diff --git a/tn_JOS.tsv b/tn_JOS.tsv index 03bfa2eb68..9709ac98a8 100644 --- a/tn_JOS.tsv +++ b/tn_JOS.tsv @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ Reference ID Tags SupportReference Quote Occurrence Note front:intro syt5 0 # Introduction to Joshua\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of the book of Joshua\n\n**The conquest of the land of Canaan**\n\na. Preparations\n* Yahweh encourages Joshua (1:1–9)\n* The eastern tribes send their armies (1:10–16)\n* Joshua sends spies to Jericho (2:1–24)\n* The Israelites cross the Jordan River (3:1–5:1)\n* The Israelites are circumcised and celebrate Passover (5:2–12)\n\nb. Fight against kings in the center of the land\n* The fight against Jericho (5:13–6:27)\n* The fight against Ai (7:1–8:29)\n\nc. The Israelites affirm the covenant at Mount Ebal (8:30–35)\n\nd. Fight against the kings in the south of the land\n* The fight at Gibeon (9:1–10:27)\n* The fights against Makkedah, Libnah, Lachish, Eglon, Hebron, and Debir (10:28–43)\n\ne. Fight against the kings in the north of the land\n* The fight at Merom (11:1–23)\n\n**The division of the land of Canaan**\n\na. Summary of kings defeated and land remaining to conquer (12:1–13:7)\n\nb. Assignment of land east of the Jordan River\n* Reuben, Gad, east Manasseh (13:8–32)\n\nc. Assignment of land west of the Jordan River\n* Major tribes: Judah, Ephraim, west Manasseh (14:1–17:18)\n* Remaining tribes: Benjamin, Simeon, Zebulun, Issachar, Asher, Naphtali, Dan (18:1–19:51)\n\nd. Cities of refuge and Levite cities (20:1–21:45)\n\n**Concluding episodes**\n\n* The eastern tribes return home and build an altar (22:1–34)\n* The Israelites renew the covenant at Shechem (23:1–24:28)\n* The death of Joshua (24:29–33)\n\n### What is the book of Joshua about?\n\nThe book of Joshua is about the Israelites entering and occupying the land of Canaan. Joshua was the leader who replaced Moses. He led the Israelites as they fought against the people groups that had been living in Canaan. This book then tells how the Israelites divided the land among the twelve tribes. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])\n\n### Who wrote the Book of Joshua?\n\nThe book does not tell us who wrote it. However, some verses in the book indicate that Joshua may have written at least part of it. Since ancient times, the Jewish people have thought that Joshua recorded much of what is in this book.\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nThis book has traditionally had the title “Joshua” because it tells how Joshua led the people of Israel. Translators may create a title such as “The Book About When Joshua Led Israel.” Translators should avoid a title that suggests that Joshua was the writer of the book, as it is not certain exactly how much of it he may have written.\n\n### When should Joshua be translated?\n\nThe book of Joshua should probably be translated after Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. This is because the historical events described in the book of Joshua may be more difficult understand to without the information in those previous books.\n\n## Part 2: Religious and Cultural Concepts in This Book\n\n### The term “devoted”\nThe book uses a term in chapters 2, 5, 6, 7, 10, and 22 that the ULT translates as “devoted.” This was a specialized term that described the cultural practice of giving something over to Yahweh so that humans would no longer be able to use it. Depending on the context, the term can indicate either “destroy” or “preserve but set apart.” The context must determine the meaning, so be sensitive to the context as you translate this term.\n\n## Part 3: Translation Issues in This Book\n\n### “to the mouth of the sword”\nThe author often uses this expression in connection with the term “devoted.” It was a common expression of his culture that referred to destroying something completely. When it appears, as it does about a dozen times in the book, it helps clarify what the term “devoted” means in a specific context. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])\n\n### “And it happened” \nThe author often uses the phrase “And it happened” to introduce new event in the story or a new development within an episode. To translate this phrase in its various occurrences, use a word, phrase, or other method in your language that is natural for introducing a new event or development. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])\n\n### “unto this day”\nThe author used this phrase to refer to the time when he was writing. The translator should be aware that “to this day” refers to a time that is already past. He must avoid giving the impression to his readers that “to this day” means “to the present day.” The translator might decide to use an equivalent phrase such as “at the time of this writing.” This phrase occurs in Joshua 4:9, 5:9, 6:25, 7:26, 8:28, 29, 10:27, 13:13, 14:14, 15:63, and 16:10.\n\n### “And now” \nCharacters in the story who are making a speech or delivering a message often use the phrase “And now” to introduce their main point. That point typically relates to what they want their listeners to do in response to what they have said so far. Your language may have a comparable expression that you can use in your translation. For example, you might say something such as “now here is my main point” or “now here is what I want you to do.” This phrase occurs in Joshua 1:2, 2:12, 3:12, 9:6, 9:11, 9:12, 9:23, 9:25, 13:7, 14:10, 14:12, 22:4, 24:14, and 24:23. \n\n### “hear” and “listen”\nThe author and characters sometimes use the words “hear” and “listen” in a specialized sense to mean someone complying with what they have heard or listened to someone saying. When these words refer to a person, they have the sense of “obey.” When they apply to God, they indicate that God did what someone asked him to do, so you might say that God “answered” that person’s prayer. At other times, these words have a more literal sense of sound registering in the ears, that is, of a person taking in and understanding information. Be sensitive to the meaning of these words in the context as you translate them.\n\n### Name of tribe or nation representing its people or army\nThe author and characters often use the name of a nation or Israelite tribe to mean its people or its army. It may sound as if an individual with that name is doing an action, but it is actually a group of people descended from that individual. Once you are aware of this usage, the meaning should be evident from the context. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])\n\n### “the sons of”\nSimilarly, the author and characters often use the expression “the sons of” to mean the people or army of a nation or Israelite tribe descended from the individual who is then named. They do not mean only the literal, first-generation male descendants of that person. Once you are aware of this usage, the meaning should be evident from the context. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n### “to the face of”\nThe author and characters often use the expression “to the face of” to mean “before,” “in front of,” or “in the presence of” a person or thing. This is by association with the way one can see the face of a person who is present and the way people typically face forward, toward what is before or in front of them. This usage occurs very frequently in the book, about 60 times, and accounts for almost every instance of the word “face.” Only in 5:14 and 7:6 does the word refer literally to part of the body, where Joshua bows down with his face to the ground. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])\n\n### “all of Israel”\nThis phrase appears sixteen times in the Book of Joshua, but it does not always mean every single person in the nation of Israel. Often it means the Israelite army. At other times it refers to representatives of the twelve tribes of Israel. In still other passages, it probably means a large number of the people in the nation of Israel. However, in a few contexts it does seem to indicate every Israelite, as when Yahweh tells Joshua in 3:7, “This day I will begin to make you great in the eyes of all of Israel, who will know that just as I was with Moses, I am with you.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])\n\n## Part 4: Specific Translation Issues in Chapters 13–21\n\nThere are some specific translation issues in the section of the book that describes the territories of the Israelite tribes and their borders.\n\n### “inheritance”\nThe author uses the idea of “inheritance” by association to mean a lasting possession that would be passed down to future generations. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])\n\n### “went up,” “went down”\nIn Hebrew, writers and speakers generally indicated whether people were going up to a higher elevation or going down to a lower elevation when they traveled. Such expressions occur frequently in the descriptions of tribal borders. If your language does not mark travel for change in elevation, you can translate such expressions more simply. For example, you could just say “went” instead of “went up” or “went down.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])\n\n### “from” a direction “to” a place\nThe author describes the location of one place relative another in the way that is characteristic of his culture. For example, speaking of the territory of Naphtali, he describes the territory of Asher as being “from the west” relative to it, meaning that someone would be coming from the west to go from Asher to Naphtali. In your translation, express this in the way your culture describes the relative location of places. For example, you might say instead that Asher was “to the west” of Naphtali. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])\n\n### “the sea”\nWhen the author says “the sea,” he means the Mediterranean Sea. He calls it the Great Sea when he gives it a name. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])\n\n### “seaward”\nThe author uses the term **seaward** by association to mean toward the direction of the Mediterranean Sea, that is, from his perspective, to the west. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])\n\n### “toward the sunrise,” “from the sunrise”\nThe author uses the term **sunrise** by association to mean the direction where the sun rises, that is, the east. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])\n\n### Names in border descriptions\nAll names in border descriptions are the names of cities and towns unless otherwise indicated in the biblical text, in a note, or in the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n 1:intro r7gc 0 # Joshua 1 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter describes the Israelites’ preparations for the conquest of the land of Canaan.\n* Yahweh encourages Joshua (1:1–9)\n* The eastern tribes send their armies (1:10–16)\n\nAt the start of the book of Joshua, the biblical narrative continues naturally from the end of the book of Deuteronomy.\n\n## Translation Issues in This Chapter\n\n### “Be strong and courageous”\nYahweh tells Joshua in verses 6, 7 and 9 to “be strong and courageous,” and the leaders of the eastern tribes tell him the same thing in verse 18. The words “strong” and “courageous” mean similar things. Yahweh and the tribal leaders are using the two terms together for emphasis. Joshua needs to act with great courage, but if he does, Yahweh will give him victory and honor him. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single word or phrase, but you should translate this expression the same way each time so that your readers will recognize its importance in this part of the story. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])\n\n### “you” and “your” \nThe words “you” and “your” are plural in vv. 2–3 because Yahweh is speaking about the Israelites. They are singular in vv. 2–9 because Yahweh is speaking to Joshua. They are plural in vv. 11–15 because groups are being addressed. They are singular in vv. 16–18 because the tribal leaders are speaking to Joshua.\n\n\n\n -1:1 s8u5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וַ⁠יְהִ֗י 1 The author is using this phrase to introduce a new event in the story. Use a word, phrase, or other method in your language that is natural for introducing a new event. +1:1 s8u5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וַ⁠יְהִ֗י 1 As the General Introduction to Joshua discusses, the author is using this phrase to introduce a new event in the story. Use a word, phrase, or other method in your language that is natural for introducing a new event. 1:1 eka2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names נ֔וּן 1 The word **Nun** is the name of a man, Joshua’s father. 1:2 le23 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases וְ⁠עַתָּה֩ 1 As the General Introduction to Joshua discusses, the phrase translated as **And now** is an expression that people of this time used to introduce the main business of a message. If your language has a comparable expression that it uses for this same purpose, you can use it in your translation, here and for the other instances of this expression in the book. Alternate translation: “So here is what I want you to do:” 1:2 xugz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ק֨וּם 1 Yahweh is using the expression **arise** to tell Joshua to take action and lead the Israelites across the Jordan River to begin the conquest of Canaan. He is not telling him to get out of bed or stand up from a seated position. Alternate translation: “get going” @@ -192,7 +192,6 @@ front:intro syt5 0 # Introduction to Joshua\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio 5:9 j001 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֞א שֵׁ֣ם הַ⁠מָּק֤וֹם הַ⁠הוּא֙ גִּלְגָּ֔ל 1 It might seem that the expression **calls the name** contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in your language. If so, you can shorten it. Alternate translation: “people call that place Gilgal” or “the name of that place has been Gilgal” 5:10 tdl1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal בְּ⁠אַרְבָּעָה֩ עָשָׂ֨ר י֥וֹם לַ⁠חֹ֛דֶשׁ 1 It may be more natural in your language to use an ordinal number here. (The expression **the month** refers implicitly to the “first month” or the Hebrew month Aviv, as in [4:19](../04/19.md). Alternate translation: “on the fourteenth day of the month of Aviv” 5:11 g1ks rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְ⁠קָל֑וּי 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and grain that they had roasted” -5:13 ced7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וַ⁠יְהִ֗י 1 The author is using this phrase to introduce a new event in the story. Use a word, phrase, or other method in your language that is natural for introducing a new event. 5:13 hegq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יִּשָּׂ֤א עֵינָי⁠ו֙ וַ⁠יַּ֔רְא 1 The author is using a common expression to mean that Joshua looked some distance away, since he **lifted up his eyes** in order to do this and he had to walk over to the man whom he saw. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “that he looked off into the distance” 5:13 x26s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations וְ⁠הִנֵּה 1 The author is using the term **behold** to focus attention on what happens next in this story. Your language may have a comparable expression that you could use in your translation. 5:13 ds5l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְ⁠חַרְבּ֥⁠וֹ שְׁלוּפָ֖ה בְּ⁠יָד֑⁠וֹ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and he had drawn his sword and was holding it in his hand” @@ -242,7 +241,7 @@ front:intro syt5 0 # Introduction to Joshua\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio 6:20 p5kj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo וַ⁠יַּ֨עַל הָ⁠עָ֤ם הָ⁠עִ֨ירָ⁠ה֙ אִ֣ישׁ נֶגְדּ֔⁠וֹ 1 See how you translated the similar expressions in [6:5](../06/05.md). Alternate translation: “and the soldiers climbed up over the collapsed city walls, each soldier going into the part of the city that was in front of him” 6:21 b19h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism מֵ⁠אִישׁ֙ וְ⁠עַד־ אִשָּׁ֔ה מִ⁠נַּ֖עַר וְ⁠עַד־ זָקֵ֑ן 1 When he speaks of **man** and **woman**, and also when he speaks of **young** and **old**, the author is using two things to mean them and everything in between. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “including all the people who lived there, regardless of their age or sex” 6:21 hmkk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj מִ⁠נַּ֖עַר וְ⁠עַד־זָקֵ֑ן 1 The author is using the adjectives **young** and **old** as nouns in order to describe groups of people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate these words with noun phrases. Alternate translation: “from young people to old people” -6:21 cf5x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification לְ⁠פִי־חָֽרֶב 1 The author is speaking of **the sword** as if it were a living thing that had a **mouth** and could eat. This is probably a reference to the way a sword cuts into a person as if it were an animal biting him. An idea implicit in this personification is that when a sword eats, it devours everything. So this expression means “to the degree that the sword devours,” in other words, “completely.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “destroying it completely” +6:21 cf5x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לְ⁠פִי־חָֽרֶב 1 To decide how to translate this expression here and in its other occurrences, see the discussion in the General Introduction to Joshua. Alternate translation: “destroying it completely” 6:22 vluk rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result בֹּ֖אוּ בֵּית־הָ⁠אִשָּׁ֣ה הַ⁠זּוֹנָ֑ה וְ⁠הוֹצִ֨יאוּ מִ⁠שָּׁ֤ם אֶת־הָֽ⁠אִשָּׁה֙ וְ⁠אֶת־כָּל־אֲשֶׁר־לָ֔⁠הּ כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֥ר נִשְׁבַּעְתֶּ֖ם לָֽ⁠הּ 1 Joshua is describing one event before describing another event that preceded it. In your translation, you may wish to relate these events in the order in which they happened. Alternate translation: “Since you swore to the woman, the prostitute, that you would do this, enter her house and bring out from there the woman and all who are to her” 6:22 d0fw rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants הָ⁠אִשָּׁ֣ה הַ⁠זּוֹנָ֑ה 1 Joshua is using the phrase **the woman, the prostitute** to reintroduce Rahab as a participant in the story. If your language has its own way of reintroducing participants, you can use it here in your translation. 6:22 krqs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual נִשְׁבַּעְתֶּ֖ם 1 Since Joshua is speaking to two men, **you** would be dual if your language uses that form. Otherwise, it would be plural. @@ -377,7 +376,6 @@ front:intro syt5 0 # Introduction to Joshua\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio 8:22 dlr1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וַ⁠יִּֽהְי֤וּ לְ⁠יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ בַּ⁠תָּ֔וֶךְ אֵ֥לֶּה מִ⁠זֶּ֖ה וְ⁠אֵ֣לֶּה מִ⁠זֶּ֑ה 1 The author is using the term **Israel** by association to the Israelite army. It is not significant which instance of **here** refers to which body of Israelite soldiers, the one coming from the city or the one coming back from the wilderness. Alternate translation: “so they were in the midst of Israelite soldiers, some coming at them from one direction and others coming at them from the other direction” 8:22 s1lu rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠יַּכּ֣וּ אוֹתָ֔⁠ם עַד־ בִּלְתִּ֥י הִשְׁאִֽיר־ ל֖⁠וֹ 1 After referring to the Israelite soldiers as **they** and the soldiers from Ai and Bethel as **them**, the author then refers to the Israelites as **he** and to their enemies as **him**. This probably reflects the use earlier in the verse of the singular term **Israel** to represent the Israelite soldiers. It may be more natural in your language to use plural pronouns throughout this sentence. Alternate translation: “And they struck them until they left to them no survivor or fugitive” 8:24 dura rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish בַּ⁠שָּׂדֶ֗ה בַּ⁠מִּדְבָּר֙ 1 By using the terms **field** and **wilderness** together, the author could be: (1) giving further information about where **the field** was located. Alternate translation: “in the field that was in the wilderness” (2) naming two locations where the Israelite army killed the soldiers from Ai and Bethel. Alternate translation: “in the field and in the wilderness” -8:24 xg2z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וַֽ⁠יִּפְּל֥וּ כֻלָּ֛⁠ם לְ⁠פִי־חֶ֖רֶב עַד־תֻּמָּ֑⁠ם וַ⁠יָּשֻׁ֤בוּ כָל־יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ הָ⁠עַ֔י וַ⁠יַּכּ֥וּ אֹתָ֖⁠הּ לְ⁠פִי־חָֽרֶב 1 See how you translated the phrase “to the mouth of the sword” in [6:21](../06/21.md). Alternate translation: “once they had killed every one of those soldiers and none were left, that all of Israel returned to Ai and killed everyone who was there” 8:24 uhnh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וַֽ⁠יִּפְּל֥וּ כֻלָּ֛⁠ם 1 The author is describing dying in battle by association with the word the word **fallen**, since soldiers who die in battle fall to the ground and die. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “and all of them had been killed” or “and all of them had died” 8:25 d2ud rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy הַ⁠נֹּ֨פְלִ֜ים 1 See how you translated the similar expression in the previous verse . Alternate translation: “the ones who were killed” 8:25 s6hq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations כֹּ֖ל אַנְשֵׁ֥י הָ⁠עָֽי 1 While the terms **man** and **woman** earlier in the verse have a specific sense, the masculine term **men** here has a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation here that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “the entire population of the city” @@ -396,7 +394,6 @@ front:intro syt5 0 # Introduction to Joshua\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio 8:35 ym6u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives לֹֽא־הָיָ֣ה דָבָ֔ר מִ⁠כֹּ֖ל אֲשֶׁר־צִוָּ֣ה מֹשֶׁ֑ה אֲשֶׁ֨ר לֹֽא־קָרָ֜א יְהוֹשֻׁ֗עַ 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a positive expression to translate this double negative expression. Alternate translation: “Joshua read every word that Moses had commanded” 8:35 ozlo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠הַ⁠נָּשִׁ֣ים וְ⁠הַ⁠טַּ֔ף וְ⁠הַ⁠גֵּ֖ר 1 The author is making clear that on this occasion, the **assembly of Israel** did not consist only of male representatives of tribes or clans or extended families, but that it also included **women** and **children** and **sojourners**. If it would be clearer in your language, you could indicate this explicitly in your translation. Alternate translation: “including all of the women and children and all of the sojourners” 9:intro w1cx 0 # Joshua 9 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter describes how the people of the city of Gibeon deceived the Israelites into making a peace treaty with them.\n\n## Religious and Cultural Concepts in This Chapter\n\n### How the Israelites were deceived\nThe Israelites were deceived because “they did not ask the mouth of Yahweh” (9:14), that is, they did not ask Yahweh for guidance. Instead of consulting Yahweh, they reached conclusions of their own based on what they considered to be reasonable in light of the evidence they had. The Bible says instead, in [Proverbs 3:5](../pro/03/05.md) “Trust in Yahweh with all your heart, and do not lean on your own understanding.” (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/other/inquire]])\n\n### The Hivites\nIn [3:10](../03/10.md), the Israelites are given a list of the nations that they are told to “dispossess” from the land. This list includes the Hivites. In [9:1-2](../09/01.md), the author of Joshua records that when the kings on the west side of the Jordan River heard what the Israelites had done to Ai that they made an agreement to fight against the Israelites. The list in [9:2](../09/02.md) of kings that agreed to fight against the Israelites includes “the Hivite.” The author records in [9:3-4](../09/03.md) that when “those who dwelled in Gibeon heard what Joshua had done to Jericho and to the Ai … they … acted with cunning.” The author then records in [9:7](../09/07.md) that those who dwelled in Gibeon were “Hivite.” The Hivite nation consisted of multiple people groups, of whom the Gibeonites were just one. This is why the author could say in [9:1-2](../09/01.md) that among the kings who gathered to fight the Israelites were Hivites and also say that the Gibeonites were Hivites.\n\n### “Cut a covenant”\nThe phrase “cut a covenant” occurs several times in this chapter. It means “make a covenant.” The word “cut” is used because in some covenant ceremonies, the participants would cut up animals and then walk between the pieces. This was to indicate, “If I break this covenant, may I be destroyed in this same way.” It is not necessary to understand this background to covenant ceremonies in order to understand the action in this chapter, so you do not have to use the term “cut” in your translation. You could simply say “make,” or you could use an expression from your own language and culture.\n -9:1 j010 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וַ⁠יְהִ֣י 1 The author is using this phrase to introduce a new event in the story. Use a word, phrase, or other method in your language that is natural for introducing a new event. 9:1 j011 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּ⁠עֵ֨בֶר הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּ֜ן 1 The description that follows indicates that by **the other side of the Jordan**, the author means the side opposite to the one from which the Israelites approached the land of Canaan. You could indicate this explicitly in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “the west side of the Jordan River” 9:1 j022 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun הַֽ⁠חִתִּי֙ וְ⁠הָ֣⁠אֱמֹרִ֔י הַֽ⁠כְּנַעֲנִי֙ הַ⁠פְּרִזִּ֔י הַ⁠חִוִּ֖י וְ⁠הַ⁠יְבוּסִֽי 1 The author is not referring to specific individuals. He is describing the people groups that these **kings** ruled. It may be more natural in your language to express this meaning by using plural forms. Alternate translation: “that is, the kings of the Hittites, Amorites, Canaanites, Perizzites, Hivites, and Jebusites” 9:2 uj94 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom פֶּ֖ה אֶחָֽד 1 The author is using a common expression of his culture, **as one mouth**, to mean “by unanimous agreement.” (All the kings said the same thing, that they would fight the Israelites, so it was as if together they only had one mouth.) If it would be clearer in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “by unanimous agreement” @@ -424,7 +421,6 @@ front:intro syt5 0 # Introduction to Joshua\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio 9:14 c4ao rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠יִּקְח֥וּ הָֽ⁠אֲנָשִׁ֖ים מִ⁠צֵּידָ֑⁠ם 1 This could mean: (1) that the Israelite leaders tasted the provisions of the Gibeonites to see whether they were old. Alternate translation: “And the Israelite leaders tasted their provisions” (2) that they **took** some of these provisions out of the Gibeonites’ baggage to examine them. Alternate translation: “And the Israelite leaders examined their provisions” 9:14 o4z2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche פִּ֥י יְהוָ֖ה 1 The author is using Yahweh’s **mouth** to represent Yahweh himself in the act of guiding or giving counsel. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Yahweh to guide them” or “Yahweh to counsel them” 9:15 v90y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וַ⁠יַּ֨עַשׂ לָ⁠הֶ֤ם יְהוֹשֻׁ֨עַ֙ שָׁל֔וֹם 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **peace**, you could express the same idea with an adjective or in some other way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “And Joshua agreed that the Israelite people would have a peaceful relationship with the Gibeonite people” -9:16 kr1s rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וַ⁠יְהִ֗י 1 The author is using this phrase to introduce a new development in the story. Use a word, phrase, or other method in your language that is natural for introducing a new development. 9:16 t8q2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מִ⁠קְצֵה֙ שְׁלֹ֣שֶׁת יָמִ֔ים 1 See how you translated the similar expression in [1:11](../01/11.md). Translate this in the way your own culture reckons time. Alternate translation: “a couple of days later” 9:16 hvn0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וַֽ⁠יִּשְׁמְע֗וּ כִּי־ קְרֹבִ֥ים הֵם֙ אֵלָ֔י⁠ו וּ⁠בְ⁠קִרְבּ֖⁠וֹ הֵ֥ם יֹשְׁבִֽים 1 The phrases **they were near to them** and **they were dwelling among them** mean basically the same thing. The author says the same thing twice, in slightly different ways, to emphasize that the Gibeonites lived close to the Israelites. If it would be clearer in your language, you could combine the phrases into one and show the emphasis in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that they actually lived close to them!” 9:17 s1u5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal בַּ⁠יּ֣וֹם הַ⁠שְּׁלִישִׁ֑י 1 If your language does not use ordinal numbers, but your culture reckons the present day as day one, you could use a cardinal number here. Otherwise, see how you translated the similar expressions in [1:11](../01/11.md) and [9:16](../09/16.md). Alternate translation: “on day three” or “after traveling for two days” @@ -506,7 +502,6 @@ front:intro syt5 0 # Introduction to Joshua\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio 10:25 p9k5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Be strong and be courageous 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. If it would be clearer in your language, you could combine them. Alternate translation: “Be completely courageous” 10:27 e5h8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis unto this same day 1 The author is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and they are still there unto this same day” 10:27 i8m3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom unto this same day 1 See how you translated the similar expression in [4:9](../04/09.md). Alternate translation: “and they are still there right up to this time” -10:28 p4k7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification and struck it and its king to the mouth of the sword 1 The author is speaking of a **sword** as if it were a living thing that could have a **mouth**. For help in translating this phrase here and in the rest of this chapter, see the discussion in the General Notes to this chapter. Alternate translation: “and killed everyone who lived there, including its king” 10:28 p8m2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism He devoted them and every soul that {was} in it. He did not leave a survivor. 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. For help in translating these phrases here and in the rest of this chapter, see the discussion in the General Notes to this chapter. If it would be clearer in your language, you could combine these phrases. Alternate translation: “He completely destroyed everyone who was in it” 10:28 e3n9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit He devoted them and every soul that {was} in it 1 The author assumes that readers will know that in this context, the term **devoted** describes complete destruction. See the discussion of the term in the General Introduction to Joshua. You could indicate this explicitly in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “He completely destroyed them and every person who was in it” 10:28 p5h4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns He devoted them 1 The pronoun **them** refers to the city of Makkedah and its king. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “He completely destroyed the city and its king” @@ -540,7 +535,6 @@ front:intro syt5 0 # Introduction to Joshua\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio 11:10 j027 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit and struck its king with the sword 1 The author means more than that Joshua simply **struck** this **king** with his **sword**. The author assumes that readers will understand that this means Joshua killed the king. You could indicate this explicitly in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and killed its king” 11:10 j031 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the head of all of these kingdoms 1 The author is speaking as if Hazor were the **head** of a body made up of these kingdoms. He means that it was the most important city and controlled the others. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the city that controlled all of these kingdoms** 11:11 s3t5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche soul 1 The author is using one part of a person, the **soul**, to mean the whole person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “person” -11:11 p7h4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification to the mouth of the sword, devoting {them} 1 To translate these expressions here and in the rest of the chapter, see the discussion in the General Notes to this chapter. 11:11 e2m9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Not any breathing thing remained 1 See how you translated the similar expression in [10:40](../10/40.md). You could indicate this explicitly in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “No person remained alive” 11:13 j072 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-exceptions Only all of the cities standing on their mound, Israel did not burn, except Hazor alone Joshua burned 1 If it would appear in your language that the author was making a statement and then contradicting it, you could reword this as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “The only one of the cities standing on their mounds that Joshua burned was Hazor; Israel did not burn any of the others” 11:13 c8p2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns their mound 1 Since the author is referring to multiple mounds (one for each city), it might be more natural in your language to use the plural form. Alternate translation: “their mounds” @@ -603,7 +597,7 @@ front:intro syt5 0 # Introduction to Joshua\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio 13:5 m4k2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy from the rising of the sun 1 The author is using the expression **the rising of the sun** by association to mean the east. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “to the east” 13:6 j059 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy You shall only cause it to fall 1 The author is using the term **fall** by association to mean divide by lot. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “You shall only divide it by lot” 13:6 m2p7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy as an inheritance 1 As the General Introduction to Joshua discusses, here and throughout this chapter, Yahweh is using the term **inheritance** by association to mean a lasting possession that would be passed down to future generations. See how you translated the similar expressions in [11:23](../11/23.md) and [12:7](../12/07.md). Alternate translation: “as a lasting possession” -13:7 i5k4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom And now 1 See how you translated the same expression in [1:2](../01/02.md). Alternate translation: “So here is what I want you to do:” +13:7 i5k4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom And now 1 See how you translated the same expression in [1:2](../01/02.md). See the discussion of it this expression the General Introduction to Joshua, and ensure that you have been translating it consistently throughout the book. Alternate translation: “So here is what I want you to do:” 13:7 e9n2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis to the nine tribes and half of the tribe of Manasseh 1 Yahweh is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “to the nine tribes and half of the tribe of Manasseh that have not yet received any land” 13:8 p3m7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns With him 1 The pronoun **him** refers to the other half of the tribe of Manasseh, which had already received land east of the Jordan River. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “With the other half of the tribe of Manasseh” 13:8 m6k9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy on the other side of the Jordan, toward the sunrise 1 As the General Introduction to Joshua discusses, here the author is using the term **sunrise** by association to mean east. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language, here and throughout this chapter. Alternate translation: “on the east side of the Jordan” @@ -711,7 +705,7 @@ front:intro syt5 0 # Introduction to Joshua\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio 15:60 b4k9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background Kiriath Baal (it is Kiriath Jearim) 1 The author is providing background information to help readers understand that the city formerly known as **Kiriath Baal** is the one they know as **Kiriath Jearim**. In your translation, present this information in a way that would be natural in your own language and culture. 15:61 e7m2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis In the wilderness 1 The author is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “These were the cities in the wilderness of the territory of Judah” 15:63 g3k8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun the Jebusite & the Jebusite 1 The author is not referring to a specific **Jebusite**. He means the Jebusite people group in general. It may be more natural in your language to express this meaning by using a plural form. Alternate translation: “the Jebusites … the Jebusites” -16:intro bpv3 0 # Joshua 16 General Notes\n\n## Religious and Cultural Concepts in This Chapter\n\n### Drive them out\n\nThe Israelites were to completely drive out the Canaanites. If they did not drive them out completely, the Canaanites would cause the Israelites to worship other gods. It was sinful to allow the Canaanites to remain in the land. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])\n\n## Translation Issues in This Chapter\n\nThis chapter is about the land given to the tribe of Ephraim, one of Joseph’s sons. It will be difficult to fully understand their location without a map. Further research may be needed to understand the location of their land. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +16:intro bpv3 0 # Joshua 16 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter continues the description of how Joshua divided up among the various tribes the land the Israelites conquered. It begins to describe how Joshua gave land west of the Jordan River to the two tribes that were descendants of Joseph (16:1–4), starting with the tribe of Ephraim (16:5–10).\n\n## Translation Issues in This Chapter\n\nSee Part 4 of the General Introduction to Joshua for a discussion of translation issues specific to the descriptions in Chapters 13–21 of territories and their borders. These issues include:\n1. The author uses the idea of “inheritance” to mean a lasting possession that would be passed down to future generations.\n2. The author marks travel for change in elevation. He says, for example, “went up” or “went down” rather than just “went.”\n3. The author describes the location of one place relative another in the way that is characteristic of his culture. Specifically, he says from what direction someone would be approaching a new location from a location he has already named.\n4. The author often says simply “the sea” when he means the Mediterranean Sea, which he calls the Great Sea when he names it.\n5. The author often uses the term “sea” by association to mean the direction of the Mediterranean Sea, that is, from his perspective, the west.\n6. Similarly, the author often uses the term “sunrise” by association to mean the direction in which the sun rises, that is, the east.\n7. All names in border descriptions and lists are the names of cities and towns unless otherwise indicated in the biblical text, in a note, or in the UST.\n 16:1 m4n7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the lot 1 The author is using the term **lot** by association to mean the territory that was assigned by casting lots. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “the territory assigned by lot” 16:1 m2p5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor for the sons of Joseph 1 The author is speaking as if the people of the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh were actually the **sons** of Joseph. Alternate translation: “for the descendants of Joseph” 16:1 j066 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy to the waters of Jericho from the sunrise 1 As the General Introduction to Joshua discusses, here the author is using the term **sunrise** by association to mean the direction where the sun rises, that is, the east. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language, here and throughout this chapter. Alternate translation: “to the waters east of Jericho” @@ -725,7 +719,7 @@ front:intro syt5 0 # Introduction to Joshua\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio 16:5 i7p4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom from the sunrise was Ataroth Addar unto Upper Beth Horon 1 As the General Introduction to Joshua discusses, here and throughout this chapter, the author is describing the location of one place relative to another in the way that is characteristic of his culture. In your translation, express this in the way your culture describes the relative location of places. Alternate translation: “began at Ataroth Addar and went west to Upper Beth Horon” 16:9 j067 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive set apart 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that the Israelite leaders set apart” 16:10 g4k8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun the Canaanite & the Canaanite 1 The author is not referring to a specific **Canaanite**. He means Canaanites in general. It may be more natural in your language to express this meaning by using a plural form. Alternate translation: “the Canaanites … the Canaanites” -17:intro m3nk 0 # Joshua 17 General Notes\n\n## Religious and Cultural Concepts in This Chapter\n\n### Manasseh’s lack of faith\nEven though they were one of the largest and most powerful tribes of Israel, the tribe of Manasseh lacked faith in the power of Yahweh. This caused them many problems. It would also cause their descendants many problems. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])\n\n## Translation Issues in This Chapter\n\nThis chapter is about the land given to the tribe of Manasseh, one of Joseph’s sons. It will be difficult to fully understand their locations without a map. Further research may be needed to understand the locations of their land. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +17:intro m3nk 0 # Joshua 17 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter continues the description of how Joshua divided up among the various tribes the land the Israelites conquered. It continues the description of how Joshua gave land west of the Jordan River to the two tribes that were descendants of Joseph. It describes the land he gave to the tribe of Manasseh (17:1–18).\n\n## Translation Issues in This Chapter\n\nSee Part 4 of the General Introduction to Joshua for a discussion of translation issues specific to the descriptions in Chapters 13–21 of territories and their borders. These issues include:\n1. The author uses the idea of “inheritance” to mean a lasting possession that would be passed down to future generations.\n2. The author marks travel for change in elevation. He says, for example, “went up” or “went down” rather than just “went.”\n3. The author describes the location of one place relative another in the way that is characteristic of his culture. Specifically, he says from what direction someone would be approaching a new location from a location he has already named.\n4. The author often says simply “the sea” when he means the Mediterranean Sea, which he calls the Great Sea when he names it.\n5. The author often uses the term “sea” by association to mean the direction of the Mediterranean Sea, that is, from his perspective, the west.\n6. Similarly, the author often uses the term “sunrise” by association to mean the direction in which the sun rises, that is, the east.\n7. All names in border descriptions and lists are the names of cities and towns unless otherwise indicated in the biblical text, in a note, or in the UST.\n 17:1 j068 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy And a lot was 1 The author is using the term **lot** by association to mean the territory that was assigned by casting lots. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “And a territory was assigned by lot” 17:1 j069 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background Now he was the firstborn of Joseph 1 The author is reminding readers of what he has already told them in [16:4](../16/04.md), that the descendants of Joseph had become the two tribes of Ephraim and **Manasseh**. So most of the tribal allotments went to descendants of Jacob’s sons, but the allotments described in [16:5–10](../16/05.md) and in this chapter went to descendants of Jacob’s grandsons. 17:1 j070 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit For Makir, the firstborn of Manasseh, the father of Gilead 1 Be sure that it is clear in your translation that **Makir**, not **Manasseh**, was the **father of Gilead**. Alternate translation: “For Makir, who was the firstborn of Manasseh and who was the father of Gilead” @@ -767,7 +761,7 @@ front:intro syt5 0 # Introduction to Joshua\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio 17:17 apm6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy one lot 1 Joshua is using the term **lot** by association to a portion of territory assigned by lot. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “one portion of territory” 17:18 g2k6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases For & For 1 Joshua is using the word **For** in each instance to introduce the reason for what he has just said. Alternate translation: “You will have more than one portion because ... This is also true because” 17:18 s5p9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche and its goings out will be to you 1 The author is using one part of the territory, its **goings out** or boundaries, to mean all of it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and all of that territory will belong to you” -18:intro j38i 0 # Joshua 18 General Notes\n\n## Translation Issues in This Chapter\n\nThis chapter is about the land given to the tribes of Israel. It will be difficult to fully understand their locations without a map. Further research may be needed to understand the locations of their land. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +18:intro j38i 0 # Joshua 18 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter continues the description of how Joshua divided up among the various tribes the land the Israelites conquered. It begins the description of how Joshua gave land west of the Jordan River to the remaining tribes of Israel:\n* Joshua sent men to survey and divide the remaining land (18:1–10)\n* Joshua assigned land to the tribe of Benjamin (18:11–28)\n\n## Translation Issues in This Chapter\n\nSee Part 4 of the General Introduction to Joshua for a discussion of translation issues specific to the descriptions in Chapters 13–21 of territories and their borders. These issues include:\n1. The author uses the idea of “inheritance” to mean a lasting possession that would be passed down to future generations.\n2. The author marks travel for change in elevation. He says, for example, “went up” or “went down” rather than just “went.”\n3. The author describes the location of one place relative another in the way that is characteristic of his culture. Specifically, he says from what direction someone would be approaching a new location from a location he has already named.\n4. The author often says simply “the sea” when he means the Mediterranean Sea, which he calls the Great Sea when he names it.\n5. The author often uses the term “sea” by association to mean the direction of the Mediterranean Sea, that is, from his perspective, the west.\n6. Similarly, the author often uses the term “sunrise” by association to mean the direction in which the sun rises, that is, the east.\n7. All names in border descriptions and lists are the names of cities and towns unless otherwise indicated in the biblical text, in a note, or in the UST.\n 18:1 r4k7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result And the land was subdued to their face 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could move this clause to the beginning of the verse, since it gives the reason for the result that the rest of the verse describes. Alternate translation: “Since the land was subdued to their face” 18:1 tjtj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy And the land was subdued 1 The author is using the term **land** by association to mean the people groups who had been living in the land. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “And the people groups who lived in the land were subdued” 18:1 p3n8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive And the land was subdued 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “And they had subdued the land” or “And they had subdued the people groups who were living in the land” @@ -777,7 +771,7 @@ front:intro syt5 0 # Introduction to Joshua\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio 18:3 j081 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche to the sons of Israel 1 The context makes clear that the author is using an entire group, the **sons of Israel**, to mean one part of that group, the Israelite tribes that had not yet received any land. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to the leaders of those tribes” 18:3 j082 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Unto when will you slacken yourselves to enter to possess the land that Yahweh, the God of your fathers, has given to you? 1 Joshua is using the question form for emphasis. If a speaker of your language would not use the question form for that purpose, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “You must stop being so slow to enter and take possession of the land that Yahweh, the God of your fathers, has given to you!” 18:3 m6k4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor your fathers 1 Joshua is speaking as if these people were the actual **fathers** of the current generation. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “your ancestors” -18:4 i3n7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom and they shall arise 1 As in the similar expressions in [1:2](../01/02.md) and [1:2](../01/02.md), Joshua is using the term **arise** to mean “take action.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and they will act on this matter” +18:4 i3n7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom and they shall arise 1 As in the similar expressions in [1:2](../01/02.md) and [6:26](../06/26.md), Joshua is using the term **arise** to mean “take action.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and they will act on this matter” 18:4 j083 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy according to the mouth of their inheritance 1 Joshua is using the expression **the mouth** to mean “the needs,” since people need food to put in their mouths. Alternate translation: “according to what they need to inherit” or “according to the number of regions that these remaining tribes will need to live in” 18:5 m4p9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy will stand on its border & will stand on their border 1 Joshua is using the term **border** by association in both instances to mean territory enclosed within borders. The word **stand** has the sense of “remain.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “will remain in its territory ... will remain in their territory” or “will retain all of its territory ... will retain all of their territory” 18:5 i7k3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom from the south & from the north 1 As the General Introduction to Joshua discusses, here and throughout this chapter, the author describes the location of one place relative another from his own perspective and in the way that is characteristic of his culture. In your translation, express these relative locations in the way that your culture would describe them. Alternate translation: “in the south ... in the north” or “in the southern part of the land of Canaan ... in the northern part of the land of Canaan” @@ -802,7 +796,7 @@ front:intro syt5 0 # Introduction to Joshua\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio 18:20 e7k5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit And the Jordan borders it to the mouth eastward 1 See how you translated the similar expression in [18:12](../18/12.md). Alternate translation: “And the Jordan River is its eastern boundary” 18:28 m4p6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy and the Jebusite 1 The author is using the term **Jebusite** by association to mean the city in which the Jebusite people group lived. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “and the city of the Jebusites” 18:28 b6k9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background it {is} Jerusalem 1 The author is providing background information to help readers understand that the city of the Jebusites is the one they know as **Jerusalem**. In your translation, present this information in a way that would be natural in your own language and culture. -19:intro j62l 0 # Joshua 19 General Notes\n\n## Translation Issues in This Chapter\n\nThis chapter is about the land given to the tribes of Israel. It will be difficult to fully understand their locations without a map. Further research may be needed to understand the locations of their land. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +19:intro j62l 0 # Joshua 19 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter continues the description of how Joshua divided up among the various tribes the land the Israelites conquered. It concludes the description of how Joshua gave land west of the Jordan River to the remaining tribes of Israel:\n* Simeon (19:1–9)\n* Zebulun (19:10–16)\n* Issachar (19:17–23)\n* Asher (19:24–31)\n* Naphtali (19:32–39)\n* Dan (19:40–48)\nThe chapter also describes how the Israelites gave territory to Joshua (19:49–51)\n\n## Translation Issues in This Chapter\n\n### Ordinal numbers\nIn this chapter, the author uses ordinal numbers to describe the lots for each of the remaining tribes in the order in which those tribes were selected. If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers or an equivalent expression.\n\n### Translation issues specific to this section\n\nSee Part 4 of the General Introduction to Joshua for a discussion of translation issues specific to the descriptions in Chapters 13–21 of territories and their borders. These issues include:\n1. The author uses the idea of “inheritance” to mean a lasting possession that would be passed down to future generations.\n2. The author marks travel for change in elevation. He says, for example, “went up” or “went down” rather than just “went.”\n3. The author describes the location of one place relative another in the way that is characteristic of his culture. Specifically, he says from what direction someone would be approaching a new location from a location he has already named.\n4. The author often says simply “the sea” when he means the Mediterranean Sea, which he calls the Great Sea when he names it.\n5. The author often uses the term “sea” by association to mean the direction of the Mediterranean Sea, that is, from his perspective, the west.\n6. Similarly, the author often uses the term “sunrise” by association to mean the direction in which the sun rises, that is, the east.\n7. All names in border descriptions and lists are the names of cities and towns unless otherwise indicated in the biblical text, in a note, or in the UST.\n 19:1 o4k7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal And the second lot 1 If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use a cardinal number here or an equivalent expression. Alternate translation: “And lot number two” 19:8 b5n3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background Baalath Beer (Ramah of the Negev) 1 The author is providing background information to help readers understand that the city known as **Baalath Beer** is the one they know as **Ramah of the Negev**. In your translation, present this information in a way that would be natural in your own language and culture. 19:13 j096 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive being turned 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “turning” @@ -818,13 +812,13 @@ front:intro syt5 0 # Introduction to Joshua\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio 19:35 a5n7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns And the cities of fortification 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **fortification**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “And the fortified cities” 19:41 j101 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy And the border of their inheritance was 1 The author is using the term **border** by association to mean the territory enclosed within borders. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “And the territory that the leaders gave to them included” 19:47 p4n8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification But the border of the sons of Dan went out from them 1 The author is speaking of the **border**, here representing the territory, as if it were a living thing that could move by itself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “But enemies reconquered some of the territory of the tribe of Dan” -19:47 j107 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification and they struck it to the mouth of the sword 1 See how you translated the same expression in [8:24](../08/24.md). Alternate translation: “and they attacked it and killed everyone who lived there” +19:47 j107 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom and they struck it to the mouth of the sword 1 See how you translated the similar expression in [6:21](../06/21.md). See the discussion of this expression in the General Introduction to Joshua, and be sure that you have been translating it consistently throughout the book. Alternate translation: “and they attacked it and killed everyone who lived there” 19:47 j108 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor their father Dan 1 The author is speaking as if **Dan** were the actual **father(( of the current generation. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “their ancestor Dan” 19:50 m8k4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Upon the mouth of Yahweh 1 The author is using the term **mouth** by association to mean the words that Yahweh spoke. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “As Yahweh had commanded” 19:50 j104 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit And he built the city 1 Since the city of **Timnath Serah** already existed, the author seems to mean implicitly that Joshua rebuilt the city after the Israelites had attacked and conquered it or that Joshua fortified and expanded it. You could indicate this explicitly in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “And Joshua rebuilt the city” or “And Joshua fortified and expanded the city” 19:50 w599 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche And he built the city 1 The author is using Joshua to represent everyone who worked to rebuild or fortify **Timnath Serah**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And Joshua had the city rebuilt” or “And Joshua directed the fortification and expansion of the city” 19:51 j105 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis and the heads of the fathers of 1 See how you translated the same expression in [14:1](../14/01.md). Alternate translation: “and the heads of the father’s houses of” or “and the men who led the extended families of” -20:intro vg5f 0 # Joshua 20 General Notes +20:intro vg5f 0 # Joshua 20 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter continues the description of how Joshua divided up the land the Israelites conquered. It describes how Joshua designated certain cities to be cities of refuge (20:1–9).\n\n## Religious and Cultural Concepts in This Chapter\n\n### Cities of refuge\nIf a person was murdered, in this culture it was the duty of his relatives to provide justice by killing the murderer. However, if someone was killed by accident, it would be unfair to kill the person who had killed him accidentally. Therefore, God told the Israelites to designate “cities of refuge” to which a person who killed someone accidentally could flee. In those cities, these cases would be resolved legally. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/refuge]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/blood]])\n\n## Translation Issues in This Chapter\n\n### Quotes in quotes\nIn verses 2–6, there is a long quotation within a quotation. Yahweh tells Joshua something that he is to tell the people of Israel. If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Notes suggest how to do that in the cases of verses 2 and 3. The rest of the second-level quotation can be made a first-level quotation without any changes in the wording.\n\n### Relative locations\nIn listing the cities of refuge, the author often describes the location of one place relative another in the way that is characteristic of his culture. Specifically, he says from what direction someone would be approaching a new location from a location he has already named. Translate these descriptions the way you have done in the previous part of this section of the book of Joshua.\n 20:2 q4k7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes Speak to the sons of Israel, saying, ‘Give for yourselves the cities of refuge that I spoke to you by the hand of Moses 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “Speak to the sons of Israel and tell them to give for themselves the cities of refuge that I spoke to them about by the hand of Moses” 20:2 s5n3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche by the hand of Moses 1 See how you translated the same expression in [14:2](../14/02.md). Alternate translation: “through Moses” 20:3 q6k4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes for you 1 If you have decided to translate the quotation within a quotation in verses 2–6 as an indirect quotation, it will be appropriate to use the third person here. Alternate translation: “for them” @@ -837,7 +831,7 @@ front:intro syt5 0 # Introduction to Joshua\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio 20:6 j089 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy who is in those days 1 Yahweh is using the expression **in those days** by association to mean serving as high priest at that time. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “who is serving at that time” 20:7 b5k9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background it is Hebron 1 The author is providing background information to help readers understand that the city he calls **Kiriath Arba** is the one they know as **Hebron**. In your translation, present this information in a way that would be natural in your own language and culture. 20:9 a7n4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns the cities of appointment 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **appointment**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “the cities that were appointed” -21:intro pp5c 0 # Joshua 21 General Notes\n\n## Translation Issues in This Chapter\n\nThis chapter is about the land given to the tribe of Levi. Even though they did not receive a large piece of land like the other tribes, they did receive small pieces of land to live on and for their animals. It will be difficult to fully understand their locations without a map. Further research may be needed to understand the locations of their land. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) +21:intro pp5c 0 # Joshua 21 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter concludes the description of how Joshua divided up the land the Israelites conquered. It describes how Joshua designated certain cities for the Levites to live in, since they had no tribal territory of their own (21:1–45).\n\n### Ellipsis\nIn many places in this chapter, the author leaves out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. Notes suggest approaches to this issue in several specific instances. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])\n 21:1 j106 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis And the heads of the fathers of & the heads of the fathers of 1 See how you translated the same expression in [14:1](../14/01.md). Alternate translation: “And the heads of the father’s houses of ... the heads of the father’s houses of” or “And the men who led the extended families of ... the men who led the extended families of” 21:2 s4n8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche by the hand of Moses 1 See how you translated the same expression in [14:2](../14/02.md). Alternate translation: “through Moses” 21:3 j102 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy upon the mouth of Yahweh 1 See how you translated the same expression in [19:50](../19/50.md). Alternate translation: “as Yahweh had commanded” @@ -857,9 +851,9 @@ front:intro syt5 0 # Introduction to Joshua\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio 21:43 m6p3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor to their fathers 1 The author is speaking as if these people were the actual **fathers** of the current generation. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to their ancestors” 21:44 j085 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor to their fathers 1 The author is speaking as if these people were the actual **fathers** of the current generation. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to their ancestors” 21:44 j113 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom And a man did not stand against their faces from all of their enemies 1 See how you translated the similar expression in [1:5](../01/05.md) and [2:11](../01/05.md). Alternate translation: “Not a single one of their enemies had been able to resist them” -21:45 j114 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor A word did not fall from every good word that Yahweh had spoken 1 The author is speaking as if Yahweh’s words were objects that could fall to the ground and be lost. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Not a single one of the good words Yahweh had spoken failed to come true” +21:45 j114 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor A word did not fall from every good word that Yahweh had spoken 1 The author is speaking as if Yahweh’s words were objects that could **fall** to the ground and be lost. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Not a single one of the good words Yahweh had spoken failed to come true” 21:45 j115 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification The whole came 1 The author is speaking of **the whole** (that is, everything that Yahweh had promised) as if it were a living thing that could **come** somewhere. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Everything happened just as he said it would” -22:intro l4hr 0 # Joshua 22 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThe division of the land is completed in this chapter. Additionally, the soldiers who received land on the east side of the Jordan River were released to go home.\n\n## Religious and Cultural Concepts in This Chapter\n\n### The tribes east of the Jordan River build a monument\n\nThe tribes east of the Jordan River said, “Let us now build an altar, not for burnt offerings nor for any sacrifices, but to be a witness between us and you, and between our generations after us, that we will perform the service of Yahweh before him, with our burnt offerings and with our sacrifices and with our peace offerings, so that your children will never say to our children in time to come, ‘You have no share in Yahweh.’” They went home even though the Israelites had not fully conquered the land. +22:intro l4hr 0 # Joshua 22 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter describes how Joshua dismissed the armies of the tribes that had settled on the east side of the Jordan River. It also describes how they built an altar to remind their descendants to worship Yahweh and how they resolved a misunderstanding about this altar with the other Israelites (22:1–34).\n\n## Translation Issues in This Chapter\n\n### Quotations within quotations\nIn verses 16–20 and 22–29, there are long quotations that include quotations within quotations and, in verses 24–25, 27, and 28, quotations within quotations within quotations. If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate these so that there are not a quotations within quotations. Notes suggest ways to do this.\n\n### “the sons of Israel”\nWhile this phrase typically refers to all of the Israelites, in this chapter it means specifically the people of the tribes that settled on the west side of the Jordan River. Be sure that this meaning is clear in your translation.\n\n### “brothers”\nIn this chapter, Joshua and the author use the term “brothers” to mean people who are descended from the same ancestor. In your translation, you may wish to communicate this meaning by using an expression such as “fellow Israelites.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n### “tents”\nJoshua uses the name of one kind of dwelling, “tents,” to mean all kinds of dwellings. In your translation, you may wish to communicate this meaning by using a word such as “homes.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])\n\n### “tomorrow”\nIn this chapter, characters use the word “tomorrow” several times to mean “in the future.” You may wish to use that phrase in your translation to communicate the meaning.\n 22:1 ge15 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun to the Reubenite and to the Gadite 1 The author is not referring to specific individuals. He means the members of these tribes in general. It may be more natural in your language to express this meaning by using plural forms. Alternate translation: “to the Reubenites and to the Gadites” 22:2 me16 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy And you have listened to my voice 1 Joshua is using the term **voice** by association to mean the commands he gave by using his voice. He is using the word **listened** by association to mean complying with what he said. If it would be clearer in your language, you could use equivalent expressions or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And you have obeyed my commands” 22:3 mt17 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor your brothers 1 As the General Notes to this chapter discuss, Joshua is using the term **brothers** to describe people who are descended from the same ancestor. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “your fellow Israelites” @@ -934,7 +928,7 @@ front:intro syt5 0 # Introduction to Joshua\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio 22:32 me85 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy a word 1 The author is using the term **word** by association to mean a report that the leaders used words to convey. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “a report” 22:33 me86 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy And the word was good in the eyes of the sons of Israel 1 See how you translated the similar expression in [22:30](../22/30.md). Alternate translation: “And the Israelites judged this to be a good explanation” 22:34 na87 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names had called to the altar, “For it {is} a witness between us that Yahweh {is} God.” 1 Some versions of the Bible translate this as a name. If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to translate this as a name if it does. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to follow the example of the ULT. Alternate translation: “had named the altar A Witness Between Us That Yahweh Is God” -23:intro v3r6 0 # Joshua 23 General Notes\n\n## Religious and Cultural Concepts in This Chapter\n\n### Joshua’s final words to Israel (Joshua 23–24)\n\n“Do not marry with the heathen people but drive them out.” ##### Drive them out\n\nThe Israelites were to completely drive out the Canaanites. If they did not drive them out completely, the Canaanites would cause the Israelites to worship other gods. It was sinful to allow the Canaanites to remain in the land because if the Israelites married the Canaanites, the Canaanites would cause them to worship other gods. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) +23:intro v3r6 0 # Joshua 23 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter describes how Joshua brought the Israelites together, probably to his home in Timnath Serah, to give them a final exhortation before he died. (23:1–16).\n\n## Religious and Cultural Concepts in This Chapter\n\n### Joshua’s instructions\nIt was common in the Ancient Near East for an important leader to give his people instructions in anticipation of his death. If leaders in your culture also do this, translate this in a way that will help your readers recognize the practice that Joshua is following.\n 23:1 m15a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy from many days afterward 1 The author is using the term **days** by association to mean time, since time is made up of days. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “a long time after that” 23:1 i27b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom he had come into days 1 To translate this expression here and in the next verse, see how you translated the similar expression in [13:1](../13/01.md). Alternate translation: “he was very old” 23:3 y38c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular you yourselves have seen & your God & from your faces & for you 1 The words **you**, **yourselves**, and **your** are plural throughout this chapter because Joshua is addressing the assembled Israelites and their leaders. So use plural forms in your translation if your language marks that distinction. @@ -966,7 +960,7 @@ front:intro syt5 0 # Introduction to Joshua\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio 23:15 m91b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy all of the evil word 1 Joshua is using the term **word** by association to mean the warnings that Yahweh gave using words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “all the punishments that he warned about” 23:16 e23c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-events In your transgressing the covenant of Yahweh your God that he commanded you and you go and serve other gods and bow down to them 1 Joshua is describing one event before describing another event that would precede it. In your translation, you may wish to relate these events in the order in which they would happen. Alternate translation: “If you go and serve other gods and bow down to them and thereby transgress the covenant of Yahweh your God that he commanded you” 23:16 m45d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor then the nose of Yahweh will burn against you 1 Joshua is speaking as if Yahweh’s **nose** could **burn** with anger. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “then Yahweh will become very angry with you” -24:intro yqa8 0 # Joshua 24 General Notes\n\n## Religious and Cultural Concepts in This Chapter\n\n### Joshua’s instructions\nIn this chapter, Joshua gives the leaders and people instructions in preparation for his death. It was common in the Ancient Near East for important leaders to do this. Unfortunately, the people of Israel did not listen to Joshua’s instructions. +24:intro yqa8 0 # Joshua 24 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter describes how Joshua had the Israelites gather in the city of Shechem to renew their covenant with Yahweh (24:1–28). It then describes how Joshua died and was buried and how the Israelites also buried the remains of other leaders who had died (24:29–33).\n\n## Religious and Cultural Concepts in This Chapter\n\n### “Cut a covenant”\nThe phrase “cut a covenant” occurs in this chapter, as it did several times in Chapter 9. It means “make a covenant.” The word “cut” is used because in some covenant ceremonies, the participants would cut up animals and then walk between the pieces. This was to indicate, “If I break this covenant, may I be destroyed in this same way.” It is not necessary to understand this background to covenant ceremonies in order to understand the action in this chapter, so you do not have to use the term “cut” in your translation. You could simply say “make,” or you could use an expression from your own language and culture.\n\n## Translation Issues in This Chapter\n\n### “you,” “your”\nYahweh, speaking through Joshua, often addresses the current generation of Israelites with the pronouns “you” and “your,” as if he had done the things he describes directly for them. Yahweh is actually using those pronouns to refer to the ancestors of the Israelites, whom he actually brought out of Egypt, by association with the current generation. In your translation, you could express this meaning by using expressions such as “your ancestors.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])\n\n### “fathers”\nOften in this chapter, Yahweh speaks of the ancestors of the Israelites he is addressing as if they were their actual “fathers.” In your translation, you could express this meaning by using a term such as “ancestors.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n### “the Amorite,” “the foreigner,” etc.\nOften in this chapter, Yahweh and Joshua use expressions such as “the Amorite.” They not referring to a specific Amorite. They mean the Amorite people in general. The meaning is also general in similar instances, including “the foreigner” in verses 20 and 23. It may be more natural in your language to express this meaning by using plural forms. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])\n 24:2 q1aa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes Thus says Yahweh, the God of Israel: ‘Your fathers dwelled 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. See the discussion in the General Notes to this chapter of how you can do this through the end of this second-level quotation in verse 13. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, the God of Israel, is telling you that your fathers dwelled” 24:2 m2bb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor your fathers 1 As the General Notes to this chapter discuss, Yahweh is speaking of the ancestors of the Israelites as if they were their actual **fathers**. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly, here and throughout this chapter. Alternate translation: “your ancestors” 24:2 e3cc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit the river 1 Yahweh assumes that the Israelites will know that by **the river**, he means the Euphrates River. You could indicate this explicitly in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “the Euphrates River”