣ף 1 Here, **and** indicates a contrast between the previous phrase and the next phrase. In your translation, indicate this strong contrast in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “despite their being no pursuer”
28:2 wie4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result בְּ⁠פֶ֣שַֽׁע אֶ֭רֶץ רַבִּ֣ים שָׂרֶ֑י⁠הָ 1 **By** here indicates that having **transgression** is one reason why **a land** has **many** **rulers**. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a reason. Alternate translation: “Transgression is one reason why a land has many rulers”
28:2 qks4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּ⁠פֶ֣שַֽׁע 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **transgression** in [10:19](../10/19.md).
28:2 zvxb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אֶ֭רֶץ & שָׂרֶ֑י⁠הָ & יַאֲרִֽיךְ 1 Here, **land**, **its**, and **it** refer to the people that live in a **land**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the people in a land … are their rulers … those people will endure”
28:2 ivf7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּ⁠בְ⁠אָדָ֥ם 1 Here, Solomon implies that **a man** is a ruler. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but by a ruler”
28:2 rbza rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet מֵבִ֥ין יֹ֝דֵ֗עַ 1 The words **understands** and **knows** mean the same thing. Solomon is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “who really understands”
28:3 tx2c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun גֶּ֣בֶר 1 **A man** here refers to this type of person in general, not a specific **man**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “Any person”
28:3 p3oh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דַּלִּ֑ים 1 See how you translated the same use of **lowly** in [10:15](../10/15.md).\n
28:3 pb4k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מָטָ֥ר סֹ֝חֵ֗ף וְ⁠אֵ֣ין לָֽחֶם 1 Here, Solomon refers to **A man who is poor and who oppresses the lowly ones** as if that person were **a rain that washes away**. The point is that both are destructive. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “is very destructive” or “is like rain that washes away and there is no bread”\n
28:3 rw37 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit סֹ֝חֵ֗ף 1 Here, Solomon implies that the **rain** **washes away** all the crops. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “that washes all the crops away”
28:3 s74i rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וְ⁠אֵ֣ין 1 Here, **and** indicates that what follows is a result of what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a result of what came before. Alternate translation: “and results in their being no”
28:3 hskj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לָֽחֶם 1 See how you translated the same use of **bread** in [9:5](../09/05.md).
28:4 z1ah rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification עֹזְבֵ֣י 1 See how you translated the same use of **forsake** in [1:8](../01/08.md).
28:4 u914 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns ת֭וֹרָה & ת֝וֹרָ֗ה 1 Here, the word **law** is singular in form, but it refers to several laws as a group. In this verse, **law** could refer to: (1) Yahweh’s laws. Alternate translation: “the laws of Yahweh … his laws” (2) wise instruction in general. Alternate translation: “wise instructions … those instructions”\n
28:4 jyfa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun רָשָׁ֑ע 1 See how you translated **a wicked one** in [9:7](../09/07.md).
28:4 j98f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠שֹׁמְרֵ֥י 1 Here, Solomon speaks of obeying **the law** as if it were an object that someone can **keep**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly, as in the UST.\n
28:4 whf7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns בָֽ⁠ם 1 Here, **them** refers to **wicked** people, who are called **a wicked one** in the previous clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “against those wicked people”
28:5 blnd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession אַנְשֵׁי־רָ֭ע 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **men** who are characterized by **evil**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “Evil men”
28:5 pi7r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אַנְשֵׁי 1 Although the term **men** is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “People of”\n
28:5 t38q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מִשְׁפָּ֑ט 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **justice** in [1:3](../01/03.md).
28:5 k5mh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ⁠מְבַקְשֵׁ֥י 1 Here, Solomon refers to trying to know and please **Yahweh** as if he were an object that people can seek. See how you translated the similar use of “seeks” in [11:27](../11/27.md). Alternate translation: “but people who try to please”
28:5 ru6t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כֹֽל 1 Here, Solomon implies that the people **understand everything** about **justice**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “completely understand what is just”
28:6 q4ty rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun רָ֭שׁ הוֹלֵ֣ךְ בְּ⁠תֻמּ֑⁠וֹ מֵ⁠עִקֵּ֥שׁ דְּ֝רָכַ֗יִם וְ⁠ה֣וּא 1 Here, **one who is poor**, **his**, **one crooked of ways**, and **he** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any person who is poor who walks in that person’s integrity than any person who is crooked of ways, yet that person”
28:6 pfi9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הוֹלֵ֣ךְ בְּ⁠תֻמּ֑⁠וֹ 1 Here, **walks** refers to how a person behaves, in this case behaving with **integrity**. See how you translated the similar use of “walk” in [3:23](../03/23.md). Alternate translation: “who behaves with integrity”
28:6 w2cr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּ⁠תֻמּ֑⁠וֹ 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **integrity** in [1:3](../01/03.md).
28:6 jdf4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מֵ⁠עִקֵּ֥שׁ 1 See how you translated the same use of **crooked** in [2:15](../02/15.md).
28:6 gq3x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דְּ֝רָכַ֗יִם 1 See how you translated the same use of **ways** in [3:6](../03/06.md).
28:7 b5pv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun נוֹצֵ֣ר & וְ⁠רֹעֶה & אָבִֽי⁠ו 1 **One who guards**, **one who associates**, and **his** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who guards … but any person who associates with … that person’s father”
28:7 rh6n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נוֹצֵ֣ר 1 Here, Solomon speaks of obeying **the law** as if it were an object that someone **guards**. See how you translated the same use of “keep” in [28:4](../28/04.md).
28:7 mmgd rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns תּ֭וֹרָה 1 See how you translated the same use of **the law** in [28:4](../28/04.md).
28:7 pi9f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בֵּ֣ן 1 See how you translated the same use of **son** in [10:1](../10/01.md).
28:8 uef7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מַרְבֶּ֣ה ה֭וֹנ⁠וֹ & לְ⁠חוֹנֵ֖ן 1 **One who increases**, **his**, and **one who shows favor** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who increases that person’s own wealth … for any person who shows favor”
28:8 i36g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys בְּ⁠נֶ֣שֶׁךְ וְתַרְבִּ֑ית 1 The two words **interest** and **usury** express a single idea. The word **usury** indicates that this person is charging an unreasonably large amount of **interest** to those who borrow money from him. If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this meaning in a different way. Alternate translation: “by charging extra money to borrow”
28:8 vw0h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יִקְבְּצֶֽ⁠נּוּ 1 Here, Solomon implies that the **One who increases his wealth** unknowingly **gathers** his **wealth** for someone else. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “unknowingly gathers it”
28:8 tj5f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לְ⁠חוֹנֵ֖ן 1 See how you translated the same use of **shows favor** in [14:21](../14/21.md).
28:8 xz6i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דַּלִּ֣ים 1 See how you translated the same use of **lowly** in [10:15](../10/15.md).
28:9 spld rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מֵסִ֣יר אָ֭זְנ⁠וֹ & תְּ֝פִלָּת֗⁠וֹ 1 **One who turns away** and **his** refer to a type of person in general, not a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “Any person who turns away that person’s own ear … that person’s prayer”
28:9 s7cf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מֵסִ֣יר אָ֭זְנ⁠וֹ מִ⁠שְּׁמֹ֣עַ 1 The phrase **turns away his ear** is an idiom that refers to refusing to listen to what someone is saying as if the listener were turning **his ear** **away** from the person speaking. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “One who refuses to listen to”\n
28:9 jdtt rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns תּוֹרָ֑ה 1 See how you translated the same use of **the law** in [28:4](../28/04.md).
28:9 htkq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit תּוֹעֵבָֽה 1 As in the rest of Proverbs, **abomination** here refers to what Yahweh considers to be an **abomination**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “is what is abominable to Yahweh”
28:9 a3bi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תּוֹעֵבָֽה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **abomination** in [3:32](../03/32.md).
28:10 pv8z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מַשְׁגֶּ֤ה יְשָׁרִ֨ים & בִּ⁠שְׁחוּת֥⁠וֹ הֽוּא־יִפּ֑וֹל 1 **One who leads**, **his**, **he**, and **himself** refer to a type of person in general, not a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “Any person who leads upright ones astray … into that person’s own pit that person will fall”
28:10 hgy2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מַשְׁגֶּ֤ה יְשָׁרִ֨ים ׀ בְּ⁠דֶ֥רֶךְ רָ֗ע 1 Here, Solomon refers to someone causing **upright ones** to behave in a manner that is **evil** as if he were leading those people down a path. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the same use of “lead them astray” in [12:26](../12/26.md) and **way** in [1:15](../01/15.md). Alternate translation: “One who causes upright ones to behave in an evil manner”\n
28:10 nxid rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְּ⁠דֶ֥רֶךְ רָ֗ע 1 See how you translated **way of evil** in [2:12](../02/12.md).
28:10 tw7h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בִּ⁠שְׁחוּת֥⁠וֹ הֽוּא־יִפּ֑וֹל 1 Here, Solomon refers to a person destroying themselves by trying to harm someone else as if that person falls **into his pit** that he had dug to trap someone else. If it would be helpful in your language you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will end up destroying himself by his behavior”
28:10 um6b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּ֝⁠תְמִימִ֗ים 1 See how you translated **blameless ones** in [2:21](../02/21.md).
28:10 w756 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִנְחֲלוּ־טֽוֹב 1 Here, Solomon speaks of **blameless ones** receiving many **good** things as if **good** were property or wealth that they could **inherit** from a family member. See how you translated the same use of **inherit** in [3:35](../03/35.md).\n
28:10 g3pd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns טֽוֹב 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **good** in [11:27](../11/27.md).
28:11 prjd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun בְּ֭⁠עֵינָי⁠ו אִ֣ישׁ עָשִׁ֑יר וְ⁠דַ֖ל & יַחְקְרֶֽ⁠נּוּ 1 **A rich man**, **his**, **a lowly one**, and **him** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any rich person … in that person’s eyes, but any lowly one … will search that person out”
28:11 eg7v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor חָכָ֣ם בְּ֭⁠עֵינָי⁠ו 1 See how you translated **wise in his eyes** in [26:5](../26/05.md).
28:11 pj9j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠דַ֖ל 1 See how you translated the same use of **lowly** in [10:15](../10/15.md).
28:11 ynr5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom יַחְקְרֶֽ⁠נּוּ 1 The phrase means that **a lowly one** will be able to investigate and determine that **A rich man** is not really **wise**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will determine that he is not truly wise”
28:12 qew3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רַבָּ֣ה תִפְאָ֑רֶת 1 Here, **splendor** could refer to: (1) people rejoicing or celebrating that **righteous ones** have become powerful. Alternate translation: “there is great celebration” (2) the rule of the **righteous ones** being glorious. Alternate translation: “it is very glorious”
28:12 gtfk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בַּ⁠עֲלֹ֣ץ צַ֭דִּיקִים 1 Here, Solomon implies that **wicked ones exult** because they have become prosperous or powerful. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “When righteous ones become prosperous”
28:12 zkn5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ⁠בְ⁠ק֥וּם רְ֝שָׁעִ֗ים 1 Here, Solomon speaks of **wicked ones** becoming powerful as if they were objects that could **arise**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but when wicked ones become prosperous”\n
28:12 zux2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יְחֻפַּ֥שׂ אָדָֽם 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people search for a man”
28:12 egmh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun יְחֻפַּ֥שׂ אָדָֽם 1 Here, **a man** refers to people in general, not a specific **man**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “any person is searched for”
28:12 g949 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יְחֻפַּ֥שׂ אָדָֽם 1 Here, Solomon implies that **a man is searched for** because everyone has hidden themselves to escape from the powerful **wicked ones**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “everyone hides from them”
28:13 e7kw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מְכַסֶּ֣ה פְ֭שָׁעָי⁠ו & וּ⁠מוֹדֶ֖ה 1 **One who covers**, **his**, and **one who confesses** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who covers that person’s own transgressions … but any person who confesses”
28:13 h8gm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מְכַסֶּ֣ה 1 Here, Solomon refers to someone concealing **his transgressions** as if **transgressions** were objects that someone **covers**. See how you translated the same use of **covers** in [10:6](../10/06.md).
28:13 gqdj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns פְ֭שָׁעָי⁠ו 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **transgressions** in [10:12](../10/12.md).
28:13 wef9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וּ⁠מוֹדֶ֖ה וְ⁠עֹזֵ֣ב 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “but one who confesses and forsakes his transgressions”
28:13 m9fz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יְרֻחָֽם 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will show mercy to”
28:14 ijf7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אָ֭דָם & וּ⁠מַקְשֶׁ֥ה לִ֝בּ֗⁠וֹ 1 Here, **a man**, **one who hardens**, and **his** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “is any person … but any person who hardens that person’s own heart”
28:14 lmxv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מְפַחֵ֣ד תָּמִ֑יד 1 Here, **in terror continually** refers to reverently fearing Yahweh. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “who is in terror of Yahweh continually”
28:14 ymm8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ⁠מַקְשֶׁ֥ה לִ֝בּ֗⁠וֹ 1 Here, Solomon speaks of a person being stubbornly opposed to Yahweh as if he made **his heart** hard. The word **heart** here refers to a person’s mind and will, as in [2:2](../02/02.md). If the heart is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. If a translation is available in your language, see how it translated a similar expression in [Exodus 7:3](../exo/07/03.md). Alternate translation: “but one who is stubborn against Yahweh”\n
28:14 l7ee rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִפּ֥וֹל בְּ⁠רָעָֽה 1 See how you translated the nearly identical phrase “falls into evil” in [13:17](../13/17.md).
28:15 oeeu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure אֲרִי־נֹ֭הֵם וְ⁠דֹ֣ב שׁוֹקֵ֑ק מֹשֵׁ֥ל רָ֝שָׁ֗ע עַ֣ל עַם־דָּֽל 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “A wicked ruler over a lowly people is a lion growling and a bear charging”\n
28:15 z8ti rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲרִי־נֹ֭הֵם וְ⁠דֹ֣ב שׁוֹקֵ֑ק 1 In this verse, Solomon speaks of **a wicked ruler over a lowly people** being frightening and dangerous as if he were **A lion growling and a bear charging**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “Very dangerous” or “Like a lion growling or a bear charging”\n
28:15 x5l1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מֹשֵׁ֥ל רָ֝שָׁ֗ע עַ֣ל עַם־דָּֽל 1 Here, **a wicked ruler** and **a lowly people** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “is any wicked ruler over any lowly people”
28:15 sbb8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דָּֽל 1 See how you translated the same use of **lowly** in [10:15](../10/15.md).
28:15 c8mt rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns עַם 1 See how you translated the same use of **people** in [11:14](../11/14.md).
28:16 rcu1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun נָגִ֗יד & שֹׂ֥נֵא 1 **A leader** and **one who hates** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any leader … any person who hates”
28:16 et9j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תְּ֭בוּנוֹת 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **understanding** in [1:2](../01/02.md).\n\n
28:16 ofeu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְ⁠רַ֥ב מַעֲשַׁקּ֑וֹת 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe an **abundant** amount of oppressive acts. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “does many oppressive acts”
28:16 kufg rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast שֹׂ֥נֵא 1 This clause is a strong contrast to the previous clause. In your translation, indicate this strong contrast in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “however, one who hates”\n
28:16 az95 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בֶ֝֗צַע 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:19](../01/19.md).
28:16 eae9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom יַאֲרִ֥יךְ יָמִֽים 1 See how you translated the similar phrase “length of days” in [3:2](../03/02.md).
28:17 izx5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אָ֭דָם & נָפֶשׁ & בּ֥וֹר & בֽ⁠וֹ 1 **A man**, **a life**, **a pit**, and **him** refer to a type of person and these things in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use different expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person … any life … any pit … that person”
28:17 p6a9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive עָשֻׁ֣ק בְּ⁠דַם־נָפֶשׁ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “whom the blood of a life oppresses”
28:17 zx10 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עָשֻׁ֣ק בְּ⁠דַם־נָפֶשׁ 1 Here, **oppressed** refers to a person being guilty for murdering someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “guilty for the blood of a life”
28:17 rm8g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּ⁠דַם 1 Here, **blood** refers to violently murdering someone, which usually causes **blood** to come out of the person who is murdered. See how you translated the same use of **blood** in [1:11](../01/11.md).\n
28:17 qv18 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche נָפֶשׁ 1 Here, **life** refers to a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a person”
28:17 usng rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יָ֝נ֗וּס 1 Here, **flee** implies that the murderer is fleeing from punishment for what he has done. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “will flee punishment” or “will flee those who want to punish him”
28:17 lija rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בּ֥וֹר 1 Here, **pit** could refer to: (1) death, which is when that person would be buried in **a pit**. Alternate translation: “the grave” or “death” (2) a deep hole or well where the murder would try to hide. Alternate translation: “a pit to hide in”
28:17 d5fw rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns אַל־יִתְמְכוּ 1 Here, **them** refers to any people in general who may think about helping the murderer. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “let no one support” or “let any people not support”
28:18 u4m5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun הוֹלֵ֣ךְ & וְ⁠נֶעְקַ֥שׁ 1 **One who walks** and **one who is crooked** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use different expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who walks … but any person who is crooked”
28:18 hpqv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הוֹלֵ֣ךְ תָּ֭מִים 1 Here, Solomon refers to someone behaving in a blameless manner as if that person **walks blameless**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated a similar use of “walk” in [3:23](../03/23.md). Alternate translation: “One who conducts his life in a blameless manner”\n
28:18 nhr1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יִוָּשֵׁ֑עַ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will save”
28:18 kvc6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠נֶעְקַ֥שׁ דְּ֝רָכַ֗יִם 1 See how you translated **one crooked of ways** in [28:6](../28/06.md).
28:18 x79a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִפּ֥וֹל 1 See how you translated the same use of **fall** in [11:5](../11/05.md).
28:18 z5dm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּ⁠אֶחָֽת 1 Here, **in one** could refer to: (1) falling **in one** moment, which emphasizes the suddenness of falling. Alternate translation: “at once” (2) falling into **one** of this person’s **crooked** **ways**. Alternate translation: “into one of those ways”
28:19 dlk7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עֹבֵ֣ד אַ֭דְמָת⁠וֹ יִֽשְׂבַּֽע־לָ֑חֶם 1 See how you translated the identical clause in [12:11](../12/11.md).
28:19 t64p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ⁠מְרַדֵּ֥ף רֵ֝קִ֗ים 1 See how you translated the identical phrase in [12:11](../12/11.md).
28:19 b8y8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony יִֽשְׂבַּֽע־רִֽישׁ 1 Here Solomon is using irony. By doing so, Solomon actually means to communicate the opposite of the literal meaning of his words. The **one who pursues empty things** is spoken of as being **satisfied with poverty**, but **poverty** is not satisfying. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will only have poverty”
28:19 u8pc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רִֽישׁ 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **poverty** in [6:11](../06/11.md).
28:20 dolw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אִ֣ישׁ אֱ֭מוּנוֹת & וְ⁠אָ֥ץ 1 **A man of faithfulness** and **one who hurries** refer to these types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person of faithfulness … but any person who hurries”
28:20 wndc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession אִ֣ישׁ אֱ֭מוּנוֹת 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **man** who is characterized by **faithfulness**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “A faithful man”
28:20 tmi5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רַב 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **abundance** in [5:23](../05/23.md).
28:20 ix4q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes לֹ֣א יִנָּקֶֽה 1 See how you translated this phrase in [6:29](../06/29.md).
28:21 x9c3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom הַֽכֵּר־פָּנִ֥ים 1 See how you translated this phrase in [24:23](../24/23.md).
28:21 e3d6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes לֹא־ט֑וֹב 1 See how you translated the same use of **not good** in [16:29](../16/29.md).
28:21 kg9c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠עַל־פַּת־לֶ֝֗חֶם 1 Here, **a bit of bread** could refer to: (1) a small amount of food. Alternate translation: “yet for a small amount of food” (2) a small bribe. Alternate translation: “yet for a small bribe”
28:21 oles rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations גָּֽבֶר 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “a person”\n
28:21 qli6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יִפְשַׁע 1 Here, Solomon implies that this person **will transgress** by recognizing **faces**, as mentioned in the previous clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “will transgress by recognizing faces” or “will transgress by favoring someone”
28:22 jo74 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun נִֽבֳהָ֥ל & אִ֭ישׁ & וְ⁠לֹֽא־יֵ֝דַע & יְבֹאֶֽ⁠נּוּ 1 **One who hurries**, **a man**, **he**, and **him** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who hurries … is a person of … but that person does not know … will come to that person”
28:22 xe3k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit נִֽבֳהָ֥ל לַ⁠ה֗וֹן 1 Here, Solomon implies that this person **hurries to** obtain **wealth**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. See how you translated the similar phrase “one who hurries to become rich” in [28:20](../28/20.md). Alternate translation: “One who hurries to gain wealth”
28:22 f7a8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אִ֭ישׁ רַ֣ע עָ֑יִן 1 See how you translated the similar phrase “one evil of eye” in [23:6](../23/06.md).
28:22 mz2h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חֶ֥סֶר 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **lack** in [6:11](../06/11.md).
28:22 b0nt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification חֶ֥סֶר יְבֹאֶֽ⁠נּוּ 1 Here, Solomon speaks of experiencing **lack** as if it were a person who can **come** to someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he will experience lack”\n
28:23 sr8r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מ֘וֹכִ֤יחַ אָדָ֣ם & מִֽ⁠מַּחֲלִ֥יק לָשֽׁוֹן 1 **One who rebukes**, **a man**, **one who makes** and **the tongue** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who rebukes any other person … more than any person who makes that person’s own tongue smooth”
28:23 rv7z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִמְצָ֑א 1 See how you translated the same use of **find** in [16:20](../16/20.md).
28:23 n9j6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חֵ֣ן 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **favor** in [3:4](../03/04.md).
28:23 qurb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit חֵ֣ן 1 Here, Solomon implies that **One who rebukes** **will find favor** with the person whom he rebukes. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “favor with the one he rebukes”
28:23 dux2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִֽ⁠מַּחֲלִ֥יק לָשֽׁוֹן 1 Here, Solomon refers to someone speaking flatteringly as if that person **makes** his **tongue smooth**. Here, **tongue** refers to speaking, as in [6:17](../06/17.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “more than one who flatters by what he says”
28:24 xcp2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun גּוֹזֵ֤ל ׀ אָ֘בִ֤י⁠ו וְ⁠אִמּ֗⁠וֹ & ה֝֗וּא לְ⁠אִ֣ישׁ מַשְׁחִֽית 1 **One who robs**, **his**, **he**, and **a man** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who robs that person’s own mother and father … that person … of a person of destruction”
28:24 qt94 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations וְ⁠אֹמֵ֥ר אֵֽין־פָּ֑שַׁע 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “and says that there is no transgression”\n
28:24 r4n0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns פָּ֑שַׁע 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **transgression** in [10:19](../10/19.md).
28:24 ie7m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor חָבֵ֥ר & לְ⁠אִ֣ישׁ מַשְׁחִֽית 1 Here, **companion** refers to being just like **a man of destruction**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is the same kind of person as a man of destruction”
28:24 myoh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לְ⁠אִ֣ישׁ מַשְׁחִֽית 1 The phrase **man of destruction** refers to a person who destroys other people, which is a murderer. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “of a murderer”
28:25 e3ce rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun רְחַב־נֶ֭פֶשׁ & וּ⁠בוֹטֵ֖חַ 1 **One wide of appetite** and **one who trusts** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person wide of appetite … but any person who trusts”
28:25 jq7j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor רְחַב־נֶ֭פֶשׁ 1 The phrase **wide of appetite** refers to being greedy. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “A greedy one”
28:25 tvtf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יְגָרֶ֣ה 1 Here, Solomon refers to starting **strife** as if it were something that a person **stirs up**. See how you translated the same use of this phrase in [15:18](../15/18.md).
28:25 bkj4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מָד֑וֹן 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **strife** in [16:28](../16/28.md).
28:25 j6m5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יְדֻשָּֽׁן 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “he will fatten”
28:25 z9z2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יְדֻשָּֽׁן 1 See how you translated the same use of **fattened** in [11:25](../11/25.md).
28:26 g7iv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun בּוֹטֵ֣חַ בְּ֭⁠לִבּ⁠וֹ ה֣וּא כְסִ֑יל וְ⁠הוֹלֵ֥ךְ בְּ֝⁠חָכְמָ֗ה ה֣וּא יִמָּלֵֽט 1 **One who trusts**, **his**, **he**, **a stupid one**, **one who walks**, and **himself** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who trusts in that person’s own heart, that person is stupid, but any person who walks in wisdom, that person will flee”
28:26 pnc4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche בְּ֭⁠לִבּ⁠וֹ 1 Here, **heart** refers to the whole person. See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [14:10](../14/10.md).
28:26 dyj3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠הוֹלֵ֥ךְ 1 Here, Solomon speaks of a person behaving with **wisdom** as if **wisdom** were a place that person **walks in**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated a similar use of “walk” in [3:23](../03/23.md). Alternate translation: “who behaves with wisdom”
28:26 g7hy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּ֝⁠חָכְמָ֗ה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **wisdom** in [1:2](../01/02.md).
28:26 xhja rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns ה֣וּא יִמָּלֵֽט 1 Solomon uses the word **himself** to emphasize the kind of person who **will flee**. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this significance. Alternate translation: “that very person will flee”
28:26 voq7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ה֣וּא יִמָּלֵֽט 1 Here, Solomon implies that this person **will flee** from danger. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “he himself will flee from danger”\n
28:27 yhn4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun נוֹתֵ֣ן לָ֭⁠רָשׁ & וּ⁠מַעְלִ֥ים עֵ֝ינָ֗י⁠ו 1 **One who gives**, **the one who is poor**, **one who hides**, and **his** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who gives to any person who is poor … but any person who hides that person’s own eyes”
28:27 iwx5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes אֵ֣ין מַחְס֑וֹר 1 Solomon is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, **not**, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “has plenty”
28:27 iay1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מַחְס֑וֹר & רַב 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns lack in [6:11](../06/11.md) and **abundance** in [5:23](../05/23.md).
28:27 u72f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּ⁠מַעְלִ֥ים עֵ֝ינָ֗י⁠ו 1 Here, Solomon implies that this person **hides his eyes** from seeing **the one who is poor** mentioned in the previous clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but one who hides his eyes so that he does not see the poor” or “but one who hides his eyes from seeing the poor”
28:27 x8x1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּ⁠מַעְלִ֥ים עֵ֝ינָ֗י⁠ו 1 Here, **hides his eyes** refers to ignoring the needs of poor people as if one closes his **eyes** to avoid seeing them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but one who refuses to notice”
28:28 ku38 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּ⁠ק֣וּם רְ֭שָׁעִים 1 See how you translated the same use of **arise** in [28:12](../28/12.md).
28:28 rpik rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun יִסָּתֵ֣ר אָדָ֑ם 1 Here, **a man** and **himself** refer to people in general, not a specific **man**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “any person will hide”
29:intro pkl4 0 # Proverbs 29 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 29 concludes the second section of the book (Chapter 25–29) which was written by Solomon.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Themes\n\nThere are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])
29:1 rl7a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor who stiffens his neck 0 A person becoming stubborn is spoken of as if he stiffens his neck. Alternate translation: “who becomes stubborn” or “who refuses to listen”
29:1 nb5z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive will be broken in a moment 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God will suddenly break him”

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